Based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle,the expression for the spectrum of partially coherent electromagnetic beams in turbulent atmosphere is derived and numerical calculations are performed. The influences of turbulence on the spectra of the electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model(EGSM)beam are studied,taking example for partially coherent light.It is demonstrated that the spectra of partially coherent electromagnetic beams change on propagation in the turbulent atmosphere with the change of the refractive index structure constant,the spatial coherent length and the beam width.


How can one word, no matter what the word is, be made to generate another word? That is [he problem treated in this report, and a solution will be described. One way in which one word can generate another is by permuting the letters. There are many very interesting' transpositions of all lengths-and ten times as many uninteresting ones (such as HASHER and REHASH), but, even so, the great majority of words are un transposable. Persons interested in collecting transpositions can get a good start from the follov.'ing list. Where they all ulti mately came from cannot readily be ascertained by the authors at the present time, the same having obtained them through the grapevine. It is certain that many of them were originated by the members of The Nati6nal Puzzlers League, of which ENIGMA is the official organ; and we are deterred from saying nearly all only because there have been other active leagues such as The Eastern Puzzlers League.


This paper reviewed the methods of establishing animal model of syndrome of blood deficiency in the recent twenty years. During this period the Model was evolved and developed concerning multiple methods and multiple techniques. For present research and tendency, the research of the methods of making models was concentrated on methods with chemicals and γ ray. Main problems of making model focused on uncertain dose,time and duration after model making. Meanwhile, the knowledge about model of syndrome of blood deficiency was developing. This article discussed the methods and laboratory index of model establishment.


The objective of the project was to evaluate cost-effective means to implement laser scanning technology in the construction phase of IDOT projects. The primary goal was to study the use of a laser scanner for evaluating pay quantities for earthwork operations. The feasibility of using a scanner for other applications such as monitoring settlement due to pile driving, providing initial survey data for design, evaluating gravel and pavement thickness, assessing pavement roughness, surveying damaged bridges, and documenting archaeological investigations was also evaluated. Laser scans of ongoing construction projects were performed, and the workflow for operation of the scanner in the field was developed and documented. Software was developed using Visual Basic 2005 to process the data and to compare scanner data to a conventional survey. The research showed that laser scanning technology is a feasible means to measure earthwork quantities for payment in highway construction projects. Used in conjunction with traditional surveying techniques and equipment to establish horizontal and vertical control, the laser scanner can quickly map the terrain and provide data for earthwork quantity calculations.


Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of early stage mechanical ventilation(MV)on patients with acute severe craniocerebral injury.Methods 52 patients receiving MV were retrospectively analysed.The PaO_2,PaCO_2 and GCS after MV were compared with those before MV in patients receiving early stage MV.The prognosis of patients treated with early stage MV was compared with those who accepted traditional MV.Results The value of PaO_2 and GCS was raised in the patients treated with early stage MV and that of PaCO_2 was depressed.The rate of favorable neurological outcome was 71.4% in early stage MV group and 45.8% in traditional MV group.Conclusion The early stage MV has significant effect on hypoxemia and consciousness recovery in patients with acute severe craniocerebral injury.


We investigate the variability of physical parameters in the Broad Line Region (BLR) of NGC 5548 using the Boltzmann plot (BP) method. We apply the method on the Balmer lines observed from 1996 to 2004, and find that variability earlier detected in the lines, is also present in the temperature. We find that the average temperature for the considered period was T≈ 10000 K, and that varies from 6000 K (in 2002) to 15000 K (in 1998). This variation correlates with the optical continuum intensity (r = 0.85) and may indicate the existence of an accretion disc in the BLR of NGC 5548. Additionally, we use the CLOUDY code to discuss the obtained temperature.


The slogan of Montreal's Marche Jean-Talon is "When country comes to town."  An afternoon stroll through the city's largest public food market suggests that the word applies in both senses: country, as in the rural landscape, and country, as in the nations of the world. In surveying the cornucopia of place-based messages that greet potential shoppers, this paper positions the farmers' market as a site for the consumption of authentic and authenticated foods, and thus a suitable microcosm for the exploration of larger issues related to consumer trends towards provenance purchasing, origin labelling, and the promotion of place as the primary marker of alimentary authenticity in the wider food marketplace.


This research is motivated by parents' concerns about the dangers posed by gadgets, parental co-viewing has been suggested as a way to prevent negative harm from gadgets. The purpose of this study was to determine parental co-viewing and involvement in the use of gadgets in reducing the dangers caused by gadgets. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study research design on three parents who have children aged 2-5 years. The data collection technique uses interviews and field notes which are then processed using grounded theory analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that parents use parental co-viewing because through this parental mediation parents will know and supervise children's digital activities so that they can reduce the dangers of gadgets. In addition, this parental co-viewing also increases the closeness of parents with their children. Activities carried out by parents with their children are watching educational videos on the YouTube application and playing game on educational game applications. Parental Co-viewing can be a guide for parents to help early childhood to avoid the dangers posed by the device because parents can organize and know the content that will be accessed by their children.


Introduction: Ibuprofen is widely used in treatment of mild to moderated pain and fever. However, according to Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) it is classified as Class II compound having high permeability and low solubility, thus the rate limiting step to avoid delaying in analgesic effect is to be available in soluble state. Objective: To prepares and characterize Ibuprofen:Souplus solid dispersion using co-evaporation technique. Methods: Various ration of Soluplus (0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, and 100 %) was first dissolved in a common solvent followed by adding the complementing ratio of Ibuprofen. The solvent was removed under fume hood overnight. The thin film formed after evaporation was collected, compressed and tested for in-vitro dissolution at phosphate buffer pH 7.2. The physical appearance of the film also was tested. Results:At 40% Soluplus the dissolution of Ibuprofen was around 25 % at 30 min compared with 15% Soluplus showed around 80% resales at the same time interval. 10% soluplus released 100% at 30 min. Interestingly, after 8-10 hr. The release profile was more sustained until 24 hr. Regardless the % of Soluplus. Conclusion: Sustained release profile of Ibuprofen:Soluplus solid dispersion can be achieved at lower % of Soluplus.


The wide spread use of social network services, especially location based services, has transformed social networks into an important information source of real-world events. Many event detection systems using geo-tagged posts from social networks have been developed in recent years. Besides detecting real-world events, it is also desirable for government officials, news media, and police, etc., to identify on-site users of an event, from whom we could gather valuable information regarding the process of events and investigate suspects when an event is associated with crime or terrorist. However, due to the high uncertainty of human mobility patterns and the low probability of users sharing their location information, it is difficult to identify on-site users while a social event unfolds, and research work in this area is still in its infancy. In this paper, we propose a Fused fEature Gaussian prOcess Regression (FEGOR) model, which exploits three influential factors in social networks for on-site user identification: mobility influence, content similarity, and social relationship. By integrating these factors, we are able to estimate the distance between a user and a social event even when the user's location profile is unknown, thus identify on-site users. Experiments on a real-world Twitter dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our model, achieving a minimum mean absolute error of 1.7km and outperforming state-of-the-art methods.


The use of trade books in science instruction, particularly in the elementary and middle school grades, invites scrutiny into the ways in which trade books represent science and its practitioners to learners. Forty-four trade books were examined for their explicit and implicit representations of science. The majority of the sample was comprised of informational texts, followed by experiment books and artistic books. Scientific knowledge was generally represented as facts, with limited connections to the producers of those facts. Scientists and their practice were represented as experiment or observation, in descriptions that blurred the distinctions between levels of participation in science, and emphasized empirical data collection over analysis or theory development. Artistic books focused on nature encouraged an aesthetic approach to nature, primarily through creative observation. These books are not likely to convey a sophisticated image of the nature of science to young children without contextualization by teachers and other knowledgeable adults. However, they have potential as tools within inquiry contexts, if used in a manner authentic to goals for scientific literacy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 214–235, 2006


An electrochemical process for the coupling of two phenols, which differ in their oxidation potential, and novel biphenols, which can be produced by this electrochemical coupling.


In order to provide reference for further research of preserving rust-eaten in reinforced concrete,by consulting relevant literatures,this article discussed the effects of rust-eaten to its mechanical properties,the influencing factors,the methods of detection and assessment and the protection and restoration techniques of rust-eaten.The result shows that rust-eaten influence the mechanical properties of the reinforced concrete from three aspects;the reasons of rust-eaten are chloride,carbonization of concrete,sulphates,water and oxygen,ambient temperature,distress in concrete;the measures of detection and assessment,such as potential diagram method,potential gradient method,AC impedence method, constand current pulse method,polarization curves method,linear polarization method,optical fiber monitor method.It also indicates the ways of making the intelligent detection methods of corrosion of reinforcement in concrete perfect,establishing the structure failure evaluation index system of the concrete closer to the engineering reality.The research in practical application of concrete reinforcement corrosion protection method and the repairing method of reinforced concrete will be the future direction.


Lymph node is one of the commonest site for extra pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Cervical lymph nodes are most commonly affected by TB. Whereas tuberculous inguinal lymphadenopathy is quite uncommon. Isolated bilateral tuberculosis of the inguinal lymph nodes is rare and poses a diagnostic challenge to the surgeon. Lymph node biopsy is diagnostic. A case of bilateral tuberculous inguinal lymphadenopathy diagnosed by open biopsy is presented to highlight the diagnostic challenges it poses in addition to creating awareness of its existence as a distinct entity unrelated to tuberculosis of the lung and bowel.


The paper presents the results of experiments conducted in nursery and plantation trials on Cordia alliadora (N & P) OkeD, in India Under the overall supervision of the Silviculture Branch, Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehra Dun in collaboration with the State Forest Departments.


The effect of uptake1 inhibitors, cocaine and desipramine, on the contractile response of the rat isolated vas deferens to the enantiomers of noradrenaline and adrenaline and to the corresponding deoxy‐derivatives, dopamine and epinene, was investigated. Cocaine (10−6 M) significantly potentiated all six agonists; the effect was most marked for the laevo‐isomers (‐)‐noradrenaline and (‐)‐adrenaline. Desipramine (10−7 M) also potentiated (‐)‐noradrenaline, (+)‐noradrenaline, (‐)‐adrenaline, (+)‐adrenaline and epinene but, in contrast, antagonized dopamine. This selective antagonism of dopamine by desipramine was also observed for the separated epididymal and prostatic ends of the rat vas deferens.


We settle some open problems in the special case of groups in o-minimal structures, such as the equality of G^00 and G^000 and the equivalence of definable amenability and existence of a type with bounded orbit. We prove almost exactness of the G to G^00 functor. We ask further questions about types with bounded orbits in NIP theories.


A simple second order linear model for the thumb is proposed and its parameter values are identified. In t r o d U c t i o II Mathematical modeling is an important tool in studying the movements of different parts of the human body. One important problem of detailed models is that they are more complex and more difficult to understand compared to simpler models. Another undesirable property of complex models is the high number of parameters which may become too numerous, hence impossible to identify. Therefore, it is desirable to keep the model as simple as possible, though one should also bare the limits of their applicability especially while working with simple models.


Objective:To explore the knowledge level of cancer pain and attitude in cancer pain management of nurses in 2 cancer hospitals in Beijing;and to analyze the related factors.Methods:A self-designed questionnaire was employed and 348 nurses from 2 cancer hospital in Beijing were enrolled in this study.Results:The score of cancer pain knowledge questionnaire were 75.85 ± 12.59;the score of cancer pain management part was highest in all 5 parts of the questionnaire,but the score of the medication knowledge of cancer pain part was the lowest.It was showed that the score of cancer pain knowledge questionnaire is relevant to these factors:whether or not to accept the cancer pain-related knowledge training,departments,positions (P0.05).Analysis of Variance found that the score of cancer pain knowledge questionnaire is relevant to the title (F=6.493,P=0.002).Conclusion:Nurses' attitude towards pain management need to be improved and the nurses need to learn more knowledge about medication of cancer pain.


Worldwide, there are technological advances that swift automation in several aspects of the pharmaceutical industry such as pharmacovigilance, clinical research, medical affairs, and marketing. Innovative technology like artificial intelligence (AI) emphasizes the massive use of the internet for drug development, drug safety, data analytics, communication marketing, and customer engagement to achieve the goal of pharmaceuticals and patient-centric healthcare. Presently, escalating the number of individual case safety reports (ICSRs) necessitate the support of AI in the transformation of drug safety professional. AI can be transformed and evolve the clinical trial process from the conventional method alongside benefited the cutting cost, enhancing the trial quality, and alleviate trial time by almost half. Today, AI may be efficiently implemented to lower the cost of medical information requests, besides the online chatbots to communicate with health care professionals (HCPs) and consumers. There are numerous forthcoming uses of AI which need to be executed for renovation in the field of pharmaceuticals.


journals.sagepub.com/home/taw 389 Introduction Tamsulosin is a uroselective α1A adrenergic receptor blocker used for benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms.1 Other α1 blockers (nonselective subtypes) include prazosin, terazosin, and doxazocin. As per one large-scale study, dizziness, abnormal ejaculation, headache, hypotension, gastrointestinal disorder, nausea, cardiovascular disorder, impotence, and dry mouth are frequent side effects associated with tamsulosin.2 The reported frequency of diarrhea with tamsulosin is 0.1–1%3 is lower compared with prazosin (<4%),4 terazosin (4%)5 and doxazosin (1–3%).6 Clinicians favor tamsulosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia due to its uroselective action as well as the reduced cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects. Herewith, we report a case of tamsulosin-induced diarrhea.


We used data from a national study of pregnant women with HIV to evaluate the prevalence of congenital abnormalities in newborns from women with HIV infection.


A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
Civil Engineering


The air quality in cities has a vital impact in people's health, although perceive contamination level is not quite simple due to the microscopical size of pollutant particles. It can be considered a relation where the wider the thermal amplitude the higher the level of suspended particles smaller than ten micrometers. Unfortunately, there isn't enough information about a possible relation between the contamination and weather variables in Morelia city. In the present writing it's shown a system design for monitoring environmental contaminants and temperature. The measurements of contaminants and temperature will be used to find a covariation. The covariation is going to help for the development of an equation that can predict the level of pollution. The wireless monitoring systems uses different sensors to detect levels of dioxide, ozone, suspended particles, smoke and liquefied petroleum gas. These sensors communicate with the microcontroller by I2C, SPI, and UART. Data is saved on a SD card, and it also can be visualized with a smartphone. The device is remotely connected to the system through the access point mode of the microcontroller. The client uses the Wi-Fi network to reach the html page where data is shown.


We appreciate the comments by Smerilli et al in response to our letter about the willingness to vaccination among patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). By the time we had performed our survey, only the Pfizer– BioNTech vaccine was available for the administration to healthcare personnel, therefore we could not assess whether, among the reasons for refusal, the kind of vaccine might have affected willingness to vaccinate. After some months, once other vaccines became available, Smerilli et al, confirming a rate of acceptance to COVID-19 vaccination similar to ours, had the opportunity to observe that the decision of accepting or declining vaccination is heavily influenced by the type of vaccine. We can now corroborate Smerilli's results. In fact, during the last few weeks, our tertiary referral centre has organised the vaccination campaign by starting to contact our extremely vulnerable patients by telephone call (according to the definition of our Minister of Health those subjects with autoimmune diseases and an immunodeficiency secondary to treatments or with severe lung involvement) (https://www. salutelazio. it/ documents/ 10182/ 59078875/ allegato+ 1_ COV19_ 12032021. pdf/ 5a4f445b31d864262dd5ffe53ea6c8f3 (accessed 25 April 2021)) to make an appointment for vaccination with the Pfizer– BioNTech product. Only 54 (5.2%) out of the 1027 subjects contacted so far have declined, which is a lower percentage than that previously reported in January when vaccination was only a still far possibility and not a real opportunity, in line with those observed in the USA by Nguyen et al. Other kinds of vaccines were not available for such prioritised category of patients, so we could not check if proposing Vaxzevria or others would have increased refusals. Across all countries, vaccines and population groups, the leading cause of concerns for vaccinations is vaccine safety, in the peculiar case of COVID-19 it appears that safety concerns linked to the type of vaccine, more than to vaccination itself, outweigh the perceived disease risks. This type of concern is probably unprecedented in the history of vaccination campaigns and is possibly linked to an overabundance of information concerning this topic, some of which are potentially harmful because untrue. Vaccine acceptance is a complex decisionmaking process influenced by a wide spectrum of factors among which communication and media environments play an important role. We, as physicians, have the responsibility and the duty to increase our patients' willingness to vaccinate on the ground of solid scientific evidence about risk and benefits, trying to fight this unique and overwhelming COVID-19 infodemic. In this context, we are planning calls between specialists and their patients with RMDs who had refused vaccination to verify if a personal contact might increase awareness and willingness to vaccinate.


An innovative high voltage-gain boost converter, which is made for home inverters contains the combination of switched capacitors and coupled inductors made a voltage multiplier, which is used to increase the output gain of a traditional converter abnormally without using an excessive switching frequency. The setup not only maximizes the efficiency but also eliminates input current ripple almost, which deduces conduction losses and current stress of switches causes to greater extension of input source lifetime. In addition, due to the lossless passive clamp performance, leakage energy is recycled to the output terminal. Hence, large voltage spikes across the main switches are alleviated, and the efficiency is improved. Even the low voltage stress makes the low-voltage-rated MOSFETs be embraced for reductions conduction losses and expense. Ultimately, the prototype circuit with 24-V input voltage, 230-V output, and 1000-W output power is operated to verify its performance. The greatest effectiveness is 97.1 %.


an edge by sociological reflection, considers aspects of conservative traditions as well as the problems faced by the generation which was vainly trying to succeed that of the left-wing middle-aged idealists of '68. Moving to the psychological plane, Brockmann then deals at some length with Maaz's famous theories on the eastern 'emotional blockage' following reunification, and uses some of the latter's concepts for a discussion of several of the


We propose a solution of the parametrically excited oscillator problem using the Hamiltonian formalism introduced by Glauber. The main advantage is that, within the framework of this formalism, the different possible approximations appear much more naturally than in the standard textbook presentation. Experiments on adiabatic and resonant parametric excitations of a pendulum are presented as an illustration, with particular attention being paid to the role played by the phase of the excitation.


Mind wandering refers to a phenomena,that attention switches from a current task or external environment to unrelated thoughts and feelings. Previous studies mainly focused on the cost of mind wandering. However,recently much evidence suggest that mind wandering also has its positive adaptive functions. This article synthesizes these functions including monitoring the external environment, autobiographical planning, improving creativity, facilitating decision making and lowering negative affect,and analyses the corresponding theoretical explanations,such as context regulation hypothesis and content regulation hypothesis,and thought continuum hypothesis. Future research will tend to investigate the adaptive functions of mind wandering in a direct way. Also,technisms which regulating content,time and context of mind wandering should be developed in the future,so as to improve the adaptive function of mind wandering.


We generalise disagreement percolation to Gibbs point processes of balls with varying radii. This allows to establish the uniqueness of the Gibbs measure and exponential decay of pair correlations in the low activity regime by comparison with a sub-critical Boolean model. Applications to the Continuum Random Cluster model and the Quermass-interaction model are presented. At the core of our proof lies an explicit dependent thinning from a Poisson point process to a dominated Gibbs point process.


Motivated by modeling transport processes in the growth of neurons, we present results on (nonlinear) Fokker-Planck equations where the total mass is not conserved. This is either due to in- and outflow boundary conditions or to spatially distributed reaction terms. We are able to prove exponential decay towards equilibrium using entropy methods in several situations. As there is no conservation of mass it is difficult to exploit the gradient flow structure of the differential operator which renders the analysis more challenging. In particular, classical logarithmic Sobolev inequalities are not applicable any more. Our analytic results are illustrated by extensive numerical studies.


It is well known that lung cancer patients have abnormalities in their immune system and that the extent of these abnormalities may have prognostic relevance (1, 2). The promise of immune therapy for lung cancer has been suggested for many years, but real improvements in survival have remained elusive. An early report suggested that resected lung cancer patients who developed empyema had a superior outcome (3), perhaps on the basis of immune stimulation. This led to a number of trials of nonspecific immune stimulants, such as Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG) and nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (4, 5). Although several small, uncontrolled trials showed promise to these approaches, larger randomized trials failed to show any survival benefit (6–9). Prior studies also evaluated the use of thymosin factor V, interferon, and other nonspecific immune stimulants. Once again, promising early study results could not be confirmed for thymosin factor V (10, 11), interferon (12–15), IL2 with or without adopted cells (16), or other means. However, immune approaches remain appealing because initial therapy with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy alone and in combination produce high response rates in all histologic types of lung cancer, but relapse is nearly inevitable. Over the past decade, a number of tumor antigens, which are expressed on the majority of lung cancer cells, were described. Some of these are expressed in nearly all small-cell lung cancers (SCLC) and are overexpressed on these tumor cells in comparison with normal lung tissues. These tumor antigens provide a new specific means for development of successful vaccine approaches. Tumor antigens that are being explored for potential vaccines include mutant oncogene proteins such as p53, ras, or erb B2, and also cell surface proteins such as CEA, MUC1, GD2, or HuD. At this point, the ideal antigen for immune therapy is unknown. There are also many ways in which these antigens may be developed as vaccines. One approach is to isolate the tumor protein, such as mutant p53, and administer the protein alone or with nonspecific immune stimulants. A group from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) evaluated the clinical relevance of human antitumor immune responses to tumor antigens, including p53 and HuD (17). They found serum antibodies against autologous tumor proteins in 50% of SCLC and 75% of non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, including two patients who had anti-p53 antibodies and two patients who had anti-HuD antibodies. The presence of antibodies was found to correlate with improved survival and limited stage. In subsequent studies, the NCI showed that missense p53 mutations give rise to new tumor-specific peptide sequences, which are efficiently processed and presented by human lung cancer cells. They then showed that these mutant p53 peptides were effectively targeted by cytotoxic T cells specific for the endogenous mutant epitopes (18). They are currently conducting a clinical trial using the patient-specific p53 peptides as the immunogen. However, this approach is very labor intensive because the mutant p53 protein must be identified and isolated from each patient and then mass produced. Another approach to using oncogene mutations evaluated activating mutations of the p21 ras proto-oncogene because these activating mutations are limited in number and occur in many common malignancies and in otherwise completely conserved regions. Triozzi and colleagues (19) engineered a chimeric ras immunogen incorporating a promiscuous T-cell epitope to enhance the immunogenicity of an oligopeptide corresponding to a weakly immunogenic substitution, and they are evaluating this immunogene as a vaccine. Many lung cancers overexpress erb B1 and its protein, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and/or erb B2 and its protein, Her2/neu. These oncoproteins have also been used in vaccine development. Gonzalez and associates (20) linked the human EGF protein to either tetanus toxoid or Neisseria meningitidis recombinant protein and immunized patients with intradermal injection using aluminum hydroxyde as an adjuvant. Anti-EGF antibodies developed in 60% of the immunized patients without major toxicities. Finally, Amici and coworkers developed a plasmid DNA encoding the rat neu NT oncogene (21). In a transgenic mouse model, intramuscular injections of neu NT plasmids drastically reduced the outgrowth of new and mammory neoplasms. Common tumor antigens such as CEA, MUC1, GD2, and HuD have been used as the basis for vaccine strategies. Human MUC1 is overexpressed in many human car( Received in original form May 6, 1999 )


We studied a Japanese patient who developed parkinsonian symptoms over 3 months before the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Brain MRI showed multiple lesions with mass effect and ring enhancement in the basal ganglia and subcortical white matter suggesting Toxoplasma infection. Anti-Toxoplasma therapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy for 6 months allowed improvement of parkinsonism, brain MRI findings, and immune system.


Relevance. China is the dominant trading partner for many countries of the world. The new plan for the Chinese economic development in 2021–2035, based on the "double circulation" model, has become the subject of vigorous debate. Research objective. The study aims to identify China's economic growth drivers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluate the impact of external and internal factors on China's economic growth, taking into account future strategic changes. Data and methods. To identify the growth factors of GDP, we used a factor model based on GDP components by spending and the data provided by the State Bureau of Statistics of the PRC for 2007–2020. Results. Over the past decade, the contribution of GDP components that shape domestic demand has been steadily reduced. The decline in the share of net exports in GDP growth was replaced by the fluctuations in the external and domestic demand shares in the subsequent periods. The evaluations show that in 2020, 1% of 3.56% of China's economic growth in GDP (in national currency) was provided by net exports and 2% of 3.56% was provided by an increase in gross capital formation. Conclusions. The increase in the contribution of net exports to GDP growth was caused not only by the growth of exports with a slowdown in the growth of imports but also by the redistribution of the shares of all factors and primarily by the sharp reduction in the share of the contribution of household expenditures to consumption. To promote domestic circulation through personal consumption, it is necessary for China to lower the savings rate, solve the problem of income inequality, and increase disposable income per capita.


The results showed that the presence of Gondang Sabangunan in the village PartorJanji Matogu important role in any traditional events in the village Partor Janji Matoguwhich can be seen from the function, especially in traditional events Panangkok Saringsaring to accompany tortor when dropping crates to the location of the tomb new,accompany tortor the hula when handing rudang-rudang and accompany tortor bonahasuhutan that will bring rudang-rudang into the house. Forms of presentationgondang played using ensemble gondang Sabangunan, this ensemble plays a repertoiregondang sipitu in the event panangkok Saring-saring is Gondang At first, Gondangsomba-somba, Gondang mangaliat, Gondang Pasu-pasu, Gondang sahata saoloan,Gondang hasahaton, Gondang sitiotio , Gondang Sipitu particular musical formgondang mangaliat accentuate the melody played by Bolon sarune musical instrumentsand other musical instruments taganing, ogung, hesek serves as an accompanimentmelody and tempo beats with a value thatisdifferent foreach instrument


The Social benefits,economic benefits and eco-environmental benefits should be considered in the hydraulic engineering design scheme.It is very important that the advantages and disadvantages selection and comprehensive evaluation for the optimal allocation of water resources.Through the deep investigation and demonstration for the water intake sites,water delivery point and project line,comprehensively considered the actual of the whole water supply regions including Pingshan town,Kuiyong town,Dapeng town and Nanao town,and also particular analyzed the Chiao reservoir,Jingxin reservoir,Damali reservoir and Dongyong reservoir,then implemented the engineering scheme in the view of planning coordination,construction condition and technology of hydraulic,hydrology and hydropower etc,the paper finally determined the general arrangement.


For decades, customer complaints on Squeak & Rattle issues have come as a question of quality for the automotive industry. Squeak and rattle sounds are customer irritants due to their non-patterned and transient nature. Squeak is a friction induced noise that generally occurs because of rubbing of the two materials that are incompatible with each other. While rattle is a phenomenon that occurs due to the impact between the two parts having unintended gap. They are no more secondary noises and avoiding or elimination of these become significant for brand building and warranty cost reduction. Chucking is a form of squeak noise that occurs due to the interaction between uncoated seal to seal. In Swing gate, this phenomenon is seen when seal bulb inner layers are completely compressed. Swing gate have fore-aft modes that are excited due to dynamic responses from different road profiles. Traditional find and fix approach is time consuming and to reduce product development time, CAE methodologies are explored. This paper attempts to discuss about seal chucking in swing gate and its degradation. An implementable process in predicting the seal chucking during design phase is presented. Simulation studies were carried out by varying the seal stiffness and positioning the features like bump stop. The proposed method was effective in reduction of seal chucking. Physical measurements confirmed the reduction in relative motion with the proposed manufacturable solution. The test findings were in line with the CAE analysis. Recommendations for future swing gate design will be presented.


Please join us today in celebrating the five-year anniversary of farmdoc daily. When the farmdoc team committed to the goal of publishing one original article of research-based analysis and information each business day at the new farmdoc daily site, even we thought it sounded more than a little over-the-top. We are, of course, proud to have accomplished this goal, but we are even prouder that we met the goal while maintaining high standards for timeliness, relevance, and rigor. We know that the quality of articles, not the quantity, is the reason why farmdoc daily has earned a place on the "must read" list of literally hundreds of thousands of farmers, lenders, educators, journalists, traders, market analysts, and policymakers around the world


Volunteers make a sizable, yet often under exposed and under valued, contribution to policing in the United Kingdom (UK), United States (US), and beyond. This book from British academic Carol Borland Jones, and US academic and Reserve Chief Deputy Sheriff Ross Wolf, acknowledges the range of volunteer roles in policing (e.g., cadets, Police Support Volunteers (PSVs), and other citizen type initiatives such as Neighbourhood Watch schemes), but focuses on perhaps the most recognisable figure – the volunteer officer. In England and Wales known as the Special Constable, in the US the reserve (a term predominantly used in the west) or auxiliary (more commonly heard in the north east), and variations of each and other labels (e.g., civil guard) featuring across the globe, lack of consistent definition is the first issue to which this book turns.


This paper describes a new research area called Learning Analytics that aims to optimize learning through students data analysis. This paper also describes an initial proposal of a Learning Analytics tool for a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC).


Topsail Sound is a marsh-filled barrier lagoon in southeastern North Carolina. This study quantified changes within a 477-ha tidal marsh located landward of Lea and Coke islands in southern Topsail Sound. Aerial photographs from 1949, 1966, and 1984 were enlarged, and sample areas of salt marsh were digitized and compared. Since 1949, Old Topsail Inlet has migrated southwest 1.2 km. As the inlet migrated, new Spartina alterniflora marsh colonized 33.2 ha of intertidal sand flats within the inlet flood tidal delta, adjacent islands, and primary tidal creeks. Landward of the flood tidal delta, site specific gains and losses of marsh were recorded. It is estimated that since 1949, approximately 34.1 ha of the marsh area occupying the zone landward of the flood tidal delta has drowned. This loss of marsh, combined with the colonization of marsh mentioned above, resulted in a net decrease of 1 ha in the total area of marsh. This study provides evidence that, although lagoonal marshes may be drowning as a result of soil waterlogging, reduced sediment supply, and sea-level rise, potential marsh environments are created by oceanic inputs of sand when inlets migrate.


We describe some calculations in graded Lie rings which provide a fairly sharp upper bound for the nilpotency class and for the order of the restricted Burnside group on two generators with exponent 7. The purpose of this announcement is to report on some, machine-based, calculations in graded Lie rings which provide a fairly sharp upper bound for the nilpotency class and for the order of the restricted Burnside group R(2, 7) on two generators with exponent 7. The associated Lie ring of R(2, 7) may be viewed as a Lie algebra over the field Z7 with 7 elements. Furthermore, it is known to satisfy certain multilinear identities, the most significant of which is equivalent to the 6-Engel identity. Additional multilinear identities are described in [3] (Section 2.5). We let E(2, 7) be the largest two-generator Lie algebra over Z7 satisfying the 6-Engel identity, and let W (2, 7) be the largest two-generator Lie algebra over Z7 satisfying all the multilinear identities described in [3]. So the associated Lie ring of R(2, 7) is a homomorphic image of W (2, 7), which is itself a homomorphic image of E(2, 7). Earlier calculations, described in [1], showed that the largest class 18 quotient of E(2, 7) has dimension 6473 and the largest class 18 quotient of W (2, 7) has dimension 6366. This result required the use of a multilinear identity of degree 13 first pointed out by Wall [6]. This, together with results of Wall [7], implies that the largest class 18 quotient of R(2, 7) has order 7. At that time Havas et al. [1] made the guess that the class of W (2, 7) is at least 30 and its dimension is at least 20000. (In [3] a more conservative estimate is given: the order of R(2, 7) is at least 7.) A rather astronomical upper bound for the class of R(m, 7) was obtained by Vaughan-Lee and Zelmanov [5] (Theorem 4). More recently Vaughan-Lee [4] has obtained the reasonably moderate upper bound 51m for the class of R(m, 7). Moreover, these methods, augmented by appropriate computations, can be pushed quite a bit further to give bounds in the hundreds for the class of R(2, 7). With recent improvements in computer hardware and the program, it seemed worth making further calculations in the spirit of [1]. For example, the program now allows closure under automorphisms—as described in [2] for the group case. With some additional refinements—in particular, the use of a more compact data structure suggested by George Havas—it has turned out to be possible to show that E(2, 7) has class 29 and dimension 23789. Received by the editors November 20, 1997. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 17-04, 17B30, 20D15. c ©1998 American Mathematical Society


Cause for no combusting of combustible gas in the second-combustion chamber was analyzed. The solv-
ing methods were given in this paper.


Based on the soft ground improvement in Jiangyin railway project in Fuzhou,the indoor experiments are conducted systematically by orthogonal design method for the purpose of study,through which the relation between three factors,including the cement content,curing age and confining pressure of the cement-soil,and the uniaxial compression strength and Young's modulus could be obtained.As a result of the comparison between the significance evaluation indices of each factors and the critical value,F0.01、F0.05 and F0.10 thereof,we know that the cement content and the curing age influence the uniaxial compression strength and Young's modulus of cement-soil significantly,whereas the effect of the confining pressure is little.


An X-ray analysis apparatus converts an X-ray intensity distribution of discrete data determined for each pixel, from a first plane where the distribution is known into a second plane where the distribution is not known. The apparatus projects onto the second plane, a grid point which specifies a pixel on the first plane and an intermediate point between the grid points, as nodes S2, calculates an area of a region where a polygon expressing a projected pixel specified by the projected nodes overlaps with each pixel on the second plane S3, to thereby calculate an occupancy ratio of the polygon expressing the projected pixel to each pixel on the second plane S4 and distributes X-ray intensity in the pixel on the first plane to the pixel on the second plane based on the occupancy ratio, to thereby convert the X-ray intensity distribution S6.


It was shown by Young (1947) and by Boyland & Wolf (1950) that rats convert phenanthrene into trans 9,10 dihydro-9,10 dihydroxyphenanthrene; the latter workers further showed that rabbits convert phenanthrene into this compound and also into trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxyphenanthrene. Bergel & Pschorr (1903) had found that phenanthrene causes an increased excretion of glucuronic acid conjugates. In the present work it was found that the above compounds, together with trans3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxyphenanthrene, are excreted both free and conjugated with glucuronic acid in animals of both species. Glucuronic acid conjugates of hydroxyphenanthrenes and of dihydroxyphenanthrenes are also present.


In this short paper we propose a novel VLSI architecture for multidimensional discrete wavelet transform (m-D DWT) based on systolic array and non-separable approach. The proposed architecture performs a decomposition of an N/sub 1/ /spl times/ N/sub 2/ /spl times/ ... /spl times/ N/sub m/ image in about N/sub 1/ N/sub 2/...N/sub m//(2/sup m/ $1) clock cycles (ccs). This result considerably speeds up other known architectures. Besides, the advantages of the proposed architecture include very simple hardware complexity, regular data flow and low control complexity.


the initial salinity status of the soils within this district. Analyses of samples from soils, water tables and effluents indicate high concentrations of calcium, sulphate and magnesium. Horizons of pure gypsum are common, making the soi1:water extract 1:5 unsuitable to assess soil salinity; an acetone assay using the same extract is proposed. electromagnetic predict results conditions such as shallow auger-impenetrable limestone important in the lower salinity range and should be evaluated when deeper sampling in feasible.


Meloxicam (MLX) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) which belong to Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II, which have a low solubility level with a high permeability. Therefore, to enchance is solubility level, physical modification of the meloxicam is required. It  can be done by the cocrystal formation. Cocrystal contained active ingredients and coformer which bind through the hydrogen bond. This study used malonic acid (MA), since it contained carboxylic group which expected to form hydrogen bonds. Slurry is a method of cocrystal formation by mixing two ingredients, i.e. active ingredients of the drugs and its cofomer, dissolved in a solvent and may be formed due to the heat energy released by the friction between particles and their crusher. This study aimed to determine the characteristic of meloxicam-malonid acid cocrystal by 1:1 mol ratio using PXRD, DSC and FTIR. The result of PXRD charaterization indicated a new peak at angle 9,4° and 18,5°. The result of DSC characterization indicated an endothermic peak with a low melting point at 97,64°C ; 152,62°C ; 176,87°C temperature. The result of FTIR characterization indicated a shirt of the O-H uptake band from at wave number 3126-2980 cm-1 to 3292-2951 cm-1, the N-H uptake band of meloxicam at wave number 3492 cm-1 to 3525 cm-1


In Vertosols sodicity can affect the nutrition of cotton crops. However it is not known whether this results indirectly through the effects of poor soil structure on root growth and activity, or more directly as an effect of soil solution sodium ions on nutrient uptake. To separate these factors we investigated whether adding sand (25, 50 and 75% w/w) or polyacrylamide (PAM) (0.00005%, 0.001% and 0.2% w/w) to sodic and non-sodic soil would overcome the impacts of sodicity on soil physical characteristics in a pot experiment. Treatment effects on soil chemical properties were assessed through in situ measurement of soil solution composition. Soil physical properties were assessed by measurement of bulk density and water stable aggregates. As the proportion of sand in the soil increased, total soil solution nutrient concentrations decreased significantly and soil bulk density increased. This indicates that the addition of sand to sodic soils is an unsuitable method of counteracting the impacts of sodicity on soil physical characteristics in pot experiments. In contrast, increasing PAM application did not significantly affect the soil solution nutrient composition, except in the case of P, which showed a small decrease as PAM increased. Also, increasing PAM application to the soil increased the percentage of water stable aggregates, and increased infiltration and soil hydraulic conductivity. This indicates that the addition of PAM to sodic soils may be a suitable method of overcoming the impacts of sodicity on soil physical characteristics in pot experiments, although care is needed when interpreting P results. Introduction Almost 30% of the Australian landmass and 80% of the irrigated agricultural area in Australia are occupied by sodic soils (Rengasamy and Olsson 1993). It has been estimated that the loss in agricultural production occurring as a result of soil sodicity in Australia may cost up to $6.75 billion annually. Sodicity affects the growth and nutrition of plants in a number of ways. Sodicity causes structural deterioration of the soil, reducing hydraulic conductivity and increasing susceptibility to surface crusting, hard setting and waterlogging (Levy, Shainberg et al. 1998). These factors can limit plant productivity and alter nutrient uptake by reducing seedling emergence and root growth. Sodic soils have reduced redox potential, high soil pH and maintain higher soil solution sodium (Na) concentrations (Curtin and Naidu 1998). These factors can limit plant productivity and alter nutrient uptake by changing nutrient availability to plant roots. A combination of both the physical and chemical impacts of sodicity has been show to induce nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in plants (Curtin and Naidu 1998). In order to better understand this issue, there is a need to quantify the relative contribution of the physical aspects of sodicity to nutrition problems in crop plants. A number of authors (Allison 1956; Bernstein and Pearson 1956; Carr and Greenland 1975; Chang and Dregne 1955; Wright and Raiper 2000) utilised synthetic soil conditioning agents, such as vinyl acetatemaleic acid copolymer and polyacrylamide (PAM) to ameliorate the soil structure of sodic soils in pot experiments and improve crop growth. PAM is an anionic polymer commonly used in irrigated agriculture for improving water infiltration and reducing soil erosion and runoff. PAM has been shown to improve the structure of sodic soils, increase the percentage of water stable aggregates and hydraulic conductivity and reduce surface crusting (Wallace, Wallace et al. 1986a). PAM is attracted to the surface of the soil via van der Waals and coulombic forces, where it increases particle adhesion through flocculation (Sojka and Surapaneni 2000). It is unclear however, whether PAM application may change nutrient availability and soil water retention characteristics (Falatah 1998; Wallace, Wallace et al. 1986b). In this paper, two experiments are reported, in which various proportions of sand and PAM were used to overcome structural problems in sodic soils. In situ sampling and analysis of the soil solution using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICPOES) and ion chromatography (IC)


The main thrust of this study was to investigate the effect of domestic debt and interest rate on the economic growth of Nigeria as well as examine the crowding-out effect of private investment given the interest in the country.  Data used were secondary and primary and were analysed and tested using relevant econometric analytical technique as well as Chi-square technique. The result shows a positive significant relationship between domestic debt and economic growth and an inverse relationship between interest rate and economic growth in Nigeria. It was also shown that high interest rate reduces private sector investment, thus leading to decline in gross domestic product. Therefore, the paper emphasizes the need for Nigerian government to maintain a growth-inducing level of domestic debts always and it should be ensured that these financial resources are productively deployed and utilized so that they do not constitute any drain on the future resources. The government should also formulate and implement financial policies that enhance investment-friendly rate of interest and as well take into consideration those other factors which negatively affect investment in the country.


The ability to use written language involves extremely complex processes such as memory, planning, sequencing, fine motor discrimination and movements, and the use of various eye, hand, and brain integrative systems. In spite of this complexity, however, the average child in our culture at about the age of five or six is mature enough to profit by instruction in handwriting. We should not be surprised, however, to find a number of children who are not ready to profit from such instruction or who need highly individualized and specialized instruction in order to succeed at such a complex task. The very complexity of the task offers numerous possibilities for failure. The teacher needs to consider


The present invention relates to the use of compounds of formula KMgF The present invention relates to compounds and their preparation of the formula KMgF The present invention can be used advantageously in particular purifying the applied uranium nuclear industry, where it in relation to the metals present with the gas or liquid stream impurities, uranium hexafluoride (UF


The purpose of this paper is to review advances made in our understanding of the origin of overpressures in clastic rocks and examine the relationship between overpressuring and hydrocarbon expulsion. This study uses numerical simulations to examine overpressure models in clastic rocks. It is based on a review of previous regional overpressure modeling studies in rapidly subsiding basins (the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia, and the Gulf Coast, U.S.A.), and in slowly subsiding basins (the Williston Basin, U.S.A.-Canada and the Paris Basin, France). We show that compaction models based on effective stress-porosity relations satisfactorily explain overpressures in rapidly subsiding basins. Overpressures appear primarily controlled by the vertical permeability of the shaly facies where they are observed. Vertical permeabilities required to model overpressures in the Gulf Coast and Mahakam basins differ little, they are around 1-10 nanodarcies. Geological evidence and models suggest other causes of overpressure such as aquathermal pressuring or clay diagenesis to be generally small compared with compaction disequilibrium. Hydrocarbon (HC) generation can be a minor additional cause of overpressures in rich, mature source rocks. Shale permeabilities calibrated against observed overpressures appear consistent with direct measurements. Specific surface areas of mineral grains and relationships between effective stress/permeability implied by model calibrations agree with independent experimental determination. The main weakness of mechanical compaction models is that they overestimate the porosity of thick overpressured shales. Unlike in previous studies, we suggest that this mismatch is not caused by fluid generation inside overpressured shales. Instead, we infer that it is a consequence of an inappropriate definition of effective stress. If effective stress is defined as S - aP, instead of S - P, then with a around 0.65-0.85, porosity reversals predicted in overpressured shales are much reduced, and better in agreement with observations. Alpha (a) is known in poro-elasticity as the Biot coefficient. We show that the non-linear distribution of horizontal stress often observed in overpressured shale sequences confirms values of the Biot coefficient in the range indicate above.


Reduced graphene oxide (abbreviated as RGO) possesses a fantastic ability to accept and transfer electrons. Bi<inf>2</inf>WO<inf>6</inf> semiconductor is a superb visible light catalytic material, which not only owns narrow band gap, stable property, but also is non-toxic. Hence, Bi<inf>2</inf>WO<inf>6</inf>/RGO nanobelts are rationally devised and manufactured by combining electrospinning and calcination technique in this work. The hydrogen generation efficiency of Bi<inf>2</inf>WO<inf>6</inf>/2%RGO nanobelts reaches up to 492.22 µmol h<sup>-1</sup>, which is 2.52 times that of pure Bi<inf>2</inf>WO<inf>6</inf> nanobelts. The result can be ascribed to the addition of RGO, which can heighten the capture intensity of Bi<inf>2</inf>WO<inf>6</inf>/2%RGO nanobelts in the visible and ultraviolet light regions, and the conductivity of RGO can quickly transfer electrons, thus promoting the separation and transfer of charge carriers. Therefore, Bi<inf>2</inf>WO<inf>6</inf> nanobelts photocatalyst has a broad application prospect in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen generation.


Incorporating sustainability into the supply chain is becoming a key priority for many textile and apparel companies. For example, H&M, Patagonia, and The North Face have incorporated various approaches to enhance their levels of sustainable supply chain management. Typical approaches include sustainable product strategy, sustainable investment, sustainable performance evaluation, corporate social responsibility, and environmental management system adoption, which contribute to the development of sustainable supply chain management in the textile and apparel industry. In this paper, we introduce the fifteen articles published in this special issue, and summarize the key findings and future research directions in the area of textile and apparel sustainable supply chain management.


PURPOSE: A stacked solar cell with fine particles is provided to prevent a reflected light loss by forming a concave-convex structure. CONSTITUTION: A bottom electrode(200) is formed on a substrate. A bottom photoelectric device(300) is formed on the bottom electrode. A plurality of fine particles are formed on the bottom photoelectric device. A top photoelectric device(400) is formed on the bottom photoelectric device along the step of the fine particles. A top electrode(500) is formed on the top photoelectric device.


Recently multi-core processors have become very popular in computer systems. It allows multiple threads to be executed simultaneously. The advantage of multi-core comes by parallelizing codes to ex ...


This paper studies the southern state of Chiapas in the context of Mexico's regional inequality, and particularly examines the effects of Mexico's trade policy. The paper shows that Chiapas is one of a group of southern states that have consistently performed worse than other states from 1940 to 2000, even during periods when regional inequality has improved. The paper demonstrates that Mexico's trade policies have affected states differently, depending on their endowments of infrastructure. This partly explains why Chiapas and its neighbors – states with exceptionally low values of infrastructure – consistently performed worse than other states over the entire time period, and particularly poorly in the open trade regime. Finally, the paper argues that these low levels of infrastructure have deep historical roots in the government policies implemented during the 20th century. I conclude that it is unlikely that the south will catch up without policies specifically addressing this infrastructure gap.


Abstract In this article, we review the most common posterior fossa pediatric neoplasms. We describe the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings used in the initial evaluation of a pediatric brain tumors. We also discuss the advanced MRI techniques which provide information about the physiology of the tumors and play an important role in the differential diagnosis as well as in the preoperative evaluation of different tumor types.


On the Woman's Side: Reproductive Anatomy. On the Man's Side: Reproductive Anatomy. On the Woman's Side: Development of the Egg. On the Man's Side: Development of the Sperm. Man and Woman: Sexual Intercourse Fertilization and Implantation. Mother and Embryo: The Early Pregnancy. Early Fetal Life. Late Fetal Life. Maternal Changes in Pregnancy. Mother, Father, and Child: Labor and Delivery. First, Second, Third Stages of Labor. Lactation and Breast-Feeding. Man and Woman: Contraception. Surgical Methods of Sterilization. Man and Woman: Treatment of Infertility. On the Woman's Side: Menopause. Man and Woman: Sexually Active Forever. Index.


[Objective] In order to the in-depth study of the toxicity of formaldehyde,and explore its mechanism of action and methods of preventing its toxicity.[Methods] By reviewing the research literatures on formaldehyde in the past twenty years,we made a review on formaldehyde toxicity as well as its prevention.[Results] As well as we know,formaldehyde was toxic and had variable degrees of poisoning to the human system except the movement systems and the endocrine system.There were some good ways to prevent or reduce the formaldehyde pollution and toxic effects on the human body.[Conclusion] Formaldehyde is used as a widespread pollution of the agent and is toxic to the human body systems,the prevention of formaldehyde pollution is crucial.Research and development of a simple measurement of formaldehyde pollution equipment may be the future direction of research in this area and has splendid economic value.


This study examines the impact of ethical leadership behavior on employee's perceptions of organizational performance. When schools are taken into consideration, ethical leaders following an administrative system that prioritizes earning the trust of teachers, justice, equality and how and at what measure this effected the teacher is examined. In the study, first ethical leadership behavior, then organizational performance concepts have been explained. The research methodology that created in the light of studies in the context of the reliability and validity of the scales confirmatory factor analysis, item analysis (items of total Correlation and Cronbach's Alpha) was used. 22.0 AMOS for confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis, SPSS 21.0 were used for item analysis, comparison tests and relationship programs. The results of analysis of ethical leadership behavior on perceptions of organizational performance have been found to differ in terms of various variables.


Use this guide to help you in your Education research Here are some online resources that may be helpful for Special Education Research


The purpose of this research is to reveal the setting of the inner space of Mies van der Rohe's court-houses of the 1930's, something that previous researchers have not written about yet. The method of analysis is based on the reconstruction of the collages and floor plans, revealing the latent design procedures of architectural creation, although hidden behind the intentional graphic distortions of Mies. The results explain how Mies refined the concept of court-house through incrementing the number of courts, thus working on a new idea on spatial dematerialization where perspective drawings were independent from layout plannings, achieving the ideal spatial atmosphere Mies had in mind. The discussion introduces three new spatial concepts rarely engaged by Mies' scholars but that place the court-house as an ideal vision for the 21st century: comfort, refinement and amazement.


During the past twenty years or so, much of the best Reformation scholarship has concentrated on the relationship of Reformation thought to the intellectual and spiritual traditions of the Middle Ages, with particular attention to the young Luther's development from a late medieval scholastic to an evangelical theologian.1 Research gains in this area have been great and have even transformed the discipline as a whole.


The inspiration from the studies of sound and music that SHAO Yong got is to solve the issue of a thorough understanding of the physical world and the metaphysical.SHAO's Prenatal Theory with profound background conducts a metaphysical thinking from the angle of time and space,with images and numbers as media;furthermore,SHAO pointed out the starting point of epistemology,thereby made a contribution for the neo-Confucian system construction at that time.


In a study of the nature of lung abscess produced experimentally in dogs by various means 1 two characteristics of the disease were found in contrast to that in man. In the first place, the animals did not cough appreciably, even at the height of the infection, and, secondly, the abscess cavities, although in some instances of very large size, healed spontaneously and rapidly. It was felt that the absence of cough had direct bearing upon the obliteration of the cavities, and experiments were planned to test this relationship. Preliminary report of these is given, comparing the course of lung abscess in dogs as it occurred without cough, with that of cases in which cough was stimulated. Here the pulmonary lesions were induced by infected emboli, according to the method of Cutler. 2 , 3 In each of 16 dogs a 1.0 cm. segment of femoral vein was resected and used as container for a lead pellet and a fragment of agar bearing a growth of virulent Staphylococcus aureus, both ends of the segment being ligated. This capsule was then introduced into the venous stream and allowed to be carried as an embolus to the lung, where it lodged in one of the lower lobes. X-ray examination of the chest was made immediately after embolus, again at about the 16th day, and in most cases before necropsy, usually 30 to 37 days. Ten of the dogs served as controls. Of these, 7 received no other interference, and 3 were used as operated controls, tracheotomy being performed in addition to the embolus.


The paper concerns the problem of stabilising a nonlinear system by means of a controller that has access merely to qualitative state measurements [x(k)] and qualitative control inputs [u(k)]. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a stabilising qualitative controller are given. The results refer merely to the qualitative model of the plant, which is represented by a nondeterministic automaton. The important consequence of these results is that only a qualitative model of the plant is required for finding qualitative feedback controllers.<<ETX>>


The Beckmann rearrangement of oximes is catalyzed by a combined use of tetrabutylammonium perrhenate (Bu4NReO4) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in nitromethane under azeotropic conditions, giving amides in high yield. By employing this catalytic system, amides can be prepared directly from ketones and hydroxylamine hydrochloride.


Data security has become an indispensable part with rapid progress in digital technology. Secret information particularly needs to be handled with utmost care while transmitting through internet or any other media as well. Out of many techniques for securing data Cryptography and Steganography are the most efficient methods. The latter hides the data whereas the former encrypts the data. In this paper we propose a new methodology that incorporates both these techniques to facilitate robust data security. The cover image is first encrypted using Arnold algorithm, and then the secret data which could be a text file or binary data is hidden using LSB substitution and Pixel Value Differencing (PVD) to embed data adaptively in the encrypted cover image to give near full-proof security. In order to increase PSNR optimisation technique Optimum Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP) has been used. KeywordSteganography, PSNR, OPAP, LSB substitution, Pixel Value Differencing


Modular multiplication is the fundamental operation in Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and a multitude of hardware implementations have been developed so far. In this paper, a series of modifications to a high performance radix-2 interleaved modular multiplication architecture are proposed. The design was implemented on a Virtex-7 FPGA for five prime fields recommended for ECC by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), showing a significant improvement in area-time efficiency in comparison to the original architecture.


SINCE the early sixties the fact that the study of structure is the essence of mathematics has been reflected, to a de gree, in school mathematics curricula. However, some mathematicians and edu cators would still argue that the role of structure has not been adequately in terpreted in the new school curricula. Howard Fehr, emphasizing the importance of structures, has said that "basic to all secondary mathematics, are the algebraic structures?the group, the ring or integral domain, and the field. All of these ele ments and structures should be centered on and headed toward the algebraic-ge ometric (or geometric-algebraic) structure of vector spaces" (Papy 1968, p. vi). But too often these structures have been in cluded in the high school curriculum in an unnatural way. A structure is introduced by its definition, unmotivated, and con sequently uninteresting to many students. Fortunately, the definition is usually fol lowed by some examples of the structure. Even there, however, the student is not necessarily convinced of the intrinsic worth of the structure. But this need not be the ease. All of the aforementioned


An investigation was made of the influence of the quantity of the main and auxiliary components of the base polyurethane foam composite individually on the glass transition temperature and open porosity of rigid polyester urethane foam, the shape memory effect in which was investigated under conditions of microgravitation aboard the International Space Station. It was established that the glass transition temperature can be controlled in the widest range by varying the content of polyisocyanate and catalyst with chain extender, and the open porosity by varying the content of cell destroyer, surfactant, and catalyst with chain extender.


With the development of rural tourism market,the traditional rural tourism could not meet the need of the tourism,which is promoting the development of different kinds of rural tourism.The new policies such as increasing domestic demand and rural land circulation would provide a good opportunity for the development of rural tourism.The opportunities for rural tourism based on leisure economy are analyzed,and the development thinking is discussed.


In order to check wall thinning defect of nuclear pipe applied to Infrared Thermography. Optimum test condition of Halogen Lamp deducted for using Worked Artificial defect 4 inch pipe specimen. In this paper, before using Halogen Lamp devised for disadvantage and produced for new Halogen Lamp. In this test, Pipe specimen processed for Using new two Halogen Lamp of 1kw capacity. Wall thinning defects of more than 50% detected to keep Distance 1 ~ 3m and within a range of 500㎜.


Purpose: To identify effects of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with slow-movement and low-intensity on physical fitness and muscular strength in older adults for 8 weeks. Methods: Eight males (66.9 ±8.8yrs) and ten females (62.6±5.3yrs) who did not exercise regularly participated voluntarily in this study. The exercise in this study was consisted of 15 min of warmup, 15 min of aerobic exercise with bicycle ergometer, 35 min of resistance exercise with 50% of 1RM and slow-movement, and 15min of cooling down. Primary outcome measures included anthropometric characteristics, graded submaximal aerobic fitness test with YMCA cycle ergometry protocol, physical fitness test (grip strength, sit-ups, sit and reach, 6 minutes of walking, one-leg balance test with opened eyes) , timed up and go test (Up&go test) , one repetition maximum(1RM) of 6 separate exercises, and physiological blood profile. This study examined range of motion of knee and elbow joint, scale of perceived pain during resting (PAIN-rest) and walking(PAIN-walk) , and muscle strengths during training to identify delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) . Results: The blood pressures both groups significantly decreased after 16 regimens of exercise (p<0.05-0.01) . Both groups did not change aerobic fitness. The male group significantly changed situps (p<0.01) , sit and reach test (p<0.05) , 6 min of walking(p<0.01) , and Up&go test (p<0.01) . The female groups, also, significantly improved all measurements of physical fitness test and Up&go test (p<0.05-0.001) . Both groups experienced a significant increase in 1RM of 6 exercises after the 8 weeks of the slow and low-intensity resistance exercises without DOMS(p<0.05-0.001) . The muscular strengths of lower extremities both groups increased more than those of upper extremities. The subjects in this training session did not change the range of motion of knees and elbows, PAINrest and Pain-walk and muscle strength which were identified DOMS. Conclusions: The present study showed that 1) this low-intensity resistance exercise program with slow movement in older adults was effective in increasing strength after the 8-week training period with 2 times per week, 2) the combined resistance exercise and aerobic exercise training program for 8 weeks was effective in increasing physical fitness and decreasing blood pressure at rest, and 3)


Post-earthquake relief zone planning is a multidisciplinary optimization problem, which required delineating zones that seek to minimize the loss of life and property. In this study, we offer an end-to-end workflow to define relief zone suitability and equitable relief service zones for Los Angeles (LA) County. In particular, we address the impact of a tsunami in the study due to LA's high spatial complexities in terms of clustering of population along the coastline, and a complicated inland fault system. We design data-driven earthquake relief zones with a wide variety of inputs, including geological features, population, and public safety. Data-driven zones were generated by solving the p-median problem with the Teitz–Bart algorithm without any a priori knowledge of optimal relief zones. We define the metrics to determine the optimal number of relief zones as a part of the proposed workflow. Finally, we measure the impacts of a tsunami in LA County by comparing data-driven relief zone maps for a case with a tsunami and a case without a tsunami. Our results show that the impact of the tsunami on the relief zones can extend up to 160 km inland from the study area.


It is not the intention in this paper to attempt a complete historic account of amebic dysentery. I wish merely to recall the fact that it was Losch, 1 of St. Petersburg, who in 1875 was the first to give an accurate description of amebae in the stools of a dysenteric patient. Although Lambl and Cunningham had previously described amebae in the stools of infants and cholera patients, it remained for Losch to associate the amebae with dysentery in the relation of cause to effect. It was also Losch who gave to the organism the name Amœba coli , a name that is still in very general use. Kruse and Pasquale advocate the adoption of the term Amœba dysenteriœ , first suggested by Councilman and Lafleur, to designate the pathogenic ameba, reserving the name Amœba coli (Losch) for the non-pathogenic ameba occasionally found in the normal healthy intestine. In


This paper analyzed the content and feature in the College English Test,discussed the realization of the Network-based system of work of the College English Test combined with the status of work and focused on the future development of colleges.


This article presents an overview on oxygen permeation, oxidative activation of light hydrocarbons and splitting of various molecules (H2O, N2O, NOx) containing oxygen in a hollow fiber catalytic membrane reactor made of BaCoxFeyZrzO3–δ (BCFZ, x+y+z = 1) which is used to separate oxygen from oxygen containing gases. Innovative reactor concepts are introduced and performances for the various applications are discussed. A detailed view is also given on the thermodynamic and kinetic background with regard to the above mentioned reactions. The potentials in terms of product intensification and energy saving by usage of the BCFZ hollow fibers as reaction vessels are evaluated. However, there are still technological challenges that prevent the described processes from being practiced on commercial scale by now.


In the summer of 1991, a coal tar creosote source was emplaced below the water table at CFB Borden, hydraulically upgradient of an existing extensive piezometer array. Multiple organic plumes developed from this source under natural gradient conditions, and several chemicals were monitored over the 13 years of the study. The vast amount of data collected offered an opportunity to create a groundwater model of a well-studied site and compare the results of this model to the observed field measurements. The naphthalene plume from this source was modelled with Visual MODFLOW and RT3D, using three electron acceptors. The modelled plume matched observations closely in extent, character, and behaviour. Present work includes using the model BIONAPL/3D to simulate the transport and degradation of several chemicals simultaneously. Results from these simulations show that the more comprehensive BIONAPL model may allow for a better understanding of the processes at work in the creosote plume.


Some remote sensing image segmentation algorithm can not make full use of local and global information and Normalized has NP-hard problem. In order to solve the problems, image can be described through the graph model and the Normalized cut can be used to cut graph for image segmentation. Watershed algorithm is applied to create the initial segments, and then Normalized cut is used to segment among regions. Experimental result shows that the method is effective.


The allelopathic effect of Artemisia princeps L. and Launae sonchoids L. from Taif Governorate, Saudi Arabia was measured in terms of germination rate and radicle length of a bread wheat variety 'Ariana' (Triticum aestivum L.). Diluted extracts of shoot systems were applied to seeds of the test plant. The allelopathy of A. princeps and L. sonchoids varied with the concentration and type of species. The concentrated extracts (3.75 and 5% w/v.) were phytotoxic to germination of wheat. The reduction in the germination percentage reached 15 to 25% and 15 to 30% by treatment with A. princeps and L. sonchoids at concentration of 75 and 100% respectively after 8 days of treatment. The aqueous extract of Artemisia at 25% caused an increase in the root and shoot growth of the wheat seedlings in comparison with that of L. sonchoids and control. However, the growth of root and shoot gradually decreased with increasing extract concentration (50 to 100%). The biomass production parallel with that of root and shoot lengths were activated at low concentration and inhibited at high ones. The frequency and type of fungal species varies with different plants. The number of fungal population (CFU) on the rhizosphere of L. sonchoides was 562 colony/g, while it was 469 colony/g. in the rhizosphere of A. princeps. Ten different fungal genera were isolated from the rhizosphere of each of the two plants, the genus Aspergillus was the most frequent followed by Monilia, Rhizoctonia and Rhizopus.


established in this paper, based on bi-Ievel programming (BLP). Operations of different types of power sources are optimized in the upper level, while unit commitment of thermal generation is optimized in the lower-level. These two layers work together to yield the best results. Chance constrained programming is applied to address uncertainties of wind power. And a method to utilize the ESS as part of system reserves is introduced to reduce the total reserves required from thermal generation. A control strategy is also applied to maintain state of charge (SOC) reasonable, avoiding SOC reaching the critical area too often because of the rising utilization of ESS. Finally, results of case studies indicate that BLP is effective in optimizing ESS operation in wind power integrated system.


Using a specifically designed test structure applying human body model electrostatic discharge (ESD) stress, the origin of dielectric breakdown in Cu/low-/spl kappa/ interconnect systems was found to be in interfacial delamination. The interfacial delamination between a SiC capping layer and a SiOC interdielectric layer is responsible for the increase of intermetal dielectric leakage current, causing high current Joule heating as well as catastrophic thermal breakdown. Also, the defect density increased as the delamination becomes wider while the number of ESD zaps increases.


This study investigates how household wealth affects the human capital of startups, based on U.S. Census individual-level employment data, deed records, and geographic information system (GIS) data. Using floods as a wealth shock, a regression discontinuity analysis shows inundated residents are 7% less likely to work in startups relative to their neighbors outside the flood boundary, within a 0.1-mile-wide band. The effect is more pronounced for homeowners, consistent with the wealth effect. The career distortion leads to a significant long-run income loss, highlighting the importance of self-insurance for human capital allocation.


To the Editor: Used as a single agent, Fludarabine (Fluda), a fluorinated purine analogue, proved to be highly effective in the treatment of patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) (1-2) and low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) (3-4). In these diseases Fluda is able to induce a 7 0 4 0 % overall response with 30-50% of complete responses (CR) in untreated patients and a 20-50% overall response with 10-15% of CR in previously treated patients with progressive or resistant disease. In an attempt to improve the therapeutic results, especially for patients previously treated, Fluda was tested in combination with other cytotoxic drugs (5-6), obtaining better results even in patients with poor prognosis. Herein we report our initial experience on the use of Fluda combined with Cyclophosphamide (CTX) in 16 poor prognosis patients with CLL (6 cases) and NHL (10 cases), relapsed or resistant to previous treatment. Five of the 6 CLL patients were previously treated with Fluda alone (6 courses), achieving a transient response (median 7 months, range 4-8 months). The NHL patients were previously treated with one or more antracyclinecontaining regimens and only one had also received Fluda. Patients' features before therapy are reported in Table 1. The therapeutic schedule consisted of the association of Fluda 25 mg/m2 and CTX 300 mg/m2 daily for 5 d, to be repeated every 28d to a maximum of 6 courses (depending on response rate and compliance). Patients' evaluation before and after treatment was performed by means of physical examination, blood cell count and differential, thoracic X-ray, abdomen ultrasound or computed tomagraphy scan and bone marrow biopsy. For the CLL patients the response to therapy was defined as complete (CR), partial (PR) or no response (NR) according to the NCI criteria (7). For the NHL patients the response to therapy was defined as complete in case of complete disappearance of all signs of disease, .as


Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is one of the important traditional medicinal plants have been used by Polynesia over a period of 2000 years. Morinda citrifolia belongs to family Rubiaceae (Coffee family) which is an evergreen small sized tree, with glossy and deeply veined leaves found in tropical regions and islands of South Pacific, West Indies, India, Africa, and Australia. Noni fruit juice traditionally has been used in different disorders such as abnormal menstruation, acne/ boils, constipation, diarrhea, arthritis, diabetes, fever, high blood pressure, gastric ulcers, sprains, mental depression, senility, poor digestion, atherosclerosis, blood vessel problems, and drug addiction. Noni consist of major chief chemical constituents such as alkaloid xeronine, scopoletin and dammacanthol, besides this it also contains Vitamin A and C and minerals like magnesium, potassium, iron, aminoacids, alizarin, ursolic acids. The review summarizes the pharmacological action and traditional uses of Noni along with the scientific researches and novel pathways to treat cancers and various neurological disorders. Noni can inhibit cancer via inhibition of ras a GTP binding protein and by modification of misfolded protein by one of its component named Xeronine. It also possesses antiangiogenic property approach via COX-2 inhibition, which is a promising approach in the treatment of cancer now a day. Taking into account its biological and pharmacological activity Noni proves itself a plant of high therapeutic potential against many diseases and has the potential to become a promising agent in the treatment of cancer. INTRODUCTION: Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) is a small evergreen tree found in many tropical regions of the world and has established its presence in the pharmacopoeias of Pacific Islanders and Southeast Asia 1 . Medicinal properties of Noni fruit as folklore medicine have been found in ancient literatrure 2, 3 . Traditionally it was found to be effective in high blood pressure, arthritis, burns, tumor, gastric ulcers, sprains, mental depression. Scientifically proven studies showed the use of Noni in diabetes, pain, cancer, wounds, hypertension, menstrual cramps, inflammation and immune-compromised diseases 4 .


The article examines the concept of "social inclusion" as a process which ensures gain the opportunities to participate fully in economic, social, political and cultural life. The problems of such social inclusive groups as persons with disabilities, persons released from places of deprivation of liberty, participants of ATO/UFO, women in difficult circumstances, homeless persons, elderly persons, children and youth, residents of rural areas are systematized in the following areas: economic, socio#psychological, professional, legal, medical. It was shown that the main economic problems for the majority of inclusive groups are low income, difficulties with employment. The consequence is crime, health problems, various forms of addiction, lack of communication and social adaptation. The concept of "creative industries" as sectors whose activities are based on cultural values, or


Isoamyl acetate was synthesized by changing the reaction time, without water-carrying agent and using amm onium ferric sulfate dodecahydrate as catalyst. The results showed that the yield of isoamyl acetate was 85.31% when the reaction time was 35 min, the highest yield ofisoamyl acetate was 88.63% when the reaction time was 65 min, the yield ofisoamyl acetate was 85.68% when the reaction time was 150 min. By the experiment, the optimum reaction time was 60~70 min.


The efficiency of management and planning in the regions depends on the application of models of socio-economic dynamics as a tool for decision making. Their application is especially approved when there is no statistical data necessary for modeling and forecasting of processes of economic dynamics in the region, or when the statistics is distorted. It is recommended to use forecasting rules worked out by N.D. Kondratiev, the principles of system dynamics by J. Forrester, a method of simulation for modeling and forecasting in the case of a limited array of statistics. The paper offers the structure of the corresponding forecasting model.


The aim of the contribution is to present an attempt to utilize some data about network topology and performance to increase capabilities of intrusion detection system. Some simple example presents an approach to design topology (location and the needed number of intrusion detection devices) which allows efficiently detecting intrusions and limiting the overall overhead caused by intrusion detection devices performance.


In this paper, a new cooperative spectrum sharing protocol which avoids mutual interference between primary and secondary users by employing spatial modulation (SM) at the secondary transmitter (ST), is proposed for overlay cognitive radio networks. In the proposed protocol, ST cooperates with selective decode-and-forward (DF) relaying strategy to prevent error propagation. Primary transmitter (PT) exploits M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK) modulation whereas ST utilizes SM (Nt transmit antennas and M- PSK). Since ST transmits PT's information by M-PSK symbols and its own information by antenna indexes, mutual interference at primary receiver (PR) and secondary receiver (SR) is removed. Upper bounds on the bit error probability (BEP) of the primary and secondary users are analytically derived and supported via computer simulation results which show that the proposed protocol significantly improves the bit error performance of both primary and secondary users compared to the non-cooperation case and the cooperative DF spectrum sharing protocol using superposition coding.


The Community College Student Experiences Questionnaire from the United States of America (Friedlander, Pace, & Lehman, 1990) was revised and rewritten for Australian university students. The Australian Quality of Student Experiences Scale comprises 60 items relating to student expectations and, in direct correspondence, 60 items relating to their experiences. The items are based on a model involving academic, personal and group experiences for eight areas: My Course, The Library, My Lecturers, Student Acquaintances, The Arts, Writing, The Sciences and Vocations. The convenience sample was 305 first year students and the data were analysed with a Rasch measurement model. Fifty-eight items did not fit the model and were discarded. Most of these items came from the sub-scales: The Arts, The Sciences and Writing. The final scale of 62 items had excellent psychometric properties. Expectations are easier than experiences, as conceptualised, and the conceptual design of the scale is confirmed.


Settlements in national and foreign currency are made between residents of the republics participating in various international trade relations and capital flows. With the help of foreign assets, various financial transactions are carried out, gold and foreign exchange reserves of the country are formed, some economic norms and indicators are calculated (target earnings of the bank, private capital, etc.). In connection with this, it is necessary to create a developed foreign exchange market, which will allow to increase the volume of foreign exchange transactions. The article provides a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the development of the foreign exchange market in Kazakhstan and the changes caused by the impact of the global pandemic on it.


Summary form only given. The use of entangled states can provide an increased sensitivity in quantum-limited spectroscopic measurements, leading to an uncertainty that is inversely proportional to the number of particles instead of the usual square-law dependence. In this contribution, we show that spectroscopy with maximally entangled states of atoms also offers significant advantages over experiments done with single atoms. As a first example, we demonstrate that entanglement can be used to effectively eliminate first-order Zeeman shifts in spectroscopy with 40Ca+ even though there are no m=0 -> m=0 transitions. Secondly, we discuss how maximally correlated states of two 40Ca+ could be used for measuring tiny frequency shifts of the S1/2 - D5/2 transition arising from second-order Zeeman shifts and electric quadrupole shifts due to the trapping potential.


A 60-year-old male with dermatitis herpetiformis and a previously treated lymphoma involving an inguinal lymph node developed abnormal liver chemistry tests. Because of intermittent diarrhea, additional studies revealed lymphocytic colitis and occult celiac disease that responded to a gluten-free diet. A liver biopsy done to explore persistently abnormal liver chemistry tests showed a portal tract-centred inflammatory process characterized by biliary ductal proliferation, epithelial lymphocytosis and concentric lamellar fibrosis. Quantitation of immunoglobulins was normal and antimitochondrial antibodies were negative. Retrograde cholangiograms showed radiological features typical of primary sclerosing cholangius. The epithelial lymphocycosis reported in gastric, small and large intestinal mucosa of some patients with celiac disease may also be present in the biliary ductal columnar epithelium. This report provides additional evidence that celiac disease may be a far more extensive pathological process.


The article reconstitutes the journey of Emperor Pedro I to the province of Minas Gerais in 1831, focusing on the interactions between local political elites and the central government, represented at that time by the Emperor himself. It is part of a wider research field that has expanded the notion of politics by drawing on the concept of 'public space,' using it not only as a conceptual entity, but emphasizing its physical dimension as well. The main conclusion is that the expansion of liberals in the public space of Minas Gerais made the Emperor's goal of politically isolating the exalted liberals a much more complicated task than expected. Suggested in the paper is that the increasing unpopularity of D. Pedro I after the journey and the subsequent abdication of the throne were due more to circumstances arising from the further implementation of the constitutional monarchy than to his supposed absolutism or anti-national attitude.


Land tenure refers to the bundle of rights and responsibilities under which land is held, used, transferred, and succeeded. This essay surveys land tenure arrangements throughout the world since the Roman Empire. Particular attention is paid to how six forms of land tenure emerge, function, and change. The six forms of land tenure analyzed are (1) owner cultivation of small, private lands; (2) squatting on public or private lands; (3) large estates or latifundia; (4) feudal tenures with bound and unbound labor; (5) communal tenures; and (6) smallholder leasing from private landowners.


Background Rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) is an effective treatment option for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. However, excessive lateral and anterior correction during the periacetabular osteotomy may lead to femoroacetabular impingement. We used preoperative planning software for total hip arthroplasty to perform femoroacetabular impingement simulations before and after rotational acetabular osteotomies. Methods We evaluated 11 hips in 11 patients with available computed tomography taken before and after RAO. All cases were female and mean age at the time of surgery was 35.9 years. All cases were early stage osteoarthritis without obvious osteophytes or joint space narrowing. Radiographic analysis included the center-edge (CE) angle, Sharp9s acetabular angle, the acetabular roof angle, the acetabular head index (AHI), cross-over sign, and posterior wall sign. Acetabular anteversion was measured at every 5 mm slice level in the femoral head using preoperative and postoperative computed tomography. Impingement simulations were performed using the preoperative planning software ZedHip (LEXI, Tokyo, Japan). In brief, we created a three-dimensional model. The range of motion which causes bone-to-bone impingement was evaluated in flexion (flex), abduction (abd), external rotation in flex 0°, and internal rotation in flex 90°. The lesions caused by impingement were evaluated. Results In the radiographic measurements, the CE angle, Sharp9s angle, acetabular roof angle, and AHI all indicated improved postoperative acetabular coverage. The cross-over sign was recognized pre- and postoperatively in each case. Acetabular retroversion appeared in one case before RAO and in three cases after RAO. Preoperatively, there was a tendency to reduce the acetabular anteverison angle in the hips from distal levels to proximal. In contrast, there was no postoperative difference in the acetabular anteversion angle at any level. In our simulation study, bone-to-bone impingement occurred in flex (preoperative/postoperative, 137°/114°), abd (73°/54°), external rotation in flex 0°(34°/43°), and internal rotation in flex 90°(70°/36°). Impingement occurred within internal rotation 45°in flexion 90°in two preoperative and eight postoperative cases. The impingement lesions were anterosuperior of the acetabulum in all cases. Discussion It is easy to make and assess an impingement simulation using preoperative planning software, and our data suggest the simulation was helpful in a clinical setting, though there were some remaining problems such as approximation of the femoral head center and differences in femur movement between the simulation and reality. In the postoperative simulation there was a tendency to reduce the range of motion in flex, abd, and internal rotation in flex 90°. There was a correlation between acetabular anteversion angle and flex. Since impingement occurred within internal rotation 45°in flexion 90°in eight postoperative simulations, we consider there is a strong potential for an increase in femoroacetabular impingement after RAO.


Scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica L.) is experiencing range reduction in Portugal while its distribution in the Iberian Peninsula largely coincides with areas affected by salinization. Thus, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of scorzonera to salinity. In the first experiment, seed germination and seedling growth were investigated under osmotic potentials down to –1.21 MPa using NaCl or iso-osmotic polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions. Results of PEG treatments show that osmotic potential alone reduces germination and seedling growth while on NaCl reductions were much lower. Ionic effects of NaCl are stimulatory and clearly counteract osmotic effects. Most seeds completed germination after being transferred from PEG to distilled water. Conversely, on NaCl, recovery results essentially from more time allowed for seeds to complete germination. In the second experiment, young plantlets were treated with NaCl solutions up to 250 mmol·L−1. In general, plantlets were insensitive to NaCl excep...