In our Call for Papers for the Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2012, we had maintained that the last few years have witnessed an eruption of mass social unrest and bottom-up social action finding new ways of expression in terms of organization, strategy, and communication. We had called for papers with theoretical and practical insights that could broaden our understanding of what is happening at the intersections of these social protests and new modes of being.


The present study investigated the effects of educational computerized games on learning English spelling among Iranian children. In doing so, 66 young Iranian English learners with the average age of 9.5, attending the children's branch of Iran Language Institute (ILI), the most well-established state-run language teaching institute in Iran, participated in this study. These students attended two intact classes. One of the classes was randomly assigned to the experimental group, in which the students were exposed to an educational computerized game called "Fun Spelling". The other class was assigned to the control group, where the learners did their homework in the conventional way throughout the whole term. Three instruments were used to collect the data: a pre-and-post English spelling test for the experimental group, a pre-and-post English spelling test for the control group, a pre-and-post dictation test of homophones and a pre-and-post dictation test of English words with silent letters. Paired and independent samples T-tests were used to compare the students' scores on all the pre-and-post tests. The results of data analysis showed that using the educational computerized game had a great impact on the language learners in the experimental group. Also, the results indicated that the use of the game by the learners in the experimental group, compared to the learners in the control group, had a significant effect on learning English spelling in general and on learning the spelling of English homophones and English words with silent letters, in particular.


(57) Abstract: The present invention provides a method for servicing call request within the telecommunications system, a service identifier corresponding to the services provided within the telecommunications system, the call termination station the call request and a call termination address corresponding to, and receiving from the call origination station over the Internet, the method comprising: enabling a request for said call in said telecommunications system, according to the service identifier , phase and initiating the communication link between the call origination station and the telephony server via the Internet, based on said call termination address, starts telephony link between the telephony server and the call termination station When, characterized by comprising the step of coupling the communications link to the telephony link


In a recent article, Marchiolè et al., using serial sections and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to examine both sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) and non-SLNs, attempted to determine whether the SLN is truly the lymph node most likely to harbor metastatic tumor and assessed the "true" histologic false-negative (FN) rate of SLNs in patients with cervical carcinoma. Using the colorimetric method alone, the authors found a high FN rate for SLN biopsy, thereby raising questions regarding the validity of this concept in patients with cervical carcinoma. The FN rate is calculated as the number of procedures with a negative SLN (using hematoxylin and eosin [H&E] staining, multiple sectioning, and IHC analysis) and one or more positive non-SLNs (using "standard" histologic analysis) divided by the number of patients with any positive lymph node. To our knowledge, no consensus exists in cervical carcinoma with regard to an "acceptable" FN rate. Several parameters (including the method of detection, the injection site, the experience of the surgeon, and the use of systematic multiple sectioning and IHC analysis of the SLNs) can influence the FN rate. In the current study, using the colorimetric method alone, the "true" FN rate of the SLN mapping was not clearly reported. Using the "standard" method to evaluate the FN rate (i.e., multiple sectioning and IHC in the SLNs and conventional histologic analysis of non-SLNs [H & E]), we determined that the FN rate of the SLN procedure corresponded to 28.6% (2 of 7 patients), implying that this method of detection is not reliable in patients with cervical carcinoma. This high FN rate is not in keeping with the other studies in which a combined detection method was used. To our knowledge, SLN mapping has been reported in a total of 447 patients with cervical carcinoma in the literature to date. In these series, only 4 FN cases have been reported, for an overall rate of approximately 4%. In the study by Marchiolè et al., the extended analysis of non-SLNs by serial sectioning and IHC allowed for the detection of only 1 micrometastasis in 1 non-SLN, increasing the FN rate to 12.5%. In contrast to Marchiolè et al., we recently reported a study of 18 patients with cervical carcinoma who underwent a laparoscopic SLN procedure using a combined detection method. If the SLN was found to be free of metastasis by both H & E and IHC staining, all non-SLNs also were examined by the combined staining method. In 13 patients, no metastatic SLN involvement was detected by H & E and IHC staining. In these 13 patients, non-SLNs were examined using serial sectioning and IHC, and none was found to be metastatic. This confirms the finding that the SLN procedure appears to reliably predict the metastatic status of the regional lymphatic basin in patients with cervical carcinoma. 1919


Abstract : The broad goal of the project is to investigate techniques to minimize the soaring cost of software evolution, focusing on component-based systems where predictable behavior and performance are important. Key research results include techniques for reusable component and pattern design, formal specification of behavior and performance, modular verification of behavior and performance correctness, and principles for contract-checking components. Languages and tools that incorporate these findings are key technology transfer results. Key educational results include a formal approach and materials for teaching component-based software engineering at the graduate and undergraduate levels in Computer Science, and statistical evaluation of the approach.


Background and objective: Diabetes is increasingly recognized as a serious public health concern worldwide. The risk assessment of type 2 diabetes can be done through a risk questionnaire that provides an accurate, low-cost, educational and time-effective method for this. By early identification of people at risk of developing diabetes and if it is confirmed that they are in the pre-diabetes stage, adequate care is provided to them through lifestyle interventions or even hypoglycemic drugs if needed, thus delaying or preventing their progression to diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among healthy Sudanese without diabetes in Khartoum.
Methods: A cross-sectional study from Nov 2016-March 2017 comprising 122 adult participants, age (>20 yrs) visiting the garden yard located at airport street at Khartoum district without a diagnosis of T2DM was carried out. The risk of developing T2DM was assessed using the validated and widely used Finish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) Total Risk Score of each participant was analysed and compared. Knowledge assessment tool and Anthropometric measurements were also used.
Results: 122 participated in the study, the mean age of the participants was 31.55 ± 10.122, the mean BMI was 25.718 ± 5.813 and the mean of waist circumstances 90.2 ± 16.63. Estimated risk of developing T2DM in 10 years of study for participants according to FINDRISC, only 3.3% have a high risk.The risk factors for the participants in the study for developing DM type 2 were 66.4% has positive family history, 44.3% were overweight or obese, has 41.8% limited physical activity and 27.9% has central obesity. The pattern of vegetables and fruits daily intake according to FINDRISC only 36.1% from participants. Significant positive correlation (r= 0.395, p=0.000) High risk score of FINDRISC is >14, Estimated age: Y=24.1+ (0.9x15) = 37.9≈38years.Significant positive correlation (r= 0.6, p=0.000) High risk score of FINDRISC is > 14, Estimated BMI: Y= 19.24+ (0.8x15) = 31 Kg/ m2.
Conclusion: The knowledge about diabetes risk factors, classical symptoms and common complication was not satisfactory. None of the "at high" risk had their risk further investigated. While 25% adapted health their lifestyle. Large scale studies to test the validity of FINDRISC in Sudanese population should be conducted. Development of Sudanese population specific risk score that take into count the local risk factors is warranted.
Peer Review History:
Received 12 July 2020; Revised 10 August; Accepted 26 August, Available online 15 September 2020
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SYNOPSIS
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Replica techniques can be used for the examination of inaccessible surfaces and also for the variation of the value of the fringe spacing if the pellicle is viewed when immersed in liquids of various refractive indices, thus varying the effective magnification and hence the range of measurement.

Further, the use of fringes of equal chromatic order, involving the use of a spectroscope as an accessory to the microscope, as described by Tolansky and others, enables depth measurements to an accuracy of a few micrometres to be made readily.


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RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE
Microscopic hematuria is an uncertain risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the association between persistent or single episodes of microscopic hematuria and the development of incident CKD overall and separately among men and women.

STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
A total of 232,220 Korean adults without CKD at baseline who underwent repeated regular health examinations at Kangbuk Samsung Health Study formed the study cohort.

EXPOSURE
Microscopic hematuria was defined by ≥5 red blood cells per high-power field. Participants were categorized into one of four groups according to the presence of hematuria at two consecutive examinations: a) no hematuria at both examinations (reference group); b) hematuria followed by no hematuria (regressed hematuria group); c) no hematuria followed by hematuria (developed hematuria group); and d) hematuria at both examinations (persistent hematuria).

OUTCOME
CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or proteinuria defined as 1+ or more on dipstick examination.

ANALYTICAL APPROACH
Semi-parametric proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (95%CIs).

RESULTS
During a 4.8-year median follow-up, 2,392 participants developed CKD. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for incident CKD, comparing the "regressed," "developed," and "persistent" hematuria groups to the "no hematuria" group were 1.85 (1.35-2.53), 3.18 (2.54-3.98), and 5.23 (4.15-6.59), respectively. The association between persistent hematuria and incident CKD was stronger in men than women (Pinteraction < 0.001), although a significant association was observed in both sexes.

LIMITATIONS
Lack of albuminuria and inability to consider specific glomerular diseases.

CONCLUSION
Men and women with microscopic hematuria, especially persistent hematuria, may be at increased risk of CKD.


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It is now well established that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed in high-risk adults. At least five major randomised controlled trials, conducted in China,3 Finland,4 US,5 Japan,6 and India7 have documented 30–60% reductions in type 2 diabetes incidence in adults with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance through intensive lifestyle change programme interventions. The US-based Diabetes Prevention Programme (DPP), the largest of the five studies, showed …


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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensors use a related luminal domain to monitor the unfolded protein load and convey the signal to downstream effectors, signaling an unfolded protein response (UPR) that maintains compartment-specific protein folding homeostasis. Surprisingly, perturbation of cellular lipid composition also activates the UPR, with important consequences in obesity and diabetes. However, it is unclear if direct sensing of the lipid perturbation contributes to UPR activation. We found that mutant mammalian ER stress sensors, IRE1α and PERK, lacking their luminal unfolded protein stress-sensing domain, nonetheless retained responsiveness to increased lipid saturation. Lipid saturation-mediated activation in cells required an ER-spanning transmembrane domain and was positively regulated in vitro by acyl-chain saturation in reconstituted liposomes. These observations suggest that direct sensing of the lipid composition of the ER membrane contributes to the UPR.


Zinc has been used in many industrials and removal of Zn (II) ions from waste waters is significant. Biosorption is one of the economic methods that used for removal of heavy metals. In this project we used oscillatoria (cyanobacteria, microalgae) as per biomass. In this study effect of contact time, initial metal ion concentration, temperature, pH & biomass dosage were studied. Maximum metal uptake was observed at pH 4.5. Maximum metal uptake (qmax) was 192.30 mg/g .The biosorption followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model and the adsorption equilibrium was reached in about 1 h. The kinetic of biosorption followed the second – order rate. The biomass could be regenerated using 0.1 M HNO3.


When North Korea's "Dear Leader" Kim Jong-il died on December 17th, 2011, the possibility of a subsequent civil uprising or coup d'état in this politically oppressed and economically devastated country agitated not only the Korean peninsula but also the whole world. However, the transition to Kim Jong-un, the young successor, has been smoother than expected. The regime still wields absolute influence over its people, despite the gloomy economic situation and the constant exodus of refugees from the territory seeking food and political freedom. Despite all negotiations, attempts to persuade, and even occasional threats from the international community, the regime remains resistant to opening the economy and allowing for social change. What is really happening in this "closed and opaque" (p. 1) society? Witness to Transformation: Refugee Insights into North Korea, written by Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland, offers some answers to this question. Experts on political economy and foreign policy in Asia, the authors also post the latest news on North Korea on a daily blog under the same title as their book (www.piie.com/blogs/nk). Through this research, the authors contribute to expanding studies on North Korea, still predominantly focused on security issues, by exploring internal economic and social changes occurring within this society over the last 20 years. Because the closed nature of the regime makes it hard to conducting direct, on-site research, they relied on interviews with North Korean refugees, in spite of methodological limitations of which they are well aware: interview responses drawn from voluntary participants pose problems for inference and bias, relying on samples of convenience rather than random samples (p. 15). However, the authors do control for some sources of variation; these interviews are valuable in that the interesting insights they provide complement otherwise scarce information on this impervious society. The book consists of six chapters. The Introduction reviews the political economy of North Korea from 1990 to 2010, describing the research methods employed. Using two structured surveys, one conducted with 1,346 refugees in China (August 2004 to September 2005) and a second with 300 refugees


As a group, psychiatric patients present a higher incidence of road traffic accidents; nevertheless, certain diagnostic categories may account for the greater part of these risks: alcoholism, dementia, personality disorders and paranoid ideation of whatever origin. As for the rest, there is still a lack of conclusive studies. Even though on paper the majority of psychoactive drug cause disturbances in the psychomotor functions related to driving performance, it is not altogether clear whether this could be minimised when they are used on psychiatric patients whose level of risk without treatment may be even higher. On the other hand, the introduction of new molecules having lesser effect on psychomotor functions and interaction with alcohol, opens a door to improvement and prevention of road accident risk in psychiatric patients. (A)


A new power amplifier system focused mainly on EMC testing applications is analyzed. The proposed topology consists of a three-level switching power amplifier connected in parallel with a capacitive coupled linear stage which absorbs the output current ripple of the switch-mode stage resulting in an almost ripple-free output voltage of the total amplifier. This concept alternatively can also be interpreted as a switch-mode power amplifier with a hybrid output filter consisting of a passive LC-circuit and of a linear amplifier which compensates the voltage ripple appearing across the filter capacitor (resulting from the ripple current of the switch-mode stage). The design of the linear amplifier has to be performed only regarding the ripple voltage and the ripple current of the passive filter part. Consequently, the rated power of the amplifier and the appearing losses become low as compared to the output power of the total system. A further advantage of the concept is that the output impedance of the total system will be determined mainly by the linear stage. Therefore, contrary to conventional switch-mode amplifiers where the output filter significantly worsens the output impedance, the presented system concerning this property (which especially is important for EMC testing applications) almost is equivalent to a pure linear power amplifier which, however, would show a much lower efficiency. The paper describes the operating principle of the system, specifies the fundamental relationships being relevant to the circuit design and analyzes the control behavior of the switch-mode stage as well as of the linear circuit part.


The debate over conscience rights and emergency contraceptive agents among pharmacists and other healthcare professionals centers on the potential abortifacient potential of such agents. Such an important ethical and scientific question should be guided by established facts. This paper reviews the available evidence for post-fertilization effects of the emergency contraception drug levonorgestrel, and demonstrates that such evidence is uniformly lacking. The authors then discuss the ethical implications of these findings. This lack of any substantial evidence for post-fertilization effects may significantly weaken conscience claims, and may militate against refusals to dispense or to refer.


Distributed applications, like video-on-demand services, require QoS provision. When using applications comprising dynamically reconfigurable modules, the demands can be provided by the proactive deployment of the components. In this paper we introduce SWARMLAN, a language that can describe the communication connections and demands of a general class of distributed applications. Although there are several languages developed for describing QoS needs of applications, they are direct in the sense, that they are able only to describe the actual demands and connection of the components. Our language is intended to describe the template of the connections, and the actual deployment and QoS demand can be provided for each concrete case individually. Moreover, the results produced by the compiled code can be used to decide about the optimal future deployment of components.


The relevance of the chosen study subject is due to the fact that the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine caused the need to move enterprises, especially strategic objects of state ownership, from the zone of active military operations to safer regions. Therefore, there is a need to make adjustments to the field of public control over objects of strategic importance for the economy, security, and life of the country in a difficult time for it. The purpose of the study is to determine the state of public control as a regulation of the relocation process in the legal context of regulatory support and suggest improving state regulation, considering the existing norms of national legislation, regulatory acts, and programmes. In the process of writing the study, general scientific and special methods were used, such as: analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, formalisation, formal legal, comparative legal, and the method of legal modelling. As a result of the study, the legal regulation of public control of relocated strategic objects in the system of existing relocation procedures is analysed. Doctrinal and legislative approaches to the interpretation of control, public control, strategic enterprises, and relocation itself are described. Features of international support for the relocation of Ukrainian enterprises to safer regions are considered. The main methods of optimising the relocation process have been identified, emphasizing the necessity to legislatively define the process itself and the related concepts. Additionally, the regulatory framework for public control over strategic enterprises has been elaborated upon. The necessity to establish a special legal regime for public control over relocation is justified. The practical value of the results obtained lies in the fact that they can be used in the development of new regulatory legal acts that will determine the proper legal mechanism in one codified act on the relocation of businesses from non-safe territories.

https://environmentalscience.com.ua/web/uploads/pdf/LAW. HUMAN. ENVIRONMENT_2023_Vol. 14, No. 2_105-120.pdf


Objective: The major light-harvesting complex of photosystem II , Lhcbs, are assembled in its trimeric form, equipped with chlorophyll and xanthophylls, embedded in the thylakoid membrane of green plants, and play critical roles in harvesting light energy for photosynthesis. The objective of this work is to isolate a gene of Lhcb in Gardenia jasminoides. Methods: A Gardenia jasminoides fruit cDNA library was constructed, and the GjLhcb cDNA was isolated from the cDNA library by sequencing method. Results: The GjLhcb cDNA is 946bp, contains a predicted 795bp open reading frame that encodes 265 amino acids. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted with previously characterized Lhcbs from other plant species. A three-dimensional trimers model of GjLhcb was built. Conclusion: The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the GjLhcb has a chloroplast transit peptide, the mature form has 230 amino acids; and contains an Nterminal Thr as a potential phosphorylation site, which is important in regulation of state transitions. The threedimensional structure of GjLhcb is similar with the structure of Lhcb1 in Spinacia oleracea. This is the first Lhcb identified in Gardenia jasminoides. Keywords-Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (LHCB); Gardenia jasminoides; photosynthesis component; cDNA library; gene cloning.


The adaptive immune response is distinguished from the innate immune response by two main features: its capacity to respond flexibly to new, previously unencountered antigens (antigenic specificity), and its enhanced capacity to respond to previously encountered antigens (immunological memory). These two features have provided the focus for much research attention, from the time of Jenner, through Pasteur onwards. Historically, innate and adaptive immune responses have often been treated as separate, with the latter being considered more 'advanced' because of its flexibility. It is now clear this not the case, and in recent years the molecular basis for these phenomena has become much better understood.


453 Cytokine Polymorphisms and Sleep Maintenance—Lee et al INTRODUCTION Sleep disturbance is a common symptom in chronic illness populations, and it is estimated that up to 75% of adults living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) experience sleep problems.1 The most common type of sleep problem in HIV disease is difficulty with sleep maintenance.2-4 Inflammatory processes and cytokine activity have been implicated in sleep disturbance in animal models,5-8 healthy populations,9-12 and adults with chronic illness.13-16 Chronic illness often involves inflammatory processes and cytokine function, particularly tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA)17,18 and interleukin-6 (IL6),15,16 yet prior studies have not directly compared the contribution of both plasma levels of various inflammatory markers, such as cytokines and cytokine gene polymorphisms, to sleep disturbance in POLYMORPHISMS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SLEEP IN ADULTS WITH HIV/AIDS


The exhaust noise of automobile engine is one of the noise source in the city and induced disturbance of ride quality to the passangers and drivers. Since it becomes an important automobile parts for exportations. nowadays the technology perfomance and original design of muffler is required. In this study. to solve these problems basic designing muffler with analysis of acoustic characteristic for reduction exhaust noise of automobile are performed. To seize the essence of the acoustic characteristic in muffler. experimental and analysis method for absorption and simple expansion silencer using 11 were performed. And modification design variables through simulation for acoustic characteristic are realized. Effectively. using optimization design procedure simulation of changing in design variables. it can predict the performance of muffler by changing the independent design variables. This developed software can be used for present automobile and a study of optimization design for muffler can increased the 11. by changing the design variables.


Abstract The Maknassy basin is a typical example of an arid area in Central Tunisia. The geology of the area is mainly composed of Cretaceous calcareous formations. To identify the major process involved in controlling the groundwater chemistry, 53 groundwater samples for three different aquifer levels have been examined. The groundwater chemistry is dominated by SO4 (Na + Mg) and (Cl + SO4). The presence of (Ca + Mg) and (Na + K) with HCO3 indicates the domination of dolomitic rock weathering as the major source of cations. The plots for Na to Cl indicate a fine correlation and reflects their release from halite dissolution during groundwater transition. An ion exchange process is also activated in study area which is indicated by a shift to the right in a plot for Ca + Mg to SO4 + HCO3. The plot of Na – Cl to Ca + Mg – (HCO3 + SO4) confirms that Ca, Mg and Na concentrations in groundwater are derived from aquifer materials. Saturation indexes of groundwater samples indicate undersaturation for gypsum and anhydrite, and oversaturation for calcite, dolomite and aragonite confirming waterrock interactions by dissolution and dilution processes. In general, water chemistry is guided by weathering process, ion exchange and water-rock interaction during groundwater transition.


Evidence for the beneficial effect of antihypertensive treatment has recently been obtained in controlled clinical trials. 1,2 For men with moderate and severe hypertension, there can now be little doubt of the efficacy of current available drug treatment in preventing serious complications, including death. Although statistically significant evidence has not yet been obtained for patients with the mildest degrees of hypertension, it is likely that for them, too, treatment will be beneficial. In the absence to date of a definitive trial, it is also reasonable to infer that the consequences of hypertension in women will be ameliorated by effective treatment. The recent findings on the value of antihypertensive therapy highlight the need to assess the current status of efforts to identify and treat persons with this disease. From 1967 on, the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry has been systematically investigating these matters in an extensive survey of men


The invention discloses a door handle pulling device. The door handle pulling device comprises a support, a pulley, a holder and a driver, wherein the support comprises an attaching device which is attached close to a door handle, the position of the pulley can be adjusted towards a far end or a near end relative to the support, the holder is used for holding the door handle and comprises a rope which crosses over the pulley, and the driver is fixedly arranged on the support and is connected with the holder in a way that the holder can be driven to move back and forth relative to the support. The door handle pulling device disclosed by the invention is convenient to install and is not apt to damage.


This paper describes the construction and principle of operation of spin-tuned magnetrons, such as they have been developed at Philips, based on patented ideas. Emphasis has been put on high-power magnetrons for X- and Ku-band radars. Magnetron data for these frequency bands are presented together with calculated data for lower frequency bands.


The wellbeing of downtowns is an important issue. Yet key decision makers throughout the U.S. may have reached the point where they are ready to bid farewell to these historical focal points of commerce, entertainment, and political activity. Such an outcome would be quite unfortunate: in fact, some suggest the decline of city cores is one of the most pressing issues facing America today. In this study, a theoretical framework is developed incorporating supply- and demand- related factors that are likely to influence consumers' decision to shop or not shop downtown. The framework is then tested, using a consumer sample taken from three midsized American cities. Actionable recommendations regarding how downtown retail trading areas of midsized U.S. cities may be renewed are then developed and discussed.


The reliability of earnings forecasts could help investors make decisions. There are many factors which could affect the reliability of earnings forecasts. In this study, we test the of factors influence the reliability via regression model. The regression model shows that the forecasting error is related to the factors of motivation of earnings management, the foreseeable of earnings, the amount of agencies and auditing agencies; and the forecasting error is unrelated to the factors of earnings fluctuation and company size. The reliability of average which is affected by many influencing factor is distinct. The reliability would rise along with the development of the analyst profession.


A risk index that can predict the likelihood of women with heart conditions having cardiac complications during pregnancy has been devised by Canadian researchers.


We present a resin-packed microchannel that can reduce the radiation exposure risk and secondary radioactive wastes during uranium (U) separation by downscaling the separation using a microchip. Two types of microchips were designed to densely pack the microchannels with resins. The microchannels had almost the same cross-sectional area, but different outer circumferences. A satisfactory separation performance could be obtained by arranging more than ca . 10 resins along the depth and width of the microchannels. A resin-packed microchannel is an effective separation technique for determining the U concentration via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry owing to its ability to avoid the contamination of equipment by cesium, and to reduce the matrix effect. The size of the separation site was scaled down to <1/5000 compared to commonly used counterparts. The radiation exposure risk and secondary radioactive wastes can be reduced by 10- and 800-fold, respectively, using a resin-packed microchannel.


We first review k-server problem and the proof of off-line algorithm and point that it is necessary to improve this classical off-line algorithm with the complexity of O(m(nk)2).Then a new algorithm with the complexity of O(mk2) is designed in this paper.


Because of the deep research of network traffic feature, technique of network anomaly detection developed rapidly. So the analysis of network traffic becomes a primary important basement of network anomaly detection. This paper study the traffi c distribution feature based on entropy, different from traffi c research based on the primary statistical feature, the study object becomes extracted attribute distribution feature. Experiment based on DARPA 99 dataset shows that, compared with proposed method, this kind of means is much more sensitive to anomaly traffi c.


A SMALL shelf of new books " covers the I L gamut of economic policies proposed for the postwar world, from the virtual socialism of the first two works to the free enterprise system of the third, and through the working compromises envisaged in the last two documents. The literary pieces of the Left and Right are done in bold strokes and brilliant hues: they are addressed to the eye and to the heart. The official pieces are coolly rational, moderate, and a trifle dull. Without intimating that the car of economic policy should in fact be steered according to the guidebook of greatest literary pungency and novelty, let us turn first to the Economics of Full Employment. To the theoretical economist this will be the most interesting of the lot because it displays the logical conclusions of one branch of the "Keynesian revolution." In the introductory essay F. A. Burchardt considers theories concerning the "Cause of Unemployment" under three main divisions. The first set of ideas, ascribing unemployment to deviations from free competition, is made by Burchardt to mean indifferently that "monopolistic organizations in industry and in the labor market . . . restrict output and employment opportunities," or that "unemployment exists because wages are too high" (pp. I, 13). The latter more prescinded and less defensible proposition apparently discredits in Burchardt's thinking the former, much more inclusive, idea. Similarly "natural wave" theories, which embrace the concepts of self-generative cycles, are for him thoroughly discredited as explanations of unemployment because he believes they regard the cycle as beyond human control. We are thus left with the demand-deficiency theory of unemployment. Burchardt believes that the "revolutionary discovery" (p. 32) that the free play of the market does not automatically produce full employment renders "obsolete" the idea that market forces work in any way toward a rational utilization of resources. A second essay, by Michael Kalecki, marked by daring abstractness in analysis and daring inventiveness in policy, weighs the relative merits of (i) deficit spending, (2) stimulating private investment, and (3) redistributing income from the rich to the poor, as "Three Ways to Full Employment." Kalecki's general conclusions are that the second is relatively unsatisfactory, that the third is promising, but that it will probably have to be supplemented by the first. Kalecki regards political opposition as the only significant limit on achieving full employment by income transfers (p. 55). Otherwise we have the categoric pronouncement that "redistribution of income from higher to lower income classes increases effective demand"; here (as throughout the Schumacher essay on public finance) the squeezing of profit margins always "encourages" fuller production and employment. The deterrent effect on investment which may proceed from differential taxes on profits or from steeply progressive income taxes, and which some authors regard as more or less completely offsetting the stimulus to consumption, is neglected entirely. The inferiority of stimulating private investment as a road to full employment is a consequence of Kalecki's underlying assumption of I The Economics of Full Employment. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. I944. Vii, 2I3 pp. I2 shillings, 6 pence. [Six studies in Applied Economics prepared at The Oxford University Institute of Statistics.] Full Employment in a Free Society, by William H. Beveridge. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. I945. 429 pp. $3.75. The Road to Serfdom, by Friedrich A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. I944. Viii, 248 pp. $2.75. Employment Policy. New York: The Macmillan Company. I944. 31 pp. $I.00. [Published by Permission of the Controller of His Majesty's Stationery Office.] Economic Stability in the Postwar World: The Conditions of Prosperity after the Transition from War to Peace. Geneva: League of Nations. I945. 3I9 pp. $2.50 (paper). [Report of the Delegation on Economic Depression, Part II.]


Numerical solutions based on standard finite volume method are presented for the study of heat transfer and fluid dynamic characteristics in turbulent flows behind a single sided backward-facing step. The calculation of the differential equations is performed using SIMPLE algorithm. For the turbulent quantities standard K-model is used. Predicted mean velocity profiles and reattachment lengths comply with the experimental data but significant deviation occurs in the predictions of turbulent intensities. The predicted heat transfer coefficient is in good agreement up to the reattachment point and downstream of that point it matches qualitatively.


The advantages of a surgical tissue adhesive, n-butylcianoacrylate, Histoacryl®, in closure of inguinal hernia wound in children were discussed. Subjects were 229 children aged from 2 months to 11 years, with the average of 3 years and 3 months. Potts operation was performed in all the cases. After high ligation of hernia sac, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle and superficial fascia were closed by interrupted sutures. The wound edges of the skin were approximated with forceps and small droplets of the tissue adhesive were placed directly over the skin. On the 6th postoperative day, the tissue adhesive was removed at out-patient-clinic. Although five cases, in which two layers of tissue adhesive were given, showed early detachment of the adhesive, all other cases, in which the adhesive was given in single layer, showed excellent wound healing. Direct application of a few droplets of tissue adhesive without covering mesh over the wound is simple tecnique and gives excellent cosmetic results without any stich marks. Tissue adhesive is useful for the closure of small wounds with less tension such as hernia wounds in children.


Residential construction in Australia is a large and important industry. Given the continual demand for housing, as well as the increasing size of Australian homes; this is a key industry in which modifications to products and practices can affect the resulting environmental impacts. Two primary areas of environmental concern that can be directly affected are embodied energy and material use. Embodied energy is a measure of the energy requirements to build a dwelling (resource acquisition, material processing, product production and myriad transportation requirements etc.). The exploration of material use is two-fold. Firstly, the amount of material used to produce homes; and secondly the types of materials, and what methods of environmentally responsible procedures are employed (use of recycled materials, renewable resources etc.). This paper assesses the positive impacts that can be realized upon these areas through the use of modular construction methods. Modular construction is a method whereby a building is designed as, and built by, individual units in the form of free-standing modules (thus similar to panel construction). The use of free-standing units allows for decreased complexity during on-site assembly. Within the context of modular design, production methods can be tailored for improved environmental impacts. Maximized efficiency can be geared toward embodied energy through the use of streamlined production processes. Examples of material efficiency through careful planning are presented and adapted to the residential context. This work highlights an exploration of viable solutions to the environmentalism of current residential construction market practices within the modular context.


This article presents a global overview of the results of the evaluation activities performed in the European project Immersive Accessibility (ImAc), which investigated how access services can be integrated into 360º videos. More specifically, the paper presents the methodological approach in ImAc testing, and reports on the results of the evaluation activities on the tools (a subtitling editor, an audio description editor, a sign language editor, and an accessibility content manager), on the media player, and on the access services (subtitling, audio description, audio subtitling, and sign language interpreting).


Let <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p\not =3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> be any prime. In this paper, we completely determine symbol-triple distance of all <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-constacyclic codes of length <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3p^{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> over the finite commutative chain ring <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathcal{ R}}=\mathbb F_{p^{m}}+u\mathbb F_{p^{m}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> is a unit of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cal R$ </tex-math></inline-formula> which is not a cube in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbb {F}_{p^{m}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. We give the necessary and sufficient condition for a symbol-triple <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-constacyclic code to be an MDS symbol-triple code. Using that, we establish all MDS symbol-triple <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-constacyclic codes of length <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3p^{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> over <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cal R$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Some examples of the symbol-triple distance of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-constacyclic codes of length <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3p^{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> over <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cal R$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are provided. We also list some new MDS symbol-triple <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-constacyclic codes of length <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3p^{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> over <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cal R$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> is not a cube in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbb {F}_{p^{m}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.


An online nondisruptive time-domain technique is proposed for estimating several important types of linear transmission distortion that commonly occur on line-of-sight digital radio communication channels. This approach uses a system that initially estimates the discrete-pulse response of the communications channel. The amount of amplitude and group-delay distortion present in the estimated channel-pulse response is then determined by iteratively adjusting the coefficients (representing the channel distortion) of a polynomial model of the channel, until the difference between a computed version of the channel-pulse response (from the model), and the measured values of the discrete channel pulse response is minimized. The technique is found to work well for most operating regions of practical interest to digital line-of-sight radio links. >


The influence of temperature and pressure on the free energy of the ion hydration has been considered. The ion radii measured by conductometric method and the saturated dielectric constant cited from other works were used to calculate the free energy in the hydration shell. The Born equation was modified in order to fit in our model. In our model, the environment of ion consists of three regions. The innermost one is the hydration shell in which water is immobilized and electrostricted, the middle one is the one which contains less ordered waters than the bulk medium, and the outermost one is the bulk water which is under the influence of the electric field of ion. Our results for the free energy of ion hydration were compared with those of other attempts. Especially, G of ion is considerably too negative in this study at given temperature, comparing with those of other attempts. But G of other ions coincides with each other.


A Cu-contained catalyst is prepared by coprecipitation method, where organic acid or its ammonium salt is used as precipitant. Obtained catalyst contains copper oxide (30-70 m%), zinc oxide (30-70 m%) and alumina (0-30 m%). Its specific surface area is 30-50 sq.m/g. Its pore volume is 0.1-0.25 ml/g and averaged aperture is 10 nm-25 nm. Its advantages are uniform size of crystal grains, less environmental pollution and low cost.


The article reveals the goals and content of preventive activities aimed at countering the illicit trafficking of precursors of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as plants and their parts containing drug precursors, the legal status of public authorities authorized in this area. The author's justification for the classification of administrative prevention measures used to counteract the illicit trafficking of precursors is given. At the same time, a distinction is made regarding the spheres of public life covered by the application of a specific administrative and preventive measure, including the following: economic, social, legal, medical, educational, and cultural and leisure areas. The examples reveal the features of the preventive work of individual executive authorities that perform the relevant functions of branch management. In conclusion, it is concluded that it is necessary to plan preventive measures, taking into account a thorough study of all possible risks associated with the implementation of operations with precursors. A spontaneous approach to the implementation of administrative prevention measures in this area is considered unacceptable.


This reflective and conceptual article, which is based on a literature review and the subjective experiences of the authors, discusses the simultaneous collaborative delivery of 3 sections of an introductory undergraduate-level course in social work. Each section of the course consisted of roughly 100 students. The instructors strived to produce and to apply content and evaluation procedures equally to all 3 sections. Benefits included standardization of course content and improved fairness in evaluation. The challenges included addressing inconsistent test results and differences in the material each instructor stressed, as well as expanding the process to courses taught by other full- and part-time faculty. The authors conclude that more systematic data collection and analysis must be the next step in continuing to improve collaboration in the delivery of multiple, large, introductory courses.


With several limiting assumptions, a mathematical model of the diamond-bit drilling process has been developed. The model represented by an instantaneous rate-of-penetration equation takes into account the reduction in penetration rate during drilling resulting from bit wear. The model has been tested both under laboratory and under field conditions. The comparison of the theoretical and experimental results has shown reasonable agreement. A method for estimating rock properties also has been established. Using this method, we can find the so-called index of rock strength and the index of rock abrasiveness.


Recreational fishing is a booming activity in Mediterranean coastal areas. Despite generating a variety of impacts on marine resources and ecosystems, there is much less research into recreational fishing than there is into commercial fishing. This is the first study to cover the diverse implications that derive from this activity in Mediterranean coastal areas, and is based on a review of different studies from 15 areas in Spain, France, Italy, and Turkey. This study defines and compares the biological impact of the different recreational fishing methods on Mediterranean marine resources, particularly the most vulnerable and threatened coastal species, and characterizes the emerging and potential indirect ecological impacts on the marine ecosystem of certain aspects of this activity that have not, thus far, been taken into account (e.g., exotic species of bait, fishing gear loss, and bycatch). The results highlight the importance of determining the actual impact resulting from recreational fishing in coastal areas, so that effective regulatory measures can be developed for each mode of fishing.


We present the case of an 81-year-old patient who was admitted to the intensive care unit of our hospital with severe septic shock due to acute mesenteric ischaemia and pulmonary artery embolism. This case has several diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic dilemmas. The diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of pneumatosis intestinalis and portal venous gas are discussed.


barium beam (= 1015atoms/sec) effusing from an oven enters a differentially pumped chamber, where it coILides with Cl2 gas (-0.2 millitorr). The resulting chemiluminescence is collected and focused on the entrance slits of a 3/4-m Czerny-Turner spectrometer. A recorder trac- ing of the spectrum is shown in fig. 1. The prin-


In order to study ultrashort laser-produced plasmas, we developped at INRS a subpicosecond x-ray streak camera, called the PX1. The PX1 has been completely characterized.' Using an extraction field of 250 kV/cm, a record 350 fs temporal resolution has been measured with x-ray pulses in the KeV range. Also, we obtained a 40 tim spatial resolution along the 15 mm slit of the photocathode in single-shot. The PX1 has also been used in accumulation mode and a temporal resolution of 800 fs has been obtained with unlimited dynamic range. Recently, in an effort to improve upon these results, a new x-ray streak camera has been developped and tested. This camera, called the FX, uses the new generation of bilamellar tube technology. This includes a better control of the paraxial trajectories, a larger quadripolar lense to increase the usable width of the photocathode and a new design of the electronic lenses to permit the use of higher voltages.


This paper addresses the changing nature of the correlations between the equity returns of the U.S. and Russian markets and the factors that cause these correlations to change. Correlations were estimated using the "Dynamic Conditional Correlation Model." The sovereign credit risk of Russia, changes in exchange rates and changes in world energy prices were significant factors that affected the correlations of equity returns.


We have computed the spectrum emitted spontaneously by a quantum dot coupled to an arbitrarily detuned single mode cavity, taking into account pure dephasing processes. We show that if the emitter is incoherent, the cavity can efficiently emit photons with its own spectral characteristics. This effect opens unique opportunities for the development of devices exploiting both cavity quantum electrodynamic effects and pure dephasing, such as wavelength-stabilized single-photon sources robust against spectral diffusion.


A stacked fuel cell is provided to obtain a low-weight, thin, short and compact fuel cell by adopting a one-fuel inlet/fuel outlet design at an anode, and to meet parameters based on design parameters of the electricity to be supplied. A stacked fuel cell comprises: two single-side anode runner plates(101,102) having a panel-type structure disposed at the outermost part of both sides of the stacked fuel cell(10); a double-sided anode runner plate(105) having at least one panel-type structure disposed between one layer and another layer of the stacked fuel cell; a double-side cathode runner plate(104) having at least one panel-type structure disposed between one layer and another layer of the stacked fuel cell; and a dipole fuel cell plate(103) having at least one panel-type structure, wherein the anode-side surfaces of the two outermost dipole fuel cell plates in the stacked fuel cell are in close contact with the two single-side anode runner plates. In the stacked fuel cell, the anode-side surface of the dipole fuel cell plate disposed between one layer and another layer of the stacked fuel cell is in close contact with each of the double-side anode runner plate, and the cathode-side surface of the interlayer dipole fuel cell plate is in close contact with each of the double-side cathode runner plate.


This paper presents a two-stage electronic ballast for metal-halide (MH) lamps. The first stage is a single-switch flyback and buck-boost integrated converter. The post stage is a half-bridge inverter driving the MH lamps with low-frequency square-wave current for avoiding acoustic resonance. The operating principle of the proposed topology is discussed. Also, constant power control is realized using the methodology employed for peak inductor current control. Finally, a laboratory prototype of a 70W electronic ballast for MH lamp operated with 200∼264V input voltage is implemented to verify the feasibility. The measured results illustrate that the harmonic distortion of AC input current satisfies the requirements of the IEC 61000-3-2 Class C standard.


As ground-level O3 has become one of the major pollutants affecting air quality in recent years, monitoring and revealing the spatial distribution pattern of O3 are of great significance to study air-pollution characteristics. Based on the multilayer backpropagation neural network, one O3 estimation model is proposed to obtain the continuous spatial distribution of O3 concentrations, where the Landsat 8 images, meteorological parameters, and air quality data have been integrated together as the input for the model training and validation. In order to enhance the estimation accuracy, the proposed model has been optimized with respect to the influencing factors and spatial extent. In the test areas of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang of China, the proposed O3 estimation model has demonstrated quite satisfactory performance—with the average coefficient of determination (R2) larger than 0.90 and root-mean-square error smaller than 19.0 μg/m3. It is worth mentioning that all the data employed in this research are freely available and can be applied nationwide in the mainland of China. Taking advantage of the generic nature and the positive O3 estimation results with high accuracy and spatial resolution, the proposed model can be expected to be a new way for studying air-pollution characteristics and, thus, support the decision making for environmental governance.


The search and seizure as the power of investigation during criminal procedure should be controlled by the principle of due process.Abusing the power of the search and seizure and lack of procedural control may threaten the citizen's rights.This paper declares that the following factors in constructing the system of the search and seizure should be mentioned: the necessary procedural construction,proper limits in emergency,legal effects in violation of the provisions,and procedural remedy measures.


Expert systems applications development in legal decision making has traditionally focused on the use of rule-based models. None of the systems has yet become a fully functional prototype or commercially viable. The attempts to design legal decision making systems without examining the intrinsic complex nature of the legal process has resulted in limited operational success. This paper discusses legal decision making, legal function and the differences between rulebased blackboard models. It is recommended that the blackboard model be used in the design of legal decision making systems while the rule-based will continue to be appropriate for the legal function applications. The use of more sophisticated models such as the blackboard will enable the scaling up of expert systems technology to more encompassing domains.


This paper exploits a newly developed data set to investigate recent changes in the international distribution of industrial pollution. In particular, the authors examine three issues: (1) the relationship between the toxic intensity of industrial production and the level of economic development, (2) the impact of OECD environmental regulation on global changes in toxic intensity, and (3) the relationship between trade policy and the toxic intensity of industrial production in LDC's. 10 refs.


The resonant excitonic Raman scattering of light in a semimagnetic semiconductor is studied theoretically. A variational method is used first to obtain the exciton spectrum. The zero-phonon and one-phonon processes of excitonic Raman scattering of light are considered. Estimates of the scattering cross sections are obtained for Cd 1#75x Mn x Te and it is shown that the contribution of the one-phonon response to the cross section contains a small parameter α e (α e is the Frohlich coupling constant). Formulas are derived for the resonance frequency and for the threshold corresponding to the one-phonon process


We wish to thank Drs Albayram and Baghaki for their valuable comments and are glad to see that our case series [1] stimulates further discussion upon recognition and therapy of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypovolemia. Regarding the effectiveness of an epidural blood patch, it appears essential to differentiate between spontaneous CSF hypovolemia, under discussion here, and the more frequent orthostatic headache syndrome following a routine spinal tap. The latter syndrome generally responds well to the administration of autologous blood within the epidural space [2], whereas the clinical syndrome of spontaneous CSF hypovolemia seems to be more reluctant. In the chronic stages of spontaneous CSF hypovolemia, typical imaging findings, such as enhancement of the pachymeninges, engorgement of venous structures and pituitary hyperemia, seem to be less frequent [3]. We agree with the clinical experience of Albayram and Baghaki that the epidural blood patch procedure is less effective in spontaneous CSF hypovolemia when given in the chronic stages of the syndrome. It is widely held that the success rate of epidural blood patches increases with the amount of blood injected [3]. However, until today there is no controlled trial that allows judgement upon the optimal volume of autologous blood to be administered [4]. Generally, epidural application of 15–20 ml of blood has been recommended when a first patch is delivered distant to the site of the leak [3,5]. In case an additional procedure is necessary greater volumes (20–100 ml) could be used [3].


This chapter covers theory and practice relative to the nature and role of training and development in work organizations. After stressing the importance of training within a brief historical treatment of the forces and pressures facing modem work organizations, three themes are developed: training as instruction, as learning, and as embedded in planned organizational change. Several key areas that continue to present challenges to those involved in research or practice are examined in detail, including training needs assessment, training design, transfer of training, and training evaluation.

Keywords:

change;
evaluation;
instruction;
learning;
needs assessment;
training;
training design;
transfer


As PBL (Project-based learning) mode has been widely and intensively integrated into many curriculums of higher vocational education, a lot of research has been done in order to assess the impact of project-based learning on higher vocational students' English learning process. Yet, most measures are relatively subjective and lack in accuracy. This article aims to propose the method of combining AHP and BP neutral Network to construct the evaluation model of project-based English learning. AHP is used to comprehensively consider the selection of evaluation indicators from various factors affecting learning effectiveness based on PBL English learning and to set the weight of each evaluation index for PBL learning according to a questionnaire and experts' scores. Then applying the calculation data of the AHP method as the target value of the BP neural network training and thus a BP neutral network-based evaluation model of PBL English learning is built. The simulation experiment denotes improvement on the objectivity, accuracy and efficiency of the evaluation on learning effectiveness of PBL English learning.


This chapter deals with damages in the context of tort law. In this case, the greater the loss, the larger the damages award. The chapter examines this fundamental commitment. It argues that it is unfair that someone wealthy, like Mick Jagger, would be owed greater compensation if he were negligently injured in a crash involving his luxury car than the average person would be if the roles were reversed. The chapter pursues a justification for the kind of consequential loss-based tort that would enable someone like Mick Jagger to be so compensated, but finds none. While the case is strong for fully compensating someone for negligently inflicted bodily injury insofar as everyone has a right of bodily integrity, the case for compensating someone for negligently caused lost wealth is weak for such compensation is neither essential to respecting bodily integrity nor does anyone have a moral obligation "to ensure that the wealthy remain wealthy."


Even with the use of high bypass ratio turbofan engines, jet noise continues to be an important contributor to the total aircraft noise on takeoff. In the case of military fighter aircraft engines, with negligible bypass ratio, jet noise is the dominant noise source at all flight conditions. Thus, jet noise is an important component of community noise in the vicinity of both commercial airports and military bases, and jet noise reduction is an ongoing problem for engine manufacturers. However, after nearly sixty years of research, the prediction of jet noise continues to be a challenging problem. This is especially true if rapid estimates, such as necessary for acoustics to become part of the engine design cycle, are needed. In most instances, such predictions are either based on a company's proprietary experimental database or are based on a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulation for the je t's mean flow, coupled with an acoustic analogy. Unfortunately, such predictions are often in error, particularly in the peak noise radiation direction. In the present paper the likely reasons for this difficulty are described. The focus of the present paper is on noise predictions based on relatively simple models. However, there is no question that numerical simulations have made tremendous progress in recent years. Detailed calculations of the full timedependent, three-dimensional near field, coupled with an extrapolation method to extend the solution semianalytically to the far field, have shown great promise. For example, Bogey et al. (2003) performed a Large Eddy Simulation of a high subsonic jet. Their calculations also included the acoustic field as part o f the simulation. Shur et al. (2005a, 2005b) also performed a Large Eddy Simulation in the near field and then extended the near field solution to the far field using a permeable surface implementation of the Ffowcs Williams- Hawkings (1969) acoustic analogy: see Brentner and Farassat (1998) for an excellent discussion of this technique. Shur et al. considered simple, single axisymmetric jets; jets operating off-design; coaxial jets with chevrons; and heated as well as unheated jets. It is an impressive study. However, these simulations take considerable time and computational resources. In the end, they represent a large numerical experiment and, by themselves, offer no insight into noise generation mechanisms. Without this insight, simpler models and schemes for noise reduction are less likely to be developed. In the next section a brief review of previous theory and predictions is given. This is followed by a discussion of jet noise measurements, how well they support previous theory, and what help they can give in suggesting new directions. Finally, a simple model is proposed for the generation and radiation of noise by the large scale turbulent structures in the jet shear layer. It is argued that this mechanism, lacking in traditional acoustic analogy approaches, is dominant in the peak noise radiation direction at both subsonic and supersonic jet operating conditions. 2. b a c k g r o u n d


Progress on mainchain syndioregic polymers for χ(2) applications is reported, An electro-optic coefficient, r33, of 8.5 pm/V @ 1.3 microns and loss of < 1 dB/cm was measured in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer waveguide fabricated by parallel plate electrode poling and photobleaching. This EO film has been stable at ambient room temperature for many months, and the long term thermal stablility is estimated to be ≥125°C if protected from UV radiation and air. Preliminary results on the preparation of a series of related polymers designed for low temperature fabrication of χ(2) thin films will be reported.


An important role in the dynamic behaviour of mechanical systems is played by the damping capacity of a material, which leads to attenuation of free oscillations and considerable reduction in the resonant amplitudes of displacements and stresses under steady-state forced oscillation conditions. The losses caused by the internal processes taking place in the material ("internal" friction) are considered to be the reason for energy dissipation in the deformed systems. The internal friction is related to the dissipative processes during oscillations generated in the material of a system. The dissipative characteristics of such systems can be improved by employing piezoelectric smart composite materials. For this purpose, the piezocomposite elements embedded in the construction are connected with the passive RLC-circuits. The principle of vibration suppression is based on the conversion of mechanical energy to electric energy followed by its scattering in the form of heat in the external damping RLC-circuits. In this case, the specialized electric circuits are able to provide maximal suppression of oscillations at specific frequency. The effective damping at resonant frequencies corresponding to different vibration modes can be realized with the aid of an appropriate set of damping RLC-circuits. A necessary condition for initiation of this mechanism of vibration suppression is the absence of the mutual influence of damping RLC-circuits tuned to their resonant frequencies. The latter can be achieved through incorporation of electric resonant filters into the circuits. At specific frequencies, these filters will "turn on" some damping RLC-circuits and "turn off" the others, i.e., they will accomplish electronic frequency-dependent commutation. The quantitative assessment of the dissipative properties of constructions (their ability to dissipate energy) can be obtained from the solution of the uniform non-conservative spectral problem. The spectral problem of electro-viscoelastic systems with generalform passive electric circuits has a number of special features. The use of the final elements method (FEM) for its solution leads to a non-standard algebraic eigenvalue problem [1-2].


Carabus splendens Olivier and Carabus punctatoauratus Germar (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Carabini) are ground beetles found in sympatry in forests in the eastern Pyrénées. We investigated potential interspecific mating using crossing experiments under controlled laboratory conditions and paternity analyses based on microsatellite markers. We show that under laboratory conditions, interspecific mating produces viable and fertile offspring. Although hybrid males were sterile, females were fertile and thus reproductive isolation between the two species is far from complete. We discuss the results in relation to species integrity due to pre‐ or post‐zygotic barriers, and compare them to a previous study quantifying hybridization between the two species in natural populations.


A range of novel cationic star-like polymers (Star-P(MeDMA)s) were synthesized through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by core-first method, using a β-cyclodextrin initiator with 21 initiation sites (21Br-β-CD). Methyl chloride-quaternized 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (MeDMA) was polymerized in an aqueous medium using 21Br-β-CD, Cu(I)Br, and 2,2′-dipyridyl as an initiator, catalyst, and ligand, respectively. The effects of polymerization temperature and monomer/initiator ratios on the degree and kinetics of polymerization were investigated. The molecular weights, hydrodynamic sizes, and charge densities of the quaternized polymers were characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and colloidal titration, respectively. The results demonstrated that the moderate aqueous solubility of the 21Br-β-CD initiator had significant impact on the physicochemical properties of the obtained star polymers. The polymerization of 500/1/2/5 ([M]0/[I]0/[Cu(I)0/[L]0]) at 90 °C for 6 h was found to be the best condition to synthesize the proposed cationic star polymer with well-defined structures in aqueous medium. The nonlinear relationship between the apparent charge density and the particle size of the cationic star polymers was further revealed by GPC and DLS measurements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6345–6354, 2005


Subodh Dave, consultant psychiatrist at Royal Derby Hospital and clinical teaching fellow at Nottingham University, grew up in Mumbai. He is passionate about education and making the most of the skills of international medical graduates.

I got into medicine by accident. I wanted to be a nuclear physicist or an engineer and I got into the Indian Institute of Technology—but after a few weeks I realised I wanted contact with people. I ended up seeing an educational psychologist who carried out some tests which said I should enter law. At that time it was a postgraduate subject so I decided to do medicine and then move into law later—but I discovered psychiatry and never looked back.

When I did my psychiatry internship in India, one of my teachers was interested in cognitive behavioural therapy and I used this with my patients. I would take them to the hospital canteen or on local buses to help them overcome their phobias. As a trainee it was exciting to do something …


Abstract Since the discovery of ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus in the St. Louis River in 1987, state, federal, and tribal management agencies have sought to slow its spread to areas outside the western end of Lake Superior. A debate over control strategies highlighted uncertainties about seasonal movements of this species between Lake Superior and its western tributaries. One strategy called for eliminating reproducing populations in tributaries on the periphery of the range using chemical piscicides. That strategy rested on the assumption that ruffe congregate in tributaries during a predictable time of year. This study was designed to explore that assumption. Ruffe collections from the Iron and Sand rivers during 1995 indicated that ruffe were present in those tributaries throughout the summer but that abundance was not highest at the predicted time: June 19–22. Maximum abundance in the Iron River did not coincide with that in the Sand River and did not occur during June 19–22 in either river. The timing o...


Abstract The effect of two different milling devices, namely attrition mill versus vibration mill, on the reactivity of fly ash was studied. High calcium fly ash from 4th Thermal power station of Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) was used for the experiments. The raw and processed samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, Particle size distribution, BET, Blaine surface area and density measurements. The efficiency of 1 hour milling was evaluated with the Blaine surface area set to be more than 5000 cm2/g. The physical and chemical properties of the attrition milled fly ash changed not much compared to the vibration milled samples. For example the d50 particle size became reduced from 29 µm to 6 µm by attrition milling and in vibration milled fly ash it was reduced to 7 µm. The density increased from 2.44 g/cm3 of raw fly ash to 2.84 g/cm3 and 2.79 g/cm3 in attrition and vibration milled samples, respectively. Mechanical milling revealed not only a particle size reduction but also the formation of a denser microstructure. As a result the vibration milled fly ash showed a weaker interaction with the alkaline solution (8 M NaOH used here) compared to the attrition milled fly ash. Consequently, compressive strength of the binder prepared using the attrition milled fly ash was higher, 61 MPa, while for vibration milled fly ash it was 49 MPa. For comparison unmilled fly ash, it was 21 MPa.


ii To my wife and parents iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest thanks go to Dr. Eric J. Barth, my advisor, for his guidance and mentorship during this work. His approach to the art has inspired me, both sharpening my creative instincts and strengthening my systematic scientific approach to problem solving. His direction and friendship during my time as a Ph.D. student are irreplaceable. for their assistance and for truly caring about the students in this department. I want to thank my wonderful wife, Mandy, who has been encouraging and supportive always and without whom I could not have accomplished this work. I would also like to thank my parents for their example of hard work, their encouragement of my goals, and their support of my academic endeavours. A special thanks goes to Chao Yong, who has been a great lab mate and an even better friend. My experience working in the DCES lab will always be remembered fondly because of friends like Chao, and all the other " Lab 504 guys " : Jose Riofrio,


In 1910, the German aircraft builder Hugo Junkers filed Patent #2l3 788, which predicted that the flying wing would be the final solution to aircraft developmen. This document known as the "Volume-patent" suggested that the wings should provide space for not only the engines and their fuel, but also for payload and crew! It is regettable that this theory has not yet been proven, since no suitable machine has been built or flown for the last 20 years. As new areas of knowledge opens up, it is very important that each new discovery be confirmed by practical tests.