The study on various modulation techniques implemented in GSM is the main area of interest to address the problem of estimating synchronization parameters. On estimation of synchronization parameters, a robust synchronization algorithm can be developed for GSM standards. Later in this paper a fast synchronization algorithm for Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation technique is proposed for GSM in mobile devices. GMSK is the spectrally efficient modulation technique with constant envelope property. This synchronization algorithm for GMSK results in low complexity and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for GSM standards. Symbol-by-symbol (SBS) demodulator is used for demodulating GMSK in GSM which can outperform the traditionally high complexity Viterbi Algorithm, but SBS assumes perfect synchronization in designing the demodulator. The proposed method will extend to practical scenario by considering imperfect synchronization caused by synchronization algorithms at the receiver.


This paper addresses the problem of spare parts identification and provisioning for multi-component systems. A decision tree considering technical, economical and strategical information available is presented. Mathematical models are proposed to predict, for each spare part, the required quantity over a given planning horizon. The objective may be to maximize either the reliability or the availability of the system. Analytic models are proposed to determine the inventory management parameters such as the order quantity, the order point, the safety stock and so forth. For different management strategies, short comments regarding some improvement issues are provided.


Our company has developed a Trusted Space for client-server and Web-enabled applications, allowing businesses to safely access and exchange confidential information electronically through the Internet. As we continue to develop products and services on our internal networks, and our suite of Internet Trust Services helps businesses confidently and securely move key business functions online, the security and confidentiality demands must be adequate. Our in-house IT security team, relying heavily on our past experiences...


Energy efficiency is very important for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) since sensor nodes have a limited energy supply from a battery. So far, a lot research has focused on this issue, while less emphasis has been placed on the adaptive sleep time for each node with a consideration for the application constraints. In this paper, we propose a hierarchically coordinated power management (HCPM) approach, which both addresses the energy conservation problem and reduces the packet forwarding delay for target tracking WSNs based on a virtual-grid-based network structure. We extend the network lifetime by adopting an adaptive sleep scheduling scheme that combines the local power management (PM) and the adaptive coordinate PM strategies to schedule the activities of the sensor nodes at the surveillance stage. Furthermore, we propose a hierarchical structure for the tracking stage. Experimental results show that the proposed approach has a greater capability of extending the network lifetime while maintaining a short transmission delay when compared with the protocol which does not consider the application constraints in target tracking sensor networks.


The acid hydrolysis of methyl lividotriosaminide obtained from the methanolysis of lividomycin A gave D-mannose, D-ribose and neosamine B. The sequence and the position of linkage of these three compounds were determined. 1-O-Acetyl-2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-methyl-α-D-mannose and l, 3-di-O-acetyl-2, 5-di-O-methyl-β-D-ribose were formed by acid hydrolysis of di-N-acetyl-deca-Omethyllividomycin A followed by acetylation and other observations. The attachment to 2-deoxystreptamine of lividotriosamine was determined by the formation of di-N-acetyl-6-O-methyl-2-deoxystreptamine. The stereochemistry of the glycosidic linkage was determined by comparison of the NMR spectra of N-acetylated derivatives of lividomycin A and paromomycin. Thus, the chemical structure of lividomycin A was concluded to be 4-O-(2-amino-2, 3-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)- 5 -O- [3-O- {4-O-(α-D-mannopyranosyl)-2, 6-diamino-2, 6-dideoxy-α-L-idopyranosyl} -β-D-ribofuranosyl]-1, 3-diamino-1, 2, 3-trideoxy-myo-inositol or mannosyldeoxyparomomycin.


Science fiction reflects technoscientific capitalism. Since the era of cyberpunks, many stories have been based on what happens when very powerful companies take on the role of States and control the population. This article compares this form of discourse on capitalism and Ernest Cline's novel Ready Player One. It highlights how the cult of high performance became increasingly important to a population of innovators who were defining the visions and strategies of the most powerful companies. William Gibson's science fiction megacorporations are inspired by the Japanese zaibatsu, which fascinated the American author. Such SF explores capitalism through metaphorical fantasy, revealing the aspirations and fears of a generation of entrepreneurs and consumers who were fascinated by cyberspace in the 1980 s and virtual reality followed by metaverses in the 1990s. In technoscientific capitalism, the future is presented in a dystopic imaginary form to oppose a tendency towards the accumulation of considerable power by multinationals. Even though antitrust laws are supposed to avoid it, the imaginary future is presented as the worst possible scenario: a world in which capitalism has finally marginalized the role of States and handed over power to the most innovative structures. The novel Ready Player One, published in 2011, describes the struggle for control of the virtual world, OASIS, after the death of its creator. The battle is between users who seek to establish a libertarian utopia and IOI, the big company, that wants to establish an elitist and undemocratic order. While some companies provide positive goods, have charismatic leaders and work to improve the happiness of humanity, others are presented in a very negative light: hungry for power and desperate to use innovations for dystopian purposes. Several examples of companies illustrate how science fiction plays a critical role in capitalism as such imagery structures the representations of the future in the public mind and will play a role in people choosing to become innovators, entrepreneurs and leaders of capitalism. It is important to understand how such fiction contributes to ethical capitalism which resembles technological utopianism and can have an impact on the dynamics of the economy.


Parasitic thermal effects (thermal depolarization and thermal lens) of three Konoshima Chemical Co. laser-ceramics samples Yb3+:Lu2O3(CYb≈1.8%), Yb3+:Y2O3(CYb≈1.8%), and Yb3+:Sc2O3(CYb≈2.5%) were measured in experiment at different pump power. The obtained results were used to calculate a number of thermo-optical constants, which showed that sesquioxide ceramics are significantly superior to the widely used yttrium aluminum garnet Yb3+: Y3Al5O12(CYb≈10%). (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Objective To establish a HPLC/MS/MS method for the determination of colchicine in human plasma.Methods With internal standard of scopolamine hydrobromide(SH) added,the plasma sample was extracted by solid-phase extraction.We used the Ecilipse XDB-C18 column(150 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm) as analytical column,and the mobile phase consisted of methanol-10 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate buffer(including 2 % formic acid)(60∶40) with the flow rate being 0.22 mL·min-1.The sample was ionized by electrospray ionization(ESI) source in the triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer,and was quantitated with multiple reaction monitoring mode.Results The good linear range of colchicine was 0.1~10 ng·mL-1(r=0.9965),the limit of quantification was 0.1 ng·mL-1,the relative recovery was 96.4 %~100.0 % and the extraction recovery was 70.1 %~94.4 %.The inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations were less than 15 %,the chromatography peak retention time was 2.5 min.Conclusion The method was sensitive,accurate,rapid,specific,and suitable for determination of colchicine in plasma and pharmacokinetic study.


The estimation of the number of accidents is one of the most important purposes in the research field of the auto insurance industry. Count data econometric models are usually employed in this process, in particular the traditional Poisson and the negative binomial specifications. Nevertheless, zero-inflated models could be more appropriated solutions. The main objective of this paper is to show the most significant factors in the accidents that are declared by the policyholders. We estimate its number using the data provided by a Spanish private insurance company throughout the different models we have previously pointed out, comparing the obtained results.


We present measurements of the isotope shift for the (3s3p){sup 1}P-(3s3d){sup 1}D transitions at 881 nm in Mg i. The three stable magnesium isotopes yielded a shift {sup 24}Mg-{sup 25}Mg of (1342{+-}20) MHz and {sup 25}Mg-{sup 26}Mg of (1175{+-}23) MHz. Measured shifts are consistent with recent relativistic many-body calculations of the mass effect.


We report a preliminary investigation of surface analytical methods used to evaluate trace metal contaminants on silicon wafer surfaces. The methods discussed include sputter induced postionization methods, backscattering spectrometry, total reflection x‐ray fluorescence, and a sample preparation method known as vapor phase decomposition. In order to initiate the evaluation, a series of silicon wafers was dosed with transition metal contaminants Cu and Fe and then analyzed with total reflection x‐ray fluorescence, sputter induced resonant ionization spectroscopy, and heavy ion backscattering spectroscopy. One wafer with low concentrations of Fe was analyzed by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. As a result of this study, we are pursuing improved capability in several areas including standards. Heavy ion backscattering spectrometry is suggested as a means of verifying surface dosed silicon wafer standard.


How is one to explain the rapid and "seismic transformation . . . of medical science [in] Meiji Japan in just thirty years?" asks Hoi-Eun Kim. His answer is basically that from about 1870 Japanese medical authorities found German medicine an attractive model to follow and acted accordingly. In posing this question and providing this answer, Kim seems to be retelling a familiar story. But this is misleading; he gives only cursory attention to the Tokugawa background to modern Japanese medicine. The real contribution of the book is its analysis of how one country infl uences another and the thoughtful, nuanced account he offers of this process. He correctly emphasizes that the Japanese as protégés and the Germans as mentors each had agency. In his words, the historian of cultural borrowing should adopt a transnational perspective, consider reciprocal relations and engage in what Kim, borrowing from Lawrence Stone, has called "double prosopography" (p. 9). One of the fi rst things we learn is that the drawing together of Japan and Germany in medical science was not the result of some inexorable, abstract process but rather followed the initiatives of particular people on each side (Iwasa Jun, Sagara Chian, and Guido Verbeck for Japan; Max von Brandt, Theodor von Holleben, Ernst von Bülow for the Germans). Nor did it have anything to do with some kind of constitutional affi nity between the two countries, with a common tradition of rule by a military elite, or with geopolitics as commonly understood. In the fi eld of medicine, Germany had many attractions for Japan as well as for other countries. Between 1870 and 1914, it had three times the number of universities of any other European country; thus, there were more professors of distinction than anywhere else. There was the unique German tradition of peregrinato academica that allowed students once admitted to move their enrollment easily from one institution to another. And with their systemic emphasis on research and publication as a requirement for advancement, Germanspeaking medical scientists led most of Europe not only in longestablished fi elds such as pathology, anatomy, and surgery but also in the


Since the High Court's landmark decision on the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 in Momcilovic v The Queen, the Victorian Court of Appeal has had the opportunity to apply the High Court's findings on several occasions. This paper examines four key cases to shed light on the current state of play regarding the Charter and statutory interpretation.


Events of the last decade have served to accentuate the importance of verbal communication in modern urban society. The way we talk, along with what we say, determine how effective we are in dealing with the public agencies, the judiciary and other bodies that increasingly affect the quality of our daily lives. A glance at recent history will show that in public situations, it is easier to get things done when everyone concerned has the same background than when backgrounds differ. This creates a serious dilemma for speakers of minority dialects who rely on their in-group strategy to enlist cooperation and mobilize support, but who find that the largely automatic persuasive strategies that they rely on at home and in their own neighborhoods, may cause serious miscommunication in public settings. This chapter illustrates this dilemma through in depth analysis of two speech events: a black protestant religious sermon and a speech made during a public rally by a black political leader. The sermon was recorded from a radio broadcast of a service held in a San Francisco Bay Area church and is typical of a type of sermon that can be heard on public radio stations on Sundays. The main speaker is the assistant pastor of the church, and the congregation whose responses are also recorded is black. The political address was made during the late 1960s at a San Francisco public meeting, called to protest against United States policies during the Vietnam war. The speaker was a well-known, but highly controversial black community leader.


Obesity frequency among children has been on the rise and since the success of its medical treatment is quite limited, surgical methods are applied on certain cases. Obesity causes various changes both in the airway and drug metabolism. In the literature, there is limited information on the anaesthesia method for obese patients and there is no consensus especially on the paediatric patient group. In this case, we emphasized the importance of multidisciplinary anaesthesia management approach in paediatric patients and the use of anaesthetic doses according to suitable with the body mass, and for the first time in paediatric bariatric surgery in Turkey we reported to describe the use of sugammadex in a morbid adolescent patient.


Melting silica in massive planets To simulate the extreme conditions inside large planets requires extreme experiments. Millot et al. used high-pressure shock waves almost twice that of the center of Earth to melt silica, one of the primary components of planetary interiors. This was possible only by shocking a very dense form of silica called stishovite. Determining the melting point of silica is vital for developing better computational models of the interior of planets several times the mass of Earth. The high-pressure liquid was electrically conductive, a property that may contribute to magnetic dynamos in very large terrestrial exoplanets. Science, this issue p. 418 Laser-driven shock melting of stishovite extends the silica melt curve to the conditions of large planetary interiors. Deep inside planets, extreme density, pressure, and temperature strongly modify the properties of the constituent materials. In particular, how much heat solids can sustain before melting under pressure is key to determining a planet's internal structure and evolution. We report laser-driven shock experiments on fused silica, α-quartz, and stishovite yielding equation-of-state and electronic conductivity data at unprecedented conditions and showing that the melting temperature of SiO2 rises to 8300 K at a pressure of 500 gigapascals, comparable to the core-mantle boundary conditions for a 5–Earth mass super-Earth. We show that mantle silicates and core metal have comparable melting temperatures above 500 to 700 gigapascals, which could favor long-lived magma oceans for large terrestrial planets with implications for planetary magnetic-field generation in silicate magma layers deep inside such planets.


Satellite networks have many inherent advantages over terrestrial networks and have become an important part of the global network infrastructure.Routing aimed at satellite networks has become a hot and challenging research topic.Satellite networks,which are special kind of Delay Tolerant Networks(DTN),can also adopt the routing solutions of DTN.Among the many routing proposals,Contact Graph Routing(CGR) is an excellent candidate,since it is designed particularly for use in highly deterministic space networks.The applicability of CGR in satellite networks is evaluated by utilizing the space oriented DTN gateway model based on OPNET(Optimized Network Engineering Tool).Link failures are solved with neighbor discovery mechanism and route recomputation.Earth observation scenario is used in the simulations to investigate CGR's performance.The results show that the CGR performances are better in terms of effectively utilizing satellite networks resources to calculate continuous route path and alternative route can be successfully calculated under link failures by utilizing fault tolerance scheme.


Shoulder impingement causing interference on the motion of the shoulder joint activities and result in functional activity disorder. These injuries usually are caused by faulty movement, overuse, poor posture, occupational factors and trauma. This will cause a burden on one part of the body and cause imbalances in anatomy, which will eventually lead to disruption of the body that experienced work. This study aimed to investigate the effect of functional shoulder exercise and traction humerus to inferior with shoulder stabilization exercises and traction humerus to inferior to the decline in the shoulder and arm disabilities in subacromial impingement syndrome.
This research method was experimental clinical trials with pre test and post test group design. Population student Academy Physiotherapy Widya Husada Semarang, which consists of 3 men and 12 women, aged between 18-21 years, divided into two groups. Group I was given Shoulder Stabilization exercises and Traction humerus to Inferior (n=7) and group II Functional Shoulder Exercise and Traction humerus to Inferior (n=8). This research was conducted for 3 weeks. Measurement of the value of disability shoulder and arm by using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). The test results on the group I average value pre 34.17, SB = 6.31, and the average value of post 11.54, SB = 4.02, p = 0.001 found significant differences obtained test results paired sample t-test, and testing group II average value pre 40.18, SB = 3.53, and the average value of post 7.82, SB = 1.57, p = 0.001 found significant differences obtained test results paired sample t-test. Comparison of Group I and II, p = 0.005 there were significant differences, test results obtained independent sample t-test. Conclusions: The combination of shoulder stabilization exercises and traction humerus to inferior can reduce disability shoulder and arm on subacromial impingement syndrome. The combination functional shoulder exercise and traction humerus to inferior can reduce disability shoulder and arm on subacromial impingement syndrome. The combination functional shoulder exercises and traction humerus to inferior better than the combination shoulder stabilization exercises and traction humerus to inferior in lowering disabilities shoulder and arm on subacromial impingement syndrome.


The carbo-hydroxamic-2 chromone acid (sodium salt) shows a higher protective action in vivo than in vitro against mercury chloride induced intoxications. The higher effect observed in vivo might be due to the activity itself of the chromone cycle which added up to that of the carbo-hydroxamic acid function. This latter alone appears in vitro. The antihyaluronidasic properties of this protective agent allow it to prevent the toxic substances to be diffused.


Li, Dailin, Roger Belusa, Susana Nowicki, and Anita Aperia. Arachidonic acid metabolic pathways regulating activity of renal Na1-K1-ATPase are age dependent. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278: F823–F829, 2000.—Locally formed arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites are important as modulators of many aspects of renal tubular function, including regulation of the activity of tubular Na1-K1-ATPase. Here we examined the ontogeny of the AA metabolic pathways regulating proximal convoluted tubular (PCT) Na1-K1-ATPase activity in infant and adult rats. Eicosatetraynoic acid, an inhibitor of all AA-metabolizing pathways, abolished this effect. AA inhibition of PCT Na1-K1-ATPase was blocked by the 12lipoxygenase inhibitor baicalein in infant but not in adult rats and by the specific cytochrome P-450 fatty acid v-hydroxylase inhibitor 17-octadecynoic acid in adult but not in infant rats. The lipoxygenase metabolite 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and the cytochrome P-450 metabolite 20-HETE both inhibited PCT Na1-K1-ATPase in a protein kinase C-dependent manner, but the effect was significantly more pronounced in infant PCT. Lipoxygenase mRNA was only detected in infant cortex. Expression of renal isoforms of cytochrome P-450 mRNA was more prominent in adult cortex. In summary, the AA metabolic pathways that modulated the activity of rat renal proximal tubular Na1-K1-ATPase are age dependent.


The principal purpose of the experiment described in this and subsequent papers of the series was to determine whether gamma globulin, as prepared for and furnished by the American National Red Cross for measles prophylaxis, would protect against the paralytic manifestations of poliomyelitis when administered in reasonable dosage before the onset of illness. A secondary purpose was to determine, if protection were afforded, the duration of protection in the dosage selected for the experiment. From this, based on half life studies of gamma globulin in the childhood age group, the dosage suitable for any period of protection desired could be calculated. Another secondary purpose was to determine whether gamma globulin would permit or interfere with inapparent or milder types of nonparalyzing clinical infection and the subsequent development of active immunity. This question had considerable significance, for if harmless infection and subsequent active immunity were prevented, gamma globulin would have a


HYPERPROLINEMIA is an inherited metabolic variant associated with mental retardation and characterized by an elevated plasma proline concentration and a specific aminoaciduria comprising increased excretion not only of proline but also of hydroxyproline and glycine. Two families with this syndrome have been fully reported in the literature to date.13 In these cases, hyperprolinemia was associated clinically with hereditary renal disease, congenital malformations of the kidney, and neurological findings including photogenic epilepsy, nerve deafness, and mental deficiency. Three families with hereditary nephritis and high blood proline levels, in which mental retardation was an inconstant finding, have also been d e ~ c r i b e d . ~ ~ This paper will concern itself with findings in an additional case of this inborn error of metabolism, representing the fist example of a second type of hyperprolinemia, biochemically and clinically distinct from past cases. The discussion will encompass a brief review of the first two cases, representing Type I hyperprolinemia, and a report of previously unpublished findings in the present case, followed by a theoretical consideration of the neurological correlates of this disease.


Electrospun nylon-6 nanofibrous membrane with fiber diameters in the range of 50-200 nm were prepared and employed as affinity membrane material for papain adsorption due to their excellent chemical and thermal resistance as well as high wettability. In this work, covalent coupling of chitosan (CS) to activated nylon membrane was performed after the reaction of the nanofibrous nylon membrane with formaldehyde. The dye Cibacron Blue F3GA (CB) as a ligand was then covalently immobilized on the CS-coated membranes. Physical properties of the composite membrane and its applications in affinity membrane chromatography were examined. These CB F3GA-attached composite membranes were used in the papain adsorption studies. Higher papain adsorption capacity, up to 133.2 mg/g affinity membrane, was obtained. The chemical-modified CS-nylon nanofiber membrane with the CB as ligand could become the low-cost but high efficiency affinity membranes base for papain separation.


To improve the carving precision of laser gravure plate making and fill the demand of high quality of commodity packaging picture,a new design project of adding a controllable frequency conversion circuit based on FPGA in the encoder feedback loop is given.The significance and function application of frequency conversion circuit in the feedback loop of control system of laser gravure plate making is simply introduced in the first part of paper;The hardware design of frequency division module and frequency multiplication module which worked in the frequency conversion circuit are analyzed individually,including the timing simulation by simulation tool of QuartusⅡ;Then a optimization algorithms about coefficient of frequency division and frequency multiplication in the frequency conversion circuit is mainly explained.According to the optimization algorithms,a group of plate making process parameters are numerical calculated and analyzed by Matlab in the final.The results of test demonstrate that the hardware、software design project is simple and feasible,with high flexibility and good reconstructive ability.It will play a important role in production.


In the late fourth century BCE, Hellenistic historians and ethnographers began to notice the Jews. Megasthenes, Clearchus and Theophrastus all identify Jews with philosophers; while Megasthenes and Clearchus mention these Jewish philosophers in the context of Indians, it is Theophrastus who provides the most extensive (albeit still brief) witness. This paper argues that Megasthenes. Clearchus and Theophrastus confused Jews with their priests, whom they identified-like other eastern (e.g. Indian) sages-as 'philosophers'. At the same time, one of the most striking features of the Jewish practices known at least to Theophrastus (and his contemporary, Hecataeus of Abdera) was its aniconism. This reinforced the inference that Jews engaged in the kind of heavenly worship that permeates the discussions of Greek philosophical religion. The Jews were thus doubly philosophical, once by (mistaken) class, and once by this similarity to Greek philosophical aniconism.


The objective of the study was to evaluate good management practices through a Checklist for aquaculture enterprises in the Marajó archipelago (Pará, Brazil). The research was carried out in the municipality of Curralinho, as part of the actions of the project "Transfer of technology through training and technical assistance for creators of tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, in the archipelago of Marajó/PA" of the Federal Institute of the Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves, between September 2019 and January 2020. A total of 13 fish farms participated in the survey. The instrument for data collection was a checklist, which includes items related to the management of fish farming. After applying the checklist, it was possible to identify that the implementation of fish farming, identification of infrastructure, soil management and application of limestone, occurrence of diseases and storage of fry, presented levels of non-conformities between 75% to 79%. The items filters and anti-leak prevention, handling during the process of draining the tanks, stocking density and handling of fishing, presented levels of non-conformities between 80 - 89%. For the item soil disinfection the level of non-conformities was 94% and for the items: fertilization, protection of tanks with anti-bird nets, water quality, biometrics management, transfer management, cleaning procedures and equipment asepsis and the condition and safety of fish farming workers, presented levels of non-conformities varying between 95 - 100%. It was concluded that all sites are not suitable for good practices and therefore put the species' fish farming in the region at risk.


Gallbladder cancer is rare worldwide, and presentation is often very late with consequent dismal prognosis. We presented a 60-year-old woman with a history of recurrent right upper quadrant pain, weight loss, and abdominal mass 3 months before presentation. Preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder cholecystitis with hepatic abscess was made. At laparotomy, the gallbladder was ruptured, and an open fundus- first cholecystectomy was performed as well as adhesiolysis. Histological diagnosis of infiltrating adenosquamous carcinoma with Stage T3 disease was made. Postoperative computed tomography scan showed tumor infiltration of the gallbladder bed, stomach, and anterior abdominal wall. She had six courses of intravenous gemcitabine and oral capecitabine but was lost to follow-up 3 months after surgery. Late stage presentation and adenosquamous histological type conferred a poor prognosis on the patient. Radical surgery is typically advocated in such cases, but this has to be matched by standard anesthetic techniques to minimize morbidity and mortality.


Information Technology (IT) can be an important component for innovation as enables e-learning and it can provide conditions for an organization to be able to work with new businesses and improved processes. In this regard, Learning Management Systems (LMS) allow communication and interaction between teachers and students in virtual spaces. However, the literature indicates that there are gaps in research, especially concerning the use of IT for the management of e-learning. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the available literature about the application of LMS for the e-learning management, seeking to present possibilities for research in the field. An integrative literature review was performed considering the Web of Science, Scopus, Ebsco and Scielo databases, where 78 references were found, of which 25 were full papers. By eliminating duplication, 14 papers remained, which came to constitute the portfolio of the study. The analysis of the papers allowed to conclude that: 1) the most frequent research strategy was the quantitative; 2) survey was the most used research design; 3) the most frequent categories in the studied educational platforms belong to Instructional Resources and the less frequently ones belong to Interface and, 4) most of the studies are related to administrative function control; 5) LMS in e-learning management is still incipiently discussed in the literature. This analysis derives interesting characteristics from scientific studies, highlighting gaps and guidelines for future research, including


Although Shen Fu is only a commoner,and his masterpiece "Six Chapters of Floating Life" is short in length without complicated plots like the other novels,his work has been cherished by readers and scholars for hundred years for its special angle of view,unique style of writing and poetical language.Some ones even regard it as in the same category with "A Dream in Red Mansions".


Nutrient pollution is one of most harmful environmental problems, and is caused by surplus nitrogen in water. This nitrogen concentration occurring in water can take several forms, such as organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and dissolved nitrogen gas. Pollution levels can be measured via data collection; however, this is a rather difficult and complex process, and the results obtained widely deviate in term of measurement. A mathematical model can be used in complicated water-quality measurement. The advection-dispersion-reaction model provides a pollutant concentration field. In this research, there are five numerical models for nitrogen pollutant concentration measurement in a stream proposed: a total nitrogen dispersion model, an organic nitrogen dispersion model, an ammonia dispersion model, a nitrite dispersion model, and a nitrate dispersion model. The traditional Forward Time Central Space finite difference technique and the unconditionally explicit Saulyev technique are employed to obtain five approximated types of organic and inorganic nitrogen pollutant concentrations in each time and place. This paper proposes five forms of nitrogen pollutant measurement model for the unconditionally stable Saulyev method, so as to make it more accurate without incurring any significant loss of computational efficiency. The ∗. Corresponding author NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS FOR REACTIVE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS ... 553 five approximated forms of pollutant concentrations obtained indicate that all models improve the nutrient pollution measurement process.


I examine contemporary evangelical Bible studies and devotionals devoted to John Bunyan's 1678 spiritual classic The Pilgrim's Progress. Focusing on treatments of Bunyan's Vanity Fair sequence, I ask whether these resources demonstrate fidelity to the text and to Scripture or whether they are instead examples of bibliolatry. Implications for the design of Bible studies in the ministry of Christian education are offered following theological analysis of the biblical imagination required for such tasks.


The Quadrant Based Method (QUADBAM) for Global Motion Estimation introduced here exploits local motion fields. QUADBAM produces similar results to other global motion estimation methods with a lower algorithmic complexity. Two applications of QUADBAM in the treatment of broadcast cricket highlights are presented. An automated highlight detector for broadcast cricket, based solely on QUADBAM generated global motion features, provides acceptable recall rates. Mosaic visualization of individual cricket highlights, created using QUADBAM generated global motion features, are suitable for highlight summaries.


Construction is a major industry with a significant contribution to the gross domestic product and the development strategy, especially of developing countries. However, the industry often faces many challenges, which include shortage of skilled craftspeople that often lead to cost and time overruns, and quality shortfalls. Improvements in productivity and quality require upgrading the knowledge and skills of all the workers in the industry, including those of craftspeople. Investment in training has been identified as being key to addressing the persistent problem of craft skills shortage in the industry, a view supported by surveyed contractors in Zambia. The surveyed contractors also supported the idea of introducing construction sector specific levy to support construction craft skills training.


Cloud computing is a standard in which information is placed over the internet on the virtual servers which is extracted by the users at the front end. It is one of the today's most enticing technology areas which is efficient in cost as well as flexible. Cloud Computing promotes sharing of resources as one does not need to install a particular software or hardware to access the information from the cloud. Companies provide the services of cloud computing which will charge by the users and they subscribe via internet. Due to certain features such as low cost, low maintenance and easy access, various organizations store their data on the cloud or not. In this paper, we deal with all the security concerns in order to promote the common level of understanding between the users, organizations which must be considered by them before adopting cloud services.


We propose a one-step interface reaction for the direct synthesis of hexagonally arranged spherical silver nanoparticles under microwave-assisted solvothermal conditions without the requirement of the presynthesis of uniform silver nanoparticles or special precursors and the technique of size-selective precipitation. The ratio between ethylene glycol and dodecylthiol shows its effect on the nucleation and growth of silver and thus the morphology and arrangement of the obtained nanoparticles. At a low volume ratio, nanoparticles with a rectangular shape arranged in orthogonal arrays could be observed. This simple method has its generality, and by easily substituting thiourea aqueous solution for ethylene glycol, silver sulfide superlattices of nanoparticles could be synthesized.


In order to meet the end-to-end requirements,a service negotiation protocol is proposed to negotiate automatically QoS budgets between possible service providerzand service consumer.Then a colored Petri nets model is used to describe formally negotiation protocol.QoS of Web Service is individed in r level 1 object and ni level 2 object.The weight is confirmed based on attention degree in different application.The analysis about the utility function with the help of weighted Fuzzy Reasoning Model is proved.


On reviewing the literature on this subject I can find no statistics to show in what proportion of cases infection is confined to the subcutaneous tissues as above, but Choyce1 mentions that it does occur. Thirty cases, however, have been reported of gas-gangrene infection following subcutaneous injections,2 3 45 either given hypodermically or as subcutaneous salines, but in the majority of these cases the infection became rapidly generalized and death ensued, or the natients recovered only after immediate multiple incisions and the administration of serum. Perhaps Tissier's findings6 may explain the mildness of the infection. Tissier, in an article written in 1916, described experiments to show that gas-forming organisms in themselves had little power to cause gas gangrene, but when in association with other organisms they rapidly produced the typical disease. He showed that filtered cultures of B. welchii or B. oedematiens produced no effects; inoculation of animals with either of these organisms alone produced a hard oedema, which slowly disappeared, but when there was added to these cultures growths of aerobic bacteria the effects of malignant oedema were noted. He also stated that the presence of devitalized tissue was the necessary condition for the development of gas infection. On looking at this boy's temperature chart it will be seen that the onset of severe symptoms coincided with the first appearance of pyogenic organisms in the pus. Up to this time on three occasions anaerobic organisms only were obtained from the wound, but on the twentieth day after infection the pus obtained on incision over the indurated area on the thigh gave a growth of haemolytic streptococci, and at this time the child's general condition was not so good. The hard, solid oedema of the leg, with absence of crepitus, suggested that the infection was mainly by organisms of the B. oedeinatiens type, although both groups of organisms were demonstrated in the pus. It is also interesting to note in the cases quoted that the patients who received their infections by subcutaneous methods were in 'hospital suffering from some preexistent disease or from loss of blood, and that other patients in better condition, who were given injections at the same time with the infected agent, did not develop gas gangrene.7 It seems strange in this case that, in the absence of devitalized tissue in a healthy child, gas gangrene should have developed at all, and it should be noted that at no time was there any evidence of infection extending beneath the deep fascia. How much of the child's good recovery was due to the early administration of serum or how much to the low pathogenicity of the organisms it is difficult to say. In another case admitted to this hospital a few months ago, of severe compound fracture of the leg with much destruction of muscle, gas gangrene set in on the third day, although 12,000 units of anti-gasgangiene serum had been given as a prophylactic dose on admission. It quickly subsided, however, following intravenous administration of large doses of


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The cell is the fundamental unit of higher organisms, and even in unicellular species it still contains subcellular structures with specialized functions. Different approaches have been used to investigate cell organization and function. These include study of cell cycles, uptake processes, energy metabolism, communications with other cells, storage of genetic information, and so forth. Molecular studies of cell organization have revealed numerous important biological roles and functions. However, methods of studying a second level of cell biomolecular organization need to be developed. The biological significance of a cell consituent can only be completely understood by considering the complex network of interactions that take place in the system. Innovative points of view and methods are needed to investigate the organization of complex systems and their responses to external stimuli. In vivo NMR techniques together with selective 13C sugar substrate enrichments have been used to study metabolic processes (see, e.g., Refs. 1, 2, and 3). Because of its "noninvasive" nature, NMR spectroscopy can be useful in kinetic studies in which several samplings are required during metabolic activity.4–6 This technique also reveals the metabolic route of enriched carbon-13 nuclei from substrate to the endproduct. Experimental results from organized complex systems like intracellular organisms require an appropriate approach for their interpretation. In the past, theoretical models have been proposed and used to elucidate metabolic steps and calculate kinetic parameters. Such models must deal with a large number of interactions and must be flexible enough to adapt to the existing approaches and experimental results. In this study, our interest is the metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chosen because of its efficiency in converting glucose to ethanol. Ethanol from sugar fermentation is currently a biofuel. Biological processes for biofuel production from agricultural residues, such as sugar, starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose, are of considerable importance. The replacement of fossil fuels is an urgent priority in the effort for the reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and global temperature. In previous papers,7,8 we analyzed the glucose metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by in vivo 13C-NMR spectroscopy, using the energy flow approach and the compartmental models introduced by Odum.9 The model we proposed then con-


Abstract Background New Jersey (NJ) has a significant burden of tuberculosis (TB) cases (ranked 8th in the United States) and 22% of the cases are among foreign-born (FB) individuals. We have approximately 33% FB residents in our targeted counties in Central NJ of whom 43% are originally from high TB burden areas of South Asia. Central NJ is home to the county with the second highest TB case rate in NJ. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment remains a key component of the World Health Organization TB elimination strategy. We sought to survey community physicians about their LTBI screening and treatment practices in South Asian (SA) patients. Methods An IRB-approved anonymous survey was distributed online to practicing staff physicians at local hospitals over a 2-month period. The primary outcome measure was whether physicians appropriately screen for LTBI. A secondary outcome measure was whether follow-up after medication initiation was provided. Predictors measured included: age, gender, self -identification of physician as SA, years in practice, and if they were a foreign medical graduate (FMG). Descriptive statistics were provided using counts and proportions. Chi-square tests were used for bivariate analyses to look for factors associated with LTBI screening and treatment. Results A total of 218 physicians responded to the survey; of whom, 137 identified themselves as primary care physicians (i.e., pediatrics (62%), internal medicine (30%), or family medicine (8%)). About half of them were FMG and 40% identify themselves as SA. Three out of four of these physicians (n = 101) indicated they routinely screen their patients for LTBI. Bivariate analyses using chi-square did not find any statistically significant associations with LTBI screening. A quarter of the physicians screened with an IGRA and 60% reported always offering treatment for LTBI. Isoniazid was the most common medication prescribed. A majority of respondents did not report prescribing Rifampin or Rifapentine. Follow-up after initiation of treatment was provided at least every other month by 52.7% of physicians. Conclusion There is wide variability in LTBI screening, treatment, and follow-up among our physician sample. Physicians have not yet adopted newer treatment regimens suggesting the need for an educational intervention. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


Eigen-MLLR coe(cid:14)cients are proposed as new feature parameters for speaker-identi(cid:12)cation in this paper. By per-forming principle component analysis on MLLR parameters amongtraining speakers, theeigen-MLLR coe(cid:14)cients (EMCs) are derived as the coe(cid:14)cients for the eigenvectors. The discriminating function of the new EMC features based on the Fisher criterion is found to be ten times larger than that of mel-frequency cepstral coe(cid:14)-cient (MFCC) features, for distinguishing speakers. The speaker-identi(cid:12)cation accuracy using the EMC features are showntobesigni(cid:12)cantly betterthanthatusing MFCC features, especially when the quantity of enrollment data is limited. Itisalso shownthatproperlycombiningMFCC and EMC features can achieve a signi(cid:12)cant error rate reduction on the order of 50%-60% as compared to using MFCC features alone.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the pattern of antibiotic use in the hospital over a 3-year period according to individual drugs and hospital departments.

SETTING
335 adult beds of a tertiary hospital in Northern Israel during the years 1998-2000. An antibiotic control policy restricts the use of the most expensive antibiotics and those with broad spectrum of activity and a major impact on bacterial resistance.

METHODS
The ATC/DDD and DU 90% methodologies were used. The use of antibiotics was expressed as the number of defined daily doses (DDD) per 100 bed-days.

RESULTS
The total antibiotic use varied during the study period from 93.7-101.0 DDD/100 bed-days (p < 0.1). Thirteen drugs accounted for 90% of the total volume. The use of broad spectrum penicillins was the highest of all drugs followed by cephalosporins and oral quinolones. The highest rates of antibiotic use were found in the departments of ENT, urology, gynecology and orthopedics and in the intensive care unit (ICU). The total restricted antibiotics use was 7.2 DDD/100 bed-days and was the highest in the ICU.

CONCLUSIONS
The ATC/DDD methodology provided delineation and interpretation of antibiotic usage patterns in the hospital. Although the overall use is higher then that found in several reports from European hospitals, stratification by individual drugs and by hospital department yielded similar trends.


Despite their clinical concerns with anorexia and obesity, psychiatrists appear to have surprisingly little to say about the processes and functions of eating. Anthropologists, by contrast, have long been aware of the importance of studying how and what people eat for an understanding of the individual in society. This account of the anthropology of eating takes a wide-angled look at the biological bases, the varying cultural patterns and the rational and irrational beliefs relating to a fundamental human activity. The material appears to be pitched at a semi-popular level, but the reference-notes and bibliography dispose of the charge of superficiality and point to a number of sources which are likely to be unfamiliar to potentially interested readers, psychiatrists included.


The effect of the Co-Cu oxide catalysts composition on their physicochemical properties and performance in the deep oxidation of ethanol was studied. The catalysts with Co:Cu molar ratios of 4:1, 1:1, and 1:4 were obtained by calcination (4 h at 500 °C in air) of the coprecipitated precursors and characterized in detail using powder XRD, Raman spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, H2-TPR, and XPS. The powder XRD and Raman spectroscopy indicated the formation of Co3O4 and CuO mixtures rather than Co-Cu mixed oxides. The CuO promoted the Co3O4 reduction; the Co-Cu catalysts were reduced more easily than the single-component Co and Cu oxides and the main reduction maxima were shifted to lower temperatures with increasing cobalt content in the catalysts. The Co-Cu oxide catalyst with a Co:Cu molar ratio of 4:1 exhibited the best performance in ethanol gas-phase oxidation, showing the lowest T50 (91 °C) and T90(CO2) (159 °C) temperatures needed for 50% ethanol conversion and 90% conversion to CO2, respectively. The excellent catalytic properties of this Co-Cu oxide catalyst were ascribed to the synergistic effect of Co and Cu components. The high activity and selectivity of the Co-Cu catalyst was attributed to the presence of finely dispersed CuO particles on the surface of Co3O4.


Following successful closure of obstetric genitourinary fistula, stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common and challenging problem. Despite many decades of various treatment options, the effective management of post‐fistula SUI remains unresolved. This study aims to assess the feasibility of periurethral injections of polyacrylamide hydrogel, commonly used for urinary stress incontinence in non‐fistula women, in women with post‐fistula closure SUI.


The predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is typically used for biocontrol of Tetranychus urticae on strawberries. However, its biological characteristics are greatly affected by temperature in hot summer days. In this study, the influence of different short‐term heat stresses on the functional response and prey consumption of unmated female of N. barkeri on three stages (egg, protonymph and adult) of T. urticae was evaluated. Three temperatures (38, 40 and 42°C), three short‐term heat duration (2, 4 and 6 hr), eight prey densities (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 individuals), (85 ± 5) % RH and a 16‐hr: 8‐hr (L:D) photoperiod were used during a 24‐hr period in functional response experiments. The results showed that the eggs of N. barkeri could not hatch at 42°C and the type II functional response was determined for adult females of N. barkeri at all treatments by using the logistic regression analysis. The N. barkeri had the highest attack rate of 1.029, 2.044 and 0.913 hr‐1 for three stages of T. urticae at 25°C and the lowest value of 0.585, 0.973 and 0.498 hr‐1 at 40°C, 6 hr. On the contrary, the handling time of the predator prolonged when the temperature increased from 25°C to 40°C and the maximum level was observed at 40°C, 6 hr (0.126, 0.153 and 0.172 hr). Our study indicated that the effects of short‐term heat stress were negative on the predation ability of N. barkeri and heat stress should be avoided as much as possible to achieve the best predation and control effect of N. barkeri in indoor rearing and field release.


In this thermal response switch, a heating element of a heater has a serpentine portion comprising a strip-shaped metal plate. The serpentine portion is bent twice with respect to a first reference axis and a second reference axis that extend in the length direction of a housing, thereby being provided with: an outer perpendicular portion that is perpendicular to the inner surface of the lid plate and on an outer side from the first reference axis; an inner perpendicular portion that is perpendicular to the inner surface of the lid plate and on an inner side from the second reference axis; and a middle perpendicular portion that is perpendicular to the inner surface of the lid plate and between the first reference axis and the second reference axis in a sandwiched state by the outer perpendicular portion and the inner perpendicular portion. Among two extremity portions in the width direction of the middle perpendicular portion, at the extremity portion on the side where no other heating element is present, the middle perpendicular portion has a narrow width portion that is narrower than the width of the middle perpendicular portion.


Summary form only given. When operated in a gas mixture of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) and Xenon (Xe) (0.06% HCl, 0.03% Hydrogen, 1.5% Xe, balance Neon), microhollow cathode discharges (MHCDs) have been shown to generate XeCl radiation with efficiencies on the order of percent. As a result, these discharges have applications where the generation of UV radiation is required, such as excimer lamps for curing and decontamination. In these applications, optimizing the efficiency of the system in terms excimer power delivered to the application site per electrical power consumed by the lamp is desired. In practical applications, this requires not only efficient production of excimers within the plasma, but also that the discharge be geometrically configured to deliver the generated excimer radiation to the application site as efficiently as possible. The ability to achieve the desired geometry by extending the geometric configuration of the discharge, and hence and excimer lamp, in one dimension, as in linear plasma arrays, and in two dimensions, such as in an arbitrarily shaped array, can thus improve the overall efficiency of the system. One possibility for such a system is an array of microhollow discharges, where voltages of approximately 200 V and currents on the order of 1 mA are typical when operated dc, resulting in an electrical power for a single discharge on the order of 100 mW. For these currents the plasma extends over the surface of the cathode outside the microhole and forms a plasma layer approximately 100 micrometers thick. When configured in linear arrays on a planar cathode surface, experimental results show that the efficiency of the discharge in producing excimer radiation is improved. Experimental studies were performed on XeCl discharge sources with non-linear geometries. Results of experiments in dc mode with respect to optical emission at 308 nm will be reported.


Ammonia oxidizers (ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB)), nitrite oxidizers (e.g., Nitrobacter and Nitrospira) and comammox Nitrospira play important roles in the nitrogen cycle in agroecosystems, yet their activities and abundance in soil microhabitats under environmental disturbances remain unclear. In this study, we collected samples from treatment plots in a field experiment established in 2010 in a lime concretion black soil in central China to investigate the effects of varying inorganic and organic fertilizer managements in a wheat–maize crop rotation, in order to investigate the impacts on the abundance and activities of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers inhabiting different microenvironments in soil, represented by three soil aggregate size fractions. The treatments were: control without fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilization (NPK), NPK and straw (NPKS), NPKS and pig manure (NPKSP) or cow manure (NPKSC). The potential nitrite oxidation activity (PNO) and soil nutrients (soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content) were the highest in the microaggregates, followed by those in the macroaggregates and silt+clay fractions in all the plots. Both the ammonia and nitrite oxidizers were more abundant in the macroaggregates and microaggregates than in the silt+clay fractions. A two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the soil aggregate size had a significant influence on the abundance of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers and the soil nutrients. We also found a significant positive correlation between PNO and the nitrite oxidizer and AOA abundance. In addition, the abundances of the ammonia oxidizers (AOA and AOB) and nitrite oxidizers (Nitrobacter and Nitrospira) were positively correlated with each other. Overall, the soil aggregates with a higher inorganic nutrient and organic carbon content may provide a better protective microenvironment to guard against environmental disturbances and facilitate the inhabitation of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers, which cooperate in the nitrogen cycling process.


Sudarshana et al[1][1] are to be commended for their meticulous study of potential brain MR imaging in humans with use of mangafodipir (Mn dipyridoxyl diphosphate [MnDPDP]) as a contrast agent. MnDPDP is a multifunctional chelate releasing calcium-stalking paramagnetic Mn ions for MR imaging and a


We study the effect of decoherence on the electron transport in the one-dimensional Anderson model by means of a statistical model [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. In this model decoherence bonds are randomly distributed within the system, at which the electron phase is randomized completely. Afterwards, the transport quantity of interest (e.g. resistance or conductance) is ensemble averaged over the decoherence configurations. Averaging the resistance of the sample, the calculation can be performed analytically. In the thermodynamic limit, we find a decoherence-driven transition from the quantum-coherent localized regime to the Ohmic regime at a critical decoherence density, which is determined by the second-order generalized Lyapunov exponent (GLE) [4].


This article addresses the debate on the purpose of theological education. It presents, first, a critical review of the works of scholars on the emphases and models of theological education. Then, in an attempt to build on the paradigm and principles of the Scripture with regard to theological education, exegesis and exposition was done on Mark's explicit statement on the purposes of Jesus in educating and training the Twelve disciples (Mark 3:13 19) - to be with him and to be sent by him. Finally, the implication for our admission and training of theological students considering their calling, being, and doing is given.


Objective To investigate the risk factors and prevention methods of acute cerebral infarction in xinjiang.Methods 779 cases of acute stroke and normal cases in xinjiang are collected,using statistical methods,and registration.Results(1)Cases of logistic regression showed that the risk factors of acute stroke ZuBie(P=0.014,OR=1.346),drinking(P0.001,OR=2.739),the history of diabetes(P0.001,OR=2.093),the history of hypertension(P 0.001,OR=5.713),Hyperlipidemia(P=0.009,OR=0.656)(2)There is no significant differences in 779 cases of acute stroke,compared with the proportion of gender in Uygur and Han.The proportion of smoking and drinking and diabetes in Uygur is lower than Han.The proportion of hypertension in Uygur is higher than Han.Conclusions Gender,age,nationality,drinking,smorking,diabetes,hypertension,were associated with acute stroke risk in Xinjiang.


BACKGROUND: The diversity of existing techniques for the measurement of the spleen using Doppler ultrasound (Doppler-US) as well as the lack of biometrical and Doppler velocimetry reference values make the evaluation of this organ and its hemodynamics quite difficult. OBJECTIVES: To establish biometrical and hemodynamics Doppler-US standard values for healthy adult individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective study involving 44 healthy individuals (19 males and 25 females) with mean age of 37.4 ± 9.6 years (23-60 years). Morphometry (US-B mode): spleen: longitudinal (L), transversal (T) and anteroposterior (AP) axes; splenic artery diameter (AD) and splenic vein diameter (VD). Morphometrical spleen indexes: uniplanar (UI), biplanar (BI) and the splenic volume (SV). Doppler velocimetry (US-Doppler): a) splenic artery: systolic peak velocity (SPV), mean of the highest flow speeds (TAMax); pulsability index (PI) and vascular impedance resistivity index(RI); b) splenic vein: mean of the highest flow speeds (TAMax). RESULTS: Morphometry: L = 9.3 ± 1.3 cm; T= 3.9 ± 0.7 cm; AP = 8.4 ± 1.2 cm; AD = 0.3 ± 0.07 cm; VD: 0.5 ± 0.12 cm. Morphometrical spleen indexes: UI = 33.5 ± 9.9; BI = 36.7 ± 10.3; SV = 164.3 ± 62.9 cm³. Doppler velocimetry: a) splenic artery: SPV = 59.8 ± 23.6 cm/s; TAMax = 40.2 ± 15.9 cm/s; PI = 0.86 ± 0.30; RI = 0.55 ± 0.09; b) splenic vein: TAMax = 16.8 ± 8.3 cm/s. CONCLUSION: Report of biometrical and Doppler velocimetry standard values of the spleen in healthy individuals.


The enactment of the civil penalty regime in 1993 introduced a new approach to the enforcement of directors' duties by statutory agencies in Australia. The policy considerations that led to the regime, and which continue to inform current policies on corporate law enforcement, require that: civil enforcement be given primacy over criminal enforcement, with the latter reserved for more serious misconduct; a range of sanctions be calibrated to the severity of the misconduct in accordance with a pyramidal model of enforcement; and sanctions be set at a sufficient level to deter misconduct. This article analyses the extent to which these policies have been applied in practice by reference to a 10-year dataset of 27 civil, 72 criminal and 199 administrative directors' duties matters (involving 360 defendants) brought by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission and the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions. The dataset, which includes data obtained from ASIC and the CDPP that has not previously been published, indicates that such policies have, to a large extent, not been applied in practice. These are significant findings given the central role that enforcement of directors' duties performs in the regulation of corporate activity in Australia and the impact of such activity on society and the economy.


Based on fuel crossover behavior and bubble nucleation in the microfluidic fuel cell's channel, this research numerically presents the performance of air-breathing direct formic acid microfluidic fuel cells. In the simulation, a three-dimensional microfluidic fuel cell model was used. The continuity, momentum, species transport, and charge equations were used to develop the model transport behavior, whereas the Brinkman equation represented the porous medium flow in the gas diffusion layer. The I–V and power density curves are generated using the Butler–Volmer equation. The simulation and current experimental data were compared under identical operating conditions to validate the I–V curve of the microfluidic fuel cell model. The model was used to investigate the current density distribution in the microchannel due to bubble obstruction and the reactant concentration on both electrodes. Fuel crossover resulted in a large decrease in open-circuit voltage and a reduction in fuel concentration above the anode electrode. The findings also showed that a low-flow rate air-breathing direct formic acid microfluidic fuel cell is more prone to CO2 bubble formation.


1. A method for communication between one of the plurality of users (104) and a remote transmitting station (102) via a plurality of channels (106) connection, and each of communication channels characterized by at least one of transmission frequency, transmission time and transmit antenna in a system communications, wherein the plurality of channels (106) provide a plurality of communication links, and each of the user lines can be carried on a single channel or a plurality of channels, wherein the method comprises! reception destination for at least one of the plurality of channels (106) communications; ! transmission of a message about the quality of the line to a remote transmitting station (102), and a message about the quality of the line is associated with a metric planning, assigning each of the plurality of communication lines in a variety of communication channels; and! receive data for one or more of the links, the links are selected based appointment scheduling metrics, wherein the scheduling metric is determined based on the link quality and an average data throughput received by the user. ! 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the link quality includes a factor of a carrier-link noise and interference. ! 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the link quality includes a factor of the maximum possible communication data rate. ! 4. A method according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the link quality includes the instantaneous link quality. ! 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the scheduling metric assigned to each of the plurality of communication paths, further based on the bandwidth data link. ! 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the scheduling metric assigned to each of the plurality of communication lines, etc.


Due to its excellent mechanical properties and ultra-lightweight, Al-based foam with homogeneous small pore-structures has wide applicational prospects in many industrial fields. However, during the foaming process of molten Al, it is difficult to manipulate the pore structures of the Al-based foam by means of the ALPORAS© production route due to the violent gas-releasing performance of TiH2 as a traditional foaming agent. Herein, we developed the melt-foaming route, that is, using MgCO3/Zn composite powder as a foaming agent instead of TiH2, the Al-based foam with homogeneous small pore-structures (average diameter was about 1 mm) was prepared successfully. Meanwhile, the decomposition model of the MgCO3/Zn composite powder was proposed and further verified experimentally. The decomposition kinetics of the MgCO3/Zn composite powder was also analyzed. Our findings not only shed light on the practical manufacturing of Al-based foam with homogeneous small pore-structures, but provide an insightful improvement for melt-foaming approaches.


Groups often struggle to reach decisions, especially when populations are strongly divided by conflicting views. Traditional methods for collective decision-making involve polling individuals and aggregating results. In recent years, a new method called Artificial Swarm Intelligence (ASI) has been developed that enables networked human groups to deliberate in real-time systems, moderated by artificial intelligence algorithms. While traditional voting methods aggregate input provided by isolated participants, Swarm-based methods enable participants to influence each other and converge on solutions together. In this study we compare the output of traditional methods such as Majority vote and Borda count to the Swarm method on a set of divisive policy issues. We find that the rankings generated using ASI and the Borda Count methods are often rated as significantly more satisfactory than those generated by the Majority vote system (p<0.05). This result held for both the population that generated the rankings (the "in-group") and the population that did not (the "out-group"): the in-group ranked the Swarm prioritizations as 9.6% more satisfactory than the Majority prioritizations, while the out-group ranked the Swarm prioritizations as 6.5% more satisfactory than the Majority prioritizations. This effect also held even when the out-group was subject to a demographic sampling bias of 10% (i.e. the out-group was composed of 10% more Labour voters than the in-group). The Swarm method was the only method to be perceived as more satisfactory to the "out-group" than the voting group.


Considering for the traditions and the current situation of our country, the public people always pay close attention to the restriction of public servants' power. In fact not only the restriction but also ensurement of the public servants' power is of the same importance in promoting the development of our society:the ensurement of their power can make the public affairs be effectively executed, increase public interests and welfare. Restricting the servants' administrative power can prevent its abuse or improper use, which leads to infringe upon the interests of the people.


Tenofovir/FTC/efavirenz is a potent and guideline-preferred treatment regimen. Use of efavirenz, however, is limited by its adverse event profile, its


Objective: This study aimed to describe parental reactions at disclosure of a diagnosis of congenital anomaly and to investigate both the existence of distinct patterns of intensity of reactions and their association with post-diagnosis psychosymptomatology. Background: When receiving the news of a pre- or postnatal diagnosis of congenital anomaly, parents usually display acute grief reactions. However, questions arise regarding the variability and intensity of those reactions and their clinical significance. Method: Fifty-one women and 42 men whose infants were diagnosed with a congenital anomaly completed, one month after the disclosure, the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 and retrospectively evaluated their emotional experience at disclosure. Results: Negative emotions, and also hope, were experienced with greater intensity at disclosure. There was variability of emotional reactions, as two distinct patterns were identified: one pattern fits the acute grief reactions pattern, and another of less-intense emotional reactions. No gender differences were found on emotional reactions. Higher-intensity reactions at disclosure were associated with more psychosymptomatology one-month later only for fathers. Conclusion: Findings suggest the need for healthcare professionals to adjust their practice to meet parental needs in the early post-diagnosis stage. Both parents should be given the opportunity to express their emotions as a couple and individually.


ABSTRACT In most soil ecosystems, soil biological activity and associated processes are concentrated in the rhizosphere soil and is influenced by the external application of plant nutrients. The impacts of boron and sulfur on soil biological properties were evaluated in an Aeric Haplaquept (pH 5.7) growing rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) as a test crop. Application of boron (B) at 2 mg kg−1 in combination with sulfur (S) at 30 mg kg−1 (B2S30) resulted in highest available Boron and sulfur of 0.239 and 15.4 mg kg−1, respectively and registered 62.5% and 71.3% increase over control (B0S0) at 60 days of crop growth compared to individual applications. The microbial populations viz. phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) and nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) were the highest of 52.63 and 85.87 × 105 g−1 soil, respectively, CFU in B2S30 treatment at 60 days and adjudged as the best treatment combination for enhancement of soil biological indices and seed yield.


In a typical construction project, a contractor may often find that the time normally e xpected to perform the work has been severely reduced. The reduction of time available to complete a project is commonly known throughout the construction industry as schedule compression. Schedule compression is a problem because it negatively impacts lab or productivity in various ways, and it becomes a source of dispute between the owners and contractors. This paper investigates how schedule compression affects construction labor productivity and provides a model that quantifies the impact of schedule com pression on labor productivity by analyzing 66 mechanical projects and 37 sheet metal projects collected from across the United States. The model can be used in a pro -active manner to reduce productivity losses by managing the factors affecting productivit y under the situation of schedule compression. Another useful application of the model is its use as a litigation avoidance tool after the completion of a project. KEYWORD


"Facebook's most consequential impact may be in amplifying the universal tendency toward tribalism. Posts dividing the world into "us" and "them" rise naturally, tapping into


With the inbred line 'Aijiaohuang 97-3-2', 'Huangxinwu 003-27', 'Shanghaiqing 98-4-2' of Chinese cabbage-pak-choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino; syn. B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis) ,the inbred line 'Baimanjing 001-24' of turnip [B. campestris L. ssp. rapifera (Matzg.) Sinsk; syn. B. rapa L. ssp. rapifera], the inbred line 'Huangyacai 97-8-6' of Chinese cabbage-pe-tsai(B. campestris L. ssp. pekinensis Olsson; syn. B. rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) and 6 hybrids as experimental material. The relationship between differential gene expression patterns at rosette stage and heterosis of biologic yield component traits in the hybrids and their parents was analyzed by using cDNA-AFLP. Four types of differential gene expression patterns were detected between hybrids and their parents: UNF1 bands were observed only in F1 not in parents; ABF1 bands were observed in both parents but not in F1; UNP bands were observed only in one parent but not in F1 and another parent; DMP bands were observed in one parent and F1 not in another parent. Analysis results showed that ABF1 was significantly correlated with heterosis in leaf number, UNP was significantly correlated with heterosis in height of plant. These results indicated that differential expressed genes might play an important role in heterosis.


The condition needed by bilingual teaching is analyzed first with the practice of bilingual teaching and understanding its meaning.And the question how to ensure the teaching quality is discussed by practicing Digital Electronics.As a result,a certain bilingual teaching mode-combining Chinese and English tightly,is designed and practiced,which focuses on the classroom and utilization of Multi-Media courseware and helps on constructing the interactive class atmosphere.Finally,the problems in bilingual teaching practice are analyzed and some ideas for improvement are obtained.


Infanticide reached record levels in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century. Although the rising population and increasing poverty provided the essential precondition for this, the sharp rise in the practice identified by contemporaries in the 1820s and 1830s might not have taken place had the Dublin and Cork Foundling Hospitals continued to assume responsibility for the care of foundling children. But once they were no longer available to receive them, the women who give birth to the children that society identified as illegitimate chose to terminate their lives in record numbers in an attempt to avoid the severe stigma that this brought and the practical difficulties of taking care of a child alone. Using the cases that came before the coroners court and the crime figures assembled by the Royal Irish Constabulary from the 1830s, this article combines the quantitative analysis of the practice that this permits with a reliance on the qualitative approach that informed a previous investigation of the phenomenon in the eighteenth century to track its evolving trajectory, to identify its main features and to explain how it had arrived at a point by the 1840s when it exceeded homicide as the primary cause of violent death.


The choice and design for type of discharge energy dissipation is one of the key technological problems,which is for the construction of high dam in gorge region at home and abroad.Underflow for energy dissipators with sudden expansion and abrupt drop is a new type of energy dissipator.With the consideration of influenced by sudden expansion and abrupt drop,theory relationship for conjugate depths of hydraulic jump with is proposed firstly.The computational relationship for conjugate depths of multiple submerged jets is obtained also,which has very important theoretical guiding significance.


Solar energy is available during the day only. The excess heat energy collected during sunshine hours can be stored in the thermal energy storage and it can be reused during off sunshine hours. Latent heat energy storage systems by using phase change materials (PCMs) can be used effectively for storing thermal energy. It has high-energy storage density and the constant temperature storage process. In this paper, the performance of the latent heat storage system and phase change characteristics of PCM inside a rectangular latent heat energy storage unit will be presented. In this study, purified water is used heat transfer fluid (HTF) which is passed through the copper tubes inside the test unit and commercial-grade paraffin wax is used as PCM and indirect contact heat transfer method is used to heat exchange from the HTF to PCM. It was found that the PCM at the upper layer of the test section first melted during the melting process. Moreover, the effects of inlet temperature of HTF on the charging process was investigated. It can be concluded that increasing the inlet temperature of HTF effectively decreases the total charging time of the melting process. The amounts of heat storage for the inlet temperature of HTF 70 °C and 80 °C are 7400 kJ and 6555 kJ respectively during the melting process.


Auto-encoders (AEs) have been proposed for solving many problems in the domain of machine learning and deep learning since the last few decades. Due to their satisfactory performance, their multiple variations have also recently appeared. First, we introduce the conventional AE model and its different variant for learning abstract features from data by using a contrastive divergence algorithm. Second, we present the major differences among the following three popular AE variants: sparse AE (SAE), denoising AE (DAE), and contractive AE (CAE). Third, the main contribution of this study is performing the comparative study of the aforementioned three AE variants on the basis of their mathematical modeling and experiments. All the variants of the standard AE are evaluated on the basis of the MNIST benchmark handwritten digit dataset for classification problem. The observed output reveals the benefit of using the AE model and its variants. From the experiments, it is concluded that CAE achieved better classification accuracy than those of SAE and DAE.


The cultivation of radish in an organic system has potential for production to such a degree that alternatives of cultivation have been used to improve productivity in relation to fertilization. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of organomineral fertilization on gas exchange, growth, and production of radish. The experiment was carried in non-climatized greenhouse crop, with a metallic structure in form of arc, covered with 150 mm low-density polyethylene, in greater length-oriented East-Oste direction of Science and Technology Center of Federal University of Campina Grande, using the Crimson Gigante variety. The soil used experiment was fluvic neosol. The experimental design used was the completely randomized with three replications, using the Crimson Gigante variety. Seven treatments were used, which consisted of three doses of cattle manure (37.5; 75.0, and 150g per pot), three concentrations of biofertilizer (5; 10 and 15%), and mineral fertilization. This work analyzed the characteristics of growth, production, and gas exchange. The treatment (5% biofertilizer) provided greater height of the radish plants, however, the (75.0g manure per pot) resulted in a higher number of leaves. The concentration of 10% of the biofertilizer, obtained the largest diameter, fresh and dry matter of the tuberous root. The treatment presented higher fresh and dry matter of the leaves when compared with the other treatments. The use of organic fertilizers promoted greater production in the radish crop and can be used as an alternative to conventional fertilization.


Under the Chair ofMr Ted Howard, President ofthe Section of Surgery and his brother, consultant microbiologist Dr Tony Howard, the symposium opened with a paper by Mr David Leaper (Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK) entitled 'Surgical techniques risk management in surgical sepsis'. He reviewed the remarkable advances in surgery made in the last century which have been achieved with the lowest recorded rates of surgical infection and sepsis. Although many surgical practices are time honoured they have little scientific basis for the prevention of postoperative infection, whereas other local and systemic factors are now well recognized and proven. Surgical skills are not easily measurable but Mr Leaper presented data to show that short operations in experienced hands, which probably leave behind the minimum of tissue damage, haematoma or dead space are associated with the lowest rates ofinfection in general surgery; <2% in clean operations and < 10% in contaminated or dirty operations. Adequate surgical scrub, the use of appropriate suture materials and antibiotic prophylaxis, the perioperative management ofpoor nutrition and dehydration are examples of effective therapy which can be conformed to by all surgeons. Other factors such as the use of wound guards, drains and surgical dressings are less easy to estimate in their effectiveness or in a decision to change or leave out of surgical ritual.


The double-time thermal Green function method with the symmetric and antisymmetric decoupling scheme and modified pseudospin model proposed by Li and Qin for squaric acid have been used in present study to discuss the effect of electric field on some dielectric properties. Expressions for shift, width, soft mode frequency, dielectric constant, loss and transition temperature have been evaluated. By fitting model values of physical quantities in the theoretical expressions thermal dependence of antiferroelectric mode frequency, dielectric constant and loss have been calculated in presence of electric field in the vicinity of transition temperature. Theoretical results are similar to other antiferroelectric crystals.


The goal of this work is to investigate the effectiveness of amorphous SiO2−FexOy loaded by functionalization with Ce(SO4)2, Li2SO4, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) for CO2 adsorption. Silica and iron-based materials are gaining popularity due to their wide range of applications, such as catalysis, photocatalysis, imaging, etc.; however, there are very few studies regarding the adsorption of CO2 with the aforementioned materials. In our study, we proposed to test their ability in this direction by adding cerium sulfate and lithium sulfate. Three base materials were obtained and characterized using XRD, FTIR, RAMAN, TG, SEM, and BET followed by their functionalization with amino groups by using of the APTES precursor. The SEM images indicate an increase in size, forming clusters from 100 nm for base materials to 500 nm for functionalized materials. The results indicate a maximum CO2 adsorption of 1.58 mmol/g material for the SiO2−FexOy−Li−APTES sample.


This study explored the state of placement of students with disabilities (SWD) in districts across the State of California and the relationship between placement and economic and demographic factors. Results suggest significant variability in classroom placement, relationships between placement and factors, such as race and expenditure, and alarmingly low access to general education classrooms for students with extensive support needs.


The authors studied moves made in men's gymnastic single event finals in the 29th Olympic Games in terms of move type,move difficulty and move usage,except vaulting horse,and revealed the following findings: difficulty moves for group D or higher became the main body of the value of move routines completed by the play-ers;the times of usage of different types of moves in various events were unbalanced,and there was a sign of "making up" moves just to meet the requirements for a certain move type;guiding functions of rules resulted in the occurrence of more stylish moves and new connections during the Beijing Olympic Games period.


KEY POINTS • COVID-19 has impacted antimicrobial drug prescribing both directly, through COVID-19 treatment, and indirectly, through the reduced spread of illnesses for which antimicrobial drugs are commonly prescribed. • Overall, antimicrobial drug prescriptions declined significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the largest reductions in May and June 2020 relative to 2019 prescription levels. • Prescriptions for azithromycin and ceftriaxone in long-term care facilities increased 63% and 25%, respectively, in April 2020 relative April 2019. After this early peak, these drugs were prescribed at rates comparable to 2019 levels through the remainder of 2020. • Monthly prescriptions for antimicrobial drugs have slowly increased since their lowest point in 2020, and as of June 2021, have reached pre-pandemic levels.


Non‐biting midges of the genus Labrundinia (Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) are minute dipterans with immature stages living in a variety of unpolluted water bodies, from small streams and ponds to lakes and bays. Extensively recorded in ecological studies, the genus comprises 39 species, all except one described from areas outside the Palearctic region. Internal structure among Labrundinia species was postulated by S. S. Roback, who recognized four species groups based on morphological characters of immature stages. We examined phylogenetic relationships among known Labrundinia species using partial DNA sequences of the nuclear protein‐coding gene CAD and morphological characters. Both analyses with Bayesian inference and parsimony methods recovered the monophyly of Labrundinia, strongly supported by five morphological synapomorphies. Internal relationships within the genus partly supported Roback's species groups with the addition of later described species. Biogeographical inferences were obtained by applying Bayesian binary MCMC (BBM) analysis and favoured a scenario where Labrundinia had its initial diversification in the Neotropical region and that current presence in the Nearctic region and southern South America is due to subsequent dispersal.


A traditional consistency checking method of checking the incomplete comparison matrix is presented.Then,an approach of improving this method is given-the consistency proportion checking method for incomplete compaison matrix.


The results of 2014 speckle interferometric observations of double stars, made with the 26 inch (66 cm) refractor of the US Naval Observatory, are presented. These observations are averaged into 1266 mean positions and range in separation from 0.″21 to 13.″41, with a mean separation of 2.″61. This is the seventh in a series of papers presenting measures obtained with this system and covers the period 2000 January 10 through December 8.


The effect of storage on tablets formulated with two different brands of coarse microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). MCC-1 and MCC-2, was studied. To compare the two, 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide tablets were prepared by direct compression, using a 50:50 blend of MCC and anhydrous lactose, incorporating crosslinked PVP, croscarmellose, or sodium starch glycolate and magnesium steorate. Tablets (150 mg) were compressed on a rotary tablet press and were evaluated for weight, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution (U.S.P) initially, and after 9 months storage at room temperature


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2.1.1 Taxonomy and morphology of scleractinian corals Stony corals are marine invertebrates in the phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata) that secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton. Cnidaria is the only phylum that is diploblastic (i.e., two-tissue layers); all higher taxa are triploblastic (three-tissue layers) and thus contain a true mesoderm. The phylum is named Cnidaria because organisms use cnidae (capsules containing nematocysts) for prey capture and self-defense. Organisms in the phylum can be solitary (one polyp) or colonial (many polyps).


Line drawing techniques are important methods to illustrate shapes. Existing feature line methods, e.g., suggestive contours, apparent ridges, or photic extremum lines, solely determine salient regions and illustrate them with separate lines. Hatching methods convey the shape by drawing a wealth of lines on the whole surface. Both approaches are often not sufficient for a faithful visualization of organic surface models, e.g., in biology or medicine. In this paper, we present a novel object‐space line drawing algorithm that conveys the shape of such surface models in real‐time. Our approach employs contour‐ and feature‐based illustrative streamlines to convey surface shape (ConFIS). For every triangle, precise streamlines are calculated on the surface with a given curvature vector field. Salient regions are detected by determining maxima and minima of a scalar field. Compared with existing feature lines and hatching methods, ConFIS uses the advantages of both categories in an effective and flexible manner. We demonstrate this with different anatomical and artificial surface models. In addition, we conducted a qualitative evaluation of our technique to compare our results with exemplary feature line and hatching methods.


Salts and phosphates improve yield, tenderness, and juiciness of marinated poultry products, but alternatives to the use of salts and phosphates are desired to reduce dietary sodium levels. Further, imports of phosphate treated meats are banned in some countries. Hence, alternatives to phosphates are desirable in marination technology. Low methoxyl pectin (LMP) and amidated low methoxyl pectin (LMP-A) in the absence of added salt were evaluated as ingredients to improve yield and quality of marinated poultry. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and NaCl and noninjected muscle were used as controls to determine the effect of pectin on quality. STPP/NaCl injected breasts had the highest % net weight increase, greatest tenderness, greatest cook yield, and % moisture content. Pectin injected breasts were intermediate and noninjected controls were lowest for % net weight increase, % cook yield, and % moisture content. Tenderness of pectin injected breasts was not different from noninjected controls. Marination had no effect on psychrotrophic bacterial count.


In this study, we propose a method for extracting free translation examples from bilingual parallel corpora based on an innovative use of attention scores. Preliminary results show that the approach is promising and paraphrases at both sentential and sub-sentential levels covering diverse surface forms could be identified. The extracted data, upon further filtering, have great potential to supplement the example sentences available in existing bilingual dictionaries in an effective and systematic way.


The contrast source inversion (CSI) algorithm was introduced for microwave imaging in 1997 and has since proven to be one of the most successful algorithms for nonlinear microwave tomography. In the CSI algorithm, the nonlinear integral equation, which must be solved to extract the constitutive electromagnetic parameters of the object under test from the microwave measurements, is represented by two linear equations, known as the data and the object equations. In this paper, the data equation in the CSI algorithm is reformulated using the so-called log-phase formulation. In this formulation, the measured data is represented by the change in the logarithm of the amplitude and the change in the unwrapped phase. This formulation has previously been applied for nonlinear tomography within the framework of a Gauss-Newton based algorithm for detection of breast cancer. Here, significant improvements have been observed compared to the more commonly used real-imaginary formulation. The modified CSI algorithm is tested on both simulated data and on a measurement of a breast. It is shown that for imaging setups with large differences in the measured signals, the new formulation of the data equation significantly improves the performance of the CSI algorithm.


This paper investigates two computational approaches to the solution of a particular nonequilibrium fluid problem of Poiseuille flow. In the problem formula tion considered, the viscosity μ and the thermal con ductivity k are taken to be functions of temperature. By incorporating certain assumptions, the fundamental partial differential equations describing the phys ical situation can be simplified to a pair of non linear ordinary differential equations. The problem solution, however, is embedded in a two-point boundary value problem whose solution is complicated by an ill-behaved region at one end of the solution trajectory. Solutions to the problem are obtained using both an analog/hybrid computer and the S/360 CSMP package. The mechanisms provided in both these computational environments for handling logic signals provides the means for coping with the ill-behaved feature inher ent in the solution trajectory. The results obtained in both approaches compare favorably with previously reported results based on the Picard method. Each of the two approaches has its inherent advan tages and disadvantages in the context of the prob lem considered. With little doubt, the high "inter activity" of the analog/hybrid approach represented its most noteworthy asset, while the relative ease with which the basic problem dynamics could be pro grammed was the most advantageous feature of the CSMP approach. However, the relative difficulty in handling the two-point boundary value problem in the CSMP approach complicated the total programming effort required.


: The increase in pollution everywhere, due to increase in urbanization and industrialization, attracts the major concern of all the authority and the people at global level look forward to find out the way to resolve it. Pollutants are the substances that cause pollution and that affect the environment. Though the efforts were to control air pollution have traditionally focused on the outdoor air, it is now apparent that high concentrations of contaminants are common inside most private and public buildings (indoor air). The concerns about public health problems increase here due to indoor air pollution and are based on the fact that states, urban residents usually spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors, and the concentrations of some contaminants are higher in indoors than outdoors, and some of the pollutants personal exposures are not characterized effectively by outdoor measurements. Our idea is based on the NASA Clean Air Study. This idea is mainly focusing on reducing indoor air pollution through the use of plants.


Methane, with tritium substitutions, occurs as an impurity in many tritium process streams. Palladium-silver diffusers, permeators, have been used extensively in tritium processing to remove hydrogen isotopes from process gas streams.


Protection of nature for biodiversity, and for the material livelihoods of Indigenous peoples, have much in common. Indigenous relations to nature are, however, based on unity between use and protection, implying that human use is necessary for effective protection. Often protected areas include the homelands of Indigenous peoples, whose needs and rights are still being ignored to a large extent. This paper explores the effects of a plan for a significant increase of large nature protection areas in Norway, still under implementation. Most of the new protection areas are in the heartland of the Indigenous Sami, whose core livelihood is reindeer management. The plan implies transfer of jurisdiction from Indigenous and local domains to formalised central domains. In several cases, this has provoked Indigenous and rural groups to organised resistance. In this case study, there are signs of new tensions between Sami and other rural groups. Indigenous land use can be marginalised by park restrictions and increasing pressure from visitor activity. The Sami response was to boycott the park management board leading to a stalemate. A robust solution seems to require consideration of deeper institutional levels.


L XAFS spectra of polycrystalline Fe and Cr films are investigated by EXAFS and TEY (Total Electron Yield) techniques. A new method of obtaining local structure information from overlapping L XAFS spectra for 3d metals is proposed. Tikhonov regularization method of solving ill-posed problem is used. In contrast to the conventional methods (Fourier transformation and fitting procedures) this method does not demand any model assumption and any special procedure of deconvolution of L1 –, L2 –, L3 – contributions. The parameters obtained from L XAFS spectra of polycrystalline Fe and Cr films (interatomic distance and coordination number for the first and the second coordination shells) agree with the expected crystallographic values. Up to now the regularization method was applied only to nonoverlapping XAFS spectra.


Ten good-quality parents including 5 CMS lines and 5 restorers were used to make incomplete diallel crosses for studying the inheritance of cooking-quality characters in indica hybrid rice.Genetic analysis was conducted by using genetic models including genotype×environment interaction for gelatination temperature(GT),gel consistency(GC)and amylose content(AC). The results showed that:(1)The genetic variations(Vg) for each of 3 characters accounted for more than 84% of phenotype variation,indicating that all cooking-quality traits were mainly controlled by genetic effect.(2)The genetic variations of GT and AC were mainly attributable to maternal additive (V_(Am)),while GC was predominated by direct additive effect.(3)Compared with genetic main effect,the genotype×en Vironment interaction effect(V_(GE)) was much less important,with AC for 15.4%.(4)Heterosis analysis revealed that GC and GT presented negative dominances,and AC performed positive dominance.(5)The comarison between the contributions by CMS lines and restorers to F_1 quality improvement showed that GC and AC were much more influenced by CMS lines than that by restorers,whilst GT was more influenced by restorers than that by CMS lines.