Introduction
Quantitative analysis of plant extracts is a tedious and time consuming process requiring chromatographic techniques and/or the use of specilised hyphenated spectroscopic methods. Thus, investigation of a rapid method capable for the determination of bioactive constituents is of major importance.

Objective
To employ high resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopy of the –OH spectral region, as a rapid method for the simultaneous determination and quantification of polyphenolic phytochemicals in crude oregano and olive leaf extracts without any prior isolation step.

Methodology
A critical overview of experimental parameters that influence the resolution of the –OH groups is provided with emphasis on the nature of the extraction solvent, effects of dilution, pH, temperature and nature of the NMR solvent. The compounds were assigned with the use of 1H-NMR, 2D 1H-13C HMBC NMR and spiking experiments with model compounds.

Results
The method was applied for the NMR analysis of natural product extracts and the results were found to be in good agreement with those obtained with the use of the time consuming HPLC-DAD, preparative LC and LC-SPE-NMR.

Conclusion
The method is rapid, selective, with very good analytical performance characteristics, which support the efficiency of the suggested methodology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The ever-changing dynamic world of business never excludes people management. Newer tools and techniques are always on demand, as the changes and challenges are enormous and rapid. Technological advancements have become a boon for innovative implementation of many practices and help in giving out better deliverables. In a competitive business environment, optimum utilisation of human resources is vital to reach the finishing line called organisational objective. The distance required to be travelled by organisations especially manufacturing companies from 'Good' to 'Great' depend a lot on their understanding of organisational needs and on their ability to deliver sustained business performance. In this paper, an attempt has been made to explore the competitive challenges encountered by Gen-Y HR Managers of manufacturing industries, and to analyse a few prominent challenges.


Current applications of artificial intelligence technology to wastewater treatment in China are summarized. Wastewater treatment plants use expert system mainly in the operation decision-making and fault diagnosis of system operation, use artificial neuron network for system modeling, water quality forecast and soft measure, and use fuzzy control technology for the intelligence control of wastewater treatment process. Finally, the main problems in applying artificial intelligence technology to wastewater treatment in China are analyzed.


Aim: To assess the reliability of clear aligner technique in clinical management ofspace re-opening in case of arch collapse due to teeth absence. Materials and Methods: 22 adult patients age gap between 33 and 36 years, with Class I occlusion, normal skeletal pattern, increased OVJ and missing one or more teeth in posterior area caused by agenesis or extraction, have been selected. All patients have been treated with clear aligner technique (Invisalign) for mean treatment time of 14 months and subjected to panoramic and lateral x-rays at beginning and at the end of treatment. Treatment plan in collapsed arche was constituted on crown space re-opening for implant insertion. Periodontal test have been carried out. Results: All patients have been successfully treated and finished with proper occlusion, OVJ and OVB and stable periodontal conditions. Implants have been easily inserted in space opened during CAT treatment without any complications. Conclusions: The CAT technique proved to be reliable both from orthodontic and periodontal point of view in case of space re-opening.


Chiller plants that provide loads with cooling are commonly exposed to cooling power peaks.These are short cooling demands that require significantly higher cooling powers thannormally and usually occur during high outdoor temperatures. Existing plants are rarelydimensioned to handle such high, short lived cooling demands. When cooling power needspeaks indoor temperature, for example in a comfort cooling system, can rise to unacceptablelevels. This thesis shows that it is possible to construct a cold storage for liquid water thatprovides the ability of decreasing yearly fixed cost for plants provided by district cooling or toavoid the need of increasing installed cooling power capacity in plants with local chillerswhile creating possible environmental- and economical profits. This is possible due to storingof cooling energy needed for the upcoming day during times of the present day when coolingneeds are lower than the cold generating units installed power.


The network gamble crime is a new kind of crime form, rely on its crime with low costs, little risk advantage, lucrative, spread rapidly in the whole world. As to traditional gambling crime, network gambling crime has the stronger hiding,the bigger monitoring difficulty,the fiercer crime oncoming force and the more serious harm.The composition document of the network gambling crime has its one's own uniqueness, it is difficult to assert, furthermore the current criminal law did not indeterminate with this, so it has become the crime that has the danger serious but can not attack strength. Regarding this, we must consummate the constitution and the legal punishment in time, positively seek the way of the criminal law conflict with the international coordination and cooperates so we can organize reasonable response to this kind of crime.


My thesis, Metaphor and the Postcolonial Novel, explores the contextual underpinnings and the epistemological implications of colonialist literature at our disposable through the times, by which the previously colonised nations have been categorised and u


The classical power law relaxation, i.e. relaxation of current with inverse of power of time for a step-voltage excitation to dielectric—as popularly known as Curie-von Schweidler law is empirically derived and is observed in several relaxation experiments on various dielectrics studies since late 19th Century. This relaxation law is also regarded as "universal-law" for dielectric relaxations; and is also termed as power law. This empirical Curie-von Schewidler relaxation law is then used to derive fractional differential equations describing constituent expression for capacitor. In this paper, we give simple mathematical treatment to derive the distribution of relaxation rates of this Curie-von Schweidler law, and show that the relaxation rate follows Zipf's power law distribution. We also show the method developed here give Zipfian power law distribution for relaxing time constants. Then we will show however mathematically correct this may be, but physical interpretation from the obtained time constants distribution are contradictory to the Zipfian rate relaxation distribution. In this paper, we develop possible explanation that as to why Zipfian distribution of relaxation rates appears for Curie-von Schweidler Law, and relate this law to time variant rate of relaxation. In this paper, we derive appearance of fractional derivative while using Zipfian power law distribution that gives notion of scale dependent relaxation rate function for Curie-von Schweidler relaxation phenomena. This paper gives analytical approach to get insight of a non-Debye relaxation and gives a new treatment to especially much used empirical Curie-von Schweidler (universal) relaxation law.


Fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized by one pot hydrothermal treatment of garlic juice at 180 °C for 7h. The as-prepared C-dots with an average diameter of 2.13±0.71 nm can be well dispersed, and show absinthe fluorescence with a quantum yield of 8.9% in water. The C-dots were fully characterized by TEM, XPS, XRD, and FTIR, respectively. Additionally, the as-prepared C-dots reveal nearly nontoxic to SW480 cells and can be used for cell imaging. The water solution of C-dots show sensitivity to pH values and metal ions, and also have a high selectivity to the Hg2+ ion among other transition metal ions, and achieve a high sensitive detection with the detection limit of 0.45 μM. The fluorescent C-dots are expected to be useful for the evaluation of mercury ions in environmental water system.


Conventional X-ray diffraction measurements provide some average structural information, mainly on the crystal structure of the whole area of the given specimen, which might not be very uniform and may include different crystal structures, such as co-existing crystal phases and/or lattice distortion. The way in which the lattice plane changes due to strain also might depend on the position in the sample, and the average information might have some limits. Therefore, it is important to analyse the sample with good lateral spatial resolution in real space. Although various techniques for diffraction topography have been developed for single crystals, it has not always been easy to image polycrystalline materials. Since the late 1990s, imaging technology for fluorescent X-rays and X-ray absorption fine structure has been developed via a method that does not scan either a sample or an X-ray beam. X-ray diffraction imaging can be performed when this technique is applied to a synchrotron radiation beamline with a variable wavelength. The present paper reports the application of X-ray diffraction imaging to bulk steel materials with varying hardness. In this study, the distribution of lattice distortion of hardness test blocks with different hardness was examined. Via this 2D visualization method, the grains of the crystals with low hardness are large enough to be observed by X-ray diffraction contrast in real space. The change of the d value in the vicinity of the Vickers mark has also been quantitatively evaluated.


On 15 February 2015, a gunman attacked a public event on art and freedom of expression in Copenhagen, leaving one person dead. Later, trying to force his way into a bat mitzvah celebration, the gunman killed a Jewish guard. These incidents produced public discourses at the intersection of security, social control, rights and tolerance and, with that, questions related to religious, secular and national communities and identities. At the political level, this was an attempt to repair a national community divided in relation to questions of security, integration and the curbing of immigration. Mainstream print journalism faced a similar challenge in its attempt to reassert its national relevance while remaining loyal to its audience communities within a market increasingly separated by taste and platforms. Politicians and news media thus shared an interest in both repairing and contesting a Danish community. This article analyses how discourses of community repair, cohesion and exclusivity permeated the appropriation of this disruptive event into the public realm. Progressing from an intersection of cultural approaches to journalism studies and political communication, the analysis will, in addition to other concepts, aim to combine insights from research on "disruptive media events" with studies of "belonging".


An experimental investigation of the flow around surface-mounted cubes in both uniform, irrotational and sheared, turbulent flows is described. The shear flow was a simulated atmospheric boundary layer with a height ten times the body dimension. Measurements of body surface pressures and mean and fluctuating velocities within the wake are presented. In the latter case a pulsed-wire anemometer was used extensively since the turbulent intensities were much too high for effective use of more standard instrumentation. The clear effects of upstream turbulence and shear on the wake flow are described, comparisons with the somewhat sparse measurements of previous workers are made and the relevance of recent theoretical attempts to describe the flow, as opposed to numerical calculation techniques to predict it, is briefly discussed.


Various surgical methods have been reported for treatment of Freiberg's disease, or avascular necrosis of the metatarsal head. A distal dorsal wedge osteotomy has been considered satisfactory for nearly all stages of the disease, but the fixation has been technically demanding. Cerclage wires may cause tendinitis due to pressure against the tendons. Absorbable sutures6 are too weak for a small-sized rotated metatarsal head, allowing only one or two stitches. Temporary crosspinning3 is more rigid and easier to apply, but the pins need to be removed before weightbearing can occur. There are also problems of infection, migration, or soft-tissue irritation. Bioabsorbable pins can be cut short to allow early motion of the joint and smooth gliding of the tendons. Also they can avoid a second procedure for implant removal and its related cost. Adverse tissue responses are rare in foot surgery using absorbable implants and these reactions are usually in larger bones with larger implants.1,2 The mechanical strength of the absorbable pin has been shown to be sufficient for chevron or basilar osteotomies for hallux valgus in the early stages of healing.7–9 We describe a method of fixation using bioabsorbable polyglycolide pins to stabilize a distal dorsal wedge osteotomy, allow early weightbearing and motion, and eliminate the need for later hardware removal.


A method for residue analysis, based on electron-capture gas chromatography following clean-up on a sulphuric acid-Celite column, is presented. The limit of detection is 10 ng g–1. Recoveries have been investigated for different kinds of vegetables. The extraction efficiency of acetonitrile versus dichloromethane was checked in a separate experiment. Spectroscopic data and results for the herbicide are included.


Pharmaceutical polymeric controlled-release membranes have caught many researchers' attention because of the rapid development of controlled-release preparations. Several researchers investigated the controlled-release polymeric membranes from various points of view. The present article reviews the progress in the studies of membrane-forming materials, methods of preparation and mechanical properties of the controlled-release membranes. The main purpose of this review is to provide foundations for drug release mechanism investigation and formulation design of membrane controlled release formulations.


There are a lot of active components (amino acids, polysaccharides, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, organic acids and essential oils) and many trace elements in the leaves of A. sinensis . It has been reported that A. sinensis leaves were used as functional health tea. But till now, there is no report about the determination of the trance elements in the leaves of A. sinensis , we tested the trace elements in the leaves of A. sinensis using ICP-MS, to provide the valuable scientific evidence for the development of drinks .


trial with a future: it can be developed further as our experimenting and experience increase. We believe that it would be greatly enhanced by a fuller and closer attachment of the health visitor to the practice. We think it is a scheme that could be emulated with profit in other suburban practices; profit to the local authority, to the health visitors, to the doctors and to the patients whose welfare we each seek.


Thereare many methods of electronic tools quality assurance. In the paper key methods are presented and discussed. The paper concentrates on pros and cons of different methods. Statistical methods are at the focus of the research. The aim of the article is to study an issue of statistical method implementation and its limits for quality assurance of electronic tools.


Introduction: Titanium is used in dentistry both for crowns, fixed and removable partial dentures, suprastructures and for implants. In such applications, titanium may come in contact with fluoride ...


An experiment was conducted at Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari during 1982–83 and 1983–84 with three moisture regimes based on IW/CPE ratios viz. 0.25.0.50 and 0.75 alongwith control and three levels of fertility viz. 500 9 N + 250 9P20 S + 250 9 K2O 1000 9 N + 500g P2O5 + 500g K2O and 1500g N + 750g P2O5 + 750 g K2O/tree in factorial randomised block design with three replications. The results revealed that scheduling irrigation at an IW/CPE ratio of 0.50 (11 irrigations each of 80 mm depth to be applied at 32 days interval in winter and 18 days interval in summer) and fertilizing the crop with 1000 g N + 500 g P2O5 + 500 g K2O/tree proved to be optimal for the sapota trees raised on clayey soils of South Gujarat. It gave maximum fruit yields with a water use efficiency of 0.81 kg/tree/mm of water applied. The observed consumptive use of water by sapota was 2007 mm which proved optimum. The moisture extraction decreased with the increase in depth, irrespective of irrigation and fertilizer treatments. About 66 per cent moisture was extracted from first half of root zone (0.75 cm) where as 34 per cent from second half of root zone (75–150 cm).


Once the dominant force in the world semiconductor industry, the United States rapidly lost market share to Japan during the 1980s. Over the last few years, however, such U.S. firms as Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments have led the way in a dramatic reversal of the trend. In this fascinating and insightful volume, David P. Angel offers the first examination of how the United States was able to respond successfully to the challenge of global competition by initiating what can be seen as nothing less than a complete restructuring of the semiconductor industry.


Excerpt Calcium entry blockers or calcium antagonists are being used for a growing number of cardiovascular problems (1). Because diltiazem (Cardizem; Marion Laboratories, Kansas City, Missouri), a...


The report reviewed four current areas of competition policy, related both to new phenomena and traditional antitrust plots. 1) Digital transformation leads to the emergence of new business strategies, however, new sources of risks of restricting competition arise: algorithmic pricing, big data, multilateral markets, platforms. 2) Imports of technology and political sanctions can reduce the effectiveness of the use of antitrust immunity for holders of exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity (RID). A gradual transition to a new regime of anti-monopoly policy in the field of RID circulation is needed. 3) The development of supranational antitrust promotes the use of complementary capabilities of different countries antimonopoly authorities. Barriers to supranational antitrust are the heterogeneity of the participating States and the lack of sustainability of supranational antitrust authorities. 4) The problem of bilateral monopoly does not lose relevance. High transaction costs and negative externalities from the parties' failure to reach an agreement are the basis for government intervention using the comparative advantages of the antimonopoly authority.


Isotopic composition of the LVR-15 reactor fuel changes significantly during the operation time. In order to enable Monte Carlo calculations of the LVR-15 core throughout any reasonable time period, the isotopic compositions of partially depleted fuel assemblies have to be known at the start of the simulation. Even though the infinite lattice calculation can represent useful initial approximation, the non-leakage assumption is not necessarily valid for compact and highly heterogenous cores like in case of the LVR-15. Therefore, a more advanced calculation process have to be implemented towards appropriate determination of fuel assembly burnup. The main aim of this paper is to describe the current state of the ongoing computation as well as provide an explanation of the chosen calculation scheme of the LVR-15 operation history. Currently available results that are affected by profound inaccuracy are discussed in the final part alongside with planned future improvements.


Use Case has been one of the popular ways to start Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA). But several problems have been cited with Use Case in the literature. Our previous work has shown that domain requirements can be broken in terms of events. We have documented events derived from requirements as Event Pattern/ Template and proposed an Event Meta-Model. This paper describes a detailed process to show how our basic Event Meta-model and patterns can help us systematically derive the classes, their attributes, methods and relationships. For this, we have worked on elaborating on the details of our Event Pattern/ Templates; defined rules to transform the event templates to class specifications. To validate our process, we applied it on various case studies and successfully generated static model (class diagram) of each case. Hence, events can be an alternative to Use Case as starting point in OOA of requirements.


''Effective cross sections'' for the (n, 2pn), (n, 2p), and (n, 3pn) reactions on various targets were measured relative to the $sup 12$C(n, 2n)$sup 11$C reaction. The bombarding particles were the spectrum of neutrons generated in a Cu beamstop by 750-MeV protons. The cross section systematics as a function of target mass number are compared with available 14-MeV neutron cross sections for (n,$sup 3$He) and (n,2p) reactions and with results from intranuclear-cascade calculations. (AIP)


We previously reported that both E7 and CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) are required for protecting animals from human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E7‐associated tumour challenge. Here we investigate dendritic cells (DC)‐based approach in this protection. In the study, we isolated bone marrow‐derived DC and stimulated DC with E7 and ODN. In vitro stimulation of DC with E7 plus ODN resulted in more production of interleukin‐12, as compared to that with E7 or ODN alone. Further injection with E7+ODN‐stimulated DC resulted in more significant tumour protection, as compared to stimulation with E7 or ODN alone. We further evaluated the levels of immune responses induced by DC stimulated with E7+ODN. We observed little enhancement of E7‐specific antibody and T helper cell proliferative responses by E7+ODN stimulation, as compared to E7 stimulation. However, there was some enhancement of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) production from CD4+ T cells and a more significant production of IFN‐γ from CD8+ T cells by E7+ODN stimulation, as compared to E7 stimulation alone. This was consistent with intracellular IFN‐γ staining levels of CD8+ T cells. Tumour protection further appeared to be mediated by CD8+ T cells, as determined by in vivo T‐cell depletion. Thus, these data suggest that upon ODN stimulation DC might function as a potent adjuvant for E7 protein delivery for induction of protective cellular immunity against HPV E7‐associated tumour challenge.


The concentrations of 137 Cs and potassium in the surface layers of arable soils were analyzed in the selected region of Eastern Poland approximately 20 years after the Chernobyl power plant accident. Additionally, the occurrence of the elements in soil in the forms available for plants was determined. In rela- tion to the total concentrations of 137 Cs and 40 K in the soil, cesium is found in larger quantities in the forms available for plants than potassium. Radiation doses through ingestion were estimated on the basis of 137 Cs and 40 K measurements in food samples. It was proved that during the period 1998-2007 the annual average intake of radiocesium per person exceeded twofold the national average, whereas the intake of potassium satisfied the body's daily demand for this element.


In preparation for upgrading the Caltech 40m interferometer for protoyping LIGO II optical con gurations, we are considering the rebuilding of the existing 40m seismic stacks, and baking out the entire vacuum system. The various options, considerations, and pros and cons are discussed herein.


The interrelations between traffic density and walking speed on stairs and in groups of passengers in front of stairs are discussed and details are given about walking speed on platforms, length of build-up of pedestrians in front of stairs and maximum densities on and in front of stairs. The results of extensive practical tests are represented graphically.


This study explores idealism and relativism differences of technical-/engineering-based students along with their perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at the managerial and ethical decision-making level, utilising computer-related scenarios. Of the 949 responses, results indicate that perceptions of ESR are positively related to the idealism and the relativism of students in technical-/engineering-based fields. Ethical decision-making differs significantly, based on the idealism and the relativism perceptions of ESR. It appears that students in technical-/engineering-based fields would benefit from an ethics course in their curriculum. Implications and the potential for future studies are discussed.


Abstract We have investigated and demonstrated a novel scheme to generate 2.5 Gbit/s 64 QAM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals for Radio Over Fiber (ROF) systems. We employ Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) because the repetitive frequency of the RF source and the bandwidth of the optical modulator are largely reduced and the architecture of the ROF system is simpler. Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) has been considered as a promising solution for future broadband access networks. Principle of WDM-PON access network compatible with OFDM-ROF systems is investigated. This novel scheme which has multiple double-frequency technique to generate mm-wave signal to carry OFDM signals is a practical scheme to be applied for future broadband access networks.


This study sought to explore how SMEs are utilizing EC. Drawing on existing research on IT and EC related field, this study presented the framework of EC utilization level and analyzed its affecting factors in the point of organizational perspectives; strategy and competency. The impact of EC utilization on firm performance was also examined by employing BSC. Structural equation model was applied to test the relationships among the theoretical constructs with data from 171 SMEs. The results showed that the rate of EC utilization in SMEs is growing quite rapidly. However, manufacturing related firms still remain at a lower level compared to service related firms. As for the two affecting factors of EC utilization level, it was found that the level of EC utilization appeared to be driven not by strategy but by competency. This result implicates that EC utilization in SMEs doesn't reach to strategic purpose yet, while it is dependent on firm's competency. As far as the impact of EC utilization on firm performance, the study showed that the level of EC utilization has significant relationship with all perspectives performance indicators of BSC. This study can provide the managers with current EC utilization pattern and the guidelines as to where to put the efforts in the EC utilization and how to get an effective EC utilization strategy in the future.


In India, the textile business is playing the leading role after the agriculture sector, digitization, and automation is directed to the carbon footprint. Text tile printing is mainly depending on hand block printing, screen printing, and digital printing. With a novel hand block printing product made from recycled ink waste, the total findings revealed financial savings, reducing waste disposal, and environmental effects. The latest block printing is working on natural fibre, where this printing is performed through organza synthetic manifold fabrics. Block printed method investigations were performed on these materials in order to provide an ideal study. The block printing method used on organza synthetic textiles in modern apparel influenced by traditional Bodo attire is the product of this study. For this study, it is suggested that in-depth experiments be conducted, such as paint selection and blocks printing process kinds, in order to get the best possible end outcome. Despite the advent of new ways to screen, printing technology remains one of the most dependable printing technologies used in Nigeria. Interview questions were used to gather pertinent based on the scope of printing activity in the research area from screen printers. The results indicated that Direct Image printing machines, Large Format printing machines, and Flex cutting machines are the most often used digital technical equipment in printing. Digital technology is also changing the practice of screen printing in the areas of printing quality, costing and billings, and apprenticeships enrolment, according to the results.


Cell growth is a crucial biological property of cells, which plays key roles in several major biological processes including organ development, tissue repair and cancer development. It is of both scientific and medical significance to discover new strategies to modulate cell growth. Koisio technology is a novel technology that modulates the properties of water solely by physical approaches without additions of any external substances. In our current study we obtained the following findings regarding the effects of Koisio technology-modulated solutions on cell growth: First, compared with the lung fibroblast (L929) cell cultures cultured in normal media, the L929 cells cultured in Koisio technology-modulated media grew at approximately 20% higher speed; second, compared with the lung cancer cell cultures (LLC cells) cultured in normal media, the LLC cells cultured in Koisio technology-modulated media grew at approximately 9% lower speed; and third, compared with the telomere lengths of the L929 cells cultured in normal media, the L929 cells cultured in Koisio technology-modulated media had approximately 14% longer telomere length. Collectively, our study has provided the first evidence indicating that Koisio technology-modulated solutions affect differentially the growth of lung fibroblast cell cultures and that of lung cancer cell cultures. The capacity of the Koisio technology-modulated solutions to promote the growth of lung fibroblast cell cultures may result at least partially from its capacity to protect the telomere length.


A series of biologically active 3-quinoline carboxylic acid hydrazide-hydrazones has been synthesized from 3-quinoline carboxylic acid hydrazide and a variety of aldehydes, with moderate to good yields. The chemical structures of the new products were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, and 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral data. The structural and frontier molecular orbital (FMO) properties and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted for the new compounds. The new hydrazide-hydrazones exhibited low to moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichia coli in comparison with gentamycin. Among the tested compounds, compounds 9 and 13 were found to be the most active. Phthalimide derivative 2 of 3-quioline carboxylic acid hydrazide showed remarkable antibacterial activity.


The genus Cellulophaga is a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae ,
making up a relatively distinct if somewhat broad phylogenetic
sublineage (see Taxonomic comments). The genus
includes five species, Cellulophaga lytica , Cellulophaga algicola ,
 Cellulophaga baltica , Cellulophaga fucicola , and Cellulophaga pacifica .
 Cellulophaga species form a single 16S rRNA gene cluster
that is composed of two distinct subgroups. Cellulophaga lytica
and Cellulophaga fucicola form one subgroup, while Cellulophaga
algicola , Cellulophaga baltica , and Cellulophaga Pacifica form the
second subgroup. These subgroups differ in terms of their 16S
rRNA gene sequences by approximately 5-6%. It would seem
that there could be grounds to split the genus into two separate
sections; however, at present, this is very difficult to justify owing
to the many distinct phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features
that Cellulophaga species share.


According to the refractory lead-zinc ore properties with high pyrite, the experimental studies were conducted on floatation reagent conditions and closed circuit tests for comprehensive recovering of all types useful minerals. In comparison to the test results of different process flowsheets and different types of flotation reagents, adopting prior flotation lead (Pb)—Zn selective flotation (reagent removal and regrinding of rough concentrate)—S-selective flotation with Zn-tailings. The closed circuit tests were achieved: the grade of lead concentrate was 50.55% with a recovery of 92.25%; The grade of zinc concentrate was 40.12% with a recovery of 85.82%; The grade of sulfur was 48.58% with a recovery of 56.59%; The tailings grades of lead, zinc and sulfur were 0.27%, 0.31%, 3.90% respectively.


Objective To determine blood/gas and tissue/gas partition coefficients of sevoflurane, isoflurane and halothane and evaluate the effects of pregnancy on them. Methods Ten 18-22 day pregnant and 10 non-pregnant SD rats were killed under pentobarbital anesthesia. The tissue specimens of heart, liver, kidney and brain were obtained and made into homogenates respectively. The blood/gas and tissue/gas partition coefficients of sevoflurane, isoflurane and halothane were determined using a method of 2-stage headspace equilibration by gas chromatography. Results Blood/gas and brain/gas partition coefficients were lower in pregnant group than in non-pregnant group (P0.05) ,but there were no significant differences in other tissue/gas partition coefficients of halothane between the two groups. There were also no significant differences in blood/gas and tissue/gas partition coefficients of sevoflurane and isoflurane between the two groups. Conclusion Pregnancy decreases blood/gas and brain/gas partition coefficients of halothane whereas there were no significant differences in other tissue/gas partition coefficient of halothane between the two groups. Pregnancy does not affect blood/gas and tissue/gas partition coefficients of sevoflurane and isoflurane.


We prove that for each integer n there is a regular expression over a singleton alphabet which is not bisimilar to any regular expression of star height less than n, thus positively answering a long-standing question of Robin Milner.


This thesis compares the use of religion by Russian and English monarchies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as well as the response of the public in each country. It examines official religion in each state, as well as the kinds of toleration each extended to other religions. In both cases, the outlook of the monarchy changed over the course of the period under study; while both monarchies clearly understood the key role religion played in the lives of their subjects and the power it afforded the state and its sovereigns, the "official" use of religion continued in Russia and ultimately dwindled in England in the eighteenth century. The fate of competing religious tendencies in each society also contrasted during these key centuries. Drawing on scholarly literature on religion and politics in Russia and England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, this essay argues that the two cases can be usefully contrasted. One country, Russia, focused on changing religious forms of practice, while the other, England, focused more on changing the substance of the religion itself. The Russian monarchy explicitly sought to use religion as a tool, preserving its position in society and the people's beliefs. The monarchy in England sought to make substantive changes in religious belief and worship, clearing the way for the rise of other popular religions.


The thermal environment in a small city rapidly deteriorates due to the urbanization and overpopulation. It is important to understand and predict the thermal environment in a city area. The thermal environment is highly affected by the solar radiation and temperature distributions changing over time periodically. To predict the thermal environment precisely, the solar radiation calculation including radiation strength, incidence angle, and thermal radiation between building surface and ground should be considered. In this study, the computational domain includes various artificial structures such as building, ground, asphalt, brick and grass. To consider the solar radiation, the unsteady state numerical calculation is performed from sun rise to mid-day (2:00pm). The numerical methods consist of solar load and one dimensional heat conduction through the boundaries to reduce the computational load and improve the flexibility of the calculation. c 2014 KIEAE Journal 지표면온도, 태양 복사열, 열환경, 전산유체역학, 비정상상태 Surface Temperature, Solar Radiation, Thermal Environment, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Unsteady state A C C E P TA N C E IN F O Received December 19, 2013 Final revision received June 19, 2014 Accepted June 23, 2014 태양복사열에 따른 지표면 온도와 열, 기류 환경 시뮬레이션 연구 66 KIEAE Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, Jun. 2014 2. CFD 시뮬레이션


Carilon thermoplastics are a new family of perfectly alternating olefin/carbon monoxyde polymers, of which the first commercial product is a semicrystalline ethylene/propylene/CO terpolymer with a unique set of properties


This paper studies the importance of qualia relations for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). We use a graph-based WSD algorithm over the Italian WordNet and evaluate it when adding different kinds of qualia relations (agentive, constitutive, formal and telic) taken from PAROLE-SIMPLE-CLIPS (PSC), a Language Resource based on the Generative Lexicon theory. Some qualia relations, specially telic, appear to have a positive impact on the results despite their low cov-erage in PSC. Therefore we propose to extract further such relations from the web by applying multi-level patterns following the so-called Kybot model, as by doing so it is expected to improve the WSD performance.


By virtue of their unique electronic properties, nanometer-diameter sized single-walled carbon nanotubes represent ideal candidates to function as active parts of nanoelectronic memory storage devices. We show for the first time that GeTe, a phase change material, currently considered to be one of the most promising materials for data-storage applications, can efficiently be encapsulated within single-walled carbon nanontubes of 1.4 nm diameter. Structural investigations on the encapsulated GeTe nanowires have been carried out by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The electronic interactions between the filling material and the host nanotube have been examined using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy experiments and show that the electronic structure of the encapsulating nanotube and that of the encased filling are not perturbed by the presence of each of the other component. The newly formed hybrids offer potential to operate as active elements in non-volatile electronic memory storage devices.


Background and aims: Motorised traffic may discourage people walking. The main objective is to examine whether motorised transport volume influences the level of walking for transportation measured...


In 2003, a group of forest growers and forest ecologists met in Cairns to discuss questions of production and biodiversity in rainforest plantations, including: - Can mixed species plantations be more productive than monocultures? - What factors influence the biodiversity value of plantations? - Is it more useful to seek combined production and biodiversity outcomes at the stand or landscape scale? The authors address these key questions looking at some of the emerging opportunities for synergies between production and biodiversity.


A series of pyrochlores A(Nb,Ta)(2)(O,OH,F)(6)(nH(2)O), (A = NH(4), K, Rb, Cs) have been synthesized by hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of oxofluoroniobic (H(2)NbOF(5)) and fluorotantalic (H(2)TaF(7)) acids. This new method allows preparation of nanocrystalline niobate pyrochlores (crystal size 10-20 nm) by simple precipitation with subsequent boiling; tantalate analogues can be obtained by soft hydrothermal treatment. The synthesized compounds include new pyrochlores NH(4)Nb(2)O(5)(OH,F), NH(4)Ta(2)O(5)(OH,F)center dot nH(2)O and K(1-x)Nb(2)(O,OH)(5)F center dot nH(2)O as well as the already known CsNb(2)O(5)F, Rb(1-x)Nb(2)(O,OH)(5)F, CsTa(2)O(5)F and their hydroxyl analogues. Ion-exchange experiments revealed that K(0.7)Nb(2)(O,OH)(5)F center dot nH(2)O exhibits strong selective uptake of Pb(2+) from aqueous solutions, a feature not previously reported for pyrochlores. The facilitating role of fluoride ions in the synthesis of pyrochlores is discussed in comparison with zeolite synthesis, and the technological applicability of the new method is also presented in the paper.


This paper presents a fuzzy adaptive control method for a class of uncertain chaotic economical system, capable of guaranteeing prescribed performance bounds. By prescribed performance bounds we mean that tracking error should converge to a predefined arbitrarily small set, with convergence rate no more than a prescribed value. The main idea is to transform the original constrained system into an equivalent one via an appropriately defined output error transformation. Furthermore, for updating the parameters of the fuzzy logic systems, a proportional-integral adaptation law is introduced. Finally, an illustrative example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.


SPOT images of Bunaken National Marine Park, North Sulawesi Indonesia are used in a case study to exploit the spatial characteristics of the imagery as a means of identifying areas of stress remotely using measures of relative homogeneity versus heterogeneity. The Getis Statistic is used as a measure of spatial dependence to test the hypothesis that the diversity of a healthy coral reef ecosystem will be heterogeneous while a dead, algae-dominated coral reef will be relatively homogeneous. The relationship between a central pixel to its neighbouring pixels provides important information on spatial dependence that can be related to ecosystem heterogeneity and aid interpretation of ecosystem shifts. A proof-of-concept case study based on SPOT data is presented with encouraging results.


This article describes the results of an analysis we did of state legislative elections in the United States, where each state is required to redraw the boundaries of its state legislative districts every ten years. In the United States, redistrictings are sometimes controlled by the Democrats, sometimes by Republicans, and sometimes by bipartisan committees, but never by neutral boundary commissions. Our goal was to study the consequences of redistricting; at the conclusion of this article, we discuss how our findings might be relevant to British elections. From George Washington's first presidential veto to the present day, redistricting issues have been extremely controversial at every level of government. Most redistrictings are contested in state and federal court cases heard so late that there is insufficient time to follow the usual rules of discovery, evidence, or due process. In total, legislative redistricting is one of the most conflictual forms of regular politics in the United States short of violence. While partisan and bipartisan redistricting plans can protect incumbents, they only protect some of those who survive the redistricting process, and many do not survive. Indeed, most incumbent politicians would give an awful lot to avoid redistricting altogether. After all, they are fighting over the fundamental rules of the game (fights that might well 1 This Chapter is adapted from Gelman and King 1994. Figures, tables, and more details appear in the original article.


1. There is an association between iron overload, ascorbic acid deficiency and osteoporosis in middle-aged South African Bantu males. The iron overload contributes to the ascorbic acid deficiency by accelerating its oxidative catabolism. The object of the present investigation was to explore the possibility that the osteoporosis results from chronic ascorbic acid deficiency. 2. On quantitative microradiography, percentage bone-formation surface was normal but percentage bone-resorption surface was significantly increased in ten osteoporotic subjects compared with seven control subjects. 3. There was a significant inverse correlation between bone mineral density and liver storage iron concentration in thirty-five Bantu subjects. In thirteen individuals aged 39 years or less, liver storage iron concentration was significantly correlated with percentage bone-resorption surface. 4. Guinea-pigs deprived of ascorbic acid for 21 d exhibited both significantly diminished percentage bone-formation surface and increased percentage bone-resorption surface. 5. Guinea-pigs overloaded with iron by injections of iron dextran developed significantly reduced hepatic ascorbic acid concentrations and bone mineral densities; percentage bone-formation surface was significantly diminished and percentage bone-resorption surface significantly increased. Ascorbic acid injection largely prevented the bone changes.


The invention relates to a method for producing a releasable connection between a connector and a connecting socket. The connector includes a connector housing and a sealing member through which an end portion of the cable is passed, and at least one connection module which is connected to at least one wire of the cable. The connection socket comprises a socket housing, in which a complementary ausgestaltetes to the connecting module connector module is disposed. The method is characterized by the following steps: - displacement of the plug housing together with the sealing member along the cable to the rear; - producing a signal-conducting connection between the connecting module and the terminal module; - displacement of the plug housing together with the sealing member along the cable to the front; - producing a mechanical connection between the plug housing and the socket housing with simultaneous pressing of the first sealing member between the connector housing and the cable. In addition, a connector and a connecting device for performing the method are proposed.


ABSTRACT This article unpacks the function of the international cooperation zone in promoting the strategic coupling of regional development in global production networks. Compared with 'coupling through market', the case of the Thai–Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone (TCRIZ) shows a formation path of 'coupling through territorial intermediary' with the international cooperation zone acting as an intermediary agent with the function of attracting investment and promoting firm connections between the regional economy and global production networks. The coupling through territorial intermediary is particularly important for regions with weak competitive dynamics to articulate to global production networks.


Ipomoea aquatica is Convolvulaceae plant that is widely consumed in Southeast Asia as a vegetable. The plant contains various bioactive components, e.g. phenols and flavonoids. Water spinach and land spinach are two varieties of Ipomoea aquatica in Indonesia. Both extracts have been analyzed for their free radical scavenging activity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl). Total phenol was measured using Folin Ciocalteu and the total flavonoid was measured using AlCl3. Both extracts also have been analyzed by TLC (Thin layer chromatography) using DPPH and AlCl3 spray reagents. Water spinach has higher antioxidant activity than land spinach and there was a correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenol/flavonoid content. Based on TLC results, it was supposed that the compound responsible for antioxidant activities in water spinach and land spinach was flavonoid.


The effect of three foliar fungicides on ihe mycoflora associated with leaves of Triticum aestivum cv. Kolibri cultivated in ihe field was investigated. The total number of fungi associated with leaves increased as the season progressed. The fungicide which reduced consideraMy the number of both fungal colonies and species was Funaben K. The decline in the total number of fungi species of T. aestivum leaves was largely due to the reduction in the number of Altenaria alternata species and non-sporulating fungi. None of the fungicides reduced the proportion of leaves with Cladosporium spp. At some stages, the increase in the occurrence of some fungi species was accompanied by a decrease in the number of other fungi.


The difference in two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) mobility between single-heterostructure (SH) and double-heterostructure (DH) AlGaN/GaN/(AlGaN) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) has been attributed to a variety of scattering mechanisms and physical effects within these devices. In this article, we aim to elucidate the origins of the change in mobility between SH and DH HEMTs, and identify the scattering mechanisms responsible for limiting the mobility in various device structures. To this end, we use a comprehensive numerical low-field mobility modeling framework to analyze the dependence of 2DEG mobility on temperature, Al content in the AlGaN buffer, and thickness of the GaN channel, also validating our simulation results with available experimental data. We show that reports of superior high-temperature mobility in DH HEMTs can be explained by a decrease in polar optical phonon (POP) scattering rates due to lower 2DEG density and in spite of the stronger quantum confinement. On the other hand, reports of lower mobility in DH HEMTs compared with their SH counterparts can be attributed to stronger alloy scattering in structures without an AlN spacer layer, or to an increase in POP scattering in structures with an AlN spacer having similar 2DEG densities, while the differences in interface roughness and dislocation scattering due to the change in crystal quality play only a limited role.


This checklist of the mosses of Spain is the result of the revision and correction of the one published ten years ago. Annotations and new references are provided for those exclusions and additions to the earlier list, which is here increased with ca. 50 new records.


1) The fishing coefficient F, coefficient of drifting away D and rate of exploitation E of the drifting seaweeds are calculated for several experiments in each of which a substantial number of recoveries was obtained. 2) Most of the estimates of ακF are within the limits of 2 ?? 3% per day. Tag shedding rate M is estimated as 2% per day. If a is assumed to be one, many of the estimates of D fall within a range of 0.10 ?? 0.15, though extremely deviated values of less than 0.01 or more than 0.3 are also obtained depending upon the areas and periods of release. 3) The rate of exploitation is estimated at 7% at its minimum and 73% at its maximum. Fishing for mojako may have a substantial effect on the part of stock which enter into the fishing grounds. 4) Estimates of F obtained seem to be fairly reliable, But the effect of fishing on mojako stock would be more weak than that estimated here if mojako are also distributed outside the fishing grounds and some of them are migrating independently of seaweeds.


We present highly efficient sum-frequency generation between two CW 1064 and 1342 nm laser lines of two Nd:YVO4 lasers using periodically poled KTP. This is an all solid-state light source in the yellow-orange spectral range.


This collection promises more than it delivers. The questions raised are important ones, but the studies reported here fall short of providing a comprehensive understanding of gender and multiple roles. Ethnicity and social class are important variables in the determination of the impact of multiple roles, but they receive little attention in this volume. The contributors presented their findings at a conference held in May, 1984. It is unfortunate that they did not use the intervening years between that conference and publication of this book to integrate their work, and update their research.


We demonstrate an opto-electro-mechanical phase shifter. A suspended microbridge is electrostatically actuated to strongly-interact with a weakly-confined waveguide mode. The resulting effective index tuning substantially exceeds that achievable with thermo-optic and electro-optic approaches.


This paper based on the present situation of massive surplus-labor and the industry challenge faced to put forward an agricultural reforming promotion developing the urban agriculture.Using the C-D and CES production function model analysed urban agriculture to our country agriculture surplus-labor absorbancy,carried on the real diagnosis examination by 1990 —2008 year sampled data.The results showed that the development of urban agriculture in Guangzhou on the surplus labor force had strong absorptive capacity.And then using the SWOT model to Guangzhou develops the urban agriculture to carry on the feasibility analysis.According to the above how to develop urban agriculture to put forward six specific measures.


Objectives: In the current study, the author evaluated the prevalence of low testosterone and its independent predictors among male patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).
Design: This descriptive type of observational study was conducted in the department of PMR at SMS Medical College.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 120 patients with chronic SCI were recruited, serum testosterone levels were assessed, and testosterone levels below 300 ng/dL were considered low. The following eight suspected independent predictors for low testosterone levels were assessed: age, body mass index (BMI), nicotine users, total lipid profile, level of injury, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale, leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) score (h/week) via LTPA questionnaire, and aging male's symptom (AMS) score via AMS questionnaire.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 33.2±7.8 years. Patients with low testosterone exhibited a significant association with dorsal SCI (70.9%), motor complete (ASIA A and B) SCI (76.4%), nicotine use (65.5%), a higher triglyceride (TG) level (168.5 mg/dL), a higher total lipid level (712.9 mg/dL), and a higher AMS score (35.7). Patients with low testosterone were found to be engaged in lower (9.4 h/week) LTPA. A significant negative correlation of total testosterone levels was observed with TG (r=−0.184, p=0.044), total lipid (r=−0.570, p<0.001), BMI (r=−0.504, p<0.001), and AMS scores (r=−0.549, p<0.001). Whereas there was a significant positive correlation observed between total testosterone and LTPA (r=0.380, p<0.001).
Conclusion: The prevalence of low testosterone is found at 45.8%, and BMI, LPTA, AMS, and total lipids are identified as independent predictors of low testosterone.


From ancient times to the present day, in some wine regions, the influence of moon magnetism in grape must alcohol fermentation has been postulated possibly as a myth. The influence of Earth ́s magnetic field on wine fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed in Roman times. It was found that variations in the magnetic field strength in different locations of the wine cellars influenced the alcoholic fermentation of the grape must.1 One of the first studies of the influence of magnetic fields on the growth of yeast cells during wine fermentation was that of Kimball, published already in 1937.2 A suspension of wine yeast was exposed to a heterogeneous static magnetic field of 0.04 T for different times and the subsequent sprouting of the yeast cells was measured. Exposure for 10 to 17 minutes had no effect; while exposure for 20, 25, 30, 60, and 150 minutes inhibited sprouting. Yeast budding was only affected by heterogeneous fields; homogeneous fields produced no effect.2 Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the application of magnetic fields to yeasts, with various researchers applying magnetic fields stronger than that of Earth, which varies from 0.025 to 0.065 mT, depending on the location.3–6 Beyond field strength of the magnetic field, it is of high relevance whether the field is homogeneous or heterogeneous, whether the field is static or alternating, and the process temperature.4–6 The results of the influence of magnetic fields on yeast growth and metabolism are contradictory. Some studies have not shown any effect. For example, there was no statistical difference between the growth of S. cerevisiae when cultured within the 1.5 T magnetic field of a clinical magnetic resonance imager, and when it was cultured outside of this magnetic field.7 Likewise, growth of S. cerevisiae WS8105-1C was not affected by exposure to a static magnetic field of 50 Hz frequency, varying between 0.35 and 2.45 mT.8,9 However, various studies have demonstrated effects. Exposure of a culture of S. cerevisiae to a magnetic field of 110 to 220 mT led to faster growth and higher respiration rates;9,10 a culture of S. cerevisiae exposed to a 3 mT homogeneous magnetic field had a more porous membrane, absorbing 50 % more copper Cu2+ ions than non-exposed control cells;11 growth of S. cerevisiae was reduced by exposure to an alternating 10 mT field at 50 Hz, and the surviving cells were more resistant to the ethanol production;12 magnetic field exposed cells of S. cerevisiae immobilized on magnetic particles also showed higher ethanol production;13 finally, cultivation of S. cerevisiae ATCC 7754 in a static magnetic field of 25 mT during 16 h led to a 20 % higher biomass The Influence of Treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Inoculum with a Magnetic Field on Subsequent Grape Must Fermentation


The Family Health Strategy represents one of the most successful initiatives for reorganization of primary care in Brazil. It brings, as differential, the Community Health Workers (CHW), who acts facilitating community access to effective professional care in the form of health-promoting actions. However, the way workers receive training to manage epidemics, as dengue, is almost unknown. In this context, this project addresses the importance of bringing together medical students and CHW in order to strengthening not only continuing education of CHW, but also the experienced learning of future physicians. The method adopted was the conduction of a focus group with six workers in a primary health care center in a mid-size town of Brazilian midwest. The focus group was conducted by the tutor and students previously trained on dengue prevention and management. Students identified communicational gaps based on what was told by CHW as correct actions related to dengue control, allowing them to start developing action strategies. This approach not only contributed for continuing education of workers but also became a effective transdisciplinary and interprofessional education opportunity for the students involved in the process. CHWs believed their communication strategies about dengue are effective and affordable, however the students detected some communication failures and created opportunities to address these misconceptions. Students have already started developing their strategies based on knowledge acquired on public health and experienced practices in the medical school. We believe that this project also offers a great importance for the development of students' communication skills and increase their commitment and social accountability.


Objective In order to accelerate the postoperative rehabilitation of patients undergoing mastectomy and evaluate the role of physiotherapy in oncologic surgery.Methods A clinical trial of choosing microwave to treat patients undergoing radical mastectomy was carried.Four hundreds cases were divided into two groups.Besides chemotherapy were given to all cases,the microwave thermotherapy was given to the test group during the post operative period.Results The result showed that the microwave therapy was convenient to patients binded up by dressing after operation,it could relieve the pain and lymphatic edema of upper limb,promote healing process as well as resume upper extremity function.No harmful effects were observed .Conclusions Thermotherapy cooperates well with chemotherapy and is beneficial to patients with breast cancer after radical operations. [


In a word, Risa Applegarth's book is about power. Like many rhetorical genre scholars, Applegarth considers genres to reflect "the rhetorical experience of the people who create and interpret the discourse" (Miller 152). As such, they imply hierarchal social and ideological relationships. Applegarth adds to the conversation on genre, gender, and knowledge by tracing the "discursive practices embedded in institutional and historical disciplinary contexts" (Berkenkotter and Ravotas 256). In her case, these contexts are within the field of anthropology at a time when the discipline is undergoing the early process of professionalization as a science (1920–1945). Quoting Schryer, Applegarth reminds us that "every genre expresses space/time relations that reflect current social beliefs regarding the placement and actions of human individuals in space and time" (Schryer 459). Similar to how Mikhail Bakhtin used the chronotope to categorize genres, Applegarth engages with the metaphor of a rhetorical archaeology to examine the spatial–temporal dimensions of the anthropological texts she analyzes. Rhetorical archaeology, she explains, combines practices from genre scholars and historians to "reveal material traces of a community's epistemic and discursive negotiations" (176). To begin digging through the textual strata of genres, Applegarth starts with the ethnographic monograph, characterizing it as the main genre through which the field made its knowledge claims. After establishing the monograph's role as the most privileged genre of the time period, in chapter 1, Applegarth turns her attention to alternative genres written by women who did not have full access to all the resources for writing the traditional monograph. She focuses on the genre of field autobiographies in chapter 2, drawing on Ann Axtell Morris' Digging in the Southwest and Gladys Reichard's Spider Woman in particular. Applegarth argues that in contrast to the monograph, these biographies ground knowledge in lived experience. In chapter 3 Applegarth turns to folklore collections such as those created by Ella Cara Deloria and Zora Neale Hurston to contend that the genre establishes the writer's identity as a legitimate researcher but at same time makes "disruptive use" of the genre. These writers, she tells us, "foreground relations folklore collections typically obscure, critique the ostensible objectivity of ethnographic work, and represent their home communities as vibrant and persistent" (98). In chapter 4 the author offers her final example: ethnographic


We report the development of second-derivative FORTRAN routines to supplement Algorithm 566 developed by J. More´ et al. (ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 7, 14-41, 136–140, 1981). Algorithm 566 provides function and gradient subroutines of 18 test functions for multivariate minimization. Our supplementary Hessian segments enable users to test optimization software that requires second derivative information. Eigenvalue analysis throughout the minimization is now possible, with the goal of better understanding progress by different minimization algorithms and the relation of progress to eigenvalue distribution and condition number.


Chinese characters belong to the ideogram system,who use figures to express meanings,and the figure of character is its body.It is not only a writing symbolic system for recording Chinese characters but also the product and tool of the thought of Han nationality.By the theory of culture of Chinese characters,this paper discusses the close relationship between the structure of Chinese characters with dialectical thoughts based on the examination and analysis of Chinese characters' structure,and it thinks that the configuration of Chinese characters has integral connections.


China's new health reform is to build a health care system with Chinese characteristics and to realize the goal of primary health for all.The characteristics of China's health reform lie mainly in its theoretical and institutional basis,cultural tradition,national conditions and public feelings.China's health reform is a comprehensive reform composed of what is called "four beams and eight pillars",with medical reform just one part of it.How to scientifically utilize market mechanism is key in the reform.At present,the strategic focus of the reform is insisting on strengthening local health care systems in different county regions so that county-level public hospital reforms could be propelled.To further display the Chinese characteristics of the reform,county-level health care reform is in great need of careful top design and regulations,local innovations and institutional constructions,hierarchical coalition and general practitioner system.


A framework for finding the optimal bus transit service coverage in an urban corridor is presented. The service variables considered are a combination of route length, route spacing, headway, and fare. The criterion for optimality is either operator profit or social welfare maximization. The social welfare, a sum of user and operator surplus, is optimized with both unconstrained subsidy and breakeven constraints. The equations for the optimal design variables that maximize operator profit and social welfare are derived analytically for a rectangular transit corridor with elastic demand, uniformly distributed passenger trip density, and many-to-one travel patterns. The equations provide considerable insight into the optimality conditions and interrelations among variables. These equations are also incorporated within an efficient algorithm that computes optimal values for the decision variables for a more realistic model with vehicle capacity constraints. The numerical results show that at the optimum the operator profit and welfare functions are rather shallow, thus facilitating the tailoring of design variables to the actual street network and particular operating schedule without substantial decreases in profit or welfare. The social welfare function is relatively flat near the optimum for a relatively large range of subsidies. This result implies that for a given set of input data the breakeven constraint may be an economically preferable objective because it eliminates subsidy, whereas it reduces social welfare only marginally. The sensitivities of the design variables to some important exogenous factors are also presented. The presented methodology is also applicable to the problem of optimal service coverage of feeder bus systems serving rapid rail line stations.


The present paper deals with eigenvalue problems for the Schrödinger equation with energy dependent potential and some separated boundary conditions. Using the method of contour integration, we obtain some new regularized traces for this class of Schrödinger operators.


The pay-performance sensitivity (PPS) of managers of closed-end funds is explicitly specified in their contracts as the marginal rate of the funds' net asset value. Using a sample of US closed-end funds from 2006 to 2009, this paper investigates the relationship between the PPS and risk-taking behaviors of fund managers. After controlling for endogeneity, we find that fund return volatility and fund PPS positively determine each other. Furthermore, the positive relationship is more pronounced for closed-end funds engaging in alternative investments or in emerging markets.


The objective of the research is to evaluate the investigative audit implemented by the Finance and Development Supervisory Board (BPKP), the East Java Representative. This qualitative research employed the multiple case studies by taking cases in the investigative audit implementation at BIJMN X and of investigative audit at Regency Y. The analytical units used in the research were: (1) Knowing how we carried out the investigative audit preplanning and planning activities, (2) knowing how we performed investigative audit and quality assurance and (3) seeing how we prepared audit results report: The results showed that there was significantly different effectivity in each stage of the two cases of investigative audit implementation studied here. The evaluation results showed that the preplanning activity was regarded as effective. However, the planning activity, implementation, quality assurance and reporting of the audit results significantly differed between the two cases. The research gave the following recommendations in associated with each investigative audit: (1) in the planning stage, we should carefully consider capability and composition of the human resources existing in the audit teams, proper fraud hypothesis determination and audit program development which was mainly focused on fraud hypothesis test; (2) in the implementation stage, additional audit procedures should be applied to corroborate a conclusion in the audit results, and the audit teams must be supervised intensively and periodically; and (3) in the audit reporting stage, the supervisor must take immediate and accurate corrective measures when the audit teams engage in protracted and lengthy processes in implementing the investigative audit.


A transient output-current regulator (TOCR) is presented and merged into a buck converter to achieve fast load-transient response for stepwise load-current <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{\mathrm{ load}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> profiles, leading to small undershoot/overshoot voltage <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{US}/{V}_{OS}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and short settling time <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${t} _{S}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in the output voltage <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V} _{O}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The TOCR instantly detects an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{\mathrm{ load}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> transient and triggers a compensation current <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{U}/{I}_{D}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Moreover, background calibration of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{U}/{I}_{D}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is proposed to ensure the sum of inductor current <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I} _{L}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{U}/{I}_{D}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> accurately tracks <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{\mathrm{ load}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> under PVT variations. The prototype chip, fabricated in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mu }\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS process, occupies 1.88 mm2. Under 0.45-A and 1-A <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{\mathrm{ load}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> transients, the measured <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V} _{O}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> remains within 1% of its nominal 1.8 V, with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{US}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{OS}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> both being less than 18 mV and a negligible <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${t} _{S}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Compared with other state of the arts, this letter achieves the fastest load-transient response with the smallest <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{US}/{V}_{OS}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and shortest <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${t} _{S}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.


The article analyzes how complete and objectively the print media ("Altayskaya Pravda," "Vecherny Barnaul," "Svobodnyy kurs," "Arguments and Facts in Altai") of the Altai region cover the image of a large family for the period 2012-2016. The research clearly demonstrates that the number of publications about large families increased every year, starting in 2012. In addition, the print media of the Altai region promote family values, giving preference to large families in their articles. The authors state that effectively working with the media should be an integral part of regional social policies, which are aimed at promoting sustainable development agenda.


Spoken tourism English,which may be either hotel-oriented or guide-oriented,is a practical skill in the society.However,statistics show that students of tourism have relatively low competence in this respect,which is due to the influence of various psychological elements besides the failure to recognize the importance of specialized English.


We consider the elementary theory of higher homotopy groups through its application to the homotopy groups of spheres. We prove the Freudenthal suspension theorem and introduce stable homotopy groups. We then show that the stable homotopy groups of spheres form a graded ring. Turning to the theory of fiber bundles and fibrations, we define the Hopf bundle S1 → S3 → S2, which allows us to compute π3(S). Throughout, our proofs and general presentation follow [1].


We report an experimental study of Cooper pair splitting in an encapsulated graphene based multiterminal junction in the ballistic transport regime. Our device consists of two transverse junctions, namely the superconductor/graphene/superconductor and the normal metal/graphene/normal metal junctions. In this case, the electronic transport through one junction can be tuned by an applied bias along the other. We observe clear signatures of Cooper pair splitting in the local as well as nonlocal electronic transport measurements. Our experimental data can be very well described by using a modified Octavio-Tinkham-Blonder-Klapwijk model and a three-terminal beam splitter model.


This paper shows that solving the optimal whereabouts search problem for a moving target is equivalent to solving a finite number of optimal detection problems for moving targets. This generalizes the result of Kadane (Kadane, J. B. 1971. Optimal whereabouts search. Opns. Res. 19 894–904.) for stationary targets.


THERE IS possibly no place that lays bare the influence of technology and how digitally mediated our contemporary lives have become more effectively than the checkout line of your favorite department store. If, in the middle of ensuring you have all the required coupons and forms of payment needed for your upcoming transaction, you look around, technology abounds: young children playing on handheld gaming consoles and tablets; adults reading the latest headline news or texting their friends on smartphones; and, in one incident that Nicholas has yet to see a second time, a tween playing World of Warcraft using a laptop, a lap desk, and a mobile WiFi hotspot while waiting for his mother to checkout. This slice of humanity, standing in the checkout lane of Target, reveals so much more than initial impressions may let on: where one might claim an addiction to tech devices, another may see a passion for learning. Where one might decry it as unhealthy obsession, another would tout it as a desire for the most efficient pathways to knowledge and communication. Regardless of how one interprets this scenario, this much is true: our lives are infused with technology. To this end, learning, in and of itself, is increasingly digitally mediated. The landscape of what education is, as well as what it can be, is rapidly shifting as existing and emerging technologies are utilized for educational means. Educators have responded to these shifts in ways that are both innovative and inspired, engaging students in learning mediated by games, manifest in the production of video, and embedded within contemporary social media practices. This issue of Theory Into Practice turns an eye to the connections between digital media and learning and the variety of ways these connections are being capitalized upon in educational settings. As editors for this issue, we have brought together a collection of scholars bridging the gap between digital media and learning, formal and informal educational spaces, and theory and practice. The integration of digital media in the classroom is not simply a matter of increased potential and student opportunity, but, rather, it is a responsibility. Because, although we prepare students for futures not yet imagined, the importance of digital media is assured. To this end, the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) standards delineate those technological skills children should acquire by the age of eight to succeed in school environments. This challenges the notion of the digital native, who, it is assumed, emerges from the womb with an innate ability to make sense of technology, a nod to Chomskian notions of nativist language acquisition. It is important, however, to scaffold students' use of technology, rather than assume their mastery of it; scaffolding video making in the classroom, for instance, may Theory Into Practice, 54:83–85, 2015 Copyright q The College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University ISSN: 0040-5841 print/1543-0421 online DOI: 10.1080/00405841.2015.1010831


Webexhibits is a growing but unexplored, cultural phenomenon that indicates a new use of the Internet for cultural communication. In the essay two quantitative methods, logganalysis and websurveys, have been used to study the visitors in 5hus.nu. The purpose is to generate knowledge about webexhibits as a cultural manifestation and medium by studying the experience and actions of its visitors. To achieve the aim the paper explores the methodological questions of how to study webusers. Theories about the exhibition as a medium and the web as a virtual area of exhibits have been used to understand and interpret the results. The study also relates to the research field of Visitor Studies. The analysis shows that a new relationship and pattern of ommunication between the producer and its public is created in the"virtual"exhibition space. Interactivity contributes to differentiated experiences and varying ways in which visitors navigate the site. However the statistic results illustrate that the net is a traceable, complex and technical exhibition arena, where time and space are subordinated and where a new form of cultural activity is being developed.


The usable satellite spectrum has become scarce due to continuously increasing demand for broadband multimedia, broadcast and interactive services. In this context, investigating efficient spectrum coexistence techniques is a crucial challenge in order to enhance the spectral efficiency of future satellite systems. Herein, we study a satellite-terrestrial coexistence scenario where a Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) downlink coexists with the Fixed Service (FS) point to point microwave links in the Ka-band (17.7-19.7 GHz). First, we identify various practical challenges and provide possible solutions in order to allow this coexistence. Then we propose four different sensing and avoidance schemes in order to protect FSS satellite terminals from the harmful FS interference. Further, we evaluate the performance of one of the proposed solutions in the considered scenario with the help of theoretical and numerical analysis. More specifically, we focus on harmful FS detection problem in order to guarantee the sufficient protection of FSS terminals. It is shown that the FS harmful interference can be reliably detected with the help of an additional dipole antenna and this solution further overcomes the noise uncertainty problem encountered while sensing with the satellite dish.


Achieving the energy level position in quantum wells of quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) is the base of designing QWIP other parameters.In order to get sufficient carriers,the quantum wells are often heavily doped.The heavily doping will narrow the forbidden gap and change the energy level in quantum wells.PL spectrum of QWIPs material at different temperature and doping concentration were maesured.The maximum of electron transition energy was obtained,which is corresponded with the maximum of PL spectrum and is related with the position of the ground state energy level in quantum wells.The maximum of electron transition energy was respectively calculated when the effect of forbidden gap narrowing was considered or not.We contrasted the calculation result with the experimental result.The calculation result considering the forbidden gap narrowing is exactly corresponded with the experimental result.Therefore,when forbidden gap narrowing is considered,we can get more accurate energy level position in the heavily doping quantum wells.


The deposition and evolution of fine-grained sediments is a hot topic in fine-grained sedimentary rock studies and is important for accurately evaluating shale gas sweet spots. In this paper, the fine-grained deposition and evolution characteristics of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shales, major targets for Chinese shale gas exploration, were studied by using core observations, thin section analyses, scanning electron microscopy, geochemical analysis, and fossil identification. This work accurately identified six typical lithofacies; among them, the organic matter-rich siliceous shale facies (OMRSSF), the high-organic matter siliceous argillaceous shale facies (HOMSASF), and the medium-high organic matter low calcareous siliceous shale facies (M-HOMLCSASF) are favorable facies for shale gas exploration. The high-resolution isochronous unit in the shelf fine-grained sedimentary system was established, and the differential evolution of lithofacies in the system tract was discussed. The lithofacies deposition and differentiation in the transgressive system tract were controlled by the transgressive scale and tectonics under increasingly shallow water conditions. The lithofacies deposition and differentiation in the regressive system tract were controlled by tectonics and the preexisting lithofacies. The lithofacies in the regressive system tract had more frequent facies transitions and greater differentiation than those in the transgressive system tract, and they exhibited significant spatiotemporal inheritance. Sequential differential sedimentary sequences and symmetric differential sedimentary sequences were distinguished in the continental shelf sedimentary system. The lithofacies depocenters and subsidence centers were consistent in the transgressive system tract, while the tectonically active paleocontinent was important in the regression system tract. This study is of great significance for further high-resolution exploration of marine shale and improvement of the theory of shelf fine-grained sedimentary systems.


In this study, sintered Cu is shown to have superior reliability to that of sintered Ag, in a high-temperature thermal cycle test up to 200°C and superior power cycle durability at a maximum junction temperature of 175°C. A 1700 V low-stray-inductance dual module made with sintered Cu and a leading-edge side-gate HiGT (High-conductivity IGBT) is also shown to have high power density with low loss and ten times higher power cycle durability compared with Pb-rich solder.


Your manuscript presents a timely and relevant discussion on the capacity of soil erosion models to keep up with new sources of data, which can be used for parametrisation and model testing. I find the premise of the manuscript very interesting, and I appreciate the large effort that went into writing this review article. However, in my opinion, the manuscript still needs substantial improvements before it is ready for publication.


PURPOSE
To assess sex differences in treatment patterns after metformin initiation among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) patients.

METHODS
A cohort study was conducted using the Groningen Initiative to ANalyze Type 2 diabetes Treatment (GIANTT) primary care database. Patients aged ≥18 years initiating metformin were followed 2-5 years. Markov modeling was conducted to estimate treatment transition rates and calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) comparing men with women adjusted for age, HbA1c level at initiation, and cardiovascular disease history. Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox proportional-hazards models were used to determine the time to and likelihood of getting treatment intensification. HbA1c levels at initiation and intensification were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests.

RESULTS
In total, 11 508 metformin initiators were included (50.1% women). The most common transition after initiation was a dose increase (probability women 0.52, men 0.59, no significant difference). Women were more likely than men to switch to any other non-insulin hypoglycemic agent after initiation (aHR 1.66; 95% CI 1.31-2.12), after dose increase (aHR 1.48; 95% CI 1.10-1.98) and after dose decrease (aHR 2.64; 95% CI 1.28-5.46). Time to intensification was longer, time to switching was shorter, and HbA1c levels at initiation and intensification were lower for women than men.

CONCLUSIONS
Sex disparities were observed in treatment transitions after metformin initiation. Women more often switched treatment than men, which suggest that prescribers acknowledge more tolerance or other problems for metformin in women. Men intensified treatment earlier and at higher HbA1c levels, indicative of a higher need for treatment intensification.


Results of current research in the field of spacecraft contamination are presented. An overview of the various sources of contamination is given, showing the many and diverse mechanisms associated with the degradation of thermal and optical performance of spacecraft surfaces and optics. Some of the causes of contamination are discussed, including spallation of foam insulation on cryogenic fuel tanks, dispersion of particle contamination about a spacecraft, particle contamination of optical sensors, and the influence of the location of venting systems. Contamination prevention is addressed. Infrared transmittance and infrared optical properties of contaminants are considered along with the effects and properties of mixtures of exhaust species, of plume boundary layer flow, and of the contamination associated with bipropellant attitude control thrusters proposed for the Galileo spacecraft. Also discussed are: degradation of 'clean' thermal control surfaces over four years in orbit, in-orbit measurement of solar absorptance, and contamination from postfire efflux of a solid-propellant rocket motor.


Due to its great sensitivity, the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) is widely used for detection of respiratory viruses (RV). However, few reports have described a direct comparison between multiplex RT‐PCR assays for RV. The objective of this study was to perform a direct comparison of three multiplex RT‐PCR assays for the detection of respiratory viruses.


Observated under the microscope, the pulmonary surfactant (PS) prepara tion consists of the bulb and the stick vacuole aggregation. There is less aggre gation in thin concentration PS preparation while there is mass aggregation in t he thickness concentration PS preparation. After the water in the aggregation pl aced on the carry sheet glass had been evaporated, the aggregation became a shap e of layer, which is possibly lecithin or surfactant glue-mass aggregation. Its picture about molecule structure is given.


PURPOSES : Seoul introduced public bicycles to reduce environmental pollution and create a healthy society. Because the use of bicycles is highly weather dependent, and bicycles are rented by the people, member characteristics and seasonal influences should be considered. This study analyzed bicycle...


Building a rule-of-law state requires establishing rational priorities for legal protection. Human life and health should undoubtedly hold a center place in the criminal law policy as objects of protection against criminal infringements. Murder is one of such harmful infringements. At the same time, there is sometimes a considerable difference in the degree of public danger of its different varieties. Russian criminal law policy is aimed at a further humanization and harmonization of criminal law, which makes it necessary to examine the regulation of mercy killings. A killing committed out of mercy, at the victim's request, to relief pain and unbearable suffering caused by a severe incurable illness is not regulated by Russian legislation. This type of killings is currently qualified by Russian law enforcers under Clause «в», Part 2, Art. 105 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Thus, Russian legislation views this type of killing as a qualified crime which, according to the author, is not quite correct. The article cites international practice that categorizes mercy killing as a privileged type of crime. Besides, some theoretical considerations in the article are illustrated by examples from Russian court practice on this type of killing. The article is based on both Russian and foreign works in the sphere of criminal law. It discusses some disputed aspects of delineating a mercy killing and offences with similar corpus delicti. The author concludes that there is an objective necessity to legally fix the specific offence of mercy killing, and to amend the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation to include this offence. A draft article of the CC of the RF regulating mercy killing is presented. The suggested and substantiated directions of amending Russian criminal legislation could be used in the lawmaking process for the future improvement of criminal legislation of the Russian Federation, and in teaching criminal law disciplines.


This report includes a chart comparing the provisions of the bills and current law. It also reprints the text of the five National Security Letters (NSL) statutes as they now appear and as they appeared prior to amendment by the USA PATRIOT Act (to which form they would have returned under some of the bills).


Internet Protocol version six (IPv6) was designed and developed to solve the problem of exhaustion of current Internet address. IPv6 also introduces a number of benefits including address auto-configuration mechanism which allows host to self-generate its own IPv6 address without the presence of a DHCPv6 server. It is one mechanism, among others, provided by Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). However, the protocol does not have a built-in security mechanism and its messages were exchanged without security verification thus leaving the mechanism vulnerable to exploitation by malicious nodes. A malicious node could disrupt or tamper with the IPv6 address auto-generation process that will leave the victim without an IP address needed for communication or having a wrongly formed address. The NDP standard suggests either IPSec or SeND to secure the mechanism. Unfortunately, both security mechanisms have been extensively studied and were reported to have serious drawbacks that limit their implementation and adoption. This research proposes Trust-ND to secure IPv6 address auto-configuration mechanism based on a distributed trust mechanism. Experiment result shows that this mechanism is more lightweight and uses less bandwidth while still able to fulfill the required security feature.


The M7 Expressway is a constituting part of the Vth European Transport Corridor in
Hungary and for its 64 km long Balatonfenyves - Becsehely section (including
Nagykanizsa bypass) different development options were proposed for economic
evaluation. The Balatonfenyves - Becsehely section of the existing main road
No 7.
has been built on a good alignment and its actual traffic volume is relatively low, so
together with the option to build a new expressway (on a new track), other, less
ambitious development options were also studied and assessed. For the economic
evaluation the traditional cost-benefit analysis methodology was used (British
COBA10), completed with sensitivity tests. The economic evaluation of the options
led to the conclusion, that only the options containing a modest or ambitious
reconstruction/upgrading of the existing road are economically efficient under the
current assumptions.


ABSTRACT
Ainiyah, Iswatul. 2009: The Readability Level of Reading Texts in the English Textbook Entitled Linked to the World 1 English for Senior High School Published by Yudhistira.
Advisor : Drs. A. Dzo'ul Milal, M. Pd.
Key Words : Readability, Readability Level, Reading Text, Textbook.
The teaching of English in Senior High School has become popular nowadays. This fact makes many books writers provide English textbooks for Senior High School which are available in the bookstores. However, it is not easy to choose which book is appropriate for the students. Furthermore, there are various English textbooks based on the new curriculum which its readability must be assessed in order to know their suitability for the students. Hence, this study is conducted.
This study is aimed to know and measure the readability level of the reading texts in the English textbook entitled Linked to the World 1 English for Senior High School Grade X first and second semester published by Yudhistira.
The writer employed descriptive content analysis since the study described the readability of the textbook, and the subject of the study was the English textbook that contains seven units and each unit has one reading text, so there are seven reading texts in the English textbook. To collect the data, the writer used one kind of instrument, i.e. Flesch readability formula as a measurement device, because this formula is mostly used, simple, and has easy step or direction to analyze.
The finding shows that from seven reading texts in the English textbook, only one reading text that is readable and suitable for first grade of Senior High School, it is text 5 with the title Life in Ancient Rome. Whereas text number 1 and 4 are suitable for first grade of Junior High School, text 2 is for second and third grade of Junior High School, text 6 and 7 are suitable for college level, and text 3 is suitable for college graduated.
Finally, from this analysis the writer hopes that the writers of English textbook and the publishers use the readability formula as the guidance to measure the readability level of reading texts. Then for English teachers, if they find unreadable text they can change with the synonymous words as the students' level.


Universities, like any other institutions, cannot subsist without the necessary funding able to achieve the proposed objectives. In the late 18th century, political circumstances are not favourable for the university, and consequently, universities begin to lose influence and incomes. The Real y Pontificia Universidad of Santa Rosa in Santiago de Leon in Caracas stood out for the lawsuits in the reviewing of their financial accounts during the late colonial period and the beginning of the independence period.


The theory of the basic education reform of mathematics skills research put forward higher requirements, and there is urgent need to reform the mathematics curriculum design, this paper puts forward a theoretical discussion of the mathematical skills to provide a reference for the improvement of math skills. Math skills is an important evaluation criterion of evaluation on teaching effect, but the relevant mathematical skills is lack of theoretical exploration, which caused some deviation of teaching practice especially in the workbook as a representative, and too much burden is not conducive to long-term development of students' mathematical skills which means mastery of the effect is worrying. The significance of mathematical skills for students is to improve the efficiency of learning mathematics and complete the task in advance, math skills can increase study consciousness and form a unified learning task to promote students to form creative thinking, but also it can promote the students to cultivate the good habit of learning mathematics, and lay a solid foundation for the future development of the whole mathematics career. From this point of view, the improvement of mathematical skills has a strong era and practical needs. This requires to increase the level of attention to mathematical skills, the theory of normative skills, and the rules of skill in order to promote the improvement of mathematical skills. Essence of mathematical skills In essence, Mathematical skills are activities, which are considered as spontaneous dynamic activities for the consideration of the effects of mathematical tasks. Math skills includes computing skills, skills and reasoning skills, in particular, it is capable of flexible use of mathematical laws and mathematical operation ability, using mathematical language to describe with their ability, in accordance with the relevant requirements of the graphic steps make logical reasoning ability effective parts. Math skills is the only way which must be passed enhance recipients learning mathematics ability, mathematics knowledge and mathematics skills and mathematical ability, cultivating the ability of mathematics can be developed and applied mathematics ability but also can deepen math skills, through knowledge and ability, mathematical skills will raise the level of mathematics teaching to help students acquire knowledge. In the process of mathematics learning, students put the knowledge into practical skills, mathematical skills also have the necessary conditions of mathematical knowledge, therefore, math skills are meant to improve the learning efficiency of mathematics mathematical tasks, at the same time, the leaning task will be finished as soon as possible. Mathematics skills can help students focus their learning consciousness on mathematics study tasks, promote creative play, and promote students to develop good habits of mathematics learning and lay the foundation of mathematics teaching. Characteristics of Mathematical Skills The characteristics of mathematics skills are accurate, fast, coordinated, automatic and so on.[1]. Among them, accuracy mainly refers to the accurate mathematical skills rigor, as is the only answer to specific subjects, ideas and methods of mathematics must strictly follow the fixed rules in math, and about mathematical reasoning and mathematical construction, it should ensure the accuracy of the conclusion which is wrong, the mathematical skills required to minimize once it is wrong to 7th International Conference on Mechatronics, Computer and Education Informationization (MCEI 2017) Copyright © 2017, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Computer Science Research, volume 75