Purpose This study aimed to investigate the expression of inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) and its ligand (ICOSLG), along with their association with clinicopathological features and influence on the immune profile in colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients and Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas Colorectal Adenocarcinoma cohorts were used. We also analyzed 131 clinical samples of colon lesions, including precancerous lesions (hyperplastic polyps, low-grade dysplasia, and high-grade dysplasia) and CRC tissues. We conducted immunohistochemical (IHC) assays and multiple IHC (mIHC) of CD4+, Foxp3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints in precancerous lesions and CRC samples from our patient subsets to determine changes and correlations in ICOS and ICOSLG expression during progression through the adenoma–carcinoma pathway. Results High expression of ICOS and ICOSLG was a significant factor in CRC in multiple analyses and was positively correlated with CD4+/Foxp3+ TIL density and PD-1/PD-L1 expression, which increased with the sequential progression of lesions from precancerous tissues to carcinoma. Multivariable logistic regression analysis suggested that the location and expression level of ICOS/ICOSLG may be involved in precancerous–carcinoma progression. The co-expression status of PD-1 and ICOS/ ICOSLG could stratify patients with colorectal lesions into three groups of low, moderate, and high risk of progression. According to this classification and mIHC assays, we found a strong correlation between increased PD-1+ICOS+ or PD-1+ICOSLG+ co-expression and CRC, which might be deemed an independent factor in carcinogenesis. Conclusion Increased ICOS/ICOSLG expression may be associated with the progressive formation of Foxp3+ TILs in the immune microenvironment and may further promote the development of the abnormal cytology of colorectal lesions from precancerous neoplasia to CRC. Our findings support the interpretation that enhanced co-expression of PD-1+ICOS+ or PD-1+ICOSLG+ contributes to the immune-active microenvironment of the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence.


Solid phase sintering is a very complex phenomenon. Theories describing sintering are unsatisfactory. Furthermore, their practical use leads to a series misunderstandings with consequent misleading conclusions. This work presents the structure of the traditional theory of single phase solid state sintering, makes an analysis of its limits and criticizes its use, proposing a way of approaching the sintering process


A simple and rapid spectropotometric method for the determination of metoclopramide-HCl(MCP) was described. The method is based on the oxidative coupling reaction of pyrocatecol (PC) with MCP using ammonium ceric sulphate (ACS) as oxidizing agent in acidic medium to form a water soluble product, that is stable and has a maximum absorption at 500 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range of 5-35 g.ml -1


Electronic technology has been widely used in all walks of life,"Electronic Circuits" vocational education has become a profes-sional foundation courses.Electronic technology course theoretical,technical,and application are very strong.However,students of vocational schools based on the prevalence of poor students,such as the phenomenon of weariness,of electronic professionals increasingly are not interested in classroom teaching.The combination of the characteristics of electronic technology courses,professional courses on teaching electronic content,methods of several aspects of the reform,and in order to implement the results prove the feasibility of its reform.


The basis for any mycological work is primarily to have the pure culture of the fungus. The majority of the basidiomycetous cultures have been obtained through isolation from the fruit bod y tissue but for some special cases the basidiospores, "f'hizomorphs, mycorrhizas, infected wood or other substrates have been imployed. However, pure cultures of all Basi diomycetes species have not been obtai ned so far. Many species , viz. from the genera Bole..tt.L.6, Ru...6.6ula., La.c.ta..JU.u.&, C.Woc.ybe., CoJL.ti.naJt..i.u6 and other simp I y do not grow under artificial conditions. Mycorrhizal fungi, when grow in pure culture , are generally very slow. The best organismus thus seems to be the wood inhabiting fungi, cul t ures of which are growing rather fast and many of the species even form fruit-bodies spontaneousl.y. Prosperity of the isolation Is affected by some external factors, such as the weather before and during the coll ection of fruit-bodies, the stage of fruit-bodies, the inte r val between collection and isolation , and the composition of cultivated medium . The isolation is competed by the identification of the obtained culture. Since no key to the cultures of Basidiomycetes exists so far, not onl y macroscopic and microscopic cha r acterization but also the comparative study with the existing strains in different collections is necessary.


Phyllodes tumour of breast is a rare fibro-epithelial tumour of the breast accounting for less than 1% of the tumours of breast. They are mostly found in females between 45-49 years of age; in contrast, invasive carcinomas of the breast are commonly seen a decade later. They are fast growing tumours with a median size of 4 cm and can grow upto 40 cm. They may be considered benign (58%), borderline (12%), or malignant (30%) depending on histological features of stromal cellularity, tumour infiltration at edge, and mitotic activity.  JMS 2018: 21 (2):125


In order to meet the needs of color scanning linear array CCD chip TCD2703D,this paper presents a driving plan for linear CCD based on CPLD,combines schematic and VHDL design language to design the driver,uses 74AHC04 device chip-driven enhancements to improve the current driving force.The is hardware designed to verify the drive.Experimental results show that the design effectively completed TCD2703D drive,and has the advantages of efficient development, being reprogrammable and modified.


During the Boundary 2001 sea trial, a number of long‐range reverberation measurements were made at a site on the Scotian Shelf between Halifax and Sable Island. The water depth was about 80 m over a sandy bottom. The sources were SUS charges dropped from either the NATO research vessel Alliance or the Canadian research vessel CFAV Quest. The receiver was the SACLANTCEN 254‐m towed array aboard Alliance. The data were analyzed in two array apertures and frequencies from 80 Hz to 1400 Hz. Model‐data comparisons were made using the Generic Sonar Model, with bottom parameters being extracted using both a manual procedure and an automated procedure. Direct measures of the scattering and bottom properties were made by other researchers, including Hines, Holland, and Osler. The bottom topography was fairly smooth near the site, but at long ranges there were numerous scattering features. The polar plots of the data, and model‐data differences, are compared with the bathymetric features in the area. [Work supported in part by ONR Code 32, Grant No. N00014‐97‐1‐1034.]


We demonstrate how we use traditional text book calculus problems to involve first year calculus students as consultants. Students are asked to solve a 'real world' problem after interviewing 'guest' client—a printer. Students go through the initial steps of interviewing client, extracting information, ascertaining the problem, formulating the problem, solving the problem, and writing up two 'solutions'—one is a step by step solution for the client and the second is a technical support document for the 'senior consultant'. This description can serve as a model for further student involvement with fresh approaches to applications of the calculus.


Delhi has always been a crucible of political disquiet, and the seat of manifold state and aesthetic desires to order, control and design the city. Even at this moment, we find ourselves before a ubiquitous impulse to change the appearance of the city through the Central Vista Project which proposes to cater to needs of increase in government office space. There are layers to the city and obvious enough, it is not monolithic. The vestiges and architectural remnants of subsequent ages narrate the relentless saga of power, domination and settlement. A historical analysis of the spatial structures reflects the reasons behind its physical organization. To talk about colonial designs within this very broad spectrum is but, only a brief moment in a longue duree of human settlement in this region. Yet, it is necessary to understand the spatial synchrony, for much of it is what we have inherited today and this is what shapes our experiences of this city even at present. Raghav Kishore's The (Un)governable City (2020), makes an intervention in this corpus of historical analysis with his impeccable research and endless forays into the archives. This is a welcome addition to studies in the field of urban development of Delhi, with Pilar Maria Guerrieri's Maps of Delhi (2017) being one precursor, which painstakingly curates maps of Delhi from the precolonial times, to the modern municipal Master Plans to contemporary digital mappings. Kishore unearths curious details from local sources and twines those with debates among colonial policy makers and personnel to highlight issues of political ideology, statecraft and governmentality. This volume juxtaposes notions of policing, control and accessibility with debates and discussions on sanitation, traffic, communication, railways and the building of military cantonments, which are significant if we think of the British rule in India as a garrison state, heavily dependent on the easy mobility of its military forces. The success of the control was conditional on the ability to gather up huge military forces to curb parallel sporadic outbursts at their very onset. The broadening of roads, regulation of quarters and delimiting encroachments and concerns over connectivity, were carefully thought out strategisations towards the goal of containment and territorialisation.


Viral vectors facilitate the delivery of genetic material to living cells for the potential treatment of multiple genetic diseases. With recent regulatory approvals, the rapid growth in demand for viral vector-based products highlights the need for proven, scalable manufacturing solutions that can fully meet this demand and ultimately increase the availability of viral vector-based treatments. Pall's Allegro TM STR stirred-tank bioreactor addresses the need for scalability, as it can be scaled up to 2000 L to enable the manufacture of viral vectors. In this article, we dis-cuss the key attributes of the Allegro STR bioreactor such as the design, scalability, agitation and sparging which make it ideal for viral vector manufacture at a larger scale. Also, we show process scalability under controlled key parameters from Allegro STR 50 L to 500 L based on cell growth, metabolic profile, and viral vector production.


A benzyltriphenylphosphonium salt, +Cl-,was synthesized.The composition and structure of as-synthesized product were analyzed by elemental analysis,infrared spectrometry,electrospray mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction.Moreover,the antimicrobial activity of the product was determined by double dilution method and compared with that of 2 and 2.Results show that as-synthesized product crystallizes in orthorhombic system and Pbca space group with cell parameters of a = 1.388 0(1) nm,b = 1.717 0(2) nm,c = 1.817 5(2) nm,α = β = γ = 90°,V = 4.131 3(7) nm3,Z = 8,Dc = 1.191 g/cm3,GOOF = 1.002,R1 = 0.038 4,and wR2 = 0.113 6.The unit cell of the compound contains + cation and Cl-anion,and the anion and cation are linked via C-H…Cl weak hydrogen bonds.Besides,the three kinds of benzyl triphenyl phosphonium salts have good antibacterial activities against colibacillus,staphylococcus aureus and salmonella.


SYNTHESIS 2004, No. 4, pp 0583–0589xx.xx.2004 Advanced online publication: 12.02.2004 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-815968; Art ID: Z16203SS.pdf © Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York Abstract: Microwave irradiation strongly accelerates the regioselective nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides by pyrimidine nucleobases. In the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), various bases were elaborated to determine the proper base in which it can activate N1 rather than N3 for alkylation. It was shown that MgO not only could serve as an eligible base, but also enhanced the selectivity and tendency of N1 for alkylation as compared with N3. The use of microwave irradiation provided dominant regioselective synthesis of N1-hydroxyalkylpyrimidines in moderate to good yields with a reaction time of less than 7 minutes.


In this paper, we analyze the collision resistance of the two smallest versions of Keccak which have a width of 200 and 400 bits respectively. We show that algebraic and linearization techniques can serve collision cryptanalysis by using some interesting properties of the linear part of the round function of Keccak. We present an attack on the Keccak versions that could be used in lightweight cryptography reduced to two rounds. For Keccak[40, 160] (resp. Keccak[72, 128] and Keccak[144, 256]) our attack has a computational complexity of 273 (resp. 252.5 and 2101.5) Keccak calls.


The current distribution on a rotating disk electrode, for the deposition of copper,was studied experimentally for comparison with the theoretical predictions reported earlier~l.3 Copper electrodes were used with copper sulfate and sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. The experimental results were found to be in good agreement with Newman's numerical results.


The invention discloses an information feedback method of a multipoint channel, which comprises the following steps: a network side is used for appointing N sets of channel state information (CSI) needing to be fed back for period CSI feedback and/or aperiodic CSI feedback of a terminal and configuring corresponding a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) for the CSI for CSI measurement; the terminal selects M sets of the CSI from the N sets of the CSI to feed back and notifies the selected CSI information to the network side; or the network side selects M' sets of the CSI from the N sets of the CSI and indicates the terminal to carry out the feedback for the M' sets of the CSI, wherein N is a natural number larger than 1, and M and M' are natural numbers which are lager than 0 but not larger than 1. The invention also correspondingly discloses an information feedback system and terminal of the multipoint channel. According to the invention, the feedback quantity is reduced, the instantaneity of the CSI is ensured, and the system performance is improved.


The present study provides improved safety and usability of the guide instrument and method using a guide. This navigation apparatus by the input means, a central processing unit, an output member, the positioning means, processing means, computing and retrieving means, memory components, according to the purpose, skill, type of the moving body, the data travel region, and the like, computed or retrieved unsuitable Travel and output per unit area represented. This guide instrument can prompt real intelligence from a variety of basic useful in cell form factors will travel out and avoid the above-mentioned units provide support to reach the destination.


Abstract does not appear. First page follows.
 Losses from obscure causes on certain California turkey ranges, where green feed is limited during much of the
 growing season, suggested the need for studies on vitamin-A deficiency in turkeys.
 The experiments reported herein were outlined to determine the possible relation of
 A-avitaminosis4 to turkey mortality and to obtain information concerning the effect on turkeys of
 various vitamin-A levels.
 A-avitaminosis in chickens has been fully described by Beach(1), Emmett and Peacock?(3), Seifried(10), Elvehjem and Neu(4), and many other investigators, so that the pathological changes in chickens are well
 established. Chicks were included in one experiment as a control on the methods used
 and as a basis for comparing A-avitaminosis in the two species.
 Scott and Hughes(9), using yellow corn as the source of vitamin A, showed that turkeys required more
 vitamin A than did chickens.
 This paper is concerned chiefly with the disease phases of the problem. Because published
 data on the vitamin-A requirements of turkeys are limited, the results on the comparative
 value of dehydrated alfalfa-leaf meal for turkeys and chickens are also included.
 Certain vitamin-A liver storage data collected in connection with the experiments
 have already been published by Guilbert and Hinshaw.(6)


This paper describes VCO designs based on varactor tuned architecture. The oscillators of FMCW generator have been designed in a 0.13μm SiGe BiCMOS technology, thus targeting automotive Radar and millimeter-wave applications. Their tuning ranges are 2.98 GHz. The VCO chip achieve low phase noise characteristics -102.68 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from the tunable frequency.


the help of Palestinian organizations and the Iraqi government. Later, relations with the Fada'ian and Mojahedin broke over disagreements in which the Star Group considered both organizations to have been taken over by Stalinists, leading to such acts as the execution of their "deviant" members. Third, the Star Group was the most internationalist of Iran's revolutionary organizations in term of ideology and the transnational scope of its activities. Aligning with the global New Left, it rejected both the Soviet and Chinese models of socialism, offered an independent anti-authoritarian leftist option to thousands of Iranian students in Europe and the U.S., and forged links to Palestinian guerrilla organizations and the governments of Iraq, Syria, and South Yemen. Members of the Star Group fought alongside Palestinians against Israel, participated in Lebanon's Civil War and defended Oman's revolutionary movement against the intervention of the Shah's army. Regrouped in the Communist Unity Organization, these independent Marxists actively opposed the Islamic Republic until they were crushed, along with all other dissidents, during the early 1980s.


Provincial differences in culture, language and development challenges mean that populations are looking for varied information that is suited to their local needs. Radio looks to be the best way to provide that information. More here. [1] Regional Focus


With regard to significance of Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) as a serious pest of fruit and vegetable in Pakistan, methyl eugenol, cue-lure and protein hydrolysate were used for monitoring the population and infestation of peach fruit fly in peach orchards in Tehsil Matta Swat, Pakistan. Pheromone traps were prepared from 2cc of methyl eugenol, cue-lure, and protein hydrolysate, with mixture of sugar and 2g poison linate. The peach fruit fly (PFF), B. zonata adults come in descending order as follows: methyl eugenol > cue-lure > protein hydrolysate. The prepared solutions of methyl eugenol and cue-lure attracted PFF male with significantly high numbers in comparison to female while protein hydrolysate highly attracted female as compared to male. The results indicate that male peach fruit fly is highly attractive to methyl eugenol and with the help of methyl pheromone trap we can easily reduce the population of adults peach fruit fly. The 2cc of lure and 2g of poison linate can attract the peach fruit fly, B. zonata from a distance of 1km and killed easily up to 15 days. This "attract and kill" system combining male lure and toxicant is the most effective in suppressing fruit fly males. Thus, results show that there is potential to use methyl eugenol in B. zonata male annihilation techniques (MAT).


Establishing computer code modified to apply to complicated shapes. Grids for computing flows in manifold of complicated shape generated by use of modified version of geometry module of LWIND computer code. Code adaptable to other computations of flows in different geometries.


Harrogate Homeless Hostel on Bower Street in Harrogate will receive £242,655 to adopt the 'No Second Night Out initiative', enabling the public to ...


The analysis of classroom teaching behavior is of great significance to improve the teaching quality of teachers, but there are few researches on teaching behavior and teaching model analysis based on speech processing. This paper proposes a method of speech separation between teachers and students based on speaker diarization, which can help educators distinguish the teaching model objectively by identifying and analyzing the speech acts of teachers and students in the classroom. Firstly, the speaker segmentation based on Bayesian distance is used to detect and segment the classroom audio. Then, based on the pre-trained speaker model, speaker detection and clustering are performed on multiple segments of speech processed by speaker segmentation. Finally, the speech acts distribution in the classroom is visualized, and the teaching model is distinguished based on the Student-Teacher analysis method. This paper uses classroom audio collected in the classrooms of two elementary schools as the experimental data. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper achieves 74.0% and 98.28% accuracy in speaker segmentation and speech recognition, respectively. And this experiment takes a Chinese open class as an example to analyze and discuss its teaching model in detail. The research can help teachers summarize classroom teaching effect in time, and improve the quality of classroom teaching.


Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi is one of the Kasepuhan that has long inhabited lived in the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS) and utilizes part of the TNGHS area to meet their basic needs by farming in the fields (huma) and in the rice fields. However, after the expansion of the TNGHS area, access to utilize the natural resources for agriculture cultivation activities has decreased. Moreover, by increasing the population with a growth rate of 0.95% need more agricultural cultivation in order to be able to supply adequate staple food. This is very influential in decreasing the quantity of food production to meet consumption needs. The purpose of this research is to plan the landscape for the preservation of Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi based on bioregion. A bioregion is a geographical area, the boundaries of which are not defined by the administrative or political system but are limited by cultural and natural features. The research stages consist of preparation, inventory, analysis, synthesis, and planning. The analysis was carried out to identify problems in each bioregion by looking at the balance of food needs (rice) and the existence of production land in huma and rice fields. Due to limited production land, it is necessary to optimize existing land resources. Synthesis is carried out by evaluating the potential and problems in each bioregion unit. The results of the evaluation are used as a direction for the concept of the landscape plan. The final result of this research is presented as a landscape plan map for the preservation of Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi.


Otosclerosis is a condition of stapes fixation caused by disordered bone resorption and formation, one form being the fallopian otosclerosis. The aim of this retrospective study is to present the preliminary results of a new surgical technique named stapedophacotomy. From January 2014 to December 2017, eighty-one subjects were included. The median air-bone gap improved from 31.3 dB preoperatively to 6.25 dB postoperatively at last follow-up (p<0.0100). These first results are very encouraging.


A discussion of the opportunities available to engineers in public affairs is presented. Specific suggestions are included for engineers interested in providing volunteer service in their local communities or in running for public office. Also, changes in engineering education to include material on the need for community involvement are recommended.


This paper presents a formalization using Object-Z of the State Machine package in the UML metamodel. In the specification, the abstract syntax and the static and dynamic semantics for each individual model construct in the package are grouped together and encapsulated within a single Object-Z class. For formalizing the dynamic semantics, a denotational semantics of the construct is first given ignoring detailed operational sequences. Based on this denotational semantics, an operational semantics is then defined in terms of (Object-Z) class operations and invariants constraining the operation sequences. The timed refinement calculus is used to define the operation sequences within Object-Z. With this approach, we provide not only a denotational semantics of the UML state machine but also an operational semantics consistent with the denotational semantics. This should enhance the precision of the UML state machine and also overcome the lack of modularity, extensibilit y and reusabilit y of the current UML semantic representation.


Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) combined to the Informant's Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the identification of mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Methods: 191 elderly subjects were assessed with the MMSE, and their informants with the IQCODE. Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their cognitive state (Controls: n=67, MCI: n=65 and Dementia: n=59), which was ascertained by clinical and neuropsy-chological evaluation. The diagnostic accuracy of each test in the discrimination of diagnostic groups (MCI vs. Controls, MCI vs. Dementia and Dementia vs. Controls) was examined with the aid of ROC curves. We additionally verified if the combination of both tests would in-crease diagnostic accuracy for MCI and Control identification.
Results: In the logistic regression analysis, the MMSE alone correctly classified 92.1% of patients with dementia. In the sub-sample of non-demented subjects, the MMSE, correctly, identified only 65.1% of the MCI patients. The combination of MMSE and the IQCODE scores did not increase the diagnostic accuracy in the identification of patients with MCI.
Conclusion: The present data do not warrant the combination of the MMSE and the IQCODE as a sufficient diagnostic tool in the diagnostic screening for MCI.
Keywords: Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, Functional scales, Cognitive tests, Diag-nosis.


This study aimed to test whether the clarity of the clarity of the budget
target, accounting controls and reporting systems significantly influence the
performance accountability of local government in Purbalingga either partially or
simultaneously. Samples were taken by purposive sampling with criteria structural
employee at DPPKAD and BAPPEDA in Purbalingga regency holding positions
as head of agency, department head, chief, section chief, section chief sub, head
sub-field, section heads and staff involved in preparing, using, and the budget
report or the executive budget of local government.
Having analyzed by multiple regression, the result is a clarity of the
budget target, accounting controls and reporting systems simultaneously
significant effect on the performance accountability of local government in
Purbalingga. Clarity of the budget target is partially significant effect on the
performance accountability of government agencies. Partially accounting controls
no significant effect on the performance accountability of government agencies.
Partially reporting system does not significant effect the performance
accountability of government agencies.


A finite element micromechanics approach was used to predict thermally induced stresses in fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites at temperatures typical of spacecraft operating environments. The influence of laminate orientation was investigated with a simple global/local formulation. Thermal stress calculations were used to predict probable damage initiation locations, and the results were compared to experimentally observed damage in several epoxy matrix composites. Multidirectional [O2/ ±θ]s laminates had larger predicted matrix stresses than unidirectional [0] laminates. The stresses in creased with increasing lamination angle θ, and resulted in large tensile radial stresses at the fiber/matrix interface, that were not present in unidirectional laminates. Thermally in duced matrix failure predictions, using a failure criterion based on the maximum radial in terfacial stress and the ultimate radial interfacial strength, were in excellent agreement with experimental data. This criterion was able to accurately account for the influence of both laminate configuration and constituent properties. Predictions based on the bulk matrix tensile strength or on lamina stresses (computed from laminated plate theory) and strengths were in poor agreement with experimental data.


The Nigerian economy has been in a recession since 1981. In 1986, after four years of economic stagnation and debate on foreign exchange policy, the government instituted an auction system for the determination of the exchange rate and foreign exchange allocation. This led to the defacto devaluation of the Nairi. Despite this, the issue of the relationship between devaluation, inflation and economic performance in the Nigerian economy is far from settled. This paper, using a macroeconomic model of the Nigerian economy, investigates the impact of devaluation on the price level, inflation and relative price movements. This is then expanded to investigate the impact of those relative price changes on production and the balance of payments as well as domestic policy options for reducing any inflationary tendencies of devaluation and stregthening productive effects. It is concluded that devaluation raises the price level but does not lead to runaway inflation, and that fiscal and trade policies can be effective in reducing both the price level and inflation.


As the reform of higher education deepens continuously,the aims and means of talents cultivation should be fit for the require of the society.Through the analysis of the main teaching tache,some sugguestions and opinions about the reform of teaching mode and method are put forward in this paper.


The existing algorithms for parameter estimation of attributed scattering model (ASM) usually encounters difficulties in selecting model order, improving estimation accuracy and decreasing computational burden. It is a fact that sparsity is being accepted as a desirable property of a model. The incremental sparse Bayesian learning (ISBL) method is therefore applied to realize the sparsity-driven continuous parameter estimation in this paper. Compared to the nonquadratic regularization algorithms with an overcomplete dictionary matrix, the ISBL method has advantages in continuous parameter optimization, hybrid model optimization and computation efficiency. Experimental results with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) "Backhoe Data Dome" demonstrate that the ASM optimized by the ISBL method can achieve desirable sparse solution for the problem of inversion scattering and accurately extract geometrical features.


Fiscal constitutionalism has been accepted by many countries.According to the quantity and division of the constitutional fiscal articles,there are two modes of fiscal constitutionalism:centralized and de-centralized fiscal constitutionalism.The content of fiscal constitutionalism includes:the basic content,horizontal and vertical separation of powers.


Abstract : This document is a compilation of spectral transmissivity data measured from numerous aircraft transparencies. The spectral transmissivity of each part was measured from wavelengths of 450 nm through 950 nm. Some parts were also measured at several different angles relative to the optical axis of the spectroradiometric instrument. The measurements yielded both visible light and near infrared (NIR) spectra. The NIR data were used to calculate night vision goggle-weighted transmissivity (TNVG) values (Pinkus and Task, 1997). TNVG is a measure of a transparency's compatibility when it is used in conjunction with night vision goggles (NVGs). NVGs utilize the NIR portion (600 nm through 950 nm) of the night sky ambient illumination. Generally speaking, the higher the TNVG coefficient, the higher the NVG visual performance (Pinkus & Task, 1998a; Pinkus & Task, 1997).


The authors describe the epidemiological situation with regard to late syphilis in the period of 25 years with particular reference to the last decade (1965--1974). The activities of consultation services for late syphilis and their role in prevention of late organ involvement are discussed.


This study investigates the fluctuating demand of a commodity product in the process industry of which the end market demand is stable. The research gives insight into the role that traders play in the supply chain of commodity products and describes the way they influence demand. Besides, the influence of both resin and finished goods import is examined. With the results obtained, a model is developed which forecasts the demand based on solely data history about end market data and price movements.


This paper explores the synthesis methods and properties of vertically aligned graphene nanosheets (VG) and their applications. VG is obtained using the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method, and different VG types with other properties can be obtained by changing the process parameters. VG is part of the graphene family; properties such as excellent electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, chemical stability, and a large, specific surface area make it suitable for biomedical applications. Examples of biomedical applications in which VG is used are biosensors, electrochemical sensors, modified surfaces for bone growth, regeneration, and for antimicrobial effects. First, VG's properties are reviewed in this review article, and then the most recent progress in its applications and related sciences and technologies are discussed.


Visual orientation can extend human vision to machines. Combined with high-precision devices, it achieves high-precision, strong-intelligence, and fast-responding location awareness. It faces the problem that processing capacity cannot adapt to dynamic environment changes, and the single vision system cannot perceive the distance in non-line-of-sight scene. Therefore, this thesis carries out the research on a driverless vehicle visual path planning algorithm for sensor fusion. Firstly, via the analysis of satellite timing, inertial devices, navigation and positioning, it provides a research basis for the time perception, orientation perception and location perception of driverless vehicles. Combined with the practical application scenarios of driverless vehicles, this thesis analyzes the causes of errors in driverless vehicle positioning. It also designs a normalized pseudo-range processing method based on the fusion of heterogeneous sensor to realize the visual positioning of multiple sensor fusion. Through MATLAB simulation verification, it improves the visual positioning accuracy performance based on the proposed algorithm.


The EPR spectrum of single ions of /sup 143/Nd in a crystal of Neodymium Ethyl Sulfate, predominantly of isotope /sup 142/Nd, was observed under condition of very high Boltzmann factor, i.e., high fields and low temperatures. It was found that the interactions with neighboring ions displaced the hyperfine lines from uniform spacing, and that by measuring the deviation it was possible to find the nearest neighbor interaction. The departure from a purely magnetic dipolar interaction is smaller than previous measurements would indicate. It was found that EPR resonance at large values of H/T in magnetically concentrated crystals can yield accurate values of spin-spin interactions.


The seismic response of single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) systems incorporating flag‐shaped hysteretic structural behaviour, with self‐centring capability, is investigated numerically. For a SDOF system with a given initial period and strength level, the flag‐shaped hysteretic behaviour is fully defined by a post‐yielding stiffness parameter and an energy‐dissipation parameter. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted to determine the influence of these parameters on SDOF structural response, in terms of displacement ductility, absolute acceleration and absorbed energy. This parametric study was conducted using an ensemble of 20 historical earthquake records corresponding to ordinary ground motions having a probability of exceedence of 10% in 50 years, in California. The responses of the flag‐shaped hysteretic SDOF systems are compared against the responses of similar bilinear elasto‐plastic hysteretic SDOF systems. In this study the elasto‐plastic hysteretic SDOF systems are assigned parameters representative of steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) with post‐Northridge welded beam‐to‐column connections. In turn, the flag‐shaped hysteretic SDOF systems are representative of steel MRFs with newly proposed post‐tensioned energy‐dissipating connections. Building structures with initial periods ranging from 0.1 to 2.0s and having various strength levels are considered. It is shown that a flag‐shaped hysteretic SDOF system of equal or lesser strength can always be found to match or better the response of an elasto‐plastic hysteretic SDOF system in terms of displacement ductility and without incurring any residual drift from the seismic event. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Beel Kapalia is basically a marsh land or natural depression which lies in Monirampur upazila under Jessore district to the direction of south eastern from Dhaka. Mitigation of water-logging problem getting suspended sediment deposit gradually under a simulated manner is the driving mechanism for adapting Tidal River Management (TRM) project in the vicinity of the area. Besides, annual rainfall to the respective catchment area resulting flooding problem may be alleviated under proper disaster management program via introducing TRM as a selective approach. But, a lot of disputes and social movement have been arrived considering the demerits of TRM project including destruction of shrimp culture, which could be conducted by channelling the tidal water to marsh land, wetland ecosystem adversity, and assortment of an approximately 750 hectors marsh land and so on. This paper mainly focuses on the feasibility analysis of TRM project influencing to the local community. The field data is being collecting by pursuing social survey as questionnaire method to reveal the inherent perspective of the local people in this regard. Result show that about half of the people have been putting a negative attitude and rest of the sample having a mixed judgments regarding TRM project installation on the respective area. This paper provides an overview regarding the significant implication in an effort to introduce TRM project development in area studied and the finding could be helpful to pursue TRM project analysis in other area to be studied.


One of the challenges faced by the United Nations in addressing global environmental issues is to find politically agreeable strategies that promote action at the national level. One approach is to designate observances, such as the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity (IYB). While the UN has used these international designations for several years, the results achieved from them are rarely examined, particularly at the national level. This research asked: How has the International Year of Biodiversity been used to initiate actions that protect biodiversity in Canada? It developed a case study, based on data collected from a documentation review, semistructured interviews, and collaborative dialogues designed to further explore preliminary findings. Data were analysed qualitatively. Results converged around six findings, primarily around the Year's use as a communications tool. Ten recommendations aim to guide future uses of international designations in Canada as a tool to address global environmental issues.


In this paper, an enabling multi-operation branch-line coupler is proposed initially. The proposed design is configured by ±90° and 180° transmission lines, and the main advantage is that the proposed design can be applied in three different system connection schemes as shown in <xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>. Corresponding to the three schemes, the coupler can be with three operations (e.g. the operations of balanced input with single-ended outputs, single-ended input with single-ended outputs, and single-ended input with balanced and single-ended outputs). This can increase the flexibility and freedom of the coupler for systems with different connection types. Furthermore, the common-mode suppression can be achieved under the operation. The standard and mixed-mode S-parameters are utilized to deduce the circuit parameters. Two prototypes using 3/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4~\lambda _{\mathrm {g}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{\mathrm {g}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the guided wavelength at the center frequency) transmission line (design I) and coupled line with two shorts (design II) to realize the −90° transmission line were designed, fabricated, and measured to verify the theoretical prediction. The sizes of the two prototypes are <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.98\,\,\lambda _{\mathrm {g}} \times 0.2 \lambda _{\mathrm {g}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.65 \lambda _{\mathrm {g}} \times 0.2 \lambda _{\mathrm {g}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. Design I (design II) exhibits the 15-dB operating bandwidths for the three operations of 8% (9%), 7.3% (9%), and 6.7% (7.8%), respectively.


PurposeThe aim of this study as to find out an approach for emergency program selection.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have generated six aggregation operators (AOs), namely picture fuzzy Yager weighted average (PFYWA), picture fuzzy Yager ordered weighted average, picture fuzzy Yager hybrid weighted average, picture fuzzy Yager weighted geometric (PFYWG), picture fuzzy Yager ordered weighted geometric and picture fuzzy Yager hybrid weighted geometric aggregations operators.FindingsFirst of all, the authors defined the score and accuracy function for picture fuzzy set (FS), and some fundamental operational laws for picture FS using the Yager aggregation operation. After that, using the developed operational laws, developed some AOs, namely PFYWA, picture fuzzy Yager ordered weighted average, picture fuzzy Yager hybrid weighted average, PFYWG, picture fuzzy Yager ordered weighted geometric and picture fuzzy Yager hybrid weighted geometric aggregations operators, have been proposed along with their desirable properties. A decision-making (DM) approach based on these operators has also been presented. An illustrative example has been given for demonstrating the approach. Finally, discussed the comparison of the proposed method with the other existing methods and write the conclusion of the article.Originality/valueTo find the best alternative for emergency program selection.


Styrene production processes and catalysts for use therein are described herein. The process generally includes providing a C1 source; contacting the C1 source with toluene in the presence of a catalyst disposed within a reactor to form a product stream including ethylbenzene, wherein the catalyst includes a nanocrystalline zeolite; and recovering the product stream from the reactor.


The analysis of the dynamics of thermal conditions during 1961–1988 and 1989–2015, as well as the adjacent decade of the study period. Changes were estimated for the average temperatures of individual months of the year, high average and maximum daily temperatures, as well as for the duration of the active vegetation period and the sums of active temperatures. The established increase in average annual temperatures was 0.4 °С per decade. At the same time, in the first half of potato vegetation (May – June) the thermal trends are ambiguous, while in the second half (July – August) the increase of average air temperatures prevails. The increase in temperatures in the summer months is accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of negative thermal effects on potato yields, which is confirmed by negative correlation coefficients of potato yield deviations from trend lines and indicators such as the air temperature in July and the number of hot days (with an average temperature above 20 °С and a maximum temperature above 30 °С). Statistical reliability of correlation between potato yield deviations from trend lines and July temperatures is confirmed only in 1989 –2015 and covers 60 administrative districts. In these and most of the remaining areas, the correlation coefficients are negative. It is established that the proposed and justified critical value of the number of days with a maximum temperature above 30 °С (10 and more) determines more than a third of the negative deviations of potato yield in most of the country, and the probability of its negative impact in the modern period is 70 %. The decrease in average yield is 12.7 c/ha (8 %). It was found that the most unfavorable hot period occurs during the tuber formation and growth of potato tubers, in connection with which possible measures of adaptation of potatoes to temperature increase are proposed: the use of heat-resistant potato varieties, the shift of potato planting dates to earlier dates, irrigation (in the case of a combination of high temperatures with insufficient moisture).


Summary In 9 hypothermic dogs cooled below 20°C the following hematologic changes occurred: 1. Red cell count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit rose. 2. White cells of all types nearly disappeared. 3. Platelets nearly disappeared. With the thrombocytopenia the dogs developed prolonged silicone clotting times, loss of clot retraction, poor prothrombin consumption and prolonged bleeding time. 4. During the early warming period the platelets and white cells returned to normal. The clotting studies also returned to normal except the silicone clotting time and the bleeding time which showed evidence of hyper-coagulability. 5. The red count returned to normal somewhat more slowly. During the early warming period nucleated red cells appeared in the peripheral blood.


In this paper we propose a same technique of sending confidential information using encryption and data hiding concept with different encryption algorithms, that is for image encryption we use AES algorithm and for data encryption we use Twelve Square cipher substitution algorithm, and try to improve the security mechanism. With plain text data we also consider the confidential audio and video data for embedding purpose. This work also proposes a scheme for separable reversible data hiding in encrypted image which is remove the drawback of non separable reversible data hiding in encrypted image.


Purpose: The purpose of the study was to underscore the challenges faced by Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in using Information Communication Technologies (ICT) in the case of Tsavo Securities Ltd. Methodology: A descriptive case study design was used in this study and the population (32 employees) constituted all the employees appearing on the employment register. A sample of 50% (16) was selected from the population. A self-report questionnaire was the data collection tool used in this study. The data was analyzed by use of inferential statistics and presented using graphs and charts. Results: Findings in this study indicate that inadequate funds and costs of acquiring hardware and software, inadequate training, lack of an ICT policy and poor ICT security were fundamental challenges facing SMEs in Kenya. Benefits accruing to SMEs from the use of ICT were competitive advantage, local expansion and cost saving. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The researcher concluded that the above challenges affected the use of ICT use by SMEs. Consequently, the researcher suggested several solutions to curb these challenges. The deepening of the local SME financial market was advocated for to curb the challenge of finance. In addition, the introduction of an ICT policy was advocated for. Training needs needed to be addressed by the introduction of government sponsored ICT training initiatives. The study recommended an investigation into the causal relationship between ICT use and financial performance.


The authors sent a survey during the 1996-97 school year to 670 school districts in 41 states requesting information on spelling instructional practices to ascertain whether spelling texts are still widely used in the United States given the current emphasis on developmental spelling in the primary grades and the March, 1996 publication of the NCTE/IRA standards. In addition, a search of the reading/language arts standards in 50 states in 1998 revealed that most states do have spelling standards, but only a few coincide with the CTE/IRA Standard 6 which mentions spelling.


The publication suppose to serve as a study material for integrated teaching of physics and chemistry at the university. The authors sought to depict the current state of scientific knowledge on the issue of global climate and the flows of substances. Each chapter is a theoretical introduction to selected topics: the solar constant, radiation and albedo, biochar, biosphere model and remote sensing. The publication contains practical tasks for student work in the lab or in the field. The publication contains a detailed glossary and an alphabetical index.


In the paper the results of research under effect of electroless phosphate coating of titanium dental implants on potentiokinetic polarization characteristic obtained in artificial saliva were presented. On the basis of electrochemical studies it was concluded that the electroless process of phosphating beneficialy effect on corrosion characteristic of titanium determined in solution simulating the oral cavity. Furthermore, the proposed technique of chemical treatment of titanium surface is conducive to the homogeneous development of the surface, which is extremely important from the point of view of titanium implants biointegration. Phosphating treatment affect on the development of surface geometry, resulting in a slight increase in roughness parameters (Ra, Rz and Rmax). The temperature increase of electroless phosphating treatment promotes the rate of conversion layer formation, whereas the effect of temperature of the chemical treatment efficiency is secondary important at longer exposure times (e.g. 45 minutes).


The Federal Reserve System or the Fed is one of the most prestigious institutions in the world.Founded by the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, the Fed has the responsibility of setting the monetary policy of the U.S. The Fed's actions affect the money supply in the U.S. market which has a direct influence on interest rates, growth and inflation. To better understand the role of the Fed we will first describe its structure and organization. We will then see who is really behind the central bank's actions and who holds the reins of power inside the institution that plays the most important role in financial markets throughout the world. The monetary policy implemented by the Fed is closely monitored by major financial markets and institutions as it affects directly investments and security prices. We will explain clearly how the Fed conducts its monetary policy using three major tools to either decrease or increase money supply: open market operations, adjusting the discount rate and adjusting the reserve requirement ratio. We examine the main objectives of the Fed's monetary policies and how those objectives maintain a "conflict of interest" relationship. Finally we will examine the policies of the former chairman of the Fed Alan Greenspan (1987-2006) which contributed to the current crisis. We will also briefly assess the policy performance of Ben Bernanke.


The 13C and 1H spectra of a series of aromatic ketones, ethers and keto-ethers were studied using the lanthanide shift reagent (LSR) Yb(fod)3 and the data analyzed using the lanthanide induced shift (LIS) ratio method. Studies were carried out on phenalenone, 6-methoxyphenalenone, 1- and 2-methoxynaphthalene, 1-indanone, 5- and 6-methoxy-1-indanone and flavone and the data obtained subjected to LSR-substrate geometry analysis as a means of making 13C assignments. The utility and limitations of the LSR method for making 13C assignments is discussed and the LIS ratio method for LSR-substrate geometry analysis is described in detail.


Primary school education textbooks play an important part in primary school teacher training.As for three textbooks of primary schools which are the most popular and have the greatest influence,their systems are similar and they are similar to the common pedagogy textbooks.This phenomenon shows that the practical situations of primary schools were not taken into consideration in the selection of pedagogy textbooks and the selection of textbooks does have obvious value orientation.Under the condition of new course reform,the system of primary school pedagogy textbooks should be reorganized in order to adapt to the great change in primary school education.In the reorganization,the principle of studying pedagogy and solving practical problems in primary schools should be followed.


We studied a specialist parasitoid (Coccobius fulvus Compere et Annecke; Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), its host (the arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana; Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and the host plant (Citrus unshiu Marc; Rutaceae) to examine the indirect effects, via host–parasitoid interactions, of the parasitoid on plant biomass. We compared plant biomass and herbivore abundance in a system of two trophic levels (plants and herbivores) with a system of three trophic levels (plants, herbivores and parasitoids) using enclosure experiments in an agricultural setting. Each of eight young Citrus trees was infested with 40 scales and placed in an enclosure. We introduced three female parasitoids into half of the enclosures and monitored temporal changes in scale density and cumulative parasitism for the subsequent 11 months. Plant biomass was then compared between treatment groups (parasitoids added) and controls (parasitoids excluded). During the experiment, cumulative parasitism increased rapidly in the parasitoid-addition enclosures to a maximum of 89%, and the number of live scales in the control enclosures was approximately 10-fold that in the treatment enclosures. At the end of the experiment, plant biomass was threefold higher in the parasitoid-addition enclosures than in the control enclosures. These results have two implications for terrestrial communities. First, specialist parasitoids, which are the principal natural enemies of most herbivorous insects, can trigger trophic cascades in the same way that generalist predators can. Second, cascading effects can be detected by observing changes in plant biomass. The latter finding is contrary to recent conclusions about top-down cascades (i.e. that trophic cascades are less likely to be observed when plant biomass, rather than plant damage, is considered as the plant-response variable).


A technique to produce biodiesel from crude Jatropha curcas seed oil (JCO) having high free fatty acids (15%FFA) has been developed. Biodiesel production has been considered as one of the most promising renewable resources for Transportation. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify and verify the energy efficiency and the environmental impacts of biodiesel production from the Jatropha curcas and some refined oils. Thus, the objectives of this paper are the first step was carried out with 0.60 w/w methanol-to-oil ratio in the presence of 1% w/w H2SO4 as an acid catalyst in 1-h reaction at 50°C. After the reaction, the mixture was allowed to settle for 2 h and the methanol–water mixture separated at the top layer was removed. The second step was trans esterified using 0.24 w/w methanol to oil and 1.4% w/w NaOH to oil as alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel at 70°C. The final yield for methyl esters of fatty acids was achieved ca. 90% in 2 h. The results showed that biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas consume much higher Biodiesel than other refined oils. The highest fossil-based energy consumption was in the trans esterification process, followed by the plantation and oil extraction.


Overview The Respiratory Care Program is designed to provide students with a unique education in preparation for a satisfying professional career as advanced respiratory care practitioners. The program strives to prepare excellent clinicians who are also able to assume leadership roles in management, education, research and clinical practice. The Health Science Center offers two degree plans; the Bachelor of Science in Respiratory Care (BSRC) and the Master of Science in Respiratory Care (MSRC). Prospective students have several degree and curriculum options to choose from to achieve their academic goals.


This paper proposes a real-time foot attitude estimation approach consists of a foot attitude acquisition and an auto-calibration method. First, overview of the foot attitude estimation system is presented, including a tri-axis MEMS accelerometer, three angular rate gyroscopes and a data acquisition and processing unit. Then, the arithmetic of data processing and attitude acquisition is introduced. FIR digital filter is proposed to reduce the influence of inherent noise of the sensors, and combination of acceleration and angular rate is adopted to calculate the foot attitude. Finally, a special auto-calibration method based on the force sensor equipped at the ankle of the humanoid robot is presented. The effectiveness of the foot attitude estimation system and the auto-calibration method is confirmed by experiments with our developed humanoid robot.


Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) have found wide use in the past few decades. They offer several advantages over traditional Air Insulated Substations (AIS) which include superior dielectric strength, limited space requirements. Gas Insulated Busbar (GIB) is a critical part in a GIS since it serves as a component for tapping power for subsequent distribution to various interconnected components. Its failure would be detrimental and costly. Hence, manufacturers are faced with the task of minimizing the power loss in GIB. Standards stipulate stringent norms on the upper temperature rise limit for conductors and enclosures. Joule loss in a GIB is the primary source of heat for temperature rise and depends on the rated current, geometric dimension and resistivity. Further, skin-proximity effect results in a non-uniform current distribution leading to greater losses. This paper develops a 2-D finite element model of a GIB and employs magnetic analysis to estimate the power loss in the conductor and enclosure for rated current at maximum operating temperature. For the GIB taken up for study and analysis, losses are calculated using a theoretical method as per procedures laid out in CIGRE Working Group 21.12. The simulation and theoretical values are compared and cross-validated.


e21038Background: Ipilimumab can induce long-term survival in up to 20% of patients with metastatic melanoma, however response comes with high rates of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Concur...


The thesis focuses on the legal punishments on crimes of commercial bribery and analyzes the character.The legal punishments are various and include in death penalty,fine punishment is shortage,and confiscation of property needs some strict factors.


TheNOAAHydrometeorologyTestbed(HMT)programhasdeployedsoilmoistureobservingnetworksin the watersheds of the Russian River and the North Fork (NF) of the American River in northern California, andtheSanPedroRiverinsoutheasternArizona.Thesenetworksweredesignedtoservethecombinedneeds of the hydrological, meteorological, agricultural, and climatological communities for observations of soil moisture on time scales that range from minutes to decades. The networks are a major component of the HMT program that has been developed to accelerate the development and infusion of new observing technologies, modeling methods, and recent scientific research into the National Weather Service (NWS) offices and to help focus research and development efforts on key hydrological and meteorological forecast problems. These forecast problems are not only of interest to the NWS, but they also play a crucial role in providing input to water managers who work at the national, state, and local government levels to provide water for human consumption, agriculture, and other needs. The HMT soil moisture networks have been specifically designed to capture the changes in soil moisture that are associated with heavy precipitation events and runoff from snowpack during the melt season. This paper describes the strategies used to site the networks and sensors as well as the selection, testing, and calibration of the soil moisture probes. In addition, two illustrative examples of the data gathered by the networks are shown. The first example shows changes in soil moisture observed before and during a flood event on the Babocomari River tributary of the San Pedro River near Sierra Vista, Arizona, on 23 July 2008. The second example examines a 5-yr continuous time series of soil moisture gatheredat Healdsburg, California. The time series illustrates the transition from a multiyear wet period to exceptionally dry conditions from a soil moisture perspective.


We consider a generalized e-vector equilibrium problem which contain vector equilibrium problems and vector variational inequalities as special cases. By using the KKM theorem, we obtain some existence theorems for the generalized e-vector equilibrium problem. We also investigate the duality of this generalized e-vector equilibrium problem and discuss the equivalence relation between solutions of primal and dual problems.


Taewa (Solanum tuberosum L.) production is threatened by a new insect pest, the tomato potato psyllid ( Bactericera cockerelli Sulc.), and the bacterium ( Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso)) vectored by the psyllid. Lso is known to reduce potato yields and can infect seed tubers, but less is known for taewa speciically. In this study tubers from 17 taewa lines were tested for Lso using a qPCR assay, grown in a greenhouse and assessed for symptoms of tuber-borne Lso. Lso was detected by qPCR in three tubers. The Lso-positive tubers were from three lines from two North Island seed sources; no Lso was detected in the seven South Island lines tested. In the greenhouse trial, two of the three Lso-positive tubers emerged and one grew normally. The greenhouse trial detected disease symptoms associated with Lso in several other lines, but other potato viruses and diseases cause similar symptoms, and this area needs further study.


The storage capacity of an autoassociative memory with extremely diluted connectivity and with threshold-linear elementary units is studied in its dependence on the graded structure and on the sparseness of the coding scheme, and on the form of the learning rule used. As the coding becomes sparse, more patterns can be stored, and the difference in capacity (measured for a given number of modifiable synapses per unit) between fully connected and highly diluted systems vanishes. Graded (non-binary) codings, especially when used with learning rules nonlinear in their post-synaptic factor, further increase the number of patterns that can be stored by making their retrieved representation even sparser.


In this paper, a nano-dots one-dimensional (1-D) photonic bandgap (PBG) filter design based on SOI waveguide is presented. The air dots in the polymer rod with various radii are compared in this paper. The simulation technique of the light propagates in our designed 1-D PBG waveguides is using the beam propagation method (BPM). The 1-D SOI PBG geometry we investigated consists of a three-layered dielectric structure. We assume various wavelengths at 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm windows are launched to the 1-D PBG SOI filter waveguide to see the simulation results. The air nano-dot wavelength selection effect is demonstrated. The output spectrum adjustment with nano-dots in 1-D PBG filter is dependent on the size of these PBG rods.


"On War" and "The Art of War" are classics of military studies, have a great impact on future generations. The two great works in the nature are about the principles and the uses of war, but "The Art of War" talks a lot about the national strategy, and "On War" talks about the military strategy more detailed.The contents of two great works are to study the war. The similarities of two works are "Dualism" of the philosophy and analytical frameworks on strategic are not much difference, the differences are "On War" put more emphasis on the interaction of war and politics, "Brave" is the first requirement of military and intelligence judgments is part of the dimension of war, however, "The Art of War" put more emphasis on the "Intelligence" and "Wisdom" is the most important, therefore, the intelligence is the base of all ideology.It is not easy to compare the two works, since the greatest advantage of "The Art of War" is concise, and the greatest weakness of "On War" is complex and obscure. Therefore, to understand the differences between the two works, we must use the sophisticated analysis and more in-depth reflection.


Applying the Strategy of Urban Brand is the internal demand for the city's further development,and the unique urban tourism brand can stimulate the overall development of economy,culture and other areas.Currently,lots of cities in China have applied the Strategy of Urban Brand promotion.As the gateway city of the three northeastern provinces,it is urgent and important for Shenyang city to develop the unique tourism brand.This paper emphasizes the current situations and prominent problems during the development of Urban Brand in China.What's more,this paper will make a further research on the current circumstances and issues of Urban Brand in Shenyang city,and propose some constructive ideas about the brand image of tourism based on CIS Strategy.


Objective To evaluate the surgery effect of intermittent extropia in different age children.Methods43 children of intermittent exotropia were divided into two groups.Group A included 19 children from 4.5 to 6 years and group B included 24 children from 7 to 9 years. Bilateral lateral rectus recession were performed. 33cm and 5m deviation angle and VEP binocular summation were measured before and after operation.A statistical analysis has been done. ResultsFollowing-up 1 week and 6 months after operation,the successful aligment rate of group A was higher than group B.But the statistical analysis shows no statistically significant difference(P0.05).Till 12 months after operation,there was no different in the successful aligment between two groups(P0.05).There was no significant difference in VEP binocular summation of the two groups(P0.05).At 12 months after operation,amplitude of P~(100) of bilateral eyes improved.The variance shows significant difference(P0.05) between two groups.ConclusionThere was no difference in the successful aligment and VEP binocularsummation between lower age and higher age. The surgery time of intermittent exotropia in children may be choiced after 6 years old.


Objective To investigate the predictive value of the 40 Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) in patients with the malignant process of middle cerebral artery territory infarction. Methods The 40 Hz ASSR and brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) were performed within 72 hours after patients with middle cerebral artery territory infarction admitted in the neuro-intensive care unite (NICU). At the same time, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores wexe assessed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influencing factors of the malignant process. The relevant indicators of the malignant process were analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic-(ROC) curve in order to clear the predictive value of 40 Hz ASSR in the mali[gmat process of middle cerebral artery territory infarction. ResultsA total of 104 patients with supratentorial middle cerebral artery territory infarction were included. They were divided into the malignant process group (n =59)or the non-maligmnt process group (n=45). There were significant differences in the baseline NIHSS scores (17. 25± 7. 23 vs. 20. 40 ±8. 09; t = - 2. 055, P = 0. 043), infarct volume (105.85 ± 73.37 mm3 vs. 179.15 ± 144.38 mm^3; t = -3.011, P = 0. 004), leukocyte count (E 10. 26±3. 14] ×109/L vs. [ 13.45±5.42]× 10^9/L; t = -3. 336, P=O. 001), 40 Hz ASSR (Z = -3. 237, P=0. 001), and short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (Z= -3. 130, P=0. 002) grade between the malignant process group and the non-malignant process group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the 40 Hz ASSR (odds ratio [ OR] 3. 347, 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1. 630 - 6. 872; P = 0. 014), infarct volume (OR 1. 006, 95% CI 1.001 - 1.012, P = 0. 003), and leukocyte count (OR 1.277, 95% CI 1. 074 - 1. 402; P =0. 001) were the independent predictors in patients with the malignant process of middle cerebral artery territory infarction. When the 40 Hz ASSR was grade 3, the sensitivity and specificity of predicting malignant process were 39. 5% and 94. 4%. Conclusions The 40 Hz ASSR has an important predictive value in patients with the malignant process of middle cerebral artery territory infarction.

Key words:
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery;  Stroke;  Brain Ischemia;  Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory;  Predictive Value of Tests;  Severity of Illness Index


Various components in a powertrain system can consist of a series of several components that aim to continue the engine rotation from the flywheel to the torque conventer then proceed to the transmission and then to the bevel gear to the final drive, have a variety of different types of technology and of course have advantages and each other's shortcomings. Of the various components, there are several types of components that use a device called the Planetary Gear Set, including the powershift transmission, torque divider and final drive. With the Planetary Gear Set, the rotation of the engine will be able to be doubled in torque as needed when the unit is running and with the combination produced from the Planetary Gear Set it will be possible to create various speed combinations both in the direction of the engine speed and vice versa. This research aims to create and design an application (Engineering Software) to study the workings of the Planetary Gear Set which consists of 3 basic components, namely: Ring Gear, Sun Gear and Planetary Carrier with various interactive gear ratio combinations, which will facilitate students in The Department of Mechanical Engineering in general and the Heavy Equipment Study Program especially in learning the workings of the Planetary Gear Set, so that it is expected to be a tool in the learning and teaching process. Keyword : Planetary Gear Set, Engineering Software.


Industrial waste containing dye poses a threat to the ecosystem and human as well as aquatic life. Methylene blue (MB, a cationic dye) has been used in excess amounts in textile, pulp and paper, rubber, plastics, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries. MB dye released in water sources makes the water toxic in nature. So, to remove the dye from wastewater various methods (physical, chemical and biological) are adopted for treatment purposes. Among them, adsorption is found to be more economical and eco-friendlier in comparison to others. Various adsorbents reported have been the literature for the removal of MB dye such as wheat straw, rice husk, cashew nut shell, sawdust, wood, pine needles, green grass, eucalyptus bark, peanut shell, coconut shell, coir dust, etc. In this experimental study, Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. (AER) is utilised for the treatment of MB dye from the wastewater in continuous mode by varying the different parameters viz., bed height, flow rate, and the initial concentration of MB dye. Yoon-Nelson and Clark's models have been applied to predict the break through curve and to find out the characteristic parameters of column suitable for process design. The study reported that Clark's model was found to be fit for the breakthrough curve. The findings revealed that Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. has a high adsorption potential, and it could be used to treat dye-containing effluents.


1. We all know that if we wish to sketch a cubic curve such as xy (x + 2y − 1 ) = 2x − 3y + 4, the first thing to do is to draw the three asymptotes and the satellite. These divide the plane into eleven compartments, and the simple consideration that there can be no points of the curve in a compartment throughout which xy (x + 2y − 1 ) and 2x − 3y + 4 have different signs enables us at once to rule out six of the compartments, and so to see how the curve goes to infinity.


In order to recover from the economy crisis, the government has launced a program namely raskin (beras miskin/rice for poor). This program was addressed to only poor people with criteria set by BPS. Since this program has caused public jeolousy, the criteria for the recepients of raskin then has changed so the term bagita/bagi rata/equally shared came up. All people, whether they were poor or not, then entitled to raskin in various amount every month. This paper will describe in detail the share of raskin and the changing in the criteria based on the research in Kulon Progo Regency and Cilacap Regency.


An analysis is made of the content of historical consciousness in a context of its influence on social practice. The purpose of this paper is to find out opportunities of overcoming aberrations of historical memory and to actualize those components which are capable to provide forward development of a society on the basis of historically approved sociocultural models.


This paper evaluates the dissemination methods developed as part of a researeh project on women's smoking. An information pack and dissemi nation strategy were developed to disseminate key research findings and practice implications to health practitioners. The information pack was designed to be user-friendly, distilling key research findings in ways that were relevant to practice. The dissemination strategy utilised existing organisational and professional networks. The evaluation of the strategy and the information pack suggests that they provided an effective mechanism for reaching practitioners at the front-line of care, and for improving their knowledge of women's smoking and smoking cessation strategies, and their reported professional practice.


Recent smartphones are equipped with various sensors, such as an accelerometer, GPS, and a gravity sensor, and have high-performance wireless communication capabilities. Through the ubiquitous presence of powerful mobile devices, crowdsensing lets ordinary people collectively gather and share real-time multimedia data. Multimedia crowdsensing has made large-scale participatory sensing viable in a speedy and cost-efficient manner, but it also introduces some security and privacy concerns. Personally identifiable information of participants can be exposed while sharing individually owned sensor data. This article identifies security and privacy issues in multimedia crowdsensing and describes existing solutions that are designed to protect both data producers and consumers in multimedia crowdsensing. This article is part of a special issue on cybersecurity.


The work experience of shallow seismic exploration in land and water areas for earthquake safety evaluation of nuclear power sites is reviewed in this paper.By analyzing different typical engineering cases, some key technical issues, to which more attention should be paid in the buried fault detection, are discussed for different geological and geophysical conditions.For different geological conditions some critical schemes to implement the seismic exploration are presented, such as equipment selection, layout design, quantitative parameters optimization and the method to identify the fault.This study provides a practical and technical guide for detection of capable fault in nuclear power sites with similar geological conditions.


ABSTRACT Landsat-based land-use land-cover (LULC) mapping studies were previously conducted in Giba catchment, comprising an area of 4019 km2. No attempt has been done to map LULC of this catchment through the analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time-series data. This article is aimed to see whether time-series MODIS NDVI data set is applicable for LULC mapping of Giba catchment or not. MODIS NDVI data sets of the year 2010 were used for classification analysis. The original data were subjected to MODIS Reproduction Tool and stacking. The re-projected and stacked images were filtered using Harmonic Analysis of Time-Series filtering algorism to remove the effects of cloud and other noises. The MODIS NDVI data sets (16-day maximum value composite) were classified using the ISODATA clustering algorithm available under ERDAS IMAGINE software. A series of unsupervised classification runs were carried out with a pre-defined number of classes (5–24). From this classification, the optimal numbers of classes were determined to be eight after checking for average divergence analysis. The classification result became eight LULC classes namely: bare land, grass land, irrigated land, cultivated land, area closure, shrub land, bush land, and forest land with an overall accuracy of 87.7%. It was therefore concluded that MODIS NDVI time-series image is applicable for mapping large watersheds.


Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) have attracted significant attention due to their electronic, electrochemical, chemical, and optical properties. However, understanding of their thermal stability is still lacking. To date, MXenes are synthesized via top-down wet chemical etching, which intrinsically results in surface terminations. Here, we provide detailed insight into the surface terminations of three carbide MXenes (Ti3C2Tx, Mo2CTx, and Nb2CTx) by performing thermal gravimetric analysis with mass spectrometry analysis (TA–MS) up to 1500 °C under a He atmosphere. This specific technique enables probing surface terminations including hydroxyl (−OH), oxy (═O), and fluoride (−F) and intercalated species, such as salts and structural water. The MXene hydrophilicity depends on the type of etching (hydrofluoric acid concentration and/or mixed acid composition) and subsequent delamination conditions. We show that the amount of structural water in Ti3C2Tx increases with decre...


Abstract Gas resources which are too far from the main markets for transport by pipeline can be processed or converted into liquids to make such transport economically viable. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), liquid transportation fuels and methanol are then the options to be considered. LNG and methanol are now well developed, LNG for regasification and in power generation, and methanol as feedstock in the chemical industry. To broaden the scope of utilization of natural gas Shell has developed since the early 1970's a process in which natural gas is converted mainly into high quality kerosene and gasoil. This process is now known as the Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis process (SMDS) and consists basically of three major steps. In the first step desulphurised natural gas is converted into synthesis gas by partial oxidation making use of the Shell Gasification Process (SGP). In the second step the synthesis pipeline and LNG schemes are being studied. However, where such gas is converted into pure, long chain paraffins (no aromatics) via schemes will continue to make an a modernised version of the classical Fischer-Tropsch route. The third step converts these long chain paraffins into very high quality gasoil, kerosene and some naphtha via selective hydrocracking. The products from excellent blending material to upgrade low quality products: the gasoil has a cetane number in excess of 70 and the smoke point of the kerosene can be over 45mm. Moreover, due to the nature of the feedstock the products do not contain any sulphur or nitrogen. With the increasing environmental awareness with respect to particulates emissions, sulphur and aromatic content, the middle distillates from the SMDS process are well placed to find a premium value in the market. This technology will be first applied in the 12,000 bbl/day SMDS-Malaysia project, now under construction at Bintulu, Sarawak and due for start-up late 1992.


In the opinion of the author, a lot of twist and blind spots lie in our understanding of the Bakhtin's dialogic theory, and these have deprived us of the practical ground of dialogue for a long time. A truly fruitful dialogue can carry out neither in the temple of Dostoyevsky's polyphony novel, nor in the square of the folk's carnival. Only people's continually seeking the truth can provide the effective dialogue for us.


Frequent patterns are an important class of regularities that exist in a database. Although there exists no universally acceptable best measure to assess the interestingness of a pattern, relative support is emerging as a popular measure to discover frequent patterns involving both frequent and rare items. An Apriori-like algorithm known as Relative Support Apriori (RSA) has been discussed in the literature to discover the patterns. It has been observed that mining frequent patterns with RSA is a computationally expensive process because the discovered patterns do not satisfy the anti-monotonic property. Moreover, RSA also suffers from the performance problems involving generation of the huge number of candidate patterns and multiple scans on the database. This paper makes an effort to discover frequent patterns effectively with the relative support measure. To reduce the computational cost, we theoretically show that the patterns discovered with the relative support measure satisfy the convertible anti-monotonic property. Using this property, a pattern-growth algorithm known as Relative Support Frequent Pattern-growth (RSFP-growth) has been proposed to discover the patterns. Experimental results on both synthetic and real-world datasets show that the proposed RSFP-growth algorithm is significantly better than the RSA algorithm.


Based on the wavelet analysis good time frequency function,this paper analyzed the continual wavelet transformation ratio of vibration signal of steam turbine rotor,in the use of statistics characteristic parameter in imagery processing and the recognition technology-moment vector describes the continual wavelet transformation gradation chart,and applied it in the steam turbine rotor vibrates the breakdown signal the characteristic to withdraw.Then,has carried on the analysis and the computation to several kind of models vibrations and some coupled oscillation breakdowns signals,finally indicated the gradation chart rectangular vector may unfold the wavelet gradation chart well the localization information,can effectively withdraw the characteristic of the signal,may use it to difference the vibration breakdown.


Let G be a finite group. We say that G has the Basis Property if every subgroup H of G has a minimal generating set (basis), and any two bases of H have the same cardinality. A group G is called minimal not satisfying the Basis Property if it does not satisfy the Basis Property, but all its proper subgroups satisfy the Basis Property. We prove that the following groups PSL(2, 5) ∼A5, PSL(2, 8) , are minimal groups non satisfying the Basis Property, but the groups PSL(2, 9), PSL(2, 17) and PSL(3, 4) are not minimal and not satisfying the Basis Property.


Objective To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CT renal artery angiography(CTA)and 3D Time-of-Flight MR angiography(3D TOF MRA)for the diagonosis of renal artery stenosis.Methods CTA and 3D TOF MRA were performed in 220 patients who were clinically diagnosed as secondary hypertension.The imaging diagnosis was compared with the clinical diagnosis,including the results of DSA.The imaging quality of the two methods were evaluated.Results Eighty-one cases were clinically diagnosed as renal artery stenosis.The diagnosis based on CT showed a sensitivity of 100%,a specificity of 98.5%,a positive predictive value of 93.1% and a negative predictive value of 100%,while the diagnosis based on 3D TOF MRA showed a sensitivity of 75.3%,a specificity of 100%,a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 95.2%.And the imaging quality of CTA was better than that of 3D TOF MRA.The sub-segment renal artery imaging of 3D TOF MRA could not be evaluated,especially those under 4th.Conclusion 3D TOF MR angiography is not reproducible or sensitive enough comparing to that of renal artery CT angiography.


Intradialytic hypotension is an established, common, and risky complication of hemodialysis.1 However, hypotension is only 1 component of the abnormal hemodynamic response to ultrafiltration dialysis; the opposite phenomenon, that is, paradoxical rise in blood pressure (BP) during or immediately after dialysis, intradialytic hypertension is equally common and associates with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.2

Intradialytic hypertension has a prevalence of ≈5% to 15% and predicts cardiovascular mortality.2,3 The BP rise during dialysis has a complex mechanistic background and is multifactorial in nature.2,4 Herein, we provide a systematic review of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of intradialytic hypertension and key recommendations for the management of this neglected dialysis-related complication. The search strategy and selection criteria used for this review are reported in Table S1 in the online-only Data Supplement and Figure S1.

### Definition

Although the phenomenon of BP rise during hemodialysis is recognized for several years, there are no accepted criteria to define intradialytic hypertension. In some studies, intradialytic hypertension was defined as rise in mean arterial pressure >15 mm Hg within or immediately post dialysis.2 In others, a lower threshold was applied (>10 mm Hg increase in systolic pressure)3,5 and in some an inclusive definition was adopted (BP rise of any degree during the second or third intradialytic hour).6 Other definitions include increasing intradialytic BP that remains unresponsive to volume withdrawal7 and worsening of pre-existing hypertension or new-onset hypertension after administration of erythropoietic-stimulating agents (ESAs).8 Consistency is a fundamental criterion in the analysis of biological and clinical phenomena.9 However, none of the aforementioned definitions considered reproducibility as criterion for adjudicating the diagnosis intradialysis hypertension. This is important because, although several patients may experience ≥1 episodes of BP rise during a single dialysis session, only few of them may …


The invention relates to intranasal immunization with detoxified lipooligosaccharide from nontypeable Haemophi lus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis. Patent Application Publication Jul. 1, 2004 Sheet 1 of 19 US 2004/O126381 A1 O O OH P 1 NH N / OH


Although the pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2IB) is considered a digestive enzyme, it has several important, nonenzymatic, receptor‐mediated functions. In this study, we demonstrate that via its receptor, sPLA2IB stimulates the expression of cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2)‐, cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2)‐, Mg++‐dependent neutral sphingomyelinase (NSMase)‐ and acid ceramidase (AC)‐mRNAs in NIH 3T3 cells. Moreover, through its receptor, sPLA2IB also mediates the activation of cPLA2 and p38 MAPK. We also found similar effects when the NIH 3T3 cells were treated with interleukin 1β (IL‐1β), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) under identical conditions. These effects are not dependent on the catalytic activity of sPLA2IB, as both heat‐ and chemically inactivated enzyme induced these effects. Although protein kinase C and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases are critical for the sPLA2 receptor‐mediated stimulation of expression of cytosolic PLA2 and cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNAs, respectively, the activation of these kinases is not required for neutral sphingomyelinase and acid ceramidase mRNA expression. Our results, for the first time, raise the possibility that, via its receptor, sPLA2IB plays important roles in the regulation of both phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism.


An Australian low-rank coal is examined in a microcalorimeter for heat-release behaviour at temperatures between 30 and 60°C. In some exper iments, the coal had previously been acetone-treated and this had a major effect on the heat release.


Colombia from its origins has been characterized to have rulers who do not manage the power looking for the benefit of the majority of citizens. A clear manifestation of this situation is evident in the designation of the diplomats, in general, those who represent the country are not the best and nor the best trained, but the closest to the power. They are the ones to whom, as a reward, and being close to the executive are send as part of the Foreign Service. This situation is translated in the execution of a failed diplomatic work, where there are not any long term planning, but it is limited to the presidential conjuncture. The Colombian bad image or the lack of credibility in the Colombian State capacity and of its functionaries to lead international processes, are the result of a "dwarfism auto-imposed" as an answer of a series of historical failures. The submission condition that the Colombians have reached thanks to the absence of a leadership along the way, and on time. It, has given Colombia a bad image in the global context and an important distance towards the international potential of the country. The construction of a joined strategy among many linked actors with the international topics, could be useful to the country like a reference point to address in the time the foreign policy management that have vacillated between the submission and the auto-determination. The debate between the margins of discretion of the President regarding the foreign taking of decisions and the existence of a diplomatic academy, are the central problem of this research. As far as the presidential system exercised in Colombia grants a discretionary character to the President, in particular in the management of the foreign policy and in the designation of the diplomatic functionaries, the efforts to select the diplomatic corps possessing the adequate studies, to estimate their services and to improve their skills, would be more performative if we exceeded the cyclical peculiarities to uncork in an enriching foreign policy in the service of institutions and Colombians.


A simple, adaptable, and robust method for ballistic landings on the surface of a binary asteroid system is presented. The desire is to deploy a lander, from a mother spacecraft passing in the vicinity of one of the collinear libration point of the system, on an unpowered trajectory, meaning that active guidance is not needed. From the concepts of the circular restricted three-body problem, suitably adapted for the objective, the features that make such a strategy feasible for any asteroid binary system are detailed. Proving that this strategy is effective for a wide range of actual binary systems, the requirements on the deployment are found to be very robust to operational accuracy.


Designed as a research aid for educators and students in high school or college, this work gathers and organizes valuable information about Web resources that deal with multicultural issues. For each site the authors provide a complete Internet address and a brief annotation. Designed as a research aid for educators and students in high school or college, this work gathers and organizes valuable information about Internet and Web sources that deal with multicultural issues. Sites with multiple cultural or ethnic coverage are reviewed in the first chapter. Other chapters cover specific cultures and ethnicities (e.g., Native American, African American, Jewish American). Further arrangements are made by subject (e.g., current events, politics and business). For each site the authors provide a complete Internet address and a brief annotation.


This study was aimed to investigate the Open Reading Frame-112 (ORF-112) gene, which encoded for a hypothetical 218 amino acids protein in Streptomyces bacteria. A complete ORF-112 gene was synthesized, with addition of a 6xHis-Tag at the N-terminal location. The synthesized DNA nucleotides were sub-cloned into bacterial expression plasmid pBAT4. The pBAT4-ORF-112 plasmid transformed in bacterial cells BL21(De3)pLysS, intended for protein over expression, induced by isopropyl β- d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The IMAC affinity chromatography technique was deployed for protein purifications. Highly-purified fractions of ORF-112 were achieved by using affinity Ni++-columns. The purified ORF-112 protein was tested for possible biological activity.  The SDS-PAGE analysis exhibited a soluble 30 kDa size purified ORF-112 protein which showed a slight gel shifting from the predicted size. The virulent activity test on purified fractions of ORF-112 was measured using the Disk Diffusion Test and it disclosed a clear zone formed in response to fungi Candida albicans growth. The data implies that the ORF-112 protein has an acceptable protective effect against the fungus C. albicans as compared to positive control ketoconazole (KCZ) (P < 0.05) while the protein has a significantly lower protective effect against the fungus than Itraconazole (ICZ) (P > 0.05). The results clarify the hypothetical ORF-112 protein is a novel protein with protective response effect against fungi cells C. albicans on disk-diffusion.test.


A thorough annotation of the P450 superfamily in grapevine, revealed its genomic organization, phylogeny and expression. Specifically, we identified genes showing an activated expression in the ripe grape berry, the stage during which the biosynthesis of many aroma compounds takes place. Among the known oxygenated monoterpenols in grapevine, wine lactone has the lowest odor detection threshold and therefore the largest potential impact on wine aroma. We demonstrated that wine lactone is formed during wine ageing via a slow non-enzymatic reaction from the precursor (E)-8-carboxylinalool. We showed that the accumulation of this precursor in grape berries parallels the expression of several cytochrome P450 genes, among which CYP76F14 has the highest expression. While three of them catalyzed some of the oxidative steps from linalool to (E)-8-carboxylinalool, only CYP76F14 efficiently catalyzed the whole pathway. Taken together, CYP76F14 catalytic activity and expression pattern indicate that it is a prime candidate for the formation of the wine lactone precursor in grape berries.


Abstract
 Countries around the world often face agricultural products price volatility problem. Agriculture products' price level directly influences producers' revenue, and agriculture products' price volatility will further reveal price risks taken by producers throughout the production. The empirical result of this dissertation can be divided into three parts. The first part adopts BEKK-MGARCH model to analyze U.S. wheat, corns, and soybeans futures price and volatility transmission effect. Next, corns and soybeans are raw materials of domestic broiler's forage. Therefore, the second part of this dissertation will adopt DCC-MGARCH model to analyze direct influence of U.S. corns and soybeans futures prices volatility on domestic broiler's forage price. Also using the influential effect from indirect influence of domestic broiler's forage price volatility on broiler's farm price, this thesis will further analyze domestic broiler forage and farm price volatility transmission effect. Lastly, the third part of this dissertation also adopts BEKK-MGARCH model, and conducts price and volatility transmission effect analysis on domestic broiler's farm price and chicken retailing price, chicken and pork's retailing price, and pork retailing and hog's farm price volatility, respectively. The estimated result of dissertation is as following:
1. Current period US wheat, corns, and soybeans futures price change' are influenced by prior period self futures price change's. And from different grains futures price change's transmission effect, prior period futures price change's of US wheat, corns, and soybeans would mutually influence current period futures price change's. Next, US wheat, corns, and soybeans futures price change's not only is influenced by self prior period price change's, but also is influenced by crossing market different level's prior period futures price change's short-run shock. US wheat, corns, and soybeans futures price change's volatility not only is influenced by self prior period futures price change's volatility long-run persistence, but also is influenced by crossing market prior period futures price change's volatility long-run persistence.
2. There are significant effects of previous broiler feed and farm prices on current price reactions. As for the interaction between broiler feed and farm price, there are significant effects of previous broiler feed price on current broiler farm price, and of previous broiler farm price on current broiler feed price. As for the price volatility analysis of broiler feed and farm price, the short-run shock and volatility long-run persistent effects of broiler feed farm price are significant.
3. In price transmission effect analysis, prior period hog's farm (pork retailing), not only price are influenced by current period self price volatility, but also current period hog's farm (pork retailing) price is deeply influenced by prior period pork retailing (hog's farm) price. For price volatility short-run shock and long-run persistence transmission effect, current period hog's farm and pork retailing price change's volatility is influenced by prior period self-price change's volatility short-run shock and long-run persistence effect; in crossing market price change's volatility short-run shock and long-run persistence transmission effect, short-run shock and long-run persistence of current retailing price change's volatility also reacts greater to prior period hog's farm price change's volatility.