In 1801, the United Kingdom was a semi-confessional State, and the national established Churches of England, Ireland and Scotland were vital to the constitution. They expressed the religious conscience of the State and served as guardians of the faith. Through their parish structures, they provided religious and moral instruction, and rituals for common living. This book explores the struggle to strengthen the influence of the national Churches in the first half of the nineteenth century. For many, the national Churches would help form the United Kingdom into a single Protestant nation-state, with shared beliefs, values and a sense of national mission. Between 1801 and 1825, the State invested heavily in the national Churches. But during the 1830s the growth of Catholic nationalism in Ireland and the emergence of liberalism in Britain thwarted the efforts to unify the nation around the established Churches. Within the national Churches themselves, moreover, voices began calling for independence from the State connection - leading to the Oxford Movement in England and the Disruption of the Church of Scotland.


AbstractThe effect of cathodic protection on intermittently immersed water-line areas has been studied. Corrosion was greatly reduced in sea water compared with that in sodium chloride solution, and the degree of protection was greater at higher frequencies of immersion. The protective effect of cathodically deposited 'chalk' is discussed. No corrosion occurred at a static water-line in sodium chloride solution.


The seismic retrofit of the City and County Building, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA designed by architects Monheim, Bird and Proudfoo 1891-1894 addresses the third sub-theme of the 8th ICOMOS General Assembly "Monuments in relation to their natural and build environments and their historical context". Because of the building's geographical location along the Wasatch fault line, Zone 3, i.e., an area with a "moderately high" seismic risk, earthquakes are a major concern and therefore the building, built prior to seismic design considerations, must be upgraded to meet contemporary codes.


An increase in concentration of quoted companies on a relatively small number of stock markets requires a better equalisation of financial reporting framework. Globalisation of financial markets requires harmonisation of financial standards. In 1998, an agreement between IOSCO (International Organisation of Securities Commission) and IASC (International Accounting Standards Committee) on application of International Accounting Standards on American stock exchanges was consequently reached. Since then, the concentration of quoted companies that use American standards (US GAAP) or International Accounting Standards (IAS) has increased. According to NYSE information, in 1999, approximately 10% of companies disclosed their financial statements in accordance with IAS . The beginning of 21st Century recorded changes in the field of valuation. The traditional principle of valuation ?? the cost principle, originating from the past centuries ?? has, notwithstanding all reasonable resistance, been changed. Contemporary form of electronic trade requires provision of true and fair information on financial position and operation of companies in short intervals, for example, each day or every hour, etc. National and international committees (especially the American FASB or international IASC) prepared accounting standards in which they introduced the principle for evaluating assets and liabilities according to their fair value. The application of this principle primarily relates to investments in securities and their disclosure in the balance sheet. This principle mostly ??effects?? financial institutions such as banks and investment funds, the assets of which mostly comprise securities portfolios.


Abstract— Automated planning systems (APS) are gaining acceptance for use on NASA missions as evidenced by APS flown on missions such as Earth Orbiter 1 and Deep Space 1, both of which were commanded by onboard planning systems. The planning system takes high level goals and expands them onboard into a detailed plan of action that the spacecraft executes. The system must be verified to ensure that the automatically generated plans achieve the goals as expected and do not generate actions that would harm the spacecraft or mission. These systems are typically tested using empirical methods. Formal methods, such as model checking, offer exhaustive or measurable test coverage which leads to much greater confidence in correctness.1 2


Worldwide children and adults with disabilities are prone to having fewer friends, are neglected and experience more loneliness than those without disabilities as it affects their self-esteem. This study aimed at establishing how physical disability affects self-esteem among adolescents. The study was based on the Social Learning Theory by Julian Rotter. The study objectives were to identify terms used to describe the disabled by the society and how they affect their self-esteem, find out the level of self-esteem of adolescents with physical disabilities and establish how adolescents with physical disabilities perceive themselves. Identify appropriate coping skills for the disabled to maintain their self esteem.   The study used an expost facto design since no manipulation of the variables was done. Simple random sampling techniques were used to establish the validity and reliability of the tools. The sample size comprised of 30 parents and 30 adolescents with physical disabilities. The target population was 300 adolescents with physical disabilities and a hundred parents of the disabled adolescents. The dependent variable was self esteem, while the independent variable was physical disability and the intervening variables were family background, stigma in society, social support. The study used questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussions as data collection instruments. Data analysis involved use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics enabling the researcher to meaningfully describe distribution of cause using statistics and indices in measuring the results. Rosenberg scale was used to determine the level of self-esteem. The study findings were that lack of enough coping skills and use of demeaning terms affect the self-esteem of the adolescents. The study recommends addition of coping skills like a tool which the deaf can raise to show that a person is totally deaf to avoid motor accidents when crossing roads. The results of this research would benefit all people with different types of disabilities and the society as a whole. The Ministry of Education would use the findings to develop policies that aim at improving the quality of life of the disabled by providing them with equal opportunities. The study recommends that special needs education should be infused in the curriculum, and that learning institutions must develop mechanisms of creating a condusive environment. The learning institutions should also provide facilities that woud equally suit the disabled. In a nutshell, the disabled need recognition and acceptance in the society.


Text and speech are the lifeblood of political theorists and students of ideologies, even if the latter are also learning to include and decode visual symbols. We have been trained and socialized professionally to expect, at best, high levels of verbal and written articulation and deliberation in political theory and, at least, expressions of visceral and immediate opinion. Silence therefore is discomfiting, confusing and often irrelevant. But let's first set the scene. I am referring not to the deliberate and discernible silencing inflicted by dictators, torturers and abusers, or even mere manipulators, and condemned by liberals. For the latter silencing is an ethical outrage, removing a fundamental right to free speech and to human dignity that are hallmarks of a civilized society, or that serve to distort the full and unhindered flow of communication, and it has to be resisted. Nor am I referring to the deliberate yet often invisible silencing that has become central to analyses in gender studies, postcolonial literature and genres of poststructuralism and post-Marxism, all of which identify a domination that deprives the oppressed and marginalized from finding and sounding their voice. I also omit another kind of deliberate silence, one in which resolute or sullen muteness are meant to indicate anger, dissent and opposition. The world of politics exhibits silences of enabling, of condoning, of retreat and washing one's hands of something, and silences accompanying covert action. These, too, are not central to the discussion in the following pages. Finally, though it may be worth applauding, we circumvent Carlyle's dictum, in preferring deed to word: 'The "talent of silence" is our fundamental one.' Rather, we should also be concerned with the endemic lack of voice that is ignored, unnoticed, untheorized, covered up or reinterpreted by political theorists because they lack epistemic expectations—and consequently methodological tools—that could incorporate and recognize some silences for what they are—an absence pure and simple. The reason that we have not been trained as political Journal of Political Ideologies, 2015


The recently developed physics-informed machine learning has made great progress for solving nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs), however, it may fail to provide reasonable approximations to the PDEs with discontinuous solutions. In this paper, we focus on the discrete time physics-informed neural network (PINN), and propose a hybrid PINN (hPINN) scheme for the nonlinear PDEs. In this approach, the local solution structures are classified as smooth and nonsmooth scales by introducing a discontinuity indicator, and then the automatic differentiation technique is employed for resolving smooth scales, while an improved weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) scheme is adopted to capture discontinuities. We then test the present approach by considering the viscous and inviscid Burgers equations, and it is shown that compared with original discrete time PINN, the present hPINN approach has a better performance in approximating the discontinuous solution even at a relatively larger time step.


Exercise-induced fatigue is a comprehensive response to a variety of physiological and biochemical changes in the body, and can affect people's quality of life to different extents. If no timely recovery after occurrence of fatigue, accumulated gradually, it can lead to "burnout", a "overtraining syndrome", "chronic fatigue syndrome", etc., which will cause endocrine disturbance, immune suppression, even physical illness. Exercise-induced fatigue becomes an important factor endangering human health. In recent years, many experts and scholars at home and abroad are committed to the research of exercise-induced fatigue, and have put forward a variety of hypothesis to explain the cause of exercise-induced fatigue. They expect to find out the methods for preventing and eliminating exercise-induced fatigue. This article discusses mainly the pathogenesis, model building, elimination/ relief, etc. of exercise-induced fatigue to point out the research achievements of exercise-induced fatigue and its existing problems.

 DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2016.11.14


Weil prolongations of a Lie group are naturally Lie groups. It is not known in the theory of infinite-dimensional Lie groups how to construct a Lie group with a given Lie algebra as its Lie algebra or whether there exists such a Lie group at all. We will show in this paper how to construct some Weil prolongations of this mythical Lie group from a given Lie algebra. We will do so within our favorite framework of synthetic differential geometry.


Abstract Reported path lengths and widths of tornadoes have been modeled using Weibull distributions for different Fujita (F) scale values. The fits are good over a wide range of lengths and widths. Path length and width tend to increase with increasing F scale, although the temporal nonstationarity of the data for some parts of the data (such as width of F3 tornadoes) is large enough that caution must be exercised in interpretation of short periods of record. The statistical distributions also demonstrate that, as the length or width increases, the most likely F-scale value associated with the length or width tends to increase. Nevertheless, even for long or wide tornadoes, there is a significant probability of a range of possible F values, so that simple observation of the length or width is insufficient to make an accurate estimate of the F scale.


Reading activity is one of the ways for the students in school to improve their English proficiency. Harmer (2011) points out that reading is a beneficial media to ease students in learning language such as vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and the way of constructing sentences, paragraphs, and texts. Reading turns out to be an effective way to learn English language, if learners know how to read words in English appropriately and know how to figure out the implication of words, sentences and the meaning of text as a whole (Blank, 2006).


The invention relates to a synchronization control device of a deceleration direct-current motor, which comprises a deceleration direct-current motor and a controller, wherein the deceleration direct-current motor comprises a motor main body and a speed reduction box, a speed measurement module for monitoring the current rotating speed of a rotating shaft of the motor is arranged on the deceleration direct current motor, the controller is internally provided with a storage unit for storing a reference rotating speed of the rotating shaft of the motor, the speed measurement module is connected with the controller, and when the current rotating speed of the deceleration direct-current motor is different from the reference rotating speed, the controller changes the size of the input voltage of the deceleration direct-current motor. According to the invention, the speed measurement module forming a closed loop circuit with the controller is arranged on the deceleration direct-current motor, so that the controller can be used for monitoring the current speed of the rotating shaft of the motor and immediately regulating the input voltage of the deceleration direct-current motor, thus the speed control performance of the deceleration direct-current motor is greatly improved; and synchronization action can be realized by using a plurality of electric curtains of the synchronization control device.


Connecticut has long underfunded its Education Cost Sharing (ECS) program, designed to help equalize educational opportunities across the state. Closing the $1 billion gap won't be easy, but it is a constitutional and educational imperative. And the state has options—some are fairly straightforward, others are a bit less conventional.


Tactical planning of resources in healthcare clinics concerns elective patient admission planning and the intermediate term allocation of resource capacities. Its main objectives are to achieve equitable access for patients, to serve the strategically agreed number of patients, and to use resources efficiently. In this paper, we describe a simulation model for an outpatient healthcare clinic facing multiple issues related to patient admission and resource workflow. The main problems identified at the clinic are: 1) phones are not answered promptly and 2) patients experience long wait time to check in and check out. The simulation model focuses on the front desk operations. We investigate different resource allocation policies and report on computational results based on a real clinic, historical data, and both patient and management performance measures.


This paper proposes a method for the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation for non-circular sources, such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and M-ary amplitude shift keying (MASK). The proposed scheme can be applied to both scenarios; the sources are noncoherent or coherent. Comparisons that are made with the well-known classical subspace algorithms, such as MUSIC and forward/backward smoothing by Pillai et al., show that the proposed method has several advantages. First, no forward/backward spatial smoothing for the covariance matrix is needed, whereas the Pillai method requires it, which increases the computational load and is time-consuming. Second, the proposed method can detect N-1 coherent sources when N antennas are used, whereas the well-known Pillai method can only detect 2N/3 coherent sources. Third, the proposed method is more suitable for real-time implementation since it only requires a single or few snapshots in order to give an accurate DOA estimation. However, both MUSIC and Pillai require a high number of snapshots, which increases the computational cost and memory storage. Simulation results show that the proposed method has better performance, compared to the forward/backward spatial smoothing by the Pillai and MUSIC algorithm


In this article the author discusses rail grinding as a part of overall rail management. Underlining the importance of an integrated rail maintenance strategy that includes inspection and measurement to allow for condition-based data, preservation elements are listed and exemplary software is illustrated. The article goes on to give an outline of the multistep integrated process, noting certain classes of rail condition data not currently measurable, as well as the levels at which other data is analyzed. Important aspects of rail grinding are noted, along with descriptions of new-generation grinding tools. Rail grinding data is considered one element of several individual inspections and measurements, which are considered collectively to optimize maintenance activities. The mutual dependence of data is emphasized, with some rail wear solutions briefly analyzed.


The forecasting offices which render service to turbo-prop and jet, aircraft have to indicate the probable area of Clear Air Turbulence (CAT} and If possible the Inter Sity of the CAT which is likely to be encountered Results by the aircraft. Forecasting of CAT from synoptic data is beset with many problems which have been discussed in Section 2 of this paper. There is, however, an apparent correlation between the occurrence of CAT and the increase of thermal gradient. This was statistically tested in the tested in the case of all flights for which post-fight reports were available at the Main Meteorological Office, Santacruz for the year 1964. The results of the test are discussed in this paper. Briefly the results show that the method based on thermal gradients is a good guide for delineating probable areas of CAT occurrence but the method was not very sensitive for discriminating different intensities of CAT. The method has a good potentiality to be used as a forecasting tool.


This paper presents a review of the consolidation behaviour of organic soil. One dimensional consolidation is the settlement due to changes of thickness occurs when soil sample is subjected to an increase in effective stress, where no changes in lateral dimension take place. Organic soil is considered as problematic soil for its high compressibility, where structures are seldom built on organic soil. For this paper, there are three organic soils collected from different locations in Kota Kinabalu were tested for their basic properties and the consolidation behaviours. The e-log p curves showed that the soil samples are normally consolidated organic soils. From the tests, the compression index is increasing with the increase in organic content. This means the organic content in soil contributes to the compressibility of soil. The coefficient of volume compressibility is directly proportional to the organic content in soil. But it will decrease when load is increasing. The influence of organic content in soil to void ratio is relative, where increase in organic content will cause increase in void ratio. However, the increase of load
will reduce the void ratio in soil. There are two method used in determining the coefficient of consolidation, which are Casagrande method and Taylor method. The coefficient of consolidation will decline when the pressure or organic content is rising. The t₅₀ and t₉₀ of organic soil samples are increase proportionally to the pressure and organic
content in soil. The tests also showed that the increase in organic content will cause increase in water content, but decrease in specific gravity. From the three samples, the organic soil collected from the site located opposite University Malaysia Sabah has the highest compression index, which means it is most compressible.


Transcriptional regulation is the primary step to control gene expression, therefore function. Such regulation is achieved primarily via a combination of the activities of the promoter cis regulatory DNA elements and trans regulatory proteins that function through binding to these DNA elements. Rice bZIP transcription factors RF2a, RF2b and RLP1 play key roles in regulating the activity of a vascular tissue specific promoter isolated from Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV), through their interactions with the Box II essential cis element located in the promoter (Dai et al., 2006., Dai et al., 2004., Yin et al., 1997). RF2a, RF2b and RLP1 possess multiple regulatory domains. Functional characterization reveals that those domains can activate or repress the activity of the RTBV promoter. It is equally as important to recognize that these proteins control plant development by regulating differentiation and/or function of the vascular tissues. Studies of transcriptional regulation of the RTBV promoter by this group of bZIP proteins will not only provide insights about gene expression in the vascular tissue, but also insights about general mechanisms of transcription activation and repression. The knowledge gained from this research will also enable us to develop a well-described set of tools that can be usedmore » to control expression of multiple genes in transgenic plants. We have proposed characterize the function domains of RF2a, RF2b and RLP1 and explore the biological function of the transcription repressor RLP1.« less


Crises are discontinuous changes in the size of a chaotic attractor as a parameter is varied. A special type of crisis is an explosion, in which the new points of the attractor form far from any previously recurrent points. This article summarizes new results in explosions in dimension one, and surveys previous results in dimensions two and three. Explosions can be the result of homoclinic and heteroclinic bifurcations. In dimensions one and two, homoclinic and heteroclinic bifurcations occur at tangencies. We give a classification of onedimensional explosions through homoclinic tangency. We describe our previous work on the classification of planar explosions through heteroclinic tangencies. Three-dimensional heteroclinic bifurcations can occur without tangencies. We describe our previous work, which gives an example of such a bifurcation and explains why three-dimensional crossing bifurcations exhibit unstable dimension variability, a type of non-hyperbolic behavior which results in a breakdown of shadowing. In addition, we give details for a new scaling law for the parameter-dependent variation of the density of the new part of the chaotic attractor.


The effect of pivot bearings on the dynamic characteristics of the rotary actuator for head positioning in magnetic disk storage is experimentally investigated. The raiial spring constant and radial damping coefficient of single-row deep-groove ball bearings are obtained by experimental modal analysis. The damping coefficient decreases with increasing bearing axial prelode whereas the stiffness increased, and the damping characteristics strongly depend on bearing lubricating grease. Moreover, a resonance-antiresonance pair due to the pivot bearings appears in the mechanical transfer function of the actuator positioning system. The resonance is well suppressed by the damping effect of the lubricating grease. The results show that the effect of the pivot bearings on the actuator can be accurately predicted from the simple radial stiffness and damping of the bearing.


The academic knowledge and skills of surgery are essential for a doctor who commences his surgical practice.The quality of surgical experiment teaching is critical to a student's clinical practice and work.It is certain that the improvement of the teaching quality is extremely important.


The diameter D(G) and the average distance of a graph G are D(G)= {d_G(u, v)|u≠v, u, v∈V(G)} and which are interesting graph-theoretical invariants in their own right, and they play significant roles in analyzing communication networks.


Summary. The Winona Basin is a young deep water basin along the base of the continental slope off central British Columbia which is filled primarily with turbidite sediments. Seismic reflection profiles in the basin indicate that in places the sediment thickness is greater than 4.0 s two-way travel time, and simple interpretations of seismic refraction data indicate that velocities up to 6.0 kni s-* exist within the sediment section. Because the turbidite sediments are acoustically layered with large velocity contrasts between layers, the sediments are probably highly anisotropic. A simple model to account for this has been used to estimate the errors involved in using refraction data to determine layer thicknesses and average velocities. If the effects of anisotropy are ignored, as they usually are, values for thickness and velocity may be overestimated by as much as 10-20 per cent. Even the corrected velocities are still high, however, and the inferred high densities and high degrees of lithification are remarkable when the youth of the sediments is considered. Nearly the entire depositional history is contained within the Pleistocene, and the age of the sediments whose velocity exceeds 4 km s-l is estimated to be only 1 .O Myr old. Corrected velocities in the deepest part of the basin, where the sediment section is over 6 kin thick, exceed 5 km s-'. The nature of samples dredged from the basin (mudstones to coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates) suggests a mechanism for initial diagenesis: The mudstones are moderately porous, 40-60 per cent, and possess little carbonate, whereas the coarser grained rocks are all well cemented with calcium carbonate, with carbonate contents ranging up to 37 per cent. Measured porosities are as low as 8 per cent, but porosities calculated on a carbonate-free basis range from 35 to 55 per cent. It appears that the fine-grained sediments are first consolidated primarily by gravitational and/or tectonic compaction, and the coarsegrained sediments are cemented by carbonate which is precipitated from pore fluids escaping through the highly permeable coarse-grained layers. As lithification deeper in the basin continues, pore fluids must continue to escape; tectonic fracturing may facilitate this.


This study evaluated the potential of the application of the recursive least squares technique (RLS) to adjust in real time the model parameters of the autoregressive models with exogenous variables (ARX), which consists of the upstream levels, to improve the performance of the forecasts of river levels in real time. Three aspects were studied jointly: the variation of the lead time chosen for the forecast, the variation in the proportion of controlled area in upstream basins and variation in the area of forecasting section of the basin. The research was conducted in three main dimensions: a) methodological (without recursion; with recursion; with recursion and forgetting factor); b) temporal (6 different lead times: 10, 24, 34, 48, 58 and 72 hours); and c) spatial (variation in the controlled area of the basin and the area of the basin defined by the forecast section). The study area chosen for this research was the Uruguay River basin with its outflow at the river gage station of Uruguaiana (190,000 km2) and its entrenched sub-basins in Itaqui (131,000 km2), Passo São Borja (125,000 km2), Garruchos (116,000 km2), Porto Lucena (95,200 km2), Alto Uruguai (82,300 km2), and Iraí (61,900 km2). The river levels data, with daily readings at 7am and 5pm, were provided by the Company of Mineral Resources Research (CPRM), with the data used from January 1, 1991 to June 30, 2015. We applied the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) and the quantile 0.95 of absolute errors (EA(0,95): error has not been exceeded at the rate of 0.95) for the analysis of models performances. We observed that the errors EA(0.95) of the best models obtained for each basin always increase with the reduction of the controlled area then the quality of the forecasts decreases with displacement of the downstream control section upstream. The gain in quality of the forecasts with the use of adaptive resources becomes more evident especially when the observed values of EA(0.95) as this statistic is more sensitive with greater differences in relation to the Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (NS). Moreover, this is most representative for larger errors which occur precisely during flooding events. In general, we observed that, as much as the area of the basin decreases, it is possible to obtain forecasts with smaller lead times, but the influence of the size of the area controlled upstream basins improves the performance of smaller basins when observing, especially the errors EA (0.95). However, if the proportion of the upstream of controlled basin is already quite large as in the case of the alternatives 1 and 2 used for forecast in Itaqui (between 88.5% and 95.4%, respectively) the adaptive resources do not differ too much in getting better results. However, when observing basins with smaller areas controlled upstream as is the case of Porto Lucena to alternative 2 (65% controlled area) the performance gain of the models with the use of the complete adaptive resources (MQR+f.e.) becomes relevant.


The article offers a comparative description of features which characterize the speech of native and non-native Russian speakers. The authors analyze typical mistakes considering both the degree of deviation from codified language variant and the nature of the impact of another language system. Besides, they look at the level of language skills. The special attention is given the description of the stages of authorship study as a system way of determining of the language personality and its lingua-cultural features. By analyzing the corpus of texts written by native speakers of seven languages, the authors show a number of signs that indicate non-native Russian speaker. Data shows that looking for patterns is associated with typological features of Russian language system and at the same time is based on comparative analysis of two different language systems which are actualized in author's consciousness. The principles of characterization of categorical nature of typical mistakes which are to be in the written speech of non-native Russian speaker and language interference allow to identify the relation between the individuality of the text and ethno-socio-cultural environment. It is proved that the regularities peculiar to unusual language competence characterize it as a structure that adopts genetical relations and synchronic differences of the languages and also reflects the process of formation of the competence in natural or educational environment.


In the article legal questions and technical parameters of Legal safeguard of earths: question of unity technical and legal requirements realization of the requirements of the legal safeguard of earths are analysed in Ukraine. A concept «Guard of earths», questions of development of the landed field of law, priorities, tendencies of becoming of institute of legal safeguard of earths, is examined, and similarly basic technical indexes of realization of tasks of public policy in this direction. Drawn conclusion about liberality of approvals for the landed offences, strengthening of legal responsibility, insufficiency of the budgetary financing of measures on the guard of earths, uses of unbudgetary sources of such financing.


A lot of metallic artifacts were discovered during diggings in the Fortress of Oradea (starting from 1991 and intensivelly restarted after 2007). Iron and alloys of cupper are the mainly metallic structures. The soil contains a lot of ruins coming from buildings of the XII-XVII centuries, that's why the artefacts are drastically corroded, especially the iron ones. Having to conserve/restore a great quantity of metallic/iron artifacts with different degrees of mineralization may be a difficult task to do. To know the specific corrosion process and to devide the discovered artifacts on categories/degrees of urgency of interventions may be useful. May be burnt iron artefacts a privileged category? We must investigate such objects! The importance of the examination of the artifact is out of question. Metallic artifacts affected by an advanced mineralization process allow to determine: the stratigraphy, the degree of mineralization and fragilisation, details hidden within corrosion products, the presence of different materials, the location of the original surfaces. The analysis of composition have their relevances too. Some preliminary investigation on a cremated fragment of an iron harmour are showed.


In this paper, we are mainly interested in estimating the reliability R=P(X>Y) in the Marshall–Olkin extended Lomax distribution, recently proposed by Ghitany et al. [Marshall–Olkin extended Lomax distribution and its application, Commun. Statist. Theory Methods 36 (2007), pp. 1855–1866]. The model arises as a proportional odds model where the covariate effect is replaced by an additional parameter. Maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters are developed and an asymptotic confidence interval for R is obtained. Extensive simulation studies are carried out to investigate the performance of these intervals. Using real data we illustrate the procedure.


The older literature (mid 1980-90) shows that increased dietary cholesterol intake can raise total serum cholesterol and LDL levels.1,2 Some more current positions question the recommendation of daily cholesterol intake, as well as the impact of the whole chicken egg, inquiring whether it is a harmful or beneficial classification food in this context.3,4 In the midst of controversial issues, it is essential to analyze variables such as food consumption in general and how much dietary cholesterol intake is impacting on the parameters of the lipid profile, thus obtaining a more reliable information, mainly when the focus is the clinical conduct.


Jonathan Swift's critics often struggle to reconcile the author's defenses of the established church with his apparent skepticism. One account assigns Swift an "ideologically divided position" between assertions of authority and suspicion of dogmatism. Similarly, Daniel Eilon points to "skeptical and authoritarian elements in Swift's politics" and "revolutionary modernism alongside strains of profound conservatism," contraries that also inform Warren Montag's study. These contradictions particularly guide readings of A Tale of a Tub (1704), which deploys potent suspicion of religious institutions in defense of conformity; its familiar "vestimental metaphor"—the parable of Peter, Jack, and Martin, whose iterations of Christianity arefigured by their clothing—lends itself, for some critics, to a sense that Swift undermines his own religion with a subversive insistence on the contingency of its forms. He possibly "allegorizes Chris-


Radiation effects and annealing characteristics have been investigated on different type of domestic and/or imported bipolar operational amplifiers and transistors at five dose rates ranging from 100 to 0.002 rad(Si)/s for the same total doses. The results show that enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity (ELDRS) exists in both domestic and imported bipolar transistors, and the NPN transistors are more obvious than PNP transistors. ELDRS also exists for the bipolar op-amps. But different from bipolar transistors, some of them show that the lower the radiation dose rate was applied, the less the devices were damaged, and the damage induced by high dose rate irradiation can be eliminated by a long time annealing at room temperature. Possible mechanism for these effects is discussed.


The results showed that, infection rate by Candida spp., among the patients were (64%), (37.5%) of the total isolates were identified Candida as C. albicans, (6 2%) isolates was identified as non-albicans., of wh ich (21.9%) isolates were C. glabrata, (17.2%) isolate C. parapsilosis, (12.5%) isolates was C. krusei (10.9%) isolates was C. tropicalis. PCR amplification 25S rRNA gene show three genotypes (A , B, C), results showed. (83.3%) for genotype A, (8 .3%) for each genotype B and genotype C. the results showed, ther e are significantly (P< 0.05) higher Candida infect ion rate among children with previous antibiotic use and without p revious antibiotic, actuality (73.1%), The higher i nfection rate among children consuming non-sterilization water and chil dren consuming sterilization water, actuality 38(73 .1%), Although, insignificant(P>0.05), the results showed Candida i nfection rate higher in male patients compared to f emale patients (66.7% vs. 60.5%) and high Candida infection rate i n (≥2) months patients compared other age groups, actua li y 7(77.8%)


The field of gifted and talented research is in serious need of scientific work of this calibre, as distinct from theories, models and anecdotes. The authors state there is no evidence either that some individuals have an innate head start to reach an élite level, or that DNA limits achievement in healthy individuals. Ericsson's earlier work demonstrated the strong effects of deliberate solitary practice on high-level performance, quite differently from mindless drill (see Ericsson et al., 1993). We need to move, they say, from measuring indefinable latent abilities to isolating reproducible stage transitions of superior performance. It is true that if (and it's a big if) we could isolate and reproduce the criteria for, e.g., high-level creativity we could teach it. However, too many false leads are presented here (somewhat repetitively) as 'typical' approaches to giftedness: imaginary demons which the authors then verbally slay. A notable example is identification and educational provision on the basis of one criterion, such as IQ, with all its well-recognized faults: a crude approach dominant only in the US. The authors spend very many pages showing that gifts do not arise 'abruptly and naturally... without training'. But does a single professional today even claim that learning and environment have no part in gifted achievement? Again, they say that if one cuts out the obligation to look at innate abilities, there is no need for longitudinal studies. How shortsighted, because we know that gifts appear and disappear at different times in a life (Arnold & Subotnik, 1994; Freeman, 2006). And if we could all do relatively better, as they (and many a school teacher) have so rightly claimed, it does not prove that DNA is limiting (other than in height and body size), nor in how many directions and to what extent we could improve. Worryingly, the authors say that experts are 'not necessarily' any better at their jobs than novices, including financial advisors and doctors. They also accept the benefits of being in the right place at the right time for the recognition of excellence, though without mentioning the subtle dynamic influences of the social context itself (see Freeman, 2005). As evidence, they have chosen simplistic research by Qin and


It is well recognized that the ice-age history is the history of large ice sheets' mass balance that in turn is an outcome of a delicate interplay between astronomical forcing and climate system positive and negative feedbacks. The changing balance between positive and negative feedbacks over the Pleistocene defines mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT) from about 40 kyr lower-amplitude variability of the early Pleistocene to longerperiod (~100 kyr) and higher-amplitude variability of the late Pleistocene.


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In establishment of the libraries' rules and regulations,the author believes that the humanistic management must be embodied to the full.It covers all the procedures,words expressions and rules and regulations obeying.


In this study, a method to construct perfect three-dimensional (3D) polymer/graphene oxide (GO) core–shell microspheres was proposed via electrostatic self-assembly. 2D GO nanosheets were successfully wrapped onto polymer microspheres to form a perfect 3D core–shell structure with uniform shell thickness under the action of an electrostatic attraction force. The GO nanosheets, with a thickness of 1.5–2 nm and an area over 2 × 1 μm2, were firstly prepared from graphite, and then cationic polystyrene (PS) microspheres with 0.246% and 0.715% surface concentrations of –N(CH3)3+ were successfully synthesized. After that, PS/GO core–shell microspheres were constructed from the GO nanosheets and the cationic PS microspheres. It was found that different cationic PS microspheres led to different assembly speeds. SEM and TEM images of rippled silk waves on the surface of the PS/GO core–shell microspheres not only indicated the perfect polymer/GO core–shell structure, but also demonstrated the strong binding between the two materials. It was also revealed that the thicknesses of the shells of the PS/GO core–shell microspheres were under good control, and the thicknesses of shells from different cationic PS microspheres were 9–13 nm and 80–100 nm. The method proposed here has proved to be a valuable tool for the assembly of 3D microstructures from polymers and graphene oxide (or graphene).


A new class of phosphorus macroheterocycles (4a–j) has been synthesised in two steps. The reaction of 1 mole of 3,4-diamino-1,2,5-oxadiazole (1) with 2 moles of aqueous formaldehyde gave a Schiff's base which subsequently underwent addition with 2 moles of 4-t-butylphenol in 1,4-dioxane, afforded N,N-bis-(5-t-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)furazan-3,4-diamine (2). Cyclisation of 2 in situ with various substituted aryl phosphorodichloridates (3a–j) in the presence of Et3N in THF afforded 13-membered macroheterocycles (4a–j) containing P, N, O and C in good yields.


The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) is now more than 10 years old, and so is one of the law's most important creations: the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI). Before the CMMI, the scientificallyguidedredesignofUShealthcarefinancinganddelivery had no principal governmental home or sponsor (ie,therewasnoanaloguetotheroletheNationalInstitutes of Health has for biomedical research). With CMMI, the health care system has that; or, more accurately, it could. As stipulated in the ACA, the role of CMMI is "...to test innovative payment and service delivery models to reduce program expenditures...while preserving or enhancing the quality of care furnished to individuals...." The text of the ACA suggests, as examples, more than 20 such models that CMMI could assess.1 Congress was generous to CMMI. It appropriated $10 billion for 2011-2019 and another $10 billion for 2020-2029, thus relieving CMMI from annual appropriations debates and hearings. Furthermore, in a provision without precedent, the ACA gave the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) the authority to issue regulations, independent of legislation, that could expand to national scale any model that CMMI demonstrates would either reduce spending without harming quality or improve quality without increasing spending.2 In its first decade, CMMI developed and tested more than 50 models. Fifteen of those models were in 3 categories that involved changing payment to support pursuit of the "triple aim" of better care for individuals, better health for populations, and lower costs: 6 tests were of primary care practice models, with payment support for advanced primary care practice care delivery such as the medical home; 5 tests were of accountable care organization models, which reward clinicians and hospitals for improving the quality and cost of care3; and 4 tests were of episode-of-care payment models, which use bundled payment to clinical organizations, such as for an entire 90day period before, during, and after total joint replacement, rather than payment for individual services. CMMI has devoted more attention to testing new payment models than to fostering specific care models. However, it has sponsored some direct tests of care delivery innovation, such as comprehensive perinatal care, diabetes prevention, and reduction of health risk for Medicare beneficiaries. What has been learned in a decade of CMMI investment? And what changes in CMMI seem wise for the next decade? According to a recent review, only 5 of the 54 CMMI models tested have "resulted in significant financial savings" according to independent evaluations.4 Evaluations on the CMMI website show a more favorable profile. Of 55 models identified on the CMMI website, 10 improved both costs and quality, 6 reduced costs without impairing quality, 9 improved quality without raising costs, 15 increased costs without changing quality, 5 had no effect, 4 had mixed effects, and 6 were not intended to affect quality and costs or were not evaluated. The learning from the largest tests in terms of number of beneficiaries, number of organizations, or amount of Medicare expenditure affected, both positive and negative, is important. For example, primary care practice models clearly can improve quality but did not reduce costs. Accountable care organizations (ACOs) can produce significant savings and some quality improvement. Bundled payment models can reduce the costs for acute care and maintain quality but are subject to gaming if enrollment is voluntary. Despite these lessons, to date the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) actuary has certified only 4 models for national scaling. Only 2, the National Diabetes Prevention Program (in which public and private organizations offer lifestyle change supports to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes) and a few elements of the Pioneer ACO model (testing downside risk for advanced ACOs), have actually been scaled. Thus, in its first 10 years, CMMI's investments have yielded considerable information about how clinicians, organizations, payers, and CMS can accelerate progress toward better care and lower costs. But CMMI has not yet become the engine that it could be for transforming the nation's health care finance and delivery. To fulfill that potential, it needs to change, and HHS and CMS need to work more closely with CMMI to bring its lessons to much larger scale. Recommendation 1: Connect the CMMI agenda more explicitly to a broad HHS and CMS and a strategic plan and aims for improving health and health care delivery. The models that CMMI tests should link tightly to a shared vision, fully embraced by all of HHS and CMS, of a transformed health care system, with better outcomes, more equity, and much higher value. Real change of that magnitude will require some mandatory models. CMMI should curate its portfolio of models and serve as the test bed and driver at the core of the CMS transformation strategy. The office of the HHS secretary should frequently review CMMI's projects and investments to ensure alignment with the overall strategy. Recommendation 2: Use CMMI authority to scale the ACO model nationally by making it mandatory for all Medicare participating clinicians and hospitals. Clinicians, hospitals, and payers find it difficult to operate in an ambiguous world straddling payment for volume and value. Although voluntary participation has made evaluation of ACOs difficult,5 the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission and others have concluded that different CMS ACO models during the last 15 years have consistently produced modest savings for CMS.6-8 Donald M. Berwick, MD Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), Newton, Massachusetts.


The dark matter annihilation rate at small relative velocities can be amplified by a large boost factor using various mechanisms, including Sommerfeld enhancement, resonance enhancement, and Breit-Wigner enhancement. These mechanisms all involve a resonance near the threshold for a pair of dark matter particles. We point out that if the resonance is in the $S$-wave channel, the mechanisms are equivalent sufficiently near the resonance and they are constrained by universal two-body physics. The amplified annihilation rate requires a corresponding amplification of the elastic scattering cross section. If the resonance is a bound state below the threshold, it has an increased lifetime that is inversely proportional to the square root of the binding energy. Its spatial structure is that of two dark matter particles whose mean separation is also inversely proportional to the square root of the binding energy.


SOLUTIONS, BY THE THEORY FOR A PERFECTLY PLASTIC MATERIAL WITH A NON-ASSOCIATED FLOW RULE, ARE PRESENTED OVER THE FULL RANGE FROM THE LIMITING CASE OF NO BODY FORCES (THE PRANDTL SOLUTION) TO THE LIMITING CASE FOR NO SURCHARGE. IT IS SHOWN THAT IN BETWEEN THESE LIMITING CASES THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION IMPLIED IN THE ORDINARY CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY COEFFICIENTS IS APPROXIMATELY TRUE, THE ERROR BEING NO MORE THAN A MAXIMUM OF 30%. THE RESULTS CONFIRM PREVIOUS SOLUTIONS BY SOKOLOVSKY AND BY COX FOR SMOOTH FOOTINGS AND ALSO SHOW THAT FOR SUCH FOOTINGS THE NATURE OF THE FLOW RULE OF THE MATERIAL HAS NO INFLUENCE AT ALL ON THE COLLAPSE LOAD. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF A ROUGH FOOTING MAY BE AS MUCH AS DOUBLE THAT OF A SMOOTH SURCHARGE THE EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS DECREASES. /TRRL/


China's stock index futures market has been running for nearly eight years, and its number of transactions, the number of accounts opened and the amount of transactions have all been improved by leaps and bounds. How the stock index futures guide the development of the financial market, this issue has attracted the attention of many scholars.This article uses the closing price of CSI 300 stock index futures from January 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018 (a total of 287 trading days) as the research object.Applying Co-integration test ,vector correction model and Granger causality test to determine whether the stock index futures price and stock index spot price have the guiding function , that is , whether the stock index futures has the price discovery function .The empirical results represent that from a long-term perspective, when the stock index futures price deviates from the spot market price, it is completed through a greater degree of adjustment in the futures market. In the short term, the stock index futures price has a leading lag with the spot price of the stock index. Finally, the results show that the stock index futures price has a price discovery function.


March 2001 saw the legislation of the Electronic Government Act (the full name of the act is "the Act Concerning the Promotion of the Electronic Administrative Services for the Realization of the Electronic Government). Based on this, the regulatory ordinances were enacted in June 2001. There still remain, however, several other things that call for perusal. First of all, it is necessary to examine whether there occur any conflict between these newly legislated act and ordinances on the one hand and currently existing acts on public administration or information and communication on the other. The latter are assumed to be in principe concerned with paper documents, so if they turn out to include some clauses that pose obstacles to electronic administration, necessary measures must be taken. Secondly, further elaboration is called for concerning the following with respect to the content of the Electronic Government Act: the time of sending and/or arrival of the electronic document, verification of the arrival and/or receipt, signing, sharing information among administrative institutions, public access to electronic information, electronic administrative procedures such as application and notifying by electronic means, etc.


Answers on p 545.

A 21 year old man was referred by primary care physicians with complaints of attacks of thick tongue lasting few minutes, of one year's duration. The attacks had …


A gas stabilization unit eliminates unwanted gaseous material and adds desired gaseous material from a fluid stream by applying sonic vibrations in two stages to create readily removable bubbles of the gaseous material. A siphon assembly located downstream removes the bubbles.


There is always the requirement of efficiency enhancement in each architecture. If the hardware based architectures are optimized, It will enhance the complete system. The proposed work is in same direction to reduce the power consumption in the construction of 90nm Full Adder with CMOS Architecture. This paper presents the filtration approach for high performance and low power architecture generation. In this proposed work the diffusion input scheme is introduce to reduce the power in digital circuits. The system will gives the concept of low power logic design that will use reduced layout area, less number of devices and the low power consumption. The proposed system will be implemented in Active HDL or in the ModelSim simulator. The simulation will be presented in the form of Waveforms. The work will be independent to the layout.


Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis in older adults, often results in pain, disability and poor psychological well-being. Compared to White adults, Black adults consistently report more pain, more activity limitations, and have different perceptions about OA. Racial disparities also exist in treatments, and prevalence of arthritis. It is imperative to have effective interventions and treatment options for older Blacks. Yet, few arthritis interventions have included Black participants in their samples, and nearly all of those have failed to report separate analyses indicating the effectiveness for Black adults, thus leaving a gap in the literature. The purpose of this study is to begin to identify factors needed to design arthritis interventions that will reduce barriers and increase appeal to Blacks. The present dissertation consists of one study with two related parts. The first part consists of a needs assessment that examined intervention preferences, barriers to healthcare, knowledge about interventions and care, utilization, and health beliefs among Black and White adults with self-reported physician-diagnosed OA. The second part evaluated materials used in an existing arthritis intervention for acceptability. The study was based on the Arthritis Self Management Program (ASMP). Frequencies were examined to determine needs related to arthritis healthcare of Blacks and Whites


Along with the increased flexibilization of the labour market in Europe, there has been a change in the permanence and security of employment. Job insecurity is constituted by a subjectively experienced threat of having to give up one's job sooner than one would like. The experience of job insecurity has been linked to decreasing well-being, negative attitudes towards one's job and organization, and reluctance to stay with the organization. The present study investigates what groups experience higher levels of job insecurity than others. Survey data from four European countries (Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden) were used to determine what characterizes individuals who experience high levels of job insecurity. The results show that employees in jobs characterized by manual labour, contingent workers, and to some extent older workers and those with lower levels of education, experience higher levels of job insecurity.


After all but 25 years, Jan Vansina has produced a largely new version of his classic treatise, first published in French in 1961. During these years the study of pre-colonial African history has gone from weakness to strength and thence to decline. In 1961 the Journal of African History was in its second year, having in its first year published two articles by Vansina summarizing the methods employed and the conclusions reached during his five-year study of the Bakuba. De la tradition or ale appeared in time to influence nearly all of the academically sponsored research into traditional history which emanated from European and American universities during the 1960s and 1970s, when most African research students were trained abroad and spread their enthusiams for ethnohistory to both their supervisors and their fellow-students. 'All that is needed,' wrote Colin Newbury in his review of the first edition, 'as quickly as possible, is a massive collection of tradition and critical annotation and interpretation along the lines suggested by Dr Vansina. No collector can afford to miss reading this lucid guide, before commencing his share of the task.' For a time, all seemed set fair. We had Vansina's own work on Rwanda (1961) and Burundi (1972). For Uganda we had Karugire on Nkore (1971), Kiwanuka on Buganda (1972), Cohen on Busoga (1972) and Lamphear on Jie (1976). For Kenya we had Ogot on the Southern Luo (1967), Muriuki on the Kikuyu (1974), and for Tanzania Kimambo on the Pare (1969), Feierman on the Shambaa (1974) and Willis on the Fipa (1981). For Zambia there was Roberts on the Bemba and Mainga on the Lozi (both 1973) and for Zimbabwe, Beach on the Shona (1980). For Madagascar there was Delivre on Merina (1974), and for Angola, Miller on the Mbundu (1976). For Zaire, Vansina published his mature interpretation of Kuba history in 1978, which was followed by Reefe on the Luba and Harms on the Bobangi (both in 1981). West Africa, with its larger endowment of written sources, including anciently recorded oral tradition, developed its own rather more polytechnic genre of ethnohistory, which resulted in fewer monographs but nevertheless in the establishment of an ethno-historical dimension clearly visible in the great works like Person's Samori (1968-75), Wilks' Asante in the Nineteenth Century (1975), Law's Oyo Empire (1977), and Perrot's Anyi-Ndenyi (1982). Behind each of these published works, and doubtless behind a large number of research theses still unpublished, there lies a collection of traditional texts, more or less professionally recorded, usually on tape, and mostly aiming at the kind of standards advocated by Vansina or at least as near to them as the finance available to reseach students would allow. Some attempt has been made to identify the full range of witnesses, to elicit their testimony without leading questions, and to transcribe and translate interview material while still close enough to the scene to put supplementary questions. The interpretative studies, which are all that have been published, have mostly been at least partially discerning of the political and social considerations which determine what traditional evidence shall survive from one generation to the next, and what shall be allowed to disappear from folk


Plastic / natural fiber composite foams offer the advantages of both the composite and foamed materials. In this research, the effects of the processing conditions and the concentration and type of CFA (chemical foaming agent) on the physical and morphological parameters of foamed HDPE / coffee husk composites were studied, with the object of achieve continuous production of these materials in extrusion, using a CFA. Each step of the process is addressed, including the selection of materials, mixing, pelletization, and extrusion - foaming of the composite, and the characterization of relevant physical and morphological parameters of the obtained product. The greatest potential for this materials, is in building products that have limited structural requirements offering lower maintenance, high durability and lower environmental impact compared with the use of solid wood. Palabras Claves: Extrusion, Materiales compuestos, Madera plastica, Procesos de espumado, Agentes espumantes quimicos.


This topic mainly aimed at the dynamic simulation of some actual problems. The research is suitable for the dynamic system of modeling artificial model and learning algorithm. First it summarizes the existing network simulation model of dynamic system and network delay unit. All the feedback network and part of the feedback network model, the network topology is given and used for system simulation. The method of simulation learning algorithm and simulation instance. And then established the time-varying input and output process neural networks and network model of two kinds of discrete process neural network for its properties are analyzed and proved that the concrete learning algorithm is deduced. Finally combined with the actual problem, time-varying input and output process neural network is given in the application of system identification.


Abstract This work investigates the stability of a journal bearing system, including the effects of inlet viscosity. Simplified thermohydrodynamic design charts for the rapid prediction of stiffness coefficients, damping coefficients, and threshold speed have been developed. This investigation reveals that the inlet viscosity has a pronounced influence on the bearing dynamic coefficients of the lubricating oil film. This investigation also reveals that it is possible to stabilize a journal bearing either by heating the oil or by cooling the oil depending on the operating region.


This paper concerns on synthesis of nanocomposites consisting of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and clays. Two types of clays were regenerated organobentonite and commercial organobentonite. PLA and clays were melt extruded using single-screw extruder. The extruded compound was pelletized, then hot pressed using compression molding machine. Regenerated organobentonite was obtained from regeneration of spent bleaching earth (SBE) using solvent extraction and oxidation method. Afterwards, regenerated SBE modified by organic compound. While, commercial organobentonite was directly modified of commercial bentonite using organic compound. In this study, nanocomposites were prepared with varying compositions of clays from 0% to 5% (by weight). Experimental results show that partially exfoliated nanocomposites structure was shown by X-ray diffraction analyses. In addition, the effect of clays on morphology structure, mechanical, barrier, and biodegradable properties were analyzed. The utilization of clays in nanocomposite increases mechanical properties at low clay compositions. Furthermore, PLA-clay nanocomposites show better barrier and biodegradable properties compared to that of the neat PLA.


Since Dourish's critique of 'implications for design' [15], researchers have asked how design and ethnography should or could relate in HCI. Here we reflect on two experiences with cross-informing ongoing ethnographic investigation with the early stages of research through design. One uses speculative design to reflect on and inform ethnographic fieldwork on busyness in middle-class familes; the other uses speculative design to complement late-stage analysis of a historical ethnography of rural technological infrastructure. Rather than trying to do away with the gap between ethnography and design by seamlessly integrating the two processes, we reworked the relationship between ethnography and design by closing the gap in the temporal workflows while simultaneously maintaining a distinction in the performance of the two roles. We found that this new gap resulted in a series of misunderstandings; but by putting the two roles in active dialogue, we were able leverage misunderstandings into mutual benefit.


In remote sensing applications, we often encounter data loss issue. When calculating NDVI of some regions, remote sensing data set from Landsat should be used. However, the data set is maybe incomplete. Our empirical method to deal with this problem is to use data set from HJ-1 instead. Naturally, we surmise that the data set obtained by HJ-1 must correlate with the data set obtained by Landsat on condition that the data sets from two satellites have been registered. In this work, We first learned a dictionary and defined a metric under this dictionary to measure NDVI of data set in sparse domain. Through the experiments we can draw the conclusion that NDVI also can be calculated in sparse domain by our method and there is a high correlation between NDVI and NDVI calculated in sparse domains denoted as S NDVI. Based on this, we use the difference of S NDVIs of two data sets to measure the correlation of them in sparse domain which has a linear relationship with the correlation of NDVIs of two data sets.


There are a large number of numerical finite element studies concerned with modeling the evolution of folded geological layers through time. This body of research includes many aspects of folding and many different approaches, such as twoand three-dimensional studies, single-layer folding, detachment folding, development of chevron folds, Newtonian, power-law viscous and more complex rheologies, influence of anisotropy, pure-shear, simple-shear and other boundary conditions and so forth. In recent years, studies of multilayer folding emerged, thanks to more advanced mesh generator software and increased computational power. Common to all of these studies is the fact that they consider a forward directed time evolution, as in nature.


Abstract The question whether a physical model structure is identifiable is usually considered in a qualitative way, i.e. it is answered with a yes/no answer. However when considering parameters in large scale (nonlinear) physical models it is relevant to raise the question how the notion of identifiability can be quantified. This implies addressing the question how the model structure can be approximated so as to achieve identifiability, while retaining the interpretation of the physical parameters. In this paper this problem is addressed in a prediction error setting, and it is shown how the construction of best locally identifiable model structure approximations relates to notions of controllability and observability. Additionally the analysis in terms of an prediction error approach relates to iterative optimization algorithms (like Gauss-Newton and Steepest-Descent) and to Bayesian parameter estimation.


Abstract This article was written on the occasion of the exhibition Nostoi: Rediscovered Masterpieces, which was held in the Quirinale Palace. For the first time the public was able to view sixty‐seven masterpieces returned to Italy by four great American museums: the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and Princeton University Museum. The exhibition, formally inaugurated by the President of the Republic and the Minister for Culture on 21-December 2007, was an unprecedented success; so much so that its duration was extended. All the works shown were the result of clandestine excavations carried out on sites in Magna Graecia, Etruria, Latium, Campania and Sicily. They cover around 900-years of Italian history, from the ninth century-B.C. to the second century-A.D. They reveal the widespread nature of an extremely worrying phenomenon as regards the safeguarding of the country's artistic heritage. According to State Prosecutor Ferri, between 1970 and 2000 around 2,500 people were investigated for taking part in the plundering of important archaeological sites in Italy.


Firstly,the reform of vacation system in 2008 was studied.It was found that the extension of recess time and the reasonable holiday distribution had been the catalyst for the development of tourism.However the long centralized holidays were turned into short and dispersed holidays,and that change brought rational consumption of tourists.Both factors of them hindered the development of tourism.Through information collection and field survey,the revenues of tourism and distribution of the number of tourist in Jingzhou after the change of vacation system were analysed.From travel agencies,hotel industry and transportation it sums up the impact of the reform of the system.


A patient-centric NHS has been the ambition of successive governments. Today, patient empowerment is a core principle of the NHS, with the NHS Constitution declaring its support for individuals in managing their own health. Patients, catalysed by the ease of access to advice and information through the internet, also have increased expectations of the standard of care they receive and look to specialist nurses to provide direction. The role of the stoma care nurse (SCN) is pivotal in ensuring both the delivery of the NHS ambition and the standard of care expected by ostomists. SCNs have continually evolved their role to enhance the patient experience by becoming autonomous practitioners, and many are now nurse prescribers. This article discusses how a further evolution of the SCN role to incorporate 'health coach' as part of the offering supports the expert patient and empowers individuals to manage their own health.


The conversion of the tripeptide δ-L-α-aminoadipolyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine into isopenicillin N catalysed by the enzyme isopenicillin N synthetase has been shown to occur with complete retention of the cysteinyl 3-pro-R-hydrogen and with complete loss of the cysteinyl 3-pro-S-hydrogen [δ-L-α-aminoadipoyl = 5-(5S)-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl].


As an important phytohormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays an essential role during the whole process of growth and development of plants. In this work, a novel label-free electrochemical impedance immunosensor for IAA determination has been developed. A three-dimensional PAMAM dendrimer was applied to improve greatly the immobilization capacity of antibodies for IAA on a gold electrode. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used to further improve the sensitivity of the biosensor by forming complexes with anti-IAA antibodies. The developed impedance immunosensor shows ultra-sensitivity, high selectivity and good reliability for IAA detection. The IAA extracted from the stems of sunflowers under different salt stress conditions was successfully detected using the immunosensor. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by UPLC-MS and consistent with published data, thus confirming the practical value of the biosensor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first electrochemical impedance immunosensor for IAA detection, which provides a promising detection platform for IAA. By replacing antibodies, this strategy can be easily used to detect other phytohormones.


Excerpt] On behalf of the AFL-CIO, 1 am writing to urge you to oppose the Brown amendment to the FY 2012 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), and to support the Boxer/Grassley amendment.


Software implementation is one of the important steps in a software engineering process. It consists of integrating software based services or components in business alignment with the organizational view and acceptance from the users' perspectives. However, this step is complex and not supported in detail by the existing design and implementation methods. When implementing a software product in a customer organization with a specific context, the problem of the choice of the method or its adaptation is crucial to ensure the implementation success. Software producing organizations have difficulty with the creation of the most suitable implementation method for their software products. Situational Method Engineering (SME) proposes solutions to create methods adapted to the project at hand. We propose an approach to build an implementation method based on the association of method fragments, offering two advantages: it facilitates (a) the modeling of fragments by using the Process Deliverable Diagram formalism (PDD) that has proved its efficacy and simplicity, and (b) the selection of fragments by using metrics to analyze them. We illustrate our proposal with a case study to create an implementation method for a personal health management software product.


Introduction: Neurobehavioral and histological effect of akaki extract on the temporal lobe of wister rats was carried out. In the study we evaluate a traditional prescription method for the treatment of mental illness using the akaki extract on the temporal lobe. Material and Methods: Twenty rats of average weight 200 g were divided into four groups (n = 5). The rats in the control group (GroupA) were given feed and water, while the rats in the experimental Groups B, C, and D were treated daily with 3 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg and 9 mg/kg of the extract for 7days respectively. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of bioactive agents.The behavioral study was performed using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) to access anxiety and routine H and E histological technique. The mean difference was significant at level (P < 0.05). The study showed that the rat exhibited antianxiety property in the EPM. This was more pronounced in the experimental rats. The histological study performed showed that there were progressive changes in the temporal lobe integrity of the sections of the rat in the experimental groups with the rat that received 9 mg/kg of the Akaki extract showing more prominent features of these changes which include cytoplasmic vacuolations and eccentric nuclei within the pyramidal cell layer than granular cell layer as compared to the control group (Group A). Conclusion: In conclusion, the akaki extract shows positive indication of its use in the treatment of mental illness.


Establishment and spread of Microstegium vimineum, an invasive exotic grass, in closed-canopy U.S. eastern forests were evaluated across a local (roadside to forest interior) and regional (across two geographic provinces) environmental gradient.


probe and on the probe angular location. The simulation results show that the probe angular location error is critical for spatial correlation emulation. Note that both probe orientation errors and radial location errors can be compensated during the calibration of the set-up.


Writing is about the problems that arise in the assessment system. The authorproposes an application to solve problems in the assessment system.This application can store and process the student ujain value number value into theletter. Attached to the end writing programs to support the application.


This article proposes a brief political history about the loss of control over reproductionby women, a historical event that, as will be seen, occupies the center of the politicalorganization of the Modern State and capitalism, according to the thought of the Marxistfeminist Silvia Federici. Therefore, the conquest of the right to termination of pregnancyby women is not just a women's right to individual freedom, synthesized by the slogans of acertain aspect of the feminist movement as "my body, my rules". However, this is one of theissues that occupy the heart of politics. The fact that, in Brazil, the issue still faces so many difficulties to move forward, although the social cost of performing unsafe abortions –self-harm, serious injuries, deaths and criminalization, especially of poor women – isgreater than the benefits that are intended to be achieved with the criminalization of thisconduct, it denotes the deep rooting, in the Brazilian social structure, of authoritarianpatriarchalism, in which State and capitalism cooperate intertwining and maintainingsocial, gender and race inequalities.


In the case of the strongly deformed graphene, gapless graphene may turn to gapped graphene at the critical deformation. We find that, like semi-massless fermions, electrons in the deformed graphene, at the critical point, mimic the dispersions of the massless fermions in one direction and the massive fermions in the other. Our predicted dispersion formula is the generalization of the previously predicted formula. The behavior of the particle-like semi-massless fermions tunneling through a gate barrier is contrasted with that of the (pure) massless fermions tunneling through a gate barrier in the original graphene. This is due to the effect of the combination between the massless and the massive particle dispersions at the critical deformation.


Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to expand understandings of how logistics can reduce food waste in food supply chains (FSCs). Design/methodology/approach: Using a research framework that associates causes of food waste with logistics solutions, a multiple-case study was conducted in three Swedish FSCs of meat, fruit and vegetables, and ambient products, respectively, and involving industrial producers, wholesalers, and retailers. Data were collected during 19 semistructured interviews and four site visits, and logistics solutions were analysed according to logistics activities, actors involved and their stages in the FSC, and coordination mechanisms. Findings: A joint analysis of nine logistics solutions revealed that to efficiently reduce food waste in FSCs, solutions have been implemented at three stages of FSCs, as well as that those solutions differ in their integration of six logistics activities and four coordination mechanisms. The findings moreover indicate that the solutions are interlinked, thereby implying that coordination is necessary both within solutions as well as among them. Research limitations/implications: The chief limitation is that the potential of the identified logistics solutions is not quantified. Practical implications: The paper makes recommendations for reducing food waste in FSCs by developing new solutions and modifying existing ones. Social implications: The paper suggests ways to reduce significant environmental impacts of food waste. Originality/value: By building upon previous research explaining causes of food waste, this paper focusses on logistics solutions for reducing such waste.


Production from epithermal primary lode gold deposits along the Circum-Pacific rim exceeds one million ounces annually, from around 20 countries. Distribution of this important deposit type coincides with, and is genetically related to, convergent plate boundaries and the chain of associated volcanic-plutonic activity framing the ocean basin. Deposits are emplaced as clusters along two subparallel belts: the ocean margin transition zone and the zone within the continental framework boundary. Ocean margin deposits are associated with island arc-type intermediate to mafic igneous activity, active geothermal phenomena, and subduction-related regional fracture systems. Deposits inside the continental margin are associated with intermediate to felsic volcanic-plutonic belts an exhibit block faulting or volcano-tectonic fracture control. They feature strong Pb-Zn-Ag and local S-W metal associations. Within both belts, a continuum exists between near surface hot spring deposits, local disseminated replacement (Carlin-type) deposits, and deeper bonanza systems. Hot spring and replacement deposits feature relatively high Au:Ag ratios, contain micron-sized gold particles, are enriched in Hg-As-Sb-Ba, and are hosted by hydrofracted quartz-pyrite stockworks or fine-grained carbonaceous limestones. Bonanza deposits are characterized by polymetallic veins and stockworks. Economic concentrations require initial high gold solubility, unrestricted recharge of meteoric water into a region of steady high heat flow, fracture-controlled fluid focusing, and either host-rock r activity or episodic self-sealing, with explosive pressure release in the zone of deposition. Boiling, temperature decrease, solution oxidation and local ground-water mixing are the primary processes of ore deposition. Modern-day analogs of such ore forming systems exist in New Zealand, Japan, western USA, Indonesia, and the Philippines, among others. End_of_Article - Last_Page 968------------


6 dB and 10 dB micro strip line directional couplers have been designed and fabricated and their performance with and without the overlay has been experimentally studied.


At Sandia National Laboratories, miniaturization dominates future hardware designs, and technologies that address the manufacture of micro-scale to nano-scale features are in demand. Currently, Sandia is developing technologies such as photolithography/etching (e.g. silicon MEMS), LIGA, micro-electro-discharge machining (micro-EDM), and focused ion beam (FIB) machining to fulfill some of the component design requirements. Some processes are more encompassing than others, but each process has its niche, where all performance characteristics cannot be met by one technology. For example, micro-EDM creates highly accurate micro-scale features but the choice of materials is limited to conductive materials. With silicon-based MEMS technology, highly accurate nano-scale integrated devices are fabricated but the mechanical performance may not meet the requirements. Femtosecond laser processing has the potential to fulfill a broad range of design demands, both in terms of feature resolution and material choices, thereby improving fabrication of micro-components. One of the unique features of femtosecond lasers is the ability to ablate nearly all materials with little heat transfer, and therefore melting or damage, to the surrounding material, resulting in highly accurate micro-scale features. Another unique aspect to femtosecond radiation is the ability to create localized structural changes thought nonlinear absorption processes. By scanning the focal point withinmore » transparent material, we can create three-dimensional waveguides for biological sensors and optical components. In this report, we utilized the special characteristics of femtosecond laser processing for microfabrication. Special emphasis was placed on the laser-material interactions to gain a science-based understanding of the process and to determine the process parameter space for laser processing of metals and glasses. Two areas were investigated, including laser ablation of ferrous alloys and direct-write optical waveguides and integrated optics in bulk glass. The effects of laser and environmental parameters on such aspects as removal rate, feature size, feature definition, and ablation angle during the ablation process of metals were studied. In addition, the manufacturing requirements for component fabrication including precision and reproducibility were investigated. The effect of laser processing conditions on the optical properties of direct-written waveguides and an unusual laser-induced birefringence in an optically isotropic glass are reported. Several integrated optical devices, including a Y coupler, directional coupler, and Mach-Zehnder interferometer, were made to demonstrate the simplicity and flexibility of this technique in comparison to the conventional waveguide fabrication processes.« less


Preface. Acknowledgements. About the Contributors. Foreword. 1. Performance Management. 2. LubeOil: Shaping Business Today and in the Future. 3. HomeHealth: Delivering Activity-Based Costing. 4. SuperDraft: Activity-Based Costing/Management and Customer Profitability. 5. Canaraus: Performance Management-The New Ammunition for Armed Forces. 6. Standard Loan: Interest in Activity-Based Costing Rates High. 7. Sierra Trucks: Trucking along with Activity-Based Cost/Management. 8. Sierra Trucks: Implementing Real Activity-Based Budgeting. 9. Wendals Foods: Managing Customer Profitability with Activity-Based Costing Information. 10. Veri Glass: See Clearly with Activity-Based Costing? 11. ABC Airways: Implementation Lands Millions in Process Improvement Savings. 12. Power & Light: Gets A Charge Out of Activity-Based Costing/Management. 13. OBOK Food Company: Right Ingredients Cook Up Savings. 14. Veterans Benefits: Discovering the cost of Doing Business Using Activity-Based Costing. Appendix. Final Thoughts. Resources. Glossary. Index.


The critical temperature, critical compressibility factor and the inversion temperature of cesium, rubidium and potassium are correlated through the generalized van der Waals equation of state. This three-parameter equation differs from the known van der Waals equation of state by the modified attractive term. For cesium, rubidium and potassium, the reduced inversion temperature and its ratio to the critical compressibility factor were estimated. The results of estimation were in agreement with experimental data. It has been established that cesium, rubidium and potassium obeyed the single-parameter law of corresponding states with the reduced inversion temperature or its ratio to the critical compressibility factor as the thermodynamic similarity parameter.


In order to study the breaking and chewing process of food in mouth,a chewing broken model was using discrete element method.Taking soybean as an example,the dynamic chewing process was simulated and the corresponding parameters were tested,including that between soybean and soybean,and between soybean and teeth.To verify the feasibility of the chewing model,threedimensional models of the first upper and lower molars were established using reverse engineering.The dentiform indenter that works with the texture analyzer was developed.Test of the soybean crushing with the dentiform indenter was carried out and the forces in the crushing process were analyzed.The changes of forces in the test are in line with that in the simulation.The simulation values could be amended by the linear regression model,and the regression coefficient approached 0.956.The analyzed results show that the chewing broken model can be used to simulate the chewing process of human,providing a new method for food texture evaluation.


The UK is about to experience an explosion in the number of new interactive science centres. By this time next year about a dozen major new science-centre projects will have opened (see table). These large-scale capital schemes have been funded by a mixture of National Lottery grants from the Millennium Commission and money from public and private bodies. The huge size of these centres is in marked contrast to the existing network of smaller science centres.


In practical gasoline engines it is necessary to achieve low emissions and low fuel consumptions with high load operation. Several techniques were developed for reducing the emissions and the fuel consumptions from gasoline engines, such as EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) and Ultra lean combustion [1, 2]. Especially, in automotive gasoline engines, low-particulate and low-NOx emissions are very much needed by using alcohol blend fuels and vegetable oil. Nevertheless, there are only few data available for reducing the emissions and fuel consumptions of small gasoline engines by using blended fuels. As the first step in this study, experiments have been carried out to examine the influence of alcohol-blended fuels on combustion characteristics for small gasoline engines. The fuels used in this study are gasoline, methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol. The addition of alcohol ratio are changed by mixing the volume of alcohol in gasoline and the addition ratios are from 0 to 30 vol% in the fuel. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The NOx emissions for all the alcohol blend fuels are smaller than that of gasoline. 2) The heat release rate increases with addition of alcohol fuel under higher load conditions for small gasoline engines.


Knowledge transfer has transformed from practical issues to question about properties of knowledge which transfer process is managed. Knowledge management discipline neither answers such a question nor refers to epistemological theories which are to solve it. This paper shows that knowledge management has originated from social constructionism so that the former is using understanding of knowledge developed in the latter.


In the future more and more conventional power plants, which provide ancillary services such as provision of reactive power for voltage control and primary control power (active power) for frequency control to the transmission system and thus secure the energy supply, are going to be replaced by renewable energy sources. Due to this fact new concepts for providing these services by renewable power sources will be necessary in the future to maintain stability of the network operation. This refers to the delivery of active and reactive power by distributed generation (DG) and distributed storage (DS). Beyond that DG and DS can be found nowadays in households or also called nanogrids. This research work presents a concept of a nanogrid that can provide ancillary services to the distribution grid in the low voltage level and transfer reactive power as well as primary control power to higher voltage levels by upscaling, which means the connection of many nanogrids. The implementation of the concept is done in a real system and also in a simulation environment that uses simplified mathematical models.


Urban environments are challenging to model because they are both very large and very diverse. The size of the environment makes capturing the details of every structure prohibitive, leaving us with only sparse information. Photogrammetric reconstruction attempts to build 3D structures but is often not robust and requires manual input, thus making it difficult to scale to large areas. Procedural modeling of urban environments provides a means for quickly creating architecture, but it does not address populating the database of urban features and it does not use real-world information to mimic actual urban areas. In this paper, we use sparse aerial-based information about an urban environment that is readily available in many towns and cities. From this information, we isolate a small number of canonical urban structures that can be assembled algorithmically using only a few simple operations. The result is an approximation of the entire urban environment to within a prespecified error threshold of the original data. Unlike synthetic approaches that prescribe a grammar, our task is to discover a small dictionary of words and associated application rules for an actual urban environment. Once the dictionary and rules are known, an urban environment in the style of the original can be instantiated. The canonical set of words can be used to prioritize acquisition efforts, to reduce image data, to compress geometry of the model, to find urban patterns, and to visualize properties of the urban environment. CR Categories: I.3.5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling, I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-dimensional Graphics and Realism, I.6.3 [Simulation and Modeling]: Applications.


Management of the neck in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma has been evolving in the past few decades. Most recently, a randomized controlled trial reported that in a clinically N0 neck, patients who underwent an elective neck dissection had improved 3‐year overall survival (80% vs 67.5%). Approximately one‐quarter of patients undergoing elective neck dissection had nodal involvement (26.5%) and had a complication rate of 6.6%. Based on this study, all patients with oral cavity cancer with a depth of invasion greater than 3mm should undergo elective neck dissection, but three‐quarters of patients would have benign lymph nodes in the pathology specimen. In this context, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) becomes an attractive option to help determine which patients should undergo elective selective neck dissection (SND) and help others avoid unnecessary surgery. The study by Loree et al. reviews their experiences with 108 patients with clinically N0 oral cavity cancers. Interestingly, the underlying rate of nodal disease was similar to the RCT mentioned above. The sensitivity of SLNB was 75%. Notably, there was no difference in overall survival comparing patients with an accurate biopsy compared to those with false negative or unsuccessful SLNB. The possible benefits of SLNB can be summarized as follows: (1) identifies patients with the nodal disease to better decide who needs SND, (2) maps lymphatic drainage from the lesion to ensure proper dissection of at‐risk compartments, and (3) allows finer sectioning and pathologic analysis. These should be weighed against the possible disadvantages, which include: (1) false negative and unsuccessful results, (2) surgical complications, and (3) requires 2 separate procedures if SND is performed.


Aims: This study comparatively evaluated the radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extracts of five indigenous plants, namelyZingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae), Nauclea latifolia (Rubiaceae), Phyllantus spp (Euphorbiaceae), Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae) and Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) and their polyherbal extract referred to as Gingered Polyherbal Tea (GPHT). Study Design: Experimental. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria in July 2015. Methodology: The extract of each plant and their polyherbal combination were studied for antiradical activity using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Hydroxyl ion, Nitric oxide and Super Original Research Article Adejoh et al.; IJBCRR, 11(1): 1-10, 2016; Article no.IJBCRR.23974 2 oxide free radical scavenging assays. Results: The following trend was observed in the anti-radical activity of the extracts: GPHT > Ascorbic acid/Gallic acid> Zingiber officinale> Camellia sinensis> Nauclea latifolia>Khaya senegalensis>Phyllantus spp. Conclusion: The extracts showed varying levels of anti-radical activity individually and contributed synergistically to the anti-radical activity of their polyherbal extract. This observation could be employed in designing new drug combinations that will provide better therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of many oxidative stressrelated diseases.


The term scientific literacy is already common in our educational rhetoric. Although the term is widely used, there are no papers that analyse the definition of the term and the rangeitencompasses in Serbia. If scientific literacy is a necessary outcome of education, this analysis is an important base for designing the teaching/learning process which is intended to develop such an outcome. Therefore, this paper provides an analysis of the concept of scientific literacy (SL), the different viewpoints on SL and the nature of the concept. Furthermore, five key lines as courses of action in the teaching/learning process, necessary for the development of these competencies, are defined: appreciation ofstudents' previous knowledge, encouragement of students' basic functional literacy and reading comprehension skills, the development of students' understanding of the socio-cultural perspective on the origin and use of scientific knowledge and technological products, and practicing of scientific research, either through school science or science applied in the context of cooperation between school and the local community, i.e. in the socio-cultural background where students live.


Critical readers of Bacon's New Atlantis have often drawn attention to the complex relationship between, on the one hand, the production and dissemination of enlightened scientific knowledge in Bensalem – and, indeed, the forms of social community for which it implicitly provides a model – and, on the other, the secret or concealed conditions of this very same process of production. For example, Robert K. Faulkner in Francis Bacon and the Project of Progress notes that, while 'every official performs his function [and] everyone does what he is ordered,' nevertheless 'all this order is the more remarkable since the relation of king, city, nation, state, and scientist is not clarified. The order that orders ... is hidden.' Jerry Weinberger, meanwhile, argues that Bensalemite 'science is shrouded in secrecy, denying the possibility of full enlightenment.' Such secrecy surrounding the activities which contribute to the production of scientific knowledge Weinberger reads in terms of, as he sees it, Bacon's idea that 'the politics of science must be secret and retired because only the most resolute souls will be willing to embrace such a world with full knowledge of its moral risks and dangers.' What these critics would appear to suggest, then, is that the production of various sorts of ground-breaking scientific knowledge and enlightened social relationships remain dependent, at bottom, upon a supplementary dose of censorship that simply cannot be dispensed


Natural fibre composites are mainly price-driven commodity composites, which have useable structural properties at relatively low cost. The manufacture of such types of composites are environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional composites made of glass, carbon and aramid fibres which are considered critical because of the growing environmental consciousness. Fibres derived from plants are renewable and have low levels of embodied energy compared to synthetic fibres. Therefore this research work explains the development of natural fibre composite, [9] to attain the optimum mechanical property parameters which are equivalent and better to the traditional reinforcing fibres such as glass and carbon. The research work illustrates the manufacture and tested values of one such composite manufactured from a plant fibre which is used as green manuring plant called Crotalaria juncea. Retted fibres after alkali treatment [17] is taken and plate preparation is done using polyester resin mixed with random orientation of the fibre of lengths 20,30,40 and 50mm to a weight of 21,28,31,35,42 and 45 grams as the first part. In the second part of the work woven orientation of biaxial, biaxially stitched and unidirectional mat in 2 layer and 3 layer separately and they are mixed with polyester resin and plates are prepared. Both the stages are tested for mechanical properties [10,16] such that the breakeven value of each property is analyzed, and the results acquired derive the usefulness of the material for required application. KeywordPolyester resin, Sunnhemp, Alkali treatment, Fibre orientation, ASTM standards