Electric power has a very important role in the electric power system. Where electrical power is needed to drive the electric motors. Electricity is a major requirement for a plant to be able to operate the generator. After the start the operation of the turbine is complete then obtained an electric power is its own electrical power usage. Where a load is installed can affect its own large electric power consumption is required. To find out how much electrical power is required in the use of its own power plant units 1,2,3 and 4 Sector Bukit Asam then do a calculation. The presence of a calculation can determine the most efficient calculation to determine the use of its own power. Through the calculation results are then obtained its own large electric power consumption in accordance with the calculation of production planning, calculation Kwh own use, load calculation attached.


The value of the fundamental quantity in radiometry, the watt, is presently realized by electrical substitution in which the temperature produced in a blackened material due to absorption of radiant energy is balanced against that produced by electrical energy whose current and voltage can be accurately measured. A new method to measure optical radiation is being explored by the National Bureau of Standards in which photons are absorbed in a semiconductor and converted with an efficiency closely approaching the theorectical maximum - 100 percent. Other radiometric concepts, such as radiance, irradiance, and radiant intensity can easily be defined through simple geometric relationships. Photometry on the other hand, while sharing these identical relationships also introduces detector response modeled after human visual traits, new measurement unit names, and a reliance on source intensity as its practical fundamental quantity. The validity of assumptions often unconsciously made in measurement techniques will be examined from the view point of detector-based radiometry and photometry.


Sinophone Studies: A Critical Reader, edited by Shu-mei Shih, Chien-hsin Tsai, and Brian Bernards. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. Pp. 472. US$40.00 (paper). ISBN: 978-0-231-15751-3.Sinophone studies is a movement fueled as much by internal debate as it is by its critique of Sinocentrism. Following Shu-mei Shih's introductory "What Is Sinophone Studies?" the Critical Reader under review arranges its internal debates into two sections, "Issues and Controversies" and "Discrepant Perspectives" (with helpful lead-ins by Chien-hsin Tsai and Brian Bernards, respectively), leaving a third section, "Sites and Articulations" (introduced by Tsai and Bernards), to present the case against Sinocentrism. In addition to the benefit to both teaching and research in having all these articles in the same place, these first two sections are also what make the Critical Reader more than a collection of essays in the mode of, say, Global Chinese Literature: Critical Essays Ging Tsu and David Wang, eds., Leiden: Brill, 2010), the other multi-author volume to give sustained treatment to the Sinophone (of course, these books are much more complementary than in competition with each other). Nevertheless, aside from the significance of translations into English of articles by Kim Chew Ng and David Wang, as well as reprints by figures such as Ha Jin few of us would have thought to include in such a sourcebook, the already initiated scholar of the Sinophone will find the most worthwhile readings in section three. Here, the Critical Reader presents overviews of regional subfields followed by singleauthor close-readings, from Hong Kong (by Mirana May Szeto and Rey Chow), Taiwan (by Chien-chung Chen, Hsinya Huang, Pei-Yin Lin, and Chien-hsin Tsai), Tibet (by Patricia Schiaffini and Carlos Rojas), and Malaysia (by Kim Tong Tee, E. K. Tan, and Brian Bernards); a suite of articles on writing in Chinese in New Zealand Gacob Edmond), North America (Sau-ling C. Wong and Te-hsing Shan), Europe (Andrea Bachner), and Latin America (Ignacio Lopez-Calvo); and a reconsideration of canonical Republican-era fiction in light of the Sinophone (by Carles Prado-Fonts and Shuang Shen). Rather than summarize each section, let alone every article, one by one, however, I will focus on certain questions the Sinophone raises, which are answered to greater or lesser success within the Critical Reader's pages. Specifically, I have in mind questions of nomenclature in Sinophone studies, translation, the place of China proper in Sinophone studies, and some thoughts on how to sustain an academic movement.Sinophone studies being a primarily literary area of inquiry, its practitioners necessarily pay close attention to language, particularly in nomenclature. When I wrote, above, "writing in Chinese in New Zealand ... North America ... Europe ..." I think more devote practitioners of Sinophone studies would want to correct that to "Sinophone writing in New Zealand," or even "writing in Sinitic." Similar formulations, many of which trace to Victor Mair, as in topolect rather than dialect, find a home in the Critical Reader, which is particular about not privileging mainland Chinese terminology or its ideologies, preferring instead words attempting at degree zero representations. This is laudable, but likewise limited. Xenophobes in the US suffer no cognitive dissonance in saying, "This is America-speak English," and while C.E. is preferable to A.D. for not inscribing Christian chronology onto non-Christian places and periods, the switch may only hide the fact that we still calculate global time according to a very particular person in a particular place, and that the Common Era, like it or not, is the Christian era. Similarly, the root for China is also Sina, so saying Sinophone or Sinitic or |£g§ or rather than "Chinese" cannot completely liberate the representation of the language from its centralization in an originary China or a mythic 4*^P. And yet, while no term alone may complete liberation, in the attention to terminology is the potential for understanding how language shapes consciousness, and how consciousness may react to language. …


Individual performance rewards and individual performance appraisals are key elements of "calculative HRM." As practices, they figure strongly in the most highly cited studies within strategic HRM research. However, these studies are generally located within a single, distinct context, the USA, a context in which there is an underlying assumption of firm latitude. Varieties of capitalism literature indicates that this assumption is inappropriate to the context of coordinated market economies of Europe. We review cross-national studies of the adoption of calculative HRM and observe a substantial influence of national context on its adoption by firms. In terms of how to conceive national context, we observe that recent research suggests that formal institutional influences are of more salience than informal influences. The relative importance of formal institutional influences has consequences for international management education that predominantly views context through a cultural lens. We further observe that recent research of the uptake of calculative HRM perceives context as a constraint rather than as a determinant. Regardless of context, managers have at least some latitude to implement calculative HRM practices. However, we suggest that their efforts need to be adapted to and sensitive to contextual constraints.


This paper proposes a novel recursive structure block-based Wallace tree multiplier with the capability to tune its accuracy based on the precision and power requirements. The multiplier performs multiplication operations recursively from small blocks to large blocks, with a fine grain capability of turning off small blocks to trade off with power. By tuning the fidelity design "knob", we show that the 32-bit implementation of the proposed imprecise multiplier can achieve an average power savings up to 47% and 10% improvement in latency compared to a convectional Wallace tree multiplier. A case study on JPEG compression algorithm demonstrates the promising application of such multiplier design.


ABSTRACT Live imaging is the requisite tool for studying cell behaviors driving embryonic development and tissue formation. Genetically encoded reporters expressed under cell type-specific cis-regulatory elements that drive fluorescent protein expression at sufficient levels for visualization in living specimens have become indispensable for these studies. Increasingly dual-color (red-green) imaging is used for studying the coordinate behaviors of two cell populations of interest, identifying and characterizing subsets within broader cell populations or subcellular features. Many reporters have been generated using green fluorescent protein (GFP) due to its brightness and developmental neutrality. To compliment the large cohort of available GFP reporters that label cellular populations in early mouse embryos, we have generated a red fluorescent protein (RFP)-based transgenic reporter using the red fluorescent tdTomato protein driven by cis-regulatory elements from the mouse Hex locus. The Hex-tdTomato reporter predominantly labels endodermal cells. It is a bright RFP-based reporter of the distal visceral endoderm (DVE)/anterior visceral endoderm (AVE), a migratory population within the early post-implantation embryo. It also labels cells of the definitive endoderm (DE), which emerges at gastrulation. Dual-color visualization of these different early endodermal populations will provide a detailed understanding of the cellular behaviors driving key morphogenetic events involving the endoderm. Summary: A red fluorescent reporter under the regulatory control of the mouse Hex gene permits identification of different endodermal populations and visualization of dynamic cellular behaviors driving endoderm specification and morphogenesis.


·It was the purpose of my thesis to trace the evolution of Steinbeck 1 s view, in his non-f~ction, of what the conflict between good and evil consists, along with the development of this concern, and its related stylistic influence, on his fiction, in order to show that Steinbeck's major concern was for man's relationship to this conflict. I was alerted to the existence of an evolution in view in Steinbeck by the chance reading of his last novel, The Win-:_ ~ of Our Discontent, in juxtaposition with several early novels. In order best to follow this change, then, I read all of Steinbeck's works in the order of their publication, and then as near to all as possible of the Steinbeck criticism available at the u. c. Berkeley library. The lack of a thorough study of any of Steinbeck's philosophical changes became apparent as a result of my systematic reading. In my thesis, I first noted difficulties critics have had due to the author's reticence to discuss his books or personal life, his sometime lack of clarity, and his gradual change in both philosophy and style which affected authorciitic relations during his lifetime. I stated a wish to explore further the third Steinbeckian trait, that of his gradual change in philosophy and style, especially in terms of his attitude towards the great human problem of the conflict between good and evil.


An Intrusion Detection System (abbreviated as IDS) is a defense system, which detects hostile activities in a network. The key is then to detect and possibly prevent activities that may compromise system security, or a hacking attempt in progress including reconnaissance/data collection phases that involve for example, port scans. One key feature of intrusion detection systems is their ability to provide a view of unusual activity and issue alerts notifying administrators and/or block a suspected connection. This paper explains IDS classification and different phases of Intrusion analysis. This paper also describes the working of each component involved in multi-tiered architecture.


Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a kind of wireless network. It is a backbone of new generation advanced communication technology. MANET is an ideal applicant for rescue and emergency situation due to its independence of connected devices of fixed wires. This paper represents a work on trust based system in MANET cluster that can be used to improve the performance of the network even in the existence of not trusted nodes. In the cluster architecture, cluster head and gateway nodes form a communication for routing among neighbouring clusters. But selection of cluster head is the important problem in dynamic Ad-hoc network because cluster head work as coordinator in clustered architecture. In this work, some values have used correspond to the threshold values of forward packet and dropped packet of each node within the network cluster. These values have been used dynamically updated every time and the node is selected as cluster head. In this technique of selecting the node as cluster head, the node which has maximum trusted value is elected as cluster head and this information is updated in every node's trusted table. After implementation of our desired work, the proposed Dynamic Trust Evaluation of Cluster Head (DTE-CH) technique is analysed with traditional routing protocols and traditional clustering technique viz. Highest Degree Algorithm. The simulation is done by using network simulator software on the basis of different performance metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, packet drop, average end to end delay and remain energy. Simulation result presents that proposed DTE-CH technique improves the performance of network as compare to most suitable existing AODV MANET protocol based technique as well as traditional highest degree clustering technique. Keywords— MANET, Routing Protocols, Highest Degree Clustering Algorithm, Proposed DTE-CH Algorithm


Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples worldwide, an estimated 30% of which is related to male factor infertility. Application of low level laser therapy (LLLT) to improve fertility status is a rapidly growing discipline in medicine. Laser therapy triggers a variety of biological processes through interaction with primary cellular photoacceptors. The present review aims at evaluating the literature available in the MEDLINE/ PubMed on cellular and molecular mechanisms of photobiomodulation in the domains of reproductive and veterinary medicine. We primarily focused on the clinical application of laser treatment on seminal quality, in particular its role in promoting spermatozoa motility, as well as the role of phototherapy in modulating assisted reproduction (ART). Additionally, we investigated the strength of evidence in support of the positive impact of photobiomodulation on facilitating ART.


In Theorem 1.2 of the paper math.GT/0002110 the author claimed to have proved that all transversal knots whose topological knot type is that of an iterated torus knot (we call them cable knots) are transversally simple. That theorem is false, and the Erratum math.GT/0610565 identifies the gap. The purpose of this paper is to explore the situation more deeply, in order to pinpoint exactly which cable knots are {\it not} transversally simple. The class is subtle and interesting. We will recover the strength of the main theorem in math.GT/0002110, in the sense that we will be able to prove a strong theorem about cable knots, but the theorem itself is more subtle than Theorem 1.2 of math.GT/0002110.
In particular, we give a geometric realization of the Honda-Etnyre transverse (2,3)-cable of the (2,3)-torus knot example (Appendix joint with H. Matsuda). (See math.SG/0306330)


Baum, J. A. C. and Smgh, J. V. (eds) (1994) Evolutionary Dynamics of Organisations Oxford, Oxford University Press. Buckley, P. J. and Ghauri, P. (eds) (1993) The Internationalisation of the Firm , London, Academic Press. Cooper, R. (1995, forthcoming) The New World Disorder, London, Demos. Dunleavy (1994) The globalisation of public services production: can government be 'best in world'?, Public policy and administration 9 (2): 36-65. Knoke, D. (1990) Political Networks: the Structural Perspective Cambndge, Cambridge University Press. Lauman, E. O. and Knoke, D. (1987) The Organistional State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains , Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin Press. Margetts, H. and Dunleavy, P. (1995, forthcoming) The internationalisation of public services production, in Government and Culture, special issue of Demos Quarterly, autumn. Marsh, D. and Rhodes, R. A. W. (eds) (1992) Policy Networks in British Government, Oxford, Clarendon Press.


m-deposition within synovia and to the initiation ofan inflammatory process, which culminates in destruc-tive spondyloarthropathy.The association between HLA-B27 and ankylosing spon-dylitis (AS) was discovered thirty years ago [1] and is stillby far the strongest known association between an HLAclass I gene and a disease. AS [2,3] belongs to thespondyloarthropathies, a group of related chronic inflam-matory rheumatic diseases. The most characteristicmanifestation of AS is bilateral (grade 2–4) or unilateral(grade 3 or 4) sacroiliitis, in combination with one orseveral other clinical symptoms, including low back pain,limitedlumbarspinalmotionordecreasedchestexpansionrelative to normal values for sex and age. The onset of ASusually occurs between 20 and 45 years of age. In contrastto reactive arthritis, another HLA-B27-associated disease,in which thetriggering role ofan infection, for example, byChlamydia trachomatis, has been established [2,4], thereis no evidence for an involvement of microbes or viruses inAS pathogenesis. Several hypotheses have been putforward to account for the association between HLA-B27and AS, however none of them provide a satisfactoryexplanation (reviewed in [2–6]).There are two pairs of HLA-B27 subtypes that exhibitdifferential disease association: they differ in only a single(residue 116, HLA-B p 2705 and B p 2709) or two (residues114 and 116, B p 2704 and B p 2706) amino acids. Theseresidues are located within the F-pocket of HLA class Imolecules and influence the binding of the C-terminus ofa presented peptide [7–9] as well as the interaction withthe chaperone tapasin [10]. Tapasin is involved inloading of peptides with high affinity towards a class Imolecule. However, the common, disease-associated sub-type B p 2705 does not totally depend on tapasin forpeptidepresentation[11]andalsobindsexceptionallylongpeptides in vivo with, presumably, suboptimal affinities[12]. This lack of an absolute requirement for a tapasin–HLA-B27 interaction might influence the half-life of asubpopulation of peptide-complexed molecules on the cellsurface, favouring the dissociation of non-covalentlybound b


The invention relates to a method for extracting 1-deoxynojirimycin from mulberry leaves. The method comprises the following steps: cleaning fresh mulberry leaves, drying and pulverizing, wherein the diameter of the pulverized mulberry leaves is up to 0.1-1cm; then, uniformly mixing the pulverized mulberry leaves and extraction solvent according to a certain proportion, and placing the mixture into a trough of an ultra-micro pulverizer to pulverize, wherein pulverization and extraction are carried out simultaneously; and after the extraction is finished, centrifuging feed liquid, taking supernate, dewatering and drying to obtain powder. By using the method, the extraction efficiency is increased, the processing process is simplified, the introduction of substances such as flocculating agent and the like is reduced, and therefore, the subsequent purification and separation operations are more favorably carried out.


A digital stethoscope is constructed for the adaptive mitigation of internal and external noise accompanying real-time acoustical heart measurements. The developed system utilizes the fundamentals of statistical tendencies accompanying signals for the suppression of noise, reconstruction of heart signals, and heart rate calculation in a simultaneous manner. In this paper, the designed digital stethoscope is reconstructed from a mathematical model accompanied by the physical equipment used. After the exploration of the system from mathematical principles is completed, the working performance of the instrument is displayed followed by the derivation and implementation of the variable step-size least-mean-squares adaptive noise cancelling algorithm.


The present schools can't survive or develop without a link with other organizations.Six theories interpreting the relations between organizations include the explanation by trade cost economy,the explanation by the resource-dependence theory,motive of strategic choice,explanation by the interorganization relations,explanation by the organization learning theory and the explanation by the institutional theory.Based on the deficiencies of every theory as well as the characteristics of the relationship between schools and organizations,a framework of integration and interpretation has been put forward.This framework embodies the reason and motivation of schools'participation in the relations between organizations which have potential advantages to the schools,but at the same time the hidden threats confronted by schools can be used to analyze the reasons why schools maintain ties with other organizations.


Corrosion of steel reinforced concrete members has stimulated the research on fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) to be used as an internal reinforcement for concrete structures. The behavior of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars subjected to extreme temperatures is very critical for applications in North America, especially in Canada. There is a high demand for experimental studies to investigate the thermal stability of strength, along with the ultimate elongation, and modulus of GFRP bars. This paper evaluates the variation of mechanical properties of sand-coated GFRP reinforcing bars subjected to low temperatures (ranging from 0 to −100°C ) and elevated temperatures (ranging from 23 to 315°C ). Tensile, shear and flexural properties are investigated to get an overview of the thermal stability of mechanical properties of GFRP bars subjected to large variations of temperatures. Microstructural analyzes using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), physical measurements by thermogravimetric...


W/O emulsification flooding is a new type of oil displacement method, which can effectively improve oil recovery, but there are few materials used for W/O emulsification at present. Therefore, we prepared a hydrophobic nano calcium carbonate (WS-Ca) and compounded it with Span80 to form a nano oil displacement system. The contact angle experiment demonstrates that WS-Ca is lipophilic material. After testing the emulsification performance, viscosity, interfacial tension and oil displacement performance of the oil displacement system, it is found that the nano oil displacement system with the best performance is WS-Ca (800ppm) +Span80 (1%), and the displacement system and oil are emulsified into W/O emulsion, and the viscosity of emulsion is 25 times that of crude oil. Furthermore, the oil displacement system can successfully lower the oil-water interfacial tension and increase the oil recovery of injection water to 62.63%.


We infer the relationship of Oniscidea by utilizing two genetic markers, COI and 16S, and build a topology using the Maximum Likelihood method. We found that troglobitic behavior to have arisen multiple times independently, and the genera Spherillo and Burmoniscus to be in need of revision.


The invention provides an overall rack erecting tooling and a welding method. The overall rack erecting tooling comprises a mobile crane, wherein a steel wire rope is arranged on the mobile crane and is connected with lifting lugs at one end of a rack, and erecting tooling bodies connected with lifting lugs at the other end of the rack are further arranged; a pin hole is formed in the top of a base part of each erecting tooling body and is connected with a pin shaft, and the pin shaft is connected with the corresponding lifting lug; the gravity center of each erecting tooling body is located at the lower part of the base part. The two erecting tooling bodies are connected with the two lifting lugs at one end of the rack respectively, and the mobile crane is connected with the two lifting lugs at the other end of the rack; the mobile crane lifts in an inching manner until the two erecting tooling bodies are perpendicular to the ground, so that the welding difficulty of the rack is reduced. According to the tooling, the rack with weight of nearly 40 t can be erected, so that PC (horizontal position welding), PF (vertical position welding) and PD (horizontal overhead position welding) are converted into PA (downward welding) or PB (horizontal fillet welding) which is easy to operate; with the adoption of the erecting tooling structure, structural deformation of the rack in an erecting process can be reduced.


Abstract In this research, an efficient method for the one-pot synthesis of 2-aminothiazoles via the reaction of thiourea with methylcarbonyls in the presence of iodine as an oxidant reagent has been developed using asparagine as a green organocatalyst at 80 °C in DMSO solvent. Advantages of this efficient method include greener and cleaner conditions, easy isolation of products, higher purity and excellent yield of products, and convenient manipulation.


The paper presents the results of a study of the fauna of ground beetles in meadow associations of nature reserves of the Republic of Tatarstan. The studies were carried out on the territory of protected areas located in different landscape zones. The volume of material was 3132 ground beetle specimens collected by pitfall traps. Differences between the plant conditions of the South Taiga and Forest-Steppe zones did not have a significant impact on the species composition and ecological and faunistic structure of ground beetle communities. The exception was species with a narrow range type. Their share significantly differed in the studied areas.


With the increasing acceptance of digital certificates, now there has been a gaining impetus for methods to nullify the compromised digital certificates and enable the end user to receive this information before trusting a revoked certificate. The problem of certificate revocation is getting more and more crucial with the development of WANbased PKIs. This paper discusses the need and importance of revocation, identifies and analyzes a variety of options that may be considered by those undertaking to address the revocation of digital certificates based on CRL. In addition, this paper also focuese on the implementation of Delta CRL in MYPKI.


CARBON MONOXIDE absorption, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (D l ), and the pulmonary capillary blood volume (V c ) are less in normal adults in the upright than in the supine position. 1,2 The ventilation-perfusion relationship of the normal adult lung is different in the upright and the supine position, and the upper regions of the lung are poorly perfused in the upright position. These differences have been related to the existence in the upright position of a pressure gradient and a capillary bedfilling gradient which are dependent upon gravity. 3 Exercise in the adult results in increases in D l and V c which are greater in magnitude than those found in changing from the upright to the supine position. 4 Very few D l and V c measurements have been reported in children under the age of 13, 5 and the physiological relationships of D l and V c to


Titrated Extract of Centella Asiatica (TECA) is a reconstituted mixture of three triterpenes extracted from the plant and is being used in Europe in wound healing drugs. TECA has been shown to stimulate collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures and to increase the tensile strength of tissues. Centella asiatica (also known as gotu kola, tiger grass and indian pennywort) is a perennial creeping plant which grows spontaneously around the Indian Ocean. The use of centella asiatica in the management of dermatological conditions has a long tradition in its native areas where it is used to support faster healing of small wounds, chaps and scratches, superficial burns and, as an oral preparation, for atonic wounds and hypertrophic healing. Centella also has been used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory, particularly for eczema, and also for minor itching and insect bites. Paradoxically, centella asiatica appeared relatively late in modern Western medicine, making its entrance in the Codex only in 1884. The first dry extract was not produced until 1941, three years before the triterpenoids were isolated by P. Boiteau in 1944. The active constituents of centella asiatica are pentacyclic triterpenoids which are found as genins (asiatic and madecassic acid) and heterosides (asiaticoside and madecassoside). The triterpenoidic molecules are particularly interesting due to their regulating and activating functions, which act on the collagen present in numerous organs.


Integrated battery chargers (IBCs) have been proposed as a low-weight, low-volume, and high-power solution to conventional conductive chargers. However, the design of such chargers is complicated, requiring special components or control techniques to solve inherent issues (such as galvanic isolation, torque generation, and system reconfiguration) associated with their design. Solutions vary based on charging power, drive topology, and motor technology. This chapter introduces designs for IBCs, including solutions as proposed in the literature. It also presents challenges in their industrial adoption. Finally, the chapter presents opportunities for fleet charging applications using IBCs.


The Joyce W. Vickery Scientific Research Fund Applicants must select the most appropriate funding source and apply to one fund only. Council reserves the right to transfer any application to another fund where this is relevant and improves the likelihood of success. Information and forms are available from the relevant web page for each fund. All grant applications to be emailed to: firstname.lastname@example.com Further information and application forms for all grants can be obtained from the Secretary of the Society by telephoning (02) 9662 6196, by requesting it via email at email@example.com, or by writing to the address above.


The author analyses the problem of legal status of legal person's organ, which is still controversial today in the Russian civil law. The author describes Russian legal scholar's points of view and analyzes foreign legal science. Then the author draws a conclusion that article 53 of Russian civil code needs to be seriously and conceptually amended in the part of determination of status of a legal person's executive agency as its special representative and in the part of specification of criterions of the executive agency's gross negligence and of an unreasonable commercial risk allowed by executive agency.


Background:  Approximately 12 000 individuals undergo radical radiotherapy in the UK every year, and as many as 50% may suffer the disabling side effects of chronic radiation enteritis (CRE) (Andreyev, 2005). Symptoms of CRE, include diarrhoea, incontinence, abdominal bloating/discomfort and can negatively impact on the quality of physical, psychological and social aspects of life (Abayomi et al.,2005). However, many clinicians feel that faecal incontinence is not a common problem (Putta & Andreyev, 2005). The aim of this study was to examine severity of CRE symptoms in women treated for cervical or endometrial cancer, using a validated questionnaire that explores the impact of faecal incontinence on quality of life (Bugg et al.,2001).

Methods:  Following ethical approval, women who had completed radiotherapy for cervical or endometrial cancer, at least 3 months earlier (n = 117), were recruited from a routine follow-up oncology clinic. They were asked to complete a validated questionnaire, to identify bowel problems and their impact on quality of life (Bugg et al.,2001). All completed questionnaires (n = 95) were scored, according to severity of symptoms, and compared to the results of the validated questionnaire. Scores in each domain (Table 1) ranged between 0 and 100, the higher the score, the greater the impairment of health-related quality of life.

Table 1.   Scoring in each domain, compared to the identified scoring for known faecal incontinence (Bugg et al., 2001). Domain Mean score (SD) Score for known faecal incontinence (SD) P value*

*Mean score compared with scores of Bugg et al.

General health (perception of level of health) 42.8 (17.5) 36.1 (24) < 0.05*
Incontinence impact (triggers for incontinence & frequency) 38.4 (10.3) 56.9 (26.7) < 0.001
Role (ability to perform daily activities) 35.8 (18.4) 40 (26.1) < 0.05
Physical function (ability to perform physical activities) 32.9 (19.0) 44 (28.9) < 0.001
Social function (affect on social life) 31.3 (18.8) 32.3 (28.3) NS
Personal function (affect on personal relationships) 26.8 (15.3) 27.9 (32.7) NS
Emotional problems (Depression, anxiety, nervousness) 38.4 (22.8) 47.6 (27.8) < 0.001
Sleep/energy (affect on sleep & energy levels) 37.6 (21.8) 31.5 (25.7) < 0.05*
Severity measures (coping mechanisms such as changing clothes, wearing pads, watching diet) 40.1 (22.6) 57.7 (26.7) < 0.05*

Results:  A total of 95 (87%) questionnaires were returned for analysis. Table 1 illustrates the scoring in each domain, as identified by the questionnaire. Fifty-three percent of women had no score, indicating no symptoms, whilst 47% scored for symptoms. Younger women (P < 0.001) and women with cervical cancer (P < 0.05) were more likely to experience symptoms.

Discussion:  Approximately half of patients reported bowel problems that affected quality of life. Tiredness is a common side-effect of radiotherapy and this may explain higher scores obtained in domain eight. Lower scores obtained in four domains (Incontinence impact, role, physical function and emotional problems) may be due to the associating 'cancer' as the predominant influence on these factors, rather than the bowel problem. There may have been a reluctance to appear 'ungrateful', despite these problems, now that subjects are 'cured' of cancer (Abayomi et al.,2005). Subjects in the control study may not have the same reasons to understate symptoms.

Conclusion:  Following pelvic radiotherapy patients may develop symptoms of CRE; younger women and women with cervical cancer were more likely to develop symptoms. CRE has a negative impact on quality of life and health professionals need to be more pro-active in identifying and caring for such women.

References  Abayomi, J., Kirwan, J., Hackett, A. & Bagnall, G. (2005) A study to investigate women's experiences of radiation enteritis following radiotherapy or cervical cancer. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 18, 353–363.

Andreyev, J. (2005) Gastrointestinal complications of pelvic radiotherapy: are they of any importance? Gut54, 1051–1054.

Bugg, G.J., Kiff, E.S. & Hosker, G. (2001) A new condition-specific health-related quality of life questionnaire for the assessment of women with anal incontinence. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 108, 1057–1067.

Putta, S. & Andreyev, H.J. (2005) Faecal incontinence: a late side-effect of pelvic radiotherapy. Clin. Oncol. 17, 469–477.


Summary Fourteen ejaculates, two from each of seven bulls, were extended in heated, whole homogenized milk (milk) and egg yolk-citrate (EYC), frozen with either dry ice-alcohol (DI) or liquid nitrogen (LN), then divided for storage at −79C (DI), −92C (Mechanical), and −196C (LN). Samples from each ejaculate and each treatment were evaluated for pH and per cent progressive motility at prefreeze, post-freeze, one day, ten days, one, three, six, and nine months. EYC extender maintained significantly higher (P There was little variation in mean pH values within extenders due to freezing methods or storage temperatures. The correlation coefficients between pH and motility and between change in pH and change in motility were low and in most instances nonsignificant.


In this paper, a continuous structural health monitoring system is developed to detect flaws in composite structures real-time. First, a layer of piezoelectric patches are used as both sensors and actuators to generate input signals with s ic wavelet waveforms and to measure response signals. Then, a wavelet-based signal processing technique is develop combined with the active sensing system to extract damage-sensitive features from the original signals. Finally, a statist y rigorous damage classifier is developed to minimize false alarms of damage. The applicability of the proposed monito system to flaw detection has been demonstrated by experimental studies of a composite plate under varying temperatu boundary conditions.


Objective:To discuss the features and diagnostic methods of echocardiography on coronary-to-pulmonary fistulae(CPF).Method:The echocardiographic data and findings of 16 patients with CPF were retrospectively reviewed and compared with clinical results in order to analyze the causes of omission and summarize the methods of echocardiography on CPF.Result:16 cases were all confirmed by coronary arteriography.Among them,10 cases were found to have left CPF,5 cases with left and right CPF and 1 case with right CPF.The false negative rate of echocardiography on CPF was fairly high,up to 68.8%,but its specificity on CPF was 100%.That is,although only 5 cases were correctly diagnosed by echocardiography,each case of the five was described fairly accurately about the origin,position,and size of the CPF by echocardiography.Conclusion:Most CPF have small shunts,so their diagnoses by echocardiography are fairly difficult.But the specificity of echocardiography on CPF is high.If the diagnostic skills of echo-cardiography on CPF are enhanced,the detectable rate of it would also be elevated.


The role of the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) receptors (KDR and Flt-1) and their characteristics in VEGF-induced vasodilation in human vessels is unclear. This study investigated the in vitro vasorelaxant effects of KDR-selective (KDR-SM) and Flt-1-selective mutants (Flt-1-SM) in the human internal mammary artery (IMA). IMA segments (n = 183) taken from 48 patients were studied in organ baths. The cumulative concentration (−12 to −8 log10M)-relaxation curves were established for VEGF, KDR-SM, Flt-1-SM, and placenta growth factor (PlGF) in the absence or presence of indomethacin (INDO, 7 μM), Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 300 μM), L-NNA + oxyhemoglobin (HbO, 20 μM), or INDO + L-NNA + HbO. The VEGF-induced relaxation was abolished in endothelium-denuded IMA. In the endothelium-intact vessel rings, VEGF (63.2 ± 3.9%) induced significantly more (P < 0.001) relaxation than Flt-1-SM (28.5 ± 4.3%, 95% CI 18.1-51.3%), and PlGF (26.0 ± 4.7%, 95% CI 17.6-56.8%). The maximal relaxation induced by KDR-SM (53.0 ± 4.0%) was only slightly less than that by VEGF (P = 0.075) but significantly more than that by Flt-1-SM (P = 0.001, 95% CI 7.8-41.1%). Pretreatment of INDO or L-NNA + HbO significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited the relaxation by VEGF (21.2 ± 3.9% or 23.3 ± 4.3%) and KDR-SM (9.8 ± 8.2% or 10.1 ± 17.8%). INDO + L-NNA + HbO completely inhibited the relaxation by VEGF, KDR-SM, or Flt-1-SM. KDR may be the dominant receptor in mediating the VEGF-mediated relaxation, which is regulated by both PGI2 and nitric oxide but probably not by endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, in the human IMA. This study gives insight into the characteristics of the VEGF-mediated vasodilation and provides a scientific basis for potential clinical application of VEGF/KDR-SM in ischemic heart disease.


A particle–particle (PP) model is developed to simulate ion thruster beam neutralization by thermal electrons emitted from a neutralizer located outside of the ion beam. Simulations are carried out using the real xenon to electron mass ratio. The results show that beam neutralization is initiated by an electron–ion mixing process in which the thermal electrons are trapped by the potential well in the ion beam and undergo an oscillation between the ion beam boundaries both along the beam direction and in the radial direction. The bouncing of the electrons in the radial direction generates transient oscillating perturbations inside the beam in both electron density and the electric field in the radial direction, which eventually dissipate when the electrons are thermalized and the ion beam is neutralized. The PP method directly uses Coulomb's law to calculate the electrostatic force between particles and thus eliminates the constraints on mesh resolution and domain size of the particle-in-cell method. This ...


Two mathematical models are used for parameter extraction of a CdTe based Photovoltaic (PV) array that delivers a maximum output power of 50 kW. The two sets of extracted parameters are used to design the array and the non-linear coupled equations representing the I–V
 and P–V equations of the equivalent array structure have been solved using Bisection method and Newton Raphson methods respectively. The performance of the designed array using the extracted parameters under Standard Test Condition (STC) as well as varying temperature and
 irradiance levels is observed. A detailed comparative analysis of the designed array using both the models is done to monitor the change in Fill Factor (FF), efficiency (η) and Maximum Power Point (MPP) under STC and variable temperature and irradiance conditions by including the
 loss resistances RS and RP in the equivalent circuit of the designed PV array module.


In this paper, we present a methodology of segmented media stack design for microwave assisted magnetic recording. Through micro-magnetic modeling, it is demonstrated that an optimized media segmentation is able to yield high signal-to-noise ratio even with limited ac field power. With proper segmentation, the ac field power could be utilized more efficiently and this can alleviate the requirement for medium damping which has been previously considered a critical limitation. The micro-magnetic modeling also shows that with segmentation optimization, recording signal-to-noise ratio can have very little dependence on damping for different recording linear densities.


Non-contact three-dimensional (3D) manipulation techniques for non-spherical micro-objects are presented. Three-beam optical tweezers and a line-scanning laser trap using a three-beam laser manipulation system enable real-time orientation control in 3D space. Tilt angle control, translation and rotation of diatoms of non-spherical shape are demonstrated by various manipulation schemes.


PAST T he first clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines were introduced in the mid-1980s, followed closely by the realization of the potential of MRI not only as a diagnostic method but also as tool to guide minimally invasive diagnostic and thermal therapeutic as well as open surgical procedures throughout the body. The pioneering work was carried out in 1988 by Ferenc Jolesz MD, Director of MRI, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Harvard Medical School, who demonstrated the potential of MRI in monitoring interstitial Nd: YAG laser thermotherapy by the sensitivity of MRI to detect tissue changes due to coagulation and further on, the ability to monitor the evolving lesion by MR-Thermometry. In 1991, the then GE Medical Systems introduced superconducting open magnets operating at 10 K, which offered the unique opportunity to introduce novel-shaped MR systems—specifically one that allowed for matched imaging volumes and operating volume. A BWH–GE team then collaborated to design and build in 1993 the first intraoperative MR system the so-called ''double-donut'' or 0.5-T Signa–SP. This design was ideal for allowing full access to the patient with ability to visualize real-time MR images simultaneously in the bore. Furthermore, at that time, the idea came up to combine the totally noninvasive method of focused ultrasound therapy with MRI and thermometry. In addition, the capability of intraoperative MRI especially in neurosurgery was identified. However, before introduction into clinical care, the preclinical work began in earnest—through the work of many including safety, device compatibility testing, and development of appropriate pulse sequences, MR-compatible equipment, and data post processing. The first imageguided therapy (IGT) specific MR device was introduced at RSNA 1993 and received Food and Drug Administration clearance. In 1994, the clinical program at BWH began and led to a long and productive program, treating over 3000 patients by 2006. Manuscript (All Manuscript Text Pages, including Title Page, References and Fig. 1). At the beginning, in order to bring together all the groups that were already working or interested in this complex, albeit very promising field, Ferenc Jolesz organized the first Interventional MRI Symposium on October 8 to 9, 1994, in Boston. In more than 50 oral presentations, the field was covered under the headlines:


Intellectual disability is commonly understood as a biological state of functioning that determines the cognitive capabilities of the individuals labeled so. By analyzing how intellectual disability is constructed through classification practices this article challenges this view, arguing that intellectual disability primarily is a political, normative and social diagnosis.


To achieve the vision of Healthy Indonesia 2010, a good health care service throughout the whole Indonesian community is needed, including the service in dental health care. This service covers promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative treatments. The success of all dental health care is very much supported by the presence of dental instrumentations and biomaterials. Since those two components are still imported, makes dental health care quite expensive, and this is the reason why the implementation of dental health care service in Indonesia is not well spread yet. Since biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary study between medical and engineering, therefore the big challenge of dental health care in Indonesia will be solved by biomedical engineering.

Key words: dental health care, biomedical engineering


Every institution of education has purposes to reach. The efforts to reach every purpose, institutions of education have to use some concepts, system, and strategy to reach education purpose. Different concept in every school makes different result in education. This research was done to see how some education concept use at Tomoe Gakuen. This research is library research. Method of collecting data in this research is Documentation. Primary resource in this research is a novel by Tetsuko Kuroyanagi entitled Totto-Chan: The Little Girl at The Window. And as secondary resources are journal, book review, paper and undergraduate thesis. To analyze this research is content analysis.
According to Ki Hajar Dewantara there are three concepts of education are: (1) Among System, (2) Three centers of education, and (3) Tringa. Concepts of education according to Saito Kimiko, are: (1) togetherness, (2) meals together, (3) doing open-air activity, (4) teacher or instructor not places them as a teacher or instructor/sensei, but as adult who live together with the children during at the school, (5) doing nature game, (6) develop life together perception and model, (7) eurhythmic gymnastics, (8) elder children help their younger brother or sister to do rhythmic gymnastics. Concepts of education according to M. Quraish Shihab are: (1) giving tauhid education, (2) good relation between children and parents, (3) teaching children about makruf, (4) giving protection. And the last is concepts of education according to Su'dan. He is separated treatment of children into three parts, there are: children education under 1 year, under 3 years old, and under 5 years old.
 The object of this research is a school that told in the novel Totto-Chan: The Little Girl at The Window by Tetsuko Kuroyanagi named Tomoe Gakuen. Tomoe Gakuen was told as a school founded by Headmaster named Kobayashi. That novel is an illustration of Tetsuko Kuroyanagi's childhood. She is wrote that novel to fulfill a promise with Sosaku Kobayashi that someday she become a teacher in Tomoe Gakuen.
The conclusion in this research is there are some education concepts in Tomoe Gakuen, are: (1) Among System, (2) Three centers of education, (3) Moral education, (4) Togetherness, (5) Open-air activity, (6) Rhythmic gymnastics, and (7) Protection.


— The recent development of experimental techniques to implement the creation and the annihilation operators in the optical domain has found great interest for quantum information manipulation and processing. Quantum states of light obtained by the application of alternated sequences of the creation and annihilation operators ↠and â to a thermal state of light depend on the order in which the two operations are performed. The non-commutativity of the bosonic operators, â↠= â†â = 1, has been experimentally verified in terms of density matrixes and Wigner functions, which are reconstructed by quantum homodyne tomography. Recently, a setup has been proposed to directly and completely prove the bosonic commutation relation where a single-photon interferometer is used to create coherent superpositions of two alternated sequences of operators, such as [â↠± â†â]. Some of the latest experimental results are discussed.


Summary— The symptoms of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum of Anderson‐Fabry in 5 boys and 3 girls in one family and 4 young adult females in another family are described. The age of onset of symptoms and signs varies considerably. The importance of establishing the diagnosis in childhood is discussed.


We have used tensor product B-spline grids to develop accurate plots that enhance the understanding of high level mathematical functions described in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Digital Library of Mathematical Functions. The graph data is placed in a web based format such as VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) or X3D (Extensible 3D) to provide an environment where users can interactively manipulate complex function surfaces. The effectiveness of the grid generation mapping in producing visualizations that accurately capture key function features such as zeros, poles, and branch cuts is examined.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of psychological contract breach (PCB) on deviant workplace behavior (DWB). In addition, we explored the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between PCB and DWB. We conducted our study in a sample of 265 employees working in an Iranian industrial company. We used regression analysis to test the research hypotheses. The findings supported our hypotheses. Based on the results, perception of PCB results in employees' engagement in DWB. Moreover, it was found that Job satisfaction partially mediates the PCB-DWB relationship. Since limited studies on this subject has been conducted in Middle East, we contributed to the literature of PCB and DWB by exploring the relationship in a Middle Eastern country.


Mealiness is a negative attribute of sensory texture, characterised by the lack of juiciness decrease in the total amount of of water content of tissues. Peach mealy textures are known as \ and leatheriness. Besides the lack of juiciness and flavour, that characterises mealy fruits, in associated with internal browning near the stone and an incapacity of ripening although there i ripe appearance. It is considered as a physiological disorder that appears in stone fruits probably < unbalanced pectolitic enzyme activity during storage. Since January 1996, a wide EC Project entitled: "Mealiness in fruits. Consumer perception and i detection" is being carried out. Within it, the Physical Properties Laboratory (ETSIA-UPM) working to develop instrumental procedures to detect mealiness in different types of fruits (s contributions by Barreiro to AgEng). The results obtained have shown to correlate well with \ measurements in apples (Barreiro et al), also we have succeeded in identifying individual mealy j the basis of instrumental measurement in peaches. The definition of these texture categories will be used in further studies as a base for new individual classification.


In the present reflection on journalism we argue for an specific theoretical and epistemological perspective by which we understand to be methodologically possible to perform a research in any of the three instances of the communicational circuit (production, product and reception), observing the dynamics of each of them informing the other. We assume as a presupposition that the journalistic endeavor can be observed and analyzed trough the visible marks that the production process imposes to the final product. Thus, our research hipotesys suggests that journalistic news coverage, as being a strategy for news investigation and focus, can configure the same event into different journalistic endeavors. As our ultimate goal, the research should cope with journalistic news as fact translation, more conceptually speaking, as cultural translation.


The knowledge organiazation of service and exploitation is a new developing knowledge organiazation form according to a certain thematic for reader in library circles.It has three main stages: rising,popularization and innoration.It must be one of most important knowledge organization and knowledge service form.


The article gives an overview of the artistic direction of the Staatsballett Berlin by Nacho Duato for the period of the 2014-2018 years. On the basis of reviews and articles of the German press, programs, as well as video fragments of performances, photographs and images of scenography and costumes, was given an analysis of four ballets ("Static Time", "Castrati", "Herrumbre", "Erde") related to a common social theme. Were identified problems and reasons for the rejection of productions and artistic direction of Nacho Duato by German dance critics.


In view of the anti-overturning stability of a crane structure, the paper firstly discussed the necessity of mathematically modeling the structure to be an Euler-Bernoulli beam with transverse sliding support in the dynamic design. Then, natural frequency and mode function of the bending vibration with simple boundary conditions(i.e.,both two ends with sliding support(S-S), a sliding end and a free end(S-F),a sliding end and a simply support end(S-SS),a sliding end and a fixed end(S-C))were calculated respectively. Finally,we solved the modal parameters of the beam with a complex sliding support end and elastic support and restraint end, which is similar to the practice. By numerical examples,conclusions can be drawn that the horizontal rigid mode exists in the beams of S-S and S-F supports. Besides,the beams with SS and S-F supports as well as the beams with S-SS and S-C supports share the similar vibratory characteristics. In addition,the sliding support causes the concavity and convexity change of vibration mode function.


A huge amount of service components will soon be deployed to ubiquitous networks. Each will provide a simple service, but compositions of service components are expected to be highly valuable to users, because it is hard for users to find and combine adequate service components. We are developing a service navigation architecture in which a composite service is assembled from service components autonomously. We point out four issues to be addressed in the architecture: autonomy, efficiency, security, and reliability. In our architecture, these issues are handled by integrating management of applications and the management of networks. In this paper, we explain the technologies we are developing for this integrated management.


Professor Jon Oberlander (University of Edinburgh) passed away suddenly on the 19th of December 2017. Jon was remembered by friends, family and colleagues, at a deeply moving ceremony in the Playfair Library at the University of Edinburgh this January. Stories from his life as a friend and father attest to the deep impact Jon had on all those around him, and the lasting legacy he now leaves behind.


The utility model discloses a target protector of a laser tracker. The target protector of the laser tracker mainly comprises a laser tracker target (1), a target flexible protector (2), a target peripheral protector (3), a magnetic force suction base (4) and a bottom part installation device (5). The target protector is characterized in that based on the magnetic force adsorption of an existing laser tracker target, the peripheral protector and the bottom part installation device are added, and the flexible protector is added between the target and the peripheral protector; the fixing of the laser tracker target in the whole space is realized and a certain pretightening force is applied by the connection of the devices and the attraction of the magnetic force suction base. The protector can be conveniently fixedly connected with tested equipment, and the phenomenon of change of the target position or even accidental throwing of the target when the high-speed motion precision of an industrial robot is tested is prevented effectively. The target protector of the laser track, which is provided by the utility model, is simple in general structure, is convenient to use and operate, is reliable in performance, and completely meets the requirement for protecting the target when the high-speed motion precision of the industrial robot is tested.


We present a non-parametric affine-invariant test for the multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem. The proposed method based on the spatial medians is asymptotic and does not require normality of the data. To improve its finite sample performance, we apply a correction of the type which was already used in a similar test based on trimmed means, however, our simulations show that in the case of heavy-tailed distributions our method performs better. Also in a simulation comparison with a recently published rank-based test our test yields satisfactory results.


Registration of the sex offenders' personal information was introduced to Korea, when the Act on the Protection of Juveniles against Sexual Abuse was revised in 2006. Since then, going through several amendments, the program has been reinforced through additional measures, such as sex offender notification on the internet and its postal notification, with its expanded application to sex offenders against adults. The system appears to have settled, overcoming denounce on unconstitutionality and validity. But the debate over its effectiveness and legitimacy resumed, with controversies over excessive infringement on human rights of sex offenders and their family members, and with the rising number of sex offenders against juveniles as well as adults. On July 30, 2015 the Korean Constitutional Court ruled a clause in the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment of Sexual Crimes unconstitutional. It prescribe that any person finally declared guilty of a sex crime shall be a person subject to registration of personal information for 20 years. Thus any person who was finally declared guilty of a sex crime is subject to registration for 20 years in all cases. The Korean Ministry of Justice initiated work on the amendment of the sex offenders' registration system according to the decision of the Constitutional Court and announced the bill to reform the system. This article aims to criticize the Korean Government bill and to present a better proposal for the revision of the sex offenders' registration system in Korea.


OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the rate of bone loss predicts subsequent cognitive decline independently of baseline bone mass and whether apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype explains the association.


This thesis presents an appearance model for teeth. The model is based on
 an in depth study of subsurface scattering and diffusion theory. Theoretical
 components that have relevance for the model are presented. The physical
 components of teeth that have significance for image synthesis are also covered.
 Based on the appearance model for teeth, a rendering solution has been designed. The solution is able to render images of teeth in real-time (interactive
 frame rates on a Nvidia GTX 580) and without precomputation. The components of the solution and how they relate to the studied theory are covered.
 Results of image synthesis achieved by implementing the solution is presented.
 The advantages and disadvantages of the model and solution, found in the
 process of making these results, are discussed. Identified potential for further
 work is also presented.


Abstract The FORCE11 Scholarly Communication Institute (FSCI), held July 28 through August 3, 2018, was an intensive weeklong summer school, tackling essential but often overlooked elements of the research information life cycle. Featuring a mix of librarians, scientists, data specialists, and other professionals, FSCI offered a remarkable educational experience as well as fertile ground for networking. Classes on research information management (RIM) infrastructure, detection of questionable journal publishing practices, and analysis of article processing charges (APCs) gave participants a deeper understanding of the research information life cycle in addition to hands-on skills in data analysis and visualization. For librarians, these takeaways add valuable context to serials and licensing work and highlight new directions for library skill building and visioning.


This paper presents a high-gain boost converter for an fuel cell (FC) applications. A model-based control structure based-on flatness principle for a distributed dc generation is studied. As the derived dynamic model of the converter model is nonlinear, advanced control techniques using differential flatness are applied. Utilizing the flatness property, we propose simple solutions to the system performance and stabilization problems. Design controller parameters are straightforward and autonomous of the operating point. To validate the proposed method, a prototype FC power converter (1.2-kW three-level boost converter) is realized in the laboratory. The proposed control law is implemented by digital estimation in a dSPACE 1104 controller card. Experimental results with a polymer electrolyte membrane FC of 1200 W and 46 A in the laboratory substantiate the good control scheme.


Recent researches had reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) played a role in skin photoaging. Our previous study found that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression was changed in the UVA‐irradiated skin fibroblasts, but the regulating network of noncoding RNA in UV‐induced skin changes has not been elucidated well. Here, we investigated the interactions of miRNA‐lncRNA‐mRNAs in skin photoaging mechanisms.


Small towns are important element in the polycentric structure of Poland. The new financial perspective of the EU cohesion program creates for them new development opportunities. Small towns are incubators of future generations and a the repository of culture and traditions. They can become a testing ground for the new cohesion policy in the field and integrated revitalization policies.


As a proxy for body size, forewing lengths of individual geometrids and noctuids were measured with respect to altitude of capture site in five species in North Carolina and one in Costa Rica. Number of specimens ranged 48–373 per species, number of capture sites 2–15 per species, and site altitudes ranged 2–2209 m. Forewing length in all six species increased significantly with increasing altitude at rates of ≈ 0.3–≈ 1.1 mm/500 m. These relations held where investigated for both first and second annual generations and for both sexes even though second-generation individuals were smaller-bodied. Thus examples of Geometridae and Noctuidae are added to a list mainly of micromoths previously known to exhibit positive size–altitude relations. Some adaptive and nonadaptive body-size hypotheses are discussed as possible explanatory factors, but thus far no explanation is fully satisfactory. In contrast to measurement results in these six macromoths, other moths known to be widely dispersive appeared to display flat size–altitude relations, and published butterfly size–altitude data varied irregularly. Degree of dispersiveness is hypothesized as a condition to the manifestation of size–altitude phenomena in lepidopterans. Many more minimally dispersive moths will likely be found to increase in body size with increasing altitude. Additional key words: Chytolita morbidalis, Eubaphe mendica, Glena cribrataria, Hypagyrtis unipunctata, Iridopsis pandrosus, Trichodezia albovittata. VOLUME 61, NUMBER 2 73 Stokes Co. (alt. 274–457 m), New River and Mt. Jefferson State Parks in Alleghany and Ashe Counties (alt. 792–1402 m), Grandfather and Moore Mountains in Avery Co. (alt. 1219–1676 m) and Great Smoky Mountain National Park and nearby areas in Swain and Haywood counties (alt. 640–1478 m). Distances between these sites ranged up to ≈600 km, but most were less distant from one another. Costa Rican adults were collected at the Monteverde Biological Station in Puntarenas (alt. 1526 m) and at the Quetzal Education and Research Center in San Jose (alt. 2209 m). Hypagyrtis unipunctata beyond North Carolina were used only in the analyses involving latitude, which included sites in New Jersey (lat. 40o 01' N, alt. 22 m, and lat. 40o 51' N, alt. 55 m), New York (lat. 41o 13' N, alt. 93 m), Maine (lat. 45o 36' N, alt. 67 m), and Ontario (lat. 49o 07' N, alt. 344 m). Altitudes for U. S. sites were obtained at http://www.topozone.com; for Canadian sites (Ontario), they were estimated from nearby points of known altitude as given at http://GeoNames2 .NRCan.gc.ca; and for Costa Rica they were furnished by the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, San Jose. Statistics were generated using SYSTAT software (SYSTAT 1992). Tests of differences between intraspecific size–altitude regressions for different seasonal generations and genders were based on the General Linear Model, with a categorical variable for generation, a continuous variable for altitude, and an interaction term between the two. The interaction term enabled testing differences in slope value; the categorical variable enabled testing differences in slope elevation.


BLANDY WINNER ALREADY A PROLIFIC AUTHOR The John Blandy Prize is given for the best paper published in the previous year by a resident in urology. As a second-year resident at the Arthur Smith Institute for Urology at North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System in New Hyde Park, New York, it is a wonder that Daniel M. Moreira, MD, this year's winner, has time to write one paper yet alone have three published in BJUI in 2010. As a result, the Selection Committee awarded him the Blandy Prize for his collection of work published last year. At the time of publication, Dr Moreira was taking 2 years off from his residency to be a clinical research fellow at Duke University. Even though he is back at North Shore as a second-year resident, he will THE JOHN BLANDY PRIZE


This study aimed to explore the relationship of elementary teachers' school knowledge management and their professional growth in southern areas. A survey method was employed by using two instruments, "Questionnaire of Teachers' School Knowledge Management" and "Questionnaire of Teacher's Professional Growth". A total of 600 elementary teachers were selected by a stratified random sampling method (by school size) in elementary schools of ChiayiCity; 509 valid questionnaires were received finally. Corresponding statistics were applied to analyze the data, i.e. descriptive statistics, t -test, one way ANOVA, Pearson's product-moment correlation, simple regression, and simultaneous regression analysis. The findings of the study were reported as follows:


Aim: Using an appropriate sunscreen is very important because the role of sun rays in development of skin cancer is well known. Besides, the recent increase in the use of cosmetics among adolescents is noteworthy. In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of using cosmetics and the level of awareness of harmful effects of the sun, in adolescents.
Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a questionnaire consisted of 25 questions was applied, on voluntary basis, in middle schools.
Results: A total of 607 students participated in the study; 434 participants were female students (71.5%), 173 were male students (28.5%) and the average age was 17 years. The question "Do you think it is necessary to protect from the sun?" is answered as "yes" by 361 of the female students (81.1%) and 109 of the male students (62.3%). The question "Do you use sunscreen?" is answered as "Yes" by 33.3% of all participants.
Conclusion: In our study, we found that adolescents had a good understanding of the harmful effects of sun, but in contrast to this, we found that the use of sunscreen products was at very low levels. We think that education and methods for building awareness in this regard will be effective.


The paper collects and analyzes 249 stocking house sample data in Xi'an based on the hedonic price theory and constructs bulk stock's transaction tax base assessment models.Then,conducts an error analysis of 25 market price and evaluation value.Results show that the mass appraisal methods of multivariate linear regression analysis are suitable for stocking house value evaluation in the main urban area.Evaluation result is reasonable and it has strong realistic value.


The second component of the application is a spreadsheet that includes a description of: • How amounts retained under section 20 U.S.C. 1411(e) for state administration and statelevel activities will be used to meet the requirements of Part B; • Specifically how those amounts will be allocated among the state-level activities described in 20 U.S.C. 1411(e)(1) and (2) to meet state priorities based on input from LEAs; and Public comment will be accepted until March 31, 2014


From the three aspects of immaturity of employees' demands,of enterprises,of market conditions,this paper comes to the conclusion that now it is not the mature time to establish comprehensive enterprise pension systems,and analyzes the causes for China to promote enterprise pension system under present situation.


The analyses and studies conducted to develop a recommended design concept for a new fecal collection system that can be retrofited into the space shuttle vehicle to replace the existing troublesome system which has had limited success in use are summarized. The concept selected is a cartridge compactor fecal collection subsystem which utilizes an airflow collection mode combined with a mechanical compaction and vacuum drying mode that satisfies the shuttle requirements with respect to size, weight, interfaces, and crew comments. A follow-on development program is recommended which is to result in flight test hardware retrofitable on a shuttle vehicle. This permits NASA to evaluate the system which has space station applicablity before committing production funds for the shuttle fleet and space station development.


The formation constants of chlorocomplexes of Pu(IV) were determined in saturated NaCl solutions, by use of Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) with a rotating disk electrode, for modelling safety aspects of radioactive waste repositories located in salt diapirs. The results obtained are: lg/T0Xl =0.13±0.02; lg*ox2= 1 . 6 s ±0.2; lg.K"3= -0 .15±0 .2 . The special electrochemical equations necessary for describing the half-wave potential vs. chloride concentration and for applying a new iteration process were derived under the boundary conditions present. The equations and the complexing influence of hydrolysis are discussed in detail.


Sustainable development is that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In studies of sustainability, the three pillars of sustainability need to work together, namely: (a) environment, (b) social equity, and (c) economics. In applying these concepts to global energy options, the challenge is to find ways of making low-carbon energy solutions sustainable. Concerning the three main classes of low-carbon energy, last decade has seen a significant growth in the renewables and natural gas sectors; however, CCS has made limited progress. An important route to making CCS a more sustainable option is via CO2-EOR as part of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) systems. To address societal aspects of sustainable development, we need to appreciate that our sustainable future depends on achieving a low-carbon energy mix. The scientific case for the urgent need to protect our atmosphere from the damaging effect of man-made emissions of greenhouse gases is now overwhelming, and is essentially a matter of appreciating the basic principles of physics.


A 3-D profiling system has been set up utilizing grating's self-imaging effects and one step phase-shift algorithms. In the system, the self-image of a linear grating is projected on a tested diffuse surface without any imaging lens, and then a phase deformed grating is generated on the surface corresponding to its shape. Arranging the deformed pattern to be imaged by a CCD camera at the magnification of 4 pixels per fringe period, the phases produced by surface shape can be extracted by arc tangent calculations with only one frame of fringe picture. An advanced phase ordered unwrapping algorithm, which can minimize the propagation of errors, is adopted for phase connections of 2(pi) jumps. We got the rms accuracy of 2(pi) /35 from 256 X 256 point phase measurements under 0.5 mW He-Ne laser illumination.


International processes of globalization are intensifying labor migration. With the proclamation of independence in Ukraine, migration processes, especially labor, have significantly revived, and obtaining a visa-free regime has greatly simplified the international mobility of its citizens. In this regard, studies of the relationship between tourist activity and labor migration of the population of Ukraine are updated. A comparison of the essence of the concepts of "migration" and "tourism" indicates the presence of common essential features, in particular the moment of movement. This makes tourism one of the types of migration and a classification unit of international migration. Other common features are due to certain aspects of migration and tourist movements, their functions. Despite these common features, tourism and migration are not identical. It is more appropriate to consider tourism as a form of human resource movement that makes it similar to migration, and such a variety as international tourism can serve as an incentive for further migration, primarily labor or educational, legal or illegal. It is determined that increasing the spatial activity of human resources to change their socio-economic characteristics, expanding worldview and accumulation of knowledge, as well as the transformation of forms in international movement of these resources cause diversity of actions and relationships that indirectly affect the movement of individuals. This, in turn, leads to a combination of tourism and migration processes both in terms of their essence and practical implementation. It is established that the main modern issues of the international movement of human resources, some forms of which are migration and tourism, are: international conceptualization and unification of terminology, optimization of accounting methodology, development of new multilevel systems of management and regulatory influence.
Key words: international human resources movement; tourism; labor migration; illegal migration; integration.


The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial and enzymatic activity of the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. isolated from a medicinal plant. A choice of the fermentation medium and the solvent for secondary metabolite extraction from endophytic fungus allowed us to select the liquid medium MEB,which was the most active against bacteria with a mean of inhibition zones of the 8 mm, and the only one among other media that was active against phytopathogenic fungi. For the solvent of extraction, ethyl acetate was found the solvent that extracted the maximum of bioactive molecules compared to other solvents that used with an average of 12.83 mm inhibition zones against bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extract against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, yeast and phytopathogenic molds confirmed the activity of this extract, which exhibited a strong inhibition of bacteria, where the bacterium most sensitive was Escherichia coli (34.5mm) and the most resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9mm). A good activity against pathogenic yeast was also observed with an average of inhibition zones 12 mm. For antifungal activity the greatest effect was observed against Fusarium oxysporium with a maximum inhibition zone of 70 mm. Enzymatic activity tests demonstrated that Penicillum sp. is able to produce some enzymes extracellular comprising: lipases (IE = 1.14), cellulases (IE = 1.96), proteases (IE = 1.13) and esterase (IE = 2.01).


This study aimed to know the opinion of parents of children on the reality of inclusive schools. The study was conducted in 201– and "3— people which children in the municipalities of Alcobaça and Porte de Mós were surveyed. Results show that most parents think that inclusion helps every student to acquire personal and social values and are favorable to differentiated teaching. Yet, parents show insecurity concerning apprenticeships development, one that diminishes as children are in more advanced school years. Also, insecurity seems to be higher in parents with less school literacy.


The questions of migration, asylum, the management of international borders, security and 'terror' are at the political heart of our age. This special issue of Research in Drama Education will, we hope, provide a provocative and useful set of perspectives on this conceptual cluster, bringing together essays from international scholars, both established and emerging. The pieces included here take different routes through the issues in focus: theoretical oversights, framings and insights; thoughts and reflections from theatre makers and educators; analysis from those who work in applied and community settings with migrant and refugee communities. We propose performance, and performance theorisation, as exemplary sites to interrogate this field of study, addressing questions of identity, belonging, refuge, bodies, surveillance and ethics. This collection builds, in part, on the two-year AHRC-funded research network project on performance and asylum, run by Helen Gilbert, which commenced in 2006, and culminated in an international conference at Royal Holloway, University of London in November 2007. The conference, and the essays in this edition, responded to several key problematics. Ethical concerns circulate around both the question of human rights and the engagement of performance with those human rights. These concerns also are in play in relation to the issue of representation: what does it mean to represent, in an artistic context, someone's experience of seeking or finding asylum, and what are the questions and conflicts that might arise in this process? The question of the body is central to the refiguring in performance of marginalised or excluded experience and identities. Much refugee performance recalls corporeal trauma and pain; interventions of resistance also often involve its literal inscription on to bodies. Space, likewise, is a key concern to both asylum politics and performed responses to it: always already implicated in the movement, restriction and even detention of those who seek refuge from political or environmental threats, it has become a thematic in both performed and theorised responses to asylum questions: site-specificity, the inscription of diasporic cultures into contexts of exile, the 'border' as both actual physical barrier and metaphor of displacement. The United Nations has identified the rapid increase in refugees worldwide as posing a significant challenge to regional development, economic growth and political stability in the twenty-first century, especially in the 'third world'. This collection takes a particular (though not exclusive) focus on two key geo-political contexts: Europe and Australia. In Britain and continental Europe, as in other nations, heated debates about refugees and asylum seekers have recently featured in public discourses about migration, notably in relation to national identity and security. Australia has a somewhat longer history of generating defensive asylum policy, and it is increasingly observed that practices of detention and exclusion modelled there are being imported by immigration services in other parts of the world.


In recent years, China's wind power has developed rapidly and a large number of wind turbines have been put into operation. Wind turbine collapse tower accidents occur from time to time. In this paper, through a wind turbine collapsing tower accident, the causes of the collapsing tower accident are analyzed from the perspectives of unit design, operation and maintenance management, and quality control by using simulation, performance test, organization analysis and other test methods. The main cause of the inverted tower accident was the overspeed flyer in operation, and the deficiency of the unit design did not eliminate the accident from the source. During operation and maintenance, the irregular operation of personnel is another important cause of the accident. This paper analyzes the possible causes of inverted towers, which helps to reduce the occurrence of such accidents, and makes suggestions to avoid such accidents.


ABSTRACT This study measured the knowledge transfer and appeal of information and communication technologies (ICTs) used to deliver education for sustainable development (ESD) content to farmers in Niger experiencing major crop losses from the insect pest Maruca vitrata. ICT-ESD content consisted of two dialectically localized and animated videos that address food security problems of cowpea insect herbivory and the shortage of integrated pest management strategies in rural Niger. Comparing pre-test/post-test knowledge transfer for both animated videos when either (1) watched alone (AVO), or (2) in conjunction with a facilitated group discussion prior to post-testing (AVD), results from 90 farmers in 3 rural Nigerien villages showed statistically significant knowledge transfer in both AVO and AVD groups and still greater gains in the AVD group. Importantly, while a majority of participants expressed a preference for learning from such animated videos and a willingness to share their new knowledge and the videos with others, this finding did not statistically significantly associate with education level, supporting the idea that AVO/AVD is an inclusive strategy for low-literate learners within developing-nation contexts. Recommendations and theoretical implications for ICT-ESD implementations in resource-limited areas are also discussed.


Claritine is part of the antihistaminic drug family which block the histamine reaction in the body. The frequent symptoms are runny nose, itchy, watery eyes, sneezing, and cough [1-6]. Claritine is generically prescribed as loratadine and pseudoephedrine. Loratadine, ethyl-4-(8-chloro-5,6 dihydro-11Hbenzo[5,6] cyclohepta [1,2 b] pyridin-11-ylidene)-1piperidine carboxylate, has the following structure (fig. 1). Fluka products. 20% HCl aqueosus solution was prepared from 37% HCl, Sigma-Aldrich product. 0.1N KMnO4 aqueous solution, 0.1N KBrO3 aqueous solution, 0.1N KIO3 aqueous solution, and 5% NaOH aqueous solution were prepared from available Fluka reagents. 2% K2[Pt(SCN)6] solution was prepared from K2[Pt(Cl)6] and KSCN acccording to the methods of literature [23,24]. Pharmaceutical preparations containing loratadine include: Claritine tablets labeled to contain 10 mg LOR per tablet and Loratan D tablets labeled to contain 5mg LOR and 120 mg pseudoephedrine sulphate per tablet. All the pharmaceutical preparations were purchased from a local pharmacy.


PurposeTo investigate the properties of β-fructosyltransferase(β-FT) from Aspergillus niger SIPI-602.MethodsWith classic enzyme methodology.ResultsThe Km and Vmax values of β-FT for sucrose were 268.37 g/L和2.37 g/min/L by using the Lineweaver-Burk plot, respectively and the Km and Vmax values of β-FT using GF 2 as a substrate were 173.08 g/L和0.10 g/min/L. Glucose was a competitive inhibitor and it's Ki=245.23 g/L. The optimum pH and temperature of β-FT were 4.5~6.0 and 55℃ respectively. β-FT was stable up to 50℃ at pH 5.8 for one hour of incubation and from pH6.0 to 8.0 at 40℃ in one hour of incubation. The time-course of the formation of fructooligosaccharides from sucrose indicated that the reaction rates increased at a high initial sucrose concentration and the fructose concentration in the product was lower than that at a comparatively low sucrose concentration.ConclusionThis enzyme was suitable for industrial production of fructooligosaccharides.


This interview was originally published in the catalogue of the XVII Milan Triennial as: "Metropoli ed ermeneutica: un'intervista," in: Le citta del mondo e il futuro delle metropolis. Oltre la citta, la metropolis, cur. Georges Teyssot (Milano: Electa, 1988), 268–272. English translation is published here with the permission of Gianni Vattimo. Article received: December 12, 2016; Article accepted: January 10, 2017; Published online: April 20, 2017 Interview How to cite this article: "Metropolis and Hermeneutics: an Interview with Gianni Vattimo." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 12 (2017): 1-8. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i12.162


Sovereignty has to coexist with the concept of globalisation. The more States become interlinked and dependent on each other with respect to resources or management of tasks in a world of growing technological complexity, the more sovereignty is changing its character. The protection of international law is seen as being of great importance, especially for the smaller States. Hence, Liechtenstein also joined and supported the establishment of various international courts and tribunals. The major initiatives within the field of international relations that affected Liechtenstein in the most recent past were related to the international community's economical and financial policy. Globalisation is the origin of the development of international action groups. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall and expansion of international markets, issues of financial crime and security have increasingly become international ones. Keywords: globalisation; international community's economical policy; international community's financial policy; international courts; international law; Liechtenstein


To improve the convergence speed in standard immune clonal selection algorithm(AIS),a new space self-adaptive immune clonal selection optimization algorithm(SAIS) was presented by introducing the thoughts of space contraction and expansion.The algorithm used distribute characters of solution in non-complete evolution process to contract searching space,so as to accelerate convergence speed.Meanwhile it jumped away from the local optimum by expanding searching space.Four high dimension Benchmark optimization-testing functions were used to study the performance of the new optimization algorithm.In comparison with the standard AIS and SAIS,the new algorithm can enhance convergence speed and improve optimization quality effectively.


This bachelor work is divided into two parts, a theoretical and practical one. In theoretical part I pay attention to topics such as live animals interacting with humans during history, domestication, deve-loping of shapes of houses for dogs, analysis of present market, public research requirements of customers and also topics like materials, ergonomy and other important factors during designing. In the second, practical part I have elaborated on the concept of design. My inspiration comes from five different modern interiors. Concept of my design is based on combination of shapes, colours and materials that have inspired me to develop my own designs.


In this paper, we focus on the higher-order derivatives of the hyperharmonic polynomials, which are a generalization of the ordinary harmonic numbers. We determine the hyperharmonic polynomials and their successive derivatives in terms of the r-Stirling polynomials of the first kind and show the relationship between the (exponential) complete Bell polynomials and the r-Stirling numbers of the first kind. Furthermore, we provide a new formula for obtaining the generalized Bernoulli polynomials by exploiting their link with the higher-order derivatives of the hyperharmonic polynomials. In addition, we obtain various identities involving the r-Stirling numbers of the first kind, the Bernoulli numbers and polynomials, the Stirling numbers of the first and second kind, and the harmonic numbers.


Community-based prevention programmes that aim to reduce alcohol abuse and harms can experience tensions among participants, including external or expert agents working to catalyze change, local or grassroots change agents, and others. Tensions may be particularly acute in environmental efforts where altering aspects of the community are the focus and where there is a variety of agendas and voices. Because tensions can impede even well conceptualized efforts, it may be important to consider whether being community-based, with its attendant complexities, is a necessary criterion for a project's success, and if so, how to measure it. Meaningful measures may contribute to diagnosing and resolving tensions if they effectively pinpoint differences in opinion, strategy, priority and power. In this paper we argue for including several measures of community-based and environmental programme development within a comprehensive assessment of programme success. Measures reflect methods used in the 'A Matter of Degree' (AMOD) programme evaluation. AMOD is a ten-site demonstration testing the efficacy of an environmental approach to reducing binge drinking and related harms among college students in the United States.


The behaviour under cyclic bending and in particular the fatigue properties of shape memory alloy (SMA) bars are important for civil engineering applications. In this paper, structural and functional fatigue is studied for both NiTi- and copper-based shape memory alloys. The results are presented from cyclic bending tests on 7 mm diameter NiTi and 12 mm diameter CuAlMn SMA bars targeted at 100,000 cycles. During the tests, dynamic loading at 1 Hz, 5 Hz, and 8 Hz was applied for different strain levels (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 6%). The stress-strain curve, damping ratio, and secant stiffness were analysed for material characterisation, and the evolution of these parameters was studied to assess functional fatigue. The fatigue life is extended dramatically when the strain is below 1%, and the structural fatigue life of CuAlMn is shown to be better than that of NiTi and to depend on the loading rate. However, decay in stiffness can be found in the CuAlMn SMA, which is considered to be caused particularly by its long grain boundary.


Many of the poems of the Psalter were intentionally composed with poetic structure as a key component. Although not all psalms display a readily discernible structure—some are more like free poems (such as Psalms 120, 131, and 133)—at least some of the psalms were so composed. Perhaps this phenomenon is made most clear by the example of the alphabeticacrostic psalms. The "acrostic units" (the number of lines dedicated to each letter of the Hebrew alphabet) in these poems vary from psalm to psalm, but within the various psalms the acrostic units are consistent—which establishes


The dynamical systems generated by a model of natural convection in a porous medium (1.1){(1.2) and by its implicit time discretization (1.3){(1.5) are considered. We study the dependence of the properties of these systems on the discretization parameter and on two physical constants Ra and. Inertial sets are constructed and are proved to be uniformly in close to each other in some natural sense when is small. Asymptotic estimates of the fractal dimension of the inertial sets are obtained and are shown to be uniform in and .


In order to enhance the utilization ratio of photovoltaic energy,this paper expounds the model of photovoltaic array and proposes variable step size INC method,a method which adds the judgment of stable action point of photovoltaic array in MPPT and reduces the times of cycle and accelerates tracking.In this paper,the simulation is established by Matlab/Simulink to compare with the traditional variable step size INC method.The simulation result shows that the global variable step size INC method enjoys higher tracking speed and stability,realizes maximum power point tracking,improves the repeating concussion of action point around MPP and saves energy.


The inventin provides a mouthpiece and an inhaler with the same. The mouthpiece (150A) has an aerosol lead-out channel (104), an aerosol lead-out opening (105), and an exhalation discharge opening (106). The lead-out channel (104) includes a first channel (104A) extending upward, a second channel (104B) extending obliquely forward from the first channel (104A), and a corner channel (104C) for connecting the first channel (104A) and second channel (104B) of the lead-out channel (104). The mouthpiece (150A) has a curvature section (153) formed by curving that portion of the first channel (104A) wall surface which crosses the center line of the first channel (104A). The exhalation discharge opening (106) is provided in a wall surface defining the second channel (104B), at a position circumferentially displaced from the wall surface portion at which the curvature section (153) is provided. In the mouthpiece and an inhalator with the mouthpiece, although an exhalation valve and, in addition, an inspiration valve are eliminated, leakage of aerosol from a pressure regulation opening and the exhalation opening is prevented independent of how they are used.


Caption rate and text reduction are factors that appear to affect the comprehension of captions by people who are deaf or hard of hearing. These 2 factors are confounded in everyday captioning; rate (in words per minute) is slowed by text reduction. In this study, caption rate and text reduction were manipulated independently in 2 experiments to assess any differential effects and possible benefits for comprehension by deaf and hard-of-hearing adults. Volunteers for the study included adults with a range of reading levels, self-reported hearing status, and different communication and language preferences. Results indicate that caption rate (at 130, 180, 230 words per minute) and text reduction (at 84%, 92%, and 100% original text) have different effects for different adult users, depending on hearing status, age, and reading level. In particular, reading level emerges as a dominant factor: more proficient readers show better comprehension than poor readers and are better able to benefit from caption rate and, to some extent, text reduction modifications.


The article defines a list of properties of finishing materials, contrast of which creates the potential for improving the effectiveness of visually impaired visitors' orientation in buildings' transit spaces. The expediency of accentuating important elements with materials contrasting in texture, thermal conductivity, degree of sound absorption, size, shape of the module and aroma in relation to the main surfaces is established. The contrast of the surface finish of basic planes and their fragments can be used rationally to form tactile symbols, to accentuate important functional zones, and to warn of approaching a dangerous element. Materials contrasting by the thermal conductivity relatively to the main covering plane can be applied in the finishing of the guide planes to accentuate them at the level of thermal sensations. The use of natural wooden railing against the background of glass and metal enclosure could serve an example of such a solution. The use of facing materials, contrasting in terms of sound absorption, the magnitude and geometric form of modules, provides variations in the frequency, height and tone quality of the sound created by visitor's steps and cane. Such a feature can be used to simplify the non-visual identification of key fragments of transit space. Physical properties of facing materials influence the time of reverberation of sound in the premises, which is primarily determined by the size and geometric form of the interior space. This determines the importance of the right choice of finishing materials, taking into account their acoustic properties. The decrease in reverberation, which is associated with a decrease in the size of the room, is achieved with ridget or jagged covering panels, which have a high degree of absorption, and the increase, on the contrary – with flat glossy tiles. In practice of construction of specialized buildings for the Blind the flooring materials are advised to be selected in such a way as to create simultaneous tactile and acoustic contrast. Foer example a combination of a wooden floor with a ceramic tile is contrasting on the surface finish, height and tone quality of the created sound. It has been established that the scent of finishing materials is rarely used by architects as a mean of marking element in the space, while facing materials determine the presence of a special odor in the room and it's concentration. Consideration of this feature in design of transit spaces creates additional potential for improving the orientation of the visually impaired persons.