Scholars argue the dominant discourse of meritocracy legitimises intergenerational inequality and the winner–loser divide. However, is our society really meritocratic? If yes, the relative power of educational qualifications per se should be smaller than that of skills/abilities in the labour market. Using the standardised data in the United States, structural equation modelling shows (1) the contribution of family background to educational attainment is as large as that to skills acquisition; but (2) the economic return to education is substantially larger than that to skills; and consequently (3) the role of education outweighs that of skills in forming social stratification. This suggests that contemporary USA is a typical credential society, where credentialism prevails over skills-based meritocracy. Nonetheless, people may misbelieve the society is meritocratic – imagined meritocracy – by conflating the levels/influences of education and skills. It is essential to distinguish these two traits and understand the credential/meritocratic nature of our society.


Objective This study sought to find out the relationship between platelet high reactivity and the incidence of major adverse cardiac event (MACE) after percutaneous coronary stenting with receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Methods A total of 278 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were observed for the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction and MACE within a 6-month follow up. Measurment for adenosine diphosphate induced platelets aggregation (ADP-PG) were also made. The results which include Perioperative myocardial infarction and MACE were analysed with ROC curve to find the optimal predictive value to definite high platelet reactivity patients. Results Patients with post-operation ADP-PG≥47.5% were suggested as low platelet reactivity group according to ROC cure (area=0.66, 95% CI 0.57-0.75, P0.01) and there were 81 patients recorded. A total of 39 cases presented MACE events in hospital and 6-months follow up. There were 4.6%(9/197) of patients with normal platelet reactivity and 11.1% (9/81) with low platelet reactivity presented MACE in 6-month follow up (P=0.04, OR=2.61). Perioperative myocardial infarction between the two groups were 6.6% and 14.8% (P=0.03, OR=2.46) respectively and the difference of thrombotic events between the two groups are also statistically significant (P=0.03). Conclusions Low post-treatment platelet response after PCI related to the high-incidence of ischemic events. The outcome prompted that monitoring of ADP-PG after PCI would be benefit to find out the high-risk patients.


Long-spaced aliphatic model polyesters were synthesized by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) copolymerization of undec-10-en-1-yl undec-10-enoate and undeca-1,10-diene followed by exhaustive hydrogenation. Resulting polyesters contained 52.6 to 0.9 ester groups per 1000 methylene units, randomly distributed in the polyethylene main chain. Melting points of these materials quantitatively agree with an inclusion model and decrease linearly vs linear polyethylene with the mole fraction of ester groups. By comparison to methyl branched polyethylenes and regularly spaced long-chain A2 + B2 polyesters, these findings can be related to steric demand and regular versus nonregular spacing of polar ester groups in crystallized polyester chains, respectively.


Background: Task oriented training is widely recognized as an effective method to enhance balance. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of task oriented training on balance in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Subjects and Methods: Fourteen children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, aged from 6 to 9 years of both sexes were participated in this study. They were selected from the outpatient clinic of the National Institute of Neuromotor System. They were assigned into one group, (study group). They received task oriented training program. The treatment program was conducted for one hour, three times per week for three successive months for this group. Pre- and post-treatment assessments of balance were performed by Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Results: This group showed significant improvement in balance (p<0.000) after treatment protocols. Conclusions: Task oriented training may be used as an effective method in the rehabilitation program for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy to improve their balance.


AbstractArtificial propagation of fish species in hatcheries has been conducted on a large scale for several decades. In recent years, however, there has been an increase in conservation hatcheries, which aim not only to produce fish for supplementing wild populations but also to preserve the genetic diversity and integrity of threatened or endangered species. Important considerations for the latter are maximizing genetic diversity and effective population size while minimizing inbreeding and adaptation to captivity. Several studies document the theoretical implementation of captive management strategies designed to achieve these goals. However, the practical application of many of these strategies to conservation hatcheries remains challenging, as the majority of the guidelines were developed for small zoo populations. The aims of this review are (1) to survey current fish conservation hatchery managers in order to assess current hatchery practices and goals; (2) to present available management strategie...


According to the current situation of cultivating in Heilongjiang Province, this paper provides the suggestions of improving cultivated quality and constructing high-standard basic farmland from three aspects, which are strengthening the construction of three-reservoir, carrying out deficiency-excess complication cultivated technology, and enforcing concentrated investment scientifically.


We present a framework for designing polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems that yield analytical expressions for optic axis and retardance. The new designs have features amenable to adaptation into many OCT configuration.


This introductory article of the monographical issue of the journal focuses on the ways Christian missionaries encountered cultures and religions of the non-European world. It casts a light on the importance of this question starting with the discipline of otherness in medieval Christendom and presents the themes highlighted by the articles in the issue. The meeting of missionaries and non-European peoples have produced various adaptations, at the same time, however, the encounters have leveled the differences, reshaping them, especially in the area of moral, matrimonial and sexual behavior, according to the Tridentine model.


Oratorio choir of St. Mark was founded in 1920 and it is still active today. Many of conductors of this choir were quite famous at their time. From the August 1926 until August 1927, and then later, from 1930 until 1937 the choir conductor was Mladen Pozajic. In this period the choir preformed tunes of some the old masters, as well as melodies of the contemporary composers, which varied in style, and some of them were premieres written just for this choir. Contemporary critics followed the work of the choir, and among them one can easily notice some that wrote about certain notable performances, as for example the performance of Liszt's Christus. Therefore, author analyzes work and activities of this oratorio choir during the conducting of Mladen Pozajic, as it was seen by the contemporary critics.


While some studies have investigated query reformulation in traditional online systems, there has been little understanding of how users reformulate their queries multiple times within search sessions on the Web. This paper reports on patterns and sequences of query reformulation based on query logs from a Web search engine. The data set contained only search sessions in which multiple query modifications were made. The analysis of data resulted in three facets of reformulation: content, format, and resource. Each facet was further categorized by 10 sub-facets. The results show that while most query reformulation involves content changes, about 15% of reformulation is related to format modifications. Six patterns of query reformulation emerged as a result of sequence analysis: specified reformulation, parallel reformulation, generalized reformulation, dynamic reformulation, format reformulation, and alternative reformulation. Each pattern is discussed with definitions and examples. The results indicate that both planned and situated aspects affect query reformulation in Web searching. The implications for new Web search engine tools and features are also discussed.


This paper presents an optimization technique for structures composed of uniform cellular materials in macro scale.The optimization aims at to obtain optimal configurations of macro scale structures and microstructures of material under certain mechanical and thermal loads with specific base material volume. A concurrent topology optimization method is proposed for structures and materials to minimize compliance of thermoelastic structures.In this method macro and micro densities are introduced as the design variables for structure and material microstructure independently.Penalization approaches are adopted at both scales to ensure clear topologies,i.e.SIMP(Solid Isotropic Material Penalization) in micro-scale and PAMP(Porous Anisotropic Material Penalization) in macro-scale.Optimizations in two scales are integrated into one system with homogenization theory and the distribution of base material between two scales can be decided automatically by the optimization model.Microstructure of materials is assumed to be uniform at macro scale to reduce manufacturing cost.The proposed method and computational model are validated by some numerical experiments.The effects of temperature differential,volume of base material,numerical parameters on the optimal results are also discussed.At last,for cases in which both mechanical and thermal loads are applied,the configuration of cellular material can help to reduce the system compliance.


This study aims to develop learning instruments using 3D hologram videos in the Hybrid period. This research is research development (Research and Development). Research and development research methods are research methods used to produce a certain product, and test the effectiveness of certain products. Development research is a process or steps to develop a new product or improve existing products, which can be accounted for. To test the effectiveness of existing products so that they can function in the wider community, research is needed to test the effectiveness of these products. The product produced in this study is a learning media based on 3D hologram videos. This 3D hologram-based learning media research will be carried out at SMP Negeri 223 East Jakarta with the research subjects being Grade VIII students and the research object being 3D hologram video learning media in Mathematics. The results of the research are in the form of 3D hologram videos combined with inverted pyramids and smartphones as learning media using the Hannafin and Peck development model which consists of stages: needs assessment, design phase and development and implementation phase. phase). This media has gone through a validation process by media experts with assessment aspects in terms of appearance, language, and effectiveness and reliability.


The present invention relates to a method and a driving method for a mobile communication terminal, and a service system and the standby screen using the standby screen service system. According to the invention, the method comprising the steps of: (a) allows the user to set the information content; (b) allowing the service providing server classifies the contents information and allocate the stack; (c) allow to push the contents information corresponding to the standby screen information; (d) allows users to request detailed content information, and receiving content information requested; and (e) allowing to display the contents information according to a predetermined screen structure of the mobile communication terminal, wherein the step of displaying according to the given template structure (c) the content of the information.


The invention provides a feeder for adult fish of crucian, characterized in that: the feeder comprises the following components by weight percentage: fish flour 10-20 parts, starch 15-20 parts, bean pulp 20-30 parts, cottonseed pulp 15-35 parts, wheat-middlings 30-40 parts, additive 3-8 parts. The blending ratio of the feeder is scientific and the nutrient is balanced and the feeder not only satisfies the nutrient requirement for growth and development of the adult fish of crucian, but also reduces the diseases and increases the growth rat of the crucian.


The objective of the trial was to analyse the effects of the mechanical resistance of cell walls and chewing behaviour on the proportion of intracellular constituents (ICs) released during the ingestive mastication of fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by steers. The mechanical resis- tance of cell walls was varied by the stage of maturity (15 vs. 30 days of regrowth). Herbage was of- fered at two chop lengths (long and short) for each stage of maturity, to influence chewing behaviour. Four steers, each fitted with a large ruminal cannula, were fed indoors with the ryegrass in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Ingested boli were collected at the cardia and their IC contents were compared with the IC contents of the grass. The average shear energy was lower with the young grass because of a lower proportion of stems and pseudostems. The eating time per unit of dry matter intake was unaf- fected by the stage of maturity, but was slightly lower with the short herbages. The nature of the ICs had a strong effect on their release with the larger molecules, or the molecules contained in the chloroplasts, being less rapidly released. The ICs released (as a proportion of intake) ranged from 0.166 for the chlorophyll to 0.612 for the nitrates. The treatments had no effect on the rate of release of the small vacuolar or cytoplasmic ICs. The intracellular nitrogenous fractions, partly in the chloroplast, were released faster in the mature grass, because the animals had to masticate more inten- sively to obtain a 'swallowable'bolus due to it having a higher shear energy. The release of ICs did not seem to be dependent on the duration of chewing but rather on other parameters of mastication like the force exerted by the jaws, the surface-area of the molars, or the quantity of grass eaten per bolus. rumen digestion / water soluble carbohydrates / nitrogenous compounds / mastication / shear strength


In January 1783 the peasants1 of Rangpur set the countryside of northern Bengal ablaze. Raiyats (the term means both 'peasants' and 'subjects') from across the district rose up in revolt against their British and Indian masters, seizing revenue and administrative ofWces and burning many of them to the ground. Richard Goodlad, the Collector of the district, believed that 'no disturbance as severe ha[d] ever happened in Bengal'. The Rangpur dhing's twentieth-century historian called it 'the Wrst formidable peasant uprising against the rule of the East India Company'.2 News of the insurgency reached London and became part of the debate in Parliament about the Company's government of India. Edmund Burke discussed the events of Rangpur at length whilst opening the impeachment of GovernorGeneral Warren Hastings in the House of Lords. At one point, the story goes, he described instances of cruelty so extreme that spectators in the strangers' gallery fainted with horror. For Burke and other critics of the Company's rule since, the Rangpur rising was the inevitable response to the East India Company's wanton destruction of the property rights of the Asian subjects of British rule in Bengal, caused by years of misrule. Rangpur's peasants had passively suffered. But their 'sullen despair and bought acquiescence' could only last so long. Burke believed


In order to ascertain the effects of teaching reforms on human parasitology,students in the Medical College of Zhengzhou University were divided into a group given revised instruction in human parasitology and a control group.The two groups answered a questionnaire and their examination results were analyzed.The group that received revised instruction had a higher level of satisfaction and opinion of instruction than the control group did,and the group that received revised instruction also had better examination results than the control did(t=3.072,P0.05).These results indicate that exploring new methods of teaching and putting them into practice helped to improve the quality and effectiveness of teaching.


Measurements have been made on the spectrum of gold excited in a hollow cathode discharge in helium. In the region investigated (600A-10,000A) some 2000 new gold lines were found, of which 237 have been newly classified in the gold arc spectrum and 83 have been newly classified in the first spark spectrum of gold. The new classifications involve 32 new terms in Au I and 12 new terms in Au II. In the arc spectrum, the $\mathrm{ns}$ and $\mathrm{nd}$ series have been extended to $n=14$, and new values of the $5{f}^{2}F$ levels are suggested. The series limit, $5{d}^{10}^{1}S_{0}$ of Au II, is calculated to be 74,410 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{1}$ above the ground state, $5{d}^{10}6s^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$, of Au I. Several new terms above the series limit have been located. In the first spark spectrum of gold, the resonance triplet discovered by Sawyer and Thomson has been confirmed. The lowest six members of the $5{d}^{9}7p$ group have been found, and the $5{d}^{8}6{s}^{2}$ configuration has been completed.


This article argues that the demands of waging total war effected parallel and mutually constitutive changes in the political rationalities of the Japanese colonial empire and the United States, and modulated racism away from its "vulgar" to its more "polite" form. The shift in political rationality centered on a movement away from (albeit not the displacement of) the deductive logic of the "right to kill" toward the productive logic of the "right to make live."


This work examines the temperature dependence of the coexistence ratios of phaselike forms of atomic clusters of two kinds, a homogeneous cluster bound by pairwise Lennard–Jones forces that simulates Ar55, and a binary, ionic cluster simulating (KCl)32. Two methods have been used: isothermal molecular dynamics and a simple analytical model based on highly simplified densities of states. The phase behavior of the alkali halide cluster is well represented by a two-level density of states, a nondegenerate lower level, and a highly degenerate upper level. The phase behavior of the argon cluster needs an intermediate level of moderate degeneracy to reproduce the three-phase behavior of the simulations.


Curiously enough, neither eructation, nor burping, nor belching, nor bubbling can be found in the indexes of the popular textbooks by Nelson1 and Holt,2 though air-swallowing in relation to colic, regurgitation, and vomiting is, of course, described. Furthermore, neither of these texts nor the popular book by Spock,3 describes any operational means (other than observation of pain and discomfort) to determine the existence of a trapped air bubble.
 We have found a simple audio test to determine the presence of a large trapped air bubble in an infant's stomach before it becomes painful.


It has long been held that business start-ups contribute to economic development through job creation, innovation, and the competitive disciplining of markets. While the effects of new venture formation on job creation and innovation have been investigated extensively, relatively little empirical work exists on the competitive effects of new firm entry. In this study, we examine the impact of new firm entry on the persistence of profitability in manufacturing industries. Using an empirical model of profitability persistence developed by Waring (1996) we find a significant negative effect of new firm entry on the persistence of profitability within manufacturing.


"The Last Speakers" is an engaging and thought-provoking treatment that reports on the extinction crisis that threatens many languages worldwide. Through photos, graphics, short vignettes, interviews, and first-person stories, this scientist's notebook documents linguist K. David Harrison's around-the-world adventures to meet with last speakers of languages. The speakers' points of view are revealed through candid direct quotations and captivating photographs that capture the individuals not simply in static poses, but in active engagement with their environment and their traditional and modern lifeways. Writing in a personal journalistic style, Harrison details his travels to visit language hotspots around the world - an undertaking also chronicled in the recent film "The Linguists". Working with other professionals, photographer Chris Rainier, and local scholars, Harrison ventures to remote corners of Bolivia, Australia, Siberia, Japan, and India. There he seeks out any speakers of languages previously reported as extinct, and tries to clarify numbers of speakers for very small languages. "The Last Speakers" clearly explains the new, cutting-edge methods in social science that the team employs, as well as summaries of well-established (yet not widely known) scientific knowledge in the field. Languages don't disappear only in tiny hamlets. Harrison also visits last speakers living in urban areas in the developed world, to demonstrate that language extinction is happening, though largely invisibly, right in our own backyard. Sites include Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Japan, and several European nations. At some of these locations we observe focused efforts at language revitalisation, including the use of computer and internet technologies to assist small languages in bridging the digital divide. Ultimately, Harrison's book humanises the global language-extinction crisis. Last speakers eloquently discuss their feelings about their language, what will be lost if it goes extinct, and how and why they believe this loss is happening. To prevent extinction of these cherished words and meanings, some speakers actively participate in language revitalization programs, working to pass on their knowledge to young generations. Their stories, which Harrison tells with empathy and respect, help us to grasp the impact of language extinction and the realization that when languages are lost, so are culture, diversity, and heritage.


Purpose – The chapter explores the newly launched Teacher Certification Examinations (TCEs) in one of the post-Soviet countries, Georgia, and describes the experiences and perceptions of Georgian teachers going through the process of teacher certification. The qualitative study develops an in-depth understanding of the perceived strength and weaknesses of TCE in Georgia.Methodology – This case study was carried out in the spring of 2012 in 17 Georgian schools. School teachers and school principals from public and private schools were interviewed. A convenience sampling technique was used to recruit all participants. In addition to data obtained from research participants, various policy documents, laws on general education, minister's decrees, and statistical databases are analyzed and incorporated into the study.Findings – The data analyses showed that while the certification policy, in some way, increased teachers' social status and prestige in the society, it failed to meet teachers' expectations regarding remuneration policy and professional development opportunities. The TCE, without an adequate compensation policy as well as other types of incentives to increase teacher motivation, creates only a technical threshold for teachers to obtain a teacher certificate to secure jobs, rather than being a catalyst for a genuine professional development opportunity.Value – The study is the first attempt to empirically examine the teacher certification process in Georgia, thus it fills a knowledge gap that exists in the field. The Georgian TCE is the first TCE in south Caucasus; thus, the study of the implementation and outcomes of the Georgian reform provides a unique opportunity for the region and for the rest of the developing world to learn from the successes and failures of the reform process.


Objective To explore the value of ultrasonic endoscopy in discriminating intramucosal carcinoma from submucosal carcinoma in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Methods Preoperative ultrasonic endoscopy was performed in 129 cases with early cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The ultrasonographic images of intraepithelial carcinoma,muscularis mucosae carcinoma,and submucosal carcinoma were analyzed. Endoscopic mucosal resection,endoscopic submucosal dissection,and surgical operation were performed in 34,5,and 90 cases,respectively. The infiltration depth of early cancers was confirmed pathologically after operation. Results Ultrasonic endoscopy revealed intraepithelial carcinoma in 30 cases with thickened mucosa epithelial lamina and regular morphology of muscularis mucosae,muscularis mucosae carcinoma in 36 cases with thickened mucosa and muscularis mucosae unclear demarcation but regular morphology of submucosa,muscularis mucosae carcinoma in 6 cases with partially thickened submucosa but regular morphology,submucosal carcinoma in 57 cases with changed submucosal morphology (thinned in 8 cases,thickened in 6 cases,twisted in 5 cases,irregular in 10 cases partially discontinued in 12 cases,and unclear of muscularis mucosae and submucosa ambit in 16 cases). Pathological examination after treatment reported 78 cases of intramucosal carcinoma and 51 cases of submucosal carcinoma. The specificity and sensibility in intramucosal carcinoma by ultrasonic endoscopy were 92.2% (47/51) and 87.2% (68/78) while in submucosal carcinoma were 87.2% (68/78) and 92.2% (47/51). The diagnostic accuracy in differentiating intramucosal carcinoma from submucosal carcinoma by ultrasonic endoscopy was 89.1% (115/129). Conclusion Ultrasonic endoscopy is effective in differentiating intramucosal carcinoma from submucosal carcinoma in the upper gastrointestinal tract.


Stoneville 213 cotton variety was planted on May 24'75 at the North Farm of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. Eight-row plots, 75 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied to the center 4 rows of each plot at the rate of 3.8 gallons per acre, 4 mph, 40 psi, 3 nozzles per row. Applications for Heliothis spp. control were made 8 times between the dates of August 7 and September 13. Azinphosmemyl at 0.25 lb a.i./acre was applied 6 times during the study to control boll weevils. Plots were examined weekly for Heliothis spp. damaged squares by examining 100 squares per plot. After squaring ceased, 25 bolls per plot were examined for Heliothis spp. damage. Yields were estimated by counting the total number of open bolls on 6.5 linear ft of row at two locations within each plot.


This paper is based on recent research into TAFE learning as experienced and expressed by students. The limitations of competency standards and national industry qualifications in particular will be addressed in this paper. Competency standards and national industry qualifications premised upon existing occupational categories are examined in terms of their capacity to equip TAFE graduates for changing employment patterns and social contexts. As participation in post compulsory education and training continues to grow there is an emerging requirement to move beyond choices in TAFE learning between a narrowed vocational learning and a broadly based general education. Whilst these two approaches offer some choice, increased participation in post compulsory education in Australia calls for more diverse approaches to vocational and technical learning. The diversity of the student populations demands a diversification of approaches to, and choices in, TAFE learning.


Introduction The 89-neutron nucleus 151Sm lies a t the edge of a region of nuclear deformation and its groundstate spin has been a matter of speculation for several years. The spins of 147Sm and 14'Sm are both 712 (Bogle and Scovil 1952), arising from the filling of the 2f7,, neutron shell, while the deformed nuclei lS3Srn and 155Sm both have spin 312 (Cabezas et al. 1960; Eastwood and Summers-Gill 1968), probably representing the Nilsson orbitals 4 + [651] and $ [521], respectively (Waddington 1968). The P decay of 87 y l5'Srn to levels of known spin in 15'Eu supports either a 512o r a 712assignment. However, Smither et al. (1970) have recently asserted that the ground state of 15'Sm is in fact 312-, on the basis of "neutron average capture" measurements. To resolve the controversy an EPR experiment on 151Sm has been undertaken.


In their article, "A model for neurosurgical humanitarian aid based on 12 years of medical trips to South and Central America," Mainthia and coauthors4 have described the methods, evolution, and impact of their sustained endeavor to provide neurosurgical treatment for children in 4 countries of Central and South America. This descriptive report is an unusual yet valuable contribution to the literature, because it highlights the need of children in developing countries for better access to specialized surgical care and demonstrates a model in which an American pediatric neurosurgical team has made a sustained and organized contribution to a solution. Children younger than 15 years of age comprise roughly one-third of the human population, but their distribution is concentrated in regions where the resources for healthcare in general, and neurosurgery in particular, are the most limited. In Guatemala, for instance, where the authors report having performed the majority of their work, 43% of the population is younger than 15 years old compared with 20% in the US.5 Contrasting the 2 countries where I have lived and worked exemplifies the inequities among the children of the world when it comes to accessing neurosurgical care. In the US, the ratio of neurosurgeons to children younger than 10 years of age is about 1:12,000 compared with a ratio of 1:2,600,000 in Uganda.6 Existing models for providing neurosurgical care to these children principally involve importing neurosurgical teams from more developed countries in the North to less developed countries in the South, exporting children from the South to the North, or building neurosurgical capacity within the country through the training and equipping of national surgeons or neurosurgeons. A great strength of the International Hospital for Children model Mainthia and colleagues have reported is that it incorporates all 3 elements. The authors describe a program in which children receive a high level of care from the visiting team and local partners are mentored and included in the enterprise. Transport to the authors' home institution in the US (Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems) is arranged for children whose problems are deemed too complex for safe management in the local environment. Senior neurosurgery residents participate in each trip. This not only undoubtedly augments their clinical training, for instance, in having the opportunity to close a number of myelomeningoceles, but also probably proves personally formative through the singular experience of delivering much needed care in a challenging practice environment. Clinical follow-up in a poor rural population is extremely challenging, but the authors have made all reasonable efforts to minimize losing track of patients, and the methods they have established to do this are outlined in their report. Over the course of the program's 12 years, the authors have noted an increase in the average age of patients and a decline in the fraction of total operations accounted for by myelomeningocele repairs from 58 to 11%. They attribute part of this to their contribution toward increasing the neurosurgical capacity within the country, but they also rightly acknowledge that this could have resulted from the introduction of a national program of folic acid fortification. In 1981, Dr. Richard Bergland eloquently warned of the plight of "neurosurgery in a zero-sum society."1 I would suggest that, in the context of the 21st-Century global community in an increasingly "flat" world,3 the pediatric surgical disciplines stand on the threshold of a non–zero-sum opportunity. Most of the world's children live in the southern hemisphere, whereas most of the resources and expertise to treat pediatric surgical diseases are in the northern hemisphere. Conversely, however, the declining fraction of children comprising Northern populations threatens to limit opportunities for training and research in the pediatric surgical disciplines, including in pediatric neurosurgery. It is apparent that innovative strategies to organize and fund the progressive engagement of the North and South could simultaneously provide surgical care to children who would otherwise not receive it, build capacity within the region to provide specialized pediatric surgical services, create opportunities for training North American and European residents, and facilitate globally oriented research that is energized by data derived from large populations. It may be helpful to evolve from the idea of "neurosurgical humanitarian aid" toward the concept of global neurosurgical partnerships in which aid is not delivered but rather via strategies of "social entrepreneurship,"2 non– zero-sum engagements between the North and South are formed in which everyone wins. Pioneering projects such as those described by Mainthia and colleagues, as well as similar endeavors by others in our discipline, serve as guideposts on the road ahead. J Ne osurg Pediatrics 4:1–3


In this research, the researcher examined the correlation between frequency of listening and vocabulary mastery toward listening ability at first grade students of MAN 4 Kediri. The aim of the research was to find out (1) the students' frequency of listening, (2) the students' vocabulary mastery, (3) the students' listening, (4) the significant simultaneous relationship between frequency of listening and vocabulary mastery toward listening ability, and (5) the significant partial relationship between frequency of listening and vocabulary mastery toward listening ability at the first grade students at MAN 4 Kediri. This research can be categorized as Quantitative correlation. The technique to collect data was the questionnaire and test. The questionnaire used to collect the data of frequency of listening and the test was for collecting the data of vocabulary mastery and listening ability. The instrument contained of 20 questions for each variable. In this case, the first grade students of science classes, totally 136 students, were taken as population and 100 students as sample by Sloven formula. The result of students' frequency of listening is that 75% or 75 students are in good category. For the students' vocabulary mastery, there are 43% or 43 students who are in very good category. The students' listening ability is 30% or that 30 students are in good category. To find out the correlation between three variables in this research used the SPSS 15,0 version. The result of significant level is 0,731 (a). It is more than 5% significant level. It means that there is no significant correlation between frequency of listening and vocabulary mastery toward listening ability at the first grade students of MAN 4 Kediri. So, the alternative hypothesis was rejected. Keyword: frequency of listening, listening ability, vocabulary INTRODUCTION Listening is the way to understand what people say and that is the learners are trying to learn in English. According to the definition of listening given by Brown and Yule (1983), "listening is the activity of paying attention to and trying to get the meaning from something we hear". Something what somebody hears means like conversation, story, explanation and so on, which may give the listeners the new information. Nahdliyatinniswah (2016) writes that many students consider that listening is difficult. The students do not understand what they listen in English; it means that their listening skill is still low. The factors that influence it are: (1) The


The Galileo spacecraft has been subjected to the harsh charged-particle environment around Jupiter since 1995. As the spacecraft has far exceeded the radiation dose for which it was designed, there have been a number of system failures attributable to radiation effects. This paper is a summary of those failures, the evidence for their connection to radiation related causes, and the associated fixes the Galileo flight team has implemented.


e17572 Background: Economic evaluations (EE) are routinely used by decision-makers in Canada. CADTH's "Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Health Technologies: Canada" Third edition, 2006, provide guidance on the conduct of EEs for all therapeutic products. The consistency and quality of oncology EEs are variable and therapeutics in the cancer care environment presented unique challenges in decision making. Several chapters of the CADTH document adequately defined methods for the conduct of an oncology EE. However, some chapters required more specific guidance to improve the quality of oncology EEs. The goal was to provide direction on methods for the conduct of high quality EEs in oncology.

METHODS
The Working Group on Economic Analysis, NCIC CTG and CADTH jointly initiated this project and formed a working group (WG) of oncologists, health economists, decision makers and economic analysts. The WG identified CADTH chapters where oncology-specific guidance would be required. In-person and teleconference meetings provided content and structure for the document. Formal reviews by external academic experts, cancer agencies, patient groups and the pharmaceutical industry were conducted. Feedback was reviewed by the WG and incorporated as appropriate.

RESULTS
Chapters requiring guidance included: target population, comparators, perspective, effectiveness, modeling, type of evaluation, valuing health, time horizon, costs and resources, sensitivity analysis and equity. Guidance included clarity around CADTH methodology and recommendations for oncology products. For example for the effectiveness chapter, there was guidance around the use of intermediate outcomes (progression free survival vs. overall survival) and type of evidence (phase II vs. phase III). Overall recommendations for chapters will be presented.

CONCLUSIONS
The oncology adapted economic guidelines provide specific guidance on the conduct of EEs for oncology products and will be published as an addendum to CADTH's third edition document. Their use should lead to more consistent application of EE methodologies for anti-cancer drugs and higher quality information for decision-makers at a national and perhaps international level. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is a kind of volumetric imaging methodology suited for long term living specimens at high temporal-spatial resolution. A single Airy beam (SAB) light-sheet can extend the field of view of Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy benefiting from its non-diffracting nature, but at the cost of out-of-focus background and low imaging contrast caused by side lobes illumination. Here, we propose a method to generate a sort of multiple Airy beams (MAB), which are linearly superimposed of multiple single Airy beams with different scale factors. Compared to the SAB light-sheet, the energy of the multiple Airy beams light-sheet is more concentrated on the focal plane of the detection objective, which can improve the imaging contrast and decrease the photodamage effect. Furthermore, we combined the complementary beam subtraction (CBS) strategy to increase the axial resolution, termed as multiple Airy beams-complementary beam subtraction method, which enables the axial resolution of 1.2 μm while keeping the field of view of 450 μm × 450 μm. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by imaging of fluorescent beads and aspergillus conidiophores.


Objective:To determine the following factors: site and degree of the post-excisional defect,type of reconstruction-influence the speech spectrum of 32 patients who underwent unilateral segmental mandibulectomy and its reconstruction.Methods: Contrasted to the speech data of 10 normal university students,the speech spectrum of the discarded sound "/s/" of the 32 patients who underwent unilateral-segmental-mandibulectomy was investigated.The patients were compared according to the following factors: position of the defects(HCL and oms classification);type of reconstruction(reconstruction with osteocutaneous flap plus plates,with plates only,with soft tissues) and whether the continuity kept or not.And the acoustical analysis of the sound "/s/"was done by means of Computerized Speech Lab 4400.changes of VOT and centre frequency in energy concentrating area were analysised. Results: Comparing to pro-operation group,when seen in the spectrographs of the post-operation patients,frequency lines became light and confusion,the belts of frequency became narrow,they seemed to be improved as the time passed on The degree of VOT reduction of the consonant /s/ in the Hm group after operation was more significant than that of Ho group,and it was nearly the same results with the central frequency changed in energy concentrating area(P0.05).There was no significant difference between all the other groups(P0.05). Conclusion: As is seen in the spectrographs of the post-operation patients,frequency lines became light and confusion,frequency belts became narrow.Either SI tests or speech spectrum analysis could be used to access the speech function of patients with segmental-mandibular-defects,both would have better effects.


The presence of melodies in the Phrygian mode in some Argentine folk melodies is demonstrated through comparative analysis. Their main features are studied and typological similarities with medieval European and Spanish popular melodies are detected and described.


Personality, or individual differences in behaviour and underlying psychology, has rapidly become an active field of behavioural, psychological and evolutionary research. Animal personality research can be divided into 'psychological' and 'biological' approaches, each employing a different set of questions and methods. Chimpanzee personality has mostly been studied with the psychological approach, which utilises a theoretical framework, trait selection process and evaluation methods used in human personality research. This work has described chimpanzee personality structure as largely similar to that of humans. However, we know little of chimpanzee personality at the behavioural level. We studied personality of captive chimpanzees employing the biological approach. The candidate personality traits were selected from a range of naturally occurring behaviours in ecologically meaningful categories. The data were collected by focal observations of 76 chimpanzees at three European zoos. The candidate personality traits were examined for repeatability, which tests whether within-individual variation in a trait is smaller than between-individual variation. The variables that passed this diagnostic criterion were further subjected to investigation of their inter-correlational structure. The results inform of key personality traits in chimpanzees at the behavioural level and of their structural organisation, both of which are relevant for understanding the foundations of personality. We discuss the results in the theoretical framework of integrating the behavioural and psychological approaches to animal personality.


Apple is a very suitable raw material for juice production due to its good yields, high dry matter content, relatively low cost and the possibility of using secondary products thereof in the range of highly valuable products. For the production of apple juice, it is particularly important to select appropriate cultivar (Carbone et al., 2011; Mehrabani et al., 2011; Liaudanskas et al., 2014; Begić-Akagić et al., 2014; Akagić et al., 2019) because of the specific sensory properties and biochemical processes that occur during technological processes (Begić-Akagić et al., 2011).


Aircraft stands and runways at airports are critical airport resources for aircraft scheduling and parking. Making use of limited apron and runway resources to improve airport efficiency is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, we study a realistic Aircraft Scheduling and Parking Problem (ASPP) with the goal of simultaneously determining the takeoff and landing time of each aircraft with consideration for wake vortex effect constraints and parking positions in the limited parking apron at a target airport. The objective of the ASPP is to minimise the total service time for aircraft. We developed a mixed-integer linear programme formulation for the ASPP. A novel improved bottom-left/right strategy is applied to construct solutions and a Hybrid Simulated Annealing and Reduced Variable Neighborhood Search (HSARVNS) is proposed to identify near-optimal solutions. Numerical experiments on randomly generated ASPP instances and on a large set of benchmarks for a reduced version of the ASPP (i.e. the classical Two-Dimensional Strip-Packing Problem (2D-SPP)) demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach. For the ASPP, HSARVNS can find optimal solutions for small instances in a fraction of a second and can find high-quality solutions for instances with up to 250 aircraft within a reasonable timeframe. For the 2D-SPP, the HSARVNS can find optimal solutions for 32 of 38 tested benchmarks within 90 s on average.


The automatic generation of meshes for the finite element (FE) method can be an expensive computational burden, especially in structural problems with localized stress peaks. The use of meshless methods can address such an issue, as these techniques do not require the existence of an underlying connection among the particles selected in a general domain. This study advances a numerical strategy that blends the FE method with the meshless local Petrov–Galerkin technique in structural mechanics, with the aim at exploiting the most attractive features of each procedure. The idea relies on the use of FEs to compute a background solution that is locally improved by enriching the approximation space with the basis functions associated to a few meshless points, thus taking advantage of the flexibility ensured by the use of particles disconnected from an underlying grid. Adding the meshless particles only where needed avoids the cost of mesh refining, or even of remeshing, without the prohibitive computational cost of a thoroughly meshfree approach. In the present implementation, an efficient integration strategy for the computation of the coefficients taking into account the mutual FE–meshless local Petrov–Galerkin interactions is introduced. Moreover, essential boundary conditions are enforced separately on both FEs and meshless particles, thus allowing for an overall accuracy improvement also when the enriched region is close to the domain boundary. Numerical examples in structural problems show that the proposed approach can significantly improve the solution accuracy at a local level, with no remeshing effort, and at a low computational cost. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


meistArAPrOfsnemi, aefingAstoð slf Abstract This article is a short review of the history of equine assisted therapy in Iceland, and an introduction to horseback riding as a therapeutic physical activity. Riding has many benefits; physical, social and psychological. The position of the rider on the horse facilitates proper sitting posture. It facilitates normal movements, balance and righting reactions where the rider must respond to approximately 100 impulses per minute while the horse is moving. Sitting astride the horse can maintain and /or improve the range of movement, particularly in the hip joints. The rhythm of the horse's movement and corresponding proprioceptive input to the rider's joints facilitates the relaxation of spastic muscles. On the other hand increased proprioceptive and vestibular sensory input through the movement of the horse may increase muscle tonus in a rider with hypotonus. Many people with disabilities are not able to explore their environment, experience movements or take risks in the same way as their peers. The rider is able to cross terrain that would be inaccessible in a wheelchair. Therapeutic riding is fun, and therefore lack of motivation and therapy burnout do not exist. In Sterba's review article from 2007, he points out that improvement of gross motor function was obtained in most of the studies he investigated, pelvic movement was normalized, co-contraction, joint-stability and weight shifting, as well as postural and equilibrium responses was improved. Last but not least equine assisted therapy improved dynamic postural stabilization, recovery from perturbations and anticipatory and feedback postural control.


Might intensive scheduling for gifted students provide more flexibility and placement options to school districts? How does it affect curricular enrichment and acceleration? Does it facilitate the differentiation of instruction in the classroom? And, does intensive scheduling have a positive or negative effect on complying with state mandates?


Background and purpose: Rhamnus cornifolia is one of the species belonging to the rhamnaceae family that is abundantly found in different parts of Iran. Rhamnus frangula is one of the most important species of this family which contains anthraquinones that act as stimulant laxative. In this study we investigated Rhamnus cornifolia Boiss which to the best of our knowledge, no phytochemical study has been done on this plant yet. Materials and methods: The plants were collected from Sisakht, Iran and morphological and microscopical characters of the plant were examined. An Antrakinon compound was isolated from the bark of the plant by column and thin-layer chromatography and identified by infrared, ultraviolet and mass spectrometry. Quantitative determination of total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash and sulphated ash were performed in the bark of Rhamnus cornifolia. Vitamin C concentrations in leaves were determined by titrimetric method. Results: The structure of the isolated anthraquinone compound was identified to be 1-Hydroxy3-methyl-6-vinyl-8-glycoside anthraquinone. Total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash and sulphated ash in the bark of Rhamnus cornifolia was 1.67%, 0.4%, 1.56% and 4.35%, respectively. Conclusion: Rhamnus cornifolia is believed to be a species that contains valuable active ingredients.


Photovoltaics (PV) system converts light into electric current using the photo-electric effect. Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and PV system arrays has advanced considerably in recent years. However, lightning protection on photovoltaic material is very crucial to avoid strike damage caused by transient overvoltage to the photovoltaic system that may due to a direct or an indirect strike. There is no experimental study recently to show the profile of unwanted signals due to induced overvoltage that is coupled to the solar panel system or related material. It is consequently imperative that experimental work to investigate the unwanted signal that is coupled to the solar panel material be conducted. In this study, the experimental set up of induced overvoltage was conducted in which the unwanted signal due to induced voltage was created by the short spark gap. The experiment was conducted in a High Voltage lab in University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) using artificial lightning discharge of 1.2/50μs with the peak voltage of 33 kV. The distance between the solar panel and spark gap was varied in order to study the relationship between the maximum voltage of unwanted signal and the distance. The existence of unwanted signal due to induced voltage with of maximum voltage profile was observed and is discussed in detail in the result and discussion sections.


This cross sectional retrospective study was designed to review the medical records of patients admitted at the Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria, between 1st June, 2010 and 1st June, 2013, to ascertain the incidence pattern of Hepatitis B infection among the patients. A total of 4536 patient's medical records were reviewed and the data obtained were analyzed using the computer statistical package for social sciences (SPSS Version 16). The results showed that out of the 4536 patients admitted during the period under review, only 34 (0.7%) of the patients had hepatitis B virus infection as against 4502 pateints (99.3%) without the infection. Also, among those with HBV infection, 21 of them (61.8%) were males, while 13 (38.2) were females; with majority of them (32.4%; n=34) within the age group of 36-45. Most of the infected patients were traders (23.5%) and/or educated up to the secondary school level only (38.2%), while a few of them (8.8%) were unemployed and/or had only primary level of education (26.5%). These findings undoubtedly affirm the calim that HBV infection is endemic in populations across Sub-Saharan Africa; including Nigeria and with 'tints' of age, gender, and educational level variations. Key words : Carriers, Hepatitis B, Patients, ISTH Irrua


Before large-area poly Si TFT technology can become viabl6 for applicitions in AMLCDi'with integrated peripheral drivers, many stringent reqirements mus be met. This involves achieving high TFT performance with low cosl manufacturing processes. In this paper we will elucidate the relationship among material properties, processing conditions, and device performance based on our typical TFTs fabricated from solid phased crystdliized LpCVD amorphous silicon with LTO gate oxide, top polygate. and self-aligned implanted source and drain. 1,2)


We present a face photo-sketch synthesis model, which converts a face photo into an artistic face sketch or recover a photo-realistic facial image from a sketch portrait. Recent progress has been made by convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs), so that promising results can be obtained through real-time end-to-end architectures. However, convolutional architectures tend to focus on local information and neglect long-range spatial dependency, which limits the ability of existing approaches in keeping global structural information. In this paper, we propose a Sketch-Transformer network for face photo-sketch synthesis, which consists of three closely-related modules, including a multi-scale feature and position encoder for patch-level feature and position embedding, a self-attention module for capturing long-range spatial dependency, and a multi-scale spatially-adaptive de-normalization decoder for image reconstruction. Such a design enables the model to generate reasonable detail texture while maintaining global structural information. Extensive experiments show that the proposed method achieves significant improvements over state-of-the-art approaches on both quantitative and qualitative evaluations.


Amidst the variety of researches which have been pursued respecting the different forms and modes of excitation and action of electricity, it is surprising to me that the electricity of living animals has not been more an object of attention, both on account of its physiological importance, and its general relation to the science of electro-chemistry. In reading an account of the experiments of Walsh, it is impossible not to be struck by some peculiarities of the electricity of the organ of the Torpedo and Gymnotus; such as its want of power to pass through air, and the slight effects of ignition produced by the strongest shocks: and though Mr. Cavendish, with his usual sagacity, compared its action to that of a battery weakly charged, when the electricity was large in quantity but low in intensity, yet the peculiarities which I have just mentioned are not entirely in harmony with this view of the subject.


This study conducted meta-analyses of 26 Korean studies in order to examine the relationships of person-supervisor (P-S) fit with job attitudes and behaviors. Job attitudes included job satisfaction (k = 11), affective organizational commitment (k = 10), and turnover intention (k = 8). Work behaviors included organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs, k = 11). The results showed strong positive relationships of P-S fit with job satisfaction, affective commitment, and OCBs. Also, P-S fit had a moderate negative relationship with turnover intention. Survey methods (online versus paper), publication sources, and sub-dimensions of outcome measurements were hypothesized as moderators with specific directions. Types of organization (private versus public) and types of industry (service versus non-service) were explored as moderators. The results indicated that the effect sizes were larger in online surveys (in case of OCBs) and journal publications than in paper surveys and dissertations, respectively. Regarding measurement dimensions, P-S fit showed stronger relationships with OCB-I than with OCB-O. We found that types of organization and types of industry could also function as moderators. This study contributes to the literature on P-S fit, which has been paid less attention to than other dimensions of person-environment fit, by demonstrating its importance. Limitations of the current study, future research directions, and implications of the results were further discussed.


The rapid improvement of semiconductor technologies is the enabling factor for the design of large-scale System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures. At the same time the scale-down of feature sizes in silicon technologies brings up new challenges as parameter variations of the transistor devices, an increased vulnerability for wear-out effects during the lifetime of the device and increased sensitivity for soft-errors. The overall system reliability is therefore an important topic to be addressed in the SoC design process as well as economic considerations related to manufacturing yield and lifetime maintainability. The aim of this contribution is to outline implications for the design process and to illustrate the dependability aspects at the example of SoC communication architectures being implemented as Networks-on-Chip (NoCs).


Cheboksary reservoir impact to the coast is manifested in the geophysical impact associated with abrasion activities. Geomorphological area of influence at the moment reaches a width of about 40 m, where are the coasts reformation (erosion, collapse, slumping, sliding, transfer or accumulation of sediments, waterlogged processes). Hydrogeological impact is effect on the level of groundwater. We have proposed the conceptual foundations of functional zoning of the reservoir banks that will help to optimize its operation. Selection zones came in accordance with the principles of landscape planning: 1. The zone of strict water protection: the main purpose – preservation of needing special protection areas. 2. The zone of moderate restrictions: preservation extensively used landscapes. 3. The zone of partial restrictions: improving the pre-emptive particularly vulnerable areas and changing intensity or type of use. 4. The zone of conservation of natural components in agricultural landscapes: ensuring health of the natural environment in the habitats used in agricultural economy. 5. The zone of preservation of vacant space and the natural environment in the settlements: to maintain the required quantity and quality of available green space in the large towns. 6. The zone of improving heavily used areas: elimination of harmful stress and environmental sanitation in the countryside where economic activities and the lack of measures to reduce their risks lead to degradation natural system.


Evaluation of clinical tutors by students is potentially useful for tutor feedback and to assist administrators in decisions about tenure and promotion. At most universities, there has been inadequate attention paid to clinical tutor evaluation. McGill University in Canada designed an evaluation system adhering rigidly to accepted psychometric standards of reliability and validity and has used it successfully for the past 5 years. When researchers investigated its credibility with McGill tutors, they found significant ambivalence and some hostility toward the process. Apparently, these tutors are suspicious of the credibility of student ratings of their teaching skills. Part of the explanation for this lies in their own selfdoubts as reflected in lower self-ratings. Much of the ambivalence relates to lack of recognition of clinical teaching by administrators and lack of impact of teaching evaluations on promotion and tenure decisions.


Bonaire has musical traditions similar to those of its Antillean neighbors, Aruba and Curacao. All three islands "share a neo-African, drum-centred tradition known as tambu (in Bonaire often referred to as bari), a quintessential Netherlands Antilles folk music" (Bilby, 2013, para. 4). Tumba, a unique mixture of tambu music with other, more modern musical elements, is a particularly popular local musical style (Bilby, 2012).


issued from her mouth when she was sick, but they had no opportunity of ascertaining whether it was luminous in the dark. Now, how much of the related post miortem appearances were due to poisoning? I think there was undoubted evidence of some irritant poison having been swallowed; and there was evidence of disease from continued drinking. To what was the congestion of the lung due? and what was the immediate cause of death ? The verdict of the jury was that the woman died from the effects of swallowing irritant poison, accelerated by a diseased condition of the body, brought about by continued drinking. From the evidence given at the coroner's inquest, it appears that the woman lived in a brothel; that she swallowed the poison on the Wednesday previous to admission; and that from this time, till a surgeon saw her on Monday, the 24th, she was frequently complaining of pain in the bowels, and asking for medicine, getting salts, castor-oil, etc.; and that she was drinking all this time. It also came out in evidence that another woman took her on the Friday morning, within thirty-six hours of her swallowing the poison, to a druggist; that they told him she had swallowed rat-poison; that he questioned her, gave her some medicine and directions as to her food, and saw her again on the Saturday morning, and gave her further directions. I think you will all agree with me that it is monstrous that such persons, ignorant, as they of necessity must be, of such matters, should coolly trifle with the life of a fellow-being, as this man did in this case. It may be said, " Oh, if people are such fools as to go to druggists to have their ailments treated, why should anyone interfere?" But that is by no means the whole question. People are ignorant on these matters: they reason that, as chemists and druggists have to do with the compounding of medicines, they must know something of their application in disease. It is the druggist who sins, in his impudent assumption of knowledge, which he knows he cannot, and does not, possess. It is lamentable to think of the frightful amount of misery, and not unfrequently of death, that is brought about by the unblushing dishonesty of these people, who thus trade upon the ignorant credulity of the public. If it were only a question of a man suffering in pocket, one might fairly say, " Serve him right"; but when it is a question of life, disease, and death, the matter is far more serious.


We investigate the symmetries of so-called generalized extended CMV matrices. It is well-documented that problems involving reflection symmetries of standard extended CMV matrices can be subtle. We show how to deal with this in an elegant fashion by passing to the class of generalized extended CMV matrices via explicit diagonal unitaries in the spirit of Cantero-Gr\"unbaum-Moral-Vel\'azquez. As an application of these ideas, we construct an explicit family of almost-periodic CMV matrices, which we call the mosaic unitary almost-Mathieu operator, and prove the occurrence of exact mobility edges. That is, we show the existence of energies that separate spectral regions with absolutely continuous and pure point spectrum and exactly calculate them.


The article analyzes the increase of motivation in higher education. The problem of intersubjective communications is recognized as relevant for the entire system of modern education, but in theoretical, and especially in practical aspects, intersubjective communications in higher professional education are much less studied than in systems of educational and secondary vocational schools. The effectiveness of professionally-oriented interdisciplinary tasks in the system of technological training of clothing industry's specialists has been proved. It has been established experimentally that the developed task-modular training program contributes to the development of positive dynamics of motivation and formation of professional and educational-cognitive motives of students. The basis in the development of tasks was the multi-level structure of professional activity of a specialist. The logical and substantive basis of the tasks is determined by the theory of interdisciplinary communications and the modern production and technological activity of an engineer in the clothing industry. The implementation of the system of tasks in the educational process is based on general pedagogical and specific principles of didactics. The dependence of the technological training of specialists in the clothing industry on the implementation of professionally-oriented interdisciplinary tasks is disclosed. The developed task-modular training program is included in the technological training system for specialists in the clothing industry; it is implemented as part of practical and laboratory work in accordance with work programs for special disciplines of the curriculum of the main educational program.


High-speed signal transmission in a rack is becoming necessary as system throughput increases since it can transmit high-speed signals with less noise. This paper presents calculated results for differential signal transmission in a rack system with a 60-cm backplane length d point-to-point transmission using multi-pin connectors with a signal-to-ground pin assignment ratio of 1:1. The maximum signal tran mission speed is calculated to be 600 MHz.


Sunny conditions create the heating to the car body and rise in its average internal temperature resulting discomfort to the driver and passengers. It was observed that inside temperature of the car cabin rises up to 60C 70C in summer during parking conditions. Consequently, it may be fatal to the life of a child, left inside the car due to some reason as reported in various news resources. In the present investigation, air circulation and temperature distribution in car cabin was studied to address the problem of heating and ventilation in the car cabin. The possible design criteria were instigated for geometrical consideration as an inlet vent was considered below the front windshield and outlet vent at below rear windshield. In another design concern, two outlet-vent were considered; one below and above the rear windshield. It was observed that air circulation in the rear compartment was more effective in comparison to the front compartment improving the overall air circulation with increase in inlet velocity. Also an increase in the uniformity of internal temperature distribution was observed with the increase of incoming airstream velocity. The temperature difference marginally improved for modified design conditions. The accumulated heat in the car cabin can be reduced appreciably with the provision of vents in the compartment.


The paper points out the lithic slope of the electrification modification project on Zhe-Gan railway has better economic and social benefits by adopting the spray sowing technology,introduces the design principle,construction method,craft requirements for the spray sowing technology according to some project examples,so as to provide experience for upcoming similar projects.


Surfactants are surface-active microbial products with an amphiphilic structure that allows these to act as emulsifiers, surfactants, foaming and dispersing agents. Biosurfactants have advantages over their chemically synthesized counterparts, such as biodegradability, lower toxicity, activity at extreme temperatures and pH values, besides the ability to be produced using sustainable by-products. Thus, biosurfactants have potential applications in the chemical, petroleum, environmental and pharmaceutical industries. Biosurfactants may also be used as food additives(which are compounds added to enhance the characteristics of food), acting as thickeners, emulsifiers and stabilizers. This chapter discusses the importance of the microbial biosurfactants, their characteristics and potential industrial applications, particularly as food additives.


Purpose – It is well recognised that individuals have much to contribute to the care that they receive, with attendant benefits on outcomes and reduction in cost. The recognition of individuals who access care services as interdependent citizens embedded in both formal and informal support networks is a shift that acknowledges their active role as partners in management of their own care and in service innovation and development. The purpose of this paper is therefore to explore and illustrate some of the domains of co-production. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the authors review the literature, both peer-reviewed and professional, in order to provide a broad and contemporary commentary on this emergent approach. This literature is critically summarised and presented along with a narrative that discusses the context in Wales, where the authors are based. The approach to this paper is to bring together existing knowledge and also propose potential avenues for further research and practise dev...


As the high speed development of electronic technology,the widely use of VLSI,the requirement of ESD protection of the electronic component during the package,transport,storage,washing and test are more and more strict.By illustrating the generation and damage of ESD,three elements of ESD protection are given.The necessity and possibility of real-time roundly networking controlling and monitoring in all electrostatic discharge protected area are discussed.


Due to serious shortcomings in the original design model of the existing Internet,the Internet cannot adapt well to increasingly ubiquitous mobile demands. In this paper,we give a new framework of Ubiquitous Mobile Internet. Then we propose the basic model and theory of Infrastructure layer,which allows users to access the Internet anywhere ,any time ,and by any means. We also outline the theory and mechanism of Pervasive Services ,which can support all kinds of services. Finally,we discuss the mechanism of mobility management for the new network. Results show that our new network architecture overcomes shortcomings of the existing Internet,and the new network system perfectly supports ubiquitous mobile demands.


PCL(PATRAN Command Language)is a useful tool provided by MSC.Patran for redevelopment.The method and process of MSC.Patran redevelopment are studied and an analytic system of bonded repair is made according to this method.It also offers a way to integrate PCL development environment into batch program by invoking built -in program through batch command.The integrated development environment makes the redevelopment more efficient and convenient.


The clean coal technology is a general appellation of a series of advanced technologies such as decreasing environmental pollution and increasing utilization efficiency in the coal development utilization process. The character of China clean coal technology is reflected in detail in the China Clean Coal Technology Net. Its content is including the lately basis data of coal, other energy and environment, standards and policy regulations with regard to the clean coal technology. In addition, some of the enterprises and research institutes, technologies and equipments are also introduced in this net. A clean coal technology forum is set up in net for exchange opinion and information between experts and technical workers. The design thinking and style, net layouts in the clean coal technology net are introduced in detail and some of the major content is explained briefly.


With the diversification of spinning order varieties and process parameters, the conventional method of determining production plans through trial spinning no longer satisfies the processing requirements of enterprises. Currently, deficiencies exist in predicting spinning quality relying on manual experience and traditional methods. The back propagation (BP) neural network within the realm of deep learning theory faces challenges in handling time series data, while the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network, despite its intricate mechanism, exhibits an overall lower predictive accuracy. Consequently, a more precise predictive methodology is imperative to assist production personnel in efficiently ascertaining cotton-blending schemes and processing parameters, thereby elevating the production efficiency of the enterprise. In response to this challenge, we propose an attention-GRU-based cotton yarn quality prediction model. By employing the attention mechanism, the model is directed towards the input features most significantly impacting yarn quality. Real-world performance indicators of raw cotton and process parameters are utilized to predict yarn tensile strength. A comparative analysis is conducted against prediction results of BP, LSTM, and gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural networks that do not incorporate the attention mechanism. The outcomes reveal that the GRU model enhanced with the attention mechanism demonstrates reductions of 56.3%, 38.5%, and 36.4% in root mean square error (RMSE), along with 0.367%, 0.158%, and 0.190% in mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), respectively. The model attains a coefficient of determination R-squared of 0.954, indicating a high degree of fitness. This study underscores the potential of the proposed attention-GRU model in refining cotton yarn quality prediction and its consequential implications for process optimization and enhanced production efficiency within textile enterprises.


The present invention relates to a current sensor for mounting on a busbar (S) comprising a Hall sensor (2) which is encapsulated in a plastic housing (3), wherein the surface of the plastic housing (3) is arranged in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the bus bar (S) to the bus bar (S), in particular in a predefined position relative to the latter, and mounted positively and / or non-positively and / or materially connected with this to be.


We present a unique case of a colonic lithobezoar in a relatively healthy, young male with no history of psychological or psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, unlike previously reported cases, this patient had no history of gastric surgery. The mode of presentation and the rariety of disease pose difficulties in diagnosis of lithobezoar. The different modalities of treatment, both surgical and nonsurgical, were thought of and discussed. The diagnosis of a lithobezoar in a healthy patient requires a high index of suspicion, as it presents with nonspecific symptoms. The standard treatment for bezoars is discussed but lithobezoar needs special mention due to its rariety and no specific surgery guidelines.


Professor John Wisdom holds that the reference to be found in many religious beliefs to what lies beyond the world and transcends the senses is misleading. Religious beliefs speak and, indeed, can only speak about this world, the world we know by means of the senses. The religious believer is himself misled when he describes the God he believes in as transcendent. What gives content to his beliefs is how certain things stand in this world. To appreciate these and so to embrace the beliefs in question is for a person to change in himself, to come into contact with something that lies within him. Here lies the spiritual aspect of the content of religious beliefs.


Analyses of pupal mortality factors were made in six subpopulations of forest tent caterpillar (FTC), Malacosoma disstria Hubner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), in Baldwin and Mobile counties in southwestern Alabama in 1977, 1978, and 1979. Infestations were confined to a cypress-tupelo deltoid swamp with water tupelo, Nyssa aquatica L., as the predominant host species. Major identifiable mortality factors included predation, disease, and parasitism. Pupal predation was attributable predominantly to birds and ants, whereas the entomogenous fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin caused all observed mortality attributable to disease. Fifteen parasitic insects were reared from FTC pupae; nine were considered primary parasites, and six were hyperparasites. Rate of pupal parasitization was less than 60% in 17 of 18 temporally or spatially distinct samples during the 3 year study. Although parasitism was the most important cause of pupal mortality, it did not appear to be a dominant regulatory factor for FTC in this ecosystem. Neither host population quality nor density was highly correlated with degree of parasitism. The aquatic habitat places severe restrictions on the species of parasites which can effectively utilize FTC as a host, which in turn limits total parasite impact.


A LED module comprising at least one LED mounted on a thermo-conducting flat substrate, said LED module being adapted for being used together with a TIM and a heat sink, said thermo-conducting flat substrate being adapted for spreading heat from said LED module through said TIM to said heat sink, said thermo-conducting flat substrate comprising a plurality of fastener eyes, each of said fastener eyes being adopted for receiving a fastener such as a screw or a rivet for mounting said thermo-conducting flat substrate to said heat sink, wherein said thermo-conducting flat substrate comprises integrally formed deformable zones in vicinity of each of said plurality of fastener eyes, said integrally formed deformable zones being coherent with said thermo-conducting flat substrate.


Summary Online distance learning has the potential to transform higher education more dramatically than any of its predecessor technologies, but not necessarily in the ways that receive the most publicity. The history, obstacles, concerns and apparent future of distance learning are discussed.


Objective To investigate the changes of serum retinol-binding protein 4,hepatic fat content,carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus before and after the treatment with rosiglitazone.Methods Seventeen subjects newly-diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus,aged between 35 to 69 years,were treated with rosiglitazone(4-8 mg/d)for 24 weeks.The wight,waist and hip circumference were measured before and after the rosiglitazone treatment.Fasting plasma glucose(FPG),2 hours plasma glucose(2hPG),HbA1c,lipid,retinol-binding protein 4(RBP4)and adiponectin(APN)were determined at the same time.Hepatic fat content was measured by ultrasound histogram.B-cell function was evaluated by arginine stimulating test,insulin sensitivity was estimated by homeostasis model assessment(HOMA).The trial adopted a self-controlling methods.Results Compared with baseline levels,the levels of FPG,2hPG,HbA1c and RBP4 were significantly decreased,and APN level was increased during rosiglitazone treatment(all P0.01).After treatment,the attenuation coefficients of liver adipose content in the longitudinal section under the xiphoid of left hepatic lobe,the section between the ribs of right hepatic lobe,oblique section under the ribs of right hepatic lobe,and its mean value decreased by 19.5%,26.7%,22.0% and 22.9%,respectively.Conclusion Rosiglitazone can decrease serum RBP4 level,reduce the hepatic fat content in patients with type 2 diabetes,and improve insulin resistance.(Shanghai Med J,2008,3:767-770)


The LIGO and Virgo Collaborations currently conduct searches for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences in real time. For promising candidate events, a sky map and distance estimation are released in low latency to facilitate their electromagnetic follow-up. Currently, no information is released about the masses of the compact objects. Recently, Margalit & Metzger suggested that knowledge of the chirp mass of the detected binary neutron stars could be useful to prioritize the electromagnetic follow-up effort, and urged the LIGO-Virgo collaboration to release chirp mass information in low latency. One might worry that low-latency searches for compact binaries make simplifying assumptions that could introduce biases in the mass parameters: neutron stars are treated as point particles with dimensionless spins below 0.05 perfectly aligned with the orbital angular momentum. Furthermore, the template bank used to search for them has a finite resolution. In this paper we show that none of these limitations can introduce chirp mass biases larger than ∼10−3 M⊙. Even the total mass is usually accurately estimated, with biases smaller than 6%. The mass ratio and effective inspiral spins, on the other hand, can suffer from more severe biases.


AbstractThis paper describes the linguistic basis for the operation of a computer program which performs a particular type of grammatical/syntactic analysis—the assigning of structural "boundaries" between orthographic words in written English text. While the nature of the "boundary" as a linguistic element is implicitly recognized—as with the functional/systemic grammar word → above; group → above; clause hierarchy—an explicit definition of the "boundary" as a linguistic entity, together a set of potential boundaries, is an area in the analysis of language which has not been explored. The linguistic description in this paper forms a part of a study which has been primarily for the computer analysis of language. It is suggested that the concept of boundaries as linguistic entities is, however, also worth investigating for its intrinsic linguistic merit. In order to put the concept of the "boundary" into perspective, some background is necessary on the computer analysis of language; this is kept to a minim...


In 38 children with congenital aortic stenosis (32 valvar, three subvalvar, and three supravalvar: 28 preoperative, ten postoperative), the left ventricular pressure, left ventricular-to-aortic pressure difference and aortic valve area were compared with several components of the central and peripheral arterial pulse waves. In 23 patients, a catheter-tip manometer was used, and in 15, pressure was measured with a regular manometer system and corrected for artifact by resynthesis of pulse waves after harmonic analysis. The severity of the anomaly was not reflected in the central or peripheral pulse pressure, the first derivative of these pressures, mean aortic pressure, pulse wave velocity, or peripheral amplification of pulse waves or of their individual harmonics.While in adults with aortic stenosis, the various pulse wave characteristics correlate with severity, the change in the pulse wave as it travels down the aorta in children is so modified by vascular factors as to be worthless in assessing the severity of the obstruction.


In order to evaluate nuclear power plant (NPP) safety, the nuclear industry has developed two safety analysis methods, deterministic safety analysis (DSA) and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA). However, carrying out DSA and PRA alone and relatively independently cannot accurately reflect the interactions between failures of equipment and the performance of system, thus safety and safety margin of NPP may be too conservative or under-conservative. In recent years, Risk-informed Safety Margin Characteristic analysis (RISMC)" technology was proposed by U.S. RISMC couples DSA and PRA to realistically analyze accident evolution paths, accident consequences, and probabilities under various accident scenarios. This paper aimed to solve the problem of huge calculation amount and computing resources in the RISMC analysis of NPPs. The dynamic event tree (DET) method was used and the concept of adaptive search was introduced, in order to balance the accuracy of limit surface positioning and total calculation amount. A typical accident case study of Small-break LOCA accident was carried out. Its results showed that using Adaptive DET algorithm in RISMC analysis could greatly improve the calculation efficiency of RISMC in accident scenarios and break through the limitations of traditional safety analysis of NPP.


In this paper, the characteristic of pressures had been analyzed with a series of shapes that are pressure probes used in supersonic wind tunnel. When a performance of supersonic wind tunnel is evaluated, the Mach number is calculated by using the ratio of static pressure in test section wall to total pressure in settling chamber. Also the flow condition can be visualized by schlieren system. However a number of limitations exist to measure pressure of test section due to high speed and boundary layer effect. Therefore a specific pressure probe is needed for evaluating flow condition in test section at a various of positions. In the paper, experiments were conducted in terms of some pitot probes and the results were compared and analyzed.


The Leibniz algebras appear as a generalization of the Lie algebras [8]. The classification of naturally graded p-filiform Lie algebras is known [3], [4], [5], [9]. In this work we deal with the classification of 2-filiform Leibniz algebras. The study of p-filiform Leibniz non Lie algebras is solved for p = 0 (trivial) and p = 1 [1]. In this work we get the classification of naturally graded non Lie 2-filiform Leibniz algebras.


Inflammation, particularly low‐grade chronic inflammation, appears to affect several brain functions, from early brain development to the development of neurodegenerative disorders and perhaps some psychiatric diseases. On the other hand, nutrition and dietary components and patterns have a plethora of anti‐ and pro‐inflammatory effects that could be linked to cognitive function. Even a modest effect of nutrition on cognitive decline could have significant implications for public health. This paper summarizes the available evidence regarding inflammation as a key mechanism in cognitive function and nutritional pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory effects with the purpose of linking the apparent disparate disciplines of nutrition, immunity, and neurology.


Several studies have reported advanced treatments for depressive symptoms, such as real-time neurofeedback (NF) with functional MRI (fMRI) and/or electroencephalogram (EEG). NF focusing on a regularization of brain activity associated with the amygdala or functional connectivity (FC) between the executive control network (ECN) and default mode network (DMN) has been applied to reduce depressive symptoms. However, it is practically difficult to install the fMRI-NF system and to consistently provide treatment, because of high cost. Additionally, no practical signal processing techniques have been developed extracting FC-related features from EEG signals, particularly when no physical forward models are available. In this regard, stacked pooling and linear components estimation (SPLICE), recently proposed as a multilayer extension of independent component analysis (ICA) and related independent subspace analysis (ISA), can be a promising alternative. The resting-state EEG network features can be correlated with fMRI network activity corresponding to the DMN or ECN. This may enable the modulation of the target FC-related features in EEG-based NF. In this study, we developed a real-time EEG NF system for improving depressive symptoms by using the SPLICE. Utilizing information from the fMRI biomarkers, we evaluated our paradigm for effectiveness with regard to upregulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex /middle frontal gyrus or downregulation of the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex. We conducted an NF experiment in participants with subclinical depression; the participants were divided into the NF group (n=8) and the sham group (n=9). We found a significant reduction and a large effect size in the rumination response scale (RRS) score (reflection) in the NF group, compared to the sham group. However, we did not find a significant relationship between the training score and difference in symptoms. This suggests that increased controllability of the EEG signals did not directly reduce the RRS reflection score. This could be due to various reasons such as improper feature extraction, individual differences, and the targeted brain regions. In this paper, we also discuss the possible ways to modify our NF protocol including the design of the experiment, sample size, and online processing. We then discuss way to improve the NF training, based on our results.


One of the complementary learning resources that can be used is LKS. (1) The development of LKS using flipbook media is carried out because it is to meet the needs of students regarding interesting, fun and innovative teaching materials. (2) The purpose of this study was to determine the results of developing LKS assisted by flipbook media on respiratory system materials in humans at SMPK Santa Maria De Lourders Rada Loko which met the criteria for validity. The research method used in this research is the research and development method. The research that will be carried out will only consist of the Define (defining), Design (design), Develop (Development) stages. The types of data used in this research are qualitative and quantitative data. This information was collected by interviewing several educators. The instruments used were interview transcripts, material expert validation questionnaires, and media expert validation questionnaires. Based on, (1) research results, the overall validity score is 91.44. This score is in the range of 81.00% - 100.00% with a very valid validity level, it can be used without revision. (2) Based on the above validity results, the LKS has met the valid criteria because the LKS developed is based on an adequate theory, namely the validity of the material and all components of the worksheets are consistently related to one another (design validity and material validity). The flipbook-based Student Worksheet on the human respiratory system material can be used without revision.


Qualitative data from a survey of married women living in urban areas of Rawalpindi are presented here in an effort to better understand their views on contraceptive techniques and the factors that impact their use. A purposeful selection strategy was used to choose participants, and only married women of childbearing age were eligible to participate. In total, 12 focus groups were held in the urban region of Rawalpindi. Some modern contraceptive methods were known to the majority, but overall use was extremely low. The prevalence of any form of contraception, including IUDs, was especially low. Modern contraception is not widely used because of concerns about side effects, religious apprehensions about harming the unborn child, a lack of information, or a lack of access to high-quality treatment according to the findings. The number of young women in the Pakistan who utilize contraception is influenced by social, demographic, and economic factors. Young women's access to contraception may be restricted unless these findings are included into public health programs. Access to family planning information and services for young women is highly recommended. Key words: Contraceptive Methods, Family planning, Urban areas, Rawalpindi


The present invention relates to a method for enabling provision message processing region directly in the messaging service provider server (12), a portable communication device and a computer program. In the method, a user input unit of the portable communication device (10) (26,16,18) is associated with functionality that is used for connecting to the messaging service provider (32), the messaging processing for the user to set the area, the user requests according to actuate (34) a user input portion (26,16,18) is transmitted to the messaging service provider (36), generated for the user identifier for identifying the message processing region, with login data for logging into the area received from the messaging service provider (38), direct access to the user (46) message processing region when it is selected by the user user ability to access causes (48) the message processing region for the It is associated with a force unit (42). .FIELD 5


Early adolescence is a crucial period in the development of autonomy which includes the taking of responsibility and self-management. The relationship between the development of responsibility and changing parental employment patterns was the focus of this study. Two-way analyses of variance were employed to determine whether levels of responsibility differed according to parental employment status and gender of adolescent. The sample consisted of 174 early adolescents and their parents who were part of a statewide survey conducted in Michigan in 1987. Interviews with adolescents and their parents yielded data in personal, family-related, and social responsibility. Neither parental employment status nor gender of child was found to be related to personal responsibility. Gender effects were significant for family responsibility with boys and girls assuming traditionally male and female roles. In the area of social responsibility, adolescents from two-parent families in which one parent was not employed participated in more volunteer activities than did adolescents from single-parent families. Girls were more likely than boys to participate in volunteer activities.


Abstract Invariant characterizations are obtained for the existence of one or more common factors in two-dimensional homogeneous polynomial vector fields of arbitrary degree, r. The presence of a common factor is related to the existence of nonisolated critical points of the vector fields. The particular case where the highest common factor is of maximal degree, r, is studied further, from the invariant point of view. The linear (r = 1) and quadratic (r = 2) cases are then examined in the context of the general theory, and the results are contrasted with those which are obtained using more conventional approaches. The relevance of the investigation to certain inhomogeneous polynomial vector fields is briefly discussed. This brings to light an invariant characterization of the classical Jacobi differential equation.


AMPHION is a knowledge-based software engineering (KBSE) system that guides a user in developing a diagram representing a formal problem specification. It then automatically implements a solution to this specification as a program consisting of calls to subroutines from a library. The diagram provides an intuitive domainoriented notation for creating a specification that also facilitates reuse and modification. AMPHION'S architecture is domain independent. AMPHION is specialized to an application domain by developing a declarative domain theory. Creating a domain theory is an iterative process that currently requires the joint expertise of domain experts and experts in automated formal methods for software development. AMPHION has been applied to JPL's NAIF domain through a declarative domain theory that includes an axiomatization of JPL's SPICELIB subroutine library. Testing with planetary scienfists demonstrates that AMPHION's interactive specification acquisition paradigm enables users to easily develop, modify, and reuse specifications after only a short tutorial. AMPHION routinely synthesizes programs consisting of dozens of SPICELIB subroutine calls from these specifications in just a few minutes. Qualitative assessments indicate an order of magnitude productivity increase using AMPHION MOTIVATION


My earlier blog summarised some key findings from WHO reports about NCD prevention and control globally and in the Asia-Pacific region. What does the recently released WHO NCD Progress Monitor 2017 report reveal about the NCD challenge in the Pacific?


Abstract : The author's definition of susceptibility and resistance is formulated on the basis of correlation between the injuring factor (noxa) and its effect by means of the probability that is expressed as the difference between the expected value given by the regression line and real value of the hearing loss. This defines susceptibility and, similarly, resistance as the probability of a given loss with the presumption of the average reactivity of the given person. Examples of application of such an evaluation of receptivity are shown.


The presentations in this session dealt with four broad variables that influence child and adolescent (youth) use of tobacco--pricing, industry advertising and promotion, access, and prevention programs. Changes in pricing, advertising and access attempt to reduce the supply of tobacco products to youth, and are thought of as supply-side approaches. Prevention programs attempt to reduce demand for tobacco by youth, and are thought of as demand-reduction approaches. I will present a theoretical view that integrates both of these approaches, along with many others, summarize findings in terms of that theory, and suggest areas where we need further research.