The sequence of the four nucleotides of the genetic code is like an indelible ink that, with rare exceptions, is faithfully transcribed from cell to cell and from generation to generation. But on t...


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The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved alpelisib plus fulvestrant for the treatment of metastatic or otherwise advanced breast cancer.


A prospective study involving 30 patients, diagnosed to have intractable
upper abdomen pain due to malignancies/ pathologies of inoperable status at
BARNARD INSTITUTE OF RADIOLOGY, MADRAS MEDICAL COLLEGE &
RAJIV GANDHI GOVT GENERAL HOSPITAL, CHENNAI by Dr. H.
Iyengaran, III year M.D.R.D. resident, as the principal investigator under the
guidance of Professor S. Kalpana, M.D., D.M.R.D,. These patients were referred
from the Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical care and from Department of
Gastroenterology.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
• To perform CT guided neurolysis of the CELIAC PLEXUS, through anterior
approach in patients with intractable upper abdominal pain due to
intraabdominal malignancies/pathologies of inoperable status.
• To assess treatment success by evaluating pain relief using Visual Analog
Scale (VAS) before and after the procedure.
• To assess minor/major complications associated with the procedure.
The procedure was done through anterior approach with Absolute alcohol as
the neurolytic agent. Pain assessment was done using Visual Analog scale.
INDICATIONS:
• Patients with persistent and intractable upper abdominal pain due to
malignancies / Chronic Pancreatitis of inoperable status
• Patients with severe nausea and hyperemesis due to Pancreatic cancer
• In visceral neuropathy in patients with diabetes, Inflammatory bowel disease
(Crohn's disease) and sclerosing cholangitis of AIDS.
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
• Coagulopathies
• Hypovolemic status
• Ascites
• Abdominal aorta aneurysm
• Intraabdominal sepsis
• Bowel obstruction / Tumors
With proper preparation of the patient, with everything in place, procedure
done under local anesthesia which involves the following steps:
PROCEDURE:
· Pre procedure VAS is obtained.
· Premedication with Inj.Pentazocine and Inj.Atropine
· Patient is positioned supine.
· A surface marker is placed over the patient abdomen at T12 to L2 level.
· A NECT abdomen is performed.
· Celiac artery and celiac plexus are localized and the best axial slice selected.
· The puncture sites are then selected. The surface marker gives the long axis
and the CT machine lazer beam of the axial slice gives the horizontal axis.
· From the point of entry, the trajectory is planned (which is the third axis) on
the console and depth measured.
· Patient abdomen is painted with povidone iodine and draped.
· Skin and the anterior abdominal wall infiltrated with 2% lignocaine on both
sides.
· Puncture site incision is made with 11 surgical blade.
· 20G Chiba or Spinal needle is passed from the puncture site along the
trajectory up to the target site, the antecrural space, bilaterally.
· The needle tip is first located with the tip artefact. A negative suction helps to
rule out intra arterial placement of needle tip.
· Then a mixture of 3 ml of 2% lignocaine with 1ml of contrast is injected on
each side. In this mixture, lignocaine serves two purposes. First, it assesses
the needle tip by evaluating the spread. Second, the injected lignocaine, if
produces mild reduction in pain, warrants a successful outcome.
· Contrast is added to the mixture, to facilitate the spread of the injected liquid
in the target space. As the HU of ethyl alcohol is -210 units, like that of
surrounding Fat, its spread cannot be assessed, if it is injected separately.
· Once this is confirmed, a mixture of 15 ml of neurolytic agent (Absolute
alcohol) and 5 ml of 2% lignocaine is injected on each side. It is important to
rule out intra arterial injection by applying negative suction. As the HU of
alcohol is - 210 units, its spread can be appreciated only by means of
hydrodissection. Lignocaine is added to alleviate any transient pain,
associated with alcohol injection and for immediate neurolytic effect.
· The needles are then removed (Before withdrawing, the needles are flushed
with saline to prevent spillage of alcohol in the trajectory which is painful)
and hemostasis secured with manual pressure if needed and adhesives
applied.
· Immediate post procedure pain evaluation with VAS is obtained on the table.
POST PROCEDURE CARE:
· Patient is shifted to the ward and advised strict bed rest for 12 hours
· Regular monitoring of vitals is done.
· Proper hydration with intravenous fluids.
· Patient can resume normal diet immediately after the procedure.
· A complete neurological examination done at 24 hours post procedure.
· A post procedure pain score – VAS score is obtained at 24 hours.
· Follow up VAS score obtained at 1 week, 1 month and 2 months.
CONCLUSION:
1) Mean percentage reduction of pain intensity between preprocedure VAS
score and Immediate post procedure VAS score, immediate post procedure
and 24 hours score, 24 hours and 1 week score and preprocedure and 2
months score are 55%, 32%, 31% and 80% respectively, all of which were
statistically significant.
2) The pain intensity score remained static from 1 week to 2 months post
procedure.
3) Gender does not have any statistical significance in the VAS scores or in
the response to procedure.
4) For preprocedure VAS score, the mean difference in within subject
analysis is statistically significant for preprocedure VAS and immediate
post procedure score.
5) There is difference in the Variances of differences between all possible
pairs of groups with statistical significance indicating, there is a true
reduction in pain intensity post procedure.
6) Procedure was more effective for malignancies than inflammatory
condition.
7) Maximum percentage reduction in pain, of 88% was seen with pancreatic
carcinoma.
8) Least percentage reduction in pain, of 74% was seen with Chronic
pancreatitis.
9) Hypotension was the commonest complication seen in 18 patients (9
males and 9 females). All these patients settled with intravenous fluids.
10) Back pain was the second most common complication, seen in 14
patients (6 males and 8 females).
11) Shoulder pain was seen in 12 patients (6 males and 6 females).
12) Absence of pain relief was not reported in this study.
13) Complications were independent of Gender and Difference VAS
score.
14) Complications were dependent on Age with statistical significance.
LIMITATIONS:
1) Sample size is only 30.
2) Number of patients in each disease type are not equal and also too
small in the third and fourth type and hence the results cannot be
generalised.
3) Follow up is done only up to 2 months. Hence the long term benefits or
worsening of pain beyond 2 months is not known.


Originally, APL had only one set function, membership (L∈R). Defined as [EQUATION], it simply flagged whether each element of its left argument was found anywhere in its right argument. With the introduction of nested arrays, the definition was refined to [EQUATION] so that nested items could be be searched as well as simple elements. Users immediately noticed the ∪ and ∩ keys on the APL keyboard and wondered why they were not implemented as set union and intersection. Several implementations did include them, but APL2 implemented only without (L~R).


A multi-component drug for treating the waste water of printing and dyeing for textile and its use. The components are of polyferric sulfate, ferric chloride, polydimethyl-dially ammonia chloride, polyacrylamide (PPA), ammonium phosphate and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and mixed them quantitatively. Its process includes mixing drug and waste water at high speed stir, settling, aerating, sand filtering and decolorizing by active carbon.


BACKGROUND: Balance is an integrated neurophysiological function of visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems, and its impairment occurs due to normal ageing, and other neuromuscular disorders.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of Tai Chi as an adjunctive therapy after standard care vestibular rehabilitation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A pilot quasi-experimental study of 37 patients (31 women, 6 men) with mean age 72.3 years, and mean duration of attendance in vestibular rehabilitation as 37.8 months. Patients were stratified into 4 groups depending on test results performed prior to Tai Chi therapy. Group I (Normal) consisted of those with normal oculomotor reflex and no significant caloric weakness (


In the first part of this paper, the author gives general information on the morphology, organization and story of the Corystospermaceous foliage. In the subsequent chapters, the author offers a key of genera and the revision of Dicroidium, Johnstonia and Xylopteris, with a total of 12 species. Under each taxon, the synonymy, types, features, remarks, geo and stratigraphical distribution are given. Photographs and drawings of each species are also given.


The thesis is dealing with historical progress of regional system and with comparison of region Liberec with another regions. First part of this diploma work is devoted to historical progress of regional system. Upon this is conneced description of activities of specific organs and departments of regional authority. In last part is through the medium of calculations and graphs performed comparing of region Liberec and another regions. The objective of this thesis is confirm or refutate hypotesis, that region Liberec is comparable to another selected regions.


We report the first enantioselective hydrolysis of esters catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. We found that mandelic methyl esters are good substrates for carbonic anhydrase. The R enantiomers are better substrates and enantiomeric excess values are moderate (40–51%). Keywords: carbonic anhydrase, mandelic esters, enantioselectivity, hydrolysis.


It is often desired to know the location and magnitude of a force acting on a structure. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to install a sensor at the force location, particularly when that location is unknown. A structure subjected to an impact has many different vibrational modes that are excited to different levels based on the excitation location. These vibrations decay with time depending on their different rates of modal damping and the associated acoustic radiation characteristics. In this work, acoustic signatures for a number of structure impact locations were measured, normalized relative to the force magnitude, and processed to examine the ability to correlate the acoustic signal to the force impact location. Various processing techniques, such as the Short Time Fourier Transform, were considered. A primary interest focused on the ability of single-number metrics to aid in identifying the force location. For the experiments, a football helmet structure was used and multiple impact locatio...


Liquid-ammonia mercerization is commonly used to enhance the quality of cotton fabric in the textile industry, resulting in a large amount of liquid-ammonia mercerization wastewater (LMWW) containing high concentration of ammonia to be disposed of. This study proposes a partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) process based on stable nitritation by a zeolite sequencing batch reactor (ZSBR) for the nitrogen removal of LMWW. The ZSBR could quickly achieve stably full nitritation with a nitrite accumulation ratio higher than 97% and an ammonia removal rate of 0.86 kg N·m−3·d−1 for the raw LMWW with an ammonia level of 1490 mg/L. In order to avoid anammox inhibition by free nitrous acid, the ZSBR was successfully changed to PN operation with diluted LMWW for effluent meeting anammox requirements. The next anammox reactor (an up-flow blanket filter (UBF)) realized a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 70.0% with a NLR (nitrogen loading rate) of 0.82 kg N·m−3·d−1 for LMWW. High-throughput sequencing analysis results indicated that Nitrosomonas and Candidatus Kuenenia were the dominant bacteria in ZSBR and UBF, respectively. All results revealed that the PN/A process based on ZSBR as the PN pretreatment process was feasible for LMWW, facilitating cost-effective and low-carbon nitrogen removal for LMWW treatment in the textile industry in the future.


The present invention provides a rail MTF precision optical remote sensing method for obtaining the load. This method sets the reference value of MTF based on the load parameter of the actual test, the characteristics of a dot MTF test method, reference image is generated by setting different lattice parameters of targets, using a matrix method based on the reference image is calculated MTF values calculated, then Calcd comparison reference value and the MTF, to give MTF measurement accuracy (or uncertainty). The present invention provides a quantitative measure of confidence for the MTF measurement, ensure the accuracy of measurement of MTF.


New perspectives for epithermal neutron spectroscopy are being opened by the development of the resonant detector (RD) and its use on inverse geometry time of flight spectrometers at spallation sources. The RD was first proposed in the 1980s and was recently brought to a performance level exceeding conventional neutron-sensitive Li-glass scintillator detectors. It features a photon counter coupled to a neutron analyzer foil. Resonant neutron absorption in the foil results in the emission of prompt gamma rays that are detected in the photon counter. The dimensions of the RD set the spatial resolution that can be achieved, ranging from a fraction of a cm to several cm. It can thus be tailored to the construction of detector arrays of different geometry. The main results of the research on this kind of detector are reported leading to the present optimized RD design based on a combination of YAP scintillation photon counter and uranium or gold analyzer foils. This detector has already been selected for application in the upgrade of the VESUVIO spectrometer on ISIS. A special application is the Very Low Angle Detector (VLAD) bank, which will extend the kinematical region for neutron scattering to low momentum transfer (o10 ( A ) whilst still keeping energy transfer >1 eV, thus allowing new experimental studies in condensed matter systems. The first results of tests made with prototype VLAD detectors are presented, confirming the usefulness of the RD for measurements at scattering angles as low as 2–5 . r 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 29.30.Hs; 29.30.Kv; 29.40.Wk; 61.12.Ex


Motion of single Ar bubbles rising in GaInSn under vertical magnetic fields is studied numerically using a volume-of-fluid method and adaptive mesh refinement technique for two-phase interface treatment; a consistent and conservative scheme calculates induced current density and Lorentz force. Numerical results are compared with published experimental data [C. Zhang, S. Eckert, and G. Gerbeth, "Experimental study of single bubble motion in a liquid metal column exposed to a DC magnetic field," Int. J. Multiphase Flow31, 824–842 (2005)], where bubble diameters range from 2.5 to 6.4 mm, producing Reynolds numbers that vary between 2000 and 4000. Maximum experimental magnetic field strength was set to 0.3 T because of experimental restrictions, although we increased it to 0.5 T for firm conclusions. Apart from terminal rising velocity comparisons, we focused on variations in bubble motion paths and wake structures under magnetic fields, which cannot be observed experimentally because liquid metal is opaque. Magnetic field effects on bubble trajectory are exerted through vortex structure modification, which reinforced the conjecture that path instability is mainly attributed to wake instability. In bubble motion without magnetic fields, vortex threads in the bubble wake wrap around each other while vortex filaments incline parallel to the field with increasing magnetic intensity. Additionally, high magnetic fields will induce secondary bubble path instabilities, which contribute to the high Reynolds number flow that instabilities develop around the bubble, producing an asymmetrical Lorentz force distribution. This instability vanishes under higher magnetic intensities because flow instability is suppressed. Rising bubble aspect ratios decrease considerably under magnetic fields and may also contribute to smaller vorticities at the bubble surface. A close relationship between fluctuations in rising velocity and shape variations is found.


An efficient Ir(III)-catalyzed decarbonylative annulation of salicylaldehydes with cyclohexane-1,3-diones has been achieved via the in situ generated iodonium ylides. The reaction proceeds smoothly under mild and operationally simple conditions, affording...


In this paper, it is discussed the decomposition of signal-to-noise ratios with application to the robust design. The conception of PerMIA, which gives the connection between the G.Taguchi's signal-to-noise ratios and his social average quadratic loss, is quoted. As an example, the problem in the CMCM-97 is analyzed using the approach and it can be concluded that this approach is more convenient in optimization procedure to parameter design.


The scientific article discusses the implementation of the state program "Development of Agriculture andregulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food markets in the RepublicBashkortostan", which aims to ensure the implementation of planned production valuescommodity production volumes of the main types of products. Effectiveness of the implementation of measuresgovernment program is largely determined by the volume of involvement in the Republic of Bashkortostanfederal funds.In this regard, the importance of the work of signing agreements betweenThe Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan onallocation of federal funds to the republic.At the present stage, global changes are taking place both in the global economy and in the regionallevel.Therefore, there is a need for innovative and cost- effectiveproduction methods.One of the directions of public policyin the agro-industrial complex is the support of innovatively active enterprises, farmersfarms that can solve the main economic problems and the country's recovery from the crisis andensure sustainable innovative development of the economy.


This research discussed about the analysis of regional management information system (SIMDA) for finance at Dinas Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah) (PPKAD) of Lahat Regency. Data Analysis method used in this research was the qualitative descriptive with the system approach a decipherment from an information system, which is accrual based SIMDA for Finance into part of the components (with the purpose) to identify and evaluate problems, chances, ,obstacles, and needs thus recommendation can be suggested.The result of the research showed that there are excellences, limitations, and internal controls on the regional management information system (SIMDA) for finance at Dinas Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah (PPKAD) of Lahat Regency.


This volume explains the deep influence of biological methods and theories on the practice of Americanist archaeology by exploring W.C. McKern's use of Linnaean taxonomy as the model for development of a pottery classification system.


Background and Purpose Studies have suggested that the antigenicity of tumor cell is highly correlated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Checkpoint blockade has been found to be particularly effective in tumors with high tumor mutational burden (TMB) in certain indications such as melanoma and NSCLC, while cancers with lower TMB have been shown to be less responsive to checkpoint inhibitors. In HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC), TMB has potential to be a candidate prognostic or predictive marker for conventional treatments including HER2 targeting agents. This research was conducted to explore the clinical implication of somatic TMB in a well-defined HER2-positive MBC population who were previously treated but progressed. Methods Forty-six patients with HER2-positive MBC who have progressed from more than two HER2-directed therapies were enrolled from 2007 to 2016. Whole exome sequencing was performed on FFPE tumor samples and matched normal tissue. Sequencing reads were aligned to reference human genome using BWA-MEM followed by standard pre-processing steps and GATK to generate analysis ready BAM files. MuTect suite was used to generate somatic single nucleotide variants (SNV) calls using default parameters by comparing BAM files from tumor and matched normal samples. TMB for a subject was defined as the sum of somatic non-synonymous SNVs that passed all the filters described. Results Among 46 patients, 13 (28.3%) patients were determined to estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and 9 (19.6%) patients were determined to progesterone receptor (PR)-positive in immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. The median age 48 years (range: 29-68) and all (100%) patients were female. 20 patients (43.5%) were recurrent MBC compared to de novo (n = 26, 56.5%). 16 (34.6%) patients demonstrated more than 100 mutations (and defined as high TMB in this population). The median follow up of duration was 57.5 months (95% CI: 55.4 - 60.6). The median overall survival (OS) according to low or high TMB status (44.9 months vs. 85.8 months) was significantly different (p = 0.016). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, TMB was the only independent prognostic factor for good OS when adjusted for age and recurrence (Hazard ratio = 0.32, 95% CI, 0.103 - 0.998, p = 0.049). Conclusions Data implicated that high TMB can be a prognostic marker that predicts good OS outcomes with conventional HER2-directed treatments and chemotherapy. Furthermore, future trials using TMB as a stratification marker could identify the right population with potential to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor after recurrence following HER2-directed treatments. To our knowledge this is the first report that tumor mutation burden (TMB) associate with response to standard of care therapy in HER2+ breast tumors. Citation Format: Yeon Hee Park, Kyunghee Park, Song Ee Park, Eunjin Lee, Ji-Yeon Kim, Jin Seok Ahn, Young-Hyuck Im, Hun Jung, Chooghoon Lee, Woong-Yang Park, Razvan Cristescu. Clinical implication of mutation load in patients with HER2-positive refractory metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2602.


Abstract Microstructure profiles of temperatures through the diffusive thermohaline staircase above the Atlantic layer core in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean are used to investigate the horizontal scales of layers. Daily profiles during two periods, 23 March–3 April, and 17–26 April 1985, show that diffusive steps are present throughout the 200 km drift track. A 20 hour series on 22 April, sampled at about 5 profiles per hour, indicates that particular diffusive layers can be traced for at least 600 m. The temperature of some layers varies by up to 0.01°C h−1 (30 m lateral motion); therefore, we cannot reliably trace steps in this location if the sampling distance is larger than about 15 m. Analysis of a longer time series with variable spacing from 0.4 to 5 km indicates that layers can rarely be traced between profiles more than 1 km apart.


This report covers the drilling and testing of the slim well 56-4 at the Reese River Geothermal Project in Lander County, Nevada. This well was partially funded through a GRED III Cooperative Funding Agreement # DE-FC36-04GO14344, from USDOE.


This report presents a technical rationale for developing requirements for future inservice inspection of Hanford Site double-shell tanks containing radioactive waste. The focus is on identification of examinations and tests needed to confirm structural integrity of the tank for continued operations. A review of codes and standards for other areas, such as nuclear power plant components, boilers and pressure vessels, and concrete structures, led to the conclusion that such documents are not directly applicable to double-shell tanks. A comparison of potential modes of degradation of tank materials and information from laboratory or field simulation tests used for design and construction revealed no significant weaknesses in the intended protection against deterioration that might challenge structural integrity. Consideration of potential degradation modes and structural loadings on the tanks led to the identification of locations to be examined and examination or test methods to be employed. The establishment of an inspection frequency and of evaluation standards for examinations or tests are also discussed.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an adhesive composition, as an adhesive composition for a protective film for use in a working process, having suitable adhesion, and excellent in punching workability, especially free from zipping, adhesive residues and powdery adhesive stains, as well as to provide a conductive protective film for use in the working process using the adhesive. SOLUTION: This adhesive composition comprises a specific amount of a conductive composition (B) composed of a dimethylsilicon compound containing a polyoxyalkylene group and an alkali metal ion, and a specific amount of crosslinking agent (C) having an isocyanate group, based on an acrylic copolymer (A) containing a hydroxy group-containing monomer as a copolymerizing component and having a specific glass transition temperature (Tg). COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT


This third part on Iranian mites of the subfamily Cunaxoidinae discusses eight species. Five are new: Cunaxoides decastroae sp. nov., Cunaxoides lootsi sp. nov., Pulaeus razanensis sp. nov., Lupaeus iranensis sp. nov. and Lupaeus sativae sp. nov. Lupaeus martini (Den Heyer, 1981), Lupaeus valentinae Sergeyenko and the male of Pulaeus krama (Chaudhri, 1977) are recorded for the first time from Iran. Descriptions, figures and a key to the Iranian Cunaxoidinae are provided. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6462FED6-9314-4FD7-A524-44666B40A64F


A high-sensitivity luminescence method was used to show that a band with a maximum at 3.2 eV exhibited by KBr at 4.2 K was due to radiative decay (annihilation) of excitons localized near deformation-disturbed parts of the crystal lattice. A study was made of the excitation spectra of the luminescence emitted due to electron excitations near divacancies and dislocations, which had maxima at 6.4 and 6.65 eV; the activation energies of quenching of the exciton luminescence near dislocations were determined. A study was made of the possibility of radiative decay of electron excitations in the surface layers of KBr


The pre-stressed concrete composite box-girder with corrugated webs is a new type of steel-concrete structure.The type of structure can achieve light-duty of girders,thus relieves the engineering quantity of its substructure.The structural property of the prestressed concrete box-girder with corrugated steel webs is studied in this paper.An experimental model of the pre-stressed concrete box-girder with corrugated steel webs is made for the test.Important results are obtained from the experimental research for designing and constructing this kind of bridge.


Neurorobotics is an emerging science that studies the interaction of brain, body, and environment in closed perception-action loops where a robot's actions affect its future sensory input. At the core of this field are robots controlled by simulated nervous systems that model the structure and function of biological brains at varying levels of detail. In a typical neurorobotics experiment, a robot or agent will perceive its current environment through a set of sensors that transmit their signals to a simulated brain. The brain model may then produce signals that will cause the robot to move, thereby changing the agent's perception of the environment. Observing how the robot then interacts with its environment and how the robot's actions influence its future sensory input allows scientists to study how brain and body have to work together to produce the appropriate response to a given stimulus. Neurorobotics is a strategic pillar of the Human Brain Project HBP, one of Europe's biggest research projects in the area of ICT. The aim of this pillar is two-fold: (i) to provide roboticists with the methods and tools to build robots with brain-derived controllers and (ii) to provide neuroscientists with brain-controlled robots that they can use for their experiments. Thus, neurorobotics links robotics and neuroscience, enabling a seamless exchange of knowledge between these two disciplines. The HBP is currently building the neurorobotics platform NRP, which will enable roboticists and neuroscience researchers to perform neurorobotics experiments both in the virtual and — completely synchronously — in the real world. We expect the productivity in brain-derived robotics development to increase exponentially when the NRP reaches full operability. In my talk, I will briefly describe the foundations of the HBP and give a more detailed overview of the NRP, including a short description of its development timeline. I will conclude with the presentation of some preliminary results of the NRP and an outlook on next steps.


Dear friends, with a heavy heart, I have to say goodbye to you all as I, along with many other fellow Bangladeshis, no longer exist in this country! As some of you may have come to know by now also, our government, through a press note released yesterday, has reminded everyone that there are no indigenous people (Adivasi) in this country since the word itself is not in the constitution! The government has particularly requested academics, newspaper editors and other members of the civil society to refrain from using the 'A' word in seminars, talk shows etc. being organized as part of observance of the International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples tomorrow, August 9. As someone who belongs to one of many 'small' ethnic groups that have sought recognition as 'indigenous peoples', and as an anthropologist who has supported this demand through various articles since 1993, it seems that it is now time for people like us to go back to where we came from (we are supposed to be 'immigrants' compared to the Bengalis, said to be the true 'sons of the soil' of this country). After all, you cannot argue with powers that say, 'The constitution does not mention you. Therefore you do not exist.', or have been heard saying, in the past, 'We want the land, not the people.' Thus, as I walk into the sunset of an identity that seems doomed, let me say, so long! Perhaps we will meet again. If you meet someone with labels like 'backward', 'tribe', 'minor race' or 'ethnic sect' – terms that the constitution does approve of – look closely. It might be someone you have known by another name, at another time.


The multivariate moments problem and it's application to the estimation of joint density functions is often considered highly impracticable in modern day analysis. Although many results exist within the framework of this issue, it is often an undesirable method to be used in real world applications due to the computational complexity and intractability of higher order moments. This paper aims to take a new look at the application of a multivariate moment based method in estimating a joint density and demonstrate that sample moment based approximations can offer a legitimate rival to current density approximation methods. Within this paper we use tools previously derived, such as the properties of hyper-geometric type eigenfunction polynomials, properties in the approximation of density functions and the completeness of orthogonal multivariate polynomials to obtain a sample based multivariate density approximation and associated properties of determinacy and convergence. Furthermore we attempt to overcome one of the most considerable issues in applying a moment based density approximation, the determination of the required parameters, by exploiting the analytical properties of orthogonal polynomials and applying various statistical estimation techniques. It then follows that by deriving these various analytic results, this paper obtains the specific statistical tools required to take the multivariate moments problem from a highly specified mostly analytical idea to a practical high dimensional density estimation method.


By A. BECQUEREL, M.D., and, A. RODIER, M.D. (Translated from the Gazette A1Mdicale de Paris, by EDGAR SHEPPARD, Esq., M.R.C.S.) (Continuedfrom page 470.) ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD IN PARTICULAR DISEASES. We can only examine the composition of the blood in a certain numiiber of the diseases which are most commonly met with in practice, since there are many in wlhich blood-letting is neverf indicated, and has neverbeen prescribed. We shall proceed therefore to demonstrate that by mieans of the general principles before established, all the special phenomena which present themselves mDay be explained. OF THE BLOOD IN TYPHUS FEVER. Typhus fever may be considered in some measure, as the type of the extensive class of pyrexiae. Fromn the great variation which it presents in the nature and intensity of its symptoms, in its progress, and in its duration, it is well calculated for the study of the conmposition of thie blood in these diseases, and of the modifications which the important influences of adynamia and ataxia may exercise on this fluid. MM. Andral asd Gavarret have imade numerous analyses on this suibject, and have obtained results which may be summed up as follows:-In typhus fever the proportion of the globules is soinetimes normal, 0.127; sometimes it becomes increased, and attains the degree which it ordinarily presents in plethora. This latter result they explain by admitting that typhus fever is very frequently developed in plethoric individuals. The solid materials of the serutml do not undergo any remiarkable clhanges in their proportions. The fibrin is never augmented, except there be a complication with soine of the pldleginasiae; it frequently remains normal, but frequently also it diminishes in a very extraordinary manner; this is particularly the case when the disease is severe, when it developes an adynamic state, and wlhen there is a tendency to the production of bhemorrhages. Let us now see what are the results at wlhich we havearrived, and whetlher they differ from those obtained by these able observers. We have analysed the blood of thirteen individuals suffering fromii typhus fever-eleven men and two women. Of the eleven men six were bled once, four twice, and onethree times. One of the women was bled once, the other three times, nmaking altogether twenty-one blood-lettings. The ages of the males were:-one 17, two 18, one 24, one 22, three 23, one 28, one 31, and one 48 years. Their avocations, which it is unnecessary here to mention, were various. None of them had dwelt in Paris from infancy, and the period of their arrival there, with one exception, was not very long previous to the attack of fever. One of them had lived in the metropolis for 8, one for 11, twvo for 12, four for 18 months; qpe for 2 years, and one from 7 to 8 years. They were 411 of good strong constitution. On entering into details we find that six were strongly made, and of a certain degree of em'onpoint; three were a little less strong, and two, although meagre in appearance, were strong alsd. All had previously enjoyed excellent health. One only, for the last year of his residence in Paris-, had been subject to diarrhoea. The following were the most prominent characters of the disease :-In three cases it was very severe, and two of the patients fell victimns to it; in six cases it was of medium severity; in two it was slight. T'he fever assume(d the following forms :-In' the three severe cases, the disease presented itself in the adynamic form; in two out of the six of moderate intensity, the form was also adynamic; in the two slight cases it presented the so-called itsflammatory type. We shall examine separately tlhe compositison of the blood in the first, the second, and the' third bloodlettings.


The responses in membrane lipid composition, structure, and function of four cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to growth at low temperature have been investigated. Marked growth temperature-dependent alterations in the fatty acid composition and unsaturation of the mitochondrial phospholipids correlate with changes in respiratory activity in all the varieties. Parameters such as the respiratory control ratio and the phosphorylative efficiency decrease in cold-adapted seedlings. Three temperature-dependent structural transitions were identified in the mitochondria by the spin-labeling method. The structural transitions occur at lower temperatures in the cold-grown material. The shift in one transition appears to be quantitatively greater in the winter hardy varieties. Cold-induced changes in all of the other measured parameters were indistinguishable in hardy and nonhardy varieties. The results indicate major involvement of the phospholipid matrix in cold acclimation. A link between cold acclimation and winter survival may exist involving the structural and functional modifications in membrane structure which occur during acclimation. Differences in cold tolerance between hardy and nonhardy plant species may reside partially in the ability of the intracellular membranes to adapt to low temperatures (7, 10, 11, 22, 23). Mitochondria were selected for a comparison of the structural and functional characteristics of membrane components of four wheat varieties which exhibit quantitatively different degrees of cold hardiness (6, 16, 19). Since the oxidative and phosphorylative activities of the respiratory membrane may be assessed after growth of seedlings at various temperatures, these activities may be used as intrinsic probes of membrane function. Lyons and Raison (15) have reported that the oxidative activity of plant mitochondria may be altered by temperature-induced phase changes in the membrane. In chilling-sensitive plants a phase change was indicated by markedly reduced rates of oxidation of substrates at reaction temperatures below 10 C (15). In contrast, cold-resistant species failed to show a change in slope in the Arrhenius plots of oxidative reactions at the lower temperatures. Previous reports on the mechanism of cold injury in sweet potatoes (18, 25, 27) have I Contribution No. 764 of the Chemistry and Biology Research Institute and Contribution No. 355 of the Ottawa Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KlA 0C6. indicated that oxidative activity of sweet potato mitochondria declines during storage at 0 C, and that certain phospholipid fractions of the mitochondrial membranes also decrease during cold storage. Structural alterations in the mitochondrial membrane may be inferred from differences in the fatty acid composition of the isolated mitochondrial phospholipids (13). The involvement of membrane lipids in the coupling of the oxidation of substrates with energy conservation and utilization (24) is not completely understood and this fact necessitates further examination of the relationships between lipid composition and membrane structure and function. A more direct physical probe of intact membrane structure has been developed recently (8, 17, 20). The insertion into the hydrophobic membrane regions of a lipid-soluble probe molecule bearing a nitroxyl-free radical moiety allows assessment of the conditions under which structural changes occur. By recording the electron spin resonance spectra of the nitroxide label over a temperature range, a relative motion parameter, the correlation time, T,, may be determined at the known absolute temperatures. Changes in the slope of Arrhenius plots of T, have been interpreted as indicating phase changes in membrane structure (5). The motion parameter provides a relative measure of molecular restraint within the fluid lipid matrix of the membrane. Correlation of abrupt changes in the temperature dependence of rates of mitochondrial oxidations with changes in the temperature dependence of the molecular motion parameter have been made for plant and animal species (14, 15). Studies on the respiratory properties of mitochondria isolated from developing wheat seedlings have indicated that mitochondria with high respiratory rates, and excellent respiratory control and ADP :0 ratios can be obtained from dark-grown 2to 3-day-old winter wheat seedlings. It has also been shown that these seedlings will develop a high degree of freezing resistance when germinated and grown in the dark at 2 C (4). In winter wheat cultivars, cold resistance is genetically controlled within a species and can be quantitatively measured (6, 16, 19). Hence, comparisons of the properties of well defined isolated membrane components from tissues grown at different temperatures could provide an insight into the molecular mechanism of cold tolerance. In this report, we examine possible correlations of the total lipid content, fatty acid composition, respiratory activity, and a molecular motion parameter of isolated mitochondria with adaptation to growth at 2 C and with the ability of the cultivars to develop winter hardiness. MATERIALS AND METHODS With the exceptions noted, organic chemicals used in this study were purchased either from Schwarz/Mann Ltd. or


Crystallization behavior of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in water/ethanol mixed solutions under ambient conditions using polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) as a crystal growth modifier has been systematically investigated. The results have demonstrated that a switch from thermodynamic control to kinetic control in the crystallization process of CaCO3 can be easily realized by adding ethanol, which can have a significant influence on the polymorphs and morphologies of CaCO3 crystals. Calcite mesocrystals and vaterite complex aggregates with increasingly developed shapes can be obtained with an increase of the ethanol content in the solution. The polymorph change of CaCO3 crystals from pure calcite to a calcite dominated mixture and finally to a vaterite dominated mixture has also been nicely captured. Both CaCO3 crystals with different evolving phases and the polymorph change of CaCO3 from calcite to vaterite can be attributed to the balance between thermodynamic control and kinetic control in this special crystalli...


Greenhouse gases (GHG), specifically methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide, contribute to eutrophication and global warming. Large amounts of these gases are released by beef and dairy farms. The misconception is how and why greenhouse gases are emitted from cows. It is hypothesized that greenhouse gas emissions from cattle can be reduced through mitigation strategies in beef and dairy production along with farmers' contributions to their livestock's emissions. The reduction of emissions and increase in milk production comes from increased activity and care of the cows, including medicating lesions and diseases. It is also concluded that waste management and records of emissions support the general public in renewable energy, better quality beef and dairy for sale, and a reduced progression of global warming. These results can add to future methods for climate control, alternatives to beef and dairy, and farm maintenance of all livestock.


The fundamental principles of complementarity and uncertainty are shown to be related to the possibility of joint unsharp measurements of pairs of noncommuting quantum observables. A joint measurement scheme for complementary observables is proposed. The measured observables are represented as positive operator valued measures (POVMs), whose intrinsic fuzziness parameters are found to satisfy an intriguing pay-off relation reflecting the complementarity. At the same time, this relation represents an instance of a Heisenberg uncertainty relation for measurement imprecisions. A model-independent consideration shows that this uncertainty relation is logically connected with the joint measurability of the POVMs in question.


It is desirable to develop high temperature shape memory alloys with a martensitic transformation start temperature (Ms) above 100°C and a recoverable strain of about 4‐6% in the shape memory effect. The latter property is achieved with low variant reorientation stress due to easy detwinning of martensite and high plastic deformation stress due to precipitation strengthening. We have previously demonstrated the facilitation of detwinning for Ti–Zr–Ni–Pd quaternary alloy systems through controlling the crystal structure of martensite, and proposed that Ti–(15‐20)Zr–49.7Pd (at.%) and surrounding Ni‐containing compositions are candidates. In this study, aging temperature was optimized for a Ti–20Zr–49.7Pd alloy, and an excellent shape memory effect with Ms above 130°C, low reorientation stress around 200 MPa, high plastic deformation stress around 1800 MPa, and large recovery strain of 4.5% was achieved. On the other hand, short‐range ordering of solute atoms occurs just above the reverse transformation temperature and decreases Ms.


The natural field was simulated using transversely isotropic layered field,and the static problems of layered field were analyzed using thin layer element method.By improving the solving methods to original dynamic problems,the displacement solving methods of transversely isotropic layered field at static loading effect were got.


The Gale Encyclopedia of Senior Health: A Guide for Seniors and Their Care Givers will collect approximately 500 entries that will cover various issues related to one's aging body, how diseases affect it, and treatment options, including medications, for said diseases for this population. The set will cover every major body system, and these entries will constitute over fifty percent of the work. Entries will follow a standard format, including a definition, description, symptoms, treatment options, questions to ask your doctor and more. Topics specific to the aging population, but beyond descriptions of medical diagnoses, will round out the set. Examples of this coverage include use of various adaptive devices and equipment, transportation issues, housing options, maintaining mental acuity, definitions and descriptions of the roles of different care givers (i.e. physical therapist, social worker, hospital discharge planner), nutrition and exercise guidelines, definitions of different types of medical insurance (i.e., private PPOs or HMOs vs. Medicare) and more.


Approximate solutions of radial flow theory are presented for pressure-buildup analysis in naturally fractured reservoirs with tectonic, regional, and contractional fractures. The solutions allow handling of variable rates before shut-in, as well as unsteady-state interporosity flow. Although approximations, these solutions are apparently satisfactory for most cases of practical interest.


A numerical study has been carried out for free convection in a vertical cylindrical annulus filled with a porous medium and whose inner wall is isothermally heated and the outer wall is isothermally cooled, the horizontal walls being insulated. The porous medium is assumed to be both hydrodynamically and thermally anisotropic. Numerical results are reported for 0.1 ≤ K*≤ 10, 0.1 ≤ λ ≤ 10,1 ≤ A ≤ 20,2 ≤ Rr ≤ 20, and Ra*≤ 10000. Anisotropy of the porous medium is found to affect fluid flow, temperature distribution and heat transfer significantly. Higher permeability in the vertical direction enhances convective flow intensity and heat transfer inside the annulus. Average Nusselt number on the inner hot wall increases with increase in Rayleigh number or radius ratio, while it decreases with increase in aspect ratio or permeability ratio. The influence of thermal anisotropy is not so significant as that of hydrodynamic anisotropy. The numerically predicted temperature distribution at various locations inside the annulus shows reasonable agreement with experimental results available for isotropic porous medium. Based on a parametric study, correlation for heat transfer is presented in terms of Rayleigh number, aspect ratio, radius ratio, and permeability ratio.


Summary— Porcine galanin (l‐29)‐NH2, galantide (M15) and galanin (l‐14)‐(a‐aminobutyric acid8)‐scyliorhinin‐I used in concentrations of 300, 1,000 and 3,000 nM respectively caused contractions of rat fundus strips. The contractile responses to galanin(1–29)‐NH2 were not modified by atropine (10 μM), guanethidine (10 μM), naloxone (1 μ), a mixture of propranolol (10 μM) and phentolamine (10 μM), indomethacin (10 μM), a mixture of mepyramine (10 μM) and Cimetidine (10 μM), saralasin (10 μM), and spantide (100 μM). The effects of M15 and galanin(l‐14)‐(a‐aminobutyric acid8)‐scyliorhinin‐l were significantly decreased by atropine for 36 and 18% and by spantide for 37 and 26% respectively. Indomethacin inhibited the muscle response to M15 without influence on the galanin (l‐14)‐(a‐aminobutyric acid8)‐scyliorhinin‐I‐induced action. These results support findings that galanin (l‐29)‐NH2 contracts rat gastric fundus strips by stimulating specific receptors localized on the surface of smooth muscle cells. M15 and galanin(l‐14)‐(a‐aminobutyric acid8)‐scyliorhinin‐I seem to contract smooth muscles not only by acting at galanin receptors, but by interacting with muscarinic or tachykinin receptors or modulating the release of acetylcholine and substance P. Diltiazem (EC50 825 nM), dantrolene (EC50 30.2 μM) and the phospholipase C inhibitors U‐73122 (EC50 549 μM) and U‐73343 (EC50 751 fjM) lowered the contraction to galanin(l‐29)‐NH2 in a concentration‐dependent manner. These observations imply that though the extracellular Ca2+ influx plays a major role in the action of galanin(l‐29)‐NH2, the release of Ca2+ ions from the intracellular stores contributes to the response of smooth muscles to galanin(l‐29) NH2. Norepinephrine (30, 60, 100 and 300 nM) concentration‐dependently reduced the Emax to galanin (l‐29)‐NH2 and reduced the slopes of the concentration‐contraction curves, without a notable change in EC50. Pertussis toxin pre‐treatment (10 and 30 mg/kg intravenous[iv]), 120 h before the experiment, notably increased the maximal response of the rat gastric fundus to galanin(l‐29)‐NH2, without a significant change in the properties of the concentration‐contraction curves (EC50, slopes). The observations may suggest that pertussis toxin‐sensitive GTP‐binding proteins are involved in the modulation of the excitatory effects of galanin(l‐29)‐NH2 in the rat gastric fundus.


In this paper, an observer-based approach is used to detect the fault of broken rotor bars in three-phase squirrel-cage traction motors of CRH5 electric multiple units(EMU). Firstly, the healthy and faulty models are established. Then, the faulty models are divided into two subsystems such that the first subsystem has the fault of broken rotor bars but without load disturbance and the second subsystem has load disturbance but is absent from faults. According to the special form of subsystems, a Luenberger observer is designed for the first subsystem to detect the broken rotor bars and a SMO is proposed to eliminate the uncertainties of load disturbance. The stability of proposed observers is proved by Lyapunov function and the sufficient condition is expressed as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Eventually, simulation results are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed fault-detection method.


Two novel bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes are successfully applied in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Because of their better carrier transport ability and shorter excited stated lifetimes, good electroluminescence performances of the complexes are observed.


The Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications is evaluated regularly by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications, consistently meeting the high standards of the organization dedicated to excellence in professional education in journalism and mass communications. For undergraduate students, accreditation most practically means that upper-level professional classes in each major will be conducted in rooms with 20 or fewer students.


This quantitative research aims at measuring the correlation between reading motivation and reading achievement of EFL learners. A preliminary observation showed that most of the first grade students at a vocational school in Banda Aceh obtained poor reading achievement based on their results of the standard school tests. The minimum passing grade of English subject set by the school is 2.67(B-), thus most of the first grade students obtained scores below it. Consequently, the researcher chose 32 first grade students from this school who have poor reading achievement based on their teachers' reports. These students were asked to fill in the questionnaire of Motivations for Reading Questionnaire (MRQ) developed by Wigfield & Guthrie (1995, 1997). They were further to complete a reading test from Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) (Foresman, 2001), consisting of four reading texts and twenty reading questions related to the texts. The data were analyzed and tabulated by using the Pearson's Correlation Coefficients (r). It was found that the mean score the students' reading motivation was 60.43, which indicated a moderate level of reading motivation. Meanwhile, the mean of score of FCAT was 56.71, and fell into level 3 in the FCAT scoring (ranging from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest)), which indicated that these students had partial success in reading achievement. This implied that their moderate reading motivation affected their partial success in reading achievement. The correlation between their reading motivation and their reading achievement showed that the effect of reading motivation was 72.25% toward their reading achievement, indicating a positive correlation. Hence, it is suggested that teachers teaching reading skill to EFL learners to conduct practices that can energize and encourage reading motivation to cultivate their students' quality as readers.


Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is most popular and widely grown cool season vegetables among the root crops. The most commonly eaten portion of the fusiform taproot, although the entire plant is edible and the tops can be used as a leaf vegetable. The seed can also be sprouted and eaten raw in a similar way to a mung bean, the root of Radish is usually eaten raw, although together specimens can be steamed. The raw flesh has a crisp texture and a pungent, peppery flavour caused by glucosinolates (4 methylthio3Trans butenyl isothiocynate) and the enzyme myrosinase, which combine when cewed to from allyl isothiocynate also present in mustard, horse Radish.The seed of Radish can be present to extract Radish seeds contain up 48% oil content and while not suitable for human consumption this oil is a potential source of bio fuel the benefits of Radish in the treatments or prevention of jaundice, piles, urinary disorder, weight loss, cardiovascular condition, cancer, blood pressure, diabetes, skin disorder, fever, kidney disorder. Radish variety Pusa Chetki developed at IARI, New Delhi seed collect from Denmark in 1966 by selfing and massing to get desired type of roots with good tolerance to high temperature and humid weather condition. Roots are white, smooth, medium long (12.5 cm in the summer and 20.5 cm in rainy season) and almost stumpy, it is 40-45 days for attaining harvest maturity. Period of growing of this variety is fairly long from April to early September, the best season being from July to early September. It yields 200 -250 q/ha depending on season. sandy loams soil with a p H 6.5 to 7.0 but for late season crop, a clay loam is ideal. Root of Radish is usually eaten raw and prevention for jaundice, piles, urinary disorder, weight loss, cardiovascular condition, cancer, blood pressure, diabetes, skin disorder, fever, kidney disorder. The sulphur is fourth essential plants nutrient after N, P and K in balanced fertilization. Radish root yield is reported to increase with S application [1]. Application of S as sulphate increases crop yield[2]. Sulphur application affects crop yield through the effect on S use efficiency and its components (uptake efficiency and utilization efficiency). This experiment was designed to gain a deeper insight into Radish S nutrition and relationship to economic yield [3] . S is involved in numerous metabolic activities, especially in amino acid and protein synthesis [4, 5], earlier studies on glucosinolates concentrated on their toxic and anti nutritional effects[6]. Keeping the above points in mind the present investigations was undertaken with the following objective "Response of Radish to Abstract Field experiment was conducted during Rabi season 2014-15 at the experimental farm of the U.P. College, Varanasi, UP (India) on alluvial soil (sandy loam) of indogengetic plains, the experiment consisted in 3 replication and 16 different combination of sources & levels of sulphur. Investigate the response of different sources (Ammonium sulphate, Super phosphate, Gypsum, Potassium sulphate) and levels (0, 25, 50, 100 kgS/ha) on yield attributing characters in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Pusa Chetki. The results revealed that application of Ammonium sulphate @ 50kgS/ha showed the economically significant superior in root length (25.87cm), root diameter (3.83 cm) and yield (258.66 q/ha). Applied sources of S, Ammonium sulphate had higher yield attributing characters compared to other sources of sulphur. It is involved in numerous metabolic activities, especially in amino acid and protein synthesis, plants assimilate inorganic sulphate into cysteine, which is subsequently converted into methionine. The agronomic consequences of decreasing yield due to insufficient S supply and even mild S deficiency is known to influence overall plants quality. The important role of S is energy transformation and enzyme activation in carbohydrate metabolism and subsequent greater photosynthates partitioning in yield formation.


The number of hidden units of the feed-forward neural networks is generally decided on the basis of experience. The method usually results in the lack or redundancy of hidden neurons, and causes the shortage of capacity for storing information or learning overmuch. This research proposes a new method for estimating the number of hidden neurons based on decision-tree algorithm. Firstly, an initial neural network with enough hidden neurons should be trained by a set of training samples. Second, the activation values of hidden neurons should be calculated by inputting the training samples that can be identified correctly by the trained neural network. Third, all kinds of partitions should be tried and its information gain should be calculated, and then a decision-tree for correctly partitioning the whole sample space can be constructed. Finally, the important and related hidden neurons that are included in the tree can be found by searching the whole tree, and other redundant hidden neurons can be deleted. Thus, the number of hidden neurons can be decided. In the case of building a neural network with the optimal number of hidden units for tea quality evaluation, the proposed method is applied. And the result demonstrates its effectiveness.


This work gives a methodology for analyzing a class of discrete minimization problems with random element weights. The minimum weight solution is shown to be an absorbing state in a Markov chain, while the distribution of weight of the minimum weight element is shown to be of phase type. We then present two-sided bounds for matroids with NBUE distributed weights, as well as for weights with bounded positive hazard rates. We illustrate our method using a realistic military communications problem.


Sustainable future may be reached by means of maximizing the use of renewable energies through energy storage solutions. Active thermal storage exploits the potential of storing low cost, off-peak ...


Abstract : Granular Resistive Force Theory (RFT) is a reduced-order model inspired by analogous boundary-integral methods for Stokesian fluids. Despite its remarkable capability to predict experimental locomotion and force distributions on mobile bodies in granular media, there is no theoretical understanding for this behavior. Moreover, such a reduction is surprising given the highly nonlinear constitutive behavior of granular media. There could be a variety of reduced-order applications in various structure/granular interactions if a theoretical picture in explanation of RFT could be uncovered. Moreover, as with any accurate and sufficiently reduced model, RFT, once its limitations and backing is better understood, could be used as a reliable design-optimization tool to produce locomotors with optimal shapes, or tunable flexibility to improve efficiency of locomotion within granular media. The flowability of loose terrain under solid intrusion produces complex dynamics in problems ranging from geotechnical design to animal and vehicle locomotion. One approach is the Resistive Force Theory (RFT), a recent empirical tool for predicting granular-structure interaction. Its simplicity and effectiveness are surprising given the many complexities of granular ow, begging fundamental questions of why RFT works. We have found a link between RFT and plasticity theory, showing RFT arises solely from frictional yielding. Without any fitting, plasticity generates experimental RFT data, and reproduces RFT's foundational assumptions including spatial force superposition.


The present research work was developed in the Sapecho Experimental Station belonging to the Faculty of Agronomy - UMSA, located 239 km from the city of La Paz, it presents an average temperature of 26 ° C with an annual rainfall of 1500 mm, the objective was to implement and evaluate the sprinkling irrigation system in the coffee crop (Coffea canephora). For the implementation of the system, the agronomic and hydraulic design was carried out that allowed the calculation of the water needs of the crop as well as the components of the system, the installation was made on a surface of 720 m2, it consists of a 2300-liter tank that works as constant load device, a 38.1 mm diameter bypass line with a length of 21 m, four laterals of 19.5 mm in diameter and 28.5 m in length each and distribution hoses of 5 mm in diameter and 2.5 m in length, it was installed to irrigate 80 coffee plants of the robusta variety. Subsequently, the operation evaluation of the irrigation system was carried out in which it was found that the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) is 83% and the distribution coefficient (CD) is equal to 76%, these results indicate that the implemented system is between good and acceptable. The evaluation on the effect of irrigation showed us that the application of optimal irrigation is positive in vegetative growth, being 30% higher in the development of the foliar area, 30.1% in number of nodes, 38.4% in length of bandola and it was reduced by 17% in the loss of fruits compared to the control.


Conceptions of fair educational practices develop differently for testing and learning situations. After about age 8, children judged peer tutoring to be an unfair practice during a test. (Most 6–8-year-olds judged it fair). Yet, peer tutoring was seen as the most fair way to help students learn until at least age 17. In addition, 4 levels of conceptions of fair testing practices were found. Adult-like conceptions of fair testing practices emerged at about age 11, which contrasts with about 18 for conceptions of fair learning practices. Conceptions of fair testing practices parallel the development of the concepts of ability and effort as factors limiting immediate performance; whereas conceptions of fair learning practices parallel the development of concepts concerning the long-term acquisition of intelligence. These findings support the conclusion that children's understanding of different types of situations is reflected in their conceptions of social justice.


The side reactions in the anionic polymerization of (meth)acrylates initiated by organolithium compounds raise the question about favorable interactions between organolithium and carbonyl compounds in general and in this polymerization reaction. The results of several crystal structures of lithium(sodium) (ester) enolates without or with other molecules clearly demonstrate the favorable formation of homo- and mixed aggregates, respectively. It is also shown how different gegenions (ZnBr+, R4N+, etc.) influence the overall structure and the structure of the anion.


The red yeast cell wall lytic enzyme of Penicillium lilacinum No. 2093 was purified about 220 fold with a yield of 22% from the culture filtrate by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose column chromatography and Bio-Gel P-60 gel filtration. The enzyme was most active at pH 4.0_??_4.5 and 50°C. The enzyme was stable at pH value from 3.5 to 7.0 on 20 hr incubation at 37°C. The enzyme released reducing sugar from the red yeast cell walls, but Saccharomyces yeasts did not show any susceptibility to the enzyme.


Soaring drug development costs, patent expiration, and reduction in the number of blockbuster drugs are driving pharma companies to look seriously at Information Technology (IT) enabled productivity. The pharma IT strategy must be strengthened to better support business needs. The traditional approach of "working for business" is evolving into a "working with business" model. Pharma IT processes must support this transformation and also manage mandatory regulatory requirements including the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 21 Part 11 and the Computer System Validation (CSV) providing a high degree of assurance of a system's consistent performance. And IT process transformation must be able to deliver the right products, meeting all internal and external stakeholder needs including regulatory requirements.


The commenter adds an example of the influence of astronomy on electrical engineering to those that appear in the above-titled paper (see ibid., vol.80, no.2, p.230-237, 1992). He points out that except for a factor of approximately 10, Bode's law of planetary orbit radii is quite similar to Bessel function radial units of first-order cylinder functions of the first kind, such as appear in harmonic microwave cavities used in electrical engineering. In his reply, the author presents another example of an electrical topic with roots in astronomy: the problem of determining dynamical stability by examining the differential equation of the motion, a basic part of modern stability and control theory in the electrical engineering curriculum that was first attacked by Isaac Newton in connection with the stability of planetary orbits. >


This paper presents a pilot design system for polishing the emanation of a reactor UASB with a biological filter of plants and soil. The purpose of the construction of this system is the study of plants and soil in the treatment of residual waters in a low cost system. This installation is in the early stages and the soil char acteristics have been analyzed previously to determine if it is adequate for the purpose intended, as well as showing the characteristics of the plants used. Finally a model is mentioned for the dimensioning ac cording to the evapotranspiration and superficial area of the filter. ABSTRACT The objectives of this investigation are: a) to propose the establishing of the use of alternate bacteriologi cal indicators in Mexico such as Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Staphilococcus aureus for the evaluation of water in recreational areas and b) develop the necessary methodology for the use of a type of bacterial population that best fits the properties of an ideal indicator for water for specific determined use. The in field results indicate that hygiene conditions, residual free chlorine concentration, PH and temperature varied from one swimming pool to another, hence, the amount of isolated bacteria varied. We found that 52% of the samples contained 1-195 Pseudomonas aeroginosa per 100 ml. of water and in 75% of the samples of 1- 75 colonies of Staphilococcus aureus. This indicates high health risks for users. The membrane filter technique is better established than that of NMP since it analyzes greater volumes of pool water. It requires less incubation time and less means formulations for the detection of bacterial popula tion. We also corroborated the fact that there is no significant difference among the four procedures used. HYDROGEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO AS A CONTRIBUTION TO HEALTHY ENVIRONMENTS ABSTRACT The problems of large urban concentrations in developing countries is presented focusing on water problems. The Valley of Mexico is taken as an example. The problems caused in the ecosystem, and some solutions and efforts that are taking place by research groups are presented. Given the size of The Valley, we only take a small area called Chalco, located in the south. In this area a series of multidiscipli nary studies were made to determine the reloading mechanisms, pollution, water quality and some other problems. Finally, we take some of these hydrogeochemical and geographical results, dIscuss them brief ly and then, alternatives are proposed that will contribute to installing and giving some solutions to the time bomb generated in this ecosystem.


The object of this work is to reduce carbon dioxide emission and produce renewable liquid fuel (bio-oil) from locally produced rice husk by pyrolysis in a discontinuity feeding and fluidized bed reactor. The experiments are carried on at different temperatures ranging from 723 K to 923K. At 773K, the yields of bio-oil, solid and non-condensable are 53.8wt%N 19.1 wt% and 27.1wt%, respectively based on rice husk The elemental analysis, density, PH, viscosity and lower heating value of bio-oil are determined, and then the chemical composition of the pyrolysis oil is studied using GC-MS techniques. To speed up bio-oil's commercialization, the proportion and physicochemical property of the production of emulsions from bio-oil and diesel fuel are investigated. The result shows that emulsion method is a more convenient and cheaper bio-oil utilization approach.


Intermediates,α-sulfostearic acid and α-sulfolauric acid,were prepared by reacting chlorosulfonic acid with stearic acid and lauric acid respectively.Five kinds of sulfonic acid gemini surfactant were prepared by reacting α-sulfostearic acid with ethanediol,1,4-butanediol,1,6-hexanediol and poly ethanediol respectively as well as α-sulfolauric acid with ethanediol.All the sulfonated intermediates were neutralized to form the corresponding salts and thereby five kinds of sulfonic acid gemini surfactant were prepared.Molecular structures of the gemini surfactants were characterized by FTIR and 1HNMR.Optimal esterification reaction conditions for preparation of the gemini surfactants were obtained through orthogonal designed experiments.Basic physical-chemical properties of the gemini surfactants were studied.Results showed that following the increase of carbon chain length of the spacing group,its cmc reduces correspondingly.Meanwhile,following the increase of the carbon chain length of the hydrophobic group,its γcmc increases correspondingly.Emulsification and foam properties of the sulfonic acid series gemini surfactants are better than that of the corresponding single body sulfonic acid surfactants.


In inquiries of inventive step (nonobviousness), technical effects of a claimed invention are frequently argued by an applicant and sometimes considered by an examiner for acknowledging an inventive step (nonobviousness) in the United States, in the European Patent Office (EPO) and Japan. However, the theoretical meaning of technical effects in the inquiries seems ambiguous. From the but for standard, which is one dominant view of theoretical basis for inquiry of inventive step (nonobviousness), technical effects should be considered only when they are unpredictable and thus can affect easiness of structure of an invention.
To properly address the question how unpredictability of technical effects affects easiness of structure of an invention, this article adopts a "two-layer inquiry", i.e. to inquire process of a conception and that of reduction to practice independently. Technical effects of an invention can be considered in both layers, but they mainly play a role in the second layer, a reduction to practice, because an extent to which unpredictability of technical effects discourages a conception is usually much less than it does a reduction to practice. In addition, the target for assessment of the unpredictability is different between the two layers. In the first layer (conception), a PHOSITA should compare actual effects of an invention with effects of prior art. On the other hand, in the second layer (reduction to practice), a PHOSITA should compare actual effects of an invention with effects expected from the structure of the invention. Moreover, the scope of factors which can be considered along with technical effects in the second layer should be limited. This article proposes that only costs necessary for creating one embodiment of a claimed invention and confirming its effects should be considered.
The three jurisdictions have developed their own methods to consider technical effects of a claimed invention. Compared to the two-layer inquiry, the current practices in the United States and the EPO are considerably different because they do not separate the inquiry into a conception and a reduction to practice, but inquire both layers simultaneously, although they have some points in common with the two-layer inquiry such as the requirement of unpredictability of technical effects. The Japanese practice has more common points to the two-layer inquiry. It can be in part explained by the two-layer inquiry because the reasoning approach, which is used in the Japan Patent Office (JPO), seems to consider only factors related to a conception. However, it is a significant difference from the two-layer inquiry that the Japanese practice does not consider other factors coming after conception than technical effects such as technical difficulty and costs for experiments.


In this paper, silicon resonators were hermetically packaged on basis of anodic bonding of Si and LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired ceramic) substrates. This research aims at developing the integration technology of the resonator on LSI (Large Scale Integration) for application of a timing device. The structures of the resonators were transferred onto the LTCC substrate using the anodic bonding of silicon and LTCC for electrical interconnections. Then the resonator structures were packaged hermetically by the second anodic bonding of silicon and Tempax glass for encapsulation. The device can be directly bonded to LSI.


New "criminal procedural law" article 93 established the necessity custody censorship of procuratorial organ for the first time, this is a significant reform in the system of our country's current arrest of detention, is the important measure of strengthening procuratorial supervision. For strengthening legal supervision function of procuratorial organs, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the criminal suspect or defendant has very important significance. But points in the system too general and principle, the lack of maneuverability, the procuratorial organs in how to grasp the specific investigation supervision work, the implementation of the work system is a difficulty. Therefore, the author tries to combine the spirit of the criminal procedure law modification and procuratorial practice, to explore the background of the system into the law and the theory, practice, further explore the building of detention necessity of censorship, aims to make the system to protect the legitimate rights and interests of criminal suspects to the greatest extent.


There is interest in pre‐farm gate enhancement of selenium (Se) content in animal products to improve public health, particularly if the Se is highly bioavailable. Milk enriched with Se (1070 μg Se/kg DM; HSeM) was obtained from cows fed a supplemental diet containing Sel‐Plex® (Alltech Biotechnology P/L) while the control diet (135 μg Se/kg DM; LSeM) was made using milk powder from non‐supplemented cows. Additional diets were formulated by adding Sel‐Plex® (HSP) or selenate (HSN) to the LSeM diet to give Se concentrations of 1070 μg Se/kg DM. Neonatal pigs (n=54) at 2d of age were trained to drink milk and after a further 3d, were randomly allocated to their 4 respective diets (1.7 MJ/kg BW) and slaughter times (0, 7, 14, 28 and 42d of feeding). For pigs receiving HSeM there was a rapid increase in plasma Se over the first 7d after which there was a gradual increase for a further 14 d and then plasma Se was maintained 3x higher than the LSeM pigs. Plasma Se concentrations in the HSP and HSN pigs increased by 20–25% over the first 14d and then plateaued. Between 14 and 42d plasma Se levels were 45, 125, 122 and 170 μg/L for LSeM, HSN, HSP and HSeM pigs, respectively (P<0.001). Muscle Se reached a plateau after 28 d of feeding. Between 28 and 42d muscle Se levels were 47, 106, 237 and 486 μg/kg for LSeM, HSN, HSP and HSeM pigs, respectively (P<0.001). These data suggest that Se in milk from cows fed Sel‐Plex® is highly bioavailable and may offer a means of delivering supplemental Se to humans.


At the early of 21st century, In the UK Peer2Peer (P2P) lending began with Zopa at the start of 2005. After that, it has grown rapidly in United States, China and some other countries. The main challenge for individual investors in the P2P lending market is to allocate their money efficiently through different loans by accurately evaluating the credit of each loan. The traditional ranking models cannot conform to the needs of individual investors in P2P lending because they do not provide natural mechanisms for asset allocation. P2P loans do not have the presence of traditional financial institutions. In this study, we propose a novel method for analyzing data for this emerging market. We have designed a credit risk model based on advanced machine learning methods, capable of assessing the returns and risks of individual loans. We also applied a selection feature method to eliminate the irrelevant features for improving the efficient of machine learning models. We conducted experiments on real-world data sets from P2P lending markets. The experimental results show that the proposed model can improve the efficiency of investment compared to the existing methods of P2P lending.


Vacant taxi behavior possesses the dynamic and randomness features.It is difficult to model vacant taxi behavior through mathematical methods.Therefore,we propose a simulation framework of taxi operation system based on multi-agent technology,so that the dynamic process taxis and passengers searching for each other can be recurred.Taxi agents are illustrated through deliberation method.Passengers' decision making is based on random utility theory.Road network is described with segment,intersection and station agents.The model can describe the commonly observed behavior that taxis may pick up passengers anywhere along roadsides,and the dynamic traffic environment of taxi operation system is taken into consideration.These are helpful for solving the problems of taxi industry.


Dinuclear thiolato bridged complexes, particularly [Rh2(µ-SBut)2(CO)2{P(OMe)3}2], catalyse the hydroformylation of hex-1-ene at low pressure and temperature to afford selectively and with high turnover rates the corresponding aldehydes.


AIM
To assess effect of calcium antagonists amlodipine and verapamil on the risk of development of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery.

MATERIAL
Of 74 patients subjected to mammary artery and venous coronary bypass grafting with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass 19 received amlodipine and 21 - verapamil.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Attacks of atrial fibrillation during 24 hour ECG monitoring were registered in 22.9% of patients mostly on days 2 and 3 after surgery. In verapamil treated patients atrial fibrillation occurred 1.5-2 times more often than in amlodipine treated patients or in patients receiving no calcium antagonists. This could possibly be explained by pronounced slowing of atrio-ventricular conduction by verapamil at the background of postoperative general "irritation" of the atrial myocardium.


Human beings' cognition of culture first initiated from the narrow-sensed culture, or mentality culture, whereas their cognition of mentality culture, or spiritual culture, originated from that to human beings themselves. Contrary to the features in other aspects of the cultural structure, which are changing, the spiritual culture, once formed, is deep-rooted. Changes are slow, if there is any. Meanwhile, the other aspects of culture, and their changes, invariably originate from the spiritual culture and are subjected to its influence. All the social and cultural differences between the East and the West would stem from this difference.


(MMT) clay with sheet-like platelets that are about 1 nm in thickness and 100–1000 nm in width and length are proven to have the potential to reinforce polymer and rubber composites. To render layered silicates miscible with polymer matrices which are organophilic and to obtain good interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties, one must convert the normally hydrophilic silicate surface to an organophilic one.


Molecular tests are the best way to monitor CML course in patients under treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). International guidelines indicate the absolute copy number of the control gene ABL1 as reference for the definition of the sensitivity of the analytical method. A general implementation of the International Guidelines (EUTOS) and the moving forward of current technologies towards one-step reactions, that allow direct testing from the patient RNA, require continuous verification of the method performances. Here, as Italian laboratory network for the standardization of CML diagnosis (LabNet), we performed a comparative study across the three reference laboratories in order to evaluate the inclusion of "BCR-ABL P210 ELITe MGB® Kit" (ELITechGroup S.p.A.) one-step assay among the technologies indicated in the Laboratory Recommendations and Indications (R.I.L.) of the Italian Network for CML monitoring. "BCR-ABL P210 ELITe MGB® Kit" is a new assay that allows to perform in a unique reaction the retro-transcription and the amplification of the extracted RNA sample. In this study 30 RNA extracted from whole blood samples of CML patients at different stages of the disease and centrally distributed to the other reference labs have been analyzed. All laboratories tested 300 ng per reaction of each RNA according the one-step approach and the same RNA according each own routine method. Moreover, in the same experiments, the European Reference Material certified plasmid ERM-AD623 has been evaluated. Our results show an increased analytical sensitivity in detection of both genes (BCR/ABL1 and ABL1): the limit of detection of the one-step reaction is as low as 0.001% IS BCR/ABL1. By testing the ERM-AD623 at 1 copy/reaction the rate of PCR positivities is 63%, and the average estimated quantity is 2.5 (SD = ± 1.5) copies/reaction. The linear measurement range of BCR/ABL1 and of the control gene ABL1 evaluated using the ERM-AD623 reference material are linear and equivalent in the range of 102-107 copies/reaction. Quantifications obtained with this kit are aligned to the European Reference Material. Using 7500 Fast Dx Real-Time PCR Instrument or 7900 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystem, Thermo Fisher Scientific), we confirm that the calibrator of the "BCR-ABL P210 ELITe MGB® Kit" is aligned to the ERM-AD623 DNA international standard and we demonstrated the inter-laboratory low variability and good linearity of the method by processing the secondary reference material aligned to WHO primary reference material. By analysis of 30 RNA of CML patients we observed high results reproducibility among laboratories (figure 1). In addition, at comparison with the individual routine methods (ipsogen BCR-ABL1 Mbcr IS-MMR DX, P210 PHILADELPHIA Q-PCR Alert kit. and an home-made assay) we report up to 97.4% correlation of BCR-ABL P210 ELITe MGB® kit results. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that "BCR-ABL P210 ELITe MGB® Kit" is a rapid, reproducible assay, aligned and calibrated towards the current goal standards BCR/ABL1 assays. It allows direct testing from RNA samples while maintaining the desired sensitivity. By requiring reduced hands on time of the operators and by allowing direct testing of RNA, "BCR-ABL P210 ELITe MGB® kit" will provide a significant improvement in the standardization of the molecular approach to CML monitoring. Disclosures Castagnetti:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; ARIAD Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria. Martinelli:ARIAD: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; MSD: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Speakers Bureau; Genentech: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Novartis: Speakers Bureau; MSD: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy; ARIAD: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Saglio:Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; ARIAD: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria.


In the 1990s intelligent networks (INs) will carry and deliver multimedia services, personal communication services (PCS), and other diverse and complex services. These services require multiple triggering within the service switching points (SSP), multiple queries to the service control points (SCPs), and a reliable signaling network. In this environment the risk of overloading the network elements (e.g., SSPs, SCPs) are real and managing the traffic in this environment is a challenge. Overloads may be caused by general widespread loads above engineered levels or focused originating or terminating high-intensity calling (or messaging) levels. The traffic overloads experienced may also be secondary effects of network system failures or major equipment outages. This paper discusses the various overload controls on the network elements and the network management via operations systems (OSs). It analyzes various scenarios and proposes solutions for the network elements and the OSs for managing overloads.


In this letter, we consider the parameter estimation problem of continuous-time linear stochastic regression models described by stochastic differential equations using the sampling data. An online least squares (LS) algorithm is proposed by minimizing the accumulative prediction error at discrete sampling time instants. By employing both the stochastic Lyapunov function and martingale estimate methods, we establish the convergence analysis of the proposed algorithm under conditions of the excitation of the sampling data and the sampling time interval. We also provide the upper bound of the accumulative regret for the adaptive predictor. A simulation example is given to verify our theoretical results.


Background: Endothelial cells play critical roles in the maintenance of vessel wall homeostasis. Nowadays, multiple literatures reported microRNAs (miRs) served as vital regulators in many biological processes of endothelial cells. Nevertheless, the role of miR-34a in endothelial cells has not been well clarified. Thus, this study was aimed to explore the functional effects of miR-34a on endothelial cells proliferation and inflammatory response. Methods: Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) was used and transfected with miR-34a mimic or its negative control (NC). After 48 h transfection, cells viability was measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The protein expressions of caspase-3 and B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were detected by Western blot analysis, and the mRNA level expressions of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were monitored by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Besides, the content of these three factors in the supernatant of miR-transfected cells were detected by ELISA. Results: Overexpression of miR-34a significantly suppressed HCAECs cells viability (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Besides, up-regulation of caspase-3 and down-regulation of Bcl-2 were found in miR-34a overexpressed cells (P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). Further, miR-34a overexpression significantly increased the production of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001). Conclusion: MiR-34a could suppress cell proliferation via inducing a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. In addition, miR-34a might contribute to proinflammatory cytokine secretion in endothelial cells.


Dye sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor films are used as a photoactive part in dye-sensitized solar cells, which are recently attracting much interest both in basic and applied studies. Electron transfer reaction from a photoexcited dye molecule, which is chemically adsorbed on the surface of semiconductor, into the semiconductor conduction band is the primary step to generate photocurrent. Ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy with a <100 fs time resolution and in a visible-to-IR wavelength range was used to elucidate the interfacial electron transfer mechanism in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline metal oxide films of ZnO, TiO2, and others. We found two types of reaction paths; one is direct electron transfer from the excited molecule to the conduction band and the other is stepwise transfer through an intermediate, which was assigned to a charge transfer complex formed by the excited molecule and a surface state on the semiconductor. The order of the observed electron transfer rates for different semiconductors was qualitatively explained by the idea of the density of electron acceptor states; that is, the larger the density of states near the energy level of the excited molecules was, the faster the electron transfer took place.


This phase Ib study of the oral, small-molecule inhibitor of MDM2, brigimadlin (BI 907828), reveals its early activity in MDM2-amplified liposarcoma and biliary tract cancers when dosed intermittently.


Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) is about separating the specifications of the system from the platform the system is running on. This is done by presenting the system with one or more Unified Modeling Language (UML) models that may present different levels of abstraction. The change from one model to another is called transformation. In this paper, thirteen commercial and open-source UML tools were evaluated to find the most suitable one for realizing quality-driven architecture model transformation. The actual evaluation comprised two separate stages. First, the tools were studied from vendors' website to find the most promising tools for further study. Second, three the most promising tools were selected for trial. In this stage, support for MDA and extensibility were observed. Ultimately Telelogic Tau/Developer was considered the most suitable tool mainly because it was the only one supporting platform independent development.


Mineral exploration in the southern parts of the Platreef, especially in the Rooipoort prospect, has been fraught with difficulties since the geology and associated mineralization is obscured beneath a thick cover of regolith including transported soils, and in situlateritized and calcretized profiles. This study conducted in the Rooipoort prospect, addresses issues related to inconsistent and erratic surface geochemical signatures encountered in areas where bedrock is concealed by regolith. Regolith thickness in Rooipoortvaries from 10m to over 40m thick, and comprises of saproliteand saprock, which is overlain by laterites and mottled soil. Incipient calcrete occurs as nodules and coatings which is irregularly distributed in various sections studied. Transported soils comprising of aeolian sands, colluvium and alluvial sediments occur in lower lying areas. Over 200 drill hole and surface samples were collected from the various regolith sections overlying mineralized and unmineralized areas. Samples from down hole regolith sections were pelletized and analyzed by XRF for their bulk chemical composition and used as a basis for interpreting selective extraction results. Subsurface and surface samples were selectively extracted by 0.1M hydroxylamine hydrochloride and analyzed by GFAAS. The geochemical data were statistically analyzed usingXLStat® and plotted down hole using EarthworksDownhole Explorer® and geochemical dot maps plotted using Surfer8®.The bulk chemistry of subsurface samples show a dominance of Fe2O3, SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO, where Fe2O3 is highest inlateritized sections.In such areas devoid of calcrete, surface expression of PGE mineralization is observed for most trace elements, in particular Cr, Cu, Ni, Au and Pt. Attenuation of geochemical signatures towards the surface, particularly Cu, Ni and Co, is noticeable in sections where calcrete formation intensifies. This suggests that the vertical migration of pathfinder/trace elements is significantly influenced by the intensity of calcrete formation in regolith sections. This study therefore shows that the use of hydroxylamine hydrochloride leach in detecting concealed mineralization is most effective in areas that are devoid of calcrete formation in regolith.


The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of automatic matching in cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images relative to the reduction of total tube current–exposure time product (mAs) for the X‐ray imaging (XI) system. The CBCT images were acquired with the Catphan 504 phantom various total mAs ratios such as 1.00, 0.83, 0.67, 0.57, and 0.50. For studying the automatic matching accuracy, the phantom images were acquired with a six‐dimensional shifting table. The image quality and correction of automatic matching were compared. With a decreasing total mAs ratio, the noise of the images increased and the low‐contrast resolution decreased, while the accuracy of the automatic matching did not change. Therefore, this study shows that a change of the total mAs while acquiring CBCT images has no effect on the automatic matching of Catphan 504 phantom in XI system. PACS number(s): 87.57.C‐, 87.57.Q‐


As the basic energy resource of China, coal is a reliable energy supply provided for the national economy and social development. But with the adjustment of economy and energy structure, the coal industry now is facing some prominent issues such as overcapacity, low production efficiency, high pressure of production safety and environmental protection. According to the characteristics of coal industry, the evaluation model and indicators system of coal mining level based on four dimensions of production safety, production efficiency, resource recovery and environmental protection were established, and the weight of each indicator was determined. Considering the indicator values of America's coal industry to be the standard, coal mining level of China, America, Australia and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China were evaluated and analysed comparatively. Based on the analysis of the development environment of China's coal industry under the new situation, five suggestions for improving the level of coal resources exploitation and promoting the green and sustainable development of China coal industry were put forward.


It is known that an increase in model resolution will generally produce superior forecasts. These improvements can partially be attributed to a reduction in phase speed and amplitude errors (Pielke 1984), better resolved cloud microphysics (Weisman et al. 1997; Gallus 1999), and improved wind forecasts in regions of topographical forcing, such as in downslope wind events or localized circulation patterns. In addition, more subtle improvements are achieved in regions of sharply contrasting surface characteristics, such as along the littoral coastal zone.


Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. An attempt was made to study factors which affect induction of callus derived from the banana cultivar Brazil (Musa AAA Cavendish Subgroup cv. Brazil), including source of explants, plant hormones, concentration of plant hormones and light intensity. Explants from immature male flowers and corms were cultured on the MS at the presence of 2,4-D 4 mg/L + IAA 1 mg/L + NAA 1 mg/L and incubated in the dark at 28°C. The callus inducing rates were 1.7% for immature male flowers and 91.3% for corms.