Our understanding of snow distribution in the mountains is limited as a result of the complex controls leading to extreme spatial variability. More accurate representations of snow distribution are greatly needed for improvements to hydrological forecasts, climate models, and for the future testing and validation of remote‐sensing retrieval algorithms. In this study, the relative performances of four spatial interpolation methods were evaluated to estimate snow water equivalent for three 1 km2 study sites in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Each study site is representative of different topographic and vegetative characteristics. From 1 to 11 April 2001, 550 snow depth measurements and approximately 16 snow density profiles were obtained within each study site. The analytical methods used to estimate snow depth over the 1 km2 areas were (1) inverse distance weighting, (2) ordinary kriging, (3) modified residual kriging and cokriging, and (4) a combined method using binary regression trees and geostatistical methods. The independent variables used were elevation, slope, aspect, net solar radiation, and vegetation. Using cross‐validation procedures, each method was assessed for accuracy. The tree‐based models provided the most accurate estimates for all study sites, explaining 18–30% of the observed variability in snow depth. Kriging of the regression tree residuals did not substantially improve the models. Cokriging of the residuals resulted in a less accurate model when compared with the tree‐based models alone. Binary regression trees may have generated the most accurate estimates out of all methods evaluated; however, substantial portions of the variability in observed snow depth were left unexplained by the models. Though the data may have simply lacked spatial structure, it is recommended that the characteristics of the study sites, sampling strategy, and independent variables be explored further to evaluate the causes for the relatively poor model results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Vegetal material from papaya (Carica pa- paya L.) 'Maradol' variety and 'Tainung-1' hybrid were collected from two plantations and taken to the Plant Physiology laboratory to analyse their flower and seed morphology. Descriptions were made of the three types of flowers (female, hermaphrodite and staminate) and the seeds' external (shape, size, hilum, micropyle, funicle, raphe and testa) and internal char- acteristics (testa, endosperm and embryo). The main morphological conclusion was that the flowers and seeds from the two types evaluated showed similar characteristics; the descriptions given in this paper are thus general for them.


The study of the French romances attributed to Robert de Boron lies within the recent works on self reflexivity in medieval literature and on the rise and spreading of the Holy Grail myth. Robert de Boron has become known as the founder of a new Grail tradition, explicitly related to Jesus Christ and destined to a great popularity. We think that mythopoetique approach, which allows literature to create myths, is consistent with the socio-historical issues of the laity, which is why Robert's undertaking has spread to the Lancelot-Grail cycle where it served as the foundation of celestial chivalry. This dissertation consists of three main parts. In the first one, we examine the occurrences of the « Holy Grail » expression in the selected books. Furthermore, we go deeper in our analysis of the Grail tradition embodied by Robert de Boron. In the second part of the thesis, we focus of the figure of Robert, by studying some biographical information, his status as a writer and the nature of medieval authority and authorship. The last section of our work gives us the opportunity to set the literary myths in context to show that they are transformed into socio-historical myths through both secular and clerical discourses in the Arthurian romances.


......................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER I: BACKGROUND & INTRODUCTION ............................................... 1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES......................................11 CHAPTER II: METHODS ................................................................................... 13 ANIMALS ........................................................................................................ 13 VFSS TESTING TIME POINTS ...................................................................... 14 DISEASE ENDPOINT CRITERIA ................................................................... 14 BEHAVIORAL CONDITIONING FOR VFSS TESTING .................................. 16 VFSS TESTING PROCEDURE ...................................................................... 17 VIDEO ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 19 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 19 CHAPTER III: RESULTS .................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER IV: DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 32 LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................. 36 FUTURE DIRECTIONS .................................................................................. 38 REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 40


Identifying and correcting syntax errors is a challenge all novice programmers confront. As educators, the more we understand about the nature of these errors and how students respond to them, the more effective our teaching can be. It is well known that just a few types of errors are far more frequently encountered by students learning to program than most. In this paper, we examine how long students spend resolving the most common syntax errors, and discover that certain types of errors are not solved any more quickly by the higher ability students. Moreover, we note that these errors consume a large amount of student time, suggesting that targeted teaching interventions may yield a significant payoff in terms of increasing student productivity.


To establish a reliable correction method for automated hemoglobin (HGB) measurement by minimizing the interference from blood high triglyceride (TG).


Through research on the electric field line of some static electric charge system and vibration of wave, and by the knowledge of MATLAB to visualize the distribution of electric field line and the wave vibration superpose and amplitude of damping vibration in space,it may be directly to describe those abstract knowledge in physics.


Abstract A ring R is called pseudo-commutative if for each x,y e R there exists an integer n = n(x, y) for which xy = nyx. We first show that a generalization of a commutativity condition of Chacron and Thierrin implies pseudo-commutativity in rings; we then study pseudo-commutativity and commutativity in rings with constraints of the form xy = σkiyixi, where the ki are integers.


The electrochemical behavior of mercury on the glassy carbori electrode (GCE) was studied using anodic stripping voltammetry. The mercury deposition and dissolution processes on glassy carbon apparently consist of two major stages. Firstly, a two-electron reduction of Hg(II) occurs, with two monolayers of Hg(0) depositing on· the electrode surface and giving rise to a stripping peak at about +0.30 V vs. SCE during the anodic scan. The charge corresponding to this first monolayer of Hg(0) on GCE was determined to be approximately 430 microcoulombs per cm2 (geometric area) of the electrode. Secondly, bulk mercury(0) deposition occurs at higher Hg(II) concentration or longer deposition times than required for Hg(0) monolayer formation. This gives rise to a second stripping peak at +0.45V.


Historically, the consumption of wheat and other gluten-containing grains became an essential part of the diet of many people around the world. Despite this fact, in recent years gluten-free diet is becoming more and more widespread based on scientific unfounded perception suggesting that gluten is toxic for humans. According to current guidelines only patients diagnosed with celiac disease or wheat allergy are advised to follow a strict gluten-free diet. Another gluten-related disease is called nonceliac gluten sensitivity, which is related with distress after gluten consumption and improvement in the person's internal state after avoidance of gluten. Although important scientific advances have been made in the understanding of the pathologic mechanisms behind nonceliac gluten sensitivity, this disorder still has no generally accepted definition and treatment. In the present review, the modern conception of the immunopathology of gluten-related diseases and overview of the new potential therapies are presented.


This note discusses some of the theoretical issues involved in the determination of quark masses. Unlike the leptons, quarks are connned inside hadrons and are not observed as physical particles. Quark masses cannot be measured directly, but must be determined indirectly through their innuence on hadron properties. As a result, the values of the quark masses depend on precisely how they are deened; there is no one deenition that is the obvious choice. Though one often speaks loosely of quark masses as one would of the electron or muon mass, any careful statement of a quark mass value must make reference to a particular computational scheme that is used to extract the mass from observations. It is important to keep this scheme dependence in mind when using the quark mass values tabulated in the data listings. The simplest way to deene the mass of a quark is by making a t of the hadron mass spectrum to a nonrelativistic quark model. The quark masses are deened as the values obtained from the t. The resulting masses only make sense in the limited context of a particular quark model. They depend on the phenomenological potential used, and on how relativistic eeects are modelled. The quark masses used in potential models also cannot be connected with the quark mass parameters in the QCD Lagrangian. Fortunately, there exist other deenitions of the quark mass that have a more general signiicance, though they also depend on the method of calculation. The purpose of this review is to explain the most important such deenitions and their interrelations.


. Vision is a very complex work of our brain. 90% of the information entered to our brain is related to vision. In computer vision engineers and scientists are trying to give the computers the ability of vision. Object recognition is one of the most exciting fields of computer vision and AI. There is no rarity of problems and challenges in object recognition, from image classification to key-point detection. But like many other problems in the world, there is still no obvi-ous and "Best" way to resolve these problems. But the recent advancement in GPU technology propelled the success and accuracy of deep learning algorithms. In this paper, we will study about the evolution of deep learning methods in object recognition. We will also go through some of the classical machine learning methods for object recognition and talk about multimodal approaches to solving these issues.


Unilateral C2 spinal cord hemisection (C2SH) removes premotor drive to phrenic motoneurons, paralyzing the ipsilateral diaphragm muscle (DIAm). In previous studies, we found that intrathecal brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increases the proportion of rats displaying recovery of ipsilateral DIAm activity over time. We hypothesized that enhancing expression of the tropomyosin‐related kinase receptor subtype B (TrkB) in phrenic motoneurons will promote functional recovery ipsilateral to C2SH. Adult rats were injected intrapleurally with AAV7 expressing TrkB.FL‐FLAG, and 3 weeks later C2SH was performed. A separate group of C2SH animals served as controls. Bilateral DIAm EMG activity was chronically monitored to assess recovery up to 2 weeks after C2SH. In AAV‐treated rats, delivery of TrkB.FL‐FLAG to phrenic motoneurons was evident by the presence of FLAG protein in the phrenic motor nucleus. At 7‐days post‐C2SH, the proportion of rats displaying ipsilateral DIAm EMG activity was 13% and 40% in the untreated control and AAV‐treated groups, respectively. At 14‐days post‐C2SH, all AAV‐treated rats displayed functional recovery compared to 40% of C2SH rats. We conclude that targeted delivery of TrkB.FL to phrenic motoneurons enhances functional recovery of DIAm respiratory activity following upper cervical spinal cord injury.


This book consists of thirteen essays that deal with links between ecology and shamanism, landscape and nature spirit, emphasising web of meanings imbued in the cultural tradition of portraying landscape as temple and territory as archetypal representation of the cosmos. In view of appreciating the path in this direction paved by David Kinsley, this anthology is a memorial tribute to him by his students, friends, associates and admirers, including an essay that critically and rationally examined his contributions and their relevance today. Of course, there are books on the thematic or disciplinary-packed orientation, however rarely any interdisciplinary book that narrates many perspectives and facets around sacred geography of goddesses is published. This anthology fulfils that gap substantially, through the essays by scholars from religious studies, geography, anthropology and cultural studies. The themes covered include: sacred places, spatiality and symbolism; mental journeys and cosmic topography, illustrated with Sricakra and Sricakrapuja; pilgrimage sites in the Siwalik Region where landscape has played special role to awaken human mind; Pavagadh, where landscape helps to make the power of the Mother Goddess; spatial circulation in ritualscape of the matrikas in Kathmandu Valley; scenario at the Kamakhya Pitha; sacredscape and spatial structure of be-headed goddess at Rajarappa; sacred geography and formation of Vindhyachal goddess territory; Hindu Goddesses in Kashi: Spatial Patterns and Symbolic Orders; the ten Mahavidyas' Yatra in making the goddess spirit invoked; role of Durga in the present sacredscape of Varanasi; issue of images and performances related to the river goddess Ganga; and Green Tara in the wall paintings of Alchi.


In this study, we perform two regional climate simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model driven by outputs from the Community Climate System Model (CCSM‐WRF) to investigate the role of soil moisture feedbacks in summer surface air temperature variability over East Asia for the period of 1976−2005. Strong soil moisture feedbacks on the daily mean and maximum temperatures identified by the CCSM‐WRF model system mainly appear over the region from southern Siberia through eastern Mongolia to northeast China, the Tibetan Plateau, and most areas of central and east China, accounting for 30%−70% of the total variances. Meanwhile, the simulated soil moisture feedbacks on daily minimum temperature are shown to be much weaker than those on daily mean and maximum temperatures. The soil moisture‐temperature feedbacks in the CCSM‐WRF model system are generally well validated with those from two reanalysis products. The analysis of the physical processes shows that soil moisture feedback strength is mainly determined by the ability of soil moisture to influence the local surface heat fluxes and planetary boundary layer processes. The reasonable simulations of present soil moisture‐temperature feedbacks indicate that the CCSM‐WRF model system can be further applied to understand the role of soil moisture in influencing projected climate change over East Asia.


Mixtures of magnesium and manganese chlorides with citric and isocitric acids have been titrated potentiometrically at the glass electrode with tetramethylammonium hydroxide at 25° and an ionic strength 0·1. The stability constants have been calculated by a novel computer technique based on the Schwarzenbach procedure. The results have been compared with the available literature data. The usefulness of the technique is discussed.


Acoustic modes propagating in X-cut. Z-propagating lithium tetraborate (Li2B407) substrates have been analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical predictions were made using a computer program written to search for all possible acoustic modes propagating in arbitrary cuts of piezoelectric materials. A new photolithographic process has been developed to fabricate interdigital transducers (IDTs) on Li2B407 to avoid using acids which attack and damage the substrates. Using this process, split-electrode SAWIDTs were fabricated with a period of 16 pm. The frequencies of the observed modes agreed to better than 0.5% with the theoretical predictions. The insertion loss of the SAW delay line was less than 10 dB at 219 MHz and the temperature coefkient of delay was measured to be about 6 ppm/"C. These numbers suggest that Li2B407 is a candidate to replace quartz as a substrate for narrowband SAW filter applications. A detailed description of the properties of the observed modes will be given. Methods used to suppress the non-SAW modes will also be described.


Simple Summary During the COVID-19 pandemic, many veterinary practices have been required to move to a low or no-contact consultation model to minimise the risk of SARS-CoV-2. Utilising data from a global survey, we explored the experiences of veterinary team members performing low and no-contact euthanasia during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that low and no-contact euthanasia were encountered as common and/or stressful ethical challenges in the pandemic. In order to minimise the potential negative impacts of low and no-contact euthanasia on veterinary team members, clients and animal patients, there is a need for a toolkit of protocols to assist veterinary team members in provision of low-contact euthanasia, and avoidance of no-contact euthanasia wherever possible. Abstract Background: During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, many veterinary practices around the world have shifted to a low or no-contact consultation model to ensure the safety of their team members and clients, and comply with public health orders, while continuing to provide veterinary care. Methods: We performed reflexive thematic analysis on a subset of data collected using a mixed-methods survey of veterinary team members globally. Results: There were 540 valid responses available for analysis. Low and no-contact euthanasia we raised as a common and/or stressful ethical challenge for 22.8% of respondents. We identified five key themes: no-contact euthanasia as a unique ethical challenge; balancing veterinary team safety with the emotional needs of clients; low and no-contact protocols may cause or exacerbate fear, anxiety and distress in veterinary patients; physical distancing was more challenging during euthanasia consultations; and biosecurity measures complicated communication around euthanasia and end-of-life decision making. Recommendations: In light of concerns highlighted by respondents, we recommend the development of a toolkit of protocols that will assist veterinary team members in performing low-contact euthanasia in a range of circumstances, in alignment with their values and professional ethical codes. Professional bodies may be involved in developing, updating and disseminating this information, and ensuring a continuous supply chain of PPE.


Compared to most αβ T cells, bovine γδ T cells express two to five times the level of L‐selectin and have a much higher capacity to roll on monolayers of endothelial cells, platelets, and leukocytes in assays done under physiological flow. To gain additional insight into the basis for these differences, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy were used to compare the cellular ultrastructure of bovine γδ and αβ T cells and to study the expression of L‐selectin on these cells. It is interesting that γδ T cells had more than twice as many microvilli and other surface projections on a per cell basis as αβ T cells. This was not due to the γδ T cell being larger; after adhesion and fixation procedures used for the EM studies, γδ T cells averaged 3.9 ± 0.01 μm in diameter, whereas αβ T cells were slightly larger (5.7 ± 0.01 μm in diameter). As previously shown for human neutrophils and lymphocytes, L‐selectin was preferentially localized to the tips of the microvilli. In contrast, WC1, a lineage‐specific antigen on γδ T cells, was localized on the plasmalemma between the microvilli. Our findings suggest that more effective rolling of γδ T cells in various in vitro flow assays may be due to the greater number of microvilli on γδ T cells leading to a higher number of contact sites during adhesion events. In addition, this physical parameter may explain the increased level of L‐selectin expression on γδ versus αβ T cells because L‐selectin is clustered at the tips of microvilli. J. Leukoc. Biol. 64: 104–107; 1998.


The authors have calculated the second-order perturbative corrections to the ground-state energy of He, Li and Be with the Hartree-Fock Hamiltonian as H0. Increasingly large basis sets were used, up to the point where results stabilised. The converged basis-independent second-order corrections are Ehe(2)=-0.0372 au, ELi(2)=-0.416 au and EBe(2)=-0.757 au, which amount to 88%, 92% and 80% respectively, of the experimental correlation energies.


The study of suicidal behavior (actual suicides, attempts, or simulated attempts on one's life) touches upon the profound question of the purpose and meaning of human existence. In the words of Vladimir Solov'ev, "There are serious people among those who deny any meaning to life: there are those who consummate their denial with action, suicide, and there are people who are not serious, who deny the meaning of life only through arguments and whole spurious philosophical systems" (quoted in [1]). The problem of suicide has regularly attracted the attention of philosophers, theologians, writers, and scholars since the times of Plato and Aristotle.


End-stage chronic kidney disease is associated with the condition of chronic inflammation, impacting increased cardiovascular mortality in this specific population. Patients on hemodialysis are known to be predisposed to several factors that predispose to inflammation: dialysis membranes, central venous catheters, oxidative stress, fluid overload, sodium overload, uraemic toxins. Propolis, a natural resin produced by bees from plant materials, has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-oxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of Brazilian green propolis extract on inflammation in hemodialysis patients. Here we present preliminary results of the trial NCT04072341.

 We performed a prospective trial, open-label 9-week crossover study examining the effect of Brazilian green propolis (250mg/day, in capsules) on inflammation in hemodialysis patients. We included patients over 18 years, under intermittent hemodialysis (thrice per week), on hemodialysis for at least 1 month and until now 37 patients were included. We excluded pregnant women, cancer carried and patients who developed infection or underwent any surgical procedure during the study period. Each period was 4 weeks in duration with a 1-week washout period in between. The primary end point was change in serum level of high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (HsCRP). Secondary end point evaluated the safety of propolis use in hemodialysis patients.

 Their mean age was 58.6 ± 15.2 years (mean ± SD), and 22 (59.4%) were men. The proportion of patients with hypertension was 14 (37.8%) and diabetes was 9 (24.3%). The number of patients using arteriovenous fistula were 26 (70.2%). The HsCRP presented (mean ± SE) 5.31 ± 1.02 mg/L at baseline, 4.26 ± 0.76 mg/L after propolis period and 4.56 ± 1.32 mg/L in control period, p = 0.0042. Safety parameters were analyzed such as amylase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK); there was no difference between them before and after the use of propolis. None of the participants reported any adverse effects or allergic reactions during the treatment.

 Patients on hemodialysis have an increased inflammatory state. For the best of our knowledge it was the first clinical trial who demonstrated the safety of propolis in hemodialysis patients. Brazilian green propolis demonstrated a tendency to reduce inflammation in these patients.


The present paper described the life history of Homalogaster paloniae for the first time. The results could be summarized as below:1. The rate of development of the eggs depended greatly on the temperature. At 25—31℃ and pH 5.5—6, the eggs developed well and the miracidia hatched in 32—13 days. The optimum temperature was 30—31℃ at which the miracidia hatched in 13 days while at 38℃, the eggs were found dead.2. It was proved by expermental infection that the intermediate host of Homalogaster paloniae were Hippeutis catori and polypylis hemispherula which sporocysts, radiae and cercariae and a few mother radiae containing young radiae at the later period of infection were found out in. The time for developing of the parasite in the snails bears a close relation to temperature. At the air temperature of 27.07±4.19℃, mature sporocysts, one of which contained 2—4 radiae and 7—9 developed embryo-balls, were observed on the 11th day after infection of the snails. On the 16th day mature radiae were seen in the snails with some small cercariae developed inside. Emergence of cerceariae from snail was noted from the 30th day.3. It was showed that the parasite matured in the cow and goat on the 98th and 86th day, respectively, after infection.4. According to the development of the parasite and the biological characters of planorbid snails in Changsha, we suggested that cattle and goat were naturally infected mainly between July-October in the region and the parasite could be drived out of hosts with medicine in winter and spring.


We extend formulae of Mertens and Mirsky on the asymptotic behaviour of the standard Euler function to the Euler functions of principal rings of integers of imaginary quadratic number fields, giving versions in angular sector and with congruences.


Two values for sociological method. The present study is intended to promote two methodological values, recapitulation of what has already been done in a certain direction, and standardization of an equipment of concepts with corresponding terms, the latter the more important for sociologists since they cannot use the strict laboratory method. The term "social forces" illustrates the need for standardization, since it is used in at least three quite different meanings. Method of the present study. The materials brought together here have been arranged chiefly in topical, not chronological order. A formal definition of the term "social forces" as primarily understood here is given. Origins of the social-forces concept. The sociologists'use of the social-forces concept can be traced apparently to two writers, Herbert Spencer and Lester F. Ward. Small gave evidence of discriminating appreciation of the value of the concept in 1897.


Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process involving many Atg proteins, which are recruited hierarchically to regulate this process. Rab/Ypt GTPases and their activators, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which are critical for regulating vesicle trafficking, are also involved in autophagy. Previously, we reported that yeast Vps21 and its GEF Vps9 are required for autophagy. Later, a third yeast VPS9‐domain‐containing protein, VARP‐like 1 (Vrl1), which was identified as a mutant in major laboratory strains, had partially overlapping functions with Vps9 in trafficking. In this study, we showed that Vrl1 performed roles in autophagy, and its VPS9‐domain was crucial for its role in autophagy. We found that localization of Vrl1 differed from the other two VPS9‐domain‐containing proteins, Vps9 and Muk1, and only Vrl1 changed from multipoint to diffusion after starvation. Like Vps9, Vrl1 suppressed autophagic defects caused by the VPS9 deletion. We further showed that these VPS9‐domain‐containing proteins, Vps9, Muk1, and Vrl1, all co‐localized with Atg8 on autophagosomes in cells blocked in any late step of starvation‐induced autophagy, with Vrl1 most often co‐localizing with Atg8. A small portion (<25%) of these VPS9‐domain‐containing proteins were degraded through autophagy. However, a large portion (>60%) of Vrl1 decreased independently of autophagy. We propose that Vrl1 may regulate autophagy in a similar way as Vps9, and the level of Vrl1 partly decreases through both autophagy‐dependent and ‐independent routes.


The performance of regulator is obtained by making of a number of experiments with the help of cut and try method.Research on the performance of regulator by computer aided design is given in order to use manpower and material resources sparingly.The parameters of the spring elements are mainly obtained by using of the performance of RFD Type Regulator.The results approximately coincide with experimental data.The calculating basis is established for testing research on the performance of regulator.


(57) [Summary] The present invention relates to a surgical instrument. The present invention particularly relates to a catheter suitable for treating a tissue target site in the body is accessible through the vascular system. The core of the present invention is to use a distal section made of the components of the multiplex with an internal stiffener (204) and the outer tubular member (208).


This work analyse the similarity of plant community structure between dunes of different kinds and ages in the dune field of Santo Domingo-El Yali, in coastal central Chile, all of which belong to different phases of a dune chronosequence. The general pattern for species richness and cover values increase with the chronosequence. The cluster analysis based on the community structure coefficient of similarity results in two main groups of plant communities. The first group lumps together the microdunes and the present foredune with a 50% of similarity, and the modern and middle parallel dune ridges with a 90% of similarity. The second group lumps communities with similarity coefficients lower than 40%. This group has three subgroups including medium and ancient parabolic dunes, upsiloidal dunes, and ancient gravel ridge. In general, values of similarity decrease with the chronosequence. According to the results, it is possible to conclude that there are specific plant communities to each phase of the chronosequence, especially to the parabolic an upsiloidal dune phases. Primary successions occurrs in primary dunes with pioneer species like Ambrossia chamissonis and Carpobrotus aequilaterus, which would allow the establishment of later species. Secondary succession on secondary dunes reflects the influence of morphogenesis on the course of the succession.


Federal involvement in the shipping industry dates back to 1789. Since then, governmental efforts to promote the American merchant marine have taken a variety of forms, including the prohibition of foreign shipping from the coastwise trade. To this end, laws have been enacted which deal with specific activities considered to be coastwise trade in nature and which ban the use of foreign-flag and, in some cases, foreign-built ships from those activities. However, the laws are narrowly worded and archaic, and have been unable to adequately address modern trends in coastal commerce. Maritime service industries have emerged in recent years which are associated with such coastal activities as passenger cruises and oil and gas exploration. Because federal law has not dealt with these specific coastal service activities, the coastwise trade laws have not been applied to them, and they may be undertaken by ships of any flag. Without a modern legal framework to govern cabotage activities, much of the' recent coastwise trade policy of the United States has been formulated by federal courts and agencies. At present, the U.S. coastwise trade laws are applied .to the navigable waters of the United States and, with certain exceptions, its districts, territories and possessions. In addition, the cabotage principle extends to artificial islands on the outer continental shelf which are


This article addresses the debate initiated in this journal on analyses exploring the extent to which sociodemographic background and scientific knowledge explain gender differences in attitudes toward science. Using data from a nationally stratified Swiss survey on attitudes toward science, initial results suggest that, although men have more positive attitudes toward science and greater levels of scientific knowledge than women, gender differences are non-significant once the sociodemographic variables are included in the multiple regression models. More specifically, scientific knowledge and education have an independent effect on attitudes toward science. However, the interpretation of these results is slightly different if the hypothesis, that the effect of any single explanatory variable is the same among men and women in the regression model, is validated. Results show that the interaction between gender and scientific knowledge is significant, so that the effect of scientific knowledge on attitude toward science depends on gender.


Nanophotonic devices are the very fundamental functions in a photonic integrated circuit, which have led to a revolutionary development in many fascinating applications. Toward this end, researches have demonstrated different kinds of nanostructures that are made from plasmonic and dielectric materials, including optical waveguides, ring resonators, photonic crystal resonators, nanoapertures, and nanoantennas. Plasmonics is considered to be the most promising candidate for the next generation of integrated chip-scale technology. In particular, using plasmonic nanoantennas, optical field enhancement and confinement can be achieved with deeply subwavelength range, leading to strong light–matter coupling and with enhanced optical forces. Another reason for the use of plasmonics is its ease of integration with other photonic waveguides for optical information processing at nanoscales. As predicted by Maxwell's equations, light fields have linear momentum and thus can generate optical forces on tiny objects via momentum transfer. Nanoantennas utilize optical forces to trap and manipulate small particles at relatively low incident intensities. For the field of nanoscience, the on-chip ability to handle single nanoparticles at the integrated devices is quite advantageous. Various nanoparticles have been trapped, including polystyrene and gold nanoparticles. Traditionally, gold has been used as the material of choice in plasmonics because of their relatively good optical properties and chemical stability. Advances in plasmonic materials research have ushered in alternative materials. Among them, copper particularly has attracted significant attention because of its good plasmonic properties and abundant quantity. Copper is comparably cheap, which is compatible with industry-standard fabrication processes, such as the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, and has been widely used in microelectronics. In this work, we demonstrate a coupled T-shaped Cu plasmonic nanoantenna for the optical trapping of single dielectric nanoparticles and investigate its plasmonic and optical properties interacting with an infrared trapping laser. The electric field enhancement (and thus optical force), temperature rise, and induced fluid velocity it provides are quite similar in comparison to those provided by the Au nanoantenna design. Cu is cheap and compatible with standard microelectronic fabrication technologies. Large local field enhancements mean that low incident power can be utilized. In addition, we show that the oxidization effects on the Cu surface have a weak influence on trapping characteristics compared to pure Cu nanoantenna, and the Si heat sink substrate can reduce the temperature rise in water. Our results verify that T-shaped Cu nanoantennas are robust as nanophotonic devices for optical information manipulation at nanoscales. They could also be used to manipulate and investigate single quantum emitters and small molecules. Beyond this, we anticipate a multitude of topics of Cu nanostructures could be performed for future optical computer investigation and lab-on-a-chip application.


Adiabatic circuits are low power circuits, which oversees the reversible method of reasoning that it stores the
power and gives it back again. At present Several Adiabatic methodologies have been gotten for viable power
dispersal. The system used to restrain control dispersing are Efficient Charge Recovery Logic, Positive
Feedback Adiabatic Logic, and Pass Transistor Logic. The Adiabatic method is essentially cast-off for
decreasing the influence dissipating in VLSI tracks, which does indict and squaring system. The method of
reasoning doors accepts a critical activity in various number shuffling assignments, for instance, the twisted,
multiplier, divider and processors. To compile the power spread, a profitable full adder proposed for the
particular adiabatic methods, and all of the circuits have been simulated by 25nm innovation utilizing the tanner
EDA tool


Bilateral high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an alternative treatment for advanced forms of levodopa-responsive Parkinson's disease (PD) with severe motor complications.1 Most patients so far treated in this way had their disease for an average of 15 years,2 no longer worked, were socially isolated and dependent on their families. As this neurosurgical treatment remarkably improves parkinsonian motor disability and levodopa induced dyskinaesias, we wondered whether operating earlier during the course of the disease would enable patients to maintain their previous social and professional status. A retrospective analysis of 41 successive severely disabled PD patients operated in our department3 showed that four of them, who had disease duration of less than …


The present invention allows a platform, which carries out the storage of cargo, regasification, or a power generation operation at sea, to float on the sea when the platform moves by a selective-floating structure, and fixes the platform to a leg structure when the platform does not move, thereby easily and simply performing building and enabling the platform to be moved and provided as necessary.


A plethora of articles discussing the development of and controversy resulting from the Smithsonian Institution's Enola Gay exhibition has been published. Experts from such diverse fields as museum studies, journalism, psychiatry, and history have commented on the event, although the archival literature has been silent. William Yeingst and Lonnie Bunch note that debates about how recent history should best be remembered, preserved, and interpreted [have] become less academic and more acrimonious. This essay reorients the discussion and considers the issues in a broader light. It begins with a recap of the Enola Gay exhibition and then considers four topics: museums, management, the media, and memory. In conclusion, the impact on archives and libraries is discussed.


Today's computing vision makes users to access services, applications via lightweight portable devices instead of powerful personal computers (PC). Since today's applications and services need stro ...


The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of the Reciprocal Teaching Procedure (RTP), a reading comprehension instructional technique, on enhancing 50 students' reading comprehension behavior in a university setting. The researchers used the Nelson Denny Reading Test (NDRT), forms G and H as pre-and post - tests to assess subjects' reading comprehension behaviors before and after the (RTP) sessions. Subjects completed pre-and post - questionnaires to record information about their general and EFL backgrounds as well as their attitudes to reading before and after the implementation of (RTP) sessions. Comparison of the results of the pre- and post - tests and questionnaires showed a marked improvement in the students' reading comprehension behavior. The students also believed the (RTP) was beneficial to their reading comprehension in an EFL university setting throughout the study. (125) wds. The present study aims at exploiting the rhetorical structure of the text and exploring the effect of strategy training on reading comprehension behavior in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) situation in a university setting with a class of EFL students based on the exploitation of both the rhetorical structure of the text and the Reciprocal Teaching Procedure (RTP). The exploitation of text structure as a tool to improve reading comprehension has an ultimate goal: making readers aware of and capable of using various reading strategies as well as interpreting the rhetorical information a reading text presents in a satisfactory manner, i.e., how readers conceive it, what textual clues they attend to, how they make sense of it, and what they do when they do not understand it. Palinscar and Brown (1984,117-175) reported two instructional studies directed at the comprehension- fostering and comprehension - monitoring activities of 7 th grade poor comprehenders. The 4 study activities were summarizing (self-review), questioning, clarifying, and predicting. The training method was that of reciprocal teaching, where the tutor and students took turns leading a dialogue centered on pertinent features of the text. In study 1, a comparison between the reciprocal teaching method and a second intervention modeled on typical classroom practice resulted in greater gains and maintenance over time for the reciprocal procedure. Reciprocal teaching, with an adult model guiding the student to interact with the text in more sophisticated ways, led to a significant improvement in the quality of the summaries and questions. It also led to sizable gains on criterion tests of comprehension, reliable maintenance over time, generalization to classroom comprehension tests, transfer to novel tasks that tapped the trained skills of summarizing, questioning, clarifying and improvement in standardized comprehension scores. Many of these results were replicated in study 2. In contrast to study 1, which was conducted by an experimenter, study 2 examined group interventions conducted by volunteer teachers with their existing reading groups. Palincsar and Brown (1984) designed Reciprocal Teaching, a researcher - developed instructional technique to promote reading comprehension abilities in students. The researchers showed that Reciprocal Teaching Procedure (RTP) is successful in the development of reading comprehension of low ability first language (L1) students. RTP involves explicit instruction by the teacher in the student's use of the strategies, such as predicting, clarifying, questioning and summarizing, to develop their reading comprehension.


Cirrhosis is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States and is
responsible for 1.2% of all US deaths. In Indonesia the prevalence of data of liver
cirrhosis does not exist yet, just the reports from several educational centers only. In
Dr. Sardjito hospital Yogyakarta, the number of patients with liver cirrhosis ranges
from 4,1% of patients whom treated at the Department of Internal Medicine within 1
year (2004). Liver disease is associated with a variety of haemostatic abnormalities
that disrupt the delicate balance between clotting and fibrinolysis, abnormalities in
both platelet number and platelet function are common in chronic liver disease.
Platelet profile (platelet count, mean platelet volume/MPV, and platelet distribution
width/PDW) may be used for the diagnosis and differentiation of several pathologies,
and MPV might help in the assessment of fibrosis in patients with chronic liver
disease. Interleukin-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with many immunologic and
metabolic reactions, is generally regarded as an important cytokine in the cytokine
networks that regulate immunologic reactions and acute phase response. A
relationship between IL-6 and fibrosis/liver cirrhosis have also been reported
previously. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the levels of IL-6
and a profile of platelets in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Subjects were patients with liver cirrhosis who are hospitalized or outpatient
of Department of Internal Medicine in Dr. Sardjito hospital Yogyakarta since July
2010 up to the number of samples met, who met the inclusion criteria. Research
subjects is taken in sequence until the number of samples met. All study subjects
agreed to follow the study and signed an informed consent.
The results will be analyze by a computerization using the Pearson correlation
test to determine the correlation levels of IL-6 and profile of platelets in all samples
when the data are normally distributed. When data are not normally distribute, the
Spearman correlation test will be used. The magnitude of correlation is given by �r�.
The p-value is significant if p<0,05.


To determine disease progression and survival in patients with lymph node‐positive prostate carcinoma after ascending radical retropubic prostatectomy (RP) and pelvic lymphadenectomy with different forms of postoperative adjuvant treatment.


Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are composed of two glass substrates, two polarizers and some optical films. These components are laminated by pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). When a polarizer shrinks by humidity or the heat from a backlight of LCDs, stress appears and deforms PSAs. PSAs tend to exhibit birefringence due to applied stress and temperature change, which causes light leakage degrading image quality of LCDs. PSAs are consisted of main chain polymers and cross-linkers. To evaluate birefringence of PSAs at room temperature is difficult because PSAs easily plastically deform at the temperature. The purpose of this article is to design temperature-independent zero-birefringence PSAs (TIZBPSAs) exhibiting almost no birefringence even during stress-induced deformation over a wide temperature range. Butyl acrylate (BA) and phenoxyethyl acrylate (PHEA) were selected as the monomers of main chain polymers and an isocyanate-type cross-linker was added. Trilaminar films were prepared in which PSAs were sandwiched between two supporting films. We successfully evaluated birefringence and temperature dependence of birefringence of PSAs for the first time by using temperature-independent zero-birefringence polymers (TIZBPs) as the supporting films. TIZBPs, designed in our group, show almost no orientational birefringence even when the polymer main chain is in an oriented state and almost no temperature dependence of orientational birefringence over a wide temperature range. We have proposed a novel method to design PSAs having desirable the birefringence properties by determining the contributions of BA, PHEA and the cross-linker to birefringence and temperature dependence of PSAs quantitatively. Furthermore, we have designed TIZBPSAs by the proposed method.


Combined photonic and electronic systems require diverse devices to be co-integrated on a common platform. This heterogeneous integration is made possible through several separation and transfer methods where the functioning epilayers are essentially released from their growth substrate. The use of 2D layered h-BN as a mechanical release layer has been demonstrated to be a promising technique for the hybrid integration of III-nitride devices. In this talk we will give an overview of our results on wafer-scale van der Waals epitaxy by MOVPE of different III-N heterostructure devices such as LEDs, HEMTs, solar cells, sensors and photodetectors. Furthermore, mechanical release and transfer techniques of crack-free III-N devices on foreign substrates will be presented along with a comparison between the device performances before and after transfer.


Arachnoid cysts are benign, non genetic developmental intra-arachnoid collection of cerebrospinal fluid(l-3). They account for about 1% of all atraumatic intracranial mass lesions(4). They cause neurological deficit through expansion that compresses normal neural tissue and obstructs CSF flow. Most arachnoid cysts become symptomatic in early childhood. Between 60% to 90% of patients in most mixed series are in the pediatric age group(5) and the majority develop signs and symptoms before 6 months of age(6). Arachnoid cysts can be found at any location—middle cranial fossa, posterior fossa, suprasellar areas being the usual sites(l,7,8). We report a case of intracranial arachnoid cyst for its large size, rare anatomical site and atypical presentation.


Bromley's Head Teachers attended an evening exchanging views and ideas with each other, council officers and councillors at a reception hosted on 13 September by Cllr Ernest Noad Executive Member for Children and Young People.


Information Retrieval (IR) researchers have often used existing IR evaluation collections and transformed the relevance scale in which judgments have been collected, e.g., to use metrics that assume binary judgments like Mean Average Precision. Such scale transformations are often arbitrary (e.g., 0,1 mapped to 0 and 2,3 mapped to 1) and it is assumed that they have no impact on the results of IR evaluation. Moreover, the use of crowdsourcing to collect relevance judgments has become a standard methodology. When designing the crowdsourcing relevance judgment task, one of the decision to be made is the how granular the relevance scale used to collect judgments should be. Such decision has then repercussions on the metrics used to measure IR system effectiveness. In this paper we look at the effect of scale transformations in a systematic way. We perform extensive experiments to study the transformation of judgments from fine-grained to coarse-grained. We use different relevance judgments expressed on different relevance scales and either expressed by expert annotators or collected by means of crowdsourcing. The objective is to understand the impact of relevance scale transformations on IR evaluation outcomes and to draw conclusions on how to best transform judgments into a different scale, when necessary.


Based on dual-color screen with 12 interfaces as an example,the unit circuit configu-ration of LED bar display panel was described.On this basis,the data organization of LED bar display panel was in-depth discussed when the data was horizontally shifting in the manner of shoot-through connection.In this paper,a display round was designed to lively demonstrate the data organization and its storage.In this way,only after the memory address plus one,the display data can be quickly output.


Diutan gum (DG) is an anionic polysaccharide produced by Sphingomonas sp. ATCC 53159. The DG‐enhanced foam (DGEF) formed by the DG and foam has great application potential in enhanced oil recovery. In this research, the influence of injection parameters on DGEF was studied by conducting orthogonal experiment, with residual resistance coefficient (Rff) as the main evaluation index. The micro‐state of the foam was observed using an etching model and scanning electron microscope. The mechanism of different factors on the mobility control ability of the foam was discussed based on the apparent viscosity and surfactant depletion. The results show that the Rff of foam is correlated with the apparent viscosity, and the foam with high apparent viscosity had a good flow control ability. The calculation of the surfactant depletion shows that the bubble stability decreased significantly when the concentration of Sodium alpha‐olefin sulfonate (AOS) cannot meet the minimum stabilization concentration, thus weakening the mobility control ability. Based on the study of crude oils, the presence of oil phase will seriously weaken the mobility control ability of DGEF, but the effect of oil with higher content of resin and asphaltene will be relatively weak.


Objective\ To explore the molecular biological mechanism of carcinogensis by mixed fission products. Methods\ Effects of DNA single\|strand breaks of peripheral blood lymphocytes in rats induced by internal exposure with mixed fission products were analyzed by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay. Results It was found that fission\|debris nuclides caused increase of percentage of cells with migrated DNA,and DNA migration length in the lymphocytes showed a dose\|dependent manner. Conclusion\ The results suggest that comet assay can be applied to monitor DNA single\|strand breaks induced by internal exposure.\;


There have been relatively few studies of the effectiveness of the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), the body responsible for enforcing health and safety law in the UK. In particular, what is lacking is any detailed statistical audit of the HSE's enforcement activity. This significant absence is due almost entirely to the inability to gain access to the requisite statistical data, which is held by the HSE itself. The focus of this article is upon how the production of such an audit has been made possible. It begins by noting the kinds of questions that need to be asked of the enforcement activity of the HSE to assess its effectiveness in ensuring the accountability of companies that violate health and safety law, and details how such questions cannot be asked on the basis of publicly available data. It then discusses what needs to be done in order to obtain the information that allow one to make an informed assessment of the adequacy of the HSE's activities. Finally, the article addresses issues of wider concern for those seeking to use statistical data as a means of assessing critically the activities of state servants.


Nine phenolic compounds, including two phenolic carboxylic acids, 1 and 2, seven hydrolyzable tannins, 3–9, eight triterpenoids, including four oleanane‐type triterpene acids, 10–13, and four of their glucosides, 14–17, isolated from a MeOH extract of the gall of Terminalia chebula Retz. (myrobalan tree; Combretaceae), were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells induced by α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), against the EpsteinBarr virus early antigen (EBV‐EA) activation induced by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA) in Raji cells, and against TPA‐induced inflammation in mice. Their 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activities and cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines were also evaluated. Compounds 6–9 and 12 exhibited potent inhibitory activities against melanogenesis (39.3–66.3% melanin content) with low toxicity to the cells (74.5–105.9% cell viability) at a concentration of 10 μM. Western‐blot analysis revealed that isoterchebulin (8) reduced the protein levels of MITF (=microphtalmia‐associated transcription factor), tyrosinase, and TRP‐1 (=tyrosine‐related protein 1), mostly in a concentration‐dependent manner. Eight triterpenoids, 10–17, showed potent inhibitory effects on EBV‐EA induction with the IC50 values in the range of 269–363 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA, while these compounds exhibited no DPPH scavenging activities (IC50>100 μM). On the other hand, the nine phenolic compounds, 1–9, exhibited potent radical‐scavenging activities (IC50 1.4–10.9 μM) with weak inhibitory effects on EBV‐EA induction (IC50 460–518 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA). The tannin 6 and seven triterpenoids, 10–16, have been shown to inhibit TPA‐induced inflammation (1 μg/ear) in mice with the ID50 values in the range of 0.06–0.33 μmol/ear. Arjungenin (10) exhibited inhibitory effect on skin‐tumor promotion in an in vivo two‐stage mouse‐skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and with TPA as promoter. Compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 7–9, 12, and 13, against HL60 cell line, compounds 1 and 4, against AZ521 cell line, and compounds 1, 11, and 12, against SK‐BR‐3 cell line, showed moderate cytotoxic activities (IC50 13.9–73.2 μM).


- Due to the ever-growing demand for faster and exhaustive verification, many design companies have started adopting Formal Verification [1] . With Formal, we start with the complete input state space and then work our way down into a focused, carefully chosen subset of the input state space. This helps us make sure that we do not miss any important input scenarios. One of the challenges of employing formal verification is that increase in design size can lead to an exponential increase in design and verification complexity. As verification complexity increases we are more likely to encounter technology limitations leading to inconclusive results. However, even an inconclusive result provides value since it proves true within a constrained time space; this is called a "bounded proof". In the Barefoot Switch division of Intel, while verifying a packet processing design we have encountered such bounded proofs. In this paper, we talk about our methodical approach to signoff functionalities where only bounded proofs could be achieved due to design complexity. We showcase how we defined latency requirements, interesting verification scenarios, and correlation of the formal coverage result during signoff for better confidence.


The SIGCSE Department Chairs Roundtable will feature small group discussions on challenges of being a Department Chair and finish with a panel of diverse and experienced Department Chairs. The group discussions will tackle topics such as the significant administrative and personnel issues that chairs must handle; leadership and management styles, time management, legal issues, establishing priorities, and communication.


In this article, the equation of the starch and fine hematite particle has been put forward combining with the collision theory. After analyzing the equation and test data, the reaction order of the starch and fen hematite particle can be obtained by integration method and half-life method, which is first degree. It lays the foundation about adsorbed rate equation of the starch and fen hematite particle.


'A new technology, hydrothermal oxidation (also called supercritical water oxidation), is being developed to treat high level nuclear wastes. Nitrates are reduced to nitrogen; furthermore, phosphates, alumina sludge, and chromium are solubilized, and the sludge is reconstituted as fine oxide particles. A major obstacle to development of this technology has been a lack of scientific knowledge of chemistry in hydrothermal solution above 350 C, particularly acid-base behavior, and transport phenomena, which is needed to understand corrosion, metal-ion complexation, and salt precipitation and recovery. The objective is to provide this knowledge with in-situ UV-vis spectroscopic measurements and fully molecular computer simulation. A major objective of the experimental studies has been to determine the equilibria for Cr(VI) up to 420 C as this is a key species to be removed from nuclear wastes. A wide range of concentrations of KOH and perchloric acid were utilized to manipulate the acid-base equilibria and to understand the effects of ion solvation and ion pairing. The second system is the equilibria between nitric acid, nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, nitrite and nitrate ions and oxygen. For both of these systems, chemical equilibria has not been measured previously in hydrothermal solution at these temperatures. On the theoretical side,more » the authors have focused on the study of the transport properties of aqueous ions in supercritical water. The motivation for these studies is two fold. First, although transport coefficients are fundamental to solution chemistry reaction rates, the behavior of such transport properties over wide ranges of density and temperature are not well established experimentally, particularly at the densities typically of interest (< 0.5 g/cc). Second, due to practical challenges, ionic association equilibria in SCW is typically accessed via measurements of conductivity followed by analysis through a theoretical model that incorporates ion pairing. The results of these analyses in the interesting low density region have yielded results for the limiting infinite dilution conductivity of alkali halides which are not consistent among labs. However, the most common result suggests a nearly constant ionic diffusion constant with decreasing density, which is further rather insensitive to temperature. This is in contrast to the typical behavior at higher densities, where there is agreement on a linear increase with decreasing density. Either this surprising behavior is a physical result of a balance of forces that is different at the lower densities, or the model used to extrapolate to infinite dilution, and to extract the association constants, is not accurate for these cases. The goal is to determine independently via computer simulation what one should expect of these transport coefficients.'« less


The decay of excited stretching overtones of some local modes (C–H, C 3/4 C,C=C, C=O) attached to a hybrocarbon chain is theoretically investigated. The assumptions used in a previous paper [A. Lami and G. Villani, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 5186 (1988)] are critically examined and the model is improved by allowing the transfer of up to three quanta from the local mode (simulated by a Morse oscillator) to the harmonic bath of the chain modes. Use is made of a Lanczos tridiagonalization procedure. It is shown that the population transfer from the local mode to an aliphatic carbon chain is rapid but not complete due to the fact that the local mode frequency lies above the top of the band of chain modes and to the particular structure of the Hamiltonian for kinetically coupled stretching modes. It is argued that the complete decay should involve other low frequency modes and should require a longer time.


The purpose of this study is to explore and classify the types of the attitude on a good death of nurses in long-term care hospitals. Q-methodology, which is effective in scientifically measuring individual subjectivity, was used. 151 Q-population were selected through the processes of review of research articles, newspaper articles and interviews. 34 Q-sample were selected from the 151 Q-population and 27 nurses in long-term care hospitals were invited as the P sample. The result of the Q-sort was analyzed using PC QUANL Program. The types of attitude on a good death of nurses in long-term care hospitals was categorized into three. 1) Death in supportive environment 2) a comfortable death in real life 3) Dignity guaranteed death By identifying 3 attitude patterns toward a good death of long-term hospital nurses, this study provides an opportunity for their reflection and recognition toward a good death based on this result and suggests to think about ways to improve the quality of nursing in the current increasing long-term hospitals.


Blood cell parasitaemias of Plasmodium chabaudi, P. yoelii and P. berghei were examined in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni and in controls with no schistosome infection. Plasmodium chabaudi parasitaemias were suppressed relative to control values in mice with patent (eight week or older bisexual) infections of S. mansoni, but were not affected by either prepatent bisexual or adult unisexual (male worm alone) schistosome infections. The growth of one strain of P. yoelii was enhanced in mice with patent S. mansoni infection and unaffected by prepatent schistosome infections. Concurrent S. mansoni infections did not have any apparent effect on P. berghei blood parasitaemias. The contrast between P. chabaudi and P.yoelii may be explained in terms of patent S. mansoni infections inducing a reticulocytosis and the predelictions of P. yoelii for invading reticulocytes and P. chabaudi for more mature erythrocytes.


Market concentration affects each component of the cybersecurity risk equation (i.e. threat, vulnerability and impact). As the Internet ecosystem becomes more concentrated across a number of vector...


A new calorimeter was designed for measuring the free water content of wet snow, aiming at simplicity in mechanism and handling as well as high accuracy and speed in measurements. The mass of hot water to melt the sample and the mass of the mixture (snow sample and hot water) are measurable indoors with sufficient accuracy; therefore, in the field we need only two measurements of temperature (T and T ); this calorimeter reduces the time of measurement of one snow sample to four or five minutes. Using artificially made wet snow, having a known value of free water content, 121 tests were conducted. Standard deviation of the error was 0.82%


One study of student parents attending community college found that over 80 percent reported that the availability of child care was very important in the decision to attend college and 46 percent reported that campus child care was their first priority when enrolling. Nearly 60 percent of respondents reported they could not have continued college without child care and 95 percent reported that child care allowed them to increase their class load.


Holographic memories can be read-out either with the reference or the signal beam. Reference beam read-out reconstructs the stored data whereas signal beam read-out performs a search of the stored data base. This dual mode of holographic memories is explored for the various methods that have been developed for multiplexing holograms.


Present communication reports the community structure and distribution pattern of intertidal invertebrate macrofauna at four shores of the Kathiawar peninsular coastline off the Arabian Sea (India). The selected shores have different levels of human activities. Present report tests three hypotheses; that is, (i) distribution of invertebrate macrofauna in these shores is influenced by space and time, (ii) abiotic factors have a profound influence on the distribution pattern of intertidal macrofaunal assemblages, and (iii) human activities influence the community structure of the intertidal invertebrate macrofauna at these shores. To test these hypotheses, spatiotemporal variations in different ecological indices were studied. A total of 60 species from six phyla were considered for the study. High species diversity was recorded during winter and monsoon seasons in almost all the shores studied. It was also evident that a few environmental factors had a cumulative influence on the distribution pattern of intertidal macrofauna. Significant spatial variations in the species diversity and evenness were also observed. Though the shores studied have similar coast characteristics and climatic conditions, they face different levels of human activities. Therefore, the observed variations in the intertidal faunal assemblage were possibly caused by anthropogenic stress.


This paper aims to assess young farmers' willingness to adopt sustainable agriculture (SA) by implementing the expanded theory of planned behavior (TPB) within the northern region of Bangladesh. The outcomes attained specified that attitudes toward SA, perceived behavior control and perceived self-identity have progressive and fundamental impacts on adoption behavior and affect farmers' intentions to adopt SA's particular production mechanism. On the other hand, the social interface view toward SA is not significantly associated with the Bangladeshi farmer's adoption intention. The results also show that interconnections between social and familial pressure are not significant for sustainable farming practice adoption intentions. However, the interconnections among the psychosocial factors have a crucial role in formulating the TPB to forecast the intentional behavior for adopting SA practices. Thus, the government should highlight the advantages of several sustainable agricultural practices and circulate more detailed information regarding SA tactics to improve the knowledge gap of smallholder farmers. Furthermore, training facilities should be extended to improve the attitude and perceived self-identity of young farmers. Moreover, the formulation of structural information sharing platforms and agricultural value chain facilities should also help shape young farmers' interpersonal behavior in adopting SA practices.


. The purpose of the present note is to propose an efficient algorithm for the Bayesian decomposition of a time series, utilizing some results recently developed in the area of methods of regularization of certain integral equations. Within this framework, it is shown how the special structure of the problem can be exploited so that a considerable gain in computational efficiency over existing procedures can be obtained.


The ν3 and ν4 vibrational transitions of methane trapped in solid parahydrogen have been observed by using Fourier transform infrared and high resolution laser spectroscopy. The observed spectrum is interpreted in terms of rovibrational states of the spherical rotor which are subjected to the crystal field splitting. The ν4 band shows extremely sharp lines of a width of ∼0.003 cm−1, while the ν3 band exhibits broader lines of a width of 1 cm−1. The infrared selection rules derived from an extended group theory to take into account the field effect are consistent with the observed spectra. The intermolecular interaction and the field effect in solid parahydrogen are analyzed quantitatively.The ν3 and ν4 vibrational transitions of methane trapped in solid parahydrogen have been observed by using Fourier transform infrared and high resolution laser spectroscopy. The observed spectrum is interpreted in terms of rovibrational states of the spherical rotor which are subjected to the crystal field splitting. The ν4 band shows extremely sharp lines of a width of ∼0.003 cm−1, while the ν3 band exhibits broader lines of a width of 1 cm−1. The infrared selection rules derived from an extended group theory to take into account the field effect are consistent with the observed spectra. The intermolecular interaction and the field effect in solid parahydrogen are analyzed quantitatively.


Objective—Monocyte to macrophage differentiation is an essential step in atherogenesis. The structure protein of caveolae, caveolin-1, is increased in primary monocytes after its adhesion to endothelium. We explore the hypothesis that caveolin-1 plays a role in monocyte differentiation to macrophages. Methods and Results—Both phorbol myristate acetate–induced THP-1 and colony-stimulating factor–induced primary monocyte differentiation was associated with an increase in cellular caveolin-1 expression. Overexpression of caveolin-1 by transfection increased macrophage surface markers and inflammatory genes, whereas caveolin-1 knockdown by small interfering RNA or knockout reduced these. Also, caveolin-1 knockdown inhibited the differentiation–induced nuclear translocation of early growth response 1 (EGR-1) through extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, further decreased the binding of EGR-1 to CD115 promoter, thus decreasing EGR-1 transcriptional activity. In functional assays, caveolin-1 inhibited transmigration but promoted phagocytosis in the monocyte–macrophage lineage. Decreasing caveolin-1 inhibited the uptake of modified low-density lipoprotein and reduced cellular lipid content. Finally, we showed that caveolin-1 knockout mice displayed less monocyte differentiation than wild-type mice and that EGR-1 transcription activity was also decreased in these mice because of the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. Conclusion—Caveolin-1 promotes monocyte to macrophage differentiation through the regulation of EGR-1 transcriptional activity, suggesting that phagocytic caveolin-1 may be critical for atherogenesis.


In this paper, we propose a new type of incentive-driven and privacy-preserving systems for large-scale message dissemination in mobile networks. To distribute incentives which encourage forwarding behaviors, such as monetary rewards, we want to keep track of the forwarder list. In our algorithms, we rely on a Probabilistic one-ownership forwarding algorithm to record the list, so that the exchanged messages can be kept short and privacy preserving. More specifically, only one hop of forwarder information, instead of the complete list, is recorded, and the information is updated probabilistically following two ownership flipping models, namely, One-Flip and Always-Flip models. We also use a Bluetooth Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) toolkit to enable fast, configuration-free message exchange. Throughout the paper, we use coupon as a typical type of message to illustrate the core ideas. We have implemented the coupon dissemination system in Java ME. Our experiments on real-world mobile phones, such as Nokia and Samsung phones, and large-scale simulations show that our system is efficient in peer-to-peer message distribution and capable of massive deployment. We believe our key methodology can serve as a general framework for facilitating information propagation on mobile phones, where incentives and privacy protection are both essential.


We discuss the question of the existence of quantum one-way permutations. First, we prove the equivalence between inverting a permutation and that of constructing a polynomial size network for reflecting about a given quantum state. Next, we consider the question: if a state is difficult to prepare, is the operator reflecting about that state difficult to construct? By revisiting Grover's algorithm, we present the relationship between this question and the existence of one-way permutations. Moreover, we compare our method to Grover's algorithm and discuss possible applications of our results.


The Dhy?nic Zen Tea Record, once erroneously attributed to Rinzai Takuan S?h? (1573-1645) but only published in its final version in 1818, which is here translated in French, establishes a series of links between tea and spiritual life according to Buddhism. It deals with the culture and the art of tea (ch.II), with the tea ceremony and its variants, but primarily with the relations between the master-host and the guest. Through these "refinements" (chap. VII) and "sobriety" (chap. V), one reaches a moment in which there exists something like a "tea without guest nor master".


Even though a system continuously, its low recognition rate causes misjudgments in fruit quality. In this work, we propose a new, embedded gateway structure with simple implementation and enhanced success rates for fruit and vegetable quality classification. We have combined an edge-computing embedded development platform with an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm structure, where microprocessors are used to control the gateway switch of a conveyor, and this platform is used to build a small fruit/vegetable quality classification system, which has been implemented and tested. The system's hardware is controlled by different pulse widths. By combining AI algorithms of an image sensor for recognition, we have effectively enhanced the system's capability of fruit and vegetable quality recognition.


Despite the advantages of sending manual labours overseas, Indonesia fails to set up a relinble scheme to protect them from abuse. Improvement of the quality of the labours, tightening control over the brokery agencies as well as legal and administrative reform are required to do so.


Background/Objectives: The study is devoted to the influence of factors on the value of a strategic project aimed at diversification of activities and the growth of a large company is studied. Methods/Statistical analysis: The analysis of best world practices in project management, including PMBoK, PRINCE2, P2M and others has made possible the identification of the factors affecting the project costs and outcome. The economic effectiveness of two large potash projects of the Eurochem Company was evaluated on the base of discounted cash flow method. The sensitivity of the project was evaluated through the change of the key factors determining their value. Findings: The implementation of investment projects aiming at diversified growth increases the company value, which requires the calculation of common indicators and taking into account additional effects. Many factors that shape the investment project value in the mineral resources sector are divided into cost-based and value factors. The introduction of the corporate project management system allows creating a balanced portfolio of projects and programs focused on the strategic objectives of the company; monitoring the implementation of all projects and programs; controlling and coordinating the use of resources, time limits and budget of projects, creating a knowledge database of projects, increasing the efficiency of interaction between subdivisions and employees in projects and programs that should enhance the projects value and the company's market value. According to the results the possibilities for corporate growth through the investment policy of an integrated company were identified. Applications/Improvements: The authors offer a number of project value control methods. These methods are relevant for investors and implementers of high value projects.


In the first section, I review succinctly some of the influences and trends, which, seen in relationship, may be viewed as informing bases for whole systems thinking. The four areas reviewed are systems thinking, indigenous worldviews, organicism/ecologism, and complexity. Whilst these areas are referred to in the main Thesis, this Appendix allows something of the provenance of whole systems thinking to be outlined in more depth. In the second section 'A Whole Systems Model', I further develop the triadic model of paradigm and experience (Seeing, Knowing, Doing) which is then used to help represent the dimensions of paradigm change, in parallel with the model of staged learning levels introduced in the main Thesis. In section 3 'Whole Systems Thinking and Sustainability', the model is employed as a framework for a discussion of a whole systems view of sustainability.


Taking its starting point with the elements of comprehension of natural reason according to the Stoics - i.e. impression, assent, apprehension, and knowledge - the inquiry leads to puzzling difficulties. The process of natural reason, on the other hand, establishes in itself the relation between trust/certainty (pistis) and apprehension given by the positions of the subject of logical science. In order to solve the puzzle, the elements of comprehension are connected with the attributes of trust. Knowledge itself is parted from the limitations of opinion by the relfection of trust on assent, apprehension, and knowledge. The puzzle is settled by the conception of irrefutability (unchangeableness) which ends in the apex mentis of cognition, i.e. the idea of argument (logos) or the relation of proof to trust.


The noise and signal parameters of several types of RF amplifiers based on different SQUIDs with integrated and hybrid input coils were studied. A new type of multiloop DC SQUID with an integrated input coil and extremely low stray capacitances was designed. The inductance of a four-loop SQUID was 100 pH, the input coil inductance 1.3 nH, and mutual inductance 300 pH. The tuned integrated four-loop amplifier at 420 MHz had a noise temperature lower 0.5 K and a power gain of nearly 20 dB in a 60-MHz bandwidth. For the noise calibration of such amplifiers, SIS junctions were used as a shot noise source, or a cooled attenuator and a room temperature semiconductor noise source were used.<<ETX>>


Aim: To determine neonatal survival rates based on both foetal (stillborn) and neonatal deaths among infants delivered at 23–25 wk, and to identify maternal and neonatal factors associated with survival. Methods: The medical records of 224 infants who were delivered in two tertiary care centres in 1992–1998 were reviewed retrospectively. At these centres, policies of active perinatal and neonatal management were universally applied. Data were analysed by gestational age groups and considered in three time periods. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with survival. Results: The rate of foetal death was 5%. Of infants born alive, 63% survived to discharge. Survival rates including foetal deaths in the denominator at 23, 24 and 25 wk were 37%, 61% and 74%, respectively, and survival rates excluding foetal deaths were 43%, 63% and 77%, respectively. Of infants born with 1‐min Apgar scores of 0–1, 43% survived. In the total cohort, survival rates including foetal deaths in the denominator increased from 52% in time period 1 to 61% in time period 2 and 74% in time period 3 (p > 0.02). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, higher birthweight (OR: 1.91 per 100 g increment; 95% CI: 1.45–2.52), female gender (OR: 3.33; 95% CI: 1.65–6.75), administration of antenatal steroids (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.46–5.98) and intrauterine referral from a peripheral hospital (OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.18–4.68) were associated with survival. Apgar score ± 3 at 1 min (OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.22–0.95) was associated with decreased survival. The use of antenatal steroids was protective at 23–24 wk (OR: 5.2; 95% CI: 2.0–13.7), but not at 25 wk.


The present invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine preparation for treating hydrocephalus, belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicine; Chinese medicine material of the present invention as an active ingredient a composition: Angelica, fungus, Pueraria, medlar, Cortex Moutan, chamomile, Scutellaria baicalensis, peach, woody , ephedra, Salsola, mulberry, cinnamon, Polygonum cuspidatum, Sophora and storax; intracranial formulations of the invention having a medicine heat purging fire, dampness diuresis, Phlegm resuscitation, tranquilizer puzzle effect, for treatment of hydrocephalus caused by hypertension, bilateral temporal or full cranial pain, nausea, head edema or optic atrophy significant effect, for mental retardation, movement disorders, psychiatric disorders, memory loss and other symptoms have a good therapeutic effect, and short course, effective fast, low cost, without any side effects, should be popularized in clinical application.


Purpose of study Grand Coulee Dam School District (GCDSD) experiences a 62% graduation rate which is well below the Washington State average of 77%. Community analysis revealed concerns about low numbers of students pursuing postsecondary education. The Career Exploration and Mentorship Program (CEMP) aims to increase the likelihood of students in GCDSD pursuing postsecondary education and/or professional careers. Methods used Community interviews, performed over an 11 month period, surfaced concerns regarding a lack of student interest in postsecondary education and professional careers due to inadequate exposure to professional mentors. A literature review was completed to determine elements of youth career development and mentorship programs with known efficacy. During project proposal meetings/presentations, two community partners were identified: GCDSD and Colville Tribes Education and Employment Department. Summary of results Literature review suggested 1) Program durations <1 year revealed negative effects on student self-esteem and academic motivation 2) grades 5–6 experienced the greatest positive mentee impact 3) emphasis on mentor development and support was critical for program success, and 4) lack of culturally similar mentor was identified as a limitation in multiple studies. CEMP preliminary design was constructed and includes monthly 1:1 structured meetings, 2 annual group events focused on career exploration, mentors from culturally similar background who have completed postsecondary education and work as a professional, and mentees in grade 5–6 with at least 1 close family or friend who supports postsecondary education. CEMP preliminary design was presented to community partners and accepted for further development and collaboration. Local professional career opportunities and respective mentors have been identified. Conclusions Curriculum, budget and mentor training is currently being constructed. Once complete funding will be requested through Colville Tribes Youth Development grants. CEMP will be piloted in winter of 2018–2019.


For intersections with a permissive or protected-permissive left-turn mode, pedestrians cross during the permissive period. This operation requires the left-turn driver to yield to both opposing vehicles and pedestrians, prior to accepting a gap and completing the turn. Pedestrian crash risks are increased in these complicated driving conditions because left-turn drivers sometimes fail to yield to pedestrians. Guidelines for the selection of left-turn mode (e.g., permissive, protected, and protected-permissive) focus mainly on vehicular traffic conditions at the intersection. Very few of these guidelines include a sensitivity to pedestrian volume or other pedestrian-safety-related factors. This report provides guidelines for determining whether protected left-turn operation is appropriate based on consideration of pedestrian safety and vehicle operation. These considerations include the road-user costs associated with pedestrian-vehicle crashes and vehicle delay. The report also describes a proposed warrant for left-turn phase determination that is based on the guidelines.


The evolution of patterns of paly in Italy in the last twenty years. The 3-4-1-2 pattern of play. The 4-2-3-1 pattern of play. Attacking with the 3-4-1-2 and the 4-2-3-1. Building up play. creating scoring opportunities. Shooting. Defending with the 3-4-1-2 and the 4-2-1-3. The four player defense and three palyer defense. The 3-4-1-2 against other system of play. The 4-2-3-1 against other system of play.


FIELD: oil industry, particularly to control and/or stimulate fluid flow during oil production process. SUBSTANCE: well has casing pipe, production string, time-alternating current source, borehole chemical injection system and borehole flux-gate restrictor. Casing pipe extends inside borehole. Production string is located inside casing pipe. The current source is located on ground surface and is adapted to supply time-alternating electric current to casing pipe and/or production string which act as conductors to supply borehole with electric current and/or provide communication. Borehole chemical injection system comprises communication and control unit, container with chemicals and electrically operated chemical injector. Communication and control unit is electrically linked with production string or with casing pipe. Chemical injector is electrically connected with communication and control unit and communicates with the container. Borehole flux-gate restrictor is arranged around production string or casing pipe part. Communication and control unit is electrically linked in parallel to voltage source. Method for oil well operation is based on time-alternating current transfer through pipe system with the use of flux-gate restrictor to supply electric power to well and to establish communication with the well with the purpose of chemical injection in well flow along with chemical injection process regulation in response to electric current signal during oil production process. EFFECT: increased oil recovery due to fluid flow characteristic regulation in different borehole parts, increased oil lifting efficiency due to foaming agent usage, prevention of solid particle deposits due to paraffin solvent utilization, improved flow characteristics due to surfactant use and corrosion prevention due to corrosion inhibitors utilization and/or prevention of sediment formation due to use of special agents. 41 cl, 9 dwg


122 traumatized teeth with radiographic evidence of abnormal hard tissue formation in the pulp cavity were examined 10-23 years (mean 16 years) after the time of injury. Judged radiographically, partial obliteration (pulp chamber not discernible, root canal markedly narrowed but clearly visible) had occurred in 44 teeth (36%). Normal periradicular conditions were found in all teeth with partial obliteration. Seventy-eight teeth (64%) were recorded as totally obliterated. Pathologic periradicular changes indicating pulp necrosis as a sequel to the total obliteration was observed in 16 teeth (21%). The late development of pulp necrosis was significantly related to teeth classified as severely injured, and to teeth with complete root formation at the time of injury. Furthermore, a comparatively rapid progress of the calcifying process appeared to be correlated with periradicular radiolucency.


Spain has chronically low productivity growth, which undermines its ability to generate higher living standards. Important contributors to low productivity growth are the misallocation of capital to low productivity firms and under-investment in knowledge-based capital. To foster a better allocation of capital a first priority is to better tune bank, capital market and government financing to the needs of new innovative firms. This could be done through better small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) bond and loan securitisation tools, reallocating public financing to early stage finance and making it easier for firms to access public innovation funding by shifting some funding from loans to grants for research and development (R&D) projects. Attracting more foreign capital and improving the regulatory framework to increase the return on investment would also help. This could be done by reducing regulatory barriers that hold back competition, improving the neutrality of the tax system, improving pricing signals and reforming insolvency laws.


Two orthogonal standing acoustic waves, generated by piezoelectric excitation, can form a two-dimensional pressure field in microfluidic devices. A phase difference of the excitation waves can be employed to rotate spherical µm-sized silica particles by a torque mediated through the viscous boundary δ around the particle. The measurement of the rotational rate is, so far, limited to high-speed cameras and their frame rate, and gets increasingly difficult when the sphere gets smaller. We report here a new method for measuring the rotational rate of µm sized spherical particles. We utilize an optical trap with high-speed position detection to overcome the frame rate limitation of wide field image recording. The power spectrum of an optically trapped, rotating particle reveals additional peaks corresponding to the rotational frequencies—compared to a non-rotating particle. We validate our method at low rotational rates against high-speed video observation. To demonstrate the potential of this method we addressed a recent controversy about the rotation of particles with a relatively large viscous boundary layer δ. We measured steady-state rotational rates up to 229 Hz (13.8 × 103 rpm) for a particle with a radius R ≈ δ. Recent numerical research suggests that in this regime the existing theoretical approach (valid for R≫δ ) overpredicts the steady-state rotational rate by a factor of 10. With our new method we also confirm the numerical results experimentally.


The escalating policy emphasis on civic participation is designed to increase the participation of young people within their communities. Young people have the will to participate but, in low socioeconomic contexts, their participation remains both contested and compromised. This is particularly evident in relation to the role of schools in low socioeconomic areas. These schools are charged with fostering young people's civic participation, yet the way in which they enact this mandate is subject to numerous tensions between policy and practice. This article examines these tensions and their implications for the participation of the most marginalised young people. It also outlines a research agenda with the potential to reveal more about this situation and inform future policy and practice.


Spin-polarized local density functional cluster calculations are carried out on substitutional Ni and Ni-H2 complexes. We find that Ni- undergoes a Jahn-Teller distortion along 〈100〉 with Ni moving ...


APPROXIMATELY 40 percent of all ac. cidental deaths in Maryland are caused by motor vehicle accidents. Activities in accident prevention have long been an integral part of programs of the Maryland State Department of Health. A technical advisory committee to the department's accident prevention section, estab¬ lished by the Commissioner of Health, advises the department in the development of its acci¬ dent prevention programs. This committee is composed of representatives of the State Police, department of motor vehicles, department of mental hygiene, State medical examiner's office, the Medical and Chirurgical Society, the Uni¬ versity of Maryland, the State legislative coun¬ cil, and the department of health. Since traffic accidents constitute a major public health problem, priority has been given to traffic safety. Our 1963 study was an initial project of the department's traffic safety research program. The immediate objective was to assess the opinions of the Maryland State Police on vari¬


Since February 2014, the welding defects of the automatic welding line of buckets have been frequently appeared. The average repair time of each bucket is 26min, which seriously affects the production efficiency and welding quality. We conducted troubleshooting, and found the main reasons for the welding defects of the buckets were the deviations of the center points of the robot tools and the poor quality of the locating welding. We corrected the gripper, welding torch, and accuracy of repeat positioning of robots to control the quality of positioning welding. The welding defect rate of buckets was reduced greatly, ensuring the production efficiency and welding quality.


The diversity of stingless bees throughout Peninsular Malaysia is poorly documented. With regards to conservation efforts, this means that despite their known ecological value and sensitivity to disturbance, stingless bees cannot currently be used as indicators to compare the health of undisturbed forests to that of human-altered landscapes in Peninsular Malaysia. We undertook an extensive survey of stingless bee diversity in and around six lowland, hill, and upper hill dipterocarp forest reserves located in four different states in Peninsular Malaysia. Sugar-water baiting at 486 sampling stations resulted in the collection of stingless bees from 17 different species. We used an NMDS ordination to compare the communities found at the different sites. We also compared the species we collected to those recorded by previous studies carried out in nearby Borneo. Our fi ndings provide baseline data on stingless bee diversity in forests throughout Peninsular Malaysia.


Uncovering and interpreting genotype/phenotype relationships are among the most challenging open questions in disease studies. In complex diseases, such as cancer, uncovering of this relationship is complicated by the heterogeneous nature of these diseases. We have recently developed three complementary approaches to address this challenge. First, we utilized interaction network and an information flow approach to model the propagation of the perturbation from genetically altered regions to abnormally expressed genes [1]. This approach helps to elucidate the relationship between genetic perturbations and expression dys-regulation, but does not capture differences between patient groups. To address the second challenge we developed a new approach, called module cover [2]. Module cover allows capturing differences between patients using by identifying dys-regulated modules. Finally, the third approach is based on a probabilistic mixture modeling [3]. Based on phenotypic similarity between the patients and a spectrum of possible disease causes/explanation such as mutations, copy number variation, microRNA levels, etc. the method identifies disease subtypes together with their causes and models the disease of each patient as a mixture of the subtypes. Taken together, these approaches help to fill a significant gap between the general current understanding of cancer and existing approaches to model cancer diversity.


BACKGROUND
An increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was reported in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), without identifying factors associated with atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) events.

METHODS
HIV-HCV coinfected patients were enrolled in the ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH nationwide cohort. Primary outcome was total ASCVD events. Secondary outcomes were coronary and/or cerebral ASCVD events, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) ASCVD events. Incidences were estimated using the Aalen-Johansen method. Factors associated with ASCVD were identified using cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS
At baseline, median age of the study population (n=1213) was 45.4 (interquartile range [IQR] 42.1-49.0) years and 70.3% were men. After a median follow-up of 5.1 (IQR 3.9-7.0) years, the incidence was 6.98 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.19-9.38) per 1000 person-years for total ASCVD events, 4.01 (2.78-6.00) for coronary and/or cerebral events, and 3.17 (2.05-4.92) for PAD ASCVD events. Aging (hazard ratio [HR] 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12), prior CVD (HR 8.48, 95% CI 3.14-22.91), high total cholesterol (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11-1.83), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.08-0.63), statin use (HR 3.31, 95% CI 1.31-8.38), and high alcohol intake (HR 3.18, 95% CI 1.35-7.52) were independently associated with total ASCVD events, while undetectable baseline viral load (HR 0.41, 95%CI 0.18-0.96) with coronary and/or cerebral events.

CONCLUSION
HIV-HCV coinfected patients experienced a high incidence of ASCVD events. Some traditional cardiovascular risk factors were the main determinants of ASCVD. Controlling cholesterol abnormalities and maintaining undetectable HIV viral load are essential to control cardiovascular risk.


The present invention is an ultrafiltration unit, wherein the ultrafiltration in a filtration unit method for exchanging the buffer or culture medium in a continuous manner, and, biological agents and biological giant containing ultrafiltration apparatus of the present invention for exchanging the buffer or culture medium as a continuous molecule product and, more particularly, to a protein, the monoclonal antibodies and vaccines in particular, for example, monoclonal (anti) a system for manufacturing a continuous manner.