We extend the discussion of perceptual separability (PS) to the nature of mappings from stimulus space into perceptual space, and introduce new notions of PS, range-alone PS and domain-range PS. We further show the logical independence of domain-range PS and Gaussian curvature. It has been asserted recently that psychology will need new, sophisticated tools in geometry and topology as we enter the millennium (Townsend & Thomas, 1993). Except for isolated regions, such as theories of visual space (e.g., Indow, 1967; Pizlo, 1994), light and color perception (D'Zmura & Iverson, 1993; Suppes, Krantz, Luce, & Tversky, 1989) and occasional papers on perceptual scaling in non-traditional spaces (e.g., Hoffman, 1968; Hoffman & Dodwell, 1985; Lindman & Caelli, 1978) there has been little penetration of such topics into most perceptual and cognitive domains. It is arguable that even the latter have not gained the attention they deserve. To be sure, applied (Carroll & Chang, 1970; Kruskal, 1964; Shepard, 1962) and foundational (Beals, Krantz, & Tversky, 1968; Suppes et al., 1989; Tversky & Krantz, 1970), multidimensional scaling have played an enormous role in modern cognitive psychology and cognate areas, with the purview including non-Euclidean spaces. However, we contend that not only should this work now be integrated more into process kinds of models (e.g., as in Ashby, 1992; Marley, 1992; Nosofsky, 1986), but there is still an immense and largely untouched set of mathematical tools that can greatly aid psychology in 21st century multidimensional scaling (Townsend & Thomas, 1993). Nevertheless, there are rays of light on the horizon. New and innovative work in psychophysical scaling (Dzhavarov & Colonius, 1999; Levin, 1999) and face or object perception (Hoffman, 1998; Townsend, Solomon, & Spencer-Smith, in press) offer positive examples. An emerging case in point may be the recent innovative activity in scaling semantic spaces, primarily using principal components analysis (Landauer & Dumais, 1997). Although undoubtedly much can be learned from this analysis, it would seem very surprising indeed if a linear, Euclidean space turned out to be all that was required for such a complex entity as semantic space. The present work is in that spirit. Our topic is a type of perceptual independence of psychological dimensions. The major pioneering quantitative theoretical spadework was accomplished by R. Shepard (e.g., Shepard, 1964) and Garner (e.g., Garner, 1974). More recently Ashby & Townsend (1986) offered a general treatment of perceptual independence embedded in a multidimensional extension of signal detection theory we called general recognition theory (GRT). One thrust of this work was to establish a number of distinct notions of perceptual independence (Ashby & Townsend, 1986; Thomas, 1995) of two or more perceptual dimensions. We will focus on two dimensions. One major variety of perceptual independence is referred to as perceptual separability (PS). When PS is satisfied, the two dimensions are non-interacting in the sense that varying the physical dimension associated with either one has no effect on the marginal perceptual distribution of the other. In a failure of PS, the marginal mean or variance of dimension x might be affected by manipulation of dimension y. In the present investigation, it is assumed that the stimuli are sufficiently far apart that probabilities play no role, so that the perceptual effects may be considered deterministic. Thus, the behavior departs the arena of discriminability, or local psychophysics and enters the arena of multidimensional psychophysical scaling or global psychophysics. The most direct extension of the Ashby and Townsend (1986) PS notion is then to demand that for its satisfaction, the perceptual scale of dimension x be unaffected by the manipulation of dimension y. We begin the investigation of PS within the milieu of Riemannian manifolds. The basic approach can be extended to even more general spaces. And though we disregard probabilities here, the concepts immediately apply to, say the means of perceptual probability distributions. Let X be the physical dimension mostly closely associated with x and Y that with y (e.g., as is intensity with loudness and frequency with pitch). Within the foregoing theory or any other theory of which we are aware, there was no explicit distinction between causing a change in y through variations in X or variations in x through variations in Y, vs. some kind of relation between x and y after the physical à psychological mapping has already occurred. The former was explicitly invoked by the Ashby & Townsend theory and subsequent theoretical and empirical efforts (e.g., Ashby & Maddox, 1994). It can be captured by the very form of the mapping expressions: x = ƒ(X,Y), and y = g(X,Y). If f is a nondegenerate function of Y or g of X then perceptual non-separability occurs. Let us call this interpretation domain-range, since it depends on relations of the map connecting the two types of space. However, questions about the relationship of x and y can be posed irrespective of the original map and in fact, the issue of how the latter question depends, if at all, on the mapping interpretation, is an interesting one and so far apparently not clarified in the literature. We will call this type of question simply range-alone, since it takes place only within the range or psychological, space. The question at this level is not quite as obvious in its formulation as in the former mapping interpretation case, but we offer some beginning thoughts. For our work, we will work within the arena of differential geometry. The basic assumption is that the psychological manifold M is formed by smooth mappings of neighborhoods of XxY into n-dimensional subsets of Euclidean space √. Since the resultant subset of points in R may possess a non-Euclidean metric, we really need the designation M as a separate entity from subsets of R. Furthermore, it is inherent in the very fundamentals of psychophysics that there exist numerical or at least mathematical in some sense, correspondents to the psychological dimensions. Hence, we can assume not only some type of co-ordinate system, but one which contains our psychological dimensions as two of the co-ordinates. Note that we are in no way dependent on linear coordinates. In any case, no important limitations in what we have to offer now seem to be incurred by assuming that neighborhoods of XxY are mapped into √; certainly the notation will be simplified. Of course, in many instances, it may be possible to form a representation of neighborhoods or all of XxY mapped into √, in general attended by a nonEuclidean metric. An extended paper will include a direct treatment of maps from XxY into √, but we focus on √ as range here. Furthermore, it is often the case that surfaces or other manifolds are formed from mapping the same subsets of Euclidean space into the pertinent manifold M, where each component map is called a patch. Then one collects all the patches together (the actual facts are a little more complicated but this captures the basic idea). In the present case, however, that would seem to imply that the same physical points were mapped into more than one psychological point. This may indeed be useful for certain kinds of illusions and bistable perceptual figures (e.g., the facevase figure) but does not represent the typical situation. Hence, we can assume a single one-one and onto map from XxY to M. It follows that the psychological coordinates 'cover' M in the appropriate sense and we are carried into elementary surface theory. Differentiability conditions are always important (although there exist approaches to other geometries than Euclidean that do not require differentiability; see e.g., Busemann, 1955) but have to go unstated here (see any text on differential geometry; e.g., Boothby, 1986). All of the following definitions and propositions are stated in a local (point-to-point) manner, but we always assume that they hold for all points in the map and refrain from repeating this assumption. We suppose then, that our map consists of F: U Œ XxY à√, such that F(X,Y) = (ƒ(X,Y), g(X,Y), h(X,Y)) = (u,v,w). F is assumed to be regular (O'Neill, 1997; this amounts to F being an immersion, Boothby, 1986). together with our point-to-point restriction, this amounts to F being an embedding. DEFINITION 1: F is weakly domain-range PS if ƒ(X)=x and g(Y)=y, but h(X,Y) is a nontrivial function of both X,Y. Definition 1 means that the psychological dimensions are functions only of their respective physical counterparts. DEFINITION 2: F is strongly domain-range PS if Definition 1 holds and also, h(X,Y)= h(X) or h(Y) but not both. DEFINITION 3: F is said to be a domain-range parameterization PS if respectively, the X and Y parameter curves (i.e., holding one constant while varying the other) correspond to the x and y perceptual dimensions The next definition requires an inner product, which will be garnered from the attendant Riemannian metric as will be seen. We will work primarily with the metric induced by the map itself and the Euclidean inner product taken on the tangent vectors on the surface. '∂F/∂X,∂F/∂YÚ = 0, that is, the inner product of the tangent vectors to the image of F at any point in that image, is 0. Local orthogonality and the induced Riemannian metric will be merged in what follows. DEFINITION 4: The psychological dimensions x, y are locally orthogonal if and only if their tangent vectors at any point of M are orthogonal with regard to the appropriate metric. If this holds, range-alone local orthogonal PS will be said to occur. Note that in Definition 4, x and y can each potentially be functions of both X and Y. DEFINITION 5: Domain-range parameterization, local orthogonal PS holds if parameterization PS is in force, and the X and Y parameter curves are locally orthogonal. Note that this extension of the idea that x


Marilyn E. Lashley and Melanie Njeri Jackson (Eds.), African Americans and the New Policy Consensus: Retreat of the Liberal State.


The radical principle, equipment and peculiarity of total reflection X ray fluorescence are summarized. Application and perspective of tatal reflection X ray fluorescence are recommended.


Two photon excitation spectra of nitric oxide molecule from XII1/2, X2II3/2 to 4d Rydberg state O′2II– (v = O, 1) have been observed by using a frequency-doubled dye laser (283.4-293.5 nm). Ten rotational branches O21 + P11, P21 + Q11, Q21 + R11, R21 + S11, S21; O22 + P12, P22 + Q12, Q22 + R12, R22 + S12 and S22 are assigned for O′2II– – X2II– (0,0) band and (1,0) band. Rotational lines of P21 + Q11 and Q21 + R11 branches are easily observed to J = 24 and J = 16, respectively. Rotational analyses of these branches allow calculation of accurate values of O′2II– state rotational constants and vibronic level energy. For v = 0, Bv = 1.997 ± 0.002 cm–1, To = Te + G(v) = 68944.0 ± 0.8 cm–1 and for v = 1, Bv = 1.985 ± 0.002 cm–1, To = 71283.6 ± 0.8 cm–1. Fifteen branches of the excitation spectra from X2II– to 3d Rydberg states H′2II– (v = 1, 2, 3) in the 287.8–308.4 nm region are studied. Molecular constants of H′2II– state are obtained: for v = 1, To = 66010.1 ± 0.8 cm–1, Bv = 1.968 ± 0.002 cm–1; v = 2, To = 68316.9 ± 0.8 cm–1, Bv = 1.942 ± 0.002 cm–1, and v = 3, To = 70587.1 ± 0.8 cm–1, Bv = 1.941 ±v 0.002 cm–1. Laser-induced spectra of NO from various vibronic levels of H′2II–, O′2II– states are also observed. Emission spectra H′ 2II––D 2Σ+, C 2II, C 2II-A 2Σ+ are in the IR region (800–1150 nm); O′ 2II–-C 2II, D 2Σ+ in the visible region (630–690 nm); and the fluorescence progressions D 2Σ+, C 2II, A 2Σ+–X 2II to v" = 11 in the UV region (170–340 nm).


This paper describes the calibration of the National Standard of Resistance using an Automatic Direct Current Comparator Bridge (DCC Bridge). We will also discuss the various sources of uncertainty in the measurements and their estimations based on Type A and Type B evaluations. Furthermore, we discuss the uncertainty budget and report the results at k = 2 for the coverage probability of approximately 95% for a normal distribution.This paper describes the calibration of the National Standard of Resistance using an Automatic Direct Current Comparator Bridge (DCC Bridge). We will also discuss the various sources of uncertainty in the measurements and their estimations based on Type A and Type B evaluations. Furthermore, we discuss the uncertainty budget and report the results at k = 2 for the coverage probability of approximately 95% for a normal distribution.


Objective To prepare paclitaxel-loaded poly(e-caprolactone)(PCL)/pluronic F68(F68)blend microspheres as a controlled release system. Methods Paclitaxel-loaded PCL/F68 blend microspheres were prepared by the oil-in water(O/W)emulsion/solvent evaporation method. Characterization of the microspheres followed to examine the particle size, the drug encapsulation efficiency, the surface morphology, in vitro release behavior and DSC analysis. In vivo antitumor activity of paclitaxel-loaded PCL/F68 blend microspheres was evaluated in mice bearing with hepatoma H22 cells ascites tumor. Results The results showed that the porous structure can be formed in the surface of PCL/F68 blend microspheres. Faster and controlled release of paclitaxel from PCL/F68 blend microspheres was achieved in comparison with the PCL microspheres. In animal tests, paclitaxel-loaded PCL/F68 blend microspheres showed the potent antitumor activity against hepatoma H22 cells in ascites tumor model. Conclusion The paclitaxel loaded PCL/F68 blend microspheres were found to own a faster release rate and a remarkably controlled release behavior.

Key words:
Poly(e-caprolactone);  Pluronic F68;  Paclitaxel;  Microspheres;  Antitumor activity


A systematic review of radiation therapy trials in several tumour types was performed by The Swedish Council of Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU). The procedures for evaluation of the scientific literature are described separately (Acta Oncol 2003; 42: 357-365). This synthesis of the literature on radiation therapy for brain tumours is based on data from 9 randomized trials and 1 meta-analysis. Moreover, data from 2 prospective studies, 3 retrospective studies and 4 other articles were used. In total, 19 scientific articles are included, involving 4 266 patients. The results were compared with those of a similar overview from 1996 including 11 252 patients. The conclusions reached can be summarized as follows: <list id="l1" type="5"> <item>The conclusion from SBU 129/2 that curative treatment is not available for patients with high-grade malignant glioma (grade III and IV) is still valid.</item><item>The survival benefit from postoperative radiotherapy compared to supportive care only or chemotherapy is about 3-4 months, as demonstrated in earlier randomized studies.</item></list> Quality of life is now currently estimated and considered to be of major importance when reporting the outcome of treatment for patients with brain tumours. <list id="l2" type="5"> <item>There is no scientific evidence that radiotherapy using hyper- and hypofractionation leads to longer survival for patients with high-grade malignant glioma than conventional radiotherapy. There is large documentation, but only one randomized study.</item><item>There is some documentation to support the view that patients with grade IV glioma and poor prognosis can be treated with hypofractionation and with an outcome similar to that after conventional fractionation. A shorter treatment time should be convenient for the patient.</item><item>Documentation of the benefit of a radiotherapy boost with brachytherapy is limited and no conclusion can be drawn.</item><item>There is no scientific evidence that radiotherapy prolongs life for patients with low-grade glioma.</item><item>There are some data supporting that radiotherapy can be used to treat symptoms in patients with low-grade glioma. As no controlled studies have been reported, no firm conclusion can be drawn.</item></list>


Under the Terra Harvest Program, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) has the objective of developing a universal Controller for the Unattended Ground Sensor (UGS) community. The mission is to define, implement, and thoroughly document an open architecture that universally supports UGS missions, integrating disparate systems, peripherals, etc. The Controller's inherent interoperability with numerous systems enables the integration of both legacy and future Unattended Ground Sensor System (UGSS) components, while the design's open architecture supports rapid third-party development to ensure operational readiness. The successful accomplishment of these objectives by the program's Phase 3b contractors is demonstrated via integration of the companies' respective plug-'n-play contributions that include various peripherals, such as sensors, cameras, etc., and their associated software drivers. In order to independently validate the Terra Harvest architecture, L-3 Nova Engineering, along with its partner, the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI), is developing the Terra Harvest Open Source Environment (THOSE), a Java based system running on an embedded Linux Operating System (OS). The Use Cases on which the software is developed support the full range of UGS operational scenarios such as remote sensor triggering, image capture, and data exfiltration. The Team is additionally developing an ARM microprocessor evaluation platform that is both energyefficient and operationally flexible. The paper describes the overall THOSE architecture, as well as the implementation strategy for some of the key software components. Preliminary integration/test results and the Team's approach for transitioning the THOSE design and source code to the Government are also presented.


FROM his work the writer concludes that the toxic and Sudanophil granule estimations appear to follow the course of the psychosis, varying directly with the intensity of the disorder. The gradual improvement in the counts observed in recovering cases must be ascribed in part to the general detoxication which is instituted in each patient soon after admission. Though it would be rash to infer from only a few examinations that these estimations have definite and prognostic value, it is suggested that they may prove of considerable assistance. C. S. R.


Concerning double concentric jets, the authors performed experimental studies on influences of nozzle conditions such as thickness of nozzle wall or boundary layers on the inside and outside walls of a nozzle on the characteristics of jets in the main region. And the following results are obtained. (1) In the main region, the dimensionless radial velocity profile fits the cosine curve independently of values of δ^-, λ and χ^-. (2) The velocity decay on the central axis and the intensity of turbulence are hardly affected by the value of δ^- for small values of λ. But for large values of λ, the tendency of velocity decay becomes remarkable and the intensity of turbulence is affected heavily by the wake behind the nozzle wall with an increase in the value of δ^-. (3) Values of ι^- and e^- vary in radial and axial directions and these values are different respectively in both cases of large and small values of λ.


Abstract We present NH3 and H64α+H63α VLA observations of the Radio Arc region, including the M0.20 – 0.033 and G0.10 – 0.08 molecular clouds. These observations suggest the two velocity components of M0.20 – 0.033 are physically connected in the south. Additional ATCA observations suggest this connection is due to an expanding shell in the molecular gas, with the centroid located near the Quintuplet cluster. The G0.10 – 0.08 molecular cloud has little radio continuum, strong molecular emission, and abundant CH3OH masers, similar to a nearby molecular cloud with no star formation: M0.25+0.01. These features detected in G0.10 – 0.08 suggest dense molecular gas with no signs of current star formation.


Lithofacies and microfacies analysis of reservoir rocks from the Blalock Lake Southeast field indicate in-situ mound and intermound facies. Mounds grew on remnant Strawn paleohighs across a broad carbonate ramp. Two-dimensional seismic sequence stratigraphy does not confirm a well-defined shelf margin. Rocks from the Powell 8300 field are grainstone and debris-flow facies sourced from the adjacent mounds of the Blalock Lake Southeast field. The authors recognize six major lateral facies in the two field areas: the mound facies, a flanking crinoid mudstone, apron talus, intermound peloidal mudstones, capping grainstones, and downdip grainstone and debris flows. This depositional model also includes a globally documented eustatic sea level fall in the overall transgressive upper Wolfcamp - lower Leonard cycle. The perpendicular depositional trends of the mound facies and the grainstone-debris-flow facies are useful tools that can be applied to exploratory and development efforts.


The content of oxyhemoglobin in human facial capillaries changes with the contraction and relaxation of the heart. With oxyhemoglobin absorption of light, skin color will also vary slightly, which cannot be observed by naked eyes.Using an effective video enhancement algorithm, a video-based heart rate measuring method is proposed. The face in the input video is located and feature points are tracked. Then the regions of the feature points are transformed into time-domain signals. The signals are enlarged and filtered to obtain the heart rate. In order to improve the accuracy and robustness of the detection algorithm, the green channel and multi-feature points are utilized. Compared with the traditional contact heart rate measurement equipment, the algorithm does not require contact with the body and has the advantages of a small degree of human bondage. Meanwhile, the heart rate measurement algorithm can be performed in real time and meets the applicable requirement with an average error of only 3.46 time/minute.


This paper describes adaptive lighting system with ZigBee capabilities, daylight mixing, true white light generation and occupancy sensor, dedicated to optimal and cost effective lighting of office spaces. Described work was carried out within the APRIL project, as a part of the 2nd Poland-Berlin cooperation in the field of photonics.


. The start of the reform era has started a new chapter in the enforcement of human rights and civil liberties in Indonesia. This period has opened the door wide for freedom of opinion and freedom of religion and belief. However, the freedom that was born from this process brought further consequences which also had an impact on the emergence of radical Islamic movements which in turn gave rise to thoughts and opinions that were against the legitimate government. This phenomenon can endanger the unity and integrity of the nation that has long managed to survive because of the efforts of the Indonesian people for a long time. For this reason, moderate Islamic understanding and religious moderation are present in order to counter radical ideas that have flourished because they are supported by technological developments and opinions formed on social media. A qualitative approach by using literature review are used as methods in this research to explore in depth and theoretically about moderate Islamic understanding in Indonesia and the role of Islamic boarding schools and religious colleges in cultivating graceful and moderate Islamic teachings. Through this research, an illustration was obtained that the future of moderate Islam (wasathiyah) is finding its momentum on the world stage, and contrasts with extreme religious models which will have no future in the dynamics of such a fast-paced era. For this reason, this is where Islamic education plays an important role in preparing an integrative approach based on the values of religious moderation.


The utility model discloses a high-pressure common-rail fuel metering valve. The high-pressure common-rail fuel metering valve comprises an electromagnetic operating component and a regulating valve driven by the electromagnetic operating component. The regulating valve comprises a valve shell and a valve piston, radical orifices communicated with an inner cavity of a tubular wall of the valve shell are formed in the tubular wall of the valve shell in an opposite mode, a spring seat is arranged on the lower end of the valve shell, and an overflowing port is formed in the spring seat. The valve piston is cylindrical, and radial ring grooves matched with the radial orifices to change the overflowing area are formed in the external circumference of the valve piston, and overflowing round holes communicated with the radial ring grooves are formed in the valve piston in the axial direction. According to the high-pressure common-rail fuel metering valve, due to the fact that the radial ring grooves matched with the radial orifices to change the oil-intake sectional area are processed on the external circumference of the cylindrical valve piston, the high-pressure common-rail fuel metering valve is simple in processing technology, and processing difficulties and processing cost are reduced. In addition, compared with an existing tubular valve piston, structural intensity of the cylindrical valve piston is improved, and processing difficulties and cost are reduced.


Abstract: This paper aims to develop a method of reliability modeling for a two-stage degraded system, facilitating the decision-making on the system maintenance. Cumulative damage model is used to present the degradation process with changing degradation rates. In the cumulative damage model, shock damage value and shock counting are assumed to be Gamma distribution and homogeneous Poisson process, respectively. Reliability and mean remaining useful life are modeled and analyzed. A numerical example is given to show the performance of the proposed models.


A simple, inexpensive, and accurate method for evaluating and/or auditing sampling and analytical phases of the EPA Source Reference Method 6 was developed. The method uses a known amount of a chemical compound in the form of a tablet or pill (or placed in a capsule) to generate sulfur dioxide quantitatively by reaction with an acid. The reaction takes place in a compact glass impinger system that can be taken to the field. The S02 generated in test runs was collected and analyzed using the Method 6 procedure. The SO2 generation was quantitative and recoveries were found to be 94 ± 5 %. The time to complete the reaction was less than 15 min at a flow rate of 1 L/min, but the recommended sampling time was 45 min. The tablets prepared gravimetrically were found to be stable over a sixmonth period. The interlaboratory results obtained showed close agreement with the expected concentrations based on calculations from the stoichiometric reaction. The estimates of repeatability (or within-laboratory precision) ...


An Experimental Study was carried out on "Effectiveness on administration of olive oil through NG tube to improve weight among low birth weight babies admitted in NICU at SVS Hospital, Yenugonda, Mahabubnagar, Telangana. Objectives of the study is to assess the weight of low birth weight babies before and after administration of olive oil through NG tube. To compare the mean difference of weight among low birth weight babies before and after administration of olive oil through NG tube. To determine the association between effect of administration of olive oil through NG tube among low birth weight babies with their selected demographic variables. Materials and Methodology: The research design selected for the study was pre-experimental design. One group pre test and post test design with sampling. Only one group was observed before and after the independent variable was introduced. In this design the total sample was taken as one group and pre-test was administered.


This work presents a first investigation of the small punch test (SPT) as a possible method to identify material parameters for shape memory alloy (SMA) behavior. In comparison to more common tests, the SPT has advantages in setup simplicity, small sample size, uncomplicated shape, and the possibility of specimen clamping, while offering controlled multi axial loading. Different loading scenarios are described and executed. The parameters of an established SMA model are subsequently (partially) calibrated from the measured SPT force-deflection curves. For some loading regimes, the effective response curves suggest the occurrence of damage events. To investigate the underlying microscale failure mechanisms, a first SEM study was conducted. These first results underline that the SPT is a promising efficient and inexpensive characterization method to support SMA constitutive model development under multiaxial loading — including aspects of damage, fracture and fatigue.


The present invention relates to compositions comprising liposomes and liposomes, their generation, and proliferative diseases, infectious diseases, vascular diseases, rheumatoid diseases, inflammatory diseases, immune diseases, and the use for the allergy preventing treatment.


A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, when inoculated intranasally in 2 μl of suspension into BALB/c mice preinfected with influenza virus, colonized first in the nose, and several days thereafter also colonized significantly in the trachea and lungs with purulent inflammation. Pneumoccocal colonization was also observed in the noses of normal mice after the same bacterial inoculation, but not apparently in the lower respiratory tract. These results suggest that pneumococcal infection may develop from the upper to the lower respiratory tract as a possible sequence preferentially in influenza virus‐infected subjects.


The influence of the funnel ant (Aphaenogaster barbigula) on water infiltration was studied on an aeolian soil in a semi-arid Callitris glaucophylla woodland in eastern Australia. At the study site at Yathong Nature Reserve, densities of up to 37 nest entrances m-2 were recorded in some areas, equivalent to a density of 88 000 entrances ha-1 over small areas or 0.9% of the surface area of the landscape. Seventy-two per cent of the entrances were actively being used by the ants. Steady-state water infiltration on soils with entrances averaged 23.3 mm min-1 which was about four times that on entrance-free soils. As the diameter of the nest entrance increased, water penetrated deeper into the soil. The results provide further evidence that ants have a marked influence on redistribution of water in semi-arid environments.


Abstract The larva, protonymph, deutonymph, adult male and adult female stages of Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) are described. Scanning electron micrographs of the adult male and adult female are presented. The ability of the female to retain an egg with a well-developed larva is reported


mentioned, this case has a good ending for the preservation of the tribal nations' cultures. After the U.S. District Court ruled in favor of the Arizona Snowbowl Resort in 2006, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision in March 2007 by ruling in favor of the "Save the Peaks Coalition." The Navajo nation's president, Joe Shirley, Jr., shared his sentiment on the final ruling: "This goes towards preserving our ways of life, preserving my prayer, my sacred song, my sacred sites, my mother: the San Francisco Peaks" (Arizona Native Scene 2007). But what about the multitudes of other cultural issues that are important to cultural sustainability, a concept that appears to be poorly addressed in discussions of sustainable development and sustainable tourism? Although sustainable tourism calls for environmental conservation and socio-economic well-being (WTO 2004), it does not clearly address the issues and challenges related to the fair distribution of costs and benefits of development among stakeholders. For instance, with respect to the distribution of environmental costs and benefits, it says little about how to ensure that they are distributed equitably between social groups, particularly those that may be disadvantaged due to race, class, or gender. Environmental justice principles offer valuable guidance here, but the concept itself has received little attention in sustainable tourism discourse. Only a few studies have addressed issues of inequity across diverse groups when it comes to the distribution of environmental benefits or negative impacts due to tourism development (Akama 1999;


Softwares including random number generation are abundant in modern informative society. But it's hard to get directly multivariate multinomial random numbers from existing softwares. Multivariate multinomial random numbers are greatly used in social and medical sciences. In this paper, we show that desired multivariate multinomial random numbers can be easily generated by the aids of existing random number generating software. Some characteristics of multivariate multinomial distribution are surveyd. Measures of association for the generated random numbers were computed and compared with population ones via simulation study.


The rise of distributed sensors-based monitoring applications has allowed the gathering of important information in urban areas, strongly supporting the maturation of smart cities. In those scenarios, alternative transportation has been leveraged as viable solutions for the complex challenges of urban mobility, bringing cycling to a new setting. Actually, when assessing the quality of cycling paths, safety and quality parameters can be retrieved from distributed sensor nodes attached to bikes, allowing better perceptions of the adverse conditions faced by cyclists in modern cities. However, such IoT-based procedures require proper modelling of cycling paths, since quality parameters are expected to have spatiotemporal significance. Therefore, this paper discusses and proposes solutions for some important modelling and visualization issues related to the quality monitoring of cycle paths. Such solutions are concerned with the mathematical modelling of this problem, as well as the proposal of a generic computer-assisted solution to handle environmental parameters retrieved by sensors attached to bikes. Doing so, it is defined a uniform representation model and an expected data flow that can be exploited by any monitoring application in urban areas. As an important step in that direction, a reference implementation is described, allowing formal representation, structured processing and graphical visualization of bike-centric monitoring parameters, potentially supporting new developments in the area of smart cycling.


This paper takes the relevant data of listed companies in public industry in Shenzhen and Shanghai from 2007 to 2009 as a sample.Applying the factor analysis and Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis,it makes an empirical analysis of the macro and micro effecting factors of Public Listed Companies.The conclusion has shown that the ability to pay debt,profitability,current return ability and macro-economic factors showed a negative correlation with asset in-debt rate.Growth ability showed a negative,while enterprise size showed a positive correlation with asset in-debt rate,but their correlations are not obvious.


Time histories of pressure fluctuations on a generic, "hammerhead" space vehicle model were measured using unsteady Pressure-Sensitive Paint (uPSP). The test was conducted in the 11-foot transonic wind tunnel of NASA Ames Research Center over a Mach number range of 0.6 ≤ M ≤ 1.2, and angles of attack of -40 ≤ α ≤ 40. The model was coated with a porous binder and PtTFPP-based porous polymer paint. An elaborate system of four high-speed cameras, and forty LED lamps was used for image acquisition. Various steps for image registration, reduction of shot noise, photogrammetry procedure to map images from the four cameras on a grid for the model, and finally a calibration procedure to convert the measured fluctuations in light intensity to fluctuating pressure, are discussed in the paper. The calibration process using a set of unsteady pressure sensors mounted on the model, was found to overcome some of the inherent problems of the fast response paint, such as rapid photodegradation, non-linearity in pressure response, and significant temperature sensitivity. Comparison of spectra of pressure fluctuations between UPSP and pressure sensors demonstrated the ability of the paint to faithfully follow fluctuations up to 10 kHz, the maximum attempted. It was also found that the camera bit-depth and the illumination level limited the lowest measurable levels of pressure fluctuations to around 140dB. The large data set exposed various critical transonic flow physics not seen before, such as a coupling of the shock motion on the Payload Fairing (PF) with the separated flow region on the upper stage of the launch vehicle, and upstream convection of pressure fluctuation on PF at certain Mach numbers. The data also confirmed the expectation of a general lowering of the coefficient of pressure fluctuation with Mach number. The availability of the data set on a dense, regularly-spaced, surface grid allowed for the calculation of wavenumber-frequency (k-ω) spectra via straightforward applications of Fourier transform. The k-ω spectra were compared for the separated flow regions on the Second Stage, and the shock-boundary layer interactions on PF. The former showed self-similarity with Mach number while the latter was distinctly different, and confirmed the upstream propagation of pressure fluctuations. The k-ω spectra were dominated by the convected fluctuations; the acoustic domain was not discernable. These data, valuable for the vibro-acoustics analysis of aerospace vehicles, are believed to be the first obtained for the transonic flight regime, and pave the path for application on production models of aerospace vehicles.


By using the two-dimensional barcode encryption technology with pseudo fingerprint feature key, an asymmetric, encrypted and anti-fake design of two-dimensional barcode has been implemented. After being processed , the collected fingerprint information is used to set parameters, translated and rotated. With the accomplishment of coding the parameters, datas of pseudo-random fingerprint feature come into being. With the help of the RSA, encrypt the private key which is randomly produced by pseudo fingerprint feature to get a new one. With the new private key,the only information of owners is encrypted, solving the problem of "witness identity" .


Gravitational microlensing is a powerful tool for probing the physical properties of quasar accretion disks and properties of the lens galaxy such as its dark matter fraction and mean stellar mass. Unfortunately, the number of lensed quasars (∼90) exceeds our monitoring capabilities. Thus, estimating their microlensing properties is important for identifying good microlensing candidates as well as for the expectations of future surveys. In this work, we estimate the microlensing properties of a sample of 87 lensed quasars. While the median Einstein radius crossing timescale is 20.6 years, the median source crossing timescale is 7.3 months. Broadly speaking, this means that on ∼10 year timescales roughly half the lenses will be quiescent, with the source in a broad demagnified valley, and roughly half will be active with the source lying in the caustic ridges. We also found that the location of the lens system relative to the cosmic microwave background dipole has a modest effect on microlensing timescales, and in theory microlensing could be used to confirm the kinematic origin of the dipole. As a corollary of our study we analyzed the accretion rate parameters in a sub-sample of 32 lensed quasars. At fixed black hole mass, it is possible to sample a broad range of luminosities (i.e., Eddington factors) if it becomes feasible to monitor fainter lenses.


The tropospheric zenith total delay over Antarctic Great Wall station are solved by GAMIT / GLOBK software in both cases such as the different ephemeris,the different phase center of GPS receiver antenna.The solving results are analyzed to draw that eccentric phase center of GPS receiver antenna has a greater impact on the solving results and the zenith total delay solved by the forecasting ephemeris and precise ephemeris data are almost same.Therefore,it is a useful significance for high-precision positioning and real-time weather forecast.


1) NEM produced remarkable inflammation in rats. The cause appears to be inhibition of SH radicles in tissues, while any loss in the effectiveness of NEM can be attributed to a binding with red cells. 2) Hyperglycemia induced by NEM appears to be due to enhanced sugar mobilization from the liver, inhibition of glucose uptake in muscles and increase in epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla.


Austin, Humphreys, and Hulin (1989), in their critique of Barrett, Caldwell, and Alexander (1985), disagree with most of the critical comments made about the concept of dynamic criteria. We contend that the burden of proof still rests upon the advocate of a concept. Adequate evidence has not been presented to support the dynamic criteria concept, and Austin et al. (1989) add no new evidence. Austin et al. (1989) claim dynamic criteria can be described as a simplex with correlations decreasing over time. The empirical support for the simplex is based on a few studies with no statistical tests. Evidence from educational, organizational, and experimental psychology is reviewed, and much of it refutes the concept of a pervasive simplex pattern. There is considerable evidence that validity coefficients are stable or may even increase over time. More evidence is required before the Ghiselli and Haire (1960) and Austin et al. (1989) concept of dynamic criteria can be accepted.


We present a simple model to estimate the subsidy cost embedded in a global feed-in tariff (GFIT) to simultaneously stimulate electrification and the take-up of renewable energy sources for electricity generation in developing countries. The GFIT would subsidize developing countries for investments they make in generation capacity for renewable electricity up to a threshold level of electricity consumption per capita. Between 2010 and 2025, countries below this threshold strive to bridge the gap by 2025, when subsidies—based on the difference between the costs of renewable technologies and conventional energy sources—end.


—Secondary Spectrum Access based on Interference Temperature is one of the options under Dynamic Spectrum Access which opens up licensed bands for spectrum efficiency. Optimizing this technique holds opportunity for many underutilized licensed bands. Most of the implementation so far deploys the unlicensed user with an independently located cell sites and this approach leads to dead zones or non-uniformities in the cell coverage and capacity. In this work, we investigate an appropriate location of the unlicensed user transmitter that eliminate the dead zones or non-uniformities and together with appropriate technique to reduce the interference level and enhance both coverage and capacity. Estimation of received signal levels at given location from transmitter is performed using the generalized signal propagation model. GSM 900 downlink channels is used for simulation to illustrate the principle. The results show that co-locating the unlicensed transmitter with the primary user is the appropriate location in secondary spectrum access based on interference temperature to eliminate coverage dead zones, and additionally, using spread spectrum reduces the interference and enhances coverage and capacity.


In order to highlight the advantage of P2P and Web services,based on the core protocols of JXTA platform and Web services architecture,the publishing model of Web services in P2P network was established.This model packed the SOAP message of Web services,and implement the request and publish of Web services in P2P network and their collaboration by means of pipes,advertisements and other JXTA protocols.This research achieve the integration of P2P and the Web Services to a certain extent,and publish the Web Services on peers of P2P network via secondary development on JXTA protocol.


Estimating the motion of objects in depth is important for behavior, and is strongly supported by binocular visual cues. To understand how the brain should estimate motion in depth, we develop image-computable ideal observer models from naturalistic binocular video clips of two 3D motion tasks. The observers spatio-temporally filter the videos, and non-linearly decode 3D motion from the filter responses. The optimal filters and decoder are dictated by the task-relevant statistics, and are specific to each task. Multiple findings emerge. First, two distinct filter types are spontaneously learned for each task. For 3D speed estimation, filters emerge for processing either changing disparities over time (CDOT) or interocular velocity differences (IOVD), cues used by humans. For 3D direction estimation, filters emerge for discriminating either left-right or towards-away motion. Second, the covariance of the filter responses carries the information about the task-relevant latent variable and the filter responses, conditioned on the latent variable, are well-described as jointly Gaussian. Quadratic combination is thus necessary for optimal decoding. Finally, the ideal observer yields non-obvious, counter-intuitive patterns of performance like those exhibited by humans. Important characteristics of human 3D motion processing and estimation may therefore result from optimal information processing in the early visual system.


The gas chromatography fingerprint maps of eight kinds of Maotai-flavor liquor products were studied. The results showed that there were 25 community peaks and 16 non-community peaks in the liquor.The overlapping coefficient from eight kinds of Maotai-flavor liquor samples showed 75 % compositions in the liquor were similar.


In order to examine the applicability of ground‐shaking mapping techniques to a near‐field earthquake, a peak ground velocity map of the 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu, Japan earthquake computed from seismic zoning methods that consider the effects of geological conditions is compared with the actual observed intensity map. When computing the ground‐shaking map, the site amplification at each site is calculated in terms of the average shear‐wave velocity of the ground estimated from the corresponding geomorphological conditions. This map shows a relatively good agreement with the observed intensity map. However, the computations provide smaller values for certain disastrous areas of the earthquake, where the effects on ground motion of a deep, irregular underground structure have been reported. The effect of such structures on site response is examined implementing 2D FEM analyses, thereby being also incorporated into the method. Results considering the effect of the irregular underground structure show better agreement with the observed intensity map. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract : The Annual EUBS Meeting 2016 was held in Geneva, Switzerland, from September 13-16, 2016.EUBS Meetings provide both an opportunity for young researchers to present their work, as well as a forum for discussion,expansion of research projects, consolidation and initiation of collaborative science projects.


ABSTRACT Evidence indicates that old approaches to and paradigms of multiculturalism and multicultural education are struggling to meet the emerging needs of society. In response and drawing on international research, this essay presents two examples that seek to change how we do multiculturalism in order to build a collective multicultural consciousness in societies and in schools. The first example shows how social media is being used to end on-line, racist hatred by destroying the financial returns it generates. The second example shows how young people, in line with international research, are calling for schools to be transformed into social havens of belonging that support diversity, equity and social inclusion. Building a collective multicultural consciousness will inevitably involve multiple strategies, but these two examples testify to the growing momentum for educators and policy leaders to engage with the important conversations that are reframing contemporary multiculturalism and multicultural education policy and practice.


Summary For deep-water Gulf of Mexico, accurate salt geometry is critical for subsalt imaging. This requires the definition of both external and internal salt geometries. In recent years, external salt geometry has been improved due to advances in wide azimuth acquisition, long-offset recording, velocity model building, and migration algorithms. In this paper we present the results of dirty salt inversion using TTI RTM technology based on DIT scans. Approximately 42 OCS blocks of the Freedom survey located in the Mississippi Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico were imaged. The study area was previously imaged with VTI Kirchhoff and RTM technology using a constant salt velocity. Application of TTI DIT for dirty salt using a laterally heterogenous salt velocity has resulted in better base of salt definition and improved subsalt images. Results indicate that intra-salt velocity is slower than salt velocity.


Purpose: This study was to identify the influence of internal marketing factors on organizational citizenship behavior of nurses based on the mediate variable of job satisfaction. Method: Structured questionnaires were used with a convenience sample of 267 subjects working at 2 hospitals which have more than 500beds. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression. Result: Empowerment(= .395) and compensation(= -.232) among the internal marketing factors had significant influences on organizational citizenship behaviors. However, job satisfaction(= .266) showed a mediate variable between compensation and organizational citizenship behaviors. Conclusion: This result indicates that empowerment and job satisfaction are important factors in predicting organizational citizenship behavior of nurses in hospitals. Thus it would be necessary to include this two factors in inhencing production of a nursing unit.


Results from ab initio SCF calculations with a 3-21G and double-ξ plus polarization (DZP) basis set on six low-energy conformations of N-acetylglycylglycine N'-methylamide (diglycine diamide) are reported. In addition, MP2 energies for DZP-optimized geometries are also given. The lowest energy conformation found at the DZP level is a type II β-turn with dihedral angles close to the reported «ideal» values. This contrasts with the 3-21G results which yield a conformation with two C 7 -turns as the lowest energy structure. The geometric differences between the 3-21G- and the DZP-minimized conformers are very small except for the type II β-turn conformer


In this paper,some conversations in The Great Gatsby will be examined with an approach of the co-operative principles of conversational implication in order to appreciate Fitzgerald's perfect art in characterization.


Objective To observe distribution characteristic of Cxcl15 gene in mouse. Methods The Northern blotting was applied to analyze the distribution characteristic of Cxcl15 gene in mouse tissue and In situ hybridization for the distribution characteristic of Cxcl15 gene in the mouse lung. Results Cxcl15 gene mainly expressed in cytoplasma of bronchial epithelium in the mouse lung and maybe have two different isoforms. Conclusion The expression of Cxcl15 gene was of tissue specificity.


NOTICE When Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely Government-related procurement, the United States Government incurs no responsibility or any obligation whatsoever. The fact that the government may have formulated or in any way supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data, is not to be regarded by implication, or otherwise in any manner construed, as licensing the holder, or any other person or corporation; or as conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto. This report is releasable to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). At NTIS, it will be available to the general public, including foreign nations. This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication. If your address has changed, if you wish to be removed from our mailing list, or if the addressee is no longer employed by your organization please notify fmljT, WPAFB, OH 45433-6533 to help us maintain a current mailing list. Copies of this report should not be returned unless return is required by security considerations, contractual obligations, or notice on a specific document. I 'tl j A .r1 1. q.a the , l .td niaintainrn-j the data needed, and Eom etl nq ind revie'Ainq the


The invention discloses a greenstick cutting root-growing method of blueberry in the asexual propagation technical domain, which is characterized by the following: selecting fitful root-growing substrate; adding fitful root-growing regulating liquid; controlling preferential root-growing environment; establishing high-effective root-growing system of blueberry; realizing root-growing rate of the greenstick base; simplifying the operation with rapid growth; improving the breeding efficiency obviously.


Summary form only given. The evolution of spot size of an intense laser beam in cold, underdense, axially magnetized plasma has been investigated. The external static magnetic field is along the direction of radiation laser field propagation. Non-linear current density is derived up to the third order of perturbation taking into account the Faraday rotation effect in zero order approximation. The evolution of the spot size for a gussian beam profile determined making used of the variational principle approach method. It is shown that like to the transversally magnetized plasma1, in the case of axial magnetization, the self focusing property enhanced compared to the non-magnetized plasma case. In our investigation self focusing property is enhanced by transverse magnetic field stronger than the axial case.


This paper describes low‐power system‐on‐glass (SOG) driver circuit technologies for mobile‐phone LCDs. A parallel digital‐data‐driver architecture, a low‐power 6‐bit DAC architecture based on an R‐DAC with pre‐charge buffer, and a highly efficient DC/DC converter architecture can provide a low‐power (5 mW) QCIF+ SOG‐LCD. A 510‐Kbit SOG‐DRAM for frame‐memory‐integrated LCDs is also introduced as next‐generation SOG‐LCD technology. These driver circuit technologies will drive mobile SOG‐LCD market growth.


INTRODUCTION
Trimethoprim is structurally similar to potassium-sparing diuretics and may induce hyperkalaemia. The prevalence and the factors that predispose to trimethoprim-associated hyperkalaemia have never been extensively addressed.

METHODS
A literature search with no date or language limits was carried out using the National Library of Medicine, Embase and Web of Science in March and repeated during August 2021. The principles underlying the Economic and Social Research Council guidance on the conduct of synthesis and the PRISMA guidelines were employed. For the analysis, we retained reports including ≥10 subjects on treatment with trimethoprim, which addressed the possible occurrence of hyperkalaemia.

RESULTS
Eighteen reports were retained for the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of potassium value >5.0 mmol/L, >5.5 mmol/L and >6.0 mmol/L or symptomatic, was, respectively, 22%, 10% and 0.2%. The analysis disclosed that the risk of trimethoprim-associated hyperkalaemia is dose-related and enhanced by drugs with known hyperkalaemic potential including potassium-sparing diuretics, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, β-blockers and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Poor kidney function also increased the tendency towards hyperkalaemia. The time to onset of hyperkalaemia was generally 1 week or less after starting trimethoprim.

CONCLUSIONS
The present analysis documents the hyperkalaemic potential of trimethoprim, a widely prescribed drug that was introduced more than 50 years ago. Clinicians must recognize patients at risk of trimethoprim-associated hyperkalaemia.


A new beta regression model for recovery rates is proposed and implemented on a sample of 3,827 defaulted debts obtained from Moody's Ultimate Recovery Database. This model is constructed by rst extending the support of the beta distribution and then censoring the part below 0 (and above 1) to create point mass for the recovery rate of 0 (and 1). The empirical results clearly show that debt attributes known from the issuance time and industry distress level at the time of default are both signicant in predicting recovery rate. Bi-modality typically observed in recovery rate data makes it particularly important to account for available information in predicting recovery rate, and thus a straightforward use of an unconditional average recovery rate of, say 40%, can be quite misleading. A performance study based on an analysis of 20 randomly selected pairs of in-sample and out-of-sample datasets of equal size shows that our proposed conditional recovery rate model outperforms four alternative models considered in this study.


IN the second part of this series, which catches up with past winners of the Vet Drug/Genusxpress 'student of the year' award, Julian Hoad, one of the winners in 1996, describes how his early years in practice proved to be a mixed experience, both professionally and personally. Meanwhile, on page 48, Wendy Harrison, a prize winner in 1997, describes how, from the word go, she set off to pursue some of the various options - in research as well as in practice - that a veterinary degree has to offer.


Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of left ventricle global function from multislice computed tomography (MSCT) axial images in comparison with short-axis reformation images. Methods: This study included 26 patients accepting both cardiac MSCT and cardiac cine MRⅠ. We evaluated MSCT axial image results and short-axis reformation image results using cine MRⅠ as the reference standard. The results were compared with pairing t test. Results: End-diastolic volume (EDV)and end-systolic volume (ESV) were significantly overestimated by axial images in comparison with short-axis reformation image (P=0.000 and P=0.000, respectively), while stroke volume(SV)and ejection fraction(EF)were not significantly different(P=0.127 and P=0.053, respectively). Conclusion: Evaluation of left ventricle global function from MSCT axial images is feasible and time efficient.


Despite widespread theoretical interest in genetic conflict between parents and offspring, there is little empirical evidence that it exists in nature. Theoretical models suggest two outcomes of conflict not predicted by alternate theories: (1) offspring that control the allocation of parental investment might show escalated demand behaviours (e.g., begging) and demand more resources than they could efficiently use and (2) parents might evolve behavioural counterstrategies which prevented offspring from obtaining extra resources, but which were more costly than a "laissez-faire" parental strategy allowing offspring control. These predictions were tested in budgerigars, (Melopsittacus undulatus) in large flight cages at Davis, California. Budgerigar clutches hatch extremely asynchronously, yet all nestlings grew at similar rates and fledged at similar sizes and ages. This independence of hatch order and performance seemed due primarily to the mother budgerigar's allofeeding strategy: females allofed offspring mainly on the basis of size, and only secondarily attended to begging rate. Offspring of a given age and size were treated the same by their mothers regardless of hatch order, and offspring undersized for their age were fed as if they were younger. In contrast, male budgerigars attended to offspring begging rates. Males tended to initiate feeding bouts when offspring begged, and to allofeed vigorous beggers more often. Variance in male allofeeding behaviour allowed comparisons of size-matched families in which females performed nearly all of the allofeeds to nestlings (= female-fed families) with families in which males and females both allofed nestlings (= male-aided families). The parent controlled the allocation of food in female-fed families, while offspring had greater control over food allocation in male-fed families. As was predicted by conflict theory, the female counterstrategy was effective but potentially costly: the food delivery rate of females was only half as fast as males'. Conversely, offspring control resulted in an escalation of beg rate for the same degree of need (as measured by size and growth), and male-aided offspring obtained nearly three times more regurgitations than female-fed nestlings, yet grew at comparable rates and fledged at comparable sizes and ages. Hence, offspring demanded and obtained more food than they could effectively use. Other avian parents also seem to use effective but potentially costly counterstrategies, and other avian offspring may demand more food than they require. Even if initial hatch asynchronies functioned in brood reduction, the parental strategies described here would allow parents to retain control over the timing and conditions for offspring loss.


The number of static human poses is limited, it is hard to retrieve the exact videos using one single pose as the clue. However, with a pose sequence or a dynamic gesture as the keyword, retrieving specific videos becomes more feasible. We propose a novel method for querying videos containing a designated sequence of human poses, whereas previous works only designate a single static pose. The proposed method takes continuous 3d human poses from keyword gesture video and video candidates, then converts each pose in individual frames into bone direction descriptors, which describe the direction of each natural connection in articulated pose. A temporal pyramid sliding window is then applied to find matches between designated gesture and video candidates, which ensures that same gestures with different duration can be matched.


This paper introduces the theoretical and experimental teaching methods of optical fiber communication eye diagram,and points out that the combination of the theoretical and experimental teaching methods can make the students understand deeply and master firmly the formation principle of eye diagram,the optical fiber communication system performance information provided by eye diagram and the measurement of it.


SUMMARY: MRA is emerging as an alternative to conventional catheter based angiography for the assessment of aneurysms after endovascular treatment. Short TE and contrast enhanced MRA techniques can be applied to optimize image quality. We review the available data regarding the application of MR for the assessment of cerebral aneurysms after endovascular therapy.


Many developing countries have made progress in political openness and economic management but lag in terms of attracting private sector investments, at least outside of narrow resource-based enclaves. These countries may have recognized potential but have not yet established the reputation needed to sustain investment through the inevitable political and policy shocks that take place in most countries. The concerns that deter investors are many but can be broadly classified into high costs that that prevent global competitiveness and high actual or perceived risks. Political and credit risk guarantees are often used to encourage investors but they cover only a narrow range of risks and are often issued on a deal-by-deal basis. This paper explores the possibility of expanding the range of guarantee instruments to encompass a wider range of risks and to integrate guarantees more centrally into the reform and investment programs supported by donors. The proposed approach is to offer firms Service Performance Guarantees (SPGs) -- the opportunity to purchase insurance against a wider range of risks and through this to strengthen the accountability of both governments and development partners to their clients – in this case the firms. While it may not be practical to fully cover business losses, firms would receive highly visible payouts if service delivery standards fall short of those expected from the program.


Numerical simulation model of TDI CCD imaging is used to study the relationship between the speed stability of the scanning mirror and angle measurement accuracy in a TDI CCD measurement system. First,based on the physical process of TDI CCD push-broom imaging,a numerical simulation model is established to describe the whole process from optical image and scan mirror stability to digital images,and then gravity centre of image is calculated and the target angular coordinate is got; Monte Carlo method is used to complete a simulation experiment,and the statistical results could describe the relation between stability of the scanning mirror and measure accuracy. In the end,the speed stability of an engineering scanning mirror is substituted into the simulation module,and the simulation results show that the error increases by 5. 67 μrad,reached 1 /4 of pixel angular resolution. So in high-precision measurement,the comprehensive influence of the pixel angular resolution and the speed stability of the speed stability need to be considered. The appropriate speed stability of the scanning mirror showed be chosen to meet the requirement of pixel angular resolution.


'Delicious'/M9 planted in 1974 were unpruned or pruned on 3 July, 3 Aug., or 3 Sept. 1979, and at a comparable time in 1980. In the distal section, total length and dry weight of lateral shoots were greater on vertical than on horizontal limbs. Lateral shoot length and dry weight were decreased in the distal but not affected in the middle and proximal sections by pruning. Pruning and limb orientation had no effect on the distribution of dry weight in the limb sections. Time of pruning had no influence on the distribution of growth in the limb sections.


The book review is about Glanville Williams famous book on learning the law."THIS is not a textbook, and it is not a book that is likely to be prescribed in any examination syllabus. It is, I hope, a book that the law students will read voluntarily," writes Williams at the very beginning of the book and of course is being read by a large majority of law students globally, which is proved by the fact that it has gone through its 14th edition since its birth in 1945.


A new pyramidic-structure-based approach to moving object detection and tracking from image sequences is proposed. The approach uses a Gaussian low-pass filter to transform each frame in the image sequences into a multiresolution representation, or a pyramidic structure of the frame. At each level of the image pyramid, a correlative matching process is performed throughout a restricted area to detect and localize the moving object. The pyramidic structures of images used in current matching recurrence are formed in the previous recurrences, and the searching area is determined by the recurrence at the upper level. Theoretical analysis and experiment show that the proposed approach has raised the efficiency by 150 times or more as compared with a conventional matching method. Furthermore, the method for mapping the approach into a deliberately designed parallel processor structure named Elementary Pyramid is investigated for the purpose of speeding up the search performance further.<<ETX>>


Edith得了严重的心脏病,然而是什么使她战胜了疾病,青春永驻的呢?My aunt Edith was a widow(寡妇)of50,working as a secretary,when doctors discovered what was thought to be a very serious heartillness.Aunt Edith doesnt accept defeateasily.She began studying medical reports in the library and found an article in a magazine about a well-known heart doctor,Dr.Michael De Bakey,of Houston,Texas.He had saved the life ofsom eone with thesam e illness.The article said Dr.De Bakeys fees were very high;Aunt Edith couldnt possibly pay them.But could he...


Screwfix is the latest big name to open its doors in Towcester as South Northants continues to attract world class businesses to the District.


Although computer- assisted language learning (CALL) has played an important role in
language curriculums for Chinese schools and university over two decades, few researchers
shed lights on this technique from students' views. Based on theories of human agency, it is
essential to know people' attitudes and acceptances of the information technology (Rogers,
1983). Hence, this paper explores university students' attitudes on the widespread technique of
using computer-assisted language learning in the subject university in mainland China. Data
was collected by using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Current computer-related
behaviours were investigated by using questionnaire questions; while their attitudes towards
CALL in universities explored by adopting a semi-structured interview. On the one hand, the
results of the survey present that students do not use computers to assist their English learning.
However, on the other hand, students hold a positive attitude on applying CALL in English
classes in the interviews if efficient guidance is available. It may be inferred that more
accompanied trainings and workshops would be provided in mainland universities for
university students.


Kimchi refrigerator having a chamber, the chamber comprising an isolated pickle, which is located between the refrigerating and vegetable storage compartment can make kimchi fermentation at high ambient temperatures or lower. Kimchi chamber by direct refrigeration cycle can be used to store ready-made kimchi. Kimchi storage compartment to improve the efficiency of kimchi, the kimchi that can be stored for a longer period of time, while maintaining its authentic flavor.


of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy RELIABILITY-BASED STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE APPROXIMATIONS AND PROBABILISTIC SUFFICIENCY FACTOR By Xueyong Qu August 2004 Chair: Raphael T. Haftka Major Department: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Uncertainties exist practically everywhere from structural design to manufacturing, product life-time service, and maintenance. Uncertainties can be introduced by errors in modeling and simulation; by manufacturing imperfections (such as variability in material properties and structural geometric dimensions); and by variability in loading. Structural design by safety factors using nominal values without considering uncertainties may lead to designs that are either unsafe, or too conservative and thus not efficient. The focus of this dissertation is reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) of composite structures. Uncertainties are modeled by the probabilistic distributions of random variables. Structural reliability is evaluated in term of the probability of failure. RBDO minimizes cost such as structural weight subject to reliability constraints. Since engineering structures usually have multiple failure modes, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) was used to calculate the system probability of failure. Response surface (RS) approximation techniques were used to solve the difficulties associated with


Abstract
In this chapter, using a narrative approach, the author reflects on her experience traveling to rural Alaska to teach an undergraduate course to a group of Alaska Native students. She reflects, using five words, on her own upbringing, how she prepared for the experience, and her lessons learned, with the intention of helping other educators consider who they are, how they teach, and how they might help their Indigenous students succeed.


This poster, providing an overview of the Spectrum freight bogie, was presented at the Railway Engineers Forum (REF) Technical Seminar held at the Institution of Civil Engineers on the 15th June 2015.


The Plan EIA is a new direction in the field of EIA.Although Environmental Protection Law has been put into practice,there is no the material study in the course of working the plan to organize to process the Plan EIA,the Plan EIA procedure and the Plan EIA content framework.From the view of integrated decision linked environment with development,the pilot study about Plan EIA content framework has been given in the paper based on some material plan in practice.


I. Introduction In the northern coastal region of Brittany, in the neighbourhood of Trégastel and Ploumanac'h (PL XVIII), to the north of Lannion, a red, mainly porphyritic, granite is admirably exposed in shore and inland sections, and is remarkable for the number of xenoliths which it contains, of a kind usually referred to as basic segregations or basic patches. Especially clear evidence is available to prove that these inclusions have had their origin in hybrid rocks formed from an earlier intrusion of olivine-norite. In view of the similarity of the xenoliths to basic patches that occur in other granites where evidence of their manner of formation is not so clear, it has been thought desirable to place our observations upon record. The red granite of Trégastel and Ploumanac'h forms the outer and oldest member of a complex that consists of several distinct intrusions of granite and occupies the country between Ploumanac'h and Trébeurden, an area of some 40 square miles. It was regarded by Prof. C. Barrois (1903) as being of Devonian age since it has escaped the movements and foliation which have affected the older rocks with which it is in contact, but the more recent explanation of the Geological Survey map places its intrusion at the beginning of the Carboniferous. The Geological Survey map shows this granite-complex asconsisting of three granitic masses. A centrally situated 'granulite ' in the He Grande and neighbouring mainland; an outer 'granite porphyroïde rose ' at Ploumanac'h; and, between these two,


The structure and dynamics of several rare gas-halogen
van der Waals molecules have been studied in the six
laser-free jet expansion experiments which are described in
this thesis. High resolution (0.01 cm^(-1)) spectra were
obtained for one B ← X transition of both NeBr_2 and NeCl_2,
in order to determine the structure and lifetime of these
complexes in the ground and excited states. NeCl_2 was
studied extensively at moderate resolution (0.05 cm^(-1)) to
probe the potential energy surface and the correlation of
the van der Waals bond with the covalent bond. The
lifetime of metastable vibrationally excited NeBr_2 X(ν = 1)
was determined directly by measuring its concentration as a
function of distance from the source to the detection
region. A pump-probe technique was used to study ArCl_2 to
probe the structure and dynamics of the complex. Ar_nCl_2
(n = 1, 2, 3) was studied to test the validity of the
bond-bond additivity model of binding for the complex.
This set of experiments has provided a great deal of
information on the nature of the structure and dynamics of
the complexes.


We report the results of the systematic investigation into correlations between energetics and hexagonal stacking configurations for carbon, silicon, SiC, BN, AlN, GaN, and InN polytypes with sp ^3-bonded networks. The atomistic geometry, energetics, and electronic structure for these compounds with up to the periodic stacking length of L = 8 have been carefully calculated based on the density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). Using the Axial Next-Nearest-Neighbor Ising model extracted from the GGA calculations, we have also studied the energetics for more than 6 million kinds of nonequivalent stacking polytypes with up to L = 30, whose configurations have been deduced by the efficient polytype generation algorithm [E. Estevez-Rams and J. Martinez-Mojicar, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Crystallogr . 64 , 529 (2008)], and illustrated some trends of structural and energetic properties for these compounds.


2 List of contents 3 List of tables 10 List of figure 12 Dedication 15 Acknowledgements 16 Collaborations and roles 18 Author's declaration 19 Chapter 1 – Introduction 20 1.1 What is Parkinson's disease? 22 1.2 Cognitive impairment and Parkinson's disease 23 1.3 What is reach and grasp? 25 1.4 How is reach and grasp analysed? 26 1.5 The anatomy of the reach and grasp circuits 27 1.5.1 Specialised neural networks 27 1.5.2 Anatomy of the frontal premotor cortex 29 1.5.3 Anatomy of the posterior parietal cortex 30 1.5.4 Parieto-frontal networks 31 1.6 The reach and grasp pathways 32 1.7 The visuomotor channel hypothesis 34 1.8 The perception-action model of the visual system 35 1.9 Summary of the cortical control of reach and grasp pathways and the visuomotor channel hypothesis 38 1.10 Aims and objectives 39 Chapter 2 – Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease 41 2.1 Diagnosis 43 2.1.1 Diagnosing Parkinson's disease – Mild cognitive impairment 43 2.1.2 Diagnosing Parkinson's disease dementia 48 2.1.3 Summary 52 2.2 Epidemiology 53 2.2.1 Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease – mild cognitive impairment 53 2.2.2 Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease dementia 54 2.2.3 Summary 55 2.3. Risk factors for the development of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease 56


T he annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB) was held in San Francisco, CA, on January 3–7, 2013. Several scientists gathered for this post-New Year's celebration to present their work on a diverse range of subjects from climate change to sexual selection and locomotion. Here we report on the presentations likely to be of interest to researchers in primate biology.


Cu-W alloy thin films with W content of 1.51%~14.20% were deposited by magnetron co-sputtering.The composition,structure,properties of Cu-W thin films were investigated by EDX,XRD,SEM,microhardness instrument and resistivity meter.The results show that W addition leads to grain refinement significantly,and the grain size reduces with the W content increasing.Cu-W thin films possess fcc Cu(W) non-equilibrium metastable supersaturated solid solution,the W solubility increases with the incremental W concentration,and the maximum W solubility is 10.65%.Comparison with pure Cu films,it can be found that the microhardness and electrical resistivity of Cu-W thin films increase with the adding of W concentration in the films generally.After heat treatment at 200℃,400℃ and 650℃ for 1h,the grain sizes of the matrix phases of Cu-W films grow up,and the submicron W-rich se-cond-phase is observed at the grain boundary of Cu-W films.Both of the microhardness and electrical resistivity of Cu-W thin films decrease,and the reduction extent has positive correlation with annealing temperature.It is considered that the formation and evolution of the microstructure and the properties of Cu-W thin films can be mainly attributed to the grain refining effect of W addition as well as the growth of matrix grain sizes in annealing process,respectively.


Background Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a promising noninvasive therapy to restore the excitability of the cortex, and subsequently improve the function of the upper extremities. Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of iTBS in restoring upper limb function and modulating cortical excitability. We aimed to evaluate the effects of iTBS on upper limb motor recovery after stroke. Objective The purpose of this article is to evaluate the influence of intermittent theta-burst stimulation on upper limb motor recovery and improve the quality of life. Method A literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CBM, including only English studies, to identify studies that investigated the effects of iTBS on upper limb recovery, compared with sham iTBS used in control groups. Effect size was reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) or weighted mean difference (WMD). Results Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that when compared to the control group, the iTBS group had a significant difference in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) (WMD: 3.20, 95% CI: 1.42 to 4.97; WMD: 3.72, 95% CI: 2.13 to 5.30, respectively). In addition, there was also a significant improvement in the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) compared to the sham group (WMD: −0.56; 95% CI: −0.85 to −0.28). More evidence is still needed to confirm the effect of Barthel Index (BI) scores after interventions. However, no significant effect was found for the assessment of Motor Evoked Potential (MEP) amplitude and MEP latency (SMD: 0.35; 95% CI: −0.21 to 0.90; SMD: 0.35, 95% CI: −0.18 to 0.87; SMD: 0.03, 95% CI: −0.49 to 0.55; respectively). Conclusion Our results showed that iTBS significantly improved motor impairment, functional activities, and reduced muscle tone of upper limbs, thereby increasing the ability to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADL) in stroke patients, while there were no significant differences in MEPs. In conclusion, iTBS is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation as an adjunct to therapy and enhances the therapeutic effect of conventional physical therapy. In the future, more randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes, high quality, and follow-up are necessary to explore the neurophysiological effects. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023392739.


WANG Li's essay creation comes close to reality very much,but he positions his writings in soft article with tears and blood.Namely,he didn't take his writings categorically,but rather kept rhetoric strategy with implicit satirizing,which renders his writings looked like "there are all rubbish in pages",however "there are a scaldingteass" in his writings.At the same time,as a scholar he paid more attention to the role of intellectuals' rescuing world,showed his anti-Japanese enthusiasm with "concern the country even in the low social status" in the writings,all these are more attractive than ever to everyone.His language filled with classical chinese,colloquialism and written,spoken,all essays sparkled with wit and humor,epitaphs were grace,and style were special.


Physical controls on the diversity and distribution of river channel habitats. Joanna Lynn Kemp. Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH This study investigated the relationship between in-channel physical conditions and the diversity and distribution of macroinvertebrate habitats, known as 'functional habitats'. The Welland, Nene, Ouse and Deben catchments, in the English lowlands, were studied during the summer months of 1995 and 1996. The physical conditions, in terms of depth, velocity and Froude number, associated with each of the functional habitats were identified. The relationship between functional habitat diversity and the in-stream physical environment was examined at two levels: the cross-section and the 50 m reach. Habitat diversity in a cross-section was highest in 'riffle-like' as opposed to 'pool-like' conditions. Cross sections with a high coefficient of Froude number variation were also associated with high habitat diversity. No strong seasonal trends were observed, from early to late summer, in either physical variables, functional habitat diversity or habitat abundance (except for a small change in velocity). Habitat diversity in a reach was highest when the river was found to have a 'natural' channel width and was reduced if the river deviated greatly from its 'natural' (predicted) width. Two types of physical channel degradation lead to the river being wider that predicted. These were 'over widening' and 'ponding'. Sites with these conditions contained a characteristic functional habitat frequency; over-widened reaches were dominated by 'silt' and 'emergent macrophytes' while ponded reaches were dominated by 'floating-leaved macrophytes' and 'macroalgae' Functional habitat diversity was positively related to spatial heterogeneity at the reach scale. It was highest where 65 % of the reach was less than 40 cm deep, and lowest when the reach was uniformly shallow or deep.


The current study examined the relationship between specific techniques for developing social support (i.e., Person Centered Planning) and job related outcomes among 110 individuals with psychiatric disabilities receiving Supported Employment (SE) services in a northeastern state. Seven SE programs participated. All individuals receiving SE services from any of the seven SE programs were eligible to enroll in the study. Participant data were collected on demographics, psychiatric history, work history, and social support over a period of two years. Data on the use of Person Center Planning practices were collected from SE staff every three months for the first 12 months of the study. This information was recorded in the Quality Indicators Survey, an instrument developed for this study. A positive relationship was found between total days employed and the number of non- paid supporters an individual reported having; a negative relationship existed between total days employed and number of paid supporters; and there was a positive correlation between total days employed and Person Centered Planning techniques used at nine and 12 months.


AMT (Automatic IP Multicast without explicit Tunnels) is a specification that has been developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force to address the lack of multicast communication among isolated multicast-enabled sites or hosts, attached to a network with no local multicast support. AMT is designed to provide a mechanism for a migration path to a fully multicast-enabled backbone in the future. As part of a larger project using AMT to extend the reach of multicast sessions, we have performed formal validation of the three-way handshake process between an AMT gateway and its coupled AMT relay by modeling it using the AVISPA tools (Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications). We have identified two security problems where an intruder can impersonate an AMT Relay or an AMT Gateway. Furthermore, an intruder can make use of this impersonation to disconnect valid sessions of other legitimate participants.


Child emotional abuse is severe and persistent ill-treatment of a child and it can have long lasting and devastating effects on the child's emotional health and psyche and development. Child emotional abuse needs to be addressed in relation to the relationships and the environment of a child. It is very important to focus on the safety and well being of the child and also to identify the factors involved in child emotional abuse. Child emotional abuse can affect a child from infancy, through adolescence and into adulthood. Signs of emotional abuse may also be present in a child's actions, or their physical, mental and emotional development. In the light of the above, in this paper, an attempt is made to analyze the concept of child emotional abuse; various types of emotional abuse in relation to children; and the causes, effects and identification of child emotional abuse. Further, an attempt is also made to suggest certain solutions to deal with child emotional abuse.


The effects of the structural parameters of the photonic crystal (PC) placed between glass and indium tin oxide (ITC) for an efficient organic light-emitting diode (OLED) design is studied. It is shown that the light extraction efficiency of OLEDs varies with the PC height and period. The maximum relative extraction efficiency (EEr) value is obtained at 0.4 μm PC height and 0.36 μm period.


people. The guidance also provides answers to frequently asked questions related to the establishment of these programs. Many financial institutions already collaborate with schools to establish programs that allow students in elementary, middle and high school to open and manage savings accounts and to learn good savings habits early. Research indicates that school-based youth savings programs—when combined with financial education—can be effective in helping students to improve their long-term financial and education prospects. The guidance does not create any new regulatory policy or establish new industry expectations. This effort is consistent with the "Starting Early for Financial Success" focus of the Financial Literacy and Education Commission (FLEC). Congress created FLEC in 2003 to improve financial capability and education in the United States. The financial institution regulatory agencies are members of FLEC.


We realized the national standard of the candela, one of the SI units, by using two photometers with the spectral responsivity measured in reference to the absolute cryogenic radiometer. The external apertures of the photometers were fabricated using a diamond turning machine, and measured in terms of area with uncertainty of 0.05 %(k


Diameter increments, heights, and bark thicknesses are compared for trees of Eucalyptus regnans, E. obliqua, intermediates between these two species, and E. globulus occurring naturally in 13 mixed-species stands of even-aged tall-open forest aged 20-79 years in south-eastern Tasmania. E. regnans, E. obliqua, and intermediates did not differ consistently or substantially in growth rates in any of these parameters except that E. obliqua generally had thicker bark than E. regnans. E. globulus had higher diameter increments than the other species at about 20 years of age but lower increments after about 40 years of age. Height or bark thickness of E. globulus did not differ consistently from the other species at any age except that its bark was thinner than that of E. obliqua. It is concluded that E. globulus might be favoured for short rotations because of its higher diameter increments at younger ages and the other species might be favoured for longer rotations. There seemed to be no silvicultural reason to favour any one of E. regnans, E. obliqua, or intermediates over the others when these species are growing naturally in mixture.


The construction of a temperament questionnaire for early adult life is described, utilizing the nine categories of the New York Longitudinal Study. A correlation matrix of the nine categories, as generated from the 140 item questionnaire, and a factor analysis are reported, and the significance of the factor is discussed. The questionnaire was administered to 70 young adult subjects of the NYLS, and independent temperament ratings were also obtained by interviews with the same subject. The correlations between the interview and questionnaire ratings are reported, and their bearing on the issue of validity is discussed.


Abstract : The United States has always had a defense industrial base. The base has expanded and decreased according to the requirements of the nation. One part of the industrial base is the Army depot maintenance system. After the Cold War ended, there was no longer a requirement for as large a defense budget. However, the Army has been forced to keep more depot maintenance infrastructure than it can afford. The current depot maintenance system has challenges to include decreasing workload and unneeded depot capacity. Statute and congressional interest protect it. The Army needs dollars to modernize its' equipment. It has attempted to fund modernization through dollars saved by various management initiatives such as the Revolution in Military Logistics and Acquisition Reform. One major management initiative is competitive sourcing and privatization. This paper examines ways to change the current depot system to make it responsive to the warfighter, and more cost effective in order to free up dollars for modernization.


Other contributions included in NLET treat simultaneous interpretation, cinema, the discipline of comparative literature, the political role of the intellectual in society, Don DeLillo's The Names, Genji monogatari, grief/ grievance in the work of Maryse Condé, and Milorad Pavic's The Dictionary of the Khazars. Several of these essays relate only tangentially to the anthology's declared spheres of inquiry, but as a whole the texts assembled in this volume offer impressive breadth and scope as well a variety of arguments adumbrating the "intertextual transnational as a species of literary hybridity" and the ethics of approaching a neighbor. Bermann and Wood have made a valuable contribution to the field of translation studies with their anthology, which is certain to be one of the most widely read books on the subject this decade. In closing, a word on the anthology's copyediting. Typographical errors abound throughout the volume (even in prominent locations like the first sentence of Spivak's essay); there is no unified format for endnotes and the use of Works Cited or Bibliography pages (with the occasional snafu, such as the first six endnotes of Henry Staten's essay, which lack bibliographical referents); and certain pages appear not to have been proofread at all (resulting in sentences like this one from Jonathan E. Abel's essay: "Naoki Sakai's fixation on heterogeneity of language echoes Bellos's claim that translation is never impossible, but possible within language may be revised" [148]). A book of such quality ought to have been overseen with greater care.


The invention provides an audio data transmitting method, receiving method and device. The audio data transmitting method includes the steps: broadcasting explorer frames by a wireless sound source device; receiving response frames returned by at least two wireless sound devices, transmitting second end information to at least two wireless sound devices to indicate the wireless sound devices to receive audio data transmitted by a second port after the wireless sound source device is connected with the wireless sound devices by the aid of wifi (wireless fidelity) based on a first port; transmitting the audio data to the wireless sound devices through the second port. The explorer frames carry first field information and first port information, the first field information indicates that a device is the wireless sound source device, the first port information is used for performing wifi connection with the wireless sound devices, and the response frames carry second field information indicating that the device is a wireless sound device. The audio data transmitting method can meet the requirement that one wireless sound source device is wirelessly connected with at least two wireless sound devices and the audio data are transmitted.


PD-1 functions on T follicular helper cells to dictate localization within lymph node germinal centers. PD-1 functions on T follicular helper cells to dictate localization within lymph node germinal centers.


Abstract Lactobacilli commonly occur in natural cheese because they are used as a starter culture (e.g., Swiss cheese) or enter milk and, thus, cheese as postpasteurization (or heat treatment) contaminants (e.g., Cheddar cheese). Cell-wall-bound, intracellular, and extracellular proteinases occur in lactobacilli; those from some species of Lactobacillus preferentially hydrolyze α s1 -casein, whereas those from others prefer β-casein. Peptides released from casein by proteinases are subsequently hydrolyzed by peptidases inside cells of lactobacilli. The intracellular peptidases are a vital part of the mechanism by which lactobacilli make free amino acids that are precursors of some cheese flavor compounds. Aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase, and endopeptidase activities have been associated with lactobacilli. Although largely intracellular, membrane-associated peptidases have been noted. Intracellular lipases and esterases also occur in lactobacilli, but activity of these enzymes has been designated as "weak". Despite this, they probably contribute to flavor development in some varieties of cheese. Certain lactobacilli can cause defects such as formation of white crystals of calcium lactate on the surface of cheese or of biologically active amines that sometimes can cause illness in consumers.


This work was conducted to establish the relationship between microspore developmental stage and length of the floral bud in glasshouse-grown Sturt's desert pea, a native Australian legume. The stages of microspore development were segregated into tetrad, early-uninucleate, mid-uninucleate and late-uninucleate. The results showed that there was a strong relationship between microspore developmental stage and floral bud length. The tetrad stage lasted longer than early-, mid- or late-uninucleate stages. The attempted induction of androgenesis in Sturt's desert pea using anthers from floral buds with similar size, as in the present work, was unsuccessful. This indicated that other factors, such as medium composition, plant hormones, pre-treatment and environmental conditions, also need to be optimised in addition to appropriate microspore developmental stage.


Objective To study the relationship between extracranial carotid arerial stenosis and OCSP typing of acute cerebral infarction. Methods 188 patients with acute cerebral infarction were classified into TACI, PACI, POCI and LACI subtype by OCSP criteria. The lumen diameter, intima-media thickness, plaque, severity of ar-terystenosis of extraeranial carotid arteries in patients with acute cerebral infarction was studied by using HDI-5000 color Doppler ultrasound. Resnlts The prevalence of extracranial carotid arterial stenosis was higher in patients with TACI, POCI subtype than in patients with LACI subtype (X2 = 4.87, P < 0.05 ; X2 = 4.58, P < 0.05). The severity of extracranial carotid arterial stenosis were more prominent in patients with TACI,POCI subtype than in patients with LACI subtype(X2 =7.59,P <0.01 ;X2 =6. 96,P <0.01). Conclusion Extraeranial carotid arterial stenosis and its severity are related to TACI, POCI subtype of OCSP criteria in patients with acute cerebral infarction.

Key words:
Cerebral infarction;  Carotid artery stenosis;  OCSP typing


This paper is divided into two sections. First section deals with the importance of opium economy with reflection of conflicts between indigenous traders and British authorities over Malwa opium. In this section, British monopoly over opium crops will also be highlighted. The second section focuses on British purposes to annex Sindh. In this section, the importance of Sindh with regard to opium trade will be dealt.