Received: 4 January 2019 Abstract Accepted: 2 March 2019 A robust manufacturing sector is imperative for achieving sustainable and inclusive development. Also, in the Indian context, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are of vital importance due to their contribution to GDP, exports and employment. Indian Government has launched many schemes to vitalize and improve the competitiveness of Manufacturing MSMEs. 'Lean Manufacturing Competiveness Scheme' (LMCS) is a huge step aimed to act as a catalyst for lean adoption by Indian MSMEs. This paper uses SAP LAP framework to address critical questions regarding lean adoption by Indian manufacturing MSMEs in the context of the government scheme 'LMCS'. The study adds to the existing body of knowledge on lean manufacturing that emphasizes on the importance of soft issues while implementing lean. It also benefits the stakeholders by suggesting suitable actions that can be taken to further improve the competitive priorities of MSMEs.


We investigated the incidence of transient neurologic symptoms (TNS) after the use of hyperbaric lidocaine as compared with hyperbaric bupivacaine in patients undergoing cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Two hundred women scheduled for cesarean delivery were randomly allocated to receive spinal anesthesia with 75 mg hyperbaric lidocaine 5% (n = 100) or 12 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.75% (n = 100). Spinal anesthesia was administered to all patients in the sitting position with a 25-gauge Whitacre needle. The level of sensory blockade, time to full recovery, and intraoperative hemodynamic profile were noted in all patients. The patients were interviewed postoperatively for three consecutive days to detect the occurrence of TNS. The incidence of TNS was zero (95% confidence interval 0%–3%) in both the Lidocaine and the Bupivacaine Groups. Our results indicate that the frequency of postoperative TNS does not exceed 3% in patients undergoing cesarean delivery at term using hyperbaric lidocaine 5% or hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.75%. Implications Transient neurologic symptom (TNS) can follow spinal anesthesia and manifests as back pain radiating to the legs, resolving spontaneously. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery was performed with either hyperbaric lidocaine 5% (n = 100) or hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.75% (n = 100). TNS was not noted in any patient.


Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of video-assisted thoracoscopic anterior spine release combined with posterior correction for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis( AIS). Methods From April 2004 to July 2008, 42 cases of AIS( Lenke Ⅰ in 25 cases, Lenke Ⅱin 13 and Lenke Ⅲ in 4 cases, left scoliosis in 7 and right scoliosis in 35) underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic spine release combined with bone graft fusion, and then posterior internal fixation, correction, bone graft fusion during stage Ⅰ or stage Ⅱ, in which there were 17 males and 25 females with an average age of 14.6 years( range: 11-23 years). Preoperative Cobb's angle at the coronal plane was averaged( 76.5± 6.2) °( range: 69°-132°). Flexibility was( 26.8±5.2) %. Preoperative pulmonary function test: all patients were of moderate-severe decrease in pulmonary reserve ventilation function. All patients had normal muscle strength and muscle tension, 7 cases had decrease of the superficial sensation in lower limbs. Anterior thoracoscopic vertebral space release and bone grafting fusion in lateral position under general anesthesia were conducted. The coronal and sagittal Cobb's angles were measured at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 24 momths and at the final follow up. Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, perioperative complications and correction loss were recorded and analyzed. Results All surgeries went smoothly without any complications such like neurologic or vascular damage. All incisions were of primary healing. The mean anterior release operation time was( 108±22) min and intraoperative blood loss was( 95±25) ml with postoperative thoracic closely-drained fluid of( 120±35) ml. The average number of released levels were 5.8( range: 4-7). The average coronal Cobb's angle after posterior correction was( 32.5±4.5) °( range: 12°-78°) and( 33.2±5.0) ° at final follow up. The mean correction rate was( 57.5±8.5) %. The average follow-up was of( 23±3.2) months( range: 15-28 months) revealed that the physiological curve of the spine at the sagittal plane restored to the normal and all patients gained significant improvement of pulmonary function, psychological condition and appearance. Conclusions Compared to the traditional open surgery, anterior thoracoscopic spine release can effectively release the scoliosis with less surgical injuries and clearer exposure of the spine, which can obtain similar ideal corrective results.


The Forum of Science and Technique is aimed at stimulating the creation of national solutions - innovations and rationalizations - that give an answer to the lack of resources and to the limitations to acquire and import spare parts necessary to maintain the production and services in the country. It is stressed the role played by the information management to avoid the duplicity of efforts and to support research. The importance of the provincial groups of technological cooperation related to health and the environment is underlined. The necessary interrelation between the info services and creators is approached. The possibilites offered by the consultation of the fora's database and of the banks of general solutions for the organizations are also described.


In the ZCT PWM converter,the opening of the main switch and the turn-off of auxiliary switch working under the hard switching conditions,its switching losses are large.In this paper,the traditional main circuit topology and control method are improved,detailed analysis of the working principle of the converter and simulation verify.The results show that the main switch and auxiliary switch not only achieve the soft switching on-off approach,but also eliminate the boost diode reverse recovery problem.


Of all the diseases of unknown etiology and obscure pathogenesis that involve the nervous system, few have aroused more interest among pathologists, chemists, and clinicians than metachromatic leukodystrophy. The histopathology of this condition has been well documented by the classic observations of Scholz,1Bielschowsky and Henneberg,2Greenfield,3and Brain and Greenfield.4More recent papers, summarized by Helmstaedt,5have pointed out some differences in the clinical and histological features according to the age of onset of the disease. An absolute increase in sulfatide content has been independently reported by Austin,6Jatzkewitz,7and Hagberg et al,8not only in the brains, but in various organs of individuals with this disease. Austin's concept of this condition as a "sulfatide lipidosis," has found favor with a number of investigators.9-13 Although observations have been made on the fine structure of a sudanophilic variety of diffuse sclerosis


- In this paper, given a single mobile element and a time deadline, we investigate the problem of designing the mobile element tour to visit subset of nodes, such that the length of this tour is bounded by the time deadline and the communication cost between nodes outside and inside the tour is minimized. The nodes that the mobile element tour visits, works as cache points that store the data of the other nodes. Several algorithms in the literature have tackled this problem by separating two phases; the construction of the mobile element tour from the computation of the forwarding trees to the cache points. In this paper, we propose algorithmic solutions that alternate between these phases and iteratively improves the outcome of each phase based on the result of the other. We compare the resulting performance of our solutions with that of previous work. Abstract - In this paper, given a single mobile element and a time deadline, we investigate the problem of designing the mobile element tour to visit subset of nodes, such that the length of this tour is bounded by the time deadline and the communication cost between nodes outside and inside the tour is minimized. The nodes that the mobile element tour visits, works as cache points that store the data of the other nodes. Several algorithms in the literature have tackled this problem by separating two phases; the construction of the mobile element tour from the computation of the forwarding trees to the cache points. In this paper, we propose algorithmic solutions that alternate between these phases and iteratively improves the outcome of each phase based on the result of the other. We compare the resulting performance of our solutions with that of previous work.


Objective To investigate the clinical effect of retrograde ureteroscopic intrarenal surgery( RIRS) with holmium laser lithotripsy for renal calculi. Methods A retrospective analysis was made on the 21 cases of renal calculi treated with retrograde ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy from January 2012 to December 2012. Results 21 cases were treated with lithotripsy. The initial curative rate was 47.6%( 10 /21),the overall curativee rate was76.2%( 16 /21). Conclusion Being safe,effective,less invasive in postoperative recovery,Retrograde Ureteroscopy Intrarenal Surgery with holmium laser lithotripsy is one of the effective methods in the treatment of renal calculi.


The paper presents concisely some research results on the application of committees of artificial neural networks (that is committees of networks also called committee machines) for conceptual cost estimation of residential buildings. The author focused on application of chosen static structure type of network committees in regression problem binding together the basic information about residential buildings available in the early stage of design and construction cost. The goal of the research was to improve the formerly proposed regression model based on a single network – especially to minimize the number of occurrences of errors with a high value. Due to the results, in the described problem of conceptual cost estimation obtained, committees of networks proved to be better solution for the regression model than a single networks. The conclusion is that a neural approach involving committees of artificial neural networks may be an alternative both for the single neural network based models and the tradi...


The solution processing of polyaniline in organic solvent system has been solved thanks to the counter-ion induced processability,but the increasing environmental concern on volatile organic compound makes the water-borne polyaniline processing become very attractive.In this communication,water-borne processing of polyaniline was summarized,a new tendency was proposed in that water dispersible processing of polyaniline is most attractive in the future,mainly due to its much higher electrical conductivity,better water resistance and alkaline resistance compared with water soluble polyaniline.Moreover,water-borne composite from water dispersible polyaniline and substrate polymer may be the main application form in the future.


This article raices questions about the causes of femine resistance and lack of acceptance of gender equality discourses. As its central hypothesis the article emphasizes the fact that such resistance is a result of the limits of the femine discourse and because of this, it can not be considered as a universal dissertation. The limits found in the text focus on: the possible social and economic conditions, barriers created by the victimization discourse, the survival of the security privilege, and the consequences caused by the establishment of new gender roles in social structures.


This study aims to determine how much dedication and motivation contribute to the job productivity of teachers at SMPN in the Tana Toraja District. This research employed regression analysis and a quantitative methodology. The quantitative technique was chosen for this study since the specifications of this design are methodical, organized, and adequately structured from the beginning to the end of the research design process. This research had 75 participants from 3 UPT SMPNs in Tana Toraja. This study also employed a descriptive method to explain the issue or research findings better. The results of this study indicated that: (1) There Was a significant positive effect between teacher commitment on teacher work productivity in Public Middle Schools in Tana Toraja Regency. This showed that other factors significantly influenced the work productivity of teachers in Public Middle Schools in Tana Toraja Regency. (2) There was a significant favorable influence between teachers' work motivation on teacher work productivity in State Junior High Schools in Tana Toraja Regency. This showed that the higher the teacher's work motivation, the higher the teacher's productivity. (3) There was a significant positive effect between teacher commitment and teacher work motivation on teacher work productivity in Public Middle Schools in Tana Toraja Regency. This showed that the higher the teacher's commitment and work motivation, the higher the teacher's productivity.


A Mg-ion indiffusion process was applied to lithium niobate single crystal substrates with a deposited magnesium oxide thin film. By means of electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction analysis, the Mg concentration distribution along the depth of the magnesium diffused layer was obtained and the activation energy for Mg-ion indiffusion was determined to be 288 KJ/mol. It was also determined that the magnesium diffused layer exhibits a crystal structure of an unknown compound from the Mg–Li–Nb–O ternary system. It is proposed that this unknown compound and MgNb2O6, which form during a solid state reaction between the thin layer of MgO and the lithium niobate crystal in a Li2O-rich atmosphere, are the real sources for Mg-ion indiffusion into lithium niobate. The high activation energy and the appearance of this unknown compound in the magnesium diffused layer suggest that Mg-ions diffuse substitutionally into the lithium niobate crystal. Mechanisms causing a decrease in the refractive index of the Mg diffused layer are also discussed.


We report the case of a patient diagnosed with giant cell arteritis (GCA) following histological examination of the thyroid. A 72-year-old woman presented with a euthyroid nodular goiter and underwent a left lobectomy due to the fact that the contralateral lobe was normal on thyroid sonogram. The histopathological analysis of the thyroid lobectomy showed hyperplastic nodules, two follicular adenomas (one of them composed of Hurthle cells), and a characteristic inflammatory process with giant cells involving multiple intrathyroidal and perithyroidal arteries (Figure 1). After diagnosis of GCA in the thyroid, a new clinical evaluation revealed a history of myalgias with generalized weakness, jaw muscle claudication, absence of pulsation in both temporal arteries, and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Therapy with prednisone was initiated, with clinical improvement and normalization of erythrocyte sedimentation rate noted.


Endophytic bacteria have the ability to colonize plant tissues and support plant growth and development. Oil palm produces more oil per unit area than other plants. Dharmasraya is a District in West Sumatera has a large palm oil plantation and needs good seeds to increase productivity. The productivity of oil palms might be increased by means of superior seeds or by utilizing environmentally friendly microorganisms that can help to increase the growth of plants, such as endophytic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to obtain indigenous endophytic bacteria, from oil palm root systems, that improve the growth of oil palm seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in the pre-nursery. Two isolates (A2.2.1 and D5.2.1) increased the height of plants, total leaf area, fresh weight of seedlings and roots, and the dry weight of seedlings and roots.


Two novel cycloalkoxy silane compounds (ED1 and ED2) were synthesized and used as the external electron donors (EEDs) in Ziegler–Natta catalysts with diethyl 2,3-diisopropylsuccinate as internal electron donor. The results indicated that the Ziegler–Natta catalysts using ED1 and ED2 as EEDs had high catalytic activities and good stereoselectivities. The melt flow rate (MFR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results revealed that the obtained polypropylene has higher MFR and lower average molecular weights than the commercial EED cyclohexyl methyl dimethoxysilane. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicated that new isospecific active centers formed after the introduction of new external donors. The work implied that the novel EEDs could improve the hydrogen sensitivities of the catalyst system and obtain polymers with high melt flow rate.


The article presents literature review about missed abortion concerning on etiology, pathogenesis, methods of examination and treatment before the next pregnancy. Especial attention is spared for hormonal and immunological mechanisms of spontaneous abortion, in particular progesteron insuf. ciency resulted in disorders of endometrial lymphocytes production of progesteron-induced blocking factor, that is strong local immunosupressor provided embryoprotection. It has been shown the topicality of futher investigation of reproductive function rehabilitation in women with missed abortion. Also the therapeutic objectives before the next pregnancy have been determined.


techniques withmonoclonal antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV)immediate early (IEA) andearly antigens (EA), andinsitu hybridisation, wereusedtodetect CMV infection inroutinely obtained, formaldehyde fixed andparaffin waxembedded tissues taken frombonemarrowtransplant patients, whohaddiedfrominterstitial pneumonia. Toimprove the rates ofdetection ofCMV-IEAandEAthewaxembedded material waspretreated with 04%pepsin/ HC1at37°Cfor30minutes. This pretreatment wasalso advantageous forinsitu hybridisation. Inthe patients withhistological evidence ofCMV infection orpositive viral culture fromthelungtissue, or both, viral proteins andnucleic acids weredetected inlung, aswellasinotherorgans. Immunohistochemical techniques proved superior inheavily infected butnecrotic tissues. Incontrol patients (patients whohaddied frominterstitial pneumonia without anyevidence ofCMV,orwith no interstitial pneumonia atall) insitu hybridisation showed nopositive signal, while immunohistochemical techniques showed only afewpositive cells inlung tissue ofoneofnine patients. Inaddition toCMV-DNA analysis, formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin waxembedded tissue isamenable to immunohistochemical analysis withCMV monoclonal antibodies. Thecourse ofcytomegalovirus (CMV)infection in manismainly asymptomatic' butcanbeextremely harmful whentheimmunesystem isimmature or compromised asisthecase inpatients withacquired immunedeficiency syndrome (AIDS) andinallograft recipients.23 Inpatients whohaveundergone bone marrow transplantation interstitial pneumonitis isthe mostserious consequence of CMV infection. Mortality fromthis typeofpneumonitis isabout 60-80%." Thepathogenesis ofCMV interstitial pneumonitis isstill obscure. Toclarify thepathogenic process, therefore, itisnecessary todocument the infected cell typeinrelation totheoverall histopathology. To confirm orexclude CMV asthe causative agent ofinterstitial pneumonia, cytological examination ofbronchoalveolar lavage fluid and histopathological examination ofopenlungbiopsy


Water resource planning is an increasingly complex process subject to conflicting judgments about the 'best' plan for implementation. Conflict analysis that uses an interactive computer graphics system holds promise of helping decision makers resolve the judgmental differences that arise in the planning process. The system illustrated herein, called Cognograph, is used to make explicit to water planners their sources of agreement and disagreement and to aid them in resolving their differences.


Absorption spectra of polymer chains in TS6, FBS, and TS-FBS diacetylene single crystals (TS6 and FBS are symmetrically substituted with R=R': -${\mathrm{CH}}_{2}$-O-${\mathrm{SO}}_{2}$-?-${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$ and R=R': -${\mathrm{CH}}_{2}$-O-${\mathrm{SO}}_{2}$-?-F, respectively) are described theoretically by means of a Franck-Condon model that considers a chain-length dependence. The electronic transition energies and matrix elements are calculated by means of a linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals molecular-orbital calculation in the H\"uckel approach. The considered diacetylene crystals can show chromism in the form of stable, sharply separated reddish and yellow color zones. These color zones are most probably caused by edge dislocations in small-angle grain boundaries, which arise during crystal growth and have a Burgers vector in the [010] direction. We are able to describe the absorption spectra for the reddish color zone for FBS, TS-FBS, as well as for TS6, which undergoes a phase transition resulting in a splitting of the absorption lines. These spectra contain the absorption of polymer chains with lengths of about 10\char21{}15 monomer units. The absorption spectra of the yellow color zones exhibit for TS-FBS one and for FBS several additional absorption bands. An assignment of these absorption energies to conjugations of distinct lengths is possible. Only lengths are found that are equivalent to even numbers of monomer units. The absorption spectra can be well simulated by the calculations. An evaluation of the parameters shows an influence of defects on the absorption linewidths as inhomogenous broadening. This broadening does not depend on the lengths of the absorbing conjugation domains. Hints to a defect-induced lowering of the activation energy for the polymerization reaction are found in the yellow zones.


It is generally considered that ideas in Britain ab out historic cities, and their appropriate management, changed radically between the period of the Second World War and its aftermath and the end of the 1960s, in reaction to comprehensive redevelopment and with the rise of the conservation movement. Plans p roduced in the early part of this period have been characterised as representing 'cle an-sweep' planning. By the end of the 1960s, it is held, very different ideas prevail ed. One of the key articulations cited to represent this shift is the four studies for the hi storic cities of Bath, Chester, Chichester and York, commissioned to consider conservation iss ue both in those cities, and in terms of the wider lessons that could be applied el sewhere. This paper analyses the approaches used in conceptu alising and planning for two of these four historic cities, Bath and York, with ref erence to both the 1960s studies and their 1940s precursors. It concludes that on the wh ole the 1960s plans for Bath represent a continuation of approach from the 1940s rather th an a radical sea-change, with the emphasis still firmly on conceptualising the histor ic city highly selectively and in proposing high degrees of intervention. Changes are mor evident in the plan for York which heralds a more inclusive and embracing conser vation of place.


OBJECTIVE
The experiment was to investigate the role of the pedicle of the subdermal vascular network skin flap.

METHODS
Ten healthy white pigs, weighting from 20 to 25 kg were used. The subdermal vascular network skin flap and the traditional skin flap were designed and created on each side of the animal's flank. The traditional skin flap on the contralateral side of the flank was used as control. Flap survival was studied by gross observation and ECT examination of isotope distribution.

RESULTS
There were significant differences between the two groups in mean survival length and area (P < 0.05). In both groups the radioactive isotope gathering is restricted proximally with a ratio of length to width of (1-1.5):1.

CONCLUSION
The presence of the pedicle of the subdermal vascular network skin flap makes no difference compared the traditional skin flap.


Surface-modified, silicon dioxide prepared by pyrolysis-coated titanium dioxide is silicon dioxide produced by the thermal decomposition method - a coating on the titanium dioxide spray the surface modifier prepared by then tempering them. These may be used in sunscreen formulations (sun protection formulation). Made of fumed titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, surface modified, sun protection formulations, tempering


The closing panel of the conference included senior interface architects and designers from several major hardware and software vendors. The panelists briefly outlined recent interface challenges facing their companies and products, including those related to large-scale computer deployments. Lively audience discussion followed the panelists' presentation, which focused on the trade-offs between command-line and graphical tool designs, the need to design tools that can adapt to changing conditions, and designing future tools in light of the fact that contemporary system administration more often focuses on managing system behavior than on maintaining some specific system state.


Nancy's Boutique is one of the Moslem clothes sellers which promote the products on the website through Internet services. In general, the form of promo- tion is done by informing the newspaper or magazine, which is limited to certain circles, so it can not covers the wider community. For that, it should be the role of technology in the form Internet to expand their product marketing. Infor- mation needed by consumers to obtain products desirable on this website is the type of product, product, detailed price list, bank account to receive payment, shipping costs between the city and others, which is the output of the en- try into the database and storage media by nancy boutique website administrator. Website nancy muslimah boutique clothing products are made ??with using Joomla 1.0.12 Sta- ble Version. With the existence of this site visitors can view the product catalog provided so that the are expected guests will order products directly on the website. Bibliography (2006-2009)


TFIIIC is a multi-subunit protein first and best known as part of the transcriptional machinery required by RNA polymerase III for synthesis of transfer RNA (see Donze, 2012 for a recent review). Kleinschmidt et al. (2011) highlight a new aspect of this machinery, related to the sole TFIIIC, by demonstrating its capacity to directly regulate RNA polymerase II transcription – in fact, its own synthesis. The authors have dissected the role of TFIIIC and one of its subunits precisely, in vivo, providing an in-depth molecular picture, which is rather unusual when dealing with eukaryotic complexity.


This article intend to identify the main resources (via internet) most commonly used by the students of medical physics undergraduation courses throughout their educational process and seek to recognize which communication channels and traffic information path, from internet,  are often used by those students. 98% of the participants reported using the Internet to search for contents in Medical Physics, most sites are from associations and official regulatory agencies. 43% responded that their academic training was not sufficient both quantitatively and qualitatively . Thus , it is possible to recognize gaps in relation to training and final activity , from the perspective of graduates . With the vast majority seeking this highly specific knowledge on the internet , it can be inferred that it bears the mark of modernity when it facilitates the transformation of common knowledge ( circulated on the network) in scientific knowledge that students build during their training . This article intend to identify the main resources (via internet) most commonly used by the students of medical physics undergraduation courses throughout their educational process and seek to recognize which communication channels and traffic information path, from internet, are often used by those students. 98% of the participants reported using the Internet to search for contents in Medical Physics, most sites are from associations and official regulatory agencies. 43% responded that their academic training was not sufficient both quantitatively and qualitatively . Thus , it is possible to recognize gaps in relation to training and final activity , from the perspective of graduates . With the vast majority seeking this highly specific knowledge on the internet , it can be inferred that it bears the mark of modernity when it facilitates the transformation of common knowledge ( circulated on the network) in scientific knowledge that students build during their training .


In GAMMA 10/PDX, a temperature-controlled V-shaped target has been utilized to study an effect of target temperature on hydrogen recycling. The V-shaped tungsten target in the divertor simulation experimental module (D-module) is heated up to 573 K and it is exposed to the end loss plasma. It is found that the Hα intensity and the electron density of the plasma in front of the target are positively correlated with the target temperature, indicating that the recycling is enhanced due to increase in the target temperature. Moreover, additional hydrogen gas is injected into the D-module with the temperature-controlled target. As the amount of hydrogen gas injection increased, enhancement of hydrogen recycling by high temperature target becomes smaller.


Purpose

– Peer support workers are becoming more involved in mental health services in Australia. Peer support workers have had to overcome challenges and dilemmas whilst embedding their role within mental health settings. This includes coping with scrutiny from fellow colleagues, supporting consumers and managing their own mental health. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper will explore the author's perspective and experience of working as a peer support worker in a psychiatric hospital and how the skills, knowledge and values she has developed during her recovery from mental illness have been essential in undertaking the daily activities with consumers and clinicians, overcoming the challenges and dilemmas, and managing her own wellness.

Findings

– The paper provides insight into the experience of a peer support worker at a psychiatric hospital for adults.

Originality/value

– The author's personal experience of being a peer support worker in a mental health facility.


In this paper, a high-speed memory bus with non-ideal power/ground reference was analyzed. Noise from power planes and vias would couple to the double-data-rate (DDR) signals and impact signal quality. Several design parameters of the system structure were considered to improve the DDR signal quality. Parameters such as location of the signals, location of noise source and placement of decoupling capacitor are considered to reduce the noise coupling. With optimized parameters, the transfer impedance between the victim signal and noise source could be suppressed and the noise coupling can be reduced accordingly. Time domain eye-diagram plots of the DDR signal are also used to depict the signal quality.


Social tourism emerged as a product of the assigned right of workers to paid leave (in 1936). With a major goal of ensuring access to tourism to the widest possible spectrum of the population, social tourism championed also a more worthy and noble relationship between tourism and the environments and societies it serves and interacts with. This paper examines the manner in which that philosophy is engendered and its role and value in encouraging and promoting a proper respect for both the natural and human environment.


HTLV-2 is endemic in some native American Indian populations and epidemic among US and Italian IV drug users (IVDU). Controversy remains over whether it is endemic in African populations. The authors provide serological evidence of HTLV-2 infection in prostitutes from Cameroon. Sera were collected in 1992 from 241 prostitutes in Yaounde and 150 in Douala for screening of antibodies to HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. 1 serum from a 38-year old prostitute from Yaounde proved to be HTLV-1 seropositive while 3 from Douala were HTLV-2 seropositive. None of these latter 3 individuals were IVDUs. The existence of HTLV-2 in the Douala prostitutes may be due to a common geographical/ethnic origin and not to their high-risk sexual activities. This hypothesis is supported by the absence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in 268 of their male clients. These findings indicate that HTLV-2 is not exclusive to the New World but is also present in Africa in micro-endemic clusters.


Government performance valuation proves to be offspring of development concept in certain time.With growth of development concept,appeal for the construction of government performance valuation is gradually stronger.


Pandemics have a profound impact on our world, causing loss of life, affecting our culture and historically shaping our genetics. The response to a pandemic requires both resilience and imagination. It has been clearly documented that obtaining an accurate estimate and trends of the actual infection rate and mortality risk are very important for policy makers and medical professionals. One cannot estimate mortality rates without an accurate assessment of the number of infected individuals in the population. This need is also aligned with identifying the infected individuals so they can be properly treated, monitored and tracked. However, accurate estimation of the infection rate, locally, geographically and nationally is important independently. These infection rate estimates can guide policy makers at both state, national or world level to achieve a better management of risk to society. The decisions facing policy makers are very different during early stages of an emerging epidemic where the infection rate is low, middle stages where the rate is rapidly climbing, and later stages where the epidemic curve has flattened to a low and relatively sustainable rate. In this paper we provide relatively efficient pooling methods to both estimate infection rates and identify infected individuals for populations with low infection rates. These estimates may provide significant cost reductions for testing in rural communities, third world countries and other situations where the cost of testing is expensive or testing is not widely available. As we prepare for the second wave of the pandemic this line of work may provide new solutions for both the biomedical community and policy makers at all levels.


ObjectiveTo explore the change of p-selection(Ps) and solution cell adhesion molecule-1(SICAM-1) in patients with unstable angina pectoris(UAP) and influence ozagral sodium on them. MethodsThe subjects included 24 cases patients with UAP in medicine treatment. Non-medicine treatment group included 25 cases patient with UAP. Normal control groups were 22 cases. The blood was received after medicine treatment 15 days and before medicine treatment and normal control groups serum levels of Ps and SICAM-1 were measured by ELISA. ResultsThe serum levels of Ps and SICAM-1 were significantly higher in UAP group than the normal control groups serum levels of Ps and SICAM-1 were significantly lower after 15 days medicine treatment than non-medicine treatment. ConclusionPs and SICAM-1 took part in UAP pathological process. The levels of Ps and SICAM-1 could reversed by ozagral sodium. It may protect endothelium function.


Objective To analyze the essential oil from the leaves of different harvest periods of Zanthoxylum nitidum DC.,and provide the scientific foundation for the comprehensive development and utilization of this plant. MethodsThe essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation method and carried out with GC-MS.The relative contents were determined with normalization method. ResultsTerpenoids were the major essential oil components from the leaves of different harvest periods of Zanthoxylum nitidum.As the main component,the content of nerolidol were 9.92%,19.59%,13.57% and 11.13% in July,Augest,September and October.The content of α-cadinol were 8.86%,10.62%,16.59% and 9.97% in the four corresponding month.The contents of hexadecanoic acid were 13.07%,12.22%,8.25% and 7.55% in that corresponding monthly,respectively. ConclusionThe main compounds in different harvest time were basically the same,but,the contents were difference.This research provided the scientific foundation to determine reasonable harvest time for the leaves of Zanthoxylum nitidum and comprehensive development for the plant.


Abstract : This report provides quantified safety criteria for the Simulation of Area Weapons Effects (SAWE) Program. It discusses four specific areas: blast overpressure, blunt trauma, burn, and eye flash hazards. Each hazard is defined as to potential severity and classified according to Army regulation hazard severity levels. Acceptable risk criteria are developed based on severity and probability.


The article is devoted to the development of the notariate legislation at the present stage. The author proves and determines the tendencies of perfection of notarial activity in Russia.


The binding constant of R~(phen)3~+ to starburst dendrimers (SBDs) was determined utilizing changes in the probe's excited state lifetime as a function of SESD concentration. The increase of the probe's lifetime in the presence of SBDs has been attributed to a lower 02 concentration at the dendrimer's surface than in water, which acts as a quencher of the triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state. The current study was performed at high SBD concentrations, relative to those of the probe and quencher, and in this concentration range the rate of quenching of *R~(phen)3~+ by C0(phen)3~+ bound to SBDs is independent of quencher concentration. These results conclusively indicate that the quenching is intrastarburst in nature. Furthermore, in this high SBD concentration limit the quenching rate constants are obtained with a simple model and without extensive numerical fitting of the luminescence decay.


The article explores the concept of security through a gender lens to find out the link between gender and the increasing militarisation of security discourse. It shows how gendered hierarchies are upheld and practised within the discipline of International Relations (IR) By applying gender lens, the article attempts to destabilise the conventional understanding of security and protection. It analyses the conventional conception of security in the discipline to understand how gender concerns have been missed in the way security has been conceptualised and practised in IR. In this context, the article conceptually deals with two broad questions around security and protection in IR. The first question pertains to whether the concept of security has become synonymous with the idea of militarised masculinity. Secondly, it looks at the concept of 'myth of protection' to critically engage with how security is practised in IR (Tickner, 2001). In this regard, the article argues that the state security and state protection is dominated by militarised masculinities which justifies the prevalence of 'myth of protection' within security discourses. It further argues that it is important to have a bottom approach to understand how security is practised and a narrative approach of security is integral in comprehensively understand security as practised in IR.


The study described in this paper originally only aimed at studying the human factors problems of airborne separation hi a Free Flight environment. However to define the Free Flight environment with sufficient detail, a concept was designed at NLR. This conceptual design includes rules-of-the-sky, a conflict resolution algorithm, conflict detection, cockpit display recommendations, system description as well as operational implications. The feasibility of the design has been evaluated in three sub-studies: (i) off-line traffic simulations with very high traffic densities and a total of up to 300 aircraft, (ii) a safety analysis comparing the resolution method with current day ATC and (iii) a man-in-the-loop simulator experiment hi traffic densities up to three times the average WestEuropean traffic density with eight air line crews. None of these studies could refute the feasibility of the Free Flight conceptual design.


Using a technique for accelerated corrosion monitoring, corrosion‐resisting characteristics of reinforcement of four plain and 36 fly ash blended cement concretes have been evaluated. Three fly ashes of bituminous, sub‐bituminous and lignite origins have been used, in conjunction with four plain cements having C3A contents of 2%, 9%, 11%, and 14%. The 36 blended cements were formulated such that each of the four C3A cements had 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replacements by each of the three fly ashes. Results of corrosion monitoring tests show that fly ash blending of plain cements by 30% partial replacement improved the corrosion‐resistance performance twofold to threefold over plain type I and type V cement concretes, respectively, in terms of corrosion‐initiation time. Fly ash of lignite origin exhibited better impermeability and corrosion‐resisting characteristics than bituminous and sub‐bituminous fly ashes. Level of replacement is a significant performance parameter, with the best performance observed fo...


Semiconductor material is produced into nano monocrystal wire or column, nano wire is grown on transparent conducting substrate and P-N interface structure is made. Through welding the nano wire with one conducting metal catalyst in the tip and the substrate with coated conducting layer on the surface through low temperature eutectic welding, nano linear light emitting element with P and N polesis produced. Several nano linear light emitting elements are formed into matrix to form planar nano linear light emitting diode display unit. The display unit features high spontaneous light emitting efficiency, high weather resistance, long service life, and may be the best element for the next generation of planar display and lighting device.


The article is devoted to the content of the professional activity of the nursing staff of the pediatric service, aimed at providing medical care to children with pneumonia.


Aqueous fractions from Korean red ginseng inhibited the phosphorylations of 40 KD and 20 KD polypeptides which were induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (100 nM) in human platelets. Much more carbohydrates were contained in the aqueous fractions than proteins. An aqueous fraction extracted with methanol, mainly, consists of glycoproteins, molecular weights of which were below 18 KD. We may infer that the aqueous fraction from Korean red ginseng do antitumorous and antiplatelet functions.


In this study, the researcher investigated the influence of emotional intelligence on the academic [performance of students in Economics in [public secondary schools in Anambra state. The design adopted for the study is a correlational research design. The population of the study consist of 2,160 students of SS1 students of 2018/2019 session in all the 240 public secondary schools in Anambra State. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 400 students from the population. The instrument used for data collection was titled, "Influence of Emotional Intelligence on the Academic Performance of Students in Economics in Public Secondary Schools in Anambra State Questionnaire" (IEIAPSEASQ). The instrument consists of two sections, section A is concerned with items on academic activities of students in Economics while section B contains items on academic performance of students in Economics. The instrument was validated by three experts, two in Educational Management and Policy and one from Educational Foundations, all in the Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The reliability of the instrument was established using pilot-testing and analysis using Cronbach alpha which yielded 0.86 and 0.84 respectively with an average of correlation value of 0.85 which was considered high enough for the instrument to be reliable. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses. Findings reviewed that there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and students' activities and performance in Economics. It was however recommended among other things that the analysis of students' academic performance should be done taking the role of emotional intelligence into consideration.


The integrated design method for elastic micro-feeding device of ultra-precision machine tool was studied.Based on topology optimization,parameter optimization design and reliability analysis,an integrated design method for the device was proposed.The topology optimization design and parameter optimization design were done.Moreover,based on reliability analysis methods,the influence of the randomness of the materials parameters and geometric dimensions to its output displacement was studied.The research provides method and basis for design and performance analysis of the elastic micro-feeding device of ultra-precision machine tool.


Outsourcing is increasingly used to help consolidate and streamline global businesses, either as part of routine administrative streamlining or after corporate mergers, acquisitions or divestments. By outsourcing common business processes and IT systems on a multi-jurisdictional basis, businesses can achieve a high degree of global standardisation. An outsourcing arrangement must include and provide for local variations, while ensuring that these operate within the confi nes of the global deal. Multinational companies use a variety of outsourcing arrangements to achieve this aim.


In this paper we show that the scattered field of a bichromatically driven V-type three-level atom exhibit asymmetry and large violation of classical bounds in amplitude-intensity correlations. These features result from the noncommutativity of amplitude and intensity field operators, and the strong non-Gaussian fluctuations in this system. The amplitude-intensity correlations of resonance fluorescence, with its large third-order fluctuations, describe the nonclassical features of the emitted field more accurately than the second-order measure related to squeezing. Spectra and variances of these correlations, along intensity-intensity correlations, provide a wealth of supporting information.


Since I began my involvement with the Making a Difference in Dance project, I have done a lot of thinking about ethics and politics. In the past month or so, I have been doing even more thinking about it, ever since the results of my country's presidential election were announced, revealing that the unexpected #1 issue for voters polled as they were exiting from voting was "moral values." Just as voters connect their moral values with their political choices, I don't think we can separate our thinking about ethics and politics in dance from our thinking about it in other parts of our lives. This brings up inevitable conflicts when our moral values differ from those of our colleagues and students.


Maryland does not limit spending or revenues pursuant to a constitutional or statutory formula. It has developed a unique response to fiscal difficulties, which does not abdicate fiscal policy to formulas as happens under traditional limitation regimes. The process used in Maryland is called Spending Affordability, and it serves to cause policymakers to prospectively focus on the relationship of public spending to the state's economy without altering the budget-making process. This article examines the Spending Affordability model in use in Maryland.


China,well known as "Kingdom of Bamboo",is center of bamboo distribution in the world.This paper elaborates the ornamental value of bamboo and classification of ornamental bamboo.It also introduces the application of ornamental bamboo to ancient modern gardens,namely methods and ways of artificial art bamboo's landscaping.The fact that the ornamental bamboo in the application of development practice is mainly separated bamboo or non-cold resistance bamboo limits the scope of spreading.The combination of ornamental bamboo with bamboo culture and bamboo tourism is expected to upgrade,and the vision for integrated development is proposed.


Contents: Introduction: The sacred and the profane and the diabolic Grimus: Infinite dimensions Midnights Children: The road from Kashmir Shame: An other world strikes back The Satanic Verses: Dreamscapes of a green-eyed monster Conclusion: Sea changes


Objective: To study the clinical application of hydroxyapatite orbital implants. Methods: According to patients′ clinical condition, 92 cases were treated with primary or secondary orbital implants by using hydroxyapatite warpped in homologous or autologous sclera. Results: Follow up periods were ranged from six months to twenty-four months. Fifteen cases (16.3%) had complications associated with the hydroxyapatite orbital implants. There were implant exposure, implant infection, and implant extrusion. All the patients were successfully repaired by surgery. Conclusion:Comprehension and proper application of hydroxyapatite orbital implants can succeed plastic surgery of ophthalmology successfully.


Thermoelectric devices can convert heat into useful electricity with no moving parts. Considerable progress has been made in improving the efficiency of these devices over the past 15 years. The key ideas responsible for most of this progress will be examined using specific examples. Recent improvements in thermoelectric efficiency appear to be dominated by a reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity. This reduction is accomplished by the careful introduction of 0.1 to 5 nm sized "objects" that effectively scatter acoustic phonons without significantly affecting electronic transport. Future research directions will be discussed.


Gasoline is one of the essential propulsion fuels used for motor cars. Specified characteristics are essential for the product application. Octane grade is one of the essential characteristics of gasoline. Gasoline commonly contains additives to prevent knocking in the combustion chamber; these additives rated as an octane number to indicate gasoline quality grades. Enhancing octane numbers was the goal of the fuel industry for the last several decades. Bosting octane of gasoline is either: (i) by varying the composition via increasing the aromatic content, branched hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons, and their combination. (ii) Another trend for upgrading the octane number is by using additives. This paper represents a review on the gasoline upgrading by using octane booster additives for 2010-2020 sourced from a literature survey of patents, publications, books, and conferences. The review covers recent development in octane boosting additives obtained from sustainable and environmentally friendly additives to replace highly polluting organometallic carbonyl compounds, including tetraethyl lead. This review finding highlights the development of new types of octane boosting additives based on oxygenated organic hydrocarbons such as alcohols, esters, ethers, acetals, and other derivatives, mainly those obtained from natural resources such as cellulose, lignin, sugars, and plant/ animal oils. The review also covers the publications on environmental safety and economic aspects.


The investigation of attitude motion of rigid body under the action of principle moment  of external forces is usually realized in terms of Euler angles, various variants of "aircraft" angles or direction cosines. The wide range of mechanical problems is connected with the studying of rotational motion of rigid body that is such attitude motion of the body with respect to the center of mass, when the work of moment  is small with respect to the kinetic energy of the body rotational motion. These problems are usually investigated with the use of special variables. For example, Andoyer dynamical equations written in Beletsky-Chernousko variables are used widely in analytical investigations [1]. But the computer simulation of mathematical models constructed with the use of these variables meets some difficulties due to the presence of singularities. The use of Rodriguez-Hamilton parameters ( i = 0…3) allow to avoid the mentioned difficulties. So these parameters are very popular in rigid body attitude dynamics [2], [3]. But they are not minimal in number. The new parameters s i (modified Rodriguez-Hamilton parameters) are introduced in the paper [4] for construction the mathematical model of the body's attitude motion. They possess the same advantages as the Rodriguez-Hamilton parameters and at the same time they are minimal in number. S-parameters may be considered as the result of stereographic projection of 4-dimensional sphere of quaternions, normalized with the condition, on 3-dimensional hyper plane, orthogonal to the axis. At the same time parameters s i may be expressed in terms of Rodriguez-Hamilton parameters according to the formulae . Choosing s-parameters and dimensionless projections of angular momentum on principal central axes of inertia as variables we obtain in the normal form the system of six differential equations (3 dynamical and 3 cinematic equations) for finding six unknowns [3]. The differential equations of the body's attitude motion constructed in [3] are suitable both for analytical and numerical investigations of the rotary motion [5]. In this paper the new equations of the body's attitude motion are deduced. They differ from analogous equations obtained in [3] because we use the angular velocity (the value and direction of angular velocity vector) instead of angular momentum. In some cases this approach is convenient for computer modeling of rigid body motion and more obvious in interpretation of research results. The reported study was partially supported by RFBR, research projects No. 13-01-00347 a. and No. 13-01-00376 a. Bibliography: Beletsky V.V. The satellite's attitude motion in gravitational field. Moscow, 1975. Branets V.N., Shmyglevsky I.P. The use of quaternions in the problems of rigid body orientation Moscow, Nauka, 1973. Petrov K.G., Tikhonov A.A. The equations of rigid body rotational motion, based on quaternion parameters // Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Mechanics of Rigid Body, 2002, № 3, pp. 3 – 16. Marandi S.R., Modi V.J. A preferred coordinate system and the associated orientation representation in attitude dynamics //Acta Astronautica, 1987, Vol. 15, №11, pp. 833 – 843. Tikhonov A.A. Secular evolution of rotary motion of a charged satellite in a decaying orbit // Cosmic Research, 2005, Vol. 43, №2, pp. 111 – 125.


Through comparison and analysis between different treatment groups, based on the phonological period of litchi growth, a study on keeping a full growth of its flowers and fruits by controlling its treetops and hastening its blossom was conducted to the unusual high-quality variety-Nandao seedless litchi in Hainan Province. The experiment showed that the treatment done to Group A yielded the best results, with a percentage of ear-bearing tiller reaching 85.6% , which registered a 59. 8% increase over that of control group;with a ratio of male flowers to female flowers reaching 0.28, which registered 100% increase than that of control group; with a fruit-bearing percentage rising to 27.2% , which registered 19.6% increase over that of control group; with an average yield from a single plant reaching 20.5 kg, which registered a 150% increase over that of control group;with a single fruit weight reaching 38.5 g,which registered 3.9 g increase over that of control group.


With the airline industry experiencing a global economic downturn, B2B e-Business is becoming more and more the focus of airlines' strategies. More recently, airlines have studied intensively the potential of joint-procurement possibilities and have taken measures in creating consortia-led B2B e-Marketplaces as mediators for aggregating demand and to facilitate transactions. In academic literature, limited academic research has been undertaken in exploring the value creation of B2B e-Marketplace models in the aviation industry. The aim is to conduct a theoretical analysis to explore whether or not e-Marketplaces have the potential to add value to procurement in the aviation industry. The research focuses on the potential of B2B e-Marketplaces in terms of improving an airline's competitiveness in its procurement value chain. The theoretical framework adopted supports the identification of barriers to success and critical success factors.


Poster: "ECR 2012 / C-0319 / Investigation of volume differences in surrounding pericardium adipose tissue between subjects without coronary atherosclerosis and patients with coronary heart disease" by: "J. Wu, L. Yang; Beijing/CN"


There is no formal binding precedent in international law. Yet, as this article demonstrates, countries nonetheless expend considerable resources in seeking to shape legal precedent. Looking at the international trade regime, I show that while some disputes are initiated to gain market access in response to domestic interests, others are filed primarily to build favorable precedent for future cases of greater commercial value. I construct an original dataset consisting of the network of all rulings spanning the WTO period, and the cases they cite. I analyze this network to provide systematic evidence for the existence of "test cases" in international law: countries initiate commercially unimportant disputes to shape legal precedent to their advantage. And wealthy countries with high legal capacity are significantly better able to do so. While the existence of binding precedent in international law remains a point of continuous debate, countries observably behave in a manner consistent with its existence.


Photograph of Vincent Van Gogh's house in Paris, France. The house is visible in the foreground with a black car in front. Other buildings are visible in the left background.


Natural gas as fuel for electricity production has significant advantages, such as the reduction of environmental emissions and the lower operational cost. Due to the flexibility of gas engines, the exploitation of renewable energy sources in an area, can be maximized. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the possibility of LNG supply for sustainable electricity production in insular small-scale electricity systems. A novel multicriteria evaluation model has been developed, based on the methods of Additive Value Model, PROMETHEE and Simos approach. A set of coherent criteria has been selected, that fits perfectly with the demands of this type of problem. The proposed methodology has been implemented in four Greek islands (as they are the most indicative examples and with future perspectives to use natural gas for electricity production) and in one power plant in the mainland (as another typical example of small-scale electricity production). The evaluation process included four supply alternatives that cover the annual fuel demands of the examined regions. The obtaining ranking showed that the development of a network supplying individual small-scale terminals in a roundtrip is preferable, compared to the separate supply of each terminal.


Up to 38% of asynchronous motor (AM) failures are caused by damage to the stator insulation. Despite the wide variety of methods, the reliability of determining the inter-turn short circuits of stator windings under operating voltage still remains at a low level. The existing methods for diagnostics of asynchronous motor failure of the interturn short circuit of stator winding have been examined. New diagnostic methods for individual parameters developed in the course of the previous study are described. A new diagnostic method is formulated, on the basis of which the research work is carried out. The method will allow us to constantly monitor the technical condition of the stator winding, and identify its damage at an early stage of their development. Diagnostics can be performed without dismantling the engine and without removing it from the working process. The microprocessor unit is implemented for diagnostics of the technical condition of AM introducing this method. Moreover, the software and hardware complex is implemented for diagnostics of the technical condition for AM. The results of experiments on a laboratory stand with inter-turn AM closures are presented, which confirm the higher reliability of monitoring.


The essay analyses the overall system of Community member States liability for breach of
European law provisions, according to the guide-lines of Court of Justice, in order to focus on the
responsibility deriving from a national administrative action conflicting with European Community
law.
This "special" invalidity has to compare, anyway, with European Law supremacy needs.
As national jurisdictions are requested to give rights founded on European Community law an
effective and proper protection, it is important in this view to check the compatibility of Italian
national remedies and select the "class" which better suits the flaw of administrative, national acts
contrary to European law.
After considering doctrinal and cases different solutions on the topics, the development of national
administrative law and the decisions of Court of Justice itself suggest to classify in Italy this flaw of
administrative Authorities under the ordinary rules and regulations of the "annulment", with any
related procedural consequence.
The strong consistency of anti-community law national actions with legal and trial systems of
national law shows two faces: from one hand, it both allows not to violate the features of Italian
administrative law, and confirms the "cross-breeding" of national liability for breach of European
Law.
Actually, the roots of this "special responsibility systems" belong to European Community law,
whereas the practical means of citizens ' rights protection depend on the national, traditional rules
and regulations.
Framing the State liability in its jurisdictions and procedural systems seems to be rewarding, in a
long-term perspective, as it is simple to use, granting European law effectiveness, and fully lines up
to the monistic theory on European law, which better boosts the integration process between
Community and its member States.
The quests for effectiveness and pragmatism are also respected by accepting the pattern of "extracontractual"
liability system based on article 2043 of Italian civil code (a-typical and open clause in
Italian system of responsibility for breach of law, suitable for administrative national acts
conflicting with national rules), which properly also fits infringements of European Community
law.
In regard to safety of law certainty and individual reliance on law, Court of Justice position has
been brought into focus, with the following result: national bodies are not compelled to put aside
national procedural laws incompatibile with EC provisions, in order to amend the conflict with
European law, provided that claiming rights based on EC laws is not too difficult for European
citizens and their lawful trust on public bodies conduct is not violated.


This paper is intended to provide guidance to persons in developing countries who are responsible for making ocean outfall studies but have limited resources. It consists mainly of practical suggestions based on the author's experience about what measurements are needed to obtain useful information and how to make them at minimal cost. Thoughtfulness in planning work that will produce useful answers is favored over pseudo-high-tech environmental studies. Some opinions are presented about the enhancement of marine food resources by outfalls and about collecting biological data as a defense against possible criticism. The special conditions that may exist in enclosed bays and estuaries are not specifically addressed in this paper.


Switched interval system is a kind of special switched system whose parameter matrix changes in a limited and known range. Because switched property and interval matrix exist simultaneously, the structure of switched interval system is more complicated than common switched system. The fault detection problem is studied in this paper. The method of common lyapunov function is used under arbitrary switching signal. The exsitence condition and design method of robust fault detetion filter are given in LMI form. Then a simulation example prove the validity of method in the last section.


We have characterized a functional T cell receptor (TcR) δ transcript in a TiγA+ human cloned cell line derived from peripheral blood. This cDNA includes a novel V gene (V‐AB12), whose expression was initially studied in a series of TcR γ/δ′ clones. Nine TiγA+ clones derived independently from distinct donors have been tested: each of them was found to possess a unique V‐AB12/J‐IDP2 5.5‐kb Eco RI rearrangement, which was constantly transcribed. Surface expression of the protein encoded by this unique rearranged gene was demonstrated by immunoprecipitations performed on three TiγA′ polyclonal cell lines using a specific rabbit heteroantiserum. Further analysis strongly suggested that a monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated anti‐BB3, detects a V‐ABl2‐encoded antigenic determinant on the cell surface. Double‐color immunofluorescence analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes from ten donors indicated that most BB3+ cells are recognized by anti‐TiγA mAb. In previous studies, we have shown that a majority of TcR γ/δ+′ peripheral T cells expresses a γ chain including V9 (TiγA) and most frequently JP‐encoded peptides. Given the present results on the δ chain, it can be concluded that, in many individuals, a predominant fraction (Vγ9+/V‐AB12+) of circulating CD3+ TcRa/β− T lymphocytes expresses a receptor with little, if any, combinatorial diversity.


Abstract

Introduction:

Viral infections after renal transplantation (TR) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality.Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, viral infection remains the most frequently observed in renal transplantation. The object of our study was to report cases of CMV infection in pediatric kidney transplant patients in our center.

Patients and methods:

This is a descriptive and analytical retrospective study of pediatric renal transplant on a 12-year period between June  2007 and September 2019 at Department of Nephrology University Hospital IBN ROCHD.

RESULTS:

During this period, we identified 21 pediatric renal transplant patients,The average age of patients was 11 years old during the intervention with extremes ranging from 5 years to 17 years.The sex ratio was 1.2 with 12 boys and 9 girls. The initial nephropathy was dominated by congenital malformations. An antecedent hypertension was found in 45% of patients. The history of infection were found in 45% of cases. The surgical history was found in 40% of cases. At the time of transplant, 20 patients had received for at least six months of dialysis. Kidney transplantation has been preemptively in a patient.

CMV infection occurred in patients TWO. The delay means the infection occurred was 18 months. The discovery of a verimie CMV was symptomatic in both patients. The treatment was based on antiviral treatment "cymevan" and the evolution was marked by a gradual decline in verimie up negativity.

Discussion:

Viral infections after TR may be responsible for severe complications. Periodic assessments infectious must be undertaken and the systematic screening of cancers. CMV infections can be easily avoided by
prophylactic treatment.Prevention of CMV infection in organ transplant is now possible and effective, even if the implementing rules are still imperfectly codified and vary from one team to another. Probably prophylaxis, the efficacy is clearly demonstrated, will become the most used strategy and it will be practical as routine as prophylaxis of P. 16th World Nephrology Conference August 20-21, 2020 Webinar

      Biography:

 I.Failal is working in department of nephrology. He has published 3 papers in professional journals.


We introduce the Swath Segment Selection problem (SSSP). The SSSP consists of a constrained geometric covering problem and a capacitated resource problem. It comes from the real-life problem of scheduling on- and off-times for air or space-borne instruments that image a target by flying over and collecting a swath of information.


The electrical excitability of the dark-adapted eye was measured by a single pulse of varying durations after exposure to light. The effect of the light was expressed by ζ, percentage increase of electrical excitability over the resting level. 1. After the eye was illuminated by white light for two seconds, ζ values were maximal 1, 1.5, and 2 seconds respectively after termination of the light stimulus as the duration of test pulse was 3-10, 20-32, and 60-200msec. In comparison with the data obtained with colored pre-illumi-nations and a sufficiently long electric test pulse the result was so inter-preted that the red, the yellow, and the green receptors were selectively excited by the pulses of 3-10 msec, by those of 20-32 msec. and by those of 60-200 msec. respectively. 2. ζ values measured at 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 seconds after termination of the white light were plotted against the duration of the test pulse, and it was found that ζ values were independent of the duration of the test pulse over a range from 80-125 msec. It is likely that the selectively excitatory action of an electric pulse upon color receptors is much weaker in the range of duration around 100msec. than in the range of shorter durations. 3. The dependence of the scotopic processes upon the duration of the test pulse was studied, and it was found that the duration of about 20msec. was most favorable for the rod process in agreement with the data by Yonemura and Nango.


The residual part of the realistic forces{emdash}obtained after extracting the monopole terms responsible for bulk properties{emdash}is strongly dominated by pairing and quadrupole interactions, with important {sigma}{tau}{center_dot}{sigma}{tau}, octupole, and hexadecapole contributions. Their forms retain the simplicity of the traditional pairing plus multipole models, while eliminating their flaws through a normalization mechanism dictated by a universal {ital A}{sup {minus}1/3} scaling. Coupling strengths and effective charges are calculated and shown to agree with empirical values. Comparisons between different realistic interactions confirm the claim that they are very similar. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}


The Dutch government plans to introduce Electronic Road Pricing in 2002. The main payment method is based on an On-Board Unit in which an electronic purse smart card can be inserted. Smart cards supported are the 'real money' electronic purses Chipper and Chipknip. These purses are available on almost every bank card. The choice for Chipper and Chipknip has major advantages over a dedicated token purse. The price to pay is an increase in system complexity. For the covering abstract see ITRD E114174.


This study aims to analyze the strength of effect online sales on purchasing decisions, analyze the effect of online sales on the OVO digital wallet, analyze the effect of the OVO digital wallet on purchasing decisions, analyze the mediating function of the OVO digital wallet on the effect of online sales on purchasing decisions. The sampling technique used accidental sampling technique with e-questionare as the main data collection tool. Based on the primary data from 60 respondents who were collected and analyzed using Smart Partial Least Square (PLS) data processing program, it was revealed that online sales significantly effect the purchasing decision, and it was also revealed that ovo digital wallet significantly mediates the interrelationship. Therefore, the results of this study provide important information for business entities as well as for other researchers who will conduct further research related to purchasing decisions. Also, the results of this research can certainly be generalized, whenever, of course, other research is needed with different objects and populations.


There was an air of confidence at the Green Party annual conference last weekend, with keynote speeches painting a clear target on Labour. James Dennison argues that, though the Green Party is likely to see its vote share increase over the next few years, it neither has the anti-elite credentials nor the untapped demographic to enjoy the successes of UKIP.


The principle tenet of the article is that teaching a second foreign language (English) for the MA in linguistics must focus on the stylistic aspect of language study, shaping skills and habits of stylistically correct speech in its formal and informal registers of written and oral use, both monological and dialogical. Special attention is paid to the sociocultural factor in English speech behaviour and the importance of instilling in students the principles of English speech ethics.


SUMMARY A control-volume-based solution of the complete set of Navier-Stokes equations for the laminar, three-dimensional developing flow in straight, eccentric, cylindrical annular ducts is described. Numerical results for velocity and pressure development, pressure defect and entrance lengths are presented for a wide range of duct parameters, i.e. relative eccentricity E and radius ratio y. The present results match very well with earlier numerical solutions for the limiting cases of developing flow in concentric ducts and fully developed flow in eccentric ducts. Comparison with earlier approximate results for developing flow in eccentric ducts indicates that the approximate model predicts the velocity and pressure development with an error of about 10%. However, the development length predicted by the approximate model is grossly in error. The pressure defect and development length in eccentric ducts are very high compared with their counterparts in concentric ducts. The pressure defect, development length and maximum velocity increase with the radius ratio for eccentric ducts, while the reverse is true for concentric ducts. Also, the apparent friction factor decreases as the eccentricity increases. Eccentric annular ducts are occasionally used as fluid flow and heat transfer devices. The eccentricity may stem from design constraints or as a result of deformation in service from the nominally concentric configuration. The flow characteristics for an eccentric duct are far different from those for a concentric duct.' There is therefore a need for detailed analysis of the flow development in eccentric ducts. Wilson2 was perhaps the first to report a hydrodynamic entrance region solution for eccentric ducts. He solved a linearized version of the governing equations leading to a two-dimensional eigenvalue problem. However, the analytical expressions containing the solution were not eval~ated.~ Later Feldman et aL3a4 reported a numerical solution for developing flow and temperature based on an approximate flow model. Their model assumes a relation between the cross-stream velocity components based on an idealization of the cross-stream flow. This idealization is not really valid in the presence of recirculation zones within the developing flow in an eccentric annulus. The effects of these recirculations on the main flow characteristics cannot be assessed by any simplified model. A complete solution of all three momentum equations along with the continuity equation is the only option. Also, Feldman et aL3 provided a solution only for E > 05 and y > 0.5. The objective of this study is to provide a complete solution for


The modular buildings technology is a new type of construction technology, and it is officially called modular integrated construction. It is a new type of construction technology, this system treats each room as a separate module, all prefabricated in the factory. After the factory production, the rooms are transported to the site and assembled into the whole building through reliable connection. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of modular building technology, and describes the development prospect in future. Compared to the traditional way of building, modular buildings have fast construction speed, environmentally friendly construction process, high construction quality and broad development prospects. At the same time, it has some aspects that are not mature at this stage, like the incomplete production chain and low freedom caused by high-degreed standardization. Modular buildings have been applied in many field, and it can be used in cooperation with existing computer technology like building information model. The main development direction of modular architecture in the future is digitalization, intelligence and integration.


The present work presents a numerical study of the evaporation of a sessile liquid droplet deposited on a substrate and subjected to different heating configurations. The physical formulation accounts for evaporation, the Marangoni effect, conductive transfer in the support, radiative heating, and diffusion–convection in the droplet itself. The moving interface is solved using the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method. Simulations were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics. Different configurations were performed to investigate the effect of the heating conditions on the shape and intensity of the Marangoni circulations. A droplet can be heated by the substrate (different natures and thicknesses were tested) and/or by a heat flux supplied at the top of the droplet. The results show that the Marangoni flow can be controlled by the heating configuration. An upward Marangoni flow was obtained for a heated substrate and a downward Marangoni flow for a flux imposed at the top of the droplet. Using both heat sources generated two vortices with an upward flow from the bottom and a downward flow from the top. The position of the stagnation zone depended on the respective intensities of the heating fluxes. Controlling the circulation in the droplet might have interesting applications, such as the control of the deposition of microparticles in suspension in the liquid, the deposition of the solved constituent, and the enhancement of the evaporation rate.


The fact is that South Asian nations have a history of keeping women from speaking up in public, but literature in the area does quite the opposite by serving as a voice for feminism. Kishwar Naheed, through the power of her pen, has contributed a lot to raising issues related to female subjugation and deprivation. The knowledge that results from situations and experiences that girls and women share is highlighted by the feminist Standpoint theory. The idea that our work—the activity in which we participate—shapes what we know and how we behave is central to Marxist theory, where this emphasis on experiences comes from. This study aims to identify the feminist underpinnings of a few poems by Pakistani-Urdu poet Kishwar Naheed. Her work is grounded in the experience of the subcontinent as a whole, allowing for a better understanding of the development of resistance against chauvinist revivals that impose their idea of a "submissive good woman" on subcontinental women. Her "transgression" poetry rejects the limitations imposed by a false, chauvinist spirituality and tries to sketch out the contours of the oppressed yet rebellious feminine personality.


The switch of SAJR to a fully online journal has been most successfully managed by Jan Lotz, editor of the journal. In his editorial of April 2008 he explained the process of readers, authors and others accessing the SAJR in this format via www.sajr.org.za He promised that CPD would also be available for members. How has this shaped up some 18 months later?


This paper examines the role of history dependence in a two-period dynamic moral hazard model. If history dependence is relatively strong, then the signal in the first period becomes completely useless to the principal. Therefore, in the optimal long-term contract, payments to the agent are made dependent upon performance in the second period only. A sufficient condition for the offer of such memoryless contracts are found to be characterized by stochastic dominance. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D82, J31, M52.


The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between hierarchical relations among employees of sport centers as well as correlation between customer`s personal characters and their satisfaction. Also, this study aims to find out the type of relationship between managers and their subordinates with which the best quality service can be provided. Respondents(n=350. 100 employees and 250 customers) were sampled from employees and customers of commercial sport centers in Seoul and Kwangju area in August 1999. The results were as follows: First, the study shows that the level of customers satisfaction varied upon variables of the frequency of monthly visit and the duration of each service they received at sports centers. Second, the study shows correlation of factors of reliability, communication and sympathy between employees and customers.


Canines, especially upper canines, are the second most frequently impacted permanent teeth, after third molars. Orthodontic extrusion of ectopic impacted canines is often complex, long-lasting and may lead to iatrogenic complications. In children, implementation of interceptive treatment helps to normalise the canine position in the alveolar process and its spontaneous eruption. Aim. The aim of the study was to review the literature regarding the methods of interceptive treatment for impacted maxillary and mandibular canines supported by relevant clinical examples. Material and methods. A review of literature on interceptive treatment of impacted canines has been performed for the period 1961–2018. The medical databases PubMed and Medline were used. Results. Extraction of deciduous maxillary canines and maxillary first deciduous molars, maxillary expansion with rapid maxillary expanders and transpalatal arches, also in combination with extraoral traction and space opening the dental arch with fixed appliances are effective methods of interceptive treatment in patients at the developmental age with impacted upper canines. There is no effective protocol for interceptive treatment for impacted mandibular canines described in the literature. Conclusions. The use of interceptive treatment in growing patients positively influences spontaneous eruption of ectopic impacted maxillary canines. Early clinical and radiological diagnosis of ectopic canine position is very important for success. (Abramczyk J, Zadurska M, Czochrowska E. Impacted canines – interceptive treatment. Orthod Forum 2018; 14: 224-36).


1. Brachionus calyciflorus is a recently described monogonont rotifer species complex that comprises four species. The observation of hybridisation between two of these species challenges this species delimitation. The mechanisms of reproductive isolation essential to the maintenance of species integrity remain unclear. 2. Here, we conducted upscaled hybridisation experiments to obtain large numbers of hybrid and non- hybrid


Hearing-impaired individuals have much more difficulty, then normal hearing individuals, with speech intelligibility in cocktail party situations. Hence, the overall research goal is to improve intelligibility of speech and to enhance spatial hearing of hearing aids in these situations. It is known that spatial audio leads to improved speech intelligibility. As a step towards this goal, source separation algorithms were investigated. In particular, the DUET Blind Source Separation (BSS) algorithm was modified to automatically extract speech sources in a simulated auditory scene.


-The Berman (1983) activity-composition model for non-ideal liquid solutions in the CaOMgO-A1203-SiO2 (CMAS) system is incorporated into equilibrium condensation calculations which are used to explore the vapor-solid-liquid stability relations as a function of temperature and total pressure (p,ot) in a gas of solar composition, and as a function of temperature and dust/gas ratio at P'°' = 1 x 10 3 atm in gases produced by total vaporization of systems enriched in interstellar dust relative to the gas compared to solar abundances. Condensate liquids are very non-ideal, suggesting that results of previous attempts to model their formation using ideal solution models are highly inaccurate. As is the case for the Berman (1983) liquid model itself, results of the present calculations are in very good agreement with experimentally determined liquid-crystal phase relations except where intermediate members of solid solution series, such as melilite and fassaite, are predicted to be in equilibrium with liquid, in which cases liquid-crystal equilibration temperatures are overestimated by 50 to 100 K. CMAS liquids are stable in a solar gas at a P " at least as low as 5 × 10-2 atm and perhaps as low as 1 × 10 2 atm, much lower than previous estimates for liquids of pure forsterite composition, due to the colligative effects of C a t and A1203. CMAS liquids are stable at P~" = 1 x 10 3 atm in systems with dust/gas enrichment factors at least as low as 16 and perhaps as low as 5 relative to solar abundances. Results of these calculations suggest that, upon cooling, a solid melilite + spinel condensate assemblage, comparable to a Type A refractory inclusion, would react with the vapor to produce a liquid much richer in MgO and Sit2 than the starting material, at either elevated P'"~ or enhanced dust/gas ratio. If this partial melt were isolated from further reaction with the nebular gas, it would solidify into a spinel + melilite + fassaite + anorthite assemblage, similar in chemical and mineralogical composition to a Type B refractory inclusion. Forsterite coexists stably with CMAS condensate liquids over wide ranges of P" ' and dust/gas ratio, extending to the lowest Pt°' and dust/gas ratio at which liquids are stable. If the compositions of glass inclusions inside isolated forsterite crystals in the Murchison CM2 chondrite have been modified by precipitation of 25 wt% forsterite as a daughter mineral from the liquid precursors of those glasses, the inclusions could represent condensate liquids that were in equilibrium with forsterite at p,o, = 0.3 atm or at dust/gas enrichment factors of 7 0 atP~'" = 1 × 10 3atm.


In those liquids which show an Arrhenius temperature dependence of viscosity, molecules are able to rotate many times about at least two axes during the time between translational jumps. In the higher temperature non-Arrhenius region molecules can rotate about only one axis during this time, while in the lower temperature non-Arrhenius region molecular rotation occurs primarily as a result of translational motion. The distribution of shear relaxation times in liquids at low temperatures arises from this restriction of molecular rotation, as does the structural contribution to the heat capacity of non-associated liquids.


Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were extensively known material in packaging, agriculture, medicine, electrolytes in solid state batteries and other areas due to the exceptional biocompatibility and easy production, however shows lower mechanical behaviour. The current investigation was embraced to delineate the effect of potassium iodide (KI) on structural and mechanical properties of biopolymer electrolyte films grounded on Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The liquidation of the salt into the polymer crowd is done by solution cast technique and the X – Ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used to fix the structural properties of pristine HPMC and composite HPMC films. The crystallinity (Xc) was calculated, the pristine HPMC films shows high level of crystallinity. However improved amorphous spaces of HPMC polymer crowd were exposed in HPMC composite films. The addition of KI had a considerable impact on break elongation. In HPMC, KI showed good intercalation, and large concentrations of KI resulted in crater-like pits on the film surfaces. Reductions in the tensile strength and elastic modulus along with an increase in elongation were noticed in film integrated with KI.


Finishing is one of the most important aspects of concreting as it not only provides the concrete with the necessary visual impact, but gives it its first line of defence against wear and aggressive attack. Finishing techniques are used to provide satisfactory surfaces for - (a) appearance, (b) serviceability, and (c) durability. This paper concerns itself only with hand finished surfaces, and does not include machine laid concrete, formed surfaces, or special architectural finishes.


A photorefractive effect was observed in a fullerene (${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$) -doped organic composite containing polyvinylcarbazole and a second-order molecule, diethyl-amino-nitrostyrene (DEANST). Electro-optic modulation and degenerate four-wave mixing experiments were conducted. The material shows relatively high electro-optic coefficient, photocharge generation quantum efficiency, and photorefractive diffraction efficiency.


Simple Summary Honey contains traces of the DNA of the honey bees that produced it. This environmental DNA can therefore be used to investigate the genome of the honey bees. In this study, we used a next generation sequencing technology to analyze the variability of a key gene of Apis mellifera L., the complementary sex determiner (csd) gene, using honey environmental DNA as a source of honey bee DNA. This gene determines the sex of the bees. Two different alleles at this locus are needed to produce females whereas males have only one copy of this gene as they are haploid. In case two identical alleles are present in a diploid individual, the larvae are not vital and are discarded by the workers. Therefore, there is an advantage in maintaining a large csd diversity in honey bee populations. In light of the recent decline in honey bee populations, it is important to monitor the allele variability at this gene. The applied methodology provided a new strategy to disclose the genetic diversity at the csd gene at the population-wide level and identify most, if not all, csd alleles present in the colonies in a single analysis. Abstract The complementary sex determiner (csd) gene plays an essential role in the sex determination of Apis mellifera L. Females develop only if fertilized eggs have functional heterozygous genotypes at this gene whereas males, being haploids, are hemizygous. Two identical csd alleles produce non vital males. In light of the recent decline in honey bee populations, it is therefore important to monitor the allele variability at this gene. In this study, we tested the application of next generation semiconductor-based sequencing technology (Ion Torrent) coupled with environmental honey DNA as a source of honey bee genome information to retrieve massive sequencing data for the analysis of variability at the hypervariable region (HVR) of the csd gene. DNA was extracted from 12 honey samples collected from honeycombs directly retrieved from 12 different colonies. A specifically designed bioinformatic pipeline, applied to analyze a total of about 1.5 million reads, identified a total of 160 different csd alleles, 55% of which were novel. The average number of alleles per sample was compatible with the number of expected patrilines per colony, according to the mating behavior of the queens. Allele diversity at the csd could also provide information useful to reconstruct the history of the honey.


Vitamin A (retinol) is an essential nutrient. Fortunately, it occurs in numerous food sources, both animal and vegetable, either as the pre-formed vitamin, retinol, or as P-carotene which can be converted to retinol. In the UK, where most people have an adequate diet, the effect of acute deficiency is seldom seen. However, analyses of diets show a substantial percentage of the population with multiple vitamin deficiencies, including deficiency of vitamin A, particularly in the older age groups (Department of Health and Social Security, 1979). These mild deficiencies are unlikely to produce any overt symptoms of disease. However, epidemiological evidence shows there to be a tendency for some human-cancer risks to be inversely associated with blood retinol ; people with above-average blood retinol levels, or above-average P-carotene intakes, are at low average risk of cancer (Bjelke, 1975; Wald et al. 1980; Pet0 et al. 1981) . It has been known for more than 50 years that vitamin A is essential to maintain the normal differentiation of specialized epithelial tissues throughout the body (Wolbach & Howe, 1925). Deficiency of vitamin A results in failure of differentiation and therefore failure of normal function, and in many epithelia the tissue becomes keratinized. For example, the epithelia lining the trachea, bronchus, vagina, mouth and bladder are replaced with an epithelium which appears more like normal skin (Hicks, 1968, 1969). It is worth noting that although vitamin A deficiency prevents normal differentiation of epithelial tissues, it does not inhibit cell proliferation and, indeed, vitamin A deficiency is usually accompanied by hyperplasia of the affected tissue. The keratinization of vitamin A deficient epithelia is reversible once the normal levels of vitamin A are restored and this is true both in vivo and in vitro in organ culture. Thus, addition of retinyl acetate to the incubation of media of prostatic cancer cultured in vitro, reversed the squamous metaplasia and produced normally differentiated tubules (Lasnitzki, 1955). Since carcinomas, i.e. malignancies of epithelial tissues as opposed to malignancies of supporting tissues or leukaemias, represent 95 % of fatal malignancies in man, this was a particularly interesting observation. Development of carcinomas always involves alterations in the normal differentiation of the tissue. Indeed, cancer is regarded by some people as a disease of differentiation. It thus seemed possible that vitamin A, or its analogues, known collectively as retinoids (Sporn, Dunlop, Newton & Smith, 1976) could be anticarcinogenic by reinforcing expression of the normal phenotype and thus, at the same time, preventing expression of the new malignant phenotype. Implicit in this suggestion is the possibility that retinoids function like steroid hormones, to


Skin color information is an important feature for face region detection in color images. This can detect face region using statistical skin color model who is created from skin color information. However, due to the including of different race of people's skin color points, this general statistical model is not accurate enough to detect each specific image as we expected. This paper proposes method to detect correctly face region in various color image that other complexion part is included. In this method set face candidate region applying complexion Gausian distribution based on YCbCr skin color model and applied mathematical morphology to remove noise part and part except face region in color image. And achieved correct face region detection because using Haar-like feature. This approach is capable to distinguish face region from extremely similar skin colors, such as neck skin color or am skin color. Experimental results show that our method can effectively improve face detection results.


Abstract : This research effort explored the development of active engineered cells that exist as a self-contained electromechanical unit, with sensor/actuator, drive electronics, and battery embedded within a spherical elastomer housing. These building blocks will ultimately enable the creation of articulated structures in a straight-forward molding process: a large number of inexpensive, independently functioning sub-centimeter actuator units ('cells') are cast en masse as aggregate and joined via a flexible support matrix. Within a larger structure, each cell is autonomous and receives power and control signals wirelessly from distributed transmitters. Selective activation of clusters of cells through these transmitters produces the desired deformation of the structure. The absence of hardwired connections to each actuator unit streamlines fabrication significantly by allowing cells to be embedded as aggregate in resin or elastomer composites.


Laser-ablated osmium and ruthenium atoms were reacted with nitrogen molecules; the products were isolated in solid argon and nitrogen and identified by infrared spectroscopy. Both MN and NMN nitrides are observed, and estimates for the triatomic bond angles are made using nitrogen and ruthenium isotopic data. The growth of NOsN on annealing in solid argon suggests that osmium atoms insert into the dinitrogen triple bond at cryogenic temperatures, allowing a lower limit of ∼473 kJ/mol to be estimated for the average Os−N bond energy in NOsN. The force constants for MN and NMN (M= Fe, Ru, Os) were calculated using all available isotopic data; force constants increase moving down the metal group, and diatomic MN force constants are larger than those for the corresponding NMN triatomic molecules. DFT calculations for the ruthenium and osmium nitrides give reasonable agreement with experiment. Bonding analyses for these molecules show that the M−N bonds are largely nonpolar with bond orders in the range 2.5−3....


Avian influenza (AI) viruses are a diverse group of viruses that can be divided into 144 different subtypes based on different combinations of the 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes, and two different pathotypes (low [LP] and high pathogenicity [HP]), based on lethality for the major poultry species, the chicken. However, other criteria are important in understanding the complex biology of AI viruses including host adaptation, transmissibility, infectivity, tissue tropism and lesion, and disease production.