Objective To investigate the effect of different surface design of 6mm-long short implant on stress distribution in implant-bone interface.Methods Four three-dimensional finite element models of different surface design were created: V-shape spiral design,reverse buttress spiral design,buttress spiral design and fin formula no-spiral design.The stress distribution and the maximum Von-Mises stress of all models were compared and analyzed under 200N axial and 100N oblique loads.Results Under axial and oblique load,fin formula no-spiral design showed the best stress distribution and the minimum Maximum Von-Mises stress.Conclusion Fin formula no-spiral design is the optimal design in a 6mm-long short implant but V-shape spiral design should be avoid.


A comprehensive analysis of Graham's oeuvre includes essays which elaborate on the resonance of Freud's concepts of "the uncanny" and "repetition-compulsion" in numerous works, the artist's mediations of the opticality of language and the tradition of modernism, and indebtness to Roussel and Duchamp. Three appendices provide detailed notes by Graham on each project, and further elaborate and exemplify the text works. Biographical notes. 48 bibl. ref.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease whose pathogenesis includes the buildup of amyloid beta (Aß; one of the defining brain changes of AD) years before clinical symptoms appear. Anti-Aß therapeutics that target the complex underlying AD patho-physiologyhavebeenthefocusofmanyrecentclinicaltrials,represent- ing a viable option that may ultimately slow cognitive decline in some patients. Evidence has been accumulating within the science community that plaque-removing monoclonal antibodies can impact Aß, tau, and neurodegeneration, the hallmarks of AD. The spring 2022 Alzheimer's Association's Research Roundtable (AARR) convened leaders from industry and academia, as well as patients,clinicians,andgovernmentscientistsandregulatoryagencies, to discuss the topic, "Current Understanding of AD Pathophysiology & Impact of Amyloid Beta–Targeted Treatments on Biomarkers and Clinical Endpoints." The meeting addressed two fundamental questions: The meeting opened with a series of presentations to lay the groundwork on what we know about the biology of AD, including a primer on various species of Aß and how animal models may inform our understanding of disease progression. The meeting continued with representatives from active, observational studies sharing how


The main goal of the manuscript is an attempt to show that contemporary trends in tourism are based on forms in which cognitive, adventure and educational tourism is becoming more and more important. All these forms are based on the natural, cultural and historical heritage of the regions. In Poland, "krajoznawstwo" is an important trend, which for years has been based on the educational, cognitive and active tourism functions. It turns out that it is very difficult to find an equivalent of this word in English, but the message "get to know your country" can be carried out anywhere, in any part of the world. We decided to use the word "touring" in the text.


The synthesis research of micro-mesopore composite molecular sieves are summarized systematically and various preparing methods are introduced,such as in-situ crystallization,ex-situ crystallization and nanoclusters self-assembly.The in-situ crystallization includes unimolecular templating and bimolecular templating.The ex-situ crystallization comprises pore-wall recrystallization,overgrown approach,hydrothermal restructuring,alkali treatment,mechano-mixed method and entrapment method.In addition,the prospect of micro-mesopore composite molecular sieves is also presented.


We study the problem of high-dimensional multiple packing in Euclidean space. Multiple packing is a natural generalization of sphere packing and is defined as follows. Let $ N>0 $ and $ L\in\mathbb{Z}_{\ge2} $. A multiple packing is a set $\mathcal{C}$ of points in $ \mathbb{R}^n $ such that any point in $ \mathbb{R}^n $ lies in the intersection of at most $ L-1 $ balls of radius $ \sqrt{nN} $ around points in $ \mathcal{C} $. We study the multiple packing problem for both bounded point sets whose points have norm at most $\sqrt{nP}$ for some constant $P>0$ and unbounded point sets whose points are allowed to be anywhere in $ \mathbb{R}^n $. Given a well-known connection with coding theory, multiple packings can be viewed as the Euclidean analog of list-decodable codes, which are well-studied for finite fields. In this paper, we derive various bounds on the largest possible density of a multiple packing in both bounded and unbounded settings. A related notion called average-radius multiple packing is also studied. Some of our lower bounds exactly pin down the asymptotics of certain ensembles of average-radius list-decodable codes, e.g., (expurgated) Gaussian codes and (expurgated) spherical codes. In particular, our lower bound obtained from spherical codes is the best known lower bound on the optimal multiple packing density and is the first lower bound that approaches the known large $L$ limit under the average-radius notion of multiple packing. To derive these results, we apply tools from high-dimensional geometry and large deviation theory.


This paper presents a blind audio watermarking algorithm with self synchronization based on DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform). The features of the proposed algorithm are as follows: (1) Synchronization code is embedded into audio with the watermark, and the watermark thus generated has the ability of self synchronization. (2) Synchronization code and watermark are embedded into the low frequency coefficients in DWT domain to achieve good robustness performance. By exploiting the time frequency localization of DWT to decrease the computation load for searching synchronization codes effectively, author resolve the conflict between robustness and computation complexity of synchronization code. Experimental results show the watermark is robust against common signal processing manipulations and attacks, such as Gaussian noise, resampling, requantization, cropping and MP3 compression.


Getting the books evaluation and the decision making process in higher education french german and spanish experiences oecd documents s now is not type of challenging means. You could not deserted going once books accretion or library or borrowing from your links to read them. This is an enormously simple means to specifically get lead by on-line. This online broadcast evaluation and the decision making process in higher education french german and spanish experiences oecd documents s can be one of the options to accompany you when having further time.


In a large number of patients with hypertension, ≥2 antihypertensive agents are required to achieve blood pressure (BP) goals. There is good rationale for initial combination therapy based on clinical trials demonstrating that achievement of BP goals within a reasonably short period of time results in fewer cardiovascular events. One approach to attaining BP goals and improving medication adherence is fixed‐dose combination therapy, the use of which dates back to the 1960s. Given some of the advantages of renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers in patients with heart disease, kidney disease, and diabetes, many combinations include either an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. In most studies, however, thiazide diuretics were necessary to achieve goal BP. Calcium channel blockers have also been used in combination with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors to lower BP. Studies are now under way to determine the relative benefits of an RAAS blocker/diuretic compared with an RAAS blocker/calcium channel blocker as initial therapy.


In helicopter satellite communications, the periodic blockage of the channel due to the rotor blades degrades the bit error rate (BER) performance. Although time diversity is attractive in order to overcome the periodic blockage, the combining process in the receiver requires the code synchronization. The pre-detection combining is suitable for time diversity because it is superior to the post-detection combining in terms of the BER performance. However, a sync word cannot be applied to the code synchronization in the pre-detection combining. To solve this problem, we propose a novel code synchronization scheme. The proposed scheme estimates the timing offset between the transmitter and the receiver on the basis of the cross-correlation of all possible pairs of the encoded sequences to combine. Results of computer simulation show that the proposed scheme achieves excellent synchronization performance without sync word even in the severe environment of helicopter satellite communications.


AbstractThis paper provides a prediction of future geopolitical patterns related to the Balkan states, on the basis of assumptions offered by the Geopolitical Theory. In general, on the long-term, it is shown that the Balkan states are excluded from the possibility of acquiring cumulative advantages as preconditions for further expansion. As a result, their position in the structure of geopolitical relations gives them the character of internal states, which, if not subordinated to the expansive power, are driven by empirically confirmed patterns of confrontation and fragmentation into smaller units. However, the analysis showed that the EU can be provisionally defined as the expansive force in a given geopolitical context. Therefore, the ratio of the Balkans and the European Union demonstrates the ongoing process of expansion, so in the medium term the decrease or freeze of antagonisms, and fragmentation into smaller units that are characterized by internal states can be expected. Certainly, this trend is conditioned by the assumption that the EU has a relatively coherent geopolitical interests.Keywords: geopolitics, prediction, state, the Balkans, index of geopolitical position(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. IntroductionEpistemological implications of the failure of predicting the collapse of socialism after more than 20 years appear as far-reaching and lead to the actualization of skeptical relativism in the social sciences (Kuljic, 2002), which additionally brings the neglect of one of the presumed goals of theoretical sciences, that is giving stable and sustainable prediction as part of a broader scientific explanation (Nagel, 1974). Testing and development of predictive potential of the social sciences appears, therefore, to have a double importance: first as an evaluation of the validity of given theory, in form of testing hypotheses, and then as a general identification of cognitive range, where the identification of "the limits of our knowledge is not a declaration of failure" (Kuran, 1995, 1534), but on the contrary, cognitive contribution.Although not of a narrower interest for this paper, these notes are a relevant basis for the implementation of our goal. Specifically, our starting point is the Geopolitical Theory developed by Randall Collins, where the key cognitive limitations are based on its macrosociological character, which contribute to the perceiving of geopolitical processes on broad spatial plan and temporal scope from 30 to 50 years (Collins, 1986). Although these limitations provide for the construct of explanations in form of trends (Portes, 1995)2, they appear suitable for achieving our goal, which consist in both testing the key assumptions of Collins' theory and methodologically expanding it in two ways. First, in order to predict the future geopolitical processes and patterns that may affect the Balkan states, it is necessary to consider positions of states in the relational fashion, where each position in the structure of geopolitical relations is interdependant on other positions in the given geographical and social space. On the other hand, position of each analytical unit in the structure of geopolitical relations is determined by specific factors (i.e. specific forms of institutionally and socio-spatially controled capital)3, relevant in given geopolitical relations.In order to outline processes that can potentially derive from these relations between positions in the geopolitical structure, in this paper we will construct an index of geopolitical position as a combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches to the factors that determine these positions, and which should form a firm basis for the analysis of geopolitical space and processes occuring within it.2. The Analytical Perspective of Geopolitical TheoryStudying of the geopolitical processes of spatial transformation and regional structuralisation has been, from the very beginning, characterized by ambivalent tendencies generated by the interaction of scientific and political aspirations (Atkinson and Dodds, 2003; Tuathail, 1996). …


The variables in removing sodium from lignite by ion exchange were studied in pilot plant tests in which a possible commercial technique was simulated. Data show that sodium was reduced in 1/2 by 0-inch lignite from 7 pct to 3 to 4 pct by contact with a CaCl/sub 2/ solution for several hours. Sodium is a principle contributor to fireside tube fouling in lignite-burning powerplants. Fouling tendencies using ion-exchanged lignite were markedly reduced.


ABSTRACT Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are among the factors promoting plant resistance to pests, and silicon application may increase this resistance. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the control of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) through foliar application of silicon in cabbage crops. The experiment was conducted in the vegetable producing area of Água Limpa Farm, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with nine treatments and four replicates, totaling 36 plots. The applied treatments consisted of Agrosilicon® (10.5% Si) (T1), Sifol® (12% Si) (T2), deltamethrin 25 g L-1 (Decis® 25 EC) (T3), Bacillus thuringiensis, 33.60 g L-1 (Dipel® SC) (T4), Agrosilicon® + deltamethrin 25 g L-1(Decis® 25 EC) (T5), Agrosilicon® + Bacillus thuringiensis, 33.60 g L-1 (Dipel® SC) (T6), Sifol® + deltamethrin 25 g L-1 (Decis® 25 EC) (T7), Sifol® + Bacillus thuringiensis, 33.60 g L-1 (Dipel® SC) (T8) and control (T9). Agrosilicon® and Sifol® were applied weekly and the products deltamethrin and Bacillus thuringiensis were applied according to the damage level established for DBM in cabbage crops. Foliar application of silicon, alone or in combination with chemical and biological insecticides - T2, T7 and T8, were the best strategy to control DBM in cabbage crops, resulting in the lowest number of caterpillars per plant, lowest leaf damages and best aesthetic value of plants. Silicon foliar application can be considered as an auxiliary method of DBM management in cabbage crops, followed by the doses recommended by the manufacturers.


Electrostatic levitation(ESL) is an important technique to the materials preparation and analysis.In this paper,the research progress in ESL is reviewed.The applications of ESL in materials science are summarized.The difficulties and the future development of ESL are also discussed.


This paper focuses on an evaluation of the characteristics of the mixed traffic between the "Pedestrians and Bicycles (P&B)" and the vehicles at signalized intersections using the concept of the degree of order. The degree of order describes the conflicts in both space and time, and the P&B at signalized intersections is modeled as a combined unit so as to describe the mixed traffic characteristics. During the first stage of the green interval, P&B moves in groups and the concept of "P&B conglomeration" is newly defined in this study. The speeds of bicycles and vehicles in a P&B conglomeration are different. Based on the two-phase flow theory of the hydromechanics, the reduced speed of the P&B conglomeration is modeled. The model of conflict time between the P&B conglomeration and the vehicles at signalized intersections is then proposed based on the method of i°suppositional grids.i± A novel definition of the degree of order of mixed traffic at signalized intersections is proposed. The degree of order is modeled after the time-space resource theory. One signalized intersection in Beijing is chosen for the case study and the degree of order is applied to evaluate the mixed traffic characteristics under different signal control strategies. The result of the analysis can be used to add a new evaluation measure for operations of signalized intersection with mix traffic.


Ellie Wilson, a PhD student in mechanical engineering, demonstrates a new control strategy that customizes assistance provided by a pair of ankle exoskeletons. A machine learning algorithm presents her with two assistance profiles that it has selected based on previous data. She chooses one, and it presents another for comparison. After about 45 choices, most users have found an assistance profile that they choose repeatedly. Credit: Brenda Ahearn, Michigan Engineering


It is absolutely clear that state-of-the-art robots cannot undertake the whole procedure of terrorist bombs neutralization, unexploded ordnances clean up and minefield demining in many environmental situations, such as urban areas, but the main force toward building of a robotic system in these dangerous tasks is to reduce the human presence. The study of robots for demining applications is indeed a scientifically challenging problem that offers wide possibilities of expanding the actual knowledge on several areas of robotics, ranging from localization devices to visual guidance systems, and from navigation on rough terrain to multi-agent co-operation. The GPS and SLAM methods are the most efficient tools for a robot localization and mapping. Their extension for a group of mobile robots is of an exceptional importance for the successful creation of the "landmines map". In this paper a co-operative localization algorithm using three mobile robots equipped with localization capabilities for detecting each other has been simulated and tested. Further, navigation algorithms for a colony of mobile robots are proposed. Results demonstrate the localization algorithm applicability, where with a low precision and restricted range, the odometry errors, which normally present problems for mapping, are severely reduced. The simulations show that under certain conditions, successful localization is only possible if the team of multiple robots collaborate during localization by communication and data transferring.


The Diesel Dual Fuel (DDF) system is a diesel fuel ignition type natural gas engine, which ignites and burns the mixture of the natural gas with the self-ignition flame of a pilot diesel fuel injected directly into the combustion chamber. This engine with the EGR cooler, VG Turbocharger and Catalytic Converter installed, controlled the supply volume of natural gas and of diesel fuel respectively with the most optimized balance. As a result, It is effective to the thermal efficiency improvement of the engine to maintain an excessive air ratio of the natural gas to be high, and it met stringent stationary internal combustion engine NOχ guidelines such as in the Metropolis of Tokyo or Osaka City etc., while achieved nearly equal thermal efficiency with the base diesel engine.


We present HI observations of the elliptical galaxy NGC 2974, obtained with the Very Large Array. These observations reveal that the previously detected HI disc in this galaxy is in fact a ring. By studying the harmonic expansion of the velocity field along the ring, we constrain the elongation of the halo and find that the underlying gravitational potential is consistent with an axisymmetric shape. We construct mass models of NGC 2974 by combining the HI rotation curve with the central kinematics of the ionized gas, obtained with the integral-field spectrograph SAURON. We introduce a new way of correcting the observed velocities of the ionized gas for asymmetric drift, and hereby disentangle the random motions of the gas caused by gravitational interaction from those caused by turbulence. To reproduce the observed flat rotation curve of the HI gas, we need to include a dark halo in our mass models. A pseudo-isothermal sphere provides the best model to fit our data, but we also tested an NFW halo and modified Newtonian dynamics, which fit the data marginally worse. The mass-to-light ratio M/L-1 increases in NGC 2974 from 4.3M(circle dot)/L-circle dot,(I) at one effective radius to 8.5M(circle dot)/L-circle dot,(I) at 5 Re. This increase of M/L already suggests the presence of dark matter: we find that within 5 Re at least 55 per cent of the total mass is dark.


Role of mathematical models and of field measurements in solving water quality problems is described. When simulating phenomena in different space and time scales there are some important differences, regarding forcing factors, time averaging and measuring technique. Two case studies are presented: (a) Modelling of mercury cycling in Trieste Bay. 2D Hydrodynamic model Is used together with a sedimentation model and with a mercury mass transport model. Simulation of several bio-chemical processes as methylation, demethylation, reduction and sedimentation is included, (b) Long term simulations of transport-dispersion of radioactive pollutants in Japan sea is described. Thermohaline forcing, wind forcing, and inflow currents are taken into account. Results are in good agreement with measurements. 1 Modelling in Different Space and Time Scales It is well known, that mathematical models are an extremely efficient tool when saving environmental problems related to water quality. The models aim at understanding the basic processes involved and the response of the system to different forcing. With simulations of different possible solutions the models can finally be used as a management tool. Cheng and Smith [1] state that for a fixed cost, the computing power increases five to ten times every five years. This promises that in the near future sophisticated 2D and 3D water quality models will be widely used on personal computers like today zeroand one-dimensional models are used. Water quality modelling is needed in environments with very different space scales from small bays and marinas with dimensions of several hundreds of meters, through larger coastal seas to global ocean areas of the dimensions of several thousands of kilometers. Time scale is usually connected with space scale, although it also depends on the type of pollutant and its biological and chemical growth/decay characteristics. Fig 1. presents the space time diagram with six cases of model applications and Table I. gives some details of the cases. All these six cases, so different in their space and time scales, were simulated by the same model. This model named LMT3D, developed at the University of Ljubljana, has already been described, (Rajar [6], Rajar et al [8]) so only some basic characteristics are given here. Transactions on Ecology and the Environment vol 9, © 1996 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541


Etched mesa double heterojunction GaAs/GaAlAs lasers were fabricated. Evanescent field coupling into an underlying (Ga/Al)As planar waveguide was achieved with 25% coupling efficiency. Selectively grown 1-bar mesa lasers were also successfully end-fire coupled into curved grown (Ga, Al)As waveguides with 35% efficiency. Waveguide structures capable of channeling light around curves were investigated. Experiments indicate that, with current technology, an optimum radius of curvature is in the 1.27 to 2.54 mm (50 to 100 mil) range. Below 1.27 mm, radiation losses were found to increase very rapidly. (Ga, Al)As active devices compatible with monolithic laser sources were developed. A new structure design, which includes a thin (approx. 3000 A) GaAs cap, permits the fabrication of electroplated Pt Schottky barrier pads without significantly increasing the optical losses in the 8500 to 9000 A wavelength range. Electrooptic directional coupler switches were made. A 17 dB extinction ratio in the coupled channel was measured at a reverse bias voltage of -25 V. Single-line, metal-gap modulators were also demonstrated with a modulation depth of 88% at a peak voltage of -25 V. These types of devices were successfully integrated with a 90 deg curved section of an ion-milled rib waveguide with a radius of curvaturemore » of 1.016 mm (40 mils). The major source of loss was the curve itself, which accounted for 17 dB of attenuation.« less


In this paper, control reconfiguration problem in a team of multi-agent systems subject to actuator faults and environmental disturbances is studied. The proposed distributed control strategy has the capability of being reconfigured by using local information when a fault is detected and identified. It ensures that in absence of disturbances the faulty agent errors remain bounded while its output behaves exactly the same as that of the healthy system. Moreover, the specified H∞ performance bound is guaranteed to be minimized in presence of bounded energy disturbances. Towards this end, first by employing a geometric approach a set of control gains are obtained that enforce the output of the faulty agent imitates that of the healthy agent while the consensus achievement objectives are satisfied. Next, the remaining degrees of freedom in the selection of the control law gains are used to minimize the bound on a specified H∞ performance index. Our proposed distributed and cooperative control recovery approach is applied to a team of autonomous underwater vehicles to demonstrate its effectiveness in accomplishing the overall team requirements.


We report the MR and CT findings of a case of postgadolinium signal enhancement of the optic nerve secondary to an extrinsically compressive lesion in a 24-year-old woman with hypertrophy of the anterior clinoid.


Comprehensive simulation results are reported for the source/drain (S/D) geometry effects on the drive current of various n-type (Si, In0.53Ga0.47As, Ge) and p-type (Si, Ge) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Full-band Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are run for different S/D structures ("raised" versus "lateral") at a relevant International Technology Roadmap on Semiconductors node (gate length 14 nm). The "lateral" S/D gives higher drive currents (lower parasitic resistance) than the "raised" S/D because carriers do not need to make large momentum changes through scattering to get injected into the channel or to get collected by the drain, unlike in the "raised" S/D where 90°-turns are required. The S/D geometry effect is significant for novel materials with light effective mass and low scattering rate (e.g., ~20% on-current change in In0.53Ga0.47As) while it is still not negligible (up to ~5%) for conventional Si. The effect is more pronounced with small contact resistivity and low-S/D doping density. The classical model (drift–diffusion) captures only a part of the S/D geometry effect. In MOSFET benchmarking for future technology nodes, it should be critical to consider the S/D structure effect using rigorous models (such as MC) to correctly project the drive current performance, especially for novel materials with high mobility.


Hawai'i faces a crisis of homelessness due to the high cost of housing across the islands. Many without formal housing establish interdependent communities unsanctioned by property regimes and refer to themselves as "houseless" because intimate relations with place and expansive practices of care provide an adequate home. Attending to the experiences of Hawai'i's houseless, I unpack the meanings and practices of organized abandonment while proposing that some face structural neglect by "living with abandon." I argue that the rupturing of life-giving relations entwined with particular places serve as a foundation of organized abandonment. Devolution, state retrenchment, the intensification of land use for revenue-oriented development, and a punitive carceral state layer upon this foundational rupture to propel the continual abandonment of shared resources. This enables the ongoing circulation of capital through the environment. In response, people live with abandon by rejecting, or holding an ambivalent relationship with, aspirations to thrive within capitalism. Living with abandon is a form of creative improvisation that cultivates connections in the face of broken relations, yet remains defined by uncertainty and heartbreak. It both invokes the fullness of time and space and mourns the losses that have produced the tenuous present.


Across the globe, neoliberal reforms have produced effects in the higher education sector that are multiple, convergent and embodied or performed. In this context, a growing number of activist-scholars, from a range of disciplines, have explored the role of critical pedagogy within the space of the classroom. Yet, persistent critiques and challenges suggest that the field of critical pedagogy needs to build upon a richer set of theoretical and practical insights. While the discipline of geography has proven to be a generative source of learning and renewal, a recurring tendency exists within the educational literature to treat the key geographical concept of scale as a discrete, pre-given unit of analysis. Consequently, scale remains largely under-theorised and misunderstood leading to simplistic binary oppositions and choices. This binary filter underpins a comfortable but problematic 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' paradigm. Drawing upon contentious debates in the field of geography, this paper explores how the intersections between diverse spatial concepts, including scale, might be strategically deployed to rework the spatial imaginings of critical pedagogy.


In the Hymenoptera males develop directly from unfertilized ggs and produce gametes mitotically. Females are diploid and produce gametes by meiosis. A related phenomenon exists in other taxa in which males transmit only maternal genes but may have diploid somatic tissue. This life cycle was called paternal genome loss by Bull (1979). The hymenopteran life cycle is usually called arrhenotoky or haplodiploidy. Since Hamilton's seminal articles (Hamilton 1964a, 1964b), a tremendous amount of effort has been devoted to exploring the consequences of arrhenotoky but relatively little to its evolution (Whiting 1945; Brown 1964; Hartl and Brown 1970; Bull 1979; Borgia 1980). The articles by Whiting, Hartl and Brown, and Borgia emphasize cological factors that might favor arrhenotoky and the preconditions necessary to ease a transition from full diploidy. Hartl and Brown (1970), for example, derived the conditions for invasion of arrhenotoky assuming that sperm is limited and many eggs go unfertilized. Bull (1979), following Brown (1964), showed that arrhenotoky is favored if the fitness of the male haploids is at least half that of the diploids and mothers control the ploidy level of their male offspring. This twofold transmission advantage applies to any life cycle in which the paternal genome is not passed on through the male, whether or not it is expressed in the somatic tissue. Bull (1979) has called such life cycles male haploidy, but it seems that male genetic haploidy is a superior term because it emphasizes that males need not be haploid somatically. The transmission advantage is equivalent o a segregation distorter that acts only when passed through the mother and that completely blocks the transmission of wild-type alleles in the male (Bull 1979). This explanation of the origin of male genetic haploidy is especially attractive in light of recent findings that allelic activity can be influenced by the sex of the parent from which it was inherited (Solter 1988). In this note I investigate another inherent genetic factor, mutation to deleterious alleles, that is expected to influence the evolution of arrhenotoky. The arguments apply only to those male-genetic-haploid taxa in which the paternal genome is not expressed in males, such as arrhenotoky and some forms of paternal genome loss (Bull 1983). Both Hartl and Brown (1970) and Borgia (1980) note that male haploids are more sensitive to deleterious recessive alleles than diploids, and they conclude that such alleles must be low in frequency for arrhenotoky to evolve in response to advantages like the use of unfertilized ggs or close control of sex ratio. Therefore, they argue that close inbreeding would ease a transition to arrhenotoky. In the context of the transmission advantage, Bull (1979) points


In the work of serving for the army,the emphasis and difficuty is how to implement and persist it.In the paper,the quthor discussed the measures to carry out this work to follow the directios of the headquarters from the aspects as education of the hospital personnel,the management regulation,and the functional role of the military hospital.


– Two 2,3,9,10-tetraoxygenated benzo[ c ]phenanthridine alkaloids, 1 2 , originally reported as zanthoxyline and broussonpapyrine, respectively, were synthesized using the Pd-mediated intramolecular aryl-aryl coupling reaction as the key step.


Dense medium cyclones (DMCs) are known to be efficient, high-tonnage devices suitable for upgrading particles in the 50 to 0.5 mm size range. This versatile separator, which uses centrifugal forces to enhance the separation of fine particles that cannot be upgraded in static dense medium separators, can be found in most modern coal plants and in a variety of mineral plants treating iron ore, dolomite, diamonds, potash and lead-zinc ores. Due to the high tonnage, a small increase in DMC efficiency can have a large impact on plant profitability. Unfortunately, the knowledge base required to properly design and operate DMCs has been seriously eroded during the past several decades. In an attempt to correct this problem, a set of engineering tools have been developed to allow producers to improve the efficiency of their DMC circuits. These tools include (1) low-cost density tracers that can be used by plant operators to rapidly assess DMC performance, (2) mathematical process models that can be used to predict the influence of changes in operating and design variables on DMC performance, and (3) an expert advisor system that provides plant operators with a user-friendly interface for evaluating, optimizing and trouble-shooting DMC circuits. The field data required to develop these tools was collected by conducting detailed sampling and evaluation programs at several industrial plant sites. These data were used to demonstrate the technical, economic and environmental benefits that can be realized through the application of these engineering tools.


ABSTRACTA precise hydrogen permeation experiment for beryllium was conducted at a temperature ranging from 735 to 1000 K under hydrogen gas pressure of 101 to 103 Pa. Diffusion coefficient and perm...


In this review, researchers document the factors most commonly associated with sustained remission in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving anti-TNF therapy.


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An improved scale method based on trigonometrical fuzzy numbers was proposed in this paper,because of the inability of traditional"1~9 scale"method to reflect the real thought accurately,especially to make important weights which may lead up to incor rect result.An example of evaluation index system of intrusion detection systems is used to illustrate the proposed approach finally.


Applying ecological footprint model to calculate the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of Dongying ,a typical oil city between the year 2005-2009,the results showed that ecological footprint was deficit in recent years, and the trend had been exacerbated. The economic development of Dongying was in an ecologically unsustainable condition. Measures are put forward to facilitate the sustainable development in two aspects: the reduction of the ecological footprint demand such as industrial structure adjustment, low carbon industry system construction and green life pattern formation; the increase of ecological carrying capacity supply, such as rationally utilizing land and making full use of marine resources.


The existence of a trans-boundary population of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia Schreber, 1776) that inhabits the massifs of Tsagaanshuvuut (Mongolia) - Tsagan-Shibetu (Russia) was determined through non-invasive genetic analysis of scat samples and by studying the structure of territory use by a collared female individual. The genetic analysis included species identification of samples via sequencing of a fragment of the cytochrome b gene and individual identification using a panel of eight microsatellites. The home range of a female snow leopard marked with a satellite GPS collar was represented by minimum convex polygon method (MCP) 100, MCP 95, and fixed kernel 95 methods. The results revealed insignificant genetic differentiation between snow leopards that inhabit both massifs (minimal fixation index [FST ]), data that testify to the unity of the cross-border group. Moreover, five common individuals were identified from Mongolian and Russian territories. This finding clearly shows that their home range includes territories of both countries. Additionally, regular movement of a collared snow leopard in Mongolia and Russia confirmed the existence of a cross-border snow leopard group. These data support that trans-boundary conservation is important for snow leopards in both countries. We conclude it is crucial for Russia to study the northern range of snow leopards in Asia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a new approach to study families of nodal curves on projective threefolds. Precisely, given X a smooth projective threefold, E a rank-two vector bundle on X, L a very ample line bundle on X and k � 0, � > 0 integers and denoted by V�(E L k ) the subscheme of P(H 0 (E L k )) parametrizing global sections of E L k whose zero-loci are irreducible and �- nodal curves on X, we present a new cohomological description of the tangent space T(s)(V�(E L k )) at a point (s) 2 V�(E L k ). This description enable us to determine effective and uniform upper- bounds for �, which are linear polynomials in k, such that the family V�(E Lk) is smooth and of the expected dimension (regular, for short). The almost-sharpness of our bounds is shown by some interesting examples. Furthermore, when X is assumed to be a Fano or a Calaby-Yau threefold, we study in detail the regularity property of a point (s) 2 V�(E Lk) related to the postulation of the nodes of its zero-locus C = V (s) � X. Roughly speaking, when the nodes of C are assumed to be in general position either on X or on an irreducible divisor of X having at worst log-terminal singularities or to lie on a l.c .i. and subcanonical curve in X, we find upper-bounds onwhich are, respectively, cubic, quadratic and linear polynomials in k ensuring the regularity of V�(E L k ) at (s). Finally, when X = P 3 , we also discuss some interesting geometric properties of the curves given by sections parametrized by V�(E OX(k)).


There is increasing demand for the exchange of medical records between hospitals and general practices1. The provision of such an exchange encounters formidable obstacles in terms of the format and the content of the exchanged records2. We describe an architecture and a representation for the exchange of medical records between different medical centres as used in Hypermedata3, a research and development project. It includes both simple data types and complex structures, thus allowing us to describe text, graphs, tables, photographs, scans, and digitised data. We describe how a reference model is used with a domain ontology in order to allow consistent semantics to be achieved4,5. Inherent in the design of Hypermedata's architecture is the certainty that local medical systems will always evolve in time, so Hypermedata detects when it is necessary to reconstruct the exchange schema for a new exchange2. The problems faced by Hypermedata are of a general nature for inter-operating systems and the proposed solutions are applicable to other systems.


The paper deals with the problems of applying the conflict method of regulating relations connected with the introduction into the Russian Federation of digital assets that have become particularly relevant in recent times. A number of legislative initiatives aimed at regulating relations on the creation and / or exchange of digital financial assets are analyzed. The author defines digital rights — digital codes or designations that exist in the decentralized information system, they certify the rights of the holder of unique access to them to other («real») objects of civil rights, with the exception of intangible benefits. The author proposes to legislatively fix the rules that determine the location of an auction, competition or exchange location on the Internet by the location of the party organizing such an auction, competition or exchange. If that is not possible, the location is determined based on information on their location or location on the corresponding website, or by the domain name that provides the holding of such an auction, competition or access to an electronic exchange.


Post renal transplant opportunistic infections always pose a challenge to the clinician due to the varied nonspecific clinical manifestations and prove fatal if not diagnosed and treated early. Here, we present a case report of a patient who was 22 years post renal transplantation with amphotericin-resistant disseminated cryptococcal infection concurrent with cytomegalovirus colitis treated successfully with oral fluconazole and ganciclovir. The clinician should always take into account the antibiotic susceptibility and culture sensitivity of cryptococcosis to diagnose this rare yet emerging phenomenon of azole resistance. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of amphotericin-resistant cryptococcosis in posttransplant setting.


ABSTRACT In this paper, pre-desliming feasibility study of a small cone angle hydrocyclone used in coal slime, which is characterized by their high ash fine fraction, was studied. Based on an analysis of particle sizes and mineral compositions from overflow and underflow under different desliming conditions, the content of the −0.045 mm fraction was 97.79%, the ash content was 51.87%, and the clay minerals were enriched in the overflow during the pre-desliming process when Φ150 mm and Φ75 mm hydrocyclones were connected in series. In both the mixed flotation feeds and the individual underflows of the Φ150 mm and Φ75 mm hydrocyclones, the clean coal yield and the combustible recovery were greatly improved compared with those of the raw coal slime under the same flotation process conditions. To further improve the clean coal yield, branch flotation experiments were carried out. The results showed that by establishing a reasonable ratio of the two types of flotation feeds with different particle sizes but similar slime properties, pre-desliming branch flotation can achieve high efficiency flotation for high ash fine fraction coal slime without coarse particles losses.


With the massive development of wind power generation,an operation of wind power generation connected with power system is an inevitable trend.The operation characteristics and power quality of power system are affected by the properties of wind power generation such as fluctuation,intermittence randomicity and so on.Aiming at the problems of power quality in power systems connected with wind energy generation,this paper carried out the researches on the wavelet detection method of transient power quality disturbance in the system.Firstly,The principles and realization strategies of wavelet detection method of transient power quality is analyzed in detail and then the simulation on the proposed method are carried out and simulative results are given.Obtained results by the theoretical analyses and simulation experiments indicate that the transient power quality disturbances can be detected quickly and accurately by the proposed method.The proposed method provides an efficient and feasible detection method of transient power quality disturbance for the research on power quality problems of wind power generation.


The coming in force f the Organic Act of Education implies the assumption of the basic competences as one more element in the curriculum and the recognition of their value in the permanent training of citizens. The Diagnosis Evaluation in Andalucia is reviewed in accordance with the fundamentals of the Act and the regulations in force for Diagnosis Evaluation in publicly-funded schools in this autonomous region. The Diagnosis Evaluation has got both an internal and an external character. It is internal as long as the application and the correction of examination tests are entrusted to the teachers in the school, and it is external due to the use of examinations tests provided by the education Authorities. It has also got a census character since it is applied to all and everyone of students in the 5 th form of Primary education and the 3 rd form of Compulsory Secondary Education in every school.


The momentum of conservation efforts in the developing world have been slowed by lack of trained personnel. Training programs for plant engineers were conducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The course outline is given. Perception problems, resistance to tampering with familiar processes, and strong competition for capital were other hindrances dealt with. Energy audits, proper maintainence, low cost improvements, moderate and major capital investments, and transmission line loss management are some measures that might be taken to conserve energy. These activities open up markets to US businesses in auditing equipment, boilers, insulation, technical assistance and service, and training. A case study of conservation efforts at a Phillipine textile plant is given.


The phenomenon of desertification is one of the dangerous phenomena in our contemporary reality. Because of its impact on the reality of the individual and society socially, economically and climatically, hence my choice of the tagged research topic: "The effect of preserving and developing the plant environment in reducing the impact of desertification around Medina in the era of the Message" because of its importance in addressing some of the effects of the desertification problem in our reality Contemporary, based on the steps taken by the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, in preserving interest in the plant environment, and the impact of that in limiting the impact of desertification.

The research consisted of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion, and the research concluded with important results, including: the interest in preserving and developing the plant environment necessarily leads to an advanced stage of combating desertification and preceded it by a serious step. The projects that seek this are one of the means to reduce the phenomenon of desertification in our Arab and Islamic societies


Research during the last decades has demonstrated that eye tracking methodology is an advantageous tool to study reading. A substantial amount of eye movement research has resulted in improved understanding of the reading process in skilled adult readers. Considerably fewer eye tracking studies have examined reading and its development in children. In this doctoral project, eye movements during reading and reading skill are investigated in a population based sample of Swedish elementary school children. The aims are to provide evidence from a large scale study and to explore the concurrent development of reading eye movements and reading skill. In the first study, we describe the eye movement variables across the grades and their connection to assessment on phonemic awareness, decoding strategies and processing speed. During the remainder of the current project, we will focus on longitudinal aspects, as the participants were recorded twice with a one-year-interval. Further, we will examine possible predictors of later reading skill among the eye movement variables and reading assessment outcomes.


Words of a sentence will not follow same ordering in different languages. This paper proposes certain Parts-of-Speech (POS) based rules for reordering the given English sentence to get translation in Telugu. The added rules for adverbs, exceptional conjunctions in addition to improved handling of inflections enable the system to achieve more accurate translation. The proposed rules along with existing system gave a score of 0.6190 with BLEU evaluation metric while translating sentences from English to Telugu. This paper deals with simple form of sentences in a better way.


Supply Chain Management (SCM) has often been discussed and studied by academics and practitioners over the last two decades. One reason for the growing interest in SCM is that a company's performance is no longer solely determined by the decisions it makes and actions it takes, but also by the contribution and performance of all the members along the supply chain. This study examines the academic literature on SCM. The aim is not to perform an exhaustive analysis. Rather, the goal is to carry out a representative work. This article interconnects two study areas: supply chain management and organizational performance. The analysis was based on 172 academic articles. This study helps to identify opportunities and weaknesses in the field of operations management and helps researchers to find trends that could support future studies in SCM.


Recent inter est in environmental problems and the impact that w e ar e making on the environment has stimulated considerable interest in the problem of justice between generations. But it is well known that any attempt to construct a theory of justice between generations encounters special difficulties, such as those set out by Rawls [Rawls, 1972,pp.284-291]. One might well ask, at the outset, therefore, as does Brian Barry[1978, p.205], whether there is really any need for a theory of intergenerational justice and whether ,instead, one could nnot be satisfied with defining our obligations towards future generations on the basis of common humanity . Barry believes that there is such a need. And, like Rawls and other philosophers, he believes that in spite of the dif ficulties such a theory is possible. The argument of this paper is that it is both unnecessary and impossible.


Abstract The mass spectra of a series of N,N'-thiodianilines S(HNNC6H4X)2 X = p-H, p-Cl, p-Br, p-OMe and m-NO2 have been measured. The fragmentation pathway of these compounds involves the formation of fragments identified as thionitrosobenzene species [X[sbnd](C6H4)N[dbnd]S]+ and their protonated derivatives [X(C6H4)N(S)H]+. The ratios of unprotonated to protonated species, which in some cases are observed as intense peaks, show a nearly linear dependence on the inductive effect of the substituents X.


An intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) comprises of an array of discrete reflective elements (REs) possessing re-configurable scattering properties. IRS has the capability to beamform and relays the received radio signal from the transmitter to the desired receiver. This has made the IRS a promising candidate technology for the beyond fifth-generation (5G) cellular standards. In this work, the performance of an IRS-assisted wireless communication system is investigated and compared with the full-duplex (FD) relay-assisted system in the presence of non-ideal transmitters. Specifically, the performance is compared in terms of channel capacity and energy efficiency (EE). The results show that the IRS can never achieve more capacity than the ideal FD relaying, in the presence of a non-ideal transmitter, irrespective of the placement of IRS and relay. Further increasing the number of REs, the capacity saturates with an upper bound that equals to the capacity provided by the relay-assisted system. However, increasing the number of REs results in the reduction of the EE for IRS-assisted systems, which are otherwise known to be highly energy-efficient.


Introduction The states of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan as part of Horn command the one side of Gulf of Aden from Port Said to the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb and the Red Sea connects to the Indian Ocean securing its significant Geo-Strategic position in Africa and on the globe. The winners of the Second World War distributed their booty in the way that France got Djibouti, Britain took the coastal areas of Northern Somalia, Italy grabbed Eritrea and the Southern Somali coast and Ethiopia controlled Ogaden. 'Like most countries of the Sudanic belt, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean across the Continent to the Red Sea, the whole area between Ogaden to Eritrea is divided along religious lines with Islamized low-Lander pastoral population being in historical conflict with Christian high-Lander agriculturists. This eruption of micro nationalisms on the Horn has spurred the outside interest of big powers that has provided them a chance to perpetuate their own hold on these countries and the strategic Horn coastline' (Raman. 1978:emphasis mine). The Bab-el-Mandeb is the link between the Red Sea, the Arabian Peninsula and the African coast with a distance of 22 miles apart from one another. It is the meeting point of Red Sea and the Indian Ocean through the Gulf of Aden, with Perim island situated within the narrow strait, reducing the navigable area from 22 to 16 1⁄2 miles only. Today, whoever dominates this strategic gateway to the Red Sea also controls the entrance to the Gulf of Suez, Sharmel-Sheikh, and Gulf of Eilat. This vital area is vulnerable to blockades and piracy and permits a real threat to Red Sea traffic that engulfs the world's most precious international economic traffic. The strategic importance of this region has been dramatized since 2006 by the area's proximity to Middle East oil fields of Iraq and Iran and the piracy in the Indian Ocean trade routes. 'The US has a vital interest in keeping open the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, the port of Djibouti and the Red Sea for the free flow of international shipping, especially of USA, Europe and Israel. For these reasons, the Red Sea is today a focus of strategic rivalry' (O. Chaland. 1978:116: emphasis mine). Today Djibouti is a great strategic port providing US armed forces air base between Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. The conflict in the Horn is not ideological but above all strategic and military. The core issue is to control on the Red Sea and command the Horn, Arab and Africa. Today, it is most vulnerable area having different perspectives (in UNO, USA, EU, AU, COMESA and IGAD) keeping the US involvement in the centre in collaboration with one or other states out of five mentioned above. In lieu of that, all these states are facing interference from the Border States on the pretext of terrorism, peace and security, illegal occupation of land and neo-scramble, democratic functioning and development issues, human rights and rule of law. Beside that, drought here is creating a real havoc for the common man but it is not taken seriously. These issues need a fair explanation without any prejudice to know the real environment in the region.1 The real issues arise from the internal chaos and confusion within the Horn. The establishment of the United Stated Africa Command (AFRICOM) with the consultation of African leaders determined an appropriate location for this command in Africa. 'It is generally assumed that AFRICOM was designed establishment without consultation with


This paper focuses on marketing practice of SMEs in Nigeria. The specific key learning objectives of the paper are; to highlight the strategic importance of SMEs in economic development of any economy; to sketch the patterns of Government support programmes for development of SMEs in Nigeria and Past Empirical Studies of SMEs performance in Nigeria; to highlight the importance SMEs for survival and continued growth of Nigeria Economy; to highlight the impact of environmental factors on marketing practice of SMEs; to establish the extent to which marketing practice of SMEs in Nigeria conforms with marketing principles and functions. The Nigeria marketing environment presents features that are quite different from the developed economies and even quite different from other developing countries. There are for examples infrastructural problems that are unthinkable in the context of developed economy. Equally government support programmes for SMEs are poorly managed such that intended results are not obtained. There are attitudinal problem on the part of the SMEs operators and officials of government supervisory agencies. All these have direct and indirect impacts on marketing practice of the SMEs in Nigeria. The paper falls back on empirical studies of the lead author, his post graduate and undergraduate marketing students, on SMEs, to illustrate the marketing practice of SMEs in Nigeria, a developing economy. Conclusions are drawn based on marketing practice of SMEs in Nigeria. The authors call on scholars and writers on marketing functions of SMEs, especially in Nigeria to shift to providing empirical works in their writings on marketing functions rather than the present theoretical considerations. This is because research based findings could be used to improve the marketing practice of SMEs.In summary, the primary purpose of this paper is to present research based findings of the marketing practice of SMEs in Nigeria. The usual focus of authors on marketing practice is the big firms that have made it in the market place. The marketing practice of SMEs is usually assumed. However, the SMEs dominate the landscape of all economies, from developed, developing to underdeveloped. Since marketing is concerned with the creation of customer, and this should be the valid basis for the existence of any business organization. It is important that the marketing practice of the organization that dominates in all economies should be investigated, and understood so as to be able to improve on the practice.This paper is divided into four segments, the literature reviews, summary of the findings on empirical investigation of marketing practice of SMEs by the lead author, then findings of undergraduate and post graduate students supervised by the lead author, this is another way of looking at the marketing practice employed by the studied SMEs. Then follows discussion of the findings in the light of the environment and conclusion.
 DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n3p243


Saussurea insularis Kitamura was first recorded in Mt. Pekoon, Kwangyang-si, Chullanam-do. It had been considered as an endemic species to Isl. Tsushima, Kyushu, Japan. S. insularis is assumed to closely related to S. gracilis because it has ash-colored cobwebby hair on involucre and leaf beneath while young.


The topicality of this research is caused by the fact that creativity represents a facet of creative abilities and has a great significance for understanding the whole picture of the entire teen age. In this connection, this article is dedicated to the study of creativity in the teenager's personality structure. The key method to the study of this problem is a psychodiagnostic that gives a possibility to consider comprehensively the creativity components in the teenager's personality structure and obtain valid, reliable and secure data. R. Cattell's multi-factor questionnaire (a teenager's version)and a test battery "Creative thinking" by E.E. Tunik are used as psychodiagnostic tools. The article gives a description of creativity as a component in the teenager's personality structure. The relationships between creative abilities and other personal characteristics of an individual were revealed. The article also deals with methodical difficulties and the ways of improving the creativity diagnostics. The materials of the article will help to accomplish practical tasks of drawing up an individual development pathway of a teenager in his learning activity


Thermosetting winding composite shell has been widely applied in various fields,such as aviation,military,industry and so on.At present,the key factors which restrict its application and development are cost and performance of shell.However,the modeling process directly determines its performance and cost.Because winding shell is hollow,the method that heating internal metal mandrel or liner of the shell can be adopted to realize curing of the composite winded or being winded,which is called in-situ modeling.This paper introduce the new in-situ modeling process for composite shell,build the mathematical model for internal heating curing process of the cylinder shell,using finite element methods to carry on numerical simulation analysis for the temperature and curing degree distribution during curing process.This research provides a new idea for realizing shell modeling with high efficient,high quality and low cost,and supplies analysis model and method for the design,simulation and parameter optimization of in-situ modeling process.


Field data were sampled by the method of contiguous grid quadrate,and t-test of s2 / ratio,negative binomial parameter,green's index,cassie's index,dispersion index,clumping index,mean crowding index and patchiness index were used to analyze the distribution pattern and its dynamics of Taiwania flousiana Gaussen Population.The result showed that the distribution pattern was clustering.From sapling to grown-up tree,the clustering degree and clustering size was decreasing,while the dig trees had a even distribution.


This paper presents a methodology for assessing the bond strength of composite overlays to concrete utilizing a fracture toughness test. The principles and practices of existing ASTM standards for determining the fracture toughness of adhesive bonds between double cantilever beam (DCB) metallic and composite specimens (D 3433-93 and D 5528-94a) have been extended to cover the case of an elastic composite layer bonded to a rigid concrete/masonry substrate. In the theoretical section, the dominant loading conditions, relevant ASTM standards, and the development of energy release rate concepts for analyzing a disbonding composite layer modeled as an elastic cantilever beam are presented. The experimental section covers specimen fabrication and preparation, experimental setup, test procedures, post-test evaluation of the specimens, and data processing. The discussion of test results focuses on explaining the variability in measured strain energy release rate, and identifies trends between the measured strain energy release rate and the fraction of the fracture surface retaining cement paste after disbonding. It was found that good-quality composite-to-concrete bond is associated with high fracture toughness of the adhesive and location of the crack path in the concrete substrate. Strict enforcement of surface preparation and adhesive handling procedures was found to play an important role in promoting good bond strength and high fracture toughness. The fracture toughness test developed in this paper can be used for screening various composite-repair systems, to assess the effect of different environmental attacks, and as a quality control tool.


This paper aims to present a current overview of the bankruptcy and judicial recovery of sugarcane agribusinesses in the State of Parana and to verify its leading causes. As a result, this sector showed an expansion behavior (from 2003) followed by a crisis (from 2008). The common cause of this crisis is related to macroeconomic problems, such as the issue of gasoline subsidies and credit reduction, and microeconomic problems, such as the climate issue and management problems. It is worth mentioning that the current paradigm in force in this sector is technological, being urgent to be attentive to minimizing production costs and maximizing the productivity of the sugarcane culture, aiming at the survival of the plants/distilleries in a more competitive market context. Thus, nine of the thirty-one plants in Parana have been deactivated or temporarily stopped their activities; of these, five sought the Judiciary to recover their activities, one of which was declared bankrupt, and the others face long sanitation processes.


Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) became an official recommendation in the US in 2013 in response to the scientific evidence supported by the US-based National Lung Screening Trial.1 In the years following the US implementation of lung cancer screening with LDCT, scientific evidence from subsequent international trials has supported the mortality reduction benefit of LDCT screening2 3 and is now recommended in Croatia, some regions of China and Korea, and is currently under review by the UK's National Screening Committee. Despite the implementation of lung cancer screening, uptake remains low among screening-eligible individuals.4 Low uptake has conventionally been linked to, and supported by, evidence regarding lack of awareness, low knowledge levels and misinformation.5 6 However, as we consider the aetiology of suboptimal levels of lung cancer screening uptake and potential solutions, there are psychological consequences of lung cancer screening that are an important consideration as a potential barrier for patients who are weighing the option to screen, or not, for lung cancer.7–9

Multiple studies have supported an increase in anxiety, depression and cancer worry among individuals who undergo lung cancer screening.7–9 Cancer …


The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences between three body composition techniques which are SKF3 sites and SKF4 sites, and BIA (Inbody Biospace 230 model) in the determination of percentage of body fatness in inactive adolescent between 21–25 years old.24 females adolescent who are inactive become a subject in the evaluation of different techniques in body composition. Subjects were randomly selected according to their daily activities and their ages were between 21–25 years. There is a significant difference between BIA, SKF3 and SKF4 in which p=0.00; p value was set at <0.05 using Sample t -Test. There is a correlation between the three techniques. BIA and SKF3 has a correlation of (r = 0.567), BIA and SKF4 has a correlation of (r = 0. 574) and strong correlation exist between SKF3 and SKF4 (r = 0. 931). Even though BIA shows immediate results in assessing fat percentage, but it has high standard error estimation (SEE 1.64%) compare to SKF3 and SKF4. (SEE 0.32%). Present study shows that SKF3 and SKF4 site have a high accuracy in measuring body fat percentage and no significance differences in fat percentage results between them among inactive adolescent.


There are many observations showing teachers and students' outcomes . It then provides information on the importance of applying various strategies to improve the teachers' quality in order to improve the teaching and learning process such as the mastery of the teaching materials and the skill to teach the material would better give the big success in improving the quality of student learning than the level of teacher education or the teachers' achievement. In this case, the idea is driven by the experience of other countries stating that that participation in workshops, courses and training can significantly increase the quality of teachers. Correspondently, Indonesia government launched Better Education through Reformed Management and Universal Teacher Up-grading Program in 2008. It is acronym with BERMUTU Program which more focused on efforts to improve the quality of education through improving the teachers' competence and performance which automatically has correlation with the increasing of quality in teaching and learning activities at the classroom. The objective of this research is: 1) to describe the implementation of policy programs in the South Halmahera Regency. 2) To identify the obstacle and supporting factors in the implementation of BERMUTU program in South Halmahera Regency. 3) To design the strategy to overcome the obstacles in implementation of BERMUTU program in south Halmahera regency . The research method uses descriptive qualitative approach. This research is located in South Halmahera. T he source of data were taken from the accountability of BERMUTU program and 23 working groups who participate in BERMUTU Program. In Data collection techniques , the writers use interview and documentation. The result of this research lead to the conclusion as follows : organization committee, the procedure of selecting the work group, and the program socialization as the way to introduce and as the reference to apply the policy had been implemented fairly. Geographical place, a clear picture on duties and functions of organizing committee, political patronizing, and local based-policy become the important part in implementation of the program work smoothly. In order to solve the problems faced in implementation of BERMUTU program in South Halmahera regency. It needs all participants and delegates to establish the communication and work together. The use of resources, both human resource and supporting resource, and then division of duties and functions in the frame of job description in organizational structure should be clear and explicit. keywords : educational policy implementation, BERMUTU Program


particular political situation, but the fact that preexisting networks enabled a community school to thrive by taking advantage of the unexpected is more general, and such networks were everywhere in the Early Republic. Perhaps Beadie's most provocative hypothesis is that the causation between local and regional networks, on the one hand, and school formation on the other, ran in both directions. That is, not only did the existence of Tocquevillian networks lead to school formation, but the process of founding a school created such networks. A case in point is the bond or equity system developed to fund a new school. A somewhat related example deserving of much closer inspection by economic historians is the role of banks in school foundations. New York common school funds invested in equity shares of banks, to the extent that interest income accounted for a third of the state fund in 1819, and even more following a new education finance law in 1827. The direct effect was an increase in the number of new schools. The indirect effect was to align the interests of bankers and other businessmen with local school communities, so that each would enjoy, in DeWitt Clinton's words, a "reciprocation of benefits" (p. 173). This book will stand with distinguished company as a community study, as an episode in New York history, and most obviously as a history of education and schooling. It considers the social-scientific work of fellow historians with respect, and importantly for such a geographically focused study, never loses track of the greater picture of human capital development in antebellum America. If the price of the hardbound edition limits its readership, that would be a scholarly shame, but perhaps a more affordable paperback will come out in the next couple of years.


Green manures D881and No.12were planted in April and buried in June.Results showed that potas-sium concentration of green manure was over6.3%,and potassium absorbed by green manure was358~510kg /hm 2 ,which could be assimilated by flue-cured tobacco.Compared with the control,potassium con cen-tration of tobacco leaves of D881treatment was increased over0.35%in two years experiments.Though some items have few difference with control,interior quality and combustibility of the green manure treat-ment were ap parently better than that of control.Concentration of available P and K were apparently im-proved in the following year.Green manure such as D881could be applied in tobacco cultivation in some areas,and more researches about management manner of green manure are necessary in future.


A methodology based on statistical methods for optimizing multicomponent compositions is applied for meat product recipes design. Using raw materials of animal and plant origin, virtual arrays of input variables (raw materials) are developed and chemical (protein, fat), mineral and vitamin compositions are calculated for each data array. The calculation of balance and rationality of the amino acid composition in the feedstock is established by clustering method. As a result, the recipe of cooked sausage based on raw materials of plant and animal origin is developed. The optimal recipe for the developed meat product has a high utilitarian coefficient (0.856), the amino acid rate of the limiting amino acid is 0.87. The manufactured prototype is distinguished by high organoleptic characteristics (average organoleptic indicator – 4.8 points). The finished product yield to the unsalted raw materials mass is equal to 120.3%.


In consideration of tide and seasonal sea surface wind,numerical simulation in 1-D and 2-D grid was performed on water exchange via the Jiaolai Canal,a proposed canal that would cut through Shandong Peninsula and link directly the Laizhou Bay and the Jiaozhou Bay,for solving the pollution problem in the Laizhou Bay.Two indexes were used to evaluate the water exchange capacity,the half-life time of the Bohai Sea water in canal and the net flux of canal,in four canal sizes.The result shows that due to tide effect,the flow direction in the canal would flow back and forth;and only a little net flux could go through the canal,which accounts for only 1‰—2.5‰ of the flux of the Bohai Strait.The half-life time of the Bohai Sea would be shortened for about 3% in the case of the largest canal size at 5000m(width)× 20m(depth).Therefore,the creation of the Jiaolai Canal would not be able to solve the pollution;instead,controlling pollution source is strongly suggested.


We obtain an explicit expression relating the writhing number, $W[C]$, of the quantum path, $C$, with any value of spin, $s$, of the particle which sweeps out that closed curve. We consider a fractal approach to the fractional spin particles and, in this way, we make clear a deeper connection between the Gauss-Bonnet theorem with the spin-statistics relation via the concept of Hausdorff dimension, $h$, associated to the fractal quantum curves of the particles:
\frac{h}{2+2s}=W[C]=\frac{1}{4\pi}\oint_{C}d x_{\alpha}\oint_{C}d x_{\beta} \epsilon^{\alpha\beta\gamma} \frac{(x-y)_{\gamma}}{|x-y|^3}.


The memoirs of the Countess von Schwerin have survived in a copy dating from 1731. Over 1400 pages the writer describes her life at various European courts, her conversion to Catholicism, her subsequent separation from her husband and children, and her expulsion from Prussia. The present article starts from this source to present new research in the field of self testimony and the contextualization and historicization of the categories used. It proposes that instead of exploring the idea of the self and the extent of individualization, investigations should focus on the concept of the person. This concept is caught in the tension between normative forces and the individual's room for manoeuvre, and it is constructed with reference to social categories such as the person's status, gender and religion. Investigating the concept of the person yields insights into the society around the person examined, and into the social differentiation and positioning, glimpsed through the subject's implicit assumptions, that self testimony research is constantly seeking to capture. To assess how self-representation is achieved, it might be that authentic experience and allegedly universal categories of individuality are not the best measure, but rather the concrete, indeed biographical contexts in which the text was created. If these are used as a starting-point for any investigation, then the many complex layers of gender relationships begin to emerge. Because of the high quality of the surviving biographical and autobiographical material, it appears that self testimony written by noblewomen is particularly well suited to the exploration of the concept of the person.


To be fair to Levitt and Dubner authors of Freakonomics they make the same point as Richard John Neuhaus does ("While Were At It" August/September) about the moral implications of eliminating potential criminals in order to reduce crime. After making the case that they believe establishes a link between the rise in abortions in the 1970s and the falling crime rates of the 1990s they say "It feels less Darwinian than Swiftian; it calls to mind a long-ago dart attributed to G. K. Chesterton: when there arent enough hats to go around the problem isnt solved by lopping off some heads." They say further that even if one does not equate a fetus with a child as long as one attributes some value to the fetus-–and they demonstrate how economists routinely make such outrageous calculations in insurance claims for loss of body parts–-and put the value as low as one hundredth of a human being the lowered crime rate would not come near justifying the number of abortions. Throughout the book they repeatedly state that economists are not in the business of making moral judgments but of coldly assessing data and analyzing cause and effect. We could argue that the link between increased abortions and decreased crime is not one of cause and effect and they would challenge us to come up with statistics to support our position but if we were to grant the linkage while nevertheless disputing the morality of the trade-off we would not be in disagreement with them. (excerpt)


The separation of racemic benoxaprofen into the two benoxaprofen enantiomers by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and the application of the activated enantiomers as derivatization reagents for the simultaneous stereoselective determination of chiral amines in biological material is described. Activated (+)- and (-)-benoxaprofen are both shown to be very sensitive and stable chiral fluorescence markers, applicable to thin-layer chromatography as well as to high-performance liquid chromatography.


String compactifications with D-branes may exhibit regular magnetic monopole solutions, whose presence does not rely on broken non-abelian gauge symmetry. These stringy monopoles exist on interesting metastable brane configurations, such as anti-D3 branes inside a flux compactification or D5-branes wrapping 2-cycles that are locally stable but globally trivial. In brane realizations of SM-like gauge theories, the monopoles carry one unit of magnetic hypercharge. Their mass can range from the string scale down to the multi-TeV regime.


The explosion of the population is alarming as the demand increases exponentially for resources. The freshwater resources are being exploited, and innovative and economical methods are analyzed experimentally to extract freshwater from various sources. Desalination performed using solar energy is an economical method to obtain fresh water from seawater and brackish water, which are available prolifically in nature. Since the phenomenon of desalination demands solar irradiation, which is an intermittent source of energy, distillation is not feasible in some places where the solar intensity is low. In the solar desalination, the saturation temperature of the saline water is very less at low saturation pressure thereby requiring large latent heat of evaporation. Hence, vacuum pressure could be the most appropriate choice to extract drinkable water in territories where the intensity of solar irradiation is poor. In order to this, the utilization of evacuated tube collectors and vacuum technology in the solar desalination unit has been considered for discussion as it is the most sought-after subject of interest in the current scenario. Methods for implementing the vacuum technology are also introduced with plenty of experimentations. Vacuum technology implemented in the evaporator of desalination system has been supplemented with nano-fluids and phase change materials to accelerate the evaporation process, increase efficiency, and obtain a greater productivity. In this review, the performance of the solar desalination unit under the vacuum effect were discussed in detail. Furthermore, in economic analysis, the cost effectiveness and cost per liter of distillate (CPL) were discussed to estimate the payback period. Finally, this review also suggests the vision to identify the future scope for additional implementations.


Estimating a visual evoked potential (VEP) from the human brain is challenging since its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is generally very low. An eigendecomposition-based subspace approach originally proposed for enhancing speech corrupted by colored noise, has been investigated and tested in the single trial extraction of VEPs. This scheme arbitrarily labeled as an eigen-decomposition (ED) method has been compared with a third-order correlation (TOC) method, using both realistic simulation and real human data. The results produced by the ED algorithm show much cleaner waveforms, and higher degree of consistency in detecting the P100, P200, and P300 peaks.


Broccoli is the product with the highest demand in PT. XYZ and the highest productivity
compared to other vegetable products with a high contribution of 25.38%. Efforts are made
to determine whether broccoli vegetable farming is profitable or not through farming
analysis. The purpose of the preparation of this Student Final Project Report is to calculate
and analyze: Procces vegetable farming broccoli, cost of product, and faring analysis. Data
were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods of farm analysis. Based on the
results and discussion, it was found that: Procces farming broccoli in PT XYZ in the
preparation of cultivated land is divided into three namely, land management, making beds
and basic fertilization, while for the production process activities include planting broccoli
seeds, maintenance, replanting, watering, and harvesting. The cost of broccoli the production
a fixed amount of Rp. 2,582,750 and variable costs Rp. 16,683,000 then a total cost of Rp.
19,265,750, the cost product unit of broccoli were Rp 4.816. Based on the R/C and B/C value
the amount 2,49 and 1,49 this shows that broccoli farming has fulfilled the criteria.


The article studies the characteristic features of newspaper headlines from the point of view of their pragmatic load in the structure of informational texts of English newspapers. The authors think of pragmatics as a particular trend of science on language in this article, which was evolved in the second half of the last century; simultaneously, the definitions of both pragma-linguistics and its tasks offered by the prominent linguists are presented. The analysis of pragmatic functions of newspaper articles, their headlines and subheadings are carried out on the material of English newspapers. As a result of analysis of proper language material from the contemporary English newspapers, "Daily Mail" and "The Sunday Times", the authors single out, in the first place, the influencing, incentive, regulatory and advertising (promotional) functions of newspaper headlines in the complex with their sub-heading. A conclusion is drawn that a particular feature of newspaper headlines and newspaper articles, as a whole, depends on attempts of the author to achieve maximal efficiency of influence over the reader.


Objectives Maraviroc has been shown to be effective in patients harbouring CCR5-tropic HIV-1. While this CCR5 antagonist has initially been used in salvage therapy, its excellent safety profile makes it ideal for antiretroviral treatment simplification strategies in patients with suppressed plasma viraemia. The aim of this study was to compare HIV-1 tropism as detected in baseline plasma RNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA prior to first-line therapy and to analyse tropism evolution while on successful treatment. Methods HIV-1 tropism was determined using triplicate genotypic testing combined with geno2pheno[coreceptor] analysis at a 10% false positive rate in 42 patients. Paired pre-treatment plasma RNA and PBMC DNA and two subsequent PBMC DNA samples (the first obtained after reaching undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA and the second after at least 2 years of suppression of plasma viraemia) were evaluated. Results Coreceptor tropism was completely concordant in paired pre-treatment RNA and DNA, with 26.2% of HIV-1 sequences predicted to be non-CCR5-tropic. During follow-up, coreceptor tropism switches were detected in 4 (9.5%) patients without any preferential direction. Although false positive rate discrepancies within triplicates were common, the rate of discordance of coreceptor tropism assignment among triplicate results in this mostly CCR5-tropic dataset was only 2.1%, questioning the added value of triplicate testing compared with single testing. Conclusions HIV-1 coreceptor tropism changes during virologically successful first-line treatment are infrequent. HIV-1 DNA analysis may thus support the choice of a CCR5 antagonist in treatment switch strategies; however, maraviroc treatment outcome data are required to confirm this option.


Due to the unprecedented pace of technology development and the increasing exibility of manufacturing, there is a growing demand for design automation. Since design often requires creativity or even ingenuity, it is one of the most complex tasks humans perform. Because of its complexity, design automation has been limited to routine and detail design. Recently, however, attention has been shifted towards conceptual and innovative design [Navichandra, 1990]. A number of techniques and methods has been proposed, such as [Mostow, 1985], [Goel, 1989] or [Navichandra, 1991a]. Most of these approaches, however, emphasize implementational issues. Design aids or speci cation methods still lack conceptual frameworks. The research described in this paper is concerned with the formal speci cation of the entire design process. The proposed many-sorted rst order logic approach provides several advantages, such as modular decomposition, encapsulation, direct implementability and reusability. Its main advantage, however, is the faithful formal representation of the design process. First order many-sorted logic is an extension of classical rst order logic. In classical rst order logic, the world is represented by a class of models which contain homogeneous sets. A mathematical model in rst order logic is, therefore, a homogeneous set with a set of (total) functions and relations. Our design environments, however, are made of di erent types of objects and for each type we have di erent sets of relations and operations. Therefore, an adequate representation of the world should contain heterogeneous sets. A heterogeneous or many-sorted model is based on a set of elements divided into subsets or sorts. Each element belongs On leave, current address: School of Design, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA


Biological researchers have explored the 'biogenic amine' hypothesis of major depression for several decades, with variable success (Charney 1998; Hindmarch 2002). More recent theories have focused on cell endangerment in the brain, and in the hippocampus in particular. Most recently still, data have emerged suggesting that cells outside the central nervous system may also be endangered and prematurely 'aged' in depression and in states of chronic psychological stress. Whether or not such cellular 'aging' in the periphery mirrors aging processes in the brain, it may play a role in depression's co-morbidity with diseases associated with aging, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and dementia. In this Editorial, we will review the background and possible significance of these findings. Sapolsky and McEwen and others were among the first to propose that chronically elevated levels of glucocorticoids (as seen in a proportion of patients with major depression) can have neurotoxic or neuroendangering effects on hippocampal neurons (McEwen et al. 1979; Sapolsky et al. 1985). These observations, largely derived from animal studies, led to speculation that such processes may underlie the diminished hippocampal volume seen in some depressed patients (McEwen and Magarinos 2001; Sapolsky 2000a,b; Sheline 1996, 2000). The possibility of cellular dysregulation within the hippocampus was subsequently elaborated upon by Duman and others (Duman et al. 1997; Duman and Monteggia 2006). These investigators observed in animals that stress, as well as excessive exposure to glucocorticoid hormones, led to diminished hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF plays an important role in facilitating neuronal outgrowth of stem cells in the subventricular zone and the subgranular region of the hippocampus. It may additionally provide a measure of neuroprotection to existing neurons (Groves 2007). Duman and colleagues also observed that antidepressant treatment (regardless of proximal mechanism of action) in animals prevented or reversed these changes in BDNF levels and increased hippocampal neurogenesis. Together, these observations led to a 'neurotrophic hypothesis' of depression. It was proposed that stress-associated increases in cortisol can lead to impaired neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which might then (via uncertain mechanisms) result in depressive symptoms. The data in support of this theory, including findings of low serum BDNF levels in untreated depressed patients (Karege et al. 2002), are intriguing but have recently been challenged (Groves 2007). In 2004, Epel and colleagues discovered a novel aspect of cellular damage that is associated with chronic psychological stress (Epel et al. 2004), though they did not study depression per se. Their studies focused on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) telomere length (a putative marker of cell aging) and telomerase activity. Telomeres are the 'end caps' of linear DNA strands that serve to protect the ends of DNA from fraying and from end-to-end fusions. In replicating somatic cells, telomeres progressively shorten with each mitotic cycle. Telomeres are also shortened by exposure to various genotoxic stressors, such as oxidative stress (von Zglinicki 2002). When telomeres reach a critically short length, cells undergo apoptosis and die. In fact, telomere length has been proposed as a useful biomarker of 'biological aging' (as opposed to 'chronological aging') (Aviv 2006; Brouilette et al. 2003). Telomerase, on the other hand, is a reverse transcriptase enzyme that restores telomere length. Telomerase may also have anti-aging and cell survival-promoting effects independent of its effects on telomere length by regulating transcription of growth factors, having intrinsic anti-apoptotic effects, protecting cells from necrosis and stimulating cell growth in adverse conditions (Mattson et al. 2001). Consistent with their utility as 'biomarkers of aging,' shortened telomeres are potent risk factors for cardiovascular disease and early death (Cawthon et al. 2003). Epel and colleagues studied a group of middle-aged women who were primary caregivers for chronically ill children, in comparison to a wellmatched control group. They found that the chronically stressed caregiving women had shorter PBMC telomere lengths and decreased PBMC telomerase activity, compared to the controls. These betweengroups differences were even more apparent when the groups were combined and stress ratings were correlated with the cell aging parameters. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2008; 9(1): 2 5


Abstract : This report summarizes Department of Navy initial implementations of Department of Defense Directive 5000.29 'Management of Computer Resources in Major Defense Systems'. Based on interviews and document research, discussion is presented treating philosophies and actions of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations, the Chief of Naval Materials and the Naval Systems Command. Brief history and overview of the Directive are included; a critique, addressing the Directive generally, rather than from the Navy viewpoint, and general recommendations on the Directive complete the study. No conclusions are drawn due to the formative nature of responses to the recently issued Directive. (Author)


Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is an immunological mediated, chronic inflammatory multisystem disease which involves inflammation of the peripheral joint. Ra affects about 24.5 million people as of 2015 and the incidence rate is more dominated amongst female. Historically the involvement of the cervical spine in later stages of rheumatoid arthritis isn't uncommon. Specifically, C1 and C2 are involved as they are the only vertebrae without intervertebral disc and synovial lining and hence they are very susceptible to inflammation due to autoimmune reaction. The alteration in the range of motion is quite significant at the cervical spine. The biomechanics of the cervical spine and shoulder joint are interlinked with each other. The protocol of specific cervical and upper shoulder stabilization exercises with electrical modalities like hot-moist pack and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and short wave diathermy therapy was conducted to find out the effectiveness of scheduled, designed physiotherapy protocol of specific stabilization exercises along with electrotherapy for cervical spine and upper shoulder stabilization exercises to see the improvement in cervical and shoulder range of motion and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Methodology: An observational study was conducted in 25 patients at Karad with a study duration of 6 months. The inclusion criteria were the patient with rheumatoid arthritis any age and gender willingly to participate. The outcome measures were universal goniometer for assessing cervical and shoulder range of motion, the visual analogue scale for pain assessment. Conclusion: The study concluded that there was a significant reduction in the range of motion in both the cervical spine and shoulder joint. The visual analogue scale suggests there was significant pain present in the shoulder joint and cervical spine. Post-treatment assessment suggests the improvement in the range of motion and pain that leads to improvement in the quality of life.


In this paper we show a relationship between artificial potential field (APF) based motion planning/navigation, and constrained optimi zation. We then present a simple genetic hill climbing algorithm (SGHC), which is used to navigate a point robot through an environ ment using the APF approach. We compare SGHC with steepest descent hill climbing (SDHC). In SDHC, candidate moves are evaluated within a 360-degree radius and the best candidate is selected by the robot. One would think that SGHC would be at a disad vantage ; however, the performance of SGHC is comparable with SDHC. SGHC has an advantage in that it is capable of evolving (learning) the appropriate step size as well as the appropriate angle of movement.


The velocity autocorrelation functions and memory functions of dense classical fluids may be directly obtained from the static radial distribution function g(r) in an approximate way. Following the Mori projection operator formalism, the memory functions may be related to the fluctuating force correlation. At low densities, these functions may be evaluated by following the trajectories of particle pairs in the interatomic potential. At higher densities, the force correlation functions can be evaluated approximately from particle pair trajectories via the potential of the mean force. The contributions to the memory function come mainly from particle pairs with rather specific and rather short interatomic distances. At higher temperatures, this specific distance is even shorter, hence the memory function decays quickly with time. At lower temperatures, a negative region of the memory function may develop. On the other hand, there is relatively little density dependence of the normalized memory function. The...


The study area is located in a local area around Kurtoğlu village of Elazığ province, located within the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt. The studied biotite granites belong to the Elazig Magmatic Complex. The Elazığ Magmatic Complex is grouped into volcanic, sub-volcanic and plutonic rocks and mafic and felsic. Felsic rocks belonging to the Elazığ Magmatic Complex are represented by granite, granodiorite, tonalite, quartz monzonite, monzodiorite, and mafic rocks are represented by diorite, quartz diorite and gabbros. The biotite granites are porphyric biotite minerals with an average size of one cm. Petrographically, they are composed of K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite and opaque minerals. K-feldspars have low birefringence colours, grey tones, and earthy colours in single nicol. Plagioclases; anhedral, euhedral and mostly subhedral crystals. They typically indicate albite, albite+karlsbad and polysynthetic twinning. In some samples, sericitization and carbonation are observed mostly in the middle parts of the plagioclase resulting from alteration.  Biotites; It is generally in the form of subhedral platy-prismatic, rod-like crystals. Pleochroism is seen in brown tones in single nicol. It has high birefringence colours and indicates vivid interference colours in yellowish, blue and green, especially brown tones in double nicol.  Porphyritic texture in which phenocryst and smaller crystals are generally observed in granites.