The assessment have been carried out on Nuclear Hydrogen Cogeneration System (NHCS) applications for the steel industry. The steel industry is an industry that requires large amounts of energy which has implications for large amounts of CO2 emissions to the environment. The NHCS application is expected to be able to reduce the use of fossil fuels which automatically can also reduce the rate of CO2 emissions. The objectives is to understand the process of the NHCS as a source of heat energy, hydrogen and the electricity that can be used for the steel industry. The method used in this study is the study of literature. The development of the process of reducing iron ore into iron sponges that allows hydrogen to be used as a reducing agent, opens the opportunity for the use of NHCS to replace fossil fuels as a conventional energy source. NHCS is a high temperature nuclear reactor based cogeneration system as a source of energy. NHCS is able to provide large amounts of heat, electricity and hydrogen energy. The heat output of High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) at high temperatures is used to produce hydrogen, and is used as a heat source for shaft furnaces. While electrical energy is used for energy sources in electric arc furnaces. The replacement of conventional technology based on fossil fuels with the NHCS system is expected to be able to save on the use of fossil fuels, which will have implications for the significant reduction in the rate of CO2 emissions.The assessment have been carried out on Nuclear Hydrogen Cogeneration System (NHCS) applications for the steel industry. The steel industry is an industry that requires large amounts of energy which has implications for large amounts of CO2 emissions to the environment. The NHCS application is expected to be able to reduce the use of fossil fuels which automatically can also reduce the rate of CO2 emissions. The objectives is to understand the process of the NHCS as a source of heat energy, hydrogen and the electricity that can be used for the steel industry. The method used in this study is the study of literature. The development of the process of reducing iron ore into iron sponges that allows hydrogen to be used as a reducing agent, opens the opportunity for the use of NHCS to replace fossil fuels as a conventional energy source. NHCS is a high temperature nuclear reactor based cogeneration system as a source of energy. NHCS is able to provide large amounts of heat, electricity and hydrogen energy. Th...


In the Spring and Autumn Period,the Ministers and Senior Officials in Zhou Royal Court and Subordinate States collected,researched and compiled previous dynasties'written documents,transcribed oral literature into the written and systematic style,constantly quoted and renewably explained them in political and cultural practice,and thus established its meta-code status.Their document classification work not only avoided loss of previous books and records,but also produced meta-codes' generation.At that time their document classification objectively promoted the stereotype about spirits of Chinese culture and national character and had important cultural significance.


This paper studies 3D anthropometric database customized for electronization.The system designs data pattern with entity relationship(E-R) model and establishes the physical structure of the database.This paper designs and realizes 3D anthropometric data MIS system in MVC mode based on Model,View and Controller.This system provides an application platform based on 3D anthropometric database and realizes such functions as entry of background information,metrical data and scan information,system maintenance and authority management.It can provide online information acquisition and its research and analysis for enterprises,researchers and individual users.


The ozone layer in the stratosphere has been recovering since the 1989 Montreal Protocol reduced the use of ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons. Fitzka et al. observed trends in total ozone levels and the vertical distribution of ozone at Hoher Sonnblick, a mountain in Austria, from 1994 to 2011.


packs (sardnae). With these encumbrances they could not go into action. By the single word expeditas Caesar gives us to understand that the packs were laid aside and collected (cf. B.G. i. 24, § 3). To deposit 22,000 packs, besides those of the auxiliaries, in an orderly manner was not the work of a moment. While it was going on the available hands would have had plenty of time to enlarge the exits in the manner which Stoffel describes. Mr. Perrin indeed {op. cit. p. 326) argues that 'there was nothing for Caesar to gain by breaking a passage out of his camp;' but I would ask whether'there was not time to gain, and whether, when soldiers are full of stomach for a fight, it is not wise to send them into action with the least possible delay while their blood is up. It is to me inconceivable that either Lucan or Appian should have simply invented the absurd order which they attributed to Caesar, but quite intelligible that they should have misunderstood the rational order which I have no doubt that he really gave, and the object of which Lucan states with perfect clearness. Indeed it is not incredible that Lucan understood the nature of the order, though, as a poet, he expressed it with rhetorical exaggeration.


The design of a high-pressure common rail injector is critical to the efficient operation of a high-power internal combustion engine. In this study, we develop a one-dimensional model of a hydro-mechanical system to examine the dynamic behavior of the injector. We use the validated model to investigate the effects of the operating conditions and internal structural parameters on the rate of injection, and analyze its dynamic response under single- and multi-injection conditions. The results show that the rail pressure and energizing time had different effects on the delays in opening and closing, and a sufficiently long energizing time was needed to lift the needle to a fully open position. A smaller semi-angle of the seat of ball valve might initiate faster injection. The diameter of the hole, half-angle of the seat, and half-angle of the cone of the needle valve all had positive effects on the rate of injection. The critical dwell time increased with the rail pressure under an energizing time of 0.5 ms, while the opposite result was obtained under energizing times of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 ms.


Because direct mercury measurements are difficult throughout the postcombustion flue gas environment, it is practical to use mercury reaction kinetics to theoretically determine mercury speciation based upon coal composition, plant equipment, and operating conditions. Elemental mercury cannot be captured in wet scrubbers; however, its oxidized forms can. Mercury−bromine oxidation kinetics have been studied with electronic structure calculations using a broad range of ab initio methods. Reaction enthalpies, equilibrium bond distances, vibrational frequencies, and rate constants have all been predicted using density functional theory as well as coupled cluster methods. Upon the basis of comparisons to available experimental and high-level theoretical data in the literature, quantum-based methods for the following Hg−Br reactions have been validated: Hg + Br ↔ HgBr, Hg + Br2 ↔ HgBr + Br, and HgBr + Br ↔ HgBr2. The use of these methods for predicting forward and reverse rate constants for the following Hg−Br ...


According to the mesh-free method based on local Cartesian frame proposed by the author,partial derivatives at every node and natural boundary conditions are constructed by using the total directional derivative formulas.No mesh element is needed at all.Therefore it is very simple both theoretically and computationally.The method is tested with a numerical example of fluid flow.A reliable solution is obtained with high accuracy and efficiency.


Abstract Recent years have seen wider application of laser transmission welding (LTW) as a means for joining plastic parts. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) transient thermal model of LTW solved with the finite element method (FEM). A modified T-like joint geometry was modelled for unreinforced polyamide (PA6) specimens. This thermal model addressed the heating and cooling stages in a laser welding process with a moving laser beam. In a previous study, the authors have showed that the two-dimensional (2D) model has the potential to predict the molten zone depth as well as transient temperature distribution along the weld line. This paper eliminates some simplifying assumptions made in the previous studies and takes into account the heat conduction along the beam travel direction.


An optical high pressure cell constructed for pressures up to 4000 bar and temperatures to 250°C is described. It was applied to the spectroscopic investigation of the radical polymerisation and particularly to the monomer‐polymer equilibrium in liquid sulfur (so‐called Sλ‐Sμ transition). The resulting polymerisation line in the P(T)phase diagram of liquid sulfur determined by isothermal and isobaric measurements of the optical transmittance shows a negative pressure dependence of the temperature where the polymerisation is initiated; the polymerisation line runs from 159°C at normal pressure to 145.5°C at 840 bar where it ends on the melting pressure curve of monoclinic sulfur.


(1) Objectives: This study investigated the optimal duration of antibiotic therapy and determined the risk factors associated with relapse in patients with culture-proven septic arthritis of native joints. (2) Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on patients aged ≥18 years diagnosed with native joint septic arthritis, with bacteria isolated from joints and/or blood. The exclusion criteria were prosthetic joint infections and cases with no identified microorganisms. The outcomes were assessed in the remission and relapse groups. (3) Results: Among 479 patients with native joint septic arthritis, 137 met the inclusion criteria, with a median follow-up duration of 2.7 years. The relapse rate was 9.5%, which mainly occurred within 30 days after antibiotic treatment completion. Compared with the remission group, the relapse group showed a significantly higher proportion of cases that received antibiotic therapy for ≤ 4 weeks (4.8% vs. 46.2%, p < 0.001), synovial fluid white blood cell (WBC) counts ≥ 150 × 103/mm3 (25.3% vs. 60.0%, p = 0.030), acute kidney injury (19.2% vs. 50%, p = 0.024), and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae (0.8 vs. 15.4%, p = 0.024). Independent risk factors for relapse were determined as antibiotic therapy duration of ≤ 4 weeks (odds ratio (OR), 25.47; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.57–412.33; p = 0.023) and synovial fluid WBC counts ≥150 × 103/mm3 (OR, 17.46; 95% CI, 1.74–175.62; p = 0.015). (4) Conclusions: Patients with native joint septic arthritis require vigilant monitoring for relapse, particularly when treated with antibiotic regimens administered for less than four weeks or when synovial aspirates exhibit elevated WBC counts at diagnosis.


A transform approach based on a variable initial time (VIT) formulation is developed for discrete-time signals and linear time-varying discrete-time systems or digital filters. The VIT transform is a formal power series in z−1, which converts functions given by linear time-varying difference equations into left polynomial fractions with variable coefficients, and with initial conditions incorporated into the framework. It is shown that the transform satisfies a number of properties that are analogous to those of the ordinary z-transform, and that it is possible to do scaling of z−i by time functions, which results in left-fraction forms for the transform of a large class of functions including sinusoids with general time-varying amplitudes and frequencies. Using the extended right Euclidean algorithm in a skew polynomial ring with time-varying coefficients, it is shown that a sum of left polynomial fractions can be written as a single fraction, which results in linear time-varying recursions for the inverse transform of the combined fraction. The extraction of a first-order term from a given polynomial fraction is carried out in terms of the evaluation of zi at time functions. In the application to linear time-varying systems, it is proved that the VIT transform of the system output is equal to the product of the VIT transform of the input and the VIT transform of the unit-pulse response function. For systems given by a time-varying moving average or an autoregressive model, the transform framework is used to determine the steady-state output response resulting from various signal inputs such as the step and cosine functions.


The sheep population found in America in general and Argentine in particular, is the result of constant introductions of different breeds and animal types, especially of wool sheep. This has led to the existence of zones with sheep populations of great variability ("Creoles"), whereas, in other zones one sees a high degree of standardization (traditional breeds); there are intermediate situations also. This study was undertaken to measure the grade of primacy and the transformation that pertain to the sheep populations distributed in the central region of Cordoba Province. Information was gathered from ten flocks located in three different basins, two of these in the Sierras Centrales and the third in the south of the province. Biological and morphological data and a wool sample were obtained from 465 animals, from which primacy indexes of characteristics in segregation and an index of archaism scores were derived. The indexes calculated for flocks in the two basins of the central zone of the province enable concluding the existence of great variability in the traits studied, thus constituting primary type populations, in contrast to the indexes calculated for the basin in the south of the province, where the populations show a high level of homogenization or standardization. These results are in agreement with studies of sheep in Spain and France in confirming the process of transformation experienced by sheep populations of the region under study and that reported from numerous other regions of the American continent.


【Objective】 The current study aims to illustrate the prevalence and clinical features as well as improve the knowledge of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS).【Methods】 Collect 253 patients with the case definition of SFTS,analyze the epidemiology,clinical feature,laboratory tests,the process of diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis.【Results】 Among the 253 patients,the majority were adult peasants who have been engaged in agricultural production for many years,the onset of illness was mostly in the period from May to October.Some patients had the history of tick bites,and some were suspected human contagious form.The major clinical symptoms were infection and toxic symptoms included fever,anorexia,gastrointestinal symptoms(such as nausea and vomit),fatigue,general malaise,thrombocytopenia,leukocytopenia,and muscle soreness and so on.The major signs were groin lymphadenopathy,allodynia.The most common abnormalities on laboratory testing were thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia,proteinuria,hematuria,elevated levels of serum alanine(ALT),aspartate aminotransfer(AST),creatine kinase(CK),and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH).The selection of antibiotics was mainly focused on doxycycline and requires intensive symptomatic treatment and supportive therapy.In addition,the results showed there were 215 healing(84.9%),36 dead(14.2%),and 2(0.8%) lost among the 253 confirmed cases.The patients tended to be older,failed to get diagnosis and treatment in time,with pre-existing primary diseases and concurrent respiratory and neural symptoms were more likely to suffer serious conditions and mortality.【Conclusions】 Both the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and human granulocytic anaplasmosis are emerging infectious diseases,which are either easily misdiagnosed or difficult to differentiation from clinical aspect.Therefore,better recognition of the disease,early diagnosis and treatment,strengthening isolation and protection will potentially contribute to reducing mortality.


Recent years have seen a rapid development of ink‐jet printing technology. This paper reviews the state‐of‐the‐art in ink‐jet printing technology and gives an overview of ink‐jet printing into the immediate future. The focus is placed on various applications of jet printing technology. The potential of applying jetting technology in the conventionally surface coating dominated applications will also be explored.


The concept of social responsibility and the United Nations' (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) share principles that focus on ensuring more empathetic, resilient, and just societies in which people can interrelate respectfully. The current tendency is to create innovative sustainable development strategies, focusing on local initiatives and demonstrating the role of local and regional governments as key change agents. This study focused on SD at the local public administration (LPA) level with the objective of determining how SDGs are implemented by LPAs, including examining administrative actors' roles as coordinators of public goods and initiatives focused on convincing all stakeholders to participate actively in cocreating solutions to social, economic, and environmental problems. The relevant literature's most prominent research topics and their evolution were explored using bibliometric techniques (i.e., evaluation, relational analysis, and the visualization of bibliometric elements using VOSviewer software (version 1.6.18)). The results suggest that the process of implementing SDGs presents LPAs with a set of challenges, concerns, and restrictions. The UN's 2030 Agenda provides guidelines for how to meet its goals and targets, which helps LPAs set priorities and standards for development initiatives, but implementing them successfully is neither a quick nor an automatically successful process.


ABSTRACT Transgenic tobacco plants stably expressing recombinant FaeG, which is the major subunit and adhesin of K88ad fimbriae, were obtained. Analysis of sera from immunized mice indicates that in mice, the immunogenicity induced by plant-derived FaeG protein is comparable to that generated with traditional approaches.


With the development of smart grid and energy Internet, the power electronic transformer with AC-DC interface has become the key equipment of power conversion and distribution network. A three-stage power electronic transformer is proposed in this paper to realize single-phase-three-phase voltage transformation and renewable energy access of DC interface.The transformer not only has the basic functions of voltage transformation and electrical isolation, but also can adjust the power factor to the side. Finally, based on SIMULINK simulation platform, a 100kW three-stage power electronic transformer simulation model is built. Simulation results show that the design has both AC and DC ports and has good harmonic characteristics.


Abstract This article argues that since the Meiji Restoration, the degree of Japan's misplacement has changed, depending on its structural power and ability to shape the concept of 'Asia' as a region. More specifically, there are three historical turning points: first, from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War (hard misplacement); second, post-World War II to the end of the Cold War (soft misplacement); and third, post-Cold War to the present (relative well-placement). In each period, Japan was faced with a different concept of 'Asia' and attempted to modify its identity and roles accordingly. The degree of 'misplacement' is thus not static, but elastic, and such a status is not a permanent attribute of the state. Changes occur when states undertake a role location process, particularly during or after a change in the regional environment.


It is important to improve the thought work of the people in retirement.The characteristics of improving such a work are analyzed in this article.Also in this article the methods to improve such a work are presented.


Over the last decades, menstruation has become more present in public discourse in Scotland.While scholars are increasingly documenting this change, little attention has been paid to therole of menstrual art made in Scotland. In this article, we explore the historic contexts ofmenstrual art in the town of St Andrews and in Scotland during the late twentieth and earlytwenty-first century, and ask what this reveals about menstrual absence and presence in publicdebates. We do this in collaboration with artist Bee Hughes, whose practice focuses on thevisible and invisible aspects of menstruation, and who was artist in residence at St Andrews in2020. Due to a university strike and a pandemic, our collaboration changed and subsequentlyfocused more on the histories of menstrual art. We thus assess symbols and collections ofmenstrual visual culture in Scotland, including the use of the ceremonial red gown at theUniversity of St Andrews, and menstrual art collections at Glasgow Women's Library and StAndrews Special Collections. Together, we reflect on how their histories might be both present(institutionalised) and absent (when not on display). 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In the present paper, we have investigated the phase transition properties of Ytterbium nitride (YbN) under high pressure by using the full potential linear augmented plane wave plus local orbitals approach within the framework of density functional theory as implanted in the WIEN2k package. In this approach the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) is chosen for the exchange-correlation functional energy optimization for calculating the total energy. At ambient conditions YbN stabilize in NaCl (B1 phase) structure characterized by the space group Fm-3m. Under compression, it undergoes first-order structural transition from Fm-3m to Pm-3m (B2) phase at 51.73 GPa. On further increasing pressure it goes to body centred tetragonal (BCT) phase at 79.56 GPa. Under ambient conditions, the energy in B1 phase is found to be lower than that of B2 phase. At high pressures beyond B1 to B2 phase transition, the energy of B2 phase is found to be slightly lower than that in B1 phase. The structural properties viz., ...


The Advanced Communication Technology Satellite (ACTS), to be launched in 1993, is introduced briefly, and then the Ka-band multibeam antenna, consisting of electrically similar 30 GHz receive and 20 GHz transmit offset Cassegrain systems utilizing orthogonal linear polarizations, is described. Dual polarization is achieved by using one feed assembly for each polarization in conjunction with nested front and back subreflectors, the gridded front subreflector acting as a window for one polarization and a reflector for the other. The antennas produce spot beams with approximately 0.3 degrees beam width and gains of approximately 50 dBi. High surface accuracy and high edge taper produce low sidelobe levels and high cross-polarization isolation. A brief description is given of several Ka-band components fabricated for ACTS. These include multiflare antenna feedhorns, beamforming networks utilizing latching ferrite waveguide switches, a 30 GHz HEMT low-noise amplifier, and a 20 GHz TWT power amplifier. >


An effective finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) method,timebiased FDTD method,is developed to filtrate high-frequency noise for particle-in-cell(PIC) simulation.The formula is derived using time bias and relaxation iterations on the basis of centered-difference FDTD method.Stability and convergence of this method are analysed. In the computation of a relativistic magnetron,compared with the centered-difference FDTD method,filter efficiency of this method is shown.


In his book, Open Heart—The Radical Surgeons Who Revolutionized Medicine, David K.C. Cooper captures the essence of heart surgery's pioneers by asking the questions,Who were these men and what drove them to do what they did? (1). He masterfully examines their personalities, their strengths, and their weaknesses. Cooper makes the observation that, although they were vastly different in many ways, they all shared a technical flair, and all took bold innovative steps to treat desperately ill people. He also notes that they had an extraordinary singleness of mind and a courage that allowed them to do what they did. The revolution is ongoing thanks to the radical, passionate, and curious ones in our field today. They challenge conventional wisdom, they are determined to improve care, and they have an insatiable desire to understand. I admire the contributors to this issue of the Journal, whose technical flair and desire to help desperately ill patients is evident in their work. Jones and colleagues study the direct effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on ventricular function in a novel animal model in which the interaction of cytokines is eliminated. Rosin and colleagues wanted to know if patients requiring more heparin during CPB were more prone to bleeding. Cuenca and colleagues examined the effectiveness of a heparin reversal strategy on coagulation and protamine use. Zhang and colleagues examined the trend in plasma fatty acid levels in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support. Allen and colleagues' case report describes their team's efforts to comply with preferences of a patient's parents. In two of the technique articles, one by Forsberg and the other by Machin, the authors describe methods of simplifying complex techniques to make them safer and more replicable. In this final issue for 2013, I wish to acknowledge the outstanding work of the Journal editorial board and reviewers. They spend hours carefully reviewing manuscripts. Their work informs decisions regarding publication and provides advice to authors that will improve their work. Their contribution is enormous and it is magnanimous. The words of Ernst Henry Starling are a reminder that such efforts are not in vain. "In physiology, as in all other science, no discovery is useless, no curiosity misplaced or too ambitious, and we may be certain that every advance achieved in the quest of pure knowledge will sooner or later play its part in the service of man" (2). I wish you all the best in 2014. May we all become more radical, passionate, and curious in the coming year!


Abstract This article is an account of the trial of Duch, the Khmer Rouge prison chief who commanded S-21 where up to 14,000 men, women and children were incarcerated, interrogated, tortured and killed. The Extraordinary Chambers of the Court of Cambodia, a combined UN and Cambodian Government tribunal, conducted the trial. It is argued that despite many criticisms of the trial—no financial reparations for victims, an inadequate sentence, and delays between the detention of Duch and the trial itself—the tribunal convicting Duch achieved some historical successes including the fact that this was the first time a Khmer Rouge official was held accountable by an international court. The impact within Cambodia itself of this trial and the ones that follow it remains to be seen.


A system and a method for producing a bidirectional data broadcasting service based on a communication network, and a server applied to the same are provided to offer the bidirectional data broadcasting service, provided through a broadcasting network, through the communication network including a mobile communication network, thereby dealing with a supplementary service request of a viewer while viewing broadcasting flexibly. A system for producing a bidirectional data broadcasting service based on a communication network comprises a broadcasting center(100), a PTS(Presentation Time Stamp) information generating server(200), and a service management server(300). The broadcasting center transmits broadcasting contents, and broadcasting scheduling information and bidirectional data broadcasting supplementary information corresponding to the broadcasting contents. The PTS information generating server extracts PTS information for reproducing the broadcasting contents, generates CTS(Composition Time Stamp) for synchronizing the PTS information and the bidirectional data broadcasting supplementary information temporally, and transmits the bidirectional data broadcasting supplementary information including the CTS information and the PTS information. The service management server executes service connection through the reception of the broadcasting scheduling information to manage the PTS information, the bidirectional data broadcasting supplementary information including the CTS information, and the broadcasting scheduling information to be match, extract the bidirectional data broadcasting supplementary information through the PTS information included into a service request of a broadcasting/communication convergence terminal device and transmits the bidirectional data broadcasting supplementary information to the broadcasting/communication convergence terminal device.


Abstract Various liquid crystals can be infiltrated into interconnected nanosize voids in a three-dimensional periodic array of SiO2 spheres, synthetic opals, as photonic crystals. As an example of tunable photonic crystals, it has been demonstrated that the optical stop band in transmission spectrum of the liquid crystal infiltrated opal shifts with changing temperature, which can be interpreted in terms of temperature dependence of the refractive index and confirmed by the theoretical calculation of the band structure. This phenomenon can be utilized as a method to evaluate the refractive index. Tunability of optical properties of photonic crystal is also demonstrated in infiltrated replicas of opals. Effects of electric field application on properties of the infiltrated opals are also clarified.


The present invention provides a self-seal system for sealed knock chapter on an object, comprising a master control computer, and identify the authenticity of the entity mechanism seal mechanism, the seal means and the authenticity of the entity identification and the agencies said master control computer is connected, for identification of the authenticity of said object through the seal authentication mechanism, only when the identification confirmation is sent to a preset target objects seal, the authenticity discrimination means sends an instruction to only the master control computer, which in turn drives the operation of the embodiment entity stamped seal mechanism. By introducing the present invention and the master control computer entities seal mechanism, automated operation of the seal, avoiding the drawbacks of manual operation, energy saving labor costs and staff at the same time, using the authenticity identification means, whereby acknowledgment may be identified before the object is fed to the seal, only when the verification subject is fed a preset stamped objects, only the operation of driving the solid seal means seal embodiment.


A fuel supply system for an internal combustion engine, particularly a motor vehicle, with at least one combustion chamber (12), with at least one first pump (2), by means of which the fuel can be conveyed into a first pressure region (5), with at least one second pump (6), by means of of the fuel from the first pressure region (5) can be conveyed into a second pressure region (8), with at least one pressure accumulator (9) in the second pressure region (8), with injectors (11), by means of which (the fuel from the second pressure area 8 , 9), (directly into the combustion chamber 12) can be injected, with at least one regulating a pressure and / or controlling means (16) arranged (in the second printing region 8), wherein the second pump (6) is designed as an electric pump and wherein the pressure-regulating and / or controlling means (16) and the second pump (6) a structural unit (21, 21 ') form and / or regulating the pressure and / or controlling means (16) in the zw is eite pump (6) are integrated (21, 21 ').


A method of maintaining an airway during anesthesia which avoids some of the risks of tracheal intubation and yet allows access to the mouth, has recently been put to extensive use." 2 This system employs two naso-pharyngeal airways (Figure 1). This binasopharyngeal airway (BNPA), offering less resistance than a single nasopharyngeal airway,2 also provides the means to connect to any breathing circuit just as a mask or endotracheal


This new encyclopedic dictionary integrates all of the diverse approaches that have gone into the making of the modern field of psychology. It is unique among available reference works in that it covers the most recent topics of research and interest, combines the features of an encyclopedia and a dictionary, presents material concisely in one convenient volume, and provides extensive cross-referencing and indexing.The "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology "contains approximately 1,300 entries prepared by over 200 specialists coordinated by 17 list editors. The "lists" include clinical, developmental, educational, historical, occupational, personality, philosophical, physiological (human and animal), and social psychology, the emotions, ethology, psycholinguistics, and learning and memory. Emphasis is placed throughout on intersections with related disciplines such as sociology, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence.Schools of psychology, important practitioners, fundamental concepts, and empirical techniques are treated in articles about 1,500 words long, while the most widely used terms are defined in entries of about 150 words. Both types of entries contain bibliographic references. A special index of other terms and variants is included to guide readers to appropriate entries.The tenets of numerous schools and movements are presented objectively, as are "fringe" areas such as folk and pop psychology. The editors have attempted to highlight areas of disagreement, in some cases to the extent of multiple entries, so that readers will, where necessary, have a basis for making up their own minds.The general editors are both affiliated with the University of Oxford. The list editors were drawn from a variety of major American and British universities. Paul F. Secord of the University of Houston served as advisory editor. In The MIT Press edition all bibliographic references are to American sources.


Recent PIDS practice guidelines for acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) advocate for regular laboratory monitoring for adverse drug events. Data are limited however with respect to the frequency or clinical impact of antibiotic-related laboratory abnormalities (ARLA) in pediatric AHO. We reviewed the experience with ARLA in children undergoing treatment for S. aureus AHO.

 Cases of S. aureus AHO in children were reviewed from 2011-2020. Eligible cases were those 1) discharged to complete therapy at home (IV or oral), 2) with baseline complete blood count (CBC), creatinine and AST/ALT obtained during the hospitalization and 3) at least one CBC, creatinine, and/or AST/ALT measurement in the outpatient setting while receiving AHO therapy. Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and AST/ALT elevation were defined using the NIH DAIDS pediatric toxicity grading system; acute kidney injury (AKI) was defined using pRIFLE.

 207 subjects met inclusion criteria. Outpatient CBC was obtained in 187 subjects, creatinine in 121 and AST/ALT in 63. Patients with and without ARLA were similar with respect to age and demographics. Neutropenia developed in 12 (6.4%) and thrombocytopenia in 5 (2.7%) at a median of 23 and 18 days of therapy, respectively (Figures 1). Outpatient hematologic abnormalities were more common among subjects with MRSA, history of inpatient ARLA and those receiving certain antibiotics, specifically vancomycin (Figures 2, 3). There was no clear relationship with hematologic abnormalities and vancomycin daily dose. Neutropenia prompted modification of therapy in 1 case. No infections or bleeding events were attributable to ARLA. Three cases of outpatient AKI occurred (2.1% [vancomycin, n=1; cefazolin, n=2]); one subject had therapy discontinued. Outpatient AST/ALT elevation occurred in six (9.5%), none of which were symptomatic. Patients with AST/ALT elevation were disproportionately treated with cefazolin (p=0.006).
 Panel A. The number of patients experiencing antibiotic-related laboratory abnormalities (ARLA). Panel B. Box plots depicting the timing of ARLA relative to initiation of antimicrobial therapy.

 ARLAs, particularly neutropenia, are common in patients receiving outpatient therapy for AHO after 2-3 weeks of therapy. However, the majority of ARLA are mild and do not result in symptoms or modification of therapy. Further study is necessary to appreciate how these findings might be applicable to all cause osteomyelitis.

 Jonathon C. McNeil, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Grant/Research Support|Allergan: Provided reagents for unrelated research|Nabriva: Site investigator for multicenter clinical trial Sheldon L. Kaplan, MD, MeMed: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support.


Press-on forces play a major role in dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. In this work, we have quantified the press-on forces on different substrates and drugs under controlled conditions. Externally applied forces significantly affect drug adhesion to surfaces and were found to be independent of the type of substrate and drug. A conservative estimate of press-on forces was made and was found to depend inherently on the size and shape of the drug particle and also on the contact area of the drug and substrate. These press-on forces were positively correlated to the mixing energy. It was found to increase quadratically with an increase in mixing speed. This work is of relevance to the pharmaceutical process of mixing DPI formulations, as it relates dispersion performance to the mixing time, batch size and carrier and drug properties.


Just before Hungary's EU accession (2004), the dair y sector was one of the most critical industries of the Hungarian agriculture, which is w hy we chose this for our empirical analysis. Results of our price transmission analysis as well as our previous study on contractual relations in the Hungarian dairy sector obviously s how that only the increase of input prices will increase the prices in the production-processi ng stage. Independent privately owned farm organisations can not countervail the market power of their business partners; hence farmers cannot enforce their interest separately and act ag ainst the concentrated processing industry. Thus, the main aim of our paper is to show possible theoretical and practical ways of establishing private (market) coordinating organisa t ons in the (Hungarian) dairy sector . We use New Institutional Economics as a theoretical background in carrying out a literature review on coordinating matters as well a s on bargaining power issues. As a main body of our study we summarize the strengths, weakn sses, opportunities and threats of the different coordination structures in the frame of a SWOT analysis, assuming two theoretical situations: one is when the coordination is initiat ed by the processor or when it is initiated by the farmers. 1 Earlier version of the paper was presented at the S eminar on "Pathways to Rural Economic Development i n Transition Countries: The Role of Agricultural Coop eratives" organized by ICA-ICARE, 05-06 September 2 008, Yerevan, Armenia (see Szabó, G. G. Popovics, 2008 ). Authors are grateful for the feedback and commen ts made by the organisers and participants of the semi nar.


We present new interferometric H I and optical observations of three amorphous galaxies, systems with a smooth, high surface brightness but an asymmetrical distribution of light. All three galaxies are forming stars and have LMC-like emission-line ratios, low dust content, and high H I velocity dispersions. NGC 1140 has a boxy inner morphology with a hook off one corner. At low light levels unusual extensions of starlight are seen curving to the northwest and southeast. The galaxy contains a very luminous central star-forming region and a small chain of H II regions that coincide with the hook. The central H II region has broad Halpha velocity profiles (FWHM less-than-or-equal-to 140 km s-1), and it is a radio continuum source. There is a rotating H I gas disk, 40 kpc in radius, at a position angle 51-degrees from the optical major axis. The central gas ridge follows the chain of H II regions, and the H I peak is on the hook. The outer gas on the southeast side curves away from the H I major axis. The central gas density is high, and the surface density declines very slowly with radius. The rotation velocity yields a mass of 1 x 10(11) M. at 3.3 Holmberg radii (R(H)). NGC 1800 has a hook that coincides with a large H II region, and an r1/4 luminosity distribution. There are numerous H II regions along the major axis and extraordinary filaments of ionized gas. Emanating from the major axis on either side of the galaxy are Halpha fingers 750 pc long. About 2.3 kpc to the north is a web of filaments approximately 3 kpc in extent. Halpha profiles of H II regions and filaments are narrow. The H i gas disk has a position angle that is approximately 13-degrees different from that of the optical axis. There are two peaks near the center, one of which is near the largest H II region. Beyond the Holmberg radius to the west is a 6 x 10(6) M. H I cloud. Its velocity indicates a mass of approximately 6 x 10(9) M. for NGC 1800 at 1.5 R(H). At approximately R25 to the east there is a large H I shell. Also, at approximately R25 on both sides the velocity gradient switches by 90-degrees, and in the interior the rotation is about the major axis. The central gas density is low and falls off slowly. In the inner regions NGC 4670 resembles an S0/a galaxy seen rather edge-on. It contains a central supergiant H II region with very high velocity widths (FWHM less-than-or-equal-to 180 km s-1) and complex velocity structures. It is a radio continuum source as well. The H I gas is a single spherical cloud or a disk at low inclination centered on the galaxy with a slight elongation along the optical major axis and rotation about the minor axis. The central gas density is high, and there is a high degree of concentration. The rotation speed indicates a total mass of 5 x 10(10) M. at 1.1 R(H). We compare these characteristics with properties of gas in the presence of stellar bar potentials, gas warps, and interacting and merging galaxy models. Although there are inconsistencies and uncertainties, we conclude that NGC 1140 is a spiral of low surface brightness that has undergone a merger, while NGC 1800 and NGC 4670 are, respectively, probably an Im system and a spiral that had an encounter of the Noguchi (1988a) kind.


This study considers the impact of trade on the environment for Nigeria's economy. It employs Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model on Nigerian economy data over the period 1990 to 2014. It finds that within the VAR model built, trade impacts the environment mildly while the environment is also an important factor in the line of trade for a developing and natural resources driven economy like Nigeria, both over the short and the long run. The relevant authority in the Nigerian economy is hence advised to fashion policies that will explore the dynamics between trade and the environment as this can have implications for sustainability of economic growth. Given the middle low income status of the Nigerian economy and its dependence on natural resources endowments to drive economic growth, caution need to be taken not to inflict irreparable damage on the environment. Trade policies should be forward looking in relation to the environment rather than for attracting all sorts of foreign investments for immediate benefits. Keywords: Trade, Environment and Sustainability


ABSTRACT In this study, a total of 180 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to 5 groups with 6 replicates per group. Birds in negative control group were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet, and birds in positive control group, MEF group, COSE group, MEF + COSE group were challenged with E. coli K88 and supplemented with 0, 1 × 1010 cfu MEF/kg of diets, 500 mg COSE/kg of diets or their combinations, respectively. Results showed that PC group had lower average body weight and greater E. coli counts in caecal contents than NC group. MEF and COSE significantly increased average body weight, serum IgA level, T-SOD activity compared with that of PC group. MEF and MIX group had less caecal E. coli counts than PC birds. The results indicated dietary supplementation of MEF and COSE had a positive moderating effect on E. coli K88-challenged broiler chickens.


The longitudinal and transverse quantum magnetotransport coefficients of a two-dimensional electron gas in a perpendicular magnetic field for short quantum wires are calculated in the low-magnetic-field region $(B\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.3$ T) using the Kubo method. The quantum wire channel is simulated by controlling the steepness and strength of the potential barrier. The calculated results have steplike features in the transverse conductivities as the Fermi energy crosses a Landau level for weak modulation potentials and giant low-field peaks in the transverse resistivities when the potential is strong. In addition, the Hall resistivity is quenched in the low-magnetic-field region. An interesting feature is the negative Hall resistivity which arises from backscattering off the edges of confinement for short quantum wires.


A new I-40 connector in North Carolina linking the port city of Wilmington with the capital city of Raleigh is being constructed. The first 27-mile section of I-40 from Raleigh to Benson is being constructed of portland cement concrete, and the 92-mile stretch from Benson to Wilmington will be entirely of asphalt (full-depth asphalt, and asphalt concrete on aggregate base course). The decision to use asphalt concrete was prompted by lower initial construction costs and concern over settlement in the swampy lowlands around Wilmington. The land has a very low California bearing ratio and sandy ridges. Sinkholes are also present in the area. Drainage was also a problem. Construction details designed to overcome these problems are described.


The gas diffusion layer (GDL) used in a PEFC is thicker than the electrode catalyst layer and electrolyte membrane. Thinning down the GDL can reduce gas diffusion resistance and volumetric power density of PEFC stacks. In this study, MPL/GDL is prepared by printing microporous layers (MPLs) on carbon meshes of several tens of micrometers thick as substrates for thin-layer GDLs. Through various current-voltage and overvoltage measurements and microstructural analysis of the cells using these thin-layer MPL/GDLs, cell performance has been improved, equivalent to that of the state of the MPL/GDL.


Monopoly agreement as an economically monopolistic behavior which has a serious damage to the order of the competition is expressly prohibited by China's "Anti-Monopoly Law".There are three forms of monopoly agreements in the provisions of the " Anti-Monopoly Law ".But as monopoly agreements have complex and diverse forms which make it hard to identify in the practice,clearer criteria is needed in the law enforcement in order to prohibit the monopoly agreements effectively and truly.Therefore identification standards for manifestations of monopoly agreement should be further defined within the framework of the law,in light of China's actual situation of market competition and national legislative and judicial experience.


In this paper we extend two popular classical scalar medical image segmentation techniques to diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images (DTMRI). We propose DT-snakes and DT-livewire through modifying the external image forces in snakes and cost terms in livewire. The new forces and cost terms are derived from and operate on a DT field rather than a scalar image. This is achieved by making use of recent advances in DT calculus and DT dissimilarity measures, as well as DT smoothing and DT interpolation. Proper quantification of tensor dissimilarity allows for defining spatial gradient vectors and gradient magnitudes of DT fields, an essential component for attracting snakes or livewire to target boundaries in DT images. DT calculus enables weighted averaging of tensors which is essential for both pre-smoothing of DT images prior to segmentation, as well as interpolation of tensors on non-grid positions in the image. We evaluate different recent DT tensor dissimilarity metrics including the Log-Euclidean and the square root of the J-divergence. We present qualitative and quantitative DT segmentation results on both synthetic and real cardiac and brain DTMRI data


Heron and Chown (1967) report that older Ss do not speed up as much as young Ss do when asked to work faster at a digit-code task and this disability may penalize them on certain types of intelligence tests (see also, Chown & Davies, 1972). The present study investigates the extent to which old Ss are able to adapt their performance to meer an increased demand for either speed or accuracy. Gibson's spiral maze test (1965) was chosen as a task on which either speed or accuracy stress could be imposed. All Ss completed two trials. Trial 1 used instructions emphasizing both speed and accuracy. On Trial 2 Ss were randomly allocated to a speed or accuracy 'stress' condition. They were told that their previous erformance did not reach an acceptable criterion of speed/accuracy and they must go quicfer/more accurately on Trial 2. Since Eysenck (1968) suggests that there are temperament differences on the spiral maze, both old and young Ss were divided into a high and low scoring group on the Heron 2 (unsociability) inventory. Four groups of 20 Ss were selected from the Liverpool MRC panel of volunteers (old mean = 67.0; young mean = 28.0 sociable group, median score = 3; unsociable group, 9 ) . Two response measures were obtained from each trial: numbers of errors and time in seconds to complete the trial. Cochran's test showed no significant heterogeneity of variance so this simple measure was used in preference to transformed scores. Each measure was analyzed in a 2 X 2 X 2 x 2 split plot analysis of variance design (Age X Temperament x Instruction x Trials). Ss in the two instruction conditions did not differ on Trial 1 performance on either response measure. Trial 2 was com leted in a shorter time for each group (Trial 1, 44.8 sec.; Trial 2, 37.9 sec.; F = 101.8, %f = 1/72, p < .001). Old Ss took longer than young Ss (old, 49.3 sec.; young, 33.4 sec.; F = 48.6, d f = 1/72, p < .001). There was a significant interaction of trials X instruction in that on Trial 2, Ss under the speed stress finished the maze quicker than did those under the accuracy instructions (Trial 2 'speed' instructions, 33.6 sec.; 'accuracy' instructions 42.2 sec.; F = 65.1, df = 1/72, f i < .001). There were no other significant main effects or interactions on the time score. The error analysis showed si nificant main effects of ( i ) temperament ('unsociable' 12.2 errors; 'sociable' 8.8; P = 5 . 1 df = 1/72, p < .05), (ii) instructions ('speed' instructions 12.6 errors; 'accuracy' 8.4; F = 8.8, d f = 1/72, p < .01) and (i i i) trials (Trial 1, 9.4; Trial 2, 11.6; P = 9.2, d f = 1/72, f i < .01). There was an instructions x trials interaction, the effect of 'instructions' operating on Trial 2 only ( P = 39.3, df = 1/72, p < .001). Thus under 'speed' instructions the,error rate rose markedly. The effect of 'temperament' was not in the expected direction: unsociable' Ss made more errors than the 'sociable' Ss though they did not differ in time to complete the task. This study does not support the hypothesis that old Ss are less able to speed up than young Ss, when urged to do so. Neither the Age X Trials nor the Age X Instructions x Trials interactions reached significance. The old people were slower but their response to the different instruction conditions was similar to that of the young.


The S-DALINAC is a recirculating superconducting electron linac operating at 3 GHz. The accelerator delivers cw-beam to various experiments with energies from 3 to 120 MeV and currents from 1 nA to 60 A covering a wide dynamic range. Since August 1991, some remarkable progress has been achieved: The unloaded quality factors of the twelve niobium cavities were increased by chemical treatment, now ranging from 8 10 to 2 10, while the accelerating gradients of all cavities exceed 5 MV/m by far. In 1995, all cavities were equipped with new superconducting input couplers providingvariable coupling strength. In addition, a superconducting 2-cell capture cavity ( =0.85) was installed as the first element of the injector. Beam transport properties of the main linac were improved by installation of three cold quadrupoles in the cryostat. All devices operate successfully. Further measures in beam diagnostics were taken. Diagnostic stations for the determination of transverse and longitudinal beam properties, using transition radiation emitted from a thin foil and computer graphics processing, have been developed and are used routinely now. To measure easily even small beam currents without disturbing the beam, rf cavities with low Q have been developed. Using a simple setup, currents down to some nA can be detected.


This article describes the assessment and repair of the Faughan Bridge in Northern Ireland. This is part of a programme of highway structures assessment being carried out by the Department of the Environment (NI) Roads Service. Brief details are given of the bridge structure, and of the survey which highlighted a deficiency in the load-carrying capacity of the deck beams. The shear strength of the beams proved to be the critical limiting factor. It was decided to replace the deck using the existing abutments. The reasons for choosing a Y-beam rather than an M- beam are listed. They include ease of inspection, use of a single mould, the facility for increased pre-stressing, and higher cover to links to improve durability. Construction time was minimised by casting the parapet upstand on the edge of the beam immediately after the removal of the beam from the casting bed. This is the first time that a Y-beam has been used in Northern Ireland.


The document highlights the most critical aspects in the reinsurance supervision that the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan (RMA) should consider. The document considers the existing and near-term expected reinsurance activity in Bhutan. An introductory section explains the basics of reinsurance providing a useful overview of what corresponds to normal use of reinsurance and what raises supervisory red flags. The next section guides the supervisor to identify when reinsurance should be closely looked into and on what the reinsurance supervision and regulation needs to focus on. The document concludes with the sections of best practice and on the general procedures on the reinsurance supervision. Annexes presents details of the common forms of reinsurance contracts, a detailed form on the reporting of reinsurance treaties, and a glossary of terms.


This article reports the results of an experiment which aims at providing a test of ordinal independence, a necessary property of Generalized Expected Utility theories such as Rank-Dependent Expected Utility theory (RDEU). Our experiment is based on a modified version of the Allais paradox proposed by Machina, which allows testing ordinal independence restricted to simple lotteries, i.e. the tail-separability property. The results tend to support RDEU models since tail-separability is not violated by 71% of subjects while 73% violate the independence condition of classic Allais paradox. This confirms the relative theoretical soundness of RDEU models over Expected Utility model for the particular context of risk.


: The environmental pollution of Guanabara Bay, characterized by the deforestation of the surrounding area, dumping of sewage and industrial waste, has been causing damage to the environment over the years. The production of fish and bivalve molluscs (oysters and mussels) has been negatively affected by pollution, either by reducing the amount of fauna or its microbiological quality, making them unsafe foods from a public health point of view. In addition to food poisoning, there is a risk of intoxication by chemical pollutants (pesticides and heavy metals), substances with high carcinogenic power. All these damages are, to a greater or lesser degree, caused by anthropogenic actions and one of the ways to minimize the damage caused by environmental pollution includes the adoption of public policies for preservation, environmental conservation and the adoption of adequate technical procedures that help in maintaining safety. food to promote health.


The study was conducted at the UFSM with the purpose to verify the behavior between 12 bovine (Polled Hereford) and 12 bubaline (Mediterranean) steers with 20 months of age. The roughage (fresh chopped sugar cane or com silage) constituted 70% of the dry matter offered, the remaining of the diet was completed with concentrate. The food was provided ad libitum twice daily. The animals, identified with ink number, were observed during four periods of 24 hours during the month of August 1989. The social hierarchy was estabilished through the interation of agressiveness of one animal upon the other. A more intenso hiorarchy among bubalino was obsorved, where the more agressive made better weight gains.


Nanchuan is a representative county of the west area Since the 1990s of last century, the urbanization of Nanchuan has got certain development But the urbanization level still lags seriously The reason lies in the unreasonable regional economic structure, the urbanization motive force mechanism which is not strong and the urbanization of low quality So, it is needed to adopt the corresponding countermeasures to advance such counties' urbanization process


The modified simple equation (MSE) method is executed to find the traveling wave solutions for the coupled Konno-Oono equations and the variant Boussinesq equations. The efficiency of this method for finding exact solutions and traveling wave solutions has been demonstrated. It has been shown that the proposed method is direct, effective, and can be used for many other nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) in mathematical physics. Moreover, this procedure reduces the large volume of calculations.


This paper presents a self-hypnosis treatment approach to obesity based on cognitive problem solving techniques. The approach focuses on the positive motivation of the individual. In effect, he or she learns to self monitor, problem solve and substitute healthy eating behaviors for unhealthy ones. While no claims are made for long term follow-up, in short term care, this approach appears useful in enabling the person to continue a weight control program independently with a minimum of therapeutic contact over a prolonged period.


This working paper collects definitions of community severance found in academic studies, government guidance documents, and reports produced in several countries. A new definition is proposed, based on the analysis of these definitions and on discussions held as a part of the Street Mobility and Network Accessibility research project.


The aim of this study was to determine the Beta-Casein gene (CSN2) polymorphism in four domestic cattle breed. The genomic DNA of 374 animals, including Anatolian Black (AB, n= 100), Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR, n= 100), Southern Anatolian Red (SAR, n= 87), Turkish Grey (TG, n= 87), were obtained, and C>A polymorphism in 67th amino acid in the 7th exons of β-casein gene was determined by TaqI enzyme with PCR-RFLP with method. The A1 allele frequency were determined in AB, EAR, SAR and TG as 0.200, 0.195, 0.190 and 0.201, respectively, while the A2 allele frequency were 0.800, 0.805, 0.810 and 0.799, respectively. A1 and A2 allele frequencies were generally calculated as 0.200 and 0.800, respectively. A1A1 genotypes in AB, EAR, SAR and TG breeds were 0.020, 0.070, 0.000 and 0.020, respectively; A1A2 genotypes were 0.360, 0.250, 0.380 and 0.360, respectively; A2A2 genotypes were determined as 0.620, 0.680, 0.620 and 0.620, respectively. The A1A1 genotype frequency has not been detected in the SAR breed.  AB, EAR, SAR and TG cattle breeds were calculated as 0.360, 0.250, 0.379 and 0.356 for Ho; 0.320, 0.314, 0.307 and 0.321 for He and 0.380, 0.320, 0.379 and 0.379 for PIC, respectively. EAR and SAR population were not found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.05). However, AB and TG populations were found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in terms of β-casein gene (P> 0.05).In conclusion, AB, EAR, SAR and TG cattle breeds having A2A2 genotype commonly reared in Turkey are satisfactory and could be used in selection programs as a domestic genetic resource for A2 milk production in the future.


While the specific-ity with which a definitive diagnosis of ADHF can be made is often less than optimal, the monitoring of the response of a patient to a prescribed treatment regimen is even more sub-jective. The uncertainty in the deter-mination of the response to treatment in ADHF has been primarily due to a lack of the tools necessary to effectively monitor this disease state. The complex pathophysiology of ADHF involves a systemic failure of the integrated com-ponents of the circulation; however, the circulatory system's compensatory mechanisms seek to first stabilize critical hemodynamic parameters such as blood pressure, cardiac output, and arterial oxygen saturation and thereby limit the usefulness of these "vital signs" as indi-cators of an overall improvement in the clinical state during treatment.


n/ = 1.5, 2.5 and 5. Three values of the overlap, e of the populations were considered (0.05; 0.1; 0.15) and their common distribution was normal, chisquare with 12, 8, and 4 df; the heteroscedasticity degree, Γ was measured by the value of the power function of the homoscedasticity test related to Γ (0.05; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8). For each combination of these factors, the actual empirically computed error rate was used to calculate the relative error, re of the rule. The results showed that for normal or homoscedastic populations, the efficiency of the rule became better for large number of groups. Non-normality or heteroscedasticity negatively impacted the performance of the rule whereas high values of the ratio n/p and high overlap have positive effect on the rule. The mean relative error of the rule became three times more important from homoscedastic to heteroscedasticity.


The South American Tiger Catfish (Pseudoplatystoma punctifer) is a freshwater fish species naturally found in the Amazon river basin with an important role in local community and commercial fishing. Recent efforts to domesticate and raise the species in aquaculture systems has led to >10-fold production increases in the last decade. Current production levels are >15,000mt/year. Recently stablished initiatives to structure genetic improvement programs for increasing productivity-associated traits could greatly benefit from using genomic tools for broodstock management and assisted genetic evaluations and breeding. Multiple shotgun libraries with two different insert sizes and multiple Nextera mate pair libraries with three different sizes were sequenced (2x160bps) with Illumina HiSeq2000 technology. A total of 252.8Gbp quality-filtered nucleotides were sequenced which amount to 230x mean genome coverage, considering previously published information (C-value = 1.12pg = 1.095Gbp). Initial sequence assembly was performed with SOAPdenovo and generated 25,778 scaffolds spanning 1.12 Gbp (N50 scaffold length: 3.02Mb, L50 scaffold count: 101). An additional long-read library was sequenced with 10x genomics technology and the initial assembly using the software Supernova generated 106,397 scaffolds with average length of 7.5 Kb (longest: 1.8 Mb). The hybrid data assembly is underway, in which different software and protocols are being evaluated in order to obtain the best genome assembly. This represents the first report of a draft genome sequence for this species, which will be a valuable resource for basic biology studies, and marker detection/selection for use in genetic improvement and resource conservation activities.


Let E be a vector bundle over a compact Riemannian manifold M. We construct a natural metric on the bundle space E and discuss the relationship between the killing vector fields of E and M. Then we give a proof of the Bott-Baum-Cheeger Theorem for vector bundle E.


This paper has reported on the performance, in the range between room and liquid nitrogen temperatures, of a Gouy-type magnetic balance, which had been constructed for absolute measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic salts. As a magnetic field, we used a highly homogeneous permanent magnet which was easily movable by hand. Therefore, precise measurement of the susceptibily is possible. With this balance, the susceptibility of 10−5c.g.s. units was measurable within a range of error of 5%.


In this study, the mediator and moderator effects of subjective vitality on the relationship between life satisfac- tion and subjective happiness were investigated. The participants were 378 university students who completed a questionnaire package that included the Subjective Vitality Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Subjective Happiness Scale. The results of hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that subjective vitality partially mediated the relationship between life satisfaction and subjective happiness. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that subjective vitality did not moderate the relationship between life satisfaction and subjec- tive happiness.


Objective To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Miccoli operation in identification of parathyroid and its function protection in thyroid surgery.Methods 24 cases undergoing Miccoli operation and 43 cases in the corresponding period undergoing open surgery of total thyroidectomy in Department of Thyroid Surgery,fujian medical university affiliated union hospital were selected.Data of the two groups in parathyroid hormone(PTH)and serum calcium before operation and the 1st and 3rd day after operation were compared.The number of parathyroid gland were identified and the occurrence rate of transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism were compared.Results The identification number of parathyroid was higher in Miccoli operation group(3.33 ±0.70) than in open surgery group(2.86 ± 0.71).The difference had statistical significance(P < 0.05).The level of PTH and serum calcium reduced in the 1st and 3rd after operation.There were differences between different operation methods in level of PTH change trend and the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).PTH level in Mic coli operation group was more stable.There were less case of transient or permanent hypoparathyroidism in Miccoli operation and the difference had statistical significance(P < 0.05).Conclusion Miccoli operation have more advantages in parathyroid identification and its function protection compared with open surgery.

Key words:
Miccoli operation;  Parathyroid gland ;  Hypoparathyroidism;  PTH


In the crystal structure of title compound, [NiCl2(C14H32P2)], the NiII atom lies on a twofold rotation axis and shows a slightly distorted square-planar coordination geometry, with a dihedral angle of 10.01 (8)° between the cis-Cl—Ni—Cl and cis-P—Ni—P planes. There is no significant intermolecular interaction except very weak C—H⋯Cl interactions. The crystal studied was a racemic twin.


Technology environment paradox is inevitable,which is decided by the nature of technology.From the simple paradigm,technical knowledge is certain knowledge.Technology is always evaluated from its benefits and profits which leads to the technology environmental paradox.From a perspective of complexity,technology has its uncertainty and depends on environment.To avoid the damage to the environment by technology development,we must regulate and guide technology in concept and practice levels.


In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of mopane worm utilization in the livelihoods of rural poor people, and in the potential for expanding returns. Unfortunately the resulting increase in the commercialization of the resource has led to its over exploitation. The paper assesses options for sustainable use of the mopane worm. Empirical data has been drawn from research carried out between April and July 2002 in several communities in Southern Zimbabwe where households harvest mopane worms. The data collection exercise utilized formal questionnaires and Participatory Learning Approaches. The sustainable use of mopane worms requires approaches that strive to strike a balance between conservation and improvements in the well being of the resource users. Such approaches should be grounded in knowledge gained from local experiences with local communities taking the pivotal stage. Options for enhancing livelihoods from mopane worms are varied. These include strategies associated with improving product quality, fetching better markets and delaying the supply of the stock to the market. Sustainability can be achieved by promoting best practices that strive to maintain sufficient number of fifth-instar mopane worms, safeguard the host tree against exploitation and to preserve the pupae.


【The purity methods to determine LOD/LOQ using standard deviation of the residual, intercept and blank by IUPAC and ACS describe many of the pitfalls and pose significant challenges to analytical chemists. Therefore, the aim of this study is the development of the simple, easy, convenient and statistically significant method to determine LOD in quantitative analysis of organic solvents by GC. The new approaching method by linearization in the given concentration range used coefficient of variation ; ${\sigma}_{n-1}$ /S(standard deviation, ${\sigma}_{n-1}$ and average, S) of sensitivity(Response/concentration). The comparison of results among the purity methods(IUPAC and ACS) and the linearization have been fulfilled the F-test for standard deviations and t-test for LOD range values. The results of F-test and t-test are satisfied within 95 % confidence level, respectably. The LOD values determined by the new procedure are n-Hexane 0.0116 mg/ $m^3$ , Toluene 0.0807 mg/ $m^3$ , and o-Xylene 0.0494 mg/ $m^3$ . Because the standard deviation of the residual, intercept and blank and the slope of calibration curve are not calculated and the new approaching method use the coefficient of variation of sensitivity by linearization, this new method is simple, easy, convenient and statistically significant. In future, many chemical analysts will expect to applicate and routinely use this method in the all quantitative analysis.】


Comparison of ultrasonographic grading of fatty liver with liver enzymes in predicting raised total serum cholesterol levels and amongst the parameters in LFT, Alanine transaminase(ALT) had the best results. In our study, we show that grade 2 and 3 of fatty infiltration of liver is a good predictor of steato-hepatitis with an odds ratio of 7.9 and p-value of <0.0001. Conclusion: We conclude in our study, that USG has a role in general screening of population in predicting serum cholesterol levels. Hence, also improving the early detection of the spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). USG is an easy to learn, operator dependent, inexpensive, easily available and non-invasive modality. USG also in our study has proven to be a good screening modality to detect steato-hepatitis. With our results and its advantages, USG clearly has a major role to play in screening and detection of NAFLD.


Life cycle ofA. corruptrix (Schlechtendal, 1870) is treated and corrections to previous experiments are discussed. A new sexual form for A. corruptrix is herein described, while A corruptrix formalarshemi is considered a valid species and for taxonomical reasons is renamed as Andricus improprius n. stat & n.sp, only known by the sexual form, and not linked with A. corruptrix. Lectotypes for,4. improprius n. stat & n, sp. (= A. larshemi not available) are also designated.


There is a growing trend in the zoological and biomedical community to recognize the use of operant conditioning techniques as a valuable animal care and management tool. (Baker, 1991) (Reichard, 1992) (Priest, 1991) (Laule, 1993) (Reinhardt, 1990) Operant conditioning offers two basic alternatives for influencing behavior: positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement or escape/avoidance. As animal training consultants we advocate and teach positive reinforcement training. Animals are reinforced with rewards they like for the desired behavioral response. Operationally it means that we exhaust the positive alternatives before any kind of negative reinforcement is utilized. On the rare occasions when an escape/avoidance technique is necessary, it is kept to a minimum and balanced by positive reinforcement the vast majority of the time. Punishment is only used in a life threatening situation for person or animal.


The importance of the resource management in next generation intelligent optical network is described in this paper, and we depict the resource management technology of intelligent optical network in detail based on two aspects: the resource management between adjacencies and the bandwidth control of whole network. The solution by using the link management protocol (LMP) is also given.


Shoot tip cultures coupled with thermotherapy was used for the production of virus- free candidate clones of the Croatian autochthonous and most important red-berried grapevine cultivar Plavac mali. The procedure was successful for the elimination of Grapevine leafroll- associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), but not Grapevine leafroll- associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1). Results showed that a selective virus eradication occurred depending on the initial composition of the viral population of treated samples. When the in vitro growth of cv. Plavac mali explants harbouring different viruses was compared, it was found that, similarly to virus elimination, tissue proliferation was virus composition- dependent. This is a first report on virus elimination in cv. Plavac mali and, by and large, from grapevines in Croatia.


This article presents an empirical study that tests a new concept, "issue ownership network," which is based on the network agenda setting (NAS) model and the theory of issue ownership. Big data analytics and semantic network analysis were used to examine the large data set collected on Twitter during the 2012 U.S. presidential election. Results showed that the news media could determine the public's identification of a political candidate with not just individual issues but also entire networks of issues. Here we argue that traditional news media still set the public agenda in this new media environment, and do so in ways more complicated through constructing message networks. The study also demonstrates that the NAS model and its unique focus can potentially enrich the understanding of other communication and social science theories and concepts.


Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has attracted considerable attention for clean energy conversion technologies to reduce traditional fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Although platinum (Pt) metal is currently used as an electrocatalyst to accelerate sluggish ORR kinetics, the scarce resource and high cost still restrict its further scale-up applications. In this regard, biomass-derived carbon electrocatalysts have been widely adopted for ORR electrocatalysis in recent years owing to their tunable physical/chemical properties and cost-effective precursors. In this minireview, recent advances of the optimization strategies in biomass-derived carbon electrocatalysts towards ORR have been summarized, mainly focusing on the optimization of pore structure and active site. Besides, some current challenges and future perspectives of biomass-derived carbon as high-performance electrocatalysts for ORR have been also discussed in detail. Hopefully, this minireview will afford a guideline for better design of biomass-derived carbon electrocatalysts for ORR-related applications.


A device is described for the rapid intraoperative selection of referential electrode arrangements during localization of sensorimotor cortex by somatosensory evoked potentials recorded on a four-c...


Swimming is generally considered to be a healthy leisure activity for both the young and old. Swimming is even often advised as the most appropriate sport for asthmatic children 1–3, mainly (but probably not solely) on the grounds that inhaling moist air is less conducive to triggering exercise-induced asthma 4. However, for obvious reasons of microbiological safety, the water of public and private swimming pools must be disinfected 5. The most common procedure for water disinfection consists of chlorination. As with all human and technological intervention, the use of chlorine-based products to disinfect swimming water may lead to a number of unwanted effects, in particular the presence of chlorine-containing compounds in the air. Consequently, chlorination may affect the respiratory health of either those who work as swimming attendants or instructors, or those who use the pools as customers, particularly children and the general public, but also competitive swimmers. Although the issue of the chlorination of public water supplies has received considerable attention, mainly with regard to the presence of potentially carcinogenic or teratogenic chlorinated by-products 6, 7, the respiratory hazards of chlorinated swimming water have been less well addressed. Thus, old 8, 9 and even more recent 10 reports on indoor pollution do not deal with the air of chlorinated swimming pools, despite the generally obvious and readily noticeable irritant character of this type of environment, even in well-maintained pools 11.

Chlorination is the most common procedure for water disinfection of public water supplies and swimming pools. Chlorine may be added to water as the gaseous form (Cl2), which rapidly hydrolyzes to hypochlorous acid (HOCl), or as sodium or calcium hypochlorite (NaOCl or Ca(OCl)2). Hypochlorite, for disinfection, may also be produced by adding so-called hypochlorite-generating agents, such as dichloroisocyanurate, …


Corresponding Author: Yanli Ma Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract: Flavor is the main quality characteristic of sufu. The flavor of different types of sufu varies greatly, which will affect the preference and selectivity of consumer for sufu. To explore the flavor characteristics and distinguishing methods in different types of sufu, the volatile flavor components and free amino acids of 5 kinds of commercial sufu were determined by HS-SPME/GC-MS and amino acid automatic analyzer, respectively. Moreover, the electronic nose and electronic tongue were used to distinguish the sufu samples. The results showed that a total of 71 volatile aroma compounds were identified, in which esters (28.43-79.17%) were the main flavor substances. The total free amino acid contents in different types of sufu were at a range of 24.8-33.89 mg/g. Bitter amino acids were dominant in all sufu (except GS). PCA of electronic nose and electronic tongue showed that the electronic nose can only distinguish the grey sufu, while the electronic tongue can effectively distinguish among types of sufu. PLS-DA based on aroma and taste substances showed that sufu can be distinguished. According to VIP, fifteen volatile flavor components and five taste amino acids could be used as the main different compounds of sufu. The research results pretended that HS-SPME/GC-MS, electronic tongue technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis method can effectively distinguish sufu. These findings will provide guiding significance to identify the types of sufu and consumers' purchase products and promote the development of sufu industry to a certain extent.


The adoption of sealed lead-acid batteries and switching rectifier unit systems in DC power supplies (DC UPS) provided with a back-up function by a storage battery, has made it possible to realize a compact, lightweight, and maintenance-free design for DC switching power supply systems. The authors report on a method for monitoring the conditions of sealed storage batteries, which allows calculations and display of remaining battery discharge time during discharge, and also the optimum charging method of the batteries. They also give an example of the optimum configuration of a system incorporating these functions.<<ETX>>


Use of ectoine, hydroxyectoine, their salts and / or pharmacologically acceptable compounds which differ in their structural deviation from the functional groups or substituents ectoine or hydroxyectoine for the preparation of dermatological preparations for the topical treatment of neurodermatitis.


In the title compound, C20H17F2NO4S2, the dihedral angles between the o-xylene ring and the fluorobenzene rings are 31.7 (1) and 32.8 (1)°, and the dihedral angle between the fluorobenzene rings is 50.9 (1)°. The C—N—S—C torsion angles are 76.7 (2) and 101.8 (2)°. In the crystal, molecules are connected by C—H⋯O interactions into sheets in the ab plane.


Based on clouds data in Northern Hemisphere,the author discovered that seasonal variation of Atmospheric Circulation are controlled by two feedback processes. One is a positive feedback occurred in winter:severe cooling atmosphere in high latitude areas→Lower Undulatus Clonds(LUC) disappearing in high Latitude but LUC forming in some mid-latitude areas→cooling mid-latitude atmosphere by LUC from October to May→forming Westerly trough in Summer.Another is a negative feedback process in summer:Severe heating atmosphere in high latitude areas→LUC forming in high Latitude→cooling atmosphere in high latitude areas form May to September→forming polar vortex in winter. During all the two feedback processes, as a stable heating source in lower latitude ocean, with cooling source caused by LUC it caused baroclinic zones and affected climate variability of winter and summer.


Owner-managers make decisions and manage their firm as governed by the manner in which they conceptualize or 'conceive' performance for themselves and their firm, rather than being governed by researchers' and experts' conceptualizations of small business performance. On the basis of survey data obtained from 433 Canadian small businesses, this study aims at a deeper understanding of what owner-managers conceive performance to be, and to what extent this conception is determined by their objectives and social influences.


Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, June-July 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50:1005–1008. 2. Risbano MG, Groshong SD, Schwarz MI. Lung nodules in a woman with a history of breast cancer. Chest. 2007;132:1697–1701. 3. Stevens DA. Coccidiomycosis. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1077–1082. 4. Vansteenkiste JF. Imaging in lung cancer: positron emission tomography scan. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19(suppl 35):49s–60s. 5. Hughes FA, Whitaker HW, Lowry CC, et al. Resection for mycotic disease. Dis Chest. 1954;25: 334–349.


the need for interdisciplinary debate than that of mental health. There have always been numerous controversies in this field because theoretical perspectives coexist that allow psychopathological problems to be understood and dealt with in different ways. This plurality is neither provisional nor anomalous, but rather it is characteristic of mental health (Pérez-Álvarez, 2014). Such plurality is beneficial because of the multi-causal and multidimensional nature of mental disorders. Psychopathological phenomena, far from being symptoms of underlying diseases, can be understood as ways of responding to various life problems and situations and to the inherent complexity of the human being (Fonseca & Lemos, 2019). In this study we aim to investigate the roots of the controversy surrounding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a technique that is currently experiencing attempts at revival even among particularly vulnerable populations such as children and adolescents, pregnant women, and the elderly. Our aim is to promote criticism based on improved knowledge of the cause.


OBJECTIVE
To review the updates in the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and identify potential applications to veterinary patients.

ETIOLOGY
Cardiopulmonary arrest is common in veterinary emergency and critical care, and consensus guidelines are lacking. Human resuscitation guidelines are continually evolving as new clinical and experimental studies support updated recommendations. Synthesis of human, experimental animal model, and veterinary literature support the potential for updates and advancement in veterinary CPR practices.

THERAPY
This review serves to highlight updates in the AHA guidelines for CPR and evaluate their application to small animal veterinary patients. Interventions identified will be evaluated for trans-species potential, raise questions regarding best resuscitation recommendations, and offer opportunities for further research to continue to advance veterinary CPR.

PROGNOSIS
The prognosis for any patient undergoing cardiopulmonary arrest remains guarded.


Endovascular repair (EVAR) is a minimally invasive method of repairing an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) that is associated with shorter hospital stay, lower mortality, and other advantages compared with open surgery. During this operation, a stent graft is introduced through a femoral artery and is deployed with the proximal portion below the renal arteries. After EVAR, the aneurysm sac should ideally be excluded from aortic blood flow resulting in a much lower intrasac pressure than the systemic pressure. In reality, the intrasac pressure varies from case to case. For a successful EVAR, intrasac pressure gradually decreases to around 20–40 mmHg over time, while in many patients intrasac pressure remains relatively high or even close to the systemic pressure for some cases. Our literature study [1] indicates that intrasac pressure has a significant impact on post EVAR AAA size changes. Additionally, post-EVAR remodeling depends not only of the values of the intrasac pressure but also on how the pressure has changed over a period of time.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


Introduction Up to 60% of total hip arthroplasties (THA) in Asian populations arise from avascular necrosis (AVN), a bone disease that can lead to femoral head collapse. Current diagnostic methods ...


The foreign exchange reserve in China has kept a fast growing trend since the reform on form on foreign exchange regime carried in 1994,and by the end of Feb.2006,it has reached $853.7 billion,which exceeded $850.1 billion,the foreign exchange reserve of Japan the same term,and ranked the top one in the world.Such substantive foreign exchange reserve has become the attention focus of home and abroad.Based on the data from 1990 to 2004,this paper makes a verifiable investigation on our country's moderate scale of foreign exchange reserve by using the factor analysis approach,and draws a conclusion that there is excess in foreign exchange reserve in China since 1995.


The annual reproductive cycle of the catfish, H. fossilis (Bloch) is divided into the preparatory period (February-April), the prespawning period (May-June), the spawning period (July-August) and the postspawning period (September-January). During the early postspawning period (September-November), the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian system shows a gradual regression. In January, the hypothalamic nuclei, the pars magnocellularis (PMC), the pars parvocellularis (PPC) of the nucleus preopticus (NPO), and the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) show renewed activity, as shown by a significant increase in their nuclear diameters and an accumulation of neurosecretory material (NSM) in their cell bodies. The hypophysis and the ovary remain quiescent. During the preparatory period, all the hypothalamic neurons studied indicate decreased activity but simultaneously show an accumulation of NSM in their cell bodies. The number of granulated basophils in the proximal pars distalis (PPD) of the hypophysis remains low but ovarian weights increase, presumably due to the multiplication of oogonia. In the prespawning period, there is a marked accumulation of NSM in the cell bodies of the hypothalamic neurons and at the same time the number of granulated basophils in the PPD of the hypophysis dramatically increases with concomitant increase in vitellogenic activity in the ovary. During the spawning period, the hypothalamic neurons continue to store NSM in their cell bodies and simultaneously there is a tremendous increase in the number of granulated basophils in the PPD of the hypophysis and the ovary has a large proportion of yolky primary oocytes. Spawning is associated with a significant degranulation of the granulated basophils in the PPD of the hypophysis. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the environmental and hormonal regulation of seasonal ovarian activity.


Inverse emulsion polymerization of aqueous solution of acrylamide (AM) in toluene is carried out using polystyrene-graft-polyoxyethylene (PSt-g-PEO) as an emulsifier. The kinetics of polymerization, morphology of the particle, and particle size of the inverse emulsion have been investigated. The rates of polymerization are found to be proportional to the initiator concentration, the monomer concentration, and the emulsifier concentration. The morphology of the particle shows a spherical structure. The effects of amphipathic graft copolymer structure on the average molecular weight of polyacrylamide are studied. The mechanism of the inverse emulsion polymerization using amphipathic graft copolymer as emulsifier is proposed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 2719–2725, 1999


Although etherification was of primary interest, the isomerisation of the alkenes was the main reaction to occur. For the primary alcohols the etherification and isomerisation rates correlated well with the properties of the alcohols. Both rates increased with decreasing polarity and with increasing carbon number, acidity and Mulliken charge of the oxygen atom of the alcohol. It is difficult to distinguish the effect of each property separately, and probably the differences in the reactivities are not due to any one property alone but rather the synergy of the properties affects the reactivities. The secondary alcohols behaved in a different way than the primary ones: the etherification was almost negligible. The effect of alcohol on the isomerisation of alkenes was notable even though alcohol does not directly react in the reaction, which was concluded to be due to the stronger adsorption of the more polar alcohols which hinders the reactions of other components.


Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-limiting genetic disorder of Caucasians. It impairs the functions of many organs with its greatest effects on the lungs and digestion. Treatment of the disease involves a multi- component regimen, including airway clearance techniques, nebulized medications, antibiotics, pancreatic enzymes and increased caloric intake. Cystic fibrosis is
a burden for patients and their families in the context of their daily life tasks. The article presents generic medical, psychosocial problems of adult patients with CF, which are still little known in Poland. The detailed issues are: medical characteristics of cystic fibrosis as a rare disease, organizational conditions of rehabilitation, specific psychosocial problems including: a depression, an
anxiety and a reproductive health in cystic fibrosis in the context of a premature death.


Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma (APCP) showed good effects in tooth whitening. However, the longevity of tooth whitening using different Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) concentrations with APCP has not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the longevity of tooth whitening effect and surface roughness using APCP by high or low concentrations of HP. Specimens were treated with different HP agent and APCP for 20 minutes. After treatment, we were evaluated the color of the specimens. The specimens were then put into distilled water for different time periods. The specimens were re-evaluated. The result of this study, the longevity of tooth whitening effect of APCP with low concentration of HP was not different from that of APCP with high concentration of HP. In addition, the two HP concentrations did not cause any changes to the enamel surface over time.


Automatic control has increased its importance for rationalization of the iron and steel industry. This paper aims to give an approach to automatic control for engineers concerned in the industry. and and