A Passive Optical Network (PON), with low-cost point-to-multipoint fiber infrastructure, is an emerging access network architecture. This paper presents an Internet QoS enabled media access control (MAC) protocol for a PON. The considered Internet QoS is Differentiated services with three classes: Expedited Forwarding (EF), Assured Forwarding (AF) and Best Effort (BE). Through the proposed scheme, the network resources are dynamically and adaptively allocated to the three-class traffic in the meantime the required quality of service is also maintained. The performance of the Proposed MAC protocol is evaluated through simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme fully utilizes the network resources and provides the required QoS for each traffic class under different load conditions.


With a good knowledge of the existing surfacing service life, it is possible to evaluate the effect of pavement strengthening. By comparing the surfacing service life before and after the pavement strengthening, the effect of the strengthening can be evaluated in a very precise manner against both technical and economical criteria. The paper describes the background for the change in procedure for assessing pavement strengthening requirements and the method for designing the strengthening. On the basis of this experience a new method for pavement strengthening was introduced in the 2005 revision of the Norwegian Materials and Pavement Design Manual. The need for strengthening is no longer established on the basis of measurements with FWD or other indirect methods, but only to the recorded service life of the surfacing.


A simple,sensitive and reproducible high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) method for simultaneous separation and determination of adenosine and uridine is developed.The analytical column is a 2.0×150 mm Shimadzu VP-ODS column and the mobile phase is water (90.0%),methanol(9.0%) and formic acid (1.0%).(2-Chloroadenosine) is used as internal standard for this assay.Selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used and SIM ions at m/z 267 for uridine and m/z 268 for adenosine are chosen for quantitative analysis.The regression equations and liner range are Y=0.078 54X+0.006 27 and 2.0~110.0 μg·mL~(-1) fo uridine,Y=0.146 1X+0.012 4 and 1.0~120.0 μg·mL~(-1) for adenosine,respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) are 0.3 μg·mL~(-1) for uridine and 0.2 μg·mL~(-1) for adenosine, respectively.The recoveries of three constituents are from 97.0% to 103.3%.This method has been successfully applied for the determination of uridine and adenosine in various natural Cordyceps sinensis and its substitutes.


We address the problem of automating the process of network troubleshooting for a large-scale WiFi network. Specifically, we target identifying the causes of unnecessary active scans in WiFi networks, that are known to degrade the WiFi performance. We collect 340 hours worth of data with several thousands of episodes of active scans to train various machine learning models. Data is collected with 27 devices across vendors in varied network setups under a controlled setting. We study unsupervised and supervised machine learning techniques to conclude that a multilayer perceptron is the best model to detect the causes of active scanning. Further, we perform an in-vivo model validation in an uncontrolled real-world WiFi network. We also compare our models with a static rule-based approach. Our model improves the mean F1-score accuracy of cause detection from 0.78 to 0.99. Our proposed mechanism has the potential of being incorporated in the existing WiFi controllers, such as that of Cisco and Aruba.


This study aims to determine students creative thinking skills in solving arithmetic progression and series problems with the open-ended method. The research method used is a qualitative method with a case study approach. The selection of subjects uses a purposive technique that is based on certain characteristics. The subjects in this study were 3 junior high school students selected in the category of high matematical abilities. Methods of collecting data using tests, interviews, field notes, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used the triangulation method to gain deeper understanding of the subject under study. Based on the results of the study show the ability of creative thinking of students because it meets the three indicators of creative thinking, namely fluency: students are able to calculate smoothly and solve problems correctly, flexibility: students are able to find other ways to find the same results, novelty: students are able to think in new ways and different from other subjects.


The methods to distinguish different amines are rarely investigated. In this manuscript, a bond energy enabled amines distinguishing strategy is reported. With (trifluoromethyl)alkenes as linchpins, a chemo-, regioselective three-component defluorinative...


As many countries in the world pay great attention to marine science research and development, Sea Floor Observatory Network (SFON) technology has been more and more important. In this article, the definition and history of SFON are briefly introduced, the development and current status of SFON of various countries are compared, and key technologies for SFON are analyzed. In the end, the prospects of China's SFON are discussed and advices are given.


This study was researched to provide the accurate nutrition information and the menu. We questionnaired an recognition and necessity of the nutrition labeling to 684 customers in fast-food restaurants. After data cleaning, we used spss package 14.0 and analyzed about the nutrition contents and place that display the nutrition labeling. First, we finded out lower recognition of nutrition labeling in restaurants than processed food. Second, many people hoped that calory and fat in various nutritions were displayed each 100 g or 100 mL. Third, the place displaying the nutrition information was the menu board and the counter to identify easily. Fourth, we analyzed the recognition and necessity of the nutrition labeling in fast-food restaurants by t-test and ANOVA. So, we knew that the recognition and necessity of the nutrition labeling was higher woman than man. And the more they earn much money and learned, the more the nutrition labeling are needed. But house-wife recognized the nutrition labeling lower than others. (Korean J Nutr 2009; 42(1): 68 ~ 77)


In this paper, we propose a singular perturbation margin (SPM) and a generalised gain margin (GGM) as stability metrics for single input–single output (SISO) linear time-invariant (LTI) systems from the view of singular perturbations and regular perturbations, which have bijective correspondences with the classical phase margin (PM) and the gain margin (GM), respectively. Both of the numerical and analytical time-domain SPM and GGM assessment methods are provided, and relationships between the singular perturbation parameter, PM of the perturbed system, PM and SPM of the nominal system, and the (monotonically increasing) phase of the fast system are also revealed. These results make it possible to assess the PM of the nominal system in the time domain for SISO LTI systems using the SPM with a standardised testing system called 'PM-gauge,' as demonstrated by examples. The concepts of SPM and GGM can be used as metrics of stability margins for linear time-varying systems and nonlinear systems.


The rapid developments in Internet software technologies in wireless networks need platform and language neutral distributed object-oriented components to manage and use different mobile devices and to provide services on top of them. We evaluate the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) which is widely used middleware in the wireline network and present the performance results in different wireless systems. We found that message formats for communication between different object request brokers (ORB) as defined in the general inter-ORB protocol (GIOP) are optimized and further optimization will only result in reduced interoperability. We present a way of implementing and using CORBA in a wireless network and the results obtained. We present the use of the mobile IP at the network layer which takes care of mobility and handoff without requiring any change in the ORB. Thus we demonstrate a working implementation of mobile CORBA. We suggest a number of further improvements that should be incorporated in any implementation of CORBA to be used for wireless applications.


Slavic scholarship in Norway has suffered a great loss. On April 2, 2000, Alf Grannes, professor of Russian at the University of Bergen, died at 64 years old. Alf Grannes was born on July 31, 1936, on his parents' farm, Grannes, just outside Stavanger in south-western Norway. He received his secondary education at Stavanger katedralskole, which he finished in 1955. After the gymnasium in Stavanger he studied in Norway, France and the Soviet Union before he completed his graduate studies at the University of Oslo in 1966. Alf Grannes was unique in his generation of Norwegian Slavicists when he chose to go to France to study Russian. He stayed in France for several years and obtained his diploma in 1963 from the École Nationale des Langues Orientales Vivantes in Paris. The years in France left a lasting impact on Alf Grannes and he was the only Slavic scholar in Norway in recent decades, and increasingly so also elsewhere outside France, who used French as a means of communication and publication. After his stay in Paris, Alf Grannes went to Leningrad for the academic year 1963-64. Here he met his future wife Zoja Botaševa. Being a Karachay from northern Caucasia, she inspired him to study her native Turkic language Karachay and subsequently also Turkish and Turkic linguistics in general. But for the time being, in the middle of the sixties, the Slavic languages were at the forefront of Alf Grannes's interests. After his stay in Leningrad and the completion of his graduate studies in Russian, Alf Grannes left for other Slavic countries, first to Poland on a UNESCO scholarship, to Poznan to study Slavic linguistics, and thereafter to the Bulgarian capital, Sofia. In 1968 Alf Grannes became a research fellow at the Department of Slavic and Baltic languages at the University of Oslo, where he taught not only Russian, but also offered introductory courses in Bulgarian. In 1971 as a new Department of Russian was established at the University of Bergen, Alf Grannes was appointed senior lecturer of Russian, a position he held until 1988 when he was promoted to full professor in the same department. Consequently, Alf Grannes was associated with the University of Bergen and its Department of Russian for the major part of his professional life, he just left it for two brief periods, first in 1973-74 when he was professor of Russian at the University of Tampere in Finland and in 1983-84 when he was visiting the University of Washington in Seattle. In the varied and complex scholarship of Alf Grannes there are several threads that can be discerned. One of these is his interest in the history of Russian in its pre-modern period, i.e. the 18th century. He dedicated a major part of his research to this period of Russian, a time when the Russian language as a standard language was in its making and when a number of tendencies made themselves felt. In his doctoral dissertation from 1972, Prostorečnye i dialektnye elementy v jazyke russkoj komédii XVIII veka he analyses more than 40 comedies from the 18th century, most of them completely forgotten by posterity. In this work Alf Grannes covers new ground when he directs attention to the language of a literary genre poorly studied, the comedies, which in contrast with other genres allowed for the use of popular and even dialectal speech. In this work new understanding is gained of the development leading up to the accomplished Russian of Puškin, but even more impor-


We have developed a new Ewald summation for a three-dimensional dipolar system with two-dimensional periodicity in a uniaxial field and a rotating field in a horizontal plane. Under a constant pressure and temperature, Monte Carlo simulation has been carried out; phase transitions are found and chainlike structure for a uniaxial field and monolayer or multilayer for rotating field are obtained, which are well consistent with experiments.


During June 15th to 22th,2007,Ningxia met a continued cloudy-rainy weather,which can be divided into 5 relatively obvious rainfall process,in which the 1st was convective rainfall process and the other 4 were mixed rainfall processes,and the rainstorm weather occurred in the 2nd process(during the afternoon of 16th to the morning of 17th).The Daily NCEP reanalyzed data was used here,and the result shows that,the formation and maintenance of this continued cloudy-rainy weather is the result of the interaction between westerlies and sub-topical weather systems,and the cold dry air mass from the north branch met the warm wet air mass from the south branch stably over Ningxia,the main cause of the occurrence of the rainstorm is the mutual coupling of high-level,low-level jet and the convergence uplift of the vortex.During the rainstorm,there were 4 multi-cell echo lines and 1 squall line moved from the southwest of the radar station to the northeast acrossed Yinchuan,with bow echo and adverse wind area in all of them.Furthermore, there was obvious different between multi-cell echo lines and squall line.


The aim of the study was to investigate and to evaluate the readiness and job satisfaction rates of military medical specialists and civilian personnel of military medical organizations of the Russian Ministry of Defense of central and district subordination (MMO-MOD group), as well as the readiness and job satisfaction indicators of medical specialists from medical organizations of the Russian Ministry of Health and the Federal Medical and Biological Agency (MOH-FMBA group) within the non-staff units of the Disaster Medicine Service for medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies elimination activities. Materials and research methods. Materials of the study: sociological survey questionnaires of the non-staff medical specialists divided into 2 groups (MOH-FMBA group, n = 255; MMO-MOD group, n = 227). The following was assessed: general characteristics of a medical specialist, his/her professional activity at the main place of work and in the non-staff formations when working in high readiness and emergency modes; readiness of non-staff medical specialists to eliminate medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies. Research methods: analytical, logical, statistical (descriptive statistics, correlation and factor analysis). Results of the study and their analysis. Satisfaction with the work of all military medical specialists and civilian personnel of the Russian Ministry of Defense of central and district subordination, as well as medical specialists from medical organizations of the Ministry of Health and the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia were noted. It is marked that among the factors influencing professional activity of medical specialists of different departments in non-staff formations the most important should be considered special training and provision of non-staff formations with medical and other material and technical equipment, readiness of non-staff formations when working in the mode of daily activity to perform tasks on purpose.


The concept of privacy rights came into being more than 100 years ago but China doesn't have a full system for protection of privacy rights. The writer tries to expatiate on the privacy rights from its origin, development, meaning, relationship with concerned rights, responsibility formation and protective methods. Also the writer analyses the development, course in China hoping it to be anindependent personality right in future China Civil Law.


Since breasts are the symbol of femininity, deformation or lack of the breasts greatly impairs the mental quality of life for the female patients. Psycho-sociological importance of this issue, has caused many studies to work on breast implants (1,2,3,4). Amastia is a rare condition where the breast or nipple is absent. Amastia can be due to: congenital, teratogen exposure, injuries sustained during thorac tomy, Chest tube placement, and inappropriate biopsy of the breast and radiotherapy of severe burns. Unilateral amastia is often associated with absence of the pectoral muscles. Bilateral amastia is associated in 40%of cases with multiple congenital anomalies involving other parts of the body as well .We had a rare case of a patient with unilateral amastia, where, in spite of the rightside of the breast being intact, the left-side of the breast was absent. The present article presents the case with reference to past reports of amastia. A three-years-old girl with unilateral of breast tissue,areolea and nipples . No other anomalies were noted. Investigation done during the hospital stay including ultrasonography of the chest wall, abdomen and pelvic were all normal. 1-General Physician, Islamic Azad University Tabriz Branch, Iran 2-Midwifery, Marand Health Network, Iran Article History: Received March 2013 Accepted April 2013 Available online May 2013 Corresponding Author: Zahra Ghanbari, General Physician, Islamic Azad University Tabriz Branch, Iran Tel: +989143057376 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


Work in geothermal aquaculture and vertically integrated agriculture is undertaken by Washoe Aquaculture Limited, Gourmet Prawnz Inc., General Managing Partners. This approach to agriculture is researched at the integrated Prototype Aquaculture Facility (IPAF) at Hobo Hot Springs, Nevada. The principal objective at the IPAF is to use geothermal aquifers to commercially raise food, plants, and ornamental fish. At the IPAF, the feasibility of geothermal aquaculture has been demonstrated. The company has implemented many demonstration projects, including the cultivation of freshwater prawns, native baitfish, exotic tropical species, and commercially important aquatic plants.


An analysis of variation of morphological characteristics was made in 29 populations of taxa related toEupatorium rotundifolium. Cytological data indicated that all taxa were potentially apomictic. Four species were recognized:Eupatorium pilosum Walt.,E. rotundifolium L.,E. sessilifolium L., andE. vaseyi Porter. Two subspecies were recognized inE. rotundifolium: subsp.rotundifolium and subsp.ovatum (Bigelow) Montgomery & Fairbrothers. Descriptions, a key, and distribution maps are included.


On Wednesday the 30th June 2004, 70 delegates from 12 countries gathered in Scotland to attend a conference on the conservation and management of Arctic charr. The 3-day meeting saw an exploration of the science underpinning the conservation of Salvelinus alpinus. Thirty-four papers were presented as verbal and poster contributions, summarising and extending our knowledge on the status of the species, its diversity, theoretical barriers to its conservation and management and conservation threats. Unusually for a primarily scientific meeting, the conference was asked to draw conclusions from its deliberations, distilling the thinking from the collected wisdom of those at the leading edge of research, management and conservation of this very unusual species. This was achieved by dedicating 1 day, following the more formal conference, to a series of workshops and was very successful. During discussions a significant consensus developed over many issues, and where this was possible, a clear conference resolution was defined and the rationale supporting this resolution articulated. These resolutions are published in a short paper in this volume with the hope that politicians, fishery managers and others will be made aware of them and take action. This conference was one component part of a wider programme of collaboration in research and in sharing best practice in wild population management and in aquaculture across Europe. This collaboration involved a very large number of organisations and individuals coming together under the EU funded collaborative programme 'CHARRNET'. A number of papers appearing in this volume are the direct result of collaboration between individuals and organisations within this highly successful programme. Additional support for the conference specifically came from the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scottish Natural Heritage and English Nature. This special volume, resulting from both verbal and poster papers presented at the conference was made possible by Dr Erik Mortensen, founding editor of the Ecology of Freshwater Fish and significant contributor to our knowledge of Arctic charr. Sadly Dr Mortensen passed away a few days after returning from this conference. We dedicate this volume to his memory.


The Merycopotamus remains are described from the Chinji Formation (middle Miocene) of the Lower Siwalik Subgroup of Pakistan. The material recovered from two fossiliferous localities of Chabbar Syedan and Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon in Chakwal district, Punjab, Pakistan. The described specimens of Merycopotamus nanus add additional knowledge on Pakistani anthracotheriid diversity.


This article presents analysis place of occurrence of fuzzy values in nested SQL ąueries. Fuzzy values in nested SQL ąueries can appear in all phrases of inner subquery, in all phrases of outer subquery or in condition joining outer subguery with inner subąuery. All discussed case are illustrated by appropriate examples.


1. A liquid composition comprising a GLP-1 agonist or / and its pharmacologically acceptable salt and, optionally, at least one pharmacologically acceptable excipient, characterized in that the composition contains methionine. The liquid composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains a pharmacologically acceptable preservative, in particular m-cresol. The liquid composition according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it contains glycerin. The liquid composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a pH in the range from 3.5 to 5.5. The liquid composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains methionine in an amount of from 0.5 mg / ml to 20 mg / ml, preferably from 1 mg / ml to 5 mg / ml. The liquid composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it exhibits chemical integrity after storage for 6 months at a temperature of + 25 ° C. The liquid composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it exhibits physical integrity after storage for 6 months at a temperature of + 25 ° C. The liquid composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the GLP-1 agonist is selected from the group consisting of GLP-1 and its analogs and derivatives, exendin-3 and its analogues and derivatives, exendin-4 and its analogues and derivatives, the agonist GLP-1 is preferably selected from the group consisting of desProexendin-4 (1-39) -Lys-NH and exendin-4.9. The liquid composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains the following components: (a) desProexendin-4 (1-39) -Lys-NH, (b) sodium acetate, (c) m-cresol, (d) L- methionine, (e) 85% glycerol, (f) hydrochloric acid, about 0.1 N, if you want to set the pH to about 4.5, (g) NaOH solution, about 0.1 N, if you want to set the pH to about 4.5 , and (h) water. 10. The composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it is a composition suitable for injection. Composition


As the dynamic data acquisition system has the characteristics of broad acquisition range,numerous acquisition nodes,difficult data communication,limited wiring space and auto operation,the traditional acquisition system with bus network can hardly meet this need.In this paper,the design idea of wireless sensor network is adopted for reference during the design of dynamic data acquisition system.A design scheme based on ZigBee protocol is discussed,which is of low consumption, wireless communication,exellent flexibity,good expandabiity,small volume,low cost,etc.It not only solved the design difficulty of traditional acquisition system,but also has some new advantages.


It has been clear for the whole of this century that the gastrointestinal tract is a major site not only of protein metabolism but also of transport of a-amino-N and that in the small intestine this means transport of peptides rather than of free amino acids. In his scholarly review on protein and peptide digestion Matthews (1991), in reviewing the fascinating history of this field, emphasizes how for about 30 years in the middle of the 20th century the significance of peptide transport was nevertheless forgotten largely because transport systems for amino acids had been discovered. The emphasis has now been corrected with a vengeance following the recent cloning and expression of intestinal peptide transporters (Dantzig et al. 1994; Fei et al. 1994). These important papers will be discussed below; however, by way of background, there are some general issues which a modern review should emphasize.


Since the September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and other locations in the United States, a primary concern for the global community has been to heighten homeland security and thereby prevent terrorist attacks. Additional attacks following the tragedy in 2001 across the world included mailed envelopes containing viable Bacillus anthracis or Anthrax spores that caused 5 deaths in the US. As a countermeasure to bioterrorism attacks, the US implemented the "Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act� in 2002. This was recently strengthened by the passing of the "Food Safety Modernization Act� of 2010. Both laws are intended to provide resources to oversight agencies for tighter regulation and control of food entering and being distributed in the US. It raises the question to what degree a nation can prepare for a potential bioterrorism attack on the food supply. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have identified several biotoxins that could be used for dispersion. Many of these agents are listed in categories A (including anthrax, botulism, smallpox, and the plague) and B (including strains of Salmonella and Escherichia, Cholera, and Ricin) of the CDC list of potential bioterrorism agents that can be dispersed with relative ease and result in high morbidity and mortality rates. A major concern is the preparedness of public health authorities and the timeliness of the response and recognition of an actual incident. A recent risk analysis of the response to a bioterrorism incident involving Salmonella or Escherichia bacteria concluded that it would take between 3-5 days and at least 2 confirmed cases to detect and contain the source.


The construction of a low friction, air supported pulley for use in floating wire measurements and the methods used to test its performance are described. The quality of the results obtainable in floating wire measurements with such an air bearing is illustrated by several measurements performed on a 100 cm radius, 180°, double‐focusing magnetic analyser at the Rutherford High Energy Laboratory. The use of bearings of this type as pivots for bullion balances, and the possibility of employing such a modified bullion balance to measure the Newtonian constant of gravitation G to increased accuracy are considered.


This paper introduces implementations with ASP technology for some special functions in a dispatching management information system,which is founded under B/S developing model.


A cool-period field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of rate and date of seeding winter rye on soil erosion amounts at varying slopes. The lower seeding rate (provincially recommended) was ineffective in reducing sediment loss at any slope. The higher seeding rate showed overall superiority but only on the basis of the earliest (provincially recommended) seeding date. Key words: Rye cover (winter), potato production (intensive), crop rotation, erosion (water), erosion (snowmelt)


An exploration of Glasgow School of Art's contribution to the development of new ideas in art, design and architecture across Europe during the years 1890-1910.


Even though smart homes have automated the day-to-day activities; it also introduces some security-related challenges. With the help pf IoT technology, people can operate various types of gadgets without their physical presence at home. By using the framework described in this manuscript, all household equipment and electrical devices can be readily monitored and managed via a website. This service can also be used to monitor a smart home surveillance system. The proposed method can also be used for generating an online invoice. Intrusion detection is a well-known method for detecting anomalies in network data. The proposed Intrusion Detection System (IDS) module identifies abnormalities in a smart home network by utilizing Artificial Immune System, Extreme Learning Machine, and IoT. Furthermore, the proposed model is integrated into a smart home network interface and combines it with a text warning system to fix problems without using any external assistance.


: Traffic within cities has increased in the last decades due to increasing mobility, changing mobility behavior and new mobility offerings. These accelerating changes make it increasingly difficult for responsible authorities or other stakeholders to predict mobility behavior, to configure t raffic ru les or to si ze ro ads, br idges an d pa rking lots. Traffic simulations are a powerful tool for estimating and evaluating current and future mobility, upcoming traffic services and automated functionalities in the domain of traffic management . For being able to simulate a complex real-world traffic environment and traffic incidents, the simulation environment needs to fulfill requirements from real-world scenarios related to sensor-based data processing. In addition, it must be possible to include latest advancements of technology in the simulation environment, for instance, (1) connected intersections that communicate with each other, (2) a complex and flex-ible set of rules for traffic sign c ontrol and traffic ma nagement or a well-defined data processing of relevant sensor data. In this paper we therefore define requirements for a traffic simulation based on a complex real-world scenario in G ermany. The project addresses major urban challenges and aims at demonstrating the contribution that the upcoming 5G mobile generation can make to solving real-time traffic flow optimization. In a second step, we investigate in detail if the simulation environment SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) fulfills t he p ostulated r equirements. T hirdly, w e p ropose a technical concept to close the gap of the uncovered requirements for later implementation.


By meanssof a standard socket and and the multi-task method of VxWorks,the multi-network card communication based on the TCP/IP protocol is realized.The method of adding and deleting a network card dynamically in a program can bring about a dual-redundance net,which uses the same IP and physical address.The paper gives an example,in which both 82559 and NE2000 are used to realize the multi-net communication and the dual-redundance backup of the dual NE2000 network card.The said method is of highly practical value,which avoids the second development of a board packet,thus reducing the developing period and cost.


Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is a common and usually self-limiting condition involving the regurgitation of gastric contents into the oesophagus. It causes symptoms (table 1) such as heartburn, oesophagitis, acute life-threatening events and respiratory disease,1–3 at which point it is defined as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD).

View this table:

 Table 1
 Symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)

The prevalence of GOR and GORD in infants is between 20–40%, higher than that in children and adults. This high number is associated with the transient immaturity of the oesophagus and the stomach. Features include a short abdominal oesophagus (<1 cm), increased oesophageal clearance, increased number of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations coupled with delayed gastric emptying.4–6

Methods of detection include oesophageal pH monitoring, especially with respiratory manifestations,1,3,7–9 or multiple intraluminal impedance.10–12 The latter allows detection of continued postprandial reflux despite a neutralisation of gastric contents by milk formula.

However, there continues to be a wide variation in diagnostic and management strategies even across major neonatal intensive care units in the UK, requiring further work to evaluate appropriateness and effectiveness.13

The principal aims of treatment are to alleviate symptoms, allow healing of the oesophageal mucosa if indicated, manage and prevent any complications and to maintain long-term remission.

Treatment strategies and options depend upon the severity of the GORD and may include lifestyle changes or pharmacological and surgical interventions. Older children and young people should be counselled on specific lifestyle changes such as weight reduction if obese and the avoidance of smoking and drinking alcohol if necessary.

For the purpose of this article, the focus will primarily be on drug management of this condition (table 2).

View this table:

 Table 2
 Summary of drugs used to treat GOR and GORD

Normal steps in the management of mild conditions are usually non-pharmacological and may involve …


The priority-driven scheduling of periodic and sporadic task systems upon identical multiprocessor platforms is considered, under the restrictions that (i) each job may be assigned exactly one priority throughout its lifetime, and (ii) each job may execute upon only a single processor. It is shown that the feasibility-analysis under these restrictions is intractable (NP-hard in the strong sense). A scheduling algorithm is presented that satisfies these restrictions, and that has a worst-case utilization bound comparable to the worst-case utilization bounds of partitioned scheduling algorithms, and of scheduling algorithms that retain the priority-assignment restriction but allow arbitrary interprocessor migration.


We present new information on oviposition behaviour in the Mormon Metalmark, Apodemia mormo Felder and Felder, 1859, documented in Grasslands National Park of Canada, Saskatchewan, in August 2011. The Mormon Metalmark is found throughout the U.S. southwest; little is known about its life history in the northern populations found in Canada. We provide photographic documentation of the butterfly laying single eggs directly on soil or rocks. These observations differ from those recorded in the southern part of its range, where it lays eggs in groups of 2–4 on various locations of the host plant, Branched Umbrella-Plant, Eriogonum pauciflorum Pursh. This is the first published account of oviposition behaviour of this species in Canada in the most northern part of its range.


Recommendation system have been established crucial role in the different applications such as online applications, e-learning services, social networks and etc. The traditional recommender systems have recorded significant success in e-learning domain, they still experience drawbacks in making accurate recommendations of learning resources in differences of learner characteristics such as learning style, knowledge level as well as learners sequential learning patterns. Most of the existing recommendation techniques do not consider differences in learner characteristics. In this research paper, hybrid recommendation system based an efficient sequential pattern mining of Enhanced Generalized Sequential Pattern (EGSP) Algorithm is proposed for recommend the student performance. The proposed recommendation approach helps to extract the more relevant student performance related features from the input data. After that, calculate the similarity based on the features and making predictions for the target learner by cosine metric. Next, generation of top N learning items by the collaborative filtering recommendation engine. At last, application of the EGSP algorithm to the top N learning features to generate the final recommendations for the target learner. An experimental analysis conducted on Learning Management System (LMS) dataset and the performance was measured using an evaluation metrics such as precision, recall, and f-measure. Compared to the GSP-Collaborative Filtering-Content based Approach, the proposed EGSP algorithm achieved 4% of improved recommendation result.


ABSTRACT Feedforward modeling, the creation of one's own behaviour that is potentially achievable in the future, can support motor performance and learning. While this has been shown for sequences of motor actions, it remains to be tested whether feedforward modelling is beneficial for single complex motor actions. Using an immersive, state-of-the-art, low-latency Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE), we compared motor imagery during action observation (AOMI) of oneself performing at one's current skill level against AOMI of oneself performing at an achievable future skill level. We performed 3D scans and created a ready-to-animate virtual human of each participant. During acquisition, participants observed an avatar of themselves performing either one of their own previously executed squats (Me-Novice) or observed an avatar of themselves performing a skilled squat (Me-Skilled), whilst simultaneously imagining the feelings and sensations associated with movement execution. Findings revealed an advantage for the Me-Skilled group as compared to the Me-Novice group in motor performance and cognitive representation structure, while self-efficacy improved in both groups. In comparison to watching and imagining oneself performing at the current novice skill level, watching and imagining oneself performing at a more advanced skill level prevented from making errors in motor performance and led to perceptual-cognitive scaffolding as shown by functional changes in underlying representations. Simultaneous imagery whilst observing future states of action may therefore help to establish cognitive prerequisites that enable better motor performance. To this end, virtual reality is a promising tool to create learning environments that exceed an individual's current performance level.


A survey of the microbiological characteristics of yogurt commercialized in Sao Jose do Rio Preto, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, was carried out, analyzing 18 samples with different flavors. It was observed that most samples presented high counts of thermophilic and mesophilic aerobic bacteria, besides low counts of psychrophic aerobic bacteria, when compared with the previous counts. None of the analyzed samples presented total, fecal ( Escherichia coli ) coliforms and Salmonella sp. Six samples (33.3%) presented counts of Staphylococcus aureus. Thirteen samples (72.2%) presented molds and yeasts, three of these (23.1%) did not adjust to Brazilian legislation. The conclusion was reached that three samples proved to be inadequate for consumption according to the regulation in effect.


This article summarizes the first phase of a three-phase research effort to develop and deploy best practices for project security on industrial projects. It shows how to address security early in the project life cycle and its impacts on the capital facility delivery process. Three dimensions of security for capital projects are examined—physical, personnel, and information—and linked to the key concepts of threats, consequences, and vulnerability assessment. A select set of industry best practices provides the basis for integrating security into the project delivery process. This selection includes six best practices: (1) preproject planning; (2) alignment; (3) design effectiveness; (4) constructability; (5) materials management; and (6) planning for start-up. The article outlines the methodology for updating best practices to include security. It includes a brief description of each practice and documents the key updates for incorporating security-related considerations into the practice. Security implications for the project delivery process are provided as well as recommendations to industry.


To minimize the effects of incident-induced congestion and to prevent secondary accidents, an effective incident management tool, which can reliably predict incident durations in real-time, is needed. One of the major challenges of real-time estimation of incident durations is that initial information about an incident is generally very limited and it may not be received in a pre-specified order. Most of traditional prediction models such as decision trees and linear regression models determine the order. The objective of this research is to develop a practical model, which is capable of accurately predicting incidents using Bayesian Networks (BNs) that can be easily incorporated into incident management activities of Traffic Management Centers (TMCs) to improve decision-making process. For this purpose, three structure learning algorithms are employed to construct BN structures and then the best performing one is chosen for the incident duration prediction using incident data collected in New Jersey in 2005. It is found that the proposed model can predict incident durations more accurately than the traditional approaches such as linear regression and Classification and Regression Trees (CART). In addition to significant improvements in prediction, BNs are shown to be useful to analyze important relationships among model variables using the concept of strength of links. Finally, through a systematic approach of randomly eliminating incident input data to mimic real-world conditions, it is shown that developed BN models can also be effective tools that can handle lack of input data, which is a common problem during real-time incident management operations due to their highly flexible and non-hierarchical nature. Future work should include the use of geographically more diverse incident data to obtain BNs to better understand transferability of these models among different locations.


Summary Displacement radioimmunoassay of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase is described, capable of measuring quantitatively 100 mμg of enzyme in biological fluids. The preparation of radioiodinated FDPase with high specific activity, a necessary prerequisite for the radioimmunoassay, was complicated by the lability of the enzyme and was, therefore, investigated in detail. Low specific activities of radioiodination in the range of 1-8 mCi/mg of protein were obtained by the IC1 method. Using chloramine-T as an oxidant resulted in radioiodinated FDPase with specific activities in the range of 20-80 mCi/mg of protein. However, the enzyme proved to be sensitive against exposure to chloramine-T; best yields were obtained at short reaction times of less than 10 sec.


Recent technological advances have led to an increasing ability to detect isolated or groups of tumour cells in blood, lymph nodes or bone marrow in patients with different tumour types. However, the clinical evidence of these advances is unclear. The detection and the characterisation of circulating breast cancer cells and the eventually micrometastasis represent an important prognostic factor with therapeutic implications. The number of neoplastic cells being very small, these are not easily detected by using only cytomorphology, possibly associated to immunocytochemistry. In the last decade many studies have been directed in order to identify new assays. In the present review the Authors summarize advantages and disadvantages about two different technical approaches: molecular and immunomagnetic selection with cellular enrichment and immunocytochemistry.


Systems Engineering (SE) continues to evolve as a critical part of major systems development. This evolution takes place on two fronts, the first is in the development of new processes, procedures, and tools in support of systems engineering, the second is the increased application of systems engineering in development projects. This paper will describe the application of systems engineering processes and tools to a major development program for the US Navy (USN). It will illustrate some of the pitfalls which were encountered in actual applications of systems engineering and point out some of the short-term and long-term benefits to both the development organization and the customer.


The Z domain controller design error mechanisms, filter structure and the sampling interval general requirements for implementation specific issues of implementation. Appendices: table of laplace and z-transfers block diagram representation of a transfer function a mathematical description of the sampling process compensation techniques emulation using pole mapping analysis of the phase advance compensator filter simulation program a brief guide to design structure diagrams.


Abstract A method to determine Joule-Thomson inversion curves, using isobaric-isothermal Monte Carlo molecular simulations, is presented. Volumetric data obtained through the simulations is interpreted by means of thermodynamic relations to obtain the locus of points in which the isenthalpic derivative of temperature with respect to pressure vanishes. The procedure is exemplified for a Lennard-Jones fluid and the low-temperature branch of the inversion curve is obtained. In general, Joule-Thomson inversion curves obtained by molecular simulation may be used either as an unambiguous test for equations of state in the supercritical and high-pressure regions or for the prediction of real fluid behavior, should the potential be well known. Examples of both applications are presented.


The invention relates to a connector (1) for printed circuit boards (70) comprising a number of contact elements (30), wherein the contact elements (30) each having two connection sides, the one connection side as a cutting and clamping contact (31) for connecting wires and the other connection side of a fork contact (32) for contacting of terminal areas on a printed circuit board (70) are formed, and a plastic housing, into which the insulation displacement contacts (31) are insertable, the contact elements (30), wherein at least a lower edge (40) of the insulation displacement contact (31) is supported on the plastic housing, so that the contact elements (30) on the insulation displacement contacts at occurring Anschaltkraften (31) are captively held in the plastic housing, the plastic housing at least one chamber-like area includes and the fork contacts (32) are completely received by the plastic housing in the longitudinal direction, wherein the Kontaktelemen t (30) is formed in two parts (30a) of the contact element (30) the insulation displacement contact (31) and the second part (30b) comprise a first part to the fork contact (32), where (on both parts 30a, 30b) of the contact element (30) each having a contact leg (34, 35) is arranged, wherein the two contact legs (34, 35) has a break contact (form 36).


Predictions based on the "Fusion by Diffusion" model in a version adapted for calculating xn channels, with the ground-state masses, shell effects and barrier heights as given by Muntian, Patyk and Sobiczewski are presented. Sensitivity of the model to uncertainties in determination of the theoretical fission barriers is discussed. Predictions concerning formation of the element Z = 120 include comparison of fusion of the most asymmetric systems, 50Ti + 249Cf and 54Cr + 248Cm, with less asymmetric combinations 58Fe + 244Pu and 64Ni + 238U.


Objective To study the effect of douchi fibrinolytic enzyme on thrombosis in vivo of mice. Methods The thrombosis length in tail after 72 h was observed in mice induced by rump and back hypodermic injection of carrageenan and the number of paralysis or dead after 1~15 min was also calculated in mice induced by tail intravenous injection of a mixture of collagen and adrenaline. Results The dose of douchi fibrinolytic enzyme(1 000 u/kg、500 u/kg) markedly prevented the tail thrombosis induced by carrageenan and the dose of 3 000 u/kg could inhibit the number of paralysis or dead induced by the mixture of collagen and adrenaline. Conclusion Douchi fibrinolytic enzyme can significantly prevent and inhibit the thrombosis in mice.


Line protection schemes are commonly set based on single fault conditions on the protected line and adjacent lines. Multiple simultaneous faults such as intercircuit faults can impact the apparent impedance seen by line protection relays, affecting protection speed and sensitivity. Review of an actual intercircuit fault is used to improve the performance of a line protection scheme.


Most natural languages have a predominant or fixed word order. For example in English the word order is usually Subject-Verb-Object. This work attempts to explain this phenomenon as well as other typological findings regarding word order from a functional perspective. In particular, we examine whether fixed word order provides a functional advantage, explaining why these languages are prevalent. To this end, we consider an evolutionary model of language and demonstrate, both theoretically and using genetic algorithms, that a language with a fixed word order is optimal. We also show that adding information to the sentence, such as case markers and noun-verb distinction, reduces the need for fixed word order, in accordance with the typological findings.


Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been a burden to many developing countries for decades, including Malaysia. Although various steps have been taken to prevent and manage CVD, it remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The rising prevalence of CVD risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, overweight and obesity is the main driving force behind the CVD epidemic. Therefore, a nationwide health study coined as the Malaysian Health and Wellbeing Assessment (MyHEBAT) was designed. It aimed to investigate the prevalence of CVD and the associated risk factors in the community across Malaysia. The MyHEBAT study recruited participants (18–75 years old) through community health screening programmes from 11 states in Malaysia. The MyHEBAT study was further divided into two sub-studies, namely, the Cardiovascular Risk Epidemiological Study (MyHEBAT-CRES) and the MyHEBAT Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Study (MyHEBAT-FH). These studies assessed the prevalence of CVD risk factors and the prevalence of FH in the community, respectively. The data garnered from the MyHEBAT study will provide information for healthcare providers to devise better prevention and clinical practice guidelines for managing CVD in Malaysia.


This study is devoted to the optimization of implementation of a recent treeless signature scheme called TSS12. It was shown earlier that the most computational complexity of TSS12 signing algorithm is provided by numerous calls to a Gaussian random oracle in undefined number of attempts to find a suitable masking vector. It is shown in this paper that a several hundred byte buffer of pre-generated random data is capable of providing significant acceleration of TSS12 signing algorithm. This fact is believed to be important for digital signature implementation on devices with limited computational capacities, such as wireless sensors.


By providing increased robustness to failure and reproducibility of results, workflows are an established workhorse of computer-aided science as well as an increasingly important part also in data pipelines in industry. For such complex and dynamic needs, we argue for the benefits of workflows implemented as computer programs, using workflow tools implemented as programming libraries. Furthermore, by using flow-based programming principles, a declarative while programmatic API can be presented, while still hiding a lot of low-level details under the hood. Being able to provide workflows in the form of compiled executable files has benefits both for the ease of deployment and future reproducibility. Workflow tool implementations are at risk for bit rot or incompatible changes well before the mainstream programming languages -or processor architectures -are.


To overcome the disadvantages after the surgical removal of tumors of the parotid gland, especially conspicuous cervical scar, we have concentrated on omega face-lift incision and mini-incision for treatment patients with benign parotid lesions.


Open Source technology management in library and information centers is a challenge and an opportunity. A general perception rooted among library professionals is that Open Source softwares are difficult to implement and not user friendly. Lack of awareness and opportunities for training are the main barriers for wide adoption of Open Source software in libraries. Success rate of Open Source technology implementation depend on attitude to build skill set and dedication of library staff.


"The objective of this document, is to do an approach to the concept of ""the new threat or emergent threat"", present in the current global context that is parallel to the globalization phenomena, to determine which are the principal threats for the states, and in this way find answers to this question: which are the threats in the formation of military commanders related with these new threats?. Likewise, parallel to the point of view of National Security And Defense, it also pretends to determine which must be the position of the educational system of the Colombian Armed Forces - SEFA (military colleges, military academies, schools, institutes, etc...) , related to the formation of new commanders, keeping in mind the new threats of XXI century."


Over the past decade the Islamic banking sector has grown steadily and rapidly globally, the multinational banks paid attention while the Islamic banking expanding out of Middle East and Asia Pacific into European and African markets. The difference between Islamic and conventional banking system is much more related to the product/service offering that based on philosophy of dealing with the money as an economical tool rather than a commodity and using the tool in the conscience of religion values.


A theory is developed for magnetically confined Fermi gas at low temperature based on the density functional theory. The theory is illustrated by numerical calculation of density distributions of Fermi atoms $^{40}$K with parameters according to DeMarco and Jin's experiment[Science, 285(1999)1703]. Our results are in good agreement with the experiment. To check the theory, we also performed calculations using our theory at high temperature and compared very well to the result of classical limit.


Abstract The accurate control of the endpoint in converter steelmaking is of great significance and value for energy saving, emission reduction, and steel quality improvement. The key to endpoint control lies in accurately predicting the carbon content and temperature. Converter steelmaking is a dynamic process with a large fluctuation of samples, and traditional ensemble learning methods ignore the differences among the query samples and use all the sub-models to predict. The different performances of each sub-model lead to the performance degradation of ensemble learning. To address this issue, we propose a soft sensor method based on multi-cluster dynamic adaptive selection (MC-DAS) ensemble learning for converter steelmaking endpoint carbon content and temperature prediction. First, to ensure the diversity of the ensemble learning base model, we propose a clustering algorithm with different data partition characteristics to construct a pool of diverse base models. Second, a model adaptive selection strategy is proposed, which involves constructing diverse similarity regions for individual query samples and assessing the model's performance in these regions to identify the most suitable model and weight combination for each respective query sample. Compared with the traditional ensemble learning method, the simulation results of actual converter steelmaking process data show that the prediction accuracy of carbon content within ±0.02% error range reaches 92.8%, and temperature within ±10°C error range reaches 91.6%.


There is an open debate in social sciences concerning the impact of different electoral rules and societal heterogeneity on the number of candidates vying for a seat during election times. Using data from Brazil's municipal mayoral elections, this paper assesses the empirical validity of the so-called nuanced view, which claims the interaction between societal heterogeneity and institutional permissiveness of electoral rules (presence of a runoff, in our case) is key to explain the number of candidates. Our study differs from others in the literature in two major aspects: (i) we have a truly exogenous source of variation in electoral rules due to a change in legislation introduced by the constitutional reform of 1988 and, (ii) we use panel-data techniques that allow for a more reliable identification of the parameters. Our results provide support for the nuanced-view: the coefficient of the interaction between heterogeneity and the presence of a runoff is always positive and statistically significant.


An alternative theoretical approach is proposed for analyzing the THz response of molecules. Molecules are modeled as equivalent electrical filter circuits. This method is generalized for the study of arbitrary molecular geometry and complexity. Filter circuit representations provide for a simple estimation of both resonant frequencies and Qs of absorption mechanisms of the molecule (not just resonant frequency alone).


Analysis is done to the formation of reeled yarn.A new traverse gear is introduced with the slotted cam instead of crank guide,meanwhile,a motion law is induced with a motion equation.Through the comparison of the three motion laws,the research finding can be regarded as a theoretical information for the design of the better yarn guiding device for reeling machine.


Sm-Co/Fe, hard/soft magnetic bilayers have been fabricated on 70 nm Cr buffered Si (100) substrate by dc and rf magnetron sputtering and annealed at 525OC for 30min. Very thin Mo layers (0-0.7 nm) were introduced between Sm-Co and Fe layers. The samples were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Alternating Gradient Magnetometer (AGM). All of the samples showed strong exchange coupling between hard and soft magnetic phases. Magnetization, coercivity and energy product (BH)max suggest a sinusoidal behavior. The energy product was found increased to 45% for 0.3 nm Mo interlayer as compared to sample without Mo layer.


Learning outcomes
The learning outcomes are as follows: to decipher the role of technology in the supply chain management (SCM); to understand the importance of supply chain integration with various stakeholders in the supply chain in increasing efficiency and effectiveness; and to comprehend the challenges in the implementation of technology in SCM.

Case overview/synopsis
This case study presents Haryana's challenges in implementing the digitization of the supply of food grains to the public. Mr Srinivas, a consultant to the Department of Food and Public Distribution, is required to suggest the future roadmap while accounting for the challenges faced in the digitization of the distribution of grains to the public in the state of Haryana. The students are expected to use the information given in the case and exhibits to discuss and critically think about the various stakeholders involved when change initiatives are implemented on an organizational level and recommend solutions based on the voices of various internal stakeholders.

Complexity academic level
Postgraduate/Masters in Business Administration/Masters in Management.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS 9: Operations and Logistics.


BACKGROUND
 Vaccines and immunizations are among the greatest public health accomplishments in disease prevention. Vaccinations not only protect the vaccinated individual but also others in the community. However, inadequate access to healthcare, a fragmented vaccine delivery system, vaccine hesitancy, and lack of vaccine literacy are some of the barriers for vaccination delivery faced by medical professionals and public health agencies. With information technology (IT) at the forefront of delivering quality healthcare, emerging vaccine mHealth technology can positively impact vaccination and immunization practice and benefit individuals, families, and the community. Smartphone apps focused on vaccination and immunizations have proliferated in the digital healthcare market, though their functionality, features, user reviews and limitations have not been comprehensively studied or evaluated.

 OBJECTIVE
 This study aims to evaluate available vaccine apps on their functionality and features through a rigorous and systematic review with content analysis. Furthermore, we seek to identify potential limitations and drawbacks in the app's design, readability, and information exchange ability. Lastly, we propose recommendations and innovations that can be incorporated in current and future vaccine apps for improved user experience and user acceptance.

 METHODS
 Vaccine related apps from Android and iOS platforms were systematically searched and selected from the period between January to December 2019. A total of 119 apps were included in this review with 42 features evaluated according to the codebook guidelines. The apps selected were a mix of apps used in the United States and some used internationally, though Homebrew and Sideload apps were excluded. A comprehensive code book was developed to conduct content analysis on app functionalities and app features. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the data. Further, cluster analysis was used with unsupervised machine learning to determine patterns within the data to group the apps based on pre-selected features.

 RESULTS
 The results indicate that readability (quality of being easy to read and understand) of the apps were highly correlated features. When examining the apps star rating score, iOS apps had an average star rating of 0.83 per Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) as compared to 2.63 for Android. Both the iOS and Android based apps had the privacy statements available with an average of 824.91 words. Cluster one of the K-means analysis contained 27 apps; they were shown to have the most expert involvement, personalized recommendations, and readability among all five clusters.

 CONCLUSIONS
 The study concluded that most of the apps evaluated were well received by end users. Privacy and security concerns around collection, storage and sharing of health data were addressed. Collaboration with health providers and public health officials during design and development can improve the overall functionality of the apps.


We have used a highly reduced gravity environment to remove the masking influence of normal gravity and examine capillary flow in porous media by combining experiments from high altitude parabolic aircraft flights and from the STS-91 space shuttle flight, with simulations performed using a simple finite-difference numerical model. These studies involved a range of gravitational accelerations, surface tensions, viscosities, wetting preferences, permeabilities, and pore radii on capillary flow. Throughout enhanced to terrestrial to highly reduced gravitational accelerations, bead-pack experiments and numerical simulation results provided quite good agreement when the constraining cell walls were not preferentially wetted by the liquid. When the walls were wetted by the liquid the simulations provided severe underestimates of the experimental capillary flow results, apparently due to pronounced fluid flow along the inner cell walls under highly reduced gravity conditions. For sand-pack 1g experiments the numerical simulations provided reasonable predictions; for nearzero gravity experiments some simulations provided


The STAMMEX (Spatial and Temporal Scales and Mechanisms of Extreme Precipitation Events over Central Europe) project has developed a high-resolution gridded long-term precipitation dataset based on the daily-observing precipitation network of the German Weather Service DWD, which runs one of the world's densest rain gauge networks, comprising more than 7,500 stations. Several quality-controlled daily gridded products with homogenized sampling were developed covering the periods 1931–onward (with 0.5° resolution), 1951–onward (0.5° and 0.25°), and 1971–2000 (0.5°, 0.25°, and 0.1°). Different methods were tested to select the best gridding methodology that minimizes errors of integral grid estimates over hilly terrain. Besides daily precipitation values with uncertainty estimates, the STAMMEX datasets include a variety of statistics that characterize temporal and spatial dynamics of the precipitation distribution (quantiles, extremes, wet/ dry spells, etc.). Comparisons with existing continental-scale daily...


The authors suggest an approach to the dynamic model of an object of automatic control system by identification of of the object function and analysis of its nonlinear characteristics with the following study of the numerical characteristics of the obtained random values. The applied software tools provide for automation of the tasks for research on the basis of reliable methods (of Gauss-Newton). As a result it is possible to assess the reliability extend of the used transfer function at the task of the functional approximation for nonlinear characteristics of the object and to obtain quantitative values of the indicator that displays static characteristic from the time series of the full duration.


The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the cross-cultural dimensions of telling personal stories to communicate authenticity in leadership contexts. The paper is based on findings from a research study conducted among aspiring leaders from forty-one countries. The study consists of three stages: (1) analysis of responses from an interview aimed at testing whether authenticity is considered an important leadership trait across cultures, (2) analysis of findings from two experiments aimed at measuring the effectiveness of telling personal stories to communicate authenticity across cultures, and (3) discussion of written reflections by English and Chinese respondents on the role of personal stories to communicate authentic leadership in their respective cultures. Our findings suggest that authenticity is an attribute that is valued across cultures. However, when trying to communicate authentically, personal stories seem to be effective in some cultures (such as the Anglo cluster as defined by the GLOB...


To develop and externally validate a prediction model for new‐onset chronic uveitis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) for clinical application.


This trial identified gastrointestinal parasites presenting wild birds in captivity in the Municipality of Tibasosa (Boyaca, Colombia). One hundred samples of wild birds dregs were obtained corresponding to 11 families (Psittacidae, Ramphastidae, Ophistocomidae, Cracidae, Anatidae, Icteridae, Alaudidae, Burhinidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anhimidae y Rallidae) and 16 species (Ara ararauna, Ara macao, Amazona spp, Amazona ochrocephala, Ramphastos toco, Aulacorhynchus prasinus, Ramphastos tucanus, Ophistocomus hoazin, Crax Alberti, Anas discors, Agelaius icterocephalus, Alauda arvensis, Burhinus bistriatus, Phoenicopterus ruber roseus, Chauna chavarria, Gallinula chloropus), randomly selected which are kept in captivity, these samples were used to diagnose the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in birds, through the modified Ritchie technique. It was noted that 96% of the birds showed any parasitic entity with Coccidia parasite being the most prevalent (93%). It was also established the presence of monoparasitism (Cocccidia 75%, Tetrameres 1% and Toxocara 1%), biparasitism (Coccidia- Ascaridia 9%, Coccidia-Trichuris 4%, Coccidia-Heterakis 2%, Coccidia-Tetrameres 1%) and triparasitism (Coccidia-Ascaridia- Trichuris 1%, Coccidia-Ascaridia-Heterakis 1%, Ascaridia- Amidostomum-Raillietina 1%) within the group of birds studied, where families Ramphastidae and Psittacidae showed more parasitic entities. In this study was observed the presence of zoonotic parasites such as Raillietina spp and Trichuris spp, which leads to people who are in permanent contact with birds to be a risk of infection by such parasitic entities.


Abstract Comparative properties of pin-type amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film solar cells with different PH3 flows for the i-layer and the presence of a buffer layer at the p–i interface were investigated. Doped a-Si:H films with different PH3 concentrations were fabricated by mixing PH3, SiH4, and H2 during i-layer deposition. The flows were changed within 0–4.2 sccm, the total thickness of the buffer and intrinsic layers was 200 nm, and the thickness of the buffer layer was varied from 0–30 nm. All amorphous materials on films were deposited by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. Output performances (open-circuit voltage Voc, short-circuit current density Jsc, fill factor FF, and conversion efficiency η) of the solar cells were characterized to optimize the structural features and manufactural processes. The maximum values of parameters were measured at a PH3 flow of 0.9 sccm. Excessive or insufficient flow rates of PH3 will deteriorate the solar cell characteristics because of the resulting large defect density and increased recombination rate, respectively. Performance of solar cells with the a-Si:H buffer layer (Voc = 0.682V, Jsc = 17.21 mA/cm2, FF = 0.51, and η = 6.03) improved compared with the results where phosphorus was lightly doped on the i-layer of pin-type a-Si:H solar cells without a buffer layer (Voc = 0.655 V, Jsc = 17.08 mA/cm2, FF = 0.46, and η = 5.11).


Disease treatments have been significantly influenced by the communications between patients, their families, and doctors the lack of which may lead to malpractice allegations and complaints. In particular, inadequate communication may delay diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, for doctors communication and interpersonal skills, are as important as clinical skills and medical knowledge. In this study we intended to develop two detailed communication content checklists and a modified interpersonal skills inventory, aiming to evaluate their integrity in the midst of communication skills assessments, to provide feedback for some participants, and to observe their communication competence in both aspects


Objective Evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of a novel vaginal ring delivering oestradiol acetate (Menoring) versus oral oestradiol for relief of climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women.


AbstractFatigue crack growth (FCG) research conducted in the nearthreshold regime has identified a room temperature creep crack growthdamage mechanism for a fine grain powder metallurgy (PM) aluminumalloy (8009). At very low AK, an abrupt acceleration in roomtemperature FCG rate occurs at high stress ratio (R KmiJKma_). Thenear threshold accelerated FCG rates are exacerbated by increasedlevels of Kmax (Km_x -> 0.4 K_c). Detailed fractographic analysiscorrelates accelerated FCG with the formation of crack-tip process zonemicro-void damage. Experimental results show that the Km_ influencedaccelerated crack growth in the near-threshold regime is time andtemperature dependent. Introduction In cases where fatigue lives primarily depend on the early stages of crack growth, it is critical tounderstand the FCG characteristics in the near threshold regime, defined schematically in Figure 1.Considerable research has shown that an acceleration in near threshold FCG rates (da/dN) occurs withincreasing stress ratio due to a reduction in crack closure (ref. 1). However, research has suggested thatcrack closure does not account for all stress ratio effects when R ranges from 0.5 to 0.95, and for K.....greater than 0.4 K_c (refs. 2 and 3). This work suggests that near threshold FCG can be influenced byother crack-tip damage mechanisms (K..... effects) that are not related to crack closure. For ingotmetallurgy aluminum and titanium alloys, relatively small near threshold K.... effects have been observedduring closure free FCG (ref. 3). Others have concluded that highly accelerated near threshold FCG ratesduring constant-K .... testing of low toughness titanium and nickel-based alloys are due to hydrogenassisted cracking (refs. 4-6).FatigueCrackGrowthRate


In this cleaning method for an exposed copper substrate, the water discharge port of a sub-system that is provided with an ultraviolet oxidation device and the water inlet port of each substrate processing device are connected via a main pipe. A hydrogen peroxide removal device (2) is arranged between the ultraviolet oxidation device of the sub-system and a non-regenerative ion exchange device. In addition, a carbon dioxide supply device (4) is arranged partway along a pipe (3) that branches from the water discharge port of the sub-system and that leads to a substrate processing device (1). The hydrogen peroxide removal device (2) is filled with a platinum-group metal catalyst. As a result of this configuration, ultrapure water that has passed through the ultraviolet oxidation device is used as a base to produce carbonated water in which the concentration of hydrogen peroxide that is dissolved therein is limited to 2 µg/L or less and to which carbon dioxide is added so that the resistivity is adjusted to be in the range of 0.03-5.0 MΩ·cm, and the carbonated water is used to clean a substrate that is arranged within the substrate processing device (1) and that has at least copper or a copper compound exposed on the surface thereof.


There are many genes that encode proteins for cell proliferation, differentiation, and development. Mutations in these genes can affect its function. Accumulation of genetic alteration through mutations or epigenetic event plays an important role in cancer progression. One such gene presumed to be linked to cancer is the Tumor Susceptibility Gene 101 (TSG101). However, many research studies failed to detect genomic alteration in this gene yet these studies have shown that the TSG101 undergoes alternative and aberrant splicing. Therefore, this study was proposed to detect whether the nucleotide variations and/or mutations of the TSG101 diverge in different human tissue types via restriction site characterization. Besides that, it is also to observe whether any of the nucleotide variations dominate certain cancer types. Briefly, total RNA from nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oral carcinoma and bladder carcinoma was transcribed into cDNA prior proceeding to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using several sets specific of TSG101 primer. Subsequently, the PCR product was purified and subjected to restriction enzyme digestion. Agarose gel electrophoreses analysis of TSG101 partial sequence indicated that there is no mutation found at the specific restriction site in all tissues samples studied. Hence, mutational alteration might not be the main event in all the cancer studied. Nevertheless, sequencing of the TSG101 full length will provide more accurate and reliable results. Epigenetic studies of TSG101 can be considered to further elucidate the genetic alteration of this gene that leads to cancer.


CaCu(3+x)Ti4O12 (CCTO) ceramics with different Cu-excess (x = 0 – 0.6) were prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method. Characterization of the prepared ceramics with XRD and FESEM showed that lattice parameter and grain size are slightly increased, indicating Cu-excess to have the big impact on the both phase structure and microstructure. The XRD profiles indicated that the secondary phase (CuO or Cu2O) existed at edge/corner of CCTO grain, which promoted inhibited grain growth behavior. The CCTO ceramics exhibited two trends of dielectric constant related to frequency, which showed a flatter curve about ~50 in 1 – 25 GHz regions, and it's dropped rapidly to ~35 in 25 – 50 GHz region. With Cu-excess, the dielectric constant of the ceramics was increased for an average of a quarter-order of magnitude, while the tangent loss also increased up to triple times than x = 0, for the same frequency range. Despite enormous increase of dielectric constant related to varying Cu-excess, the tangent loss also increased.


Primary discussion is made on city's colour landscape planning.The concept of city colour and theoretical system are introduced.Colour landscape planning method of city is analyzed in order to keep bright features and local characteristics of city in development process and upgrade city image,which plays important roles in showing the charm of city.


This paper analyzes the characteristics of water resistance and the reasons of the hydraulic imbalance in air conditioning system,and compares the advantages and disadvantages of pipeline design for the reverse return and direct return air conditioning water system.Considered the overall layout and the air-conditioning area characteristics of the two ships,a circular reverse return of the chilled(heat) water system and an open reverse return of the cooling water system have been adopted respectively,which obviously improve the hydraulic stability of the system to gain the better air conditioning effect.


In a 220kV substation,a short circuit fault of a capacitor set in low voltage side of the main transformer was occurred.Great amount of conductive smoke dust,which was produced by the short circuit fault,whisked into the switch cabinet near the main transformer low voltage side,and the cable of the CT difference current circuit in main transformer low voltage side was burned away,and the differential protection of the main transformer was tripped.The reasons of the whole accident were analyzed,the preventive measures were put forward,and the power supply reliability of the main transformer was raised effectively.


Cyclotron resonance has been observed in a thin film sample of p-type Pb1-xGexTe (x=0.6%) at temperatures above and below the structural phase transition. Below the transition temperature (Tc) two new resonances appear due to the T-valleys of the rhombohedral phase. The effective masses are found to be almost unchanged in the L-valleys while the T-valleys have a larger mass which shows a sudden decrease at Tc.


I this issue of Transplantation, Lee et al document the absence of disease transmission among 87 transplant recipients who received organs from 28 brain-dead donors with central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Specific tumor pathology was available in the cases of 17 donors (51 recipients) and was unknown for the other 11 (36 recipients). Six were considered high-risk tumors by World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification (grade III or IV) and the other 11 low-grade (WHO I–II). They conclude that organ donation from donors with CNS tumors should be actively promoted because the risk of disease transmission is very low. This study sends an important message for standardization about these potential donors in the Republic of Korea. The Korean Organ Transplant Act was enacted in 2000 to introduce transparency to the process of deceased donor organ allocation, and the Korean Network for Organ Sharing has had to overcome difficulties in its efforts to meet the medical need. In 2018, deceased donors accounted for only 16% of the 2854 donors who provided organs for 3907 transplants in the Republic of Korea. Korean transplant policy has strict criteria about potential donors with cancer but does allow transplantation in the case of "primary brain tumors not transmitted to other organs." However, the lack of more refined criteria means that individual institutions are left to make arbitrary decisions about transplantation in this circumstance. The study of Lee et al, although dealing with a relatively small number of patients, is well documented and their conclusion falls in line with other reports. In 1999, Chui et al documented an absence of tumor transmission among 96 recipients who received organs from donors with malignant CNS tumors. Three years later, Kauffman et al reported Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network of Organ Sharing data that showed no evidence of transmission among 1220 organs transplanted from donors with CNS tumors or histories of CNS tumors. Although, in most cases, the histological tumor types were unknown, 56 recipients received organs from donors with WHO grade IV tumors. In 2003, Buell et al called attention to potential risk factors for CNS tumor transmission based on features of cases reported to the Israel Penn International Tumor Registry. They found ventriculoperitoneal shunts, high-grade tumors, extensive craniotomies, and cerebellar lesions to represent individual risk factors. Transmission frequency was 7% in the absence of risk factors, 36% with 1 risk factor, and 43% with 2 risk factors. Importantly, they recognized that their eventbased registry likely overestimated these frequencies and concluded that there was a real, but undefined, increase in tumor transmission in the presence of these factors. In 2010, Watson et al reported the results of transplants in the UK registry from donors with CNS tumors. No tumors were seen in 448 recipients of organs from donors with CNS tumors. In this case, 33 of the 179 donors had known WHO IV neoplasms and the study encouraged increased utilization of these donors with the caveat of balancing the risk of transmission against the likelihood of mortality on the waitlist. In a follow-up study, Warrens et al formalized the risks based on these data and concluded that the risk of extraneural metastases of primary WHO grade IV CNS tumors excepting lymphomas (which are contraindicated) was 2.2% with a 95% upper confidence limit of 6.4%. The risk of metastases for WHO grade III tumors had an upper 95% confidence limit between 1.5% and 6.4%, and other primary CNS neoplasms had an upper confidence limit of 1.5% for extraneural spread. Regarding iatrogenic risk factors, they estimated that the increased risk from CSF shunt was likely <1% and they found no increased risk of extraneural spread in the settings of prior surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. Although recent studies show the same trend, low risk does not mean risk-free, and all reports contain unavoidable shortcomings. Many reported donor CNS tumors do not include pathological diagnoses. Because approximately 70% of CNS tumors are benign, the majority likely fall into this category. Benign tumors are often reported along with malignant tumors, which could serve to "dilute" the results. Because most series report few to no transmissions, this may be inconsequential but may give a false sense of security regarding the strength of the evidence. Reliance on registry data can also introduce error. Engels et al found that the US Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients missed 17.8% (26/191) of deceased donors and 100% (5/5) of living donors with brain cancer when compared Received 18 September 2019.


Books reviewed: Red Rose Chain/Alpha Films, Four Carrier Bags and a Buggy Alison Closs, The Education of Children with Medical Conditions Ralph L. Klicker, A Student Dies, A School Mourns


Based on the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis(SLA),we established an index system of overall livelihood capacities(OLC) with 180 questionnaires in order to reveal the impact of returning farmland to forest project on the poverty alleviation in Wudu district,south of Gansu province.In addition,farmers to participated in the project were compared bewteen 2003 and 2008.Results showed absolute poverty farmers,relative poverty farmers and general farmers participating the project had been greatly changed in aspects of net income per capita,overall livelihood capacities and poverty degrees.The absolute poverty farmers got the benefit mostly.On the other hand,the opposite phenomenon has occurred to rich farmers.


Studies of early and Native American history in Japan have been stagnant for thirty years. Despite the "aboriginal turn" in the United States, Japanese scholars have not recognized the great progress even in this era of active interactions between and integration of the academic communities in Japan and the U.S., and have continued to treat European colonial history as early American history. This essay does not discuss why this generation-long neglect has occurred but aims to point out the lag and the specific shortcomings it has caused.


Surplus CO2 is removed from the atmosphere by natural sinks at rate, proportional to the surplus CO2 concentration. In other words, it undergoes exponential decay with a single decay constant. This conclusion is rigorously proven, using first principles and relatively recent observations of oceans. Historical data for CO2 concentrations and emissions from 1958–2013 are then used to calculate the half-life of the surplus concentration. This theoretically derived formula is found to be an excellent match to the historical CO2 concentrations over the measurement period. Furthermore, the "initial" CO2 concentration in the formula came out to be very close to the likely "pre-industrial" CO2 concentration. Based on the used datasets, the half-life of the surplus concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is found to be approximately 40 years.


Introduction of branched alkyl chains at the terminal positions of sexithiophene drastically improves the solubility of the compound, while still maintaining satisfactory charge carrier mobility. F...


The article is devoted to exploring: social features and gender characteristics of registered with a narcologist adolescents, their opinion about the detection methods; risk factors for the alcohol and drugs intake. The study is based on a sociological survey among adolescents under 18, under the narcologist doctor supervision. Risk groups were identified,  improvement recommendations about prevention and detection methods were given.


We use information theoretic achievable rate formulas for the multi-relay channel to study the problem of optimal placement of relay nodes along the straight line joining a source node and a sink node. The achievable rate formulas that we use are for full-duplex radios at the relays and decode- and-forward relaying. For the single relay case, and individual power constraints at the source node and the relay node, we provide explicit formulas for the optimal relay location and the optimal power allocation to the source-relay channel, for the exponential and the power-law path-loss channel models. For the multiple relay case, we consider exponential path-loss and a total power constraint over the source and the relays, and derive an optimization problem, the solution of which provides the optimal relay locations. Numerical results suggest that at low attenuation the relays are mostly clustered close to the source in order to be able to cooperate among themselves, whereas at high attenuation they are uniformly placed and work as repeaters.
The structure of the optimal power allocation for a given placement of the nodes, then motivates us to formulate the problem of impromptu ("as-you-go") placement of relays along a line of exponentially distributed length, with exponential path- loss, so as to minimize a cost function that is additive over hops. The hop cost trades off a capacity limiting term, motivated from the optimal power allocation solution, against the cost of adding a relay node. We formulate the problem as a total cost Markov decision process, for which we prove results for the value function, and provide insights into the placement policy via numerical exploration.


In the present paper the mechanical properties and the microstructure evolution of two Al 2 O 3 -and Al 4 C 3 -dispersion strengthened PM-Al-alloys are investigated. The materials are manufactured by mechanical alloying, cold compaction and hot extrusion. The influence of different heat treatment conditions on the hardness is examined as well as the hot hardness dependence on the test temperature. Compression and tensile tests are performed at different temperatures. The deformation behaviour under creep loading is discussed and the microstructure is characterized by transmission electron microscopy.


Characterization of switchable microgels is a major task in drug delivery science. The study of soft polymeric devices requires a combined use of spectroscopy, microscopy, and scattering approaches enabling the characterization of nanostructured features across a volume phase transition. In this work the structural changes of poly(vinyl alcohol) based thermoreversible microgel particles which incorporate p(NiPAAm-co-methacrylate) chains across the transition temperature occurring at 33 °C have been addressed by utilizing reciprocal and direct space approaches such as small angle neutron scattering, SANS, dynamic light scattering, DLS, soft transmittance X-ray microscopy, STXM, and confocal laser scanning microscopy, CLSM, respectively. The comparison between the results obtained from those approaches allows an evaluation of the driving forces acting in the transition and reveals the changes in the microgel structure at nanoscale level. The structure of the poly(vinyl alcohol) based microgel particles, inc...


Background: Young women have a tenfold anemia risk compared with young men, anemia that occurs in adolescent girls because it has hemoglobin levels less than the normal rate of 12 g / dL. Factors that cause anemia in adolescent girls are the iron deficiency (Fe) due to menstruation, lack of nutrient intakes such as Fe, fat, protein, carbohydrate and energy. In order for adolescents are not lack iron that the body needs, it is a necessary intake of Fe supplementation and also the provision of dates fruit. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of dates on supplementation of Fe to hemoglobin levels in


Commonly conceived only as a conflict resolution method, Mediation is instead a multifaceted reality, like a Kaleidoscope. Without any claim of being comprehensive, this paper highlights the richness such powerful method of constructive dialogue between parties in conflict has gained so far, not only during, but even before and after disputes arise. A general classification is offered, based on: time of intervention, mediator's approach, the presence of a service provider, the subjects and areas of law involved.


Introduction: Although rare, ectopic pregnancy after hysterectomy can often be misdiagnosed. Materials and Methods: We report a case of an ectopic pregnancy following subtotal caesarean hysterectomy, managed laparoscopically. Results: Post-hysterectomy ectopic pregnancy should be considered as a differential diagnosis in any woman of childbearing age presenting with abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding.


Practical wireless sensor network (WSN) demands cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) technology like deep learning (DL), which is the subset of AI paradigm to impart intelligence to end devices or nodes. Innovation of AI in WSN aids the enhanced connected world of internet of things (IoT). AI is an evolving area of intelligent learning methodologies by computers via machine learning algorithms (MLA). This chapter entirely deals with the implementation of AI technologies in the areas of advanced machine learning, language recognition using natural language processing (NLP), and image recognition through live example of machine learning. MLA are constructed to predict optimized output by giving training dataset inputs. In image recognition, an outcome model utilizing the existing reference model to predict DL-based AI prediction. Complex DL AI services is achieved by Bluemix sole power-driven Watson studio and Watson Assistant Service. Application programming interface keys are designated to connect Watson and Node Red Starter (NRS) to provide the web interface.


In this paper a two dimensional (2D) electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is proposed for SSN mitigation in PWR/GND plane pairs. Excellent noise suppression (-60 dB) is achieved in multiple bands within the range 0-8 GHz with a low start frequency. Because of the 2D EBG, no additional metal layer is required. Signal integrity analysis is also studied by modelling a microstrip to stripline transition and by evaluating insertion loss and noise coefficients for both single-ended and differential signalling.


The surprising delights of visiting an outdoor exhibition and creating art from the inspiration back at nursery are explored by Tessa Fenoughty.


The method to assess the critical state of slope stability is studied. There are some shortcomings in the current methods, and a new method named dynamic method is presented. In the dynamic method, the value of acceleration whether equate zero is used to assess the slope stability. Comparing with the static method, the dynamic method has clear physical meaning and the solution convergence become easier. A method to search for critical slip surfaces through search for points those shears strains are maximal is also presented. The examples have shown the reliability of the dynamic method.


Sjo and Biere have taken the initial steps in developing a conceptual framework relating management information systems (MIS), local government capacity building, and a general theory of local government behavior. To their credit, the authors avoid the common error of focusing on computer technology, technique, and case study examples rather than on the policy issue or problems MIS is designed to resolve. They have produced a thoughtful and stimulating paper. My major criticism of the paper is simply that the analysis of the governmental setting for MIS was not sufficiently developed. This criticism is not entirely appropriate, given the constraints on the length of the paper and the initial stage of development of the conceptual framework. I will briefly extract what I believe to be the key points of their argument, suggest some modifications and avenues for expansion, and identify some implications for research and extension. The authors note some critical differences


This study developed a compound probiotic using 3 intestinal lactic acid bacteria isolated from forest musk deer Moschus berezovskii,and investigated the proportion of recipe,safety test in mice,the amount monitoring of lactic acid bacteria,and application of compound probiotic in forest musk deer. The safety test result of optimal compound probiotic C( S2∶S3∶MRS2-2 = 1∶1∶2) showed that the compound probiotic had no adverse effect on mice. We found that the storage period of the compound probiotic C was 14 d,and the optimal storage temperature was- 20℃. Then the mice infected by intestine pathogenic Escherichia coli( isolated from forest musk deer) were treated with the compound probiotic C. The result showed that the lactic acid bacteria in the mice's intestines of the compound probiotic group was significantly more than other group( P 0. 05). Additionally,the clinical cure rate of the diarrhea of forest musk deer was 50%( 3 /6). It was the first report to use the compound probiotic in clinic,which had a significant meaning for increasing the survival rate of forest musk deer in artificial breeding.


Kampung Wae Rebo is the traditional village of Manggarai and is the only village in Manggarai that still maintains the village pattern and architecture of the traditional Manggarai buildings. This village has historical, cultural, architectural and unique character values so that it becomes a destination for local tourist and foreign tourists. This village has a sense of place which is formed by physical and non-physical elements that influence tourist with unique experiences and perceptions. The research objective was to find out the elements that makes the sense of place of Wae Rebo village which play a role in providing human experience and sensory perceptions of physical elements in describing the sense of place of Wae Rebo village so that it can be a reference for the development of tourist objects in Manggarai. The method used in this study is a qualitative method by conducting case studies, interviews and in-depth observations in the village of Wae Rebo and its surroundings. From the results of this study, it was obtained several physical and non-physical elements that formed a sense of place in Wae Rebo village, including: access to achievements, landscapes, historical, social and architectural aspects of buildings, etc.


Dilutely Fe–Mn co-doped SnO2 was synthesized by a sol–gel method. The co-doping effect enhances the magnetization in comparison with the case of single-ion doping. We found that saturation magnetization values are correlated with the crystalline sizes. Mössbauer spectrometry revealed the magnetic sextet and relaxation peaks, which suggest that Fe ions contribute to the magnetic ordering and superparamagnetic properties. X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that Mn3+ states mixed with Mn2+ states are dominant in Fe–Mn co-doped SnO2.


Background: Signal transduction of numerous cytokines and growth factors are mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have stimulated accumulation of ROS in various in vitro studies. MCF-7 and its Adriamycin resistant variant MCF-7/ADR are resistant against TNF-α cytotoxicity. Role of ROS in the resistance of MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells was investigated. Methods: ROS accumulation and viability in MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR after TNF-α exposure was evaluated using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) as a fluorescent probe and 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay respectively. Results: ROS level did not change significantly after TNF-α exposure. Induction of ROS accumulation along with TNF-α treatment sensitized these cells to TNF-α toxicity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that lack of ROS accumulation following TNF-α exposure is involved at least by part in the resistance of MCF-7 and its drug resistant derivative MCF-7/ADR cells to TNF-α cytotoxicity.