The development of information technology is very fast, not a dicult thing for students or other users to get the information they need. Especially at this very easily by using a wireless facility (WI FI) in public places to look for (browsing) and download the materials required in the learning process. It can also be easier for the teacher or teachers in delivering the material. With the creation of websites Aromatherpy Wind Oil is expected to attract customers to come to the store and the aromatherpy wind oil better known again by the entire community.


In Melbourne, a prominent billboard summarises: "Alcohol does not cause violence. Blame and punish the individual". Ironically, this simple message articulates a far more comprehensive understanding of the complete body of relevant knowledge than many public health academics who advocate reactionary, prohibition-like controls on the voluntary consumption of ever more products. Public health traditionally focused on the health consequences of unwanted phenomena. Nobody wanted to drink faeces-flavoured water, but they did want convenient disposal of sewage.1 In contrast, today's public health focuses increasingly on restricting the active and deliberate consumption of desired products and services, thus imposing government lifestyle mandates (GLMs) on the population. Alcohol, fast food, cigarettes, shopping, soft drinks, gambling and other "vices" unquestionably bring utility as well as harm. What price for the enjoyment of, say, a night of alcohol intoxication? Only the individual knows the answer. The long-established principle of autonomy acknowledges that only the individual can apportion the appropriate weighting to each of the myriad factors in any harm–benefit calculation. GLMs are health interventions, and, like any intervention, need to be consistent with contemporary medical ethics. Sensationalist studies of harm are inadequate to justify enforcing health interventions against peoples' will. Political scientist Eli Feiring summarises: "Given that respect for the autonomous choices of patients runs deep in modern healthcare, there are strong reasons to value the claim that competent and well-informed individuals are the best interpreters of their own interest and that they should be free to make choices others would regard as non-beneficial to them". Furthermore, it is meaningless to present the sum of harm resulting from a product without reference to fault. A fully established societal and legal principle is that harm caused to oneself is treated differently from harm caused to others. There is certainly no academic basis to nihilistically accept that people who are "glassed" in the face or killed by drunk drivers are merely victims of alcohol-related harm. The solution is not to apply prohibitionist measures to collectively punish everyone. Unfortunately, it is this same failure to rationally distinguish between responsible and reckless use that frustratingly perpetuates the stalemate in the war on illegal drugs. Internationally, challenges to the limits of restrictions (of even smoking) are being countenanced, when the harm is only to the user.3 Similarly, the "freedom to endanger others behind a car wheel with a lead foot or a skinful"4 cannot be equated with the volitional use of products that harm only the user. A common straw-man argument implies that antipathy towards GLMs is a concern only about the overreach of government to run our lives. Admittedly, many public-healthinspired intrusions are minimal, such as the perennial example of seatbelts. But this example is then misused to justify extreme mission creep, up to and including prohibition-like measures. All behaviour can ultimately be coded as health-related in our system and, by reductio ad absurdum, a truly Orwellian state can be justified. Where does it end? Who decides? Yes, Prime Minister's Sir Humphrey Appleby, or some other fictitious public servant? A more potent concern with the nanny state is the propagation of the "disease" model, which promotes societydamaging, malignant lack of personal responsibility — "it's not my fault, it's my disease". Conceptualising the degree of responsibility for one's behaviour is at the intersection of neuroscience, ethics and, ultimately, philosophy within the burgeoning field of neuroethics.5 If decision making is a function of the brain, should individuals really be held responsible for their decisions? With this neuroscientific and philosophical uncertainty, "addictions" should not be equated with other diseases in medicine. While the concept of addiction is complex and evolving,6 the current tendency to regard even the most reckless, selfish and antisocial behaviour as the biologically bound phenomena of a particular product is essentially just an expression of opinion and ideology. Regarding autonomy, does an individual who is smoking, drinking, gambling, eating junk food and being indiscriminate about sexual partners ("sex addiction") really employ a sophisticated risk management equation and decide that the benefits outweigh the costs? Ultimately, public health advocates believe that such people are incapable of making the right decisions; we, the "elite" who know best, therefore have the right to decide what's good for them. A further justification to usurp established ethical principles is based on the divisive and emotive argument that we have the right to control people because they cost us money in the form of health care expenditure. However, contradictory economic analyses on the real costs of alcohol, cigarettes and fatty foods abound. History and the human condition teach us that it would be dangerously naive to enforce interventions against peoples' will on the basis of conflicting, often ideologically inspired economic analyses. Crucially, again, government overreach would then make it legitimate to forcibly treat individuals against their will, if it meant a reduction in government expenditure. Let me opt out.


The l-closure cll (G) of a graph G, as defined by Bondy and Chvatal, is the graph obtained from G by recursively joining nonadjacent vertices with degree-sum at least l.Let k ≥ 1 be an integer and ...


This paper incorporates quality competition in the sequential trade models of Prescott (1975), Butters (1977) and Eden (1990). When quality changes are allowed for, firms adjust their probabilities of trade mostly in terms of qualities instead of by prices. In equilibrium, prices and qualities may actually be negatively correlated. Nevertheless, the equilibrium is optimum given the information structure.


No other court offers as many valuable suggestions to the student of criminal procedure as the English Court of Criminal Appeals. England existed many centuries without such a court. If a man was convicted in a nisi prius court, his only appeal was to the Home Secretary for mercy. Sometimes persons were convicted by recorders and judges for offenses of which they were not guilty. Because of this, Parliament was led, in 1907, to create the Court of Criminal Appeals. The creating act provided that the court should consist of not fewer than three, nor more than five judges appointed from the King's Bench. Appointments were to be made by the Lord Chief Justice, with the consent of the Lord High Chancellor. The Lord Chief Justice generally presides over the court. During the last year five judges sat in the court most of the time. It is the most informal court in the world. When one has been convicted of a crime, whether in London or upon one of the circuits, he may apply at once to the presiding judge for an appeal. If the appeal is allowed the whole record of his case will be at once transferred to the Court of Appeals. If the appeal is denied, the defendant may then apply directly to the Court of Appeal, for leave to appeal. If leave is denied there, such denial operates as an affirmance of the judgment of the trial court. There is no delay in preparing a transcript of the record for the original record is transferred at once to the court above. The prisoner may always accompany his appeal, and may often be heard in open court by the judges of that high court. It often happens that the defendant in appealing acts in his own behalf and without counsel. The whole proceeding is informal-no briefs or abstracts are prepared-and judges and counsel address themselves at once to the alleged errors. Appeals may be taken either from the judgment 6f conviction or from the severity of the sentence. If the court finds that the defendant has been wrongfully convicted, the judgment of the trial court is quashed. If it finds that the defendant has had a fair trial, but that the sentence imposed is too severe, the sentence is reduced.


ntroduction: Stapler Haemorrhoidopexy is a relatively recent technique used in surgical management of haemorrhoids. The traditional
haemorhhoidectomy procedure (Milligan Morgan Technique) is known to be associated with more post operative complications which
may include bleeding, pain , fever etc. The aim of this study was to compare the two procedures in terms of post operative
complications in the immediate period following surgery. Aim : To analyse open haemorrhoidectomy and stapler haemorrhoidopexy in
the management of grade III/IV haemorrhoids based on immediate post operative period. Objective: To study the incidence of post
operative complications in the 2 techniques of surgical management of haemorrhoids. Materials and Methods : A prospective and
retrospective clinical study done in Department of general surgery of Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. In our
study 116 patients with grade ¾ haemorrhoids were included and were equally divided in 2 groups that underwent either procedure.
Results: Among all patients, the ones who underwent stapler haemorrhoidopexy had signicantly fewer complications as compared to
patients in open haemorrhoidectomy group. Conclusion: stapled haemorrhoidopexy is a safe and effective procedure in grade 3 & 4
haemorrhoids and can be safely considered an alternative to open haemorrhoidectomy


This paper reviews selected recruitment resources to physical education based on Lortie's (1975) paradigm of occupational choice and the anticipatory socialization process. Based on data from physical education entry studies (Mulling, 1981; Pooley, 1970; Woodford, 1977; Templin, Note 1), examples of how selected resources both attract and facilitate entrance into the field are presented. Such resources as the interpersonal and service dimensions of teaching, a desire for continued association with sport, time compatibility, job security, eased entrance, and various socializing agents are shown to have some degree of influence on one's decision to enter physical education. Finally, various implications of the data are discussed in relation to the professional preparation process.


The tipe of risearch used is a quas experimental with  a researh desig  using Non-equivalen Posttest Only Control Group Desig. academik year. Samples were taken using the Simple Rndom Sampling technique, so that clas XI IPS 1 was chosen as the experimental class and XI IPS 2 as the control clas. The instrument used is in the form of a final test of the ability to understand mathematicall concepts in the form of essay questions. The data obtained were analyzed by normality test, homogenety test and t tes. Basid on the analisis of the final test, it was obtained  that P-value = 0. Because the P-Value is les than = 0.05, it's mean that thire is an influenc from the aplication of the Tem Assisted Individualization (TAI) learning model on the abiliity to understan mathematical conceps of students, so that the ability to understand mathematical concepts of students who learn with the Team Asisted Individualization (TAI) learning model is better than the ability to understand mathematicallconcepts of students wh'so learn with the drect's  learning mode'sl.. Keywordsi– Cooperative, TAI, Mathematicall concepts understanding.


This paper introduces the SOA architecture and collection situation of the Communication support system,combined with SOA architecture,designed a unified collection platform of communication support,to achieve a more manufacturers to share data and applica tion services.


This paper introduced numerical simulation to do the investigation about the stamping process of automotive rear seat beam.Moreover,it discussed the influence of different technical parameters such as binder force and equivalent draw bead on forming process.As a result,it shows that appropriate binder force and draw bead can improve the performance of high strength steel forming and produce qualified parts.In order to control the disfigurements,the improving processes are proposed based on the simulation results.


In this dissertation, we study the issues involved in representing NP-complete problems in a formal logical framework. We focus on two main issues: representing NP-complete problem instances and their reductions succinctly so that the corresponding correctness proofs can also be represented, and determining statically if a reduction between two NP-complete problems is a polynomial-time reduction. We use logical framework LF and its advanced variants linear LF and concurrent LF to store NP-complete problems and their reductions. We identify advantages and disadvantages of these systems for our purpose.
Finally, we develop fairly comprehensive static criteria for distinguishing polynomial time algorithms from non-polynomial time algorithms. These criteria can be represented within the system as a proof of the fact that a reduction is polynomial time algorithm. The criteria are general enough to be applicable for a large class of functional and logic programming languages.


Variations in wave amplitude and steepness across current jets have been described for broad smooth-sided jets. Here, narrow jets are modelled by a top-hat pattern; an approximate solution is found for linear waves, based on conservation of wave action and vertical averaging. The results join remarkably well to those for a broad cosine-shaped jet (cf. McKee 1975). For jet widths less than about a third of a wavelength, there is little change in amplitude; the enhancement predicted by a WKB analysis is suppressed owing to interference with reflections from the far side of the jet. For directional spectra not too different from cos2 θ, some suppression occurs near the middle of jets of all scales, owing to exclusion of the glancing wave components by reflection from the near side; this suppression can be significant for jets more than a wavelength wide. For monochromatic waves, maximum amplitudes occur some distance outside the jet owing to interference; the net reflection appears to have a positive phase shift along the near caustic of about ¼ cycle.


Previous quantitative studies of the urinary metabolites of cinnamic acid in human subjects have given promise of yielding data of clinical value in hepatic disease (1, 2). As is well known from both animal and human experiments, this relatively non-toxic substance is converted to and excreted as hippuric acid in the urine. The possibilities of this test material asa model for the study of the rate of beta-oxidation by the liver of the intact subject were first suggested by Snapper (3). Snapper, Yu and Chiang demonstrated that, in the human subject, the portion of cinnamate which escaped oxidation was excreted by conjugation as cinnamoylglucuronic acid (4). Furthermore, in their subjects free cinnamic acid and cinnamoylglycine were not detected. After oral administration of 6.9 grams of sodium cinnamate, Snapper and Saltzman showed (2) that normal subjects oxidize the main part of the cinnamate to benzoate, the remainder being conjugated as a glucuronide. In liver disease the rate of oxidation of cinnamate was decreased, and when the benzoate was produced more rapidly than it could be removed by an impaired glycine conjugation mechanism, benzoylglucuronide was formed. It was also found that by giving comparable amounts of the more insoluble and slowly absorbed cinnamic acid rather than its salt, there was a more complete oxidation of cinnamate to benzoate and less glucuronide excretion in the urine. It would appear from the above that the preferred metabolic pathway is beta-oxidation to benzoate, with a secondary mechanism of removal as cinnamoylglucuronic acid. That the latter "defense" mechanism can be brought into greater use


ITP is a common acquired autoimmune disorder defined by a low platelet count secondary to accelerated platelet destruction or impaired thrombopoiesis by antiplatelet antibodies. Aim: we aimed to assess the possible role of vincristine as second line drug in chronic steroid refractory ITP. Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital and included all adult patients (n=50) diagnosed as ITP who were previously treated unsuccessfully with steroids. All patients received four doses of vcr 1.5 mg/m/wk for four consecutive weeks. This was followed by observing plt count on day 1, 3 & 7 for four consecutive weeks. Results: This study showed that out of all patients enrolled for this study 80% were females (n=40) and 20% were males (n=10). Among all female patients (n=40) 4%(n=2) showed no response, 58% (n=29) were partial responders and 18% (n=9) showed complete response. We had 10 male patients out of which 18% (n=9) showed partial response and 2%(n=1) showed complete response. Overall 4%(n=2) patients showed no response, 76%(n=38) showed partial response and 20%(n=10) showed complete response. Total number of patients which showed some response to VCR including both partial and complete response was seen in 96% (48) which is significantly high and statistically significant (pvalue≤0.0001).The average plt count before VCR was 4 and peak plt count achieved on an average was 79.2.Conclusion; vcr has a double advantage (cytostatic and thrombopoetic) that would be an advantage in ITP patients. Duration of response and relapse rate needs further studies.


Blue nitride semiconductor laser diodes and LEDs have given great impact on both industries and fundamental research. Particularly, blue vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are expected to play an important role in high density optical storage technologies of the next generation. The main difficulty however for the VCSELs is the crystal growth of highly reflective nitride mirrors. In the paper, we show our recent achievement on growth, optical characterization, and device demonstration for blue nitride-based VCSELs operated at room temperature. In addition, room temperature Fabry-Perot type InGaN quantum dot (QD) lasers are demonstrated.


In this paper, we address the disturbance rejection problem for linear plants with delayed measured output. The output delay is allowed to be time-varying and of arbitrary duration. The disturbances are generated by an exogenous dynamic system and can be matched or unmatched. A predictor based observer is designed via the PDE-backstepping (Partial Differential Equation backstepping) method so that an estimate of the current state vector, as well as that of unmeasured disturbance, can be obtained. These estimates are used in to regulate the output and reject the disturbance by output feedback sliding mode control. Numerical examples illustrate the performance and robustness of the proposed predictor-feedback control system.


The contributions of the positive ions and neutral active states, remaining from previous discharge, as well as the contribution of gamma photons from /sub 27//sup 60/Co radiation source to the electrical breakdown in argon, nitrogen, and hydrogen at 6.6-mbar pressure for the various afterglow periods have been analyzed using the time delay method. The estimations of the positive ion recombination times of argon, nitrogen, and hydrogen, and the lifetime of argon metastable state, as well as the atom recombination times of nitrogen and hydrogen have been performed using this method.


We present the case of a 92-year-old woman with no relevant history, who consulted for sore throat, progressive dysphagia to solids and fever. A cervical-thoraco-abdominal CT was performed with the finding of a paraesophageal collection at the level of C3-T1 without a clear solution of continuity, although with passage of oral contrast to the collection, exerting a mass effect on the esophageal lumen, suggestive of contained esophageal perforation, of cause not clarified. A gastroscopy was performed, in which three esophageal fistulous orifices were observed, two 4-5 mm, and a third 10 mm deeper, located 22cm from the dental arch, septate, with perilesional purulent material and bubbling. Esophageal endoluminal vacuum therapy with the Eso-SPONGE® system is an innovative, minimally invasive, effective and safe therapy, usually well tolerated, for the treatment of anastomotic leaks after spontaneous or iatrogenic esophageal resection or esophageal perforation. It is therefore an alternative technique to the use of other therapeutic endoscopic procedures in esophageal fistulas, such as the use of Over-the-scope (OTSC®), covered esophageal metal stents, with a high therapeutic success rate (80-100%). and a low rate of complications, which translates into a reduction in morbidity and mortality in this type of patient.


In this study, metals were recovered from an electroplating wastewater sludge using acid dissolution techniques. The electroplating sludge contained high amounts (ppm) of residue heavy metals, namely Aluminum. Copper, Iron. Nickel, Silver, Tin and Zinc. For all the experiments, 50g of sludge was mixed with 200ml of acid and stirred at a speed of 400 rpm for 4 hours. Studies were carried out at different temperatures, acid molarities, acid mixtures and sludge to acid ratios. Acids used in the experiments were Hydrochloric and Nitric acids. It was found that every metal element had a unique optimum recovery condition. Maximum recovery of Aluminum was at room temperature, 28°C. in a mixture ofHCI and HN03 acids at a ratio of3:I. A mixture of3 parts ofHCI and I part ofHN03 is known as aqua regia: The amount of Aluminium recovered at these conditions was about 24%. At similar aqua regia conditions. maximum nickel was obtained at 3.5%. and maximum tin at an impressive 40%. About 90% of Silver was recovered when refluxed with concentrated HN03 at a temperature of 11 O°C. As for copper. iron and zinc. they were best recovered at room temperature with HCI 5M. Their respective recovery values were 8.5%, 11.5% and 4.2%. The assumption made in this study is that the recovery condition of one metal element does not affector depend on the recovery conditions of other metals. The total metal and solid content reduction was about 96% for HCI experiments and 99% for aqua regia experiments. The balance sludge was stabilized and solidified. And used to make bricks. Thus, there was a total elimination of the electroplating sludge.


Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a dreaded complication of thrombolytic therapy. Using GUSTO-I data, these authors sought to determine the characteristics associated with 30-day mortality in thrombolysis-related ICH. Of the 41,021 GUSTO-I patients in 1,081 hospitals and 15 countries, 268 suffered ICH after thrombolysis. …


Smartphone users are increasingly using apps that can access their location. Often these accesses can be without users knowledge and consent. For example, recent research has shown that installation-time capability disclosures are ineffective in informing people about their apps' location access. In this paper, we present a four-week field study (N=22) on run-time location access disclosures. Towards this end, we implemented a novel method to disclose location accesses by location-enabled apps on participants' smartphones. In particular, the method did not need any changes to participants' phones beyond installing our study app. We randomly divided our participants to two groups: a Disclosure group (N=13), who received our disclosures and a No Disclosure group (N=9) who received no disclosures from us. Our results confirm that the Android platform's location access disclosure method does not inform participants effectively. Almost all participants pointed out that their location was accessed by several apps they would have not expected to access their location. Further, several apps accessed their location more frequently than they expected. We conclude that our participants appreciated the transparency brought by our run-time disclosures and that because of the disclosures most of them had taken actions to manage their apps' location access.


Objectives To evaluate the knowledge level and perspectives of female cancer patients regarding fertility preservation techniques before gonadotoxic treatment. Material and Methods. This was a prospective observational survey-based study conducted between 2016 and 2020 in Izmir Economy University Medical Park Hospital. A total of 150 female cancer patients aged 18–42 years were included. The participants completed a 17-item questionnaire, developed by the research team to evaluate their knowledge and perspectives on fertility preservation techniques. Results The mean age of the patients was 39.5 ± 4.9 years. Only 64.7% of the patients were referred to fertility counseling by a gynecologist, while 72.6% of the patients knew of the risk of infertility after cancer treatment. There was a significant correlation between the health status and cancer stage of the patient (p=0.003). The estimated future chance of becoming pregnant spontaneously or through fertility preservation techniques was significantly higher in patients with a higher education level (p=0.041 or 0.008, respectively). Satisfaction with the counseling process was reported as high or low by 66.7% or 20% of the patients, respectively. Conclusions The rate of referral of reproductive-age cancer patients to fertility preservation counseling is still not satisfactory. Education level was the only variable significantly associated with a motivation to become pregnant after cancer treatment, either spontaneously or through fertility preservation techniques.


Lumbar epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) was used to improve motor function in a 50-yr old patient who suffered hemiparesis due to a basal ganglia haemorrhagic stroke. Spinal cord stimulation targeted at the dorsal root afferent fibres at the conus improved the tonic control of the muscles at the knee and ankle joints. This allowed the patient better left knee and foot motor control. The improvement was documented initially during ambulation on a treadmill using decreasing body weight support and subsequently when using walking aids. Our observation is consistent with previous human data suggesting that in humans with brain lesions, the stimulation of preserved neural circuitry can increase spontaneous muscle tone in affected muscles and improve locomotion. Article Details How to Cite CHUA, Nicholas HL; JOHN, Thomas; BUCHSER, Eric. Epidural Stimulation of the Lumbosacral Spinal Cord After Basal Ganglia Haemorrhage: A Case Study. Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 3, mar. 2023. ISSN 2375-1924. Available at: . Date accessed: 03 apr. 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i3.3689. ABNT APA BibTeX CBE EndNote - EndNote format (Macintosh & Windows) MLA ProCite - RIS format (Macintosh & Windows) RefWorks Reference Manager - RIS format (Windows only) Turabian Issue Vol 11 No 3 (2023): March issue, Volume 11, Issue 3 Section Research Articles The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives. References References: 1 Rathor, M. Y. et al. Prediction of functional outcome in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage by clinicalcomputed tomographic correlations. Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 17, 1056-1062 (2012). 2 Sutherland, G. R. & Auer, R. N. Primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 13, 511-517, doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2004.12.012 (2006). 3 Garibi, J., Bilbao, G., Pomposo, I. & Hostalot, C. Prognostic factors in a series of 185 consecutive spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas. British journal of neurosurgery 16, 355-361, doi:10.1080/0268869021000007579 (2002). 4 Stroke epidemiological data of nine Asian countries. Asian Acute Stroke Advisory Panel (AASAP). Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 83, 1-7 (2000). 5 Broderick, J. et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Stroke 38, 2001-2023, doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.183689 (2007). 6 Urban, P. P. et al. Occurence and clinical predictors of spasticity after ischemic stroke. Stroke 41, 2016-2020, doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.581991 (2010). 7 Sharififar, S., Shuster, J. J. & Bishop, M. D. Adding electrical stimulation during standard rehabilitation after stroke to improve motor function. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine 61, 339-344, doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2018.06.005 (2018). 8 Chen, S. C. et al. Effects of surface electrical stimulation on the muscle-tendon junction of spastic gastrocnemius in stroke patients. Disability and rehabilitation 27, 105-110, doi:10.1080/09638280400009022 (2005). 9 Buonomano, D. V. & Merzenich, M. M. Cortical plasticity: from synapses to maps. Annual review of neuroscience 21, 149-186, doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.149 (1998). 10 Cioni, B., Meglio, M. & Zamponi, A. Effect of spinal cord stimulation on motor performances in hemiplegics. Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery 52, 42-52, doi:10.1159/000099485 (1989). 11 Visocchi, M., Cioni, B., Pentimalli, L. & Meglio, M. Increase of cerebral blood flow and improvement of brain motor control following spinal cord stimulation in ischemic spastic hemiparesis. Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery 62, 103-107, doi:10.1159/000098604 (1994). 12 Quinn, T. J., McArthur, K., Dawson, J., Walters, M. R. & Lees, K. R. Reliability of structured modified rankin scale assessment. Stroke 41, e602; author reply e603, doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.590547 (2010). 13 Rizkallah, M., El Abiad, R., Badr, E. & Ghanem, I. Positional disappearance of motor evoked potentials is much more likely to occur in non-idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of children's orthopaedics 13, 206-212, doi:10.1302/1863- 2548.13.180102 (2019). 14 Formento, E. et al. Electrical spinal cord stimulation must preserve proprioception to enable locomotion in humans with spinal cord injury. Nature neuroscience 21, 1728-1741, doi:10.1038/s41593-018- 0262-6 (2018). 15 Wagner, F. B. et al. Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury. Nature 563, 65-71, doi:10.1038/s41586-018- 0649-2 (2018). 16 Proske, U. & Gandevia, S. C. The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force. Physiological reviews 92, 1651-1697, doi:10.1152/physrev.00048.2011 (2012). 17 Sanes, J. N., Mauritz, K. H., Dalakas, M. C. & Evarts, E. V. Motor control in humans with large-fiber sensory neuropathy. Human neurobiology 4, 101-114 (1985). 18 Asanuma, H. & Mackel, R. Direct and indirect sensory input pathways to the motor cortex; its structure and function in relation to learning of motor skills. The Japanese journal of physiology 39, 1-19, doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.39.1 (1989). Epidural Stimulation Post-Basal Ganglia Bleed Medical Research Archives |https://esmed.org/MRA/index.php/mra/article/view/3689 7 19 Tanei, T. et al. Predictive Factors Associated with Pain Relief of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Central Post-stroke Pain. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 59, 213-221, doi:10.2176/nmc.oa.2018- 0292 (2019). 20 Park, S. W., Wolf, S. L., Blanton, S., Winstein, C. & Nichols-Larsen, D. S. The EXCITE Trial: Predicting a clinically meaningful motor activity log outcome. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair 22, 486-493, doi:10.1177/1545968308316906Lumbar epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) was used to improve motor function in a 50-yr old patient who suffered hemiparesis due to a basal ganglia haemorrhagic stroke. Spinal cord stimulation targeted at the dorsal root afferent fibres at the conus improved the tonic control of the muscles at the knee and ankle joints. This allowed the patient better left knee and foot motor control. The improvement was documented initially during ambulation on a treadmill using decreasing body weight support and subsequently when using walking aids. Our observation is consistent with previous human data suggesting that in humans with brain lesions, the stimulation of preserved neural circuitry can increase spontaneous muscle tone in affected muscles and improve locomotion. (2008).


Feeding programmes are critical for quality education to be realized in all learning institutions starting from Pre-primary to higher levels globally. When there is no provision of meals to children in school, they lack the energy to concentrate in classroom and co-curricular activities. It also weakens their intellectual ability and may hinder the development of competencies among pre-primary school learners. In this study, it was assumed that the provision of meals to pupils in school influences the acquisition of competencies among the learners. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the influence of School Feeding Programmes on the acquisition of competencies in classroom activities among the learners in pre-primary schools in Belgut Sub-County, Kericho County. The study was guided by Abraham Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs, as it stresses the fundamental requirements of basic needs (food), which increases the satisfaction of an individual (learner). The study used a descriptive survey design with a population of 85 pre-primary schools. Headteachers were eighty-five (85) and pre-primary school teachers were one hundred and seventy (170), giving a total of 255 respondents. A sample size of 189 respondents was derived comprising of 70 headteachers and 119 pre-primary school teachers. The study employed stratified random sampling to draw respondents from the target population. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and interview schedules for teachers and headteachers respectively. The analysis of the collected data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Inferential statistics were used to show the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables and was presented in form of correlation analysis. The study findings revealed that children who are consistently provided with meals in school concentrated well in class activities. There existed a significant correlation (p<0.05) between competencies in classroom activities and school feeding programmes. The school feeding programmes enabled learners to actively participate and concentrate on school activities and enhanced competency acquisition. Some of the recommendations were that the county and national government need to fully implement the school feeding programmes and that the sustainability of the programme is vital to increased competency acquisition rate among Pre-Primary school learners.


The hill ponds are important agricultural water infrastructures in South China.They play an important part in the fight against floods and droughts,drinking water for farmers,aquaculture and the rural environment water.The hill ponds in Hengyang can not satisfy the needs of agricultural development and their distribution is uneven.There was a serious sediment deposition in hill ponds because of mismanagement.In Hengyang there are a great many of ill-conditioned hill ponds with all sorts of problems which can cause incidents or failures of dams.Therefore modernized management of hill ponds in Hengyang will be realized through renovation and construction by increasing investment,popularizing actively mechanization bait-casting,improvement of management mechanism.


Background: In many peer review settings, proposals are selected for funding on the basis of some summary statistics – such as the mean, median, or percentile – of review scores. There are numerous challenges to working with scores. These include low inter-rater reliability, epistemological differences, susceptibility to varying levels of leniency or harshness of reviewers, and the presence of ties. A different approach that is able to mitigate some of these issues would be to additionally collect rankings such as top- k preferences or paired comparisons and incorporate them in the analysis of review scores. Rankings and paired comparisons are scale-free and can enforce demarcation between proposals by design. However, analyzing scores and rankings simultaneously has not been done until recently due to the lack of tools for principled modeling. Methods: We first introduce an innovative protocol for collecting rankings among top quality proposals. This rankings collection is done as an add-on to the typical peer review procedures focused on scores and does not require reviewers to rank all proposals. We then present statistical methodology for obtaining an integrated score for each proposal, and from the integrated scores an induced preference ordering , that captures both types of peer review inputs: scores and rankings. Our statistical methodology allows for the collected rankings to differ from the score-implied rankings; this feature is essential when the two quality assessments disagree which, as we find empirically, often happens in peer review. We illustrate how our method quantifies the uncertainty in order to better understand reviewer preferences among similarly scored proposals. Results: Using artificial "toy" examples and real peer review data, we demonstrate that incorporating top- k rankings into scores allows us to better learn when reviewers can distinguish between proposals. We also examine the robustness of this system to partial rankings, inconsistencies between ratings and rankings, and outliers. Finally, we discuss how, using panel data, this method can provide information about funding priority that provides a level of accuracy in a format that is well suited for the types of decisions research funders make. Conclusions: The gathering of both rating and ranking data and the use of integrated scores and its induced preference ordering can have many advantages over methods relying on ratings alone, leveraging more information to most accurately distill reviewer opinion into a useful output to make the most informed funding decision.


APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATIC LEVEL CONTROL IN A CHANNEL OR CLOSED CONTAINER FOR TRANSPORT AND / OR DISTRIBUTION OF MATTER flowable. APPARATUS HAVING A CHANNEL OR CONTAINER (1) for transportation and / or distribution of matter flowable (4) The apparatus consists of a permeable wall GAS OR AIR (2) disposed in the channel and forming a partition between an upper ROAD (3) FOR THE MATTER flowable and a conduit LOWER (5) is supplied with gas from a gas source through a tube (6). Having an inlet (7) for supplying SUBJECT TO CANAL flowable. The apparatus also consists of one or more outlets for that matter SALGA continuously or CHANNEL FLASHING together with a tube (8) for venting the channel. The channel is provided with a CABO TUBE (9) extending into TOP ROAD (3). There is also a DEFINED BELOW CABO TUBE (9) ZONE IS INACTIVE OR IS EQUIPPED WITH A WALL fluidizing separately provided UNAALIMENTACION SEPARATE GAS.


This paper presents an efficient burst error spreading tool. Also, it studies a vital issue in wireless communications, which is the transmission of images over wireless networks. IEEE ZigBee 802.15.4 is a short-range communication standard that could be used for small distance multimedia transmissions. In fact, the ZigBee network is a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), which needs a strong interleaving mechanism for protection against error bursts. Also, it is low power technology and utilized in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) implementation. This paper presents the chaotic interleaving scheme as a data randomization tool for this purpose. This scheme depends on the chaotic Baker map. The mobility effects on the image transmission are studied with different velocity through utilizing the Jakes' model. A comparison study between the proposed chaotic interleaving scheme and the traditional block and convolutional interleaving schemes for image transmission over a correlated fading channel is presented. The simulation results show the superiority of the proposed chaotic interleaving scheme over the traditional schemes. Keywords—WPANs, Burst Errors, Mobility, Interleaving Techniques, Fading channels.


Is cultural heritage as a driver of development resulting in the unique or the uniform? This Paper will consider trends towards uniformization in cultural heritage. How does this process affect tourism, cultural identity and diversity – locally and globally? Put simply, there are two main paths which heritage as a driver of development can take. The first path is towards uniqueness so reinforcing a sense of place and identity through protection and enhancement of heritage. The alternative path leads to uniformity – where everywhere around the world looks increasingly the same through the destruction/loss of heritage and its replacement with standardised forms. This Paper will use Northern Ireland's cultural heritage, with reference to existing and potential UNESCO World Heritage Sites, to illustrate this concept. The 'Giant's Causeway' is Northern Ireland's only UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Malone and Stranmillis suburb and Historic Urban Landscape was amongst those sites proposed for inclusion on the UK's 2011 Tentative List of potential World Heritage Sites. The harmonious visual character of the area, with its Victorian and Edwardian villas in their landscaped setting and the rhythm of the streetscapes, is under serious threat, including from increasing uniformization. Focusing on Northern Ireland's future there is an incredible potential for a world of visitors to have a unique experience – not uniformity and monotony. Emerging from conflict there is a need to reassess the role of heritage as a driver of development in a constructive way. Development must reinforce and re-establish the Province's unique cultural heritage and identity. This in turn will positively contribute globally. It is critical that cultural heritage drives global uniqueness, not global uniformity.


Objective To observe the efficacy and toxicity of irinotecan plus raltitrexed as second-line chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer. Methods Twenty-eight patients with advanced colorectal cancer who failed to first-line chemotherapy.The doses of drugs were as follows,CPT-11 150-180mg/m2 ivgtt on day 1 and raltitrexed 3mg/m2 on day 1.One cycle lasted 21 days.After every two or three cycles,therapeutic efficacy was evaluated.The efficacy,side effects,and safety of the treatment were observed. Results All patients successfully completed the the treatment plan. There was 0 case of complete recovery, 2 partial recovery, 19 stable disease,and 7 progressive disease.The overall response rate was 7.14%,the disease control rate was 75%.The mean progression free survival was 6 months,and the mean overall survival was no less than 11.5 months.The most common side effects were neutropenia and diarrhea. Conclusion Irinotecan plus raltitrexed as second-line chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer has a high efficacy with acceptable tolerability,and is a therapy worth considering for advanced colorectal cancer.


This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of brand image, price and promotion on smartphone purchasing decisions in Tabanan City during the Covid-19 pandemic. The sampling technique used in this study is purposive sampling with the criteria of age, gender and brand purchased by respondents, namely people who buy smartphone products in Tabanan City. The data collection technique used is a questionnaire distributed using google form to 100 respondents. The analysis technique in this research is descriptive analysis, validity and reliability test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression test, and t test analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 20 software for windows. The results of this study indicate that: Brand Image has a positive and partially significant influence on smartphone purchasing decisions in Tabanan City during the Covid-19 pandemic. Price has a positive and significant influence partially on smartphone purchasing decisions in Tabanan City during the Covid-19 pandemic. Promotion has a positive and significant influence partially on smartphone purchasing decisions in Tabanan City during the Covid- 19 pandemic. The implication of this research is that the company should maintain brand image, price and promotion because it can improve smartphone purchasing decisions and improve more sophisticated and attractive technology on smartphone products that will be sold in the future


We characterise collective design as an emerging area of research in the field of online collective intelligence and introduce mechanisms by which communities can be integrated into the innovation process. The community's role in open innovation is reflected in their style of communication, which shapes contributions to the design process. Communication is studied across three successful social platforms that encourage an open community to participate in the design process. We describe these communities in relation to the communication dimension of a conceptual space for collective design, extending analysis to visual representations of the design process and a protocol study of communication content. The article concludes with our findings that the collective design community benefits from working within a structured design process where specific roles are ascribed for formulation, synthesis and evaluation.


The thesis is covering an area of solutions for medium to large (enterprise) products or systems, which are supposed to tie in many different services into one homogenous entity. These kinds of systems are problematic in sense of updating and replacing specific parts of them. This is where an implementation of SCA specifiacion comes to provide modularity and independence of a product on a large scale.
The otherwise heterogen systems can be presented as a set of independent components. Each of the components, which build up the whole, is easily replacable. This means that there is no need to recompile the whole system with a compiler.
Main part of the SCA implementation consists of Sca container. It's operation is explained in a simple manner, as are it's scenarios of use. In order for Sca comtainer to function properly, service factory and service registry are introduced. Their means of operation is also explained.
This thesis also consists of explanations of methods, mechanisms and different means of configuring the system. Everyday programming problems such as multithreading, multiplicity and wiring of different implementations of different C++ classes into a functional system, named composite, are also explained. A composite is being run in an assigned context, which is defined by common services that are being used by all components.
All elements of a composite, which are presented in XML form, are explained as well as the properties of it.
In the last part of the thesis, there is a demonstration of a use case in a testing environment, explaining how the developed system behaves and performs in a real life scenario. Elements of configuration are explained step by step along with a presentation of how the system structure looks like on the filesystem.


When a specimen of engineering material is subjected to external loads, stress waves known as acoustic emissions are induced. A unique characteristic of many engineering materials that emit acoustical energy is that upon reloading the specimen does not emit acoustical energy until the magnitude of loading exceeds the prior maximum loading. This investigation was undertaken to determine if this characteristic could be used to disclose the loading history of plain portland cement concrete. The test results show that the unique characteristic is very temporary and therefore cannot be used to determine the prior maximum loading on a concrete specimen. Within a matter of hours concrete subjected to loading within its elastic limit recovers, and acoustical energy may again be released by reloading.


Xu Yuanchong puts forward "study on three beauty"(message beauty,prosodic beauty and image beauty),which is the best translation of Chinese poems.The article analyzes "three beauty" in the translation of Chinese poems,which provides translators a better way in translation practice and also helps readers appreciate the translation better.


The equivalent circuit model of a submillimeter planar diode is investigated. In particular, the parasitic finger to pad capacitance that shunts the diode junction severely degrades the performance of frequency multiplier. Therefore, precise estimation of its value is crucial to circuit design in the submillimeter wave range. In this letter, a parallel diode structure is analyzed, and symmetry is utilized to remove parasitic elements external to the finger loop. This analytical approach is verified through measurement on a 200 GHz planar diode circuit. To increase the diode junction capacitance modulation ratio, one possible solution is also suggested.


We present time-dependent ab initio calculations of fragmenting H{sub 2}{sup +} and H{sub 2} molecules in strong laser fields, taking into account all nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom. In particular, very different and apparently contradicting experimental observations on the alignment of fragmenting hydrogen molecules are naturally explained and consistently interpreted. In addition, striking differences in the alignment of fragmenting H{sub 2}{sup +} and H{sub 2} are predicted. Whereas H{sub 2} fragments show decreasing alignment with increasing laser intensity, the alignment of H{sub 2}{sup +} fragments is nearly independent of the intensity. This is in contrast to existing intuitive expectations, but in accord with available experimental data.


Today in the modern business of the mining companies, the management puts emphasis on assessment the motivation of employees. Motivation of employees is a precondition for the successful operation of the company. This paper is aimed to present an innovative solution applying the multi-criteria method (MCDM) for assessment the motivation of employees in the mining companies. The obtained results show that the most effective is the theory of motivation for implementation in mining companies. Innovative solution as an auxiliary tool gives managers a complete view for assessment the motivation of employees in mining companies in order to increase profits.


Photoelectrons are produced by solar Extreme Ultraviolet radiation and contribute significantly to the ionization and heat balances in planetary upper atmospheres. They are also the source of dayglow emissions, whose intensities may become comparable to weak or moderate dayside auroras. Proper modeling of photoelectrons and dayglow components is desirable for global auroral imaging, one of the core objectives of the SMILE mission. In many previous studies and model simulations, the transport effects of photoelectrons are neglected, so that the photoelectron distribution is controlled by a balance between local production and energy degradation. However, photoelectrons, when generated, can move along the magnetic field line. In particular, some of the photoelectrons may precipitate into the conjugate dark hemisphere and induce auroral-like emissions there, which was reported in realistic observations [Kil et al., 2020]. As a part of the SMILE Ultraviolet imager (UVI) model platform, we have recently developed an auroral/dayglow model that takes into account the interhemispheric transport of photoelectrons and/or secondary electrons, as well as their interaction with the ionosphere/thermosphere. In this study, we report the model simulation of the photoelectron generation and transport, and their induced UV emissions in both the dayside and nightside atmosphere. The simulation results are found to be in reasonable agreement with the realistic SSUSI/GUVI observations.


This research was developed in the plot No. 02 of Mr. Eulogio Lopez Juarez located in the area "The cover sheet" del Valle Santa Catalina, Moche district, Trujillo province, La Libertad region. The main objective of this research was to determine the effect of chemical fertilization and Biofertilization BIOL crop production in carrot (Daucus carota L.) Var. Royal Chantenay. The research was divided into four treatments, using nitrogen chemical fertilizer (urea) and Biofertilization BIOL which were: T1 N (30 kg / ha) + BIOL (1.5 m3 / ha), T2 N (60 kg / ha), T3 BIOL (3 m3 / ha) and T4 control (application not), which was applied to the soil. The research results indicate that there were highly significant differences between treatments, resulting in the BIOL be more efficient in the performance of carrot roots harvest achieved in its treatment T3 (BIOL 3m3 / ha) 34,557.14 kg / ha treatment difference T1 mixing application Biol more nitrogen achievement 30,285.71 kg / ha, treatment T2 with application of chemical fertilizer achievement 27,871.43 kg / ha and T4 control (application not) is only obtained 24285.71 kg / ha, is 29.72% less in relation to T3. In the parameters evaluated the diameter and length of the carrot root at harvest time highly significant difference between treatments was obtained, resulting in the BIOL be more efficiently achieved in its treatment T3 (BIOL 3m3 / ha) to 15.50 cm diameter root, T4 while the control (no application) only achieved 11.63 cm, that is 24.97% in relation to treatment T3. With regard to the treatment root length 15.71 cm achievement T3, T4 whereas the control (application not) only achieved 12.88 cm, which is 18.01% in relation to T3.


Purpose: To demonstrate a method to estimate organ doses from tube current modulated (TCM) CT examinations using angular organ dose weighting. Method and Materials: An extensive set of Monte Carlo dose calcualtions has become available in recent years using realistic models of human anatomy. Dose to individual organs are documented for particular CT slice positions. For longitudinal TCM CT scans, the available slice‐wise dose is weighted by the tube current for that position. This method has been applied to the RPI series of pregnant phantoms at different genstational ages. Organ doses for x‐ray exposures in flat projections in the four primary directions are also available from tabulated data. To account for rotational TCM in organ dose calculations, a geometric combination of these flat projection organ doses is used to generate weighting factors for tube currents that vary with angle. Sample TCM CT scans have been constructed for standard CT scan ranges using the RPI‐Adult Male and RPI‐Adult Female phantoms. Results: Applicaiton of longitudanal TCM to scans of pregnant patients are shown to reduce fetal dose by 25–35% relative to uniform current at maximum patient thickness. The effective dose applying rotational TCM is reduced by 29% for chest scans and 37% for abdominal scans relative to constant‐current scans at those positions. These dose reductions are verified with direct Monte Carlo simulation of the applied TCM scheme. Conclusion: TCM use is known to result in significant dose savings to the patient. Due to the uniqueness of each individual tube current modulated CT scan, direct Monte Carlo simulations of every possible scheme are impractical. This study demonstrates a method to estimate organ doses from an arbitrary TCM scheme using existing CT dose data. This algorithm is being adopted for use in a CT dose software tool, VirtualDose.


In this paper parameters sensitivities on the safety factors of soil slopes are studied in details using finite element code package Plaxis 8.1. It is shown that the results are affected by many parameters.


Motivation -- Task workload is key determinant of human performance. It may include physical and/or cognitive components, and these can interact to influence operator performance. This research study investigates the interaction of physical workload, mental workload and arousal level on attentional resources in order to predict performance. Research approach -- This study was divided into two experiments. In both experiments, fifteen participants (aged 25--35) performed a physical task (pedalling on a bicycle-ergometer) concurrently with a mental task under nine levels of workload in a 3x3 design (low, medium and high levels for both physical and mental). In the first experiment, the mental task was designed to occupy verbal attentional resources through mental arithmetic, whereas a spatial figures task was used in the second experiment to evaluate spatial resources. Findings/Design -- The hypothesis of the study is that optimum performance occurs at intermediate levels of workload, whereas poor performance is observed at the extreme low and high levels of physical and mental demand due to underload and overload. It is also anticipated that physical and mental workload can interact to 'offset' underload or overload decrements. Originality/Value -- The present study will fill the gap in the ergonomics literature by explaining performance degradation due to mental underload and by clarifying the interaction with physical workload. Take away message -- It is possible that moderate levels of physical workload could compensate for attentional resource reduction with mental underload.


A new epialtid crab species, Thusaenys mutilioucious Chen and Lo, 2014, is redescribed on the ba- sis of material from the Siaoliouciou Island, Taiwan. T. mutilioucious was originally described in the book of local marine education promotion (Chen and Lo, 2014), and it is confirmed that the taxon is distinct from other species of the genus Thusaenys Griffin and Tranter, 1986 by several morphological characters, such as the strongly produced preorbital lobe of supraorbital eave and the basal antennal article broad, bearing a blunt anterolateral spine etc., will be described in this report.


Recently, composite brake blocks have been widely adopted in European railway systems to replace cast iron brake blocks in order to reduce braking noise. However, the poor heat dissipation of composite materials has caused more wheel tread damage, including wheel flats (WFs). The WF, as an undesirable tread defect in railway vehicles, can cause severe wheel/rail impact and increase the damage probability of wheelset components and track structures. Early detection of WFs is vital to ensure operational safety and reduced maintenance costs. In this work, to help understand the dynamic impact caused by WFs, a single WF with a length of 20 mm is artifically produced on a wheel of a tank wagon, and field experiments are performed. The influence of the WF on the axle box accelerations (ABAs), vertical accelerations of the bogie frame and vertical accelerations of the car body is discussed in the time and time-frequency domains. On the other hand, the angular domain synchronous averaging (ADSA) method is used to detect WFs by averaging the ABA signals in the angular domain over a fixed time interval, and it requires ABA data and the axle rotational speed as inputs. This method can greatly reduce the amount of measured data by averaging it in the angle domain and can eliminate the short-time influence of interference signals caused by switches and crossings, rail joints, and so on. The results show that the ADSA of a defective wheel with the WF has a clear peak with an amplitude of 21–104 m/s2 while that of a healthy wheel fluctuates around zero in the polar coordinate. Also, the waveform of defective signals can be well presented in polar coordinates. The effectiveness of this method is compared with the envelope spectrum technology in three scenarios and its application to three journeys is presented.


Abstract Background: The present study aimed to critically review the current evidence for factors associated with alcohol consumption and its prevalence. Method: EBSCOhost (Medline), ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, TCI, and ThaiJO were systematically searched for relevant studies published between January 2000 and December 2018. Studies were included if the prevalence of current alcohol use and/or the factors associated with alcohol consumption among young people 10–24 years-old in Thailand were measured. A modified descriptive study quality appraisal assessment tool was used. The prevalence of alcohol consumption was reported by using the median and interquartile range (IQR). Results: Thirty studies (N = 253,465) were included. The median prevalence rates of alcohol use in the past month were 18.6% (IQR = 13.32) and in the previous year were 19.03% (IQR = 41.25). The factors closely associated with alcohol use among young people were age (15 years of age and older), gender (male), education (attending grade 9 and above), religion (Buddhists). Conclusions: This systematic review provides the prevalence rates and potential circumstances associated with alcohol consumption to guide policy development. More research is needed to gain new insight regarding psychosocial-factors, the role of parental, geographical area, and social media for further studies.


A new process-liquid-liquid phase transfer reactive extraction-for glutaraldehydesynthesis was presented. The process is that cyclopentene (CPE) was oxidized, in the presence of phasetransfer catalyst (PTC) and heteropoly acid (HPA), by hydrogen peroxide in organic phase, and theformed glutaraldehyde was then extracted to water phase. The organic phase, containing solvent, PTC,HPA, unconverted CPE and the intermediates, could be recycled conveniently by settling the reactionfixture and partitioning the water layer in which glutaraldehyde mainly contained. An effective liquidliquid phase transfer reactive extraction system was obtained by screening the solvent, phase transfercatalyst, oxidative catalyst, and cocatalyst. The suitable solvent is l,2-dichloroethane (DCE), thesuitable HPA is H3PMo10W2O40 and the suitable PTC is trioctylbutylammonium bromide (TOBAB).Under the optimum conditions the yield of glutaraldehyde with more than 70% was achieved.


We study the assignment of initial ownership of a good when agents dier in their ability to pay. Selling the good at the market-clearing price favors the wealthy in the sense that they may acquire the good instead of poor buyers who value it more highly. Non-market assignment schemes, even simple random rationing, may yield a more ecient allocation than the competitive market would — if recipients of the good are allowed to resell. Schemes that favor the poor are even more desirable in that context. The ability to resell the good is critical to the results, but allowing resale also invites speculation, which undermines its eectiveness. If the level of speculation is suciently high, restricting resale may be beneficial.


This study aims to explore differences in personal narratives of the experience of illness and treatment in depressed oncologic patients who received either combined treatment for depression (psychotherapy plus antidepressants) or standard treatment (antidepressants alone).


In this paper we introduce a new scalar product on distribution spaces based on the Cesaro mean of a sequence. We then use this scalar product to construct a family of separable Hilbert spaces $\mathcal{H}_C$, called Cesaro Hilbert spaces and naturally associated to the Levy Laplacian. Finally we use the
essentially infinite dimensional character of the Levy Laplacian
to construct a class of solutions of the Levy heat equation which has no finite dimensional (or ``regular'' infinite dimensional) analogue.


Learning analytics includes interventions that will support learning and improve learning environments. Despite the fact that learning analytics is a promising field of study, the lack of empirical evidence on the effects of learning analytics-based interventions has been widely addressed in recent years. In this context, insights validated by experimental studies may play a crucial role. Therefore, there is a need for a report describing the methodological aspects and effects of current experimental interventions based on learning analytics. This systematic review provides an in-depth examination of learning analytics research that reports experimental findings to evaluate learning analytics-based interventions. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 protocol provided the basis for the work of this systematic review. This review contained 52 papers that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results show that student-facing dashboards are the most common learning analytics-based intervention. Evidence from how user data is handled for interventions demonstrates that the most common method is the distillation of data for human judgment. This study confirms that a significant proportion of experimental studies employing learning analytics interventions have demonstrated significant effects on learning outcomes. The effectiveness of learning analytics-based interventions is also addressed in this review in terms of motivation, engagement, and system usage behaviors. The findings of this study will contribute to the literature in terms of describing the experimentally validated findings of learning analytics-based interventions in depth.


This article was published in the Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics [AIAA] and the definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.G001958.


In the automotive industry, radar technology is an essential component for object identification due to its low cost and robust accuracy in harsh weather conditions. Clustering, an unsupervised machine learning technique, groups together individual radar responses to detect objects. Because clustering is a significant step in the automotive object identification pipeline, cluster quality and speed are especially critical. To that extent, density-based clustering algorithms have made significant progress due to their ability to operate on data sets with an unknown quantity of clusters. However, many density-based clustering algorithms such as DBSCAN remain unable to deal with inherently noisy radar data. Furthermore, many existing algorithms are not adapted to operate on state-of-the-art 4D radar systems. Thus, we propose a novel pipeline that utilizes supervised machine learning to predict noisy points on 4D radar point clouds by leveraging historical data. We then input noise predictions into two proposed cluster formation approaches, respectively involving dynamic and fixed search radii. Our best performing model performs roughly 153 percent better than the baseline DBSCAN in terms of V-Measure, and our quickest model finishes in 75 percent less time than DBSCAN while performing 130 percent better in terms of V-Measure.


This dissertation investigates the nexus between business and society, with a special focus on corporate sustainability perspectives within and between national contexts. Based on a between-country comparison, the dissertation presents an analytic framework suitable to identifying opportunities and challenges related to expectations towards corporations by mapping, comparing and contrasting the perspectives of different stakeholders on issues of corporate sustainability.


This report describes the mineralogy and petrology of a 11 thin sections of sedimentary rocks
collected as part of a BGS-NIGL collaborative study of detrital zircon populations in the
Ordovician and Silurian sandstones of the southern Midland Valley of Scotland.


This article describes a transient dynamic method for measuring the complex modulus of solid foods over a range of frequencies from one single loading test. Mathematical justifications for the proposed method are given and the instrumentation system for performing the transient dynamic tests is described in the article. Experiments were conducted to measure the complex modulus of apples and potatoes and its relationship with initial stress and vibration input. The magnitudes of the complex modulus increased by 50% for the apples and 80% for the potatoes as the frequency increased from 0 to 800 Hz. The phase angle generally decreased with frequency. As expected, initial stress had a significant effect on the magnitude of the complex modulus, but not on the phase angle. Vibration amplitude had little effect on the magnitude and phase angle. The values of the complex modulus for apples and potatoes measured from the transient dynamic tests were not significantly different at the 0.05 level from the steady-state sinusoidal tests at frequencies of 200, 400, and 600 Hz.


In the case of asymptotically stable multivariable plants for which input-output decoupling is achievable, the location in the complex plane of the transmission zeros is identified on the basis of the initial and ultimate time-domain behaviour of the step-response matrix.


1. The idea of world-directedness -that is, content in one senseis intelligible only in terms of a normative context that is its primary home. We must be able to work with the notion of a posture or stance that is correctly or incorrectly adopted according to whether or not things are thus and so. Only so can we understand the posture or stance as a judgement or belief to the effect that things are thus and so. (If we can make sense of judgement or belief as directed at the world in that way, we need have no trouble with other kinds of content-bearing postures or stances.) We might express the point like this: thinking that aims at judgement, or at the fixation of belief, is answerable to the world for whether or not it is correctly executed. And now a small step away from that abstract formulation takes us to a minimal, and one might think undisputable, empiricism: in the sorts of case that must come first for reflection on the very idea of directedness at the world, the world's verdict, to which thinking must be answerable if it is to be


Recent deliberative systems research has emphasized the need to "scale up" deliberative mini-publics by exploring connections between mini-publics and broader arenas of policymaking. Less is known, however, about how the policy environment in a state or region might itself influence a deliberative event. In this article, we set out to examine how the internal dynamics of mini-publics are affected by the scaling-up process of connecting to larger policymaking domains. To better understand how the external role of deliberation affects the internal dynamics, we analyze two notable cases of deliberative forums addressing public problems. In both cases, the 2017 Our Coastal Future Forum in South Carolina and the 2020 Oregon Citizens' Assembly on coronavirus disease-19 recovery, citizen participants grappled with the challenge of scaling up to larger policy outcomes. We conduct a thematic analysis of transcripts from both events, focusing on how citizens discuss their role in influencing policy and talk about the potential for policy output from the mini-publics. The analysis reveals that the scaling-up process invites a pragmatic orientation within deliberation, centering on issues of efficiency, scope, and efficacy.


The objective of this research is to determine how the composition of the portfolio affects
the profitability of municipal savings banks in Peru in the period 2005-2017, making use of economic theory and a panel data regression model, analyzing the negative influence of the composition of the portfolio in profitability, to test the hypothesis, a non-experimental analysis was used for 11 municipal savings banks, with annual data, obtained from the Superintendence of Banking and Insurance and AFPs of Peru. The results show evidence in favor of the hypothesis, showing that the composition of the
portfolio has a negative influence and is the one that has had the greatest impact on the
profitability of the municipal savings banks, with respect to other variables such as assets, capitalization and liquidity risk in the study period.


To assist in the absorption of renewable energy, coal-fired power plants need to operate over a wide range of loads, which exacerbates the challenge of the time delay in the wet desulphurization process. Therefore, this paper proposes a new control structure based on frequency retrofit and a corresponding model predictive controller to change the traditional idea of wet desulphurization control. This structure provides faster control actions, thus reducing time delay directly. And it makes the original discrete control variable continuous, enabling most control methods. The field application to the wet flue gas desulphurization system reveals the practical prospects of the proposed control structure and simulations have been conducted to verify the merits of the proposed control scheme based on data collected from a 1000 MW power plant.


In this paper we generalize a part of Neukirch-Uchida theorem for number fields from the birational case to the case of curves $\Spec \caO_{K,S}$ with $S$ a stable set of primes of a number field $K$. In particular, such sets can have arbitrarily small (positive) Dirichlet density. The proof consists of two parts: first one establishes a local correspondence at the boundary $S$, which works as in the original proof of Neukirch. But then, in contrast to Neukirchs proof, a direct conclusion via Chebotarev density theorem is not possible, since stable sets are in general too small, and one has to use further arguments.


Physical connectors which have geometry to passively guide mating increases robustness in attachments. This is a key design area for self-reconfigurable modular robots, which frequently make and break connections. By repurposing the interpretation of a well-known motion planning tool in configuration space obstacles for its encoding of contact geometry, we present a method for determining a metric of error tolerance (area of acceptance) in multiple dimensions by construction. Watershed analysis is run on this configuration-space model to determine the full shape and area of the capture region for the connector pair. We show the results of this process for several connector types.


First generation expert systems rely on the use of surface knowledge, such as associational or heuristic. Second generation technology is characterized by two additional features: deep knowledge and machine learning. Three second generation methods for knowledge acquisition are reviewed: learning rules from examples, model-based rule learning, and semi-automatic model acquisition. The man-machine process of acquiring and refining knowledge extends the role of expert systems to expert support systems, since both man and machine learn through repeated knowledge refinement cycles. Explanation of solutions and of the knowledge base itself is crucial for this man-machine learning process. An extended expert system shell schema is presented that includes a knowledge acquisition and a knowledge explanation module.


In this paper, a modeling method for electromagnetically-actuated micro-mirror using measured input and output data is presented. For the description of the behavior of micro-mirror, a Hammerstein model involved with hysteresis is proposed. In the Hammerstein model, the deflection mechanism is depicted by a linear dynamic model while the electromagnetic hysteresis is described by a modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii model. Subsequently, a recursive identification algorithm is applied for parameter estimation of the model. Then, the experimental results of modeling an electromagnetic micro-mirror are presented.


Epidemiological studies strongly suggest that psoriasis predisposes to type 2 diabetes. Several theories have been proposed to explain how these disease entities might be pathophysiologically connected.


It is the main aim of this work to identify the microscopic origin of the perturbations brought about by a porous environment on the thermal diffusion (Soret effect) of a liquid mixture. For this purpose, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations are carried out on model systems representing hydrocarbons in a porous medium. In keeping with previous simulations, a simplified model,i.e., Lennard-Jones spheres, is used for representing a methanedecane mixture, while the porosity is modeled by the inclusion of quasi-harmonic solids of various sizes and shapes. The model parameters are chosen to yield the proper order of magnitude for a silicate and its interactions with the alkanes. The model was first validated by investigating the equilibrium properties of the system. Then the thermal influence of the porous medium was evaluated and the adsorbing behaviour of the alkanes on the pores was characterized. It is found that the Soret coefficient of the equimolar mixture studied here is lowered by about 30% at 75% porosity. We find also that this reduction is strongly dependent on the structure of the porous medium.


In a multicentre prospective study, 124 cases of meningococcal disease were classified into the clinical categories, meningitis alone (n = 15), meningitis and septicaemia (n= 79) and septicaemia alone (n = 30). A further 60 children referred with other illnesses served as controls. Serial measurements of serum C‐reactive protein (admission, day 1, day 2, days 5–7) were compared. Children with septicaemia had significantly lower C‐reactive protein levels on admission than those with meningitis alone or meningitis and septicaemia which were unexplained by differences in the duration of the presenting illness or severity of the disease. Within each clinical category of meningococcal disease, significant changes in C‐reactive protein concentration occurred during the course of the disease. Four control children had other types of septic meningitis: admission C‐reactive protein concentrations did not differ from those with meningitis or meningitis and septicaemia, but were significantly higher than those with septicaemia alone. The other 56 patients had a significantly lower admission C‐reactive protein concentration compared with all cases of meningococcal disease. For the diagnosis of meningococcal disease, admission C‐reactive protein levels of 40 mg/l had a sensitivity of 79%, specificity of 80% and positive predictive value of 87%. For the prognostic prediction of death in meningococcal disease (or meningococcal disease with shock) CRP < 100 mg/l on admission had a sensitivity of 69% (69%), specificity of 50% (56%) and positive predictive value of 18% (53%). In children with suspected meningococcal disease, serum C‐reactive protein, measured on admission, has diagnostic value but not prognostic value. The C‐reactive protein concentration on admission varies with the clinical category of meningococcal disease and the day of illness.


Recessed gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown on sapphire substrate have been fabricated. In order to improve FET performances, we optimized the layer structure and the electrode arrangement of the HEMT, and hence 0.15 μm gate-length AlGaN/GaN-HEMTs with recessed gate were successfully fabricated and the obtained transconductance was as high as 450 mS/mm. In this paper we describe the improvement of HEMT layer structures on sapphire substrate, the optimisation of an offset arrangement of gate electrodes, and the results of DC/RF measurements of our HEMTs. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Sulfur dioxide has been reacted with tiny (diameter 35–85 µm) particles of porous CaO in a thermogravimetric balance. Kinetic measurements, together with infrared studies of the products, indicate that two reactions, viz: CaO + SO2→ CaSO3 and CaO + SO2→ 3/4CaSO4+ 1/4CaS occur. In the presence of both SO2 and O2, when CaSO3 and CaS both oxidise to CaSO4, these two reactions of SO2 provide the rate-determining steps for the initial stages of reaction for such tiny particles. Thus, the conditions used in this study succeed in preventing the rates of either of these reactions being controlled by the diffusion of SO2. The rates of both reactions per unit surface area of CaO have the general form: k([SO2]–[SO2]e), where [SO2]e is the concentration of SO2 for the reaction concerned being at equilibrium and k is the rate constant. Measurements of initial rates indicate that k= 7.2 × 10–6 exp(–1443/T) m s–1 and 1.2 × 10–6 exp(–481/T) m s–1 for the two reactions, respectively, correct to 25%. However, CaSO3 is unstable above ca. 1123 K, so that only the slower (second) reaction occurs above ca. 1123 K. That the rates of these reactions are independent of the concentration of oxygen confirms that SO3 plays no part in them. Measurements for large extents of reaction showed that the diffusion coefficient of SO2 through the solid products of reaction (mainly CaSO3) was Ds= 1.9 ± 0.5 × 10–14 m2 s–1. However, at high temperatures (> 1160 K) when only CaSO4 and CaS are produced, Ds falls to 2.3 × 10–15 m2 s–1.


In women with preexisting virilization, it is advisable to prescribe contraceptive agents that do not provoke a further increase in free circulating androgens. This study evaluated the influence of 3 gestagens without androgenic effects on the endogenous sex hormone equilibrium and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. 122 women were administered 4 different combined contraceptives for up to 6 cycles. The estrogen component of each of the 4 preparations was estradiol estrogen (EE), while the gestagens were desogestrel (in 2 formulations in 2 different dosages), cyproterone acetate, and chlormadinone acetate. Most subjects had irregular cycles before treatment, and exhibited seborrhea, acne, and hirsutism. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, free testosterone, and dehydropeiandrosterone-sulfate levels were significantly reduced in all 4 treatment groups during tablet intake. However, SHBG concentrations increased in a highly significant manner during treatment. The elevation of SHBG is an expression of increased hepatic synthesis induced by EE. Concentrations of circulating SHBG determine the balance between estrogens and androgens. Since SHBG binds androgens better than estrogens, it effectively monitors androgenic activity. Because of their role in significantly lowering the active fraction of androgens, the preparations studied are considered appropriate contraceptives for androgenized women.


Atypical Progeroid Syndrome (APS) is a new AD laminopathy with phenotype and evolution probably depending on the mutation. The LMNA gene encodes lamin A/C, intermediate filament proteins associated with the inner nuclear membrane. Mutations in LMNA gene cause a wide range of human diseases called "laminopathies" including cardiac disorders and/or muscular dystrophy, lipodystrophy or progeroid syndromes. The group of progeroid syndromes includes: HutchinsonGilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), Mandibuloacral Dysplasia (MAD) and APS.


Objective To evaluate the stability and biodistribution of a novel SPECT-MRI bi-functional agem 99Tcm-Gd-DTPA-DG in tumor-bearing nude mice. Methods DTPA-DG was synthesized and then conjugated with Gd2O3 to generate Gd-DTPA-DG. The tumor-bearing nude mice were scanned by MRI to evaluate the tumor targeting ability of Gd-DTPA-DG. The orthogonal experiment was applied to optimize pH value of reaction medium and reaction temperature. The radiolabeling efficiency was measured by thin layer chromatography. The distribution of 99Tcm-Gd-DTPA-DG in nude mice was evaluated by scintigrapy in vivo. The % ID/g was measured at different time after intravenous injection of 99Tcm-Gd-DTPA-DG. Results The tumor was significantly enhanced by Gd-DTPA-DG with MRI. The radiochemical purity of 99Tcm-Gd-DTPADG was about 98.5% and remained 96.2% at room temperature for 6 h. The tumor was well visualized by 99TcmGd-DTPA-DG SPECT at 2 h after injection. The tumor uptake was (1.48 ±0.12) %ID/g, and the rumor to muscle radioactivity ratio was 2.91. Conclusions MRI contrast of Gd-DTPA-DG may enhance tumor detection. 99Tcm-labeled Gd-DTPA-DG may be useful for tumor imaging and might have a potential role as a SPECT-MRI bi-functional agent.

Key words:
Deoxyglucose;  Gadolinium;  DTPA;  Technetium;  Neoplasm transplantation;  Mice, nude;  Radionuclide imaging


Objective: This study evaluated the use of jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis) and protease enzymes in broiler chicken feed. The protein levels on carcasses and the efficiency of the diet were assessed based on protein efficiency ratio, nitrogen retention, percentage of immunity organs, and feed economic analysis based on Income Overfeed Conversion.

Methods: The factorial complete randomized design (CRD) was employed in this study, piloting three treatment factors: protein level (22% and 19.5%), protein source material (basal diet and jack bean), and the use of enzymes (without enzymes and protease supplementation). Moreover, three replications were conducted, consisting of two samples of broiler chickens per replication. Forty-eight male broiler chickens from 240 populations that had previously been reared for 28 days were taken as the sample of the study.

Result: The results showed that the use of jack beans significantly decreased the dress body weight (P<0.05), undress body weight, and carcass weight of broiler chickens. In addition, the weight significantly increased IOFC by (P<0.01). The use of protease enzymes significantly (P<0.05) increased Retention Nitrogen, Protein Eficiency Ratio, and carcass. The feed protein level decreased substantially by (P<0.01). It reduced protein consumption, RN, PER, dress, undress, and carcass body weight. The use of jack bean did not affect the broiler's immune organ size.

Conclusion: The use of protease enzymes in diets with low protein levels can produce dress body weight, carcass body weight, RN, and PER, similar to basal diets, without affecting the size of the immune organs of broiler chickens.


This volume provides authoritative guidance on the full range of problems faced by primary care physicians who treat athletic individuals. The book reviews the epidemiology of injuries in specific sports and offers recommendations for treatment and prevention. Other topics covered include the preparticipation physical examination; the special challenges of growing, female, and disabled athletes; the psychosocial issues facing athletes; the management of medical conditions in exercising individuals; and the diagnosis and treatment of acute head injury, other traumatic injuries, and overuse syndromes. Chapters discuss the role of imaging in diagnosing sports injuries and the various therapeutic modalities available. "Principles and Practice of Primary Care Sports Medicine" is part of a three-volume series. All volumes can stand alone. The other volumes focus on exercise and sport science and orthopaedic aspects of sports medicine.


Given an algorithm expressed as, say, a set of difference equations we wish to obtain a complete description of a circuit that executes the given algorithm and can be implemented in VLSI. Let us assume that the circuit will be built from modules that are already defined (either custom-made, or picked out of an existing library). Such "higher level" design issues have not been formalized enough to automate the process. A critical issue is the specification of the times at which each operation of each module is scheduled, and the times at which specific signal values are present at given terminals.
To achieve this objective we introduce a scheduling formalism. We show how directed cycles in the flow graph can be handled by a proper interpretation of the concept of iteration. Using this formalism we show how to verify the logical correctness of a given circuit, and how to translate a given flow graph into a logic diagram guaranteed to have the input-output map defined by the flow graph.
The scheduling formalism is then used to obtain circuits that are optimal according to several criteria, including smallest sample period, smallest latency, and smallest register count. Scheduling under resource constraints is briefly considered.
Multiprocessor arrays are a class of implementations that are of particular value for signal processing and other such "regular" algorithms. The second half of the thesis studies the properties of such arrays and shows how to exploit regularity to greatly reduce the amount of work that has to be done to determine how well an algorithm is suited for parallel implementation. A class of "regular iterative algorithms" is introduced that is well-suited for implementation on such arrays. Properties of such algorithms are studied and a systematic translation procedure provided.


Data on a number of individual units (firms, households, geographical areas, etc.) over several periods of time are becoming increasingly available. Very often we would like to use such data to estimate a behavior relationship containing an autoregressive component, due, possibly, to a distributed lag or other dynamic factor affecting economic behavior. In an earlier study [2], Balestra and the present author studied the demand for natural gas using data on 36 states of the United States, over a six year period. We encountered a number of rather serious methodological problems in attempting to estimate a distributed lag model, which appear to be of more general interest in view of the growing availability of data for individual units over several time periods. This paper reports the first of a series of experimental studies designed to explore the general methodological issues involved in studies of this type. The analysis of [2] suggested that consumer demand for natural gas was basically a derived demand from the demand for space-heating. Of the two factors of production used to produce space-heating, fuel and heating plant, only the former was systematically observable. However, the durability of the second, unobserved factor, led to a model in which there was a distributed lag in the substitution of gas for other fuels. The distribution of lag in the demand for gas was closely related to the depreciation rate for the durable factor in space-heating. This interpretation proved crucial in the assessment of various methods of estimation employed. Although the actual model used in the gas study was considerably more complicated than what follows, the latter serves well to illustrate all the essential features. Let observations be available on N individuals (e.g., consuming units, firms, geographical areas, industries, etc.) over a period of T time periods. For the i-th individual and the t-th year we suppose the following relation to hold between the endogenous variable y, the exogenous variable x, and the latent variable u:


One of the most important activities related to water resources management consists of finding suitable development strategies for a given river basin. In this paper an exploratory modelling technique will be used instead of the standard scenario approach to assess the robustness of a proposed strategy. Preliminary tests of this technique in the Korsch River basin in Germany suggested that this approach poses many advantages if it is compared with the scenario approach, namely: (1) one can "stress test" a strategy and assess its Inherent risk of failure; and (2) one can find events or parameter values under which a good strategy may fail.


The materials of the first stage that belong to the VI millennium BC (CalBC) are featured by pure layers and pinched pottery. These features were revealed in the materials of Monastyrskaya site in Pribityuzhie, in the lower layer of Cherkasskaya site (archeological excavations of 1979-1981) as well as in Inyasevskaya, Shapkinskaya 6, Plautinskaya 2 - in Pohoperie. On the Upper Don territory similar complexes are only revealed in the lower layers of Yarlukovskaya Protoka settlement, Dobroе 4 and Universitetskaya 3 sites. The second stage is dated by the end of VI - the first half of V millennium BC. It has much more materials. They were revealed both on the Voronezh River and Don. This stage is featured by pinches on the pottery as well as ornaments in the shape of small thin comb. These ornaments were brought to the Don forest-steppe by the population of the early Eneolithic from the Mariupol cultural and historical area. At the beginning of the third stage (second half of V millennium BC) the population of Srednedonskaya culture initiated more active communication with entrants from the Neolithic population which had comb-dimpled pottery as well as with people of Eneolithic Srednestogovskaya culture.


Complete denture can improve both function and aesthetics. Even though
 mastication is highly improved, one of the most common problems for new full
 upper acrylic denture wearers is lack of feeling sensations such as hot and
 cold, loss of taste and fracture in the mid palatal region. These patients
 require a denture that allows them to feel sensations as close to normal as
 possible. The present case report discusses an alternative way of designing a
 metal palate for maxillary complete denture that along with fulfilling the
 above mentioned functions, has specially designed loops incorporated in such
 manner and directions to improve mechanical interlocking of acrylic within
 the metal loops and not to interfere with teeth arrangement.


Introduction. An exponential ring, or E-ring for short, is a pair (i?, E) with R a ring—in this paper always commutative with 1—and E a morphism of the additive group of R into the multiplicative group of units of R, that is, E(x + y) = E(x)E(y) for all x9 y in i?, and E(0) = 1. Examples are (R, a), a any positive real, and (C, e). Of course, any ring R can be expanded to an £-ring (R, E) by putting E(x) — 1 for all x\ such brings will be called trivial. Ken Manders observed that an Zί-ring whose underlying ring has no nilpotents φ 0 and has characteristic a prime/? > 0 is trivial: in such a ring each x satisfies 1 = E(0) — E(px) = E{x), so (E(x) \y = 0, which implies E(x) = 1. Related notions of exponential ring have been considered by M. Beeson, by B. Dahn and Wolter, and by A. Wilkie, all in connection with the longstanding open problem of A. Tarski on the decidability of the field of reals with exponentiation. An effective positive solution to this problem seems unlikely without major advances in transcendental number theory: such a solution would give us a decision method to answer any question: is e = p/q>> where/?, q are positive integers. Of course there is such a decision method, but, as we don't know yet whether e is rational, we don't know how it works. Now in mathematical practice it is less the effectiveness of Tarski's decision method for the real field which matters—though this aspect is interesting—but rather the information the method provides on the algebraic-topological nature of the definable sets in R, and on the asymptotic behavior of definable functions. For example in semi-algebraic and real algebraic geometry this use is formalized in the Tarski-Seidenberg theorem (in an inconstructive version) and in a result like the finiteness of the number of connected components of a semi-algebraic set. Parts of this use of Tarski's work on the elementary theory of the reals offer more hope of being generalized to the E-ήng (R, e). The following


ABSTRACT Maximum economic yield (MEY) can be extended along two dimensions beyond the common resource stock externality: (1) the appropriate measurement of costs and benefits and (2) extending MEY beyond the relationship between the harvest sector and the resource stock externality. Only when all economic distortions are accounted for and valued by economic (shadow) prices does MEY actually represent a full economic optimum. Accounting for dynamic technical and allocative efficiency extends MEY beyond the traditional dynamic scale efficiency. When accounting for accumulated and new technology and nonmarket public good benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services, an open question remains whether the MEY resource stock exceeds, equals, or falls short of the MSY resource stock. Without no-growth, steady-state equilibrium, adaptive management is required using non-autonomous bioeconomic models or continuous updating of autonomous ones. JEL Codes: Q22, Q27, D61, D62.


Mrs Zungu is 36 years old and a mother of 4 children. She has poorly controlled diabetes. She consults with Dr Brown, who tells her about the complications of poorly controlled diabetes. He also discovers that she is not using any form of contraception and discusses the option of a tubal ligation. Mrs Zungu agrees to discuss this with her husband. Dr Brown informs her that she does not need her husband's consent for a tubal ligation. Mrs Zungu insists that she must discuss this with her husband. Dr Brown reluctantly gives her a follow-up appointment for 1 week later. When she returns, Mrs Zungu informs Dr Brown that her husband has agreed that she should have a tubal ligation but he would like her to wait until his mother (who is the elder in their household) returns from the Eastern Cape. This is an issue that Mrs Zungu would like to discuss with her mother-in-law. Dr Brown has difficulty understanding this as he could never imagine his wife consulting with her mother-in-law before making important health-related (or any other) decisions. He becomes extremely anxious and irritable as Mrs Zungu may easily fall pregnant for a 5th time with serious consequences to her health and that of the baby while awaiting her mother-in law's return. Mrs Zungu is not keen on using other forms of contraception.