The hockey-stick modular design concept is a good answer to future needs for reliable, economic LMFBR steam generators. The concept was successfully demonstrated in the 30 Mwt MSG test unit; scaled up versions are currently in fabrication for CRBRP usage, and further scaling has been accomplished for PLBR applications. Design and performance characteristics are presented for the three generations of hockey-stick steam generators. The key features of the design are presented based on extensive analytical effort backed up by extensive ancillary test data. The bases for and actual performance evaluations are presented with emphasis on the CRBRP design. The design effort on these units has resulted in the development of analytical techniques that are directly applicable to steam generators for any LMFBR application. In conclusion, the hockey-stick steam generator concept has been proven to perform both thermally and hydraulically as predicted. The heat transfer characteristics are well defined, and proven analytical techniques are available as are personnel experienced in their use.


Abstract. Objectives. The majority of post‐thrombotic women are barred from using oral contraceptives. We evaluated this policy for its clinical relevance.


Objective:To investigate the expression of resistin (Retn) gene in the adipose tissues of obese mouse and its influence on the skeletal muscle glucose uptake, in an effort to understand the correlation between obese, resistin, and insulin resistance. Methods: The obese and insulin resistance model was induced with high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice. Twenty-two weeks later the Lee's index (BMI) and the concentrations of blood glucose and plasma insulin were determined. Glucose tolerance test was carried out to verify the appearance of insulin resistance and the impair to glucose tolerance, with normal mice taken as control. Retn mRNA expression in the adipose tissues of model mice (n=10) and control mice (n=5) was detected by Real-time RT-PCR. The resultant resistin protein was co-cultured with mouse skeletal muscle to assess its influence on glucose uptake. Results: An obese and insulin resistance mouse model was successfully induced with high fat diet. The Retn gene expression in adipose tissues was significantly higher in the obese mice than that in normal control mice(P0.01). The resultant resistin protein had a significant inhibitory effect on the glucose uptake by skeletal muscle with or without insulin(P0.05). Conclusion: It is suggested that the overexpression of Retn gene might be one of the reasons responsible for the decrease of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and the subsequent insulin resistance in the diet-induced obese mice.


During year 2007 ClaraHalsan Ltd bought the company health service Solstahalsan in Karlstad. The wide merger of the two health services the problems arose around the employees' employment agreement ...


The author of the article presents the mechanism of realization of the qualitative analysis of risks in the real property. Use of a procedure of determination of indexes of the importance with usage of a method of semantic differentials is offered. With usage of the given procedure the estimation of two investment projects in the city of Ekaterinburg is carried out and importance of a multistage estimation of the risks is demonstrated, allowing receiving the best result of development of all territory as a whole.


A novel hybrid system ( kWe) for an average family house including heating is proposed. The system investigated, contains of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) on top of a Stirling engine. The off-gases produced in the SOFC cycle is fed to the bottoming Stirling engine wherein additional power is generated. Simulations for the proposed system were conducted using different fuels which facilitate use of variety of fuels depending on availability. Here, results for Natural Gas (NG), ammonia, Di-Methyl Ether (DME), methanol and ethanol are presented and analysed. System behaviour is further investigated by comparing the effects of key factors such as: utilisation factor, operating conditions, Oxygen-to-Carbon (O/C) ratios and fuel preheating effects on these fuels. Moreover, effect of Methanator on plant efficiency is also studied. The combined system improves the overall electrical conversion efficiency compared with the stand alone Stirling engine or SOFC plant. For the SOFC and Stirling combined configuration, the overall power production has increased by about 10% compared to the stand alone SOFC plant. System efficiencies of about 60% are achieved which is remarkable for such small plant sizes. Additionally, heat is also produced for heating the family house whenever it is needed.


Grotesque Ambivalence: Melancholy and Mourning in the Prose Work of Albert Drach, by Mary Cosgrove. Conditio Judaica, 49. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 2004. 234 pp. euro56.50. Albert who? Such was the reaction of many when the Austrian Albert Drach (1902-1995), the 86-year-young attorney and writer, won the Georg Buchner Prize of the German Academy for Language and Letters in 1988. Orach's career as a writer goes back to the 1920s. Although many of his relatives did nor survive the Holocaust, he not only managed to live through deportation and exile, but even decided to return to Austria after the war and resume his law practice as well as his writing career. There was a brief flurry of serious critical attention accompanying the publication of some of his books in the 1960s and 70s, but that faded quickly. Then came the Buchner prize, the Manes Sperber prize, the Grillparzer prize, and more. In the ensuing years there has been increasing critical study of Drach, but virtually all in German. As the first book-length critical study of Drach in English, Mary Cosgrove's book is both notable and needed. The first chapter places her work within the context of scholarship on Drach; and then through the first three chapters Cosgrove discusses the theoretical premises upon which she bases her study. Though Cosgrove sees in Drach a "certain affinity to the Jewish-Viennese intellectual and literary tradition' (p. 22), she prefers rather to view Drach more as an author who exhibits "(post)modern" tendencies. This "collision," as she calls it, of diverse influences typifies not only Drach's writing but also Cosgrove's approach. A critical environment hospitable to texts associated with the postmodern has developed more slowly in German-language areas than in neighboring France or in the United States. Cosgrove attempts to employ critical approaches by such scholars as Homi Bhabha and particularly Julia Kristeva in analyzing Drach's prose. Thus, she uses Kristeva's psychoanalytic approach to the body and the notion of subjectivity in understanding the grotesque in Drach's texts. Chapter four focuses on an analysis of the book IA UND NEIN. Drei Falle, particularly the section "UND." It is in this chapter that Cosgrove discusses Drach's perhaps most characteristic stylistic innovation, namely the "Protokollstil" with its heavy use of indirect speech. Derived from the court protocols with which the attorney Drach was all too familiar, it illustrates "the self-critical, shadowy side of rational language (p. 104). In chapter five, Cosgrove examines the text Das Goggelbuch with particular reliance on Bhabha's concept of "mimic man," which he developed to critique British colonial efforts in India. …


While selling an asset may be a simple balance sheet adjustment to the corporate world, selling a piece of a valuable art collection is like selling an organ on the black market to the art world. As institutions and universities struggle financially, they are forced to find creative solutions to increase their endowments. In many cases, institutions turn to selling off gifts or charitable trusts that have been donated. The market for art collections is profitable because works of art perform well as long-term investments and hold their value. This new strategy for financial wealth raises many issues. Some believe that the trustees of a university owe a fiduciary obligation to the welfare of the institution, while others believe that the obligation lies between the trustees and the community by preserving the collection. Donors and donors' estates have struggled to enforce the charitable trusts in courts of equity.


"When Religion and Philosophy Meet: A Comparison of the Theology of the Unity School of Christianity with the Classical Aristotelian Worldview." A Thesis by Jeffrey Michael Jackson, submitted to the University of Richmond in candidacy for the degree of Master of Arts in History, May 2006. Thesis advisor Dr. Hugh West. The Unity School of Christianity's theology shares key characteristics with Aristotle's philosophical worldview, which have enabled it to meet the challenges of twentieth century America. Unity was founded in 1889 by Charles and Myrtle Fillmore in Kansas C}ty, and has become a thriving religious movement in the United States and worldwide. A comparison of Unity's theology with Aristotle's philosophy finds that both share a pragmatic focus on physical life and its attributes instead of an afterlife; both accept the world as inherently good in nature; and both see underlying order and interconnection in the world. Both also see purpose in the world and its life, and require people to exercise intellect and intuition to achieve their purpose, which brings them closest to attaining divinity. These characteristics best suited Unity for twentieth century America just as Aristotle's philosophy succeeded only in other successful, intellectually advanced civilizations throughout history. I certify that I have read this thesis and find that, in scope and quality, it satisfies the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Hugh West, Ph.D., Thesis Advisor Robert C. Kenzer, Ph.D. WHEN RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY MEET: A COMPARISON OF THE THEOLOGY OF THE UNITY SCHOOL OF CHRISTIANITY WITH THE CLASSICAL ARISTOTELIAN WORLDVIEW By JEFFREY MICHAEL JACKSON B.S., United States Naval Academy, 1991 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Richmond in Candidacy for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS


The study determined the effect of geogebra on senior secondary school students' interest and achievement in statistics. The study was carried out in Makurdi local government area of Benue state. A sample size of two hundred and forty two (242) senior secondary one students was used. The study was a quasiexperimental design. Data were collected from the subjects using two (2) instruments namely: Statistics Achievement Test (SAT) and Statistics Interest Inventory (SII). The SAT and SII had reliabilities of 0.62 and 0.71 using Kuder-Richardson formula 20 and Cronbach Alpha coefficient respectively. Four research questions and four research hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested at 5% level of significance using a 2-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results from the study revealed that students taught statistics using the geogebra teaching method achieved higher and also showed greater interest in learning statistics than those taught with conventional teaching approach. The study also revealed that both male and female students in experimental group achieved the same and also showed similar interest in statistics. The study recommended among others that teacher education institutions should be encouraged to include geogebra as a method in teaching secondary school statistics.


however, untiljustrecently, equipment designed (To ~~~~(2) andoptimized specifically forthispurposehasnot V-1 heenavailahle. Becauseofthissome organizationshavegonesofaras toreproduce theNBS The quantity inthenumeratorofequation (2) setup.(71) Thisiscostly andtimeconsuming and hasa certain special significance. Thisnumberis results ina systemwhichcannotheeasily conusually called the excess noise ratio of the noise verted to operate at various frequencies. "t generator. Itisa measure ofthenoiseoutput Thereisa thirdcategory ofreceiver which capahility ofthedevice. Ifwe expressequation can heusedforthispurpose.ThisistheIF(2)indB switchedradiometer. Switching hetween the FdB = ENRdB - 10log(V - 1), (3) reference andtheinput isperformed afterdownconversion of theradiofrequency noise.The itwillhenotedthattheaccuracyofthenoise technique hasheenapplied invariousforms.(7) figure calculation isa direct function oftheaccu- However, mostofthesystemsdescrihed ignore racyoftheexcessnoiseratioofthenoisegen- one ofthemajoradvantages oftheIF-switched erator.


This paper presents a microwave imaging technique to detect early breast cancer. A simple breast and different sizes, positions and numbers of tumors models have been simulated under CST software. We have used a mono-static UWB antenna with a grid of 49 positions to scan the area of the breast. Finally, we have implemented an algorithm for microwave confocal imaging to locate the tumors. The dielectric properties of those tumors were used to differentiate them from the environment. Keywords—Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Antenna, Confocal Microwave Imaging Algorithm, Breast Cancer Detection.


This study assists in the understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of the construction site space by the housing interventions in cities of the twentieth century, fomenting to the research on the design culture of the construction site space. A comparative documentary research was carried out between housing projects selected for their relevance in the context of the building project and in different urban periods of the city, making it possible to contextualize their reflections on the spatial organization of the construction site. From this, six scenarios of the construction site spatial evolution were constructed, structured by criteria of normative instructions, spatial organization, neighborhood relations, urban impacts and the man social identity. The construction site spatialization was shaped by the transformations in the way of organizing housing in cities, including the organizational aspect of the productive chain of civil construction, and the way of adapting to the needs of the worker.


A new algorithm is presented for finding the Frobenius rational form F?Zn×nof any A?Zn×nwhich requires an expected number of O(n4(logn+log|| A ||) +n3(logn+log|| A ||)2) word operations using standard integer and matrix arithmetic (where || A || =maxij| Aij|). This substantially improves on the fastest previously known algorithms. The algorithm is probabilistic of the Las Vegas type: it assumes a source of random bits but always produces the correct answer. Las Vegas algorithms are also presented for computing a transformation matrix to the Frobenius form, and for computing the rational Jordan form of an integer matrix.


Respiratory Sinus Arrythmia Moderates the Association Between Stress and Insomnia Margaret Adeline McCarthy The Spielman 3P model of insomnia proposes that precipitating factors, such as stress, may contribute to the development of insomnia in good sleepers. Previous research has found that respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may also interact with stress to exacerbate sleep disturbances, resulting in lower subjective sleep quality in good sleepers. The goal of this study is to examine the association between stress, RSA, and sleep quality among individuals with an insomnia disorder. It is hypothesized that RSA will moderate the association between stress exposure and subjective and objective measures of sleep quality among individuals with primary insomnia. Sixty-two individuals with chronic insomnia participated in this cross-sectional study. They completed the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess subjective sleep quality, as well as a daily stress diary for fourteen consecutive days. Objective sleep efficiency was calculated from polysomnography recording during an overnight study at the laboratory. RSA was collected during a five-minute resting baseline task. Results indicated that RSA moderated the association between daily stress and PSQI and ISI scores, with individuals with lower RSA exhibiting a stronger association between daily stress and worst subjective sleep, compared to those with high RSA. RSA did not moderate the association between average daily stress and sleep efficiency in the present sample. These results suggest that among the subset of patients with low RSA, stress exposure may perpetuate subjective sleep complaints.


The control input and disturbance are prone to excite the lower order bending mode of a full-scale airbreathing hypersonic flight vehicle(AHFV).A method based on the quasi-steady shock-expansion wave theory for calculating the unsteady aerodynamics of airframe under bending vibration was proposed for a full-scale AHFV.The effect of airframe bending on the fore-body compression performance is analyzed with this method.It shows that for the possible low frequency and small amplitude vibration of airframe bending,the change of nose shock wave is identified as the main effect;and if the vibration amplitude or frequency of airframe bending is increased,the scramjet may encounter difficulties in adjusting cowl position and compression performance.


The invention relates to a non-therapeutic cosmetic method for lightening and / or homogenizing of the skin and / or lips comprising applying to the skin or the lips, in particular facial skin and / or dark circles, d at least one layer of a cosmetic composition comprising (i) at least white particles not interferential scattering characterized by a volume average particle size (D50) of between 0.3 and 40 .mu.m and a refractive index (RI) of 1 7 and 2.2, in a greater than or equal content, preferably strictly greater, 1% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, preferably from 2 to 12% by weight relative to the total weight of said composition, and (ii) from 0 to 2% by weight of particles of index greater than or equal refractive, preferably strictly greater than, 2.3.


This paper proposes a prototype of wearableantenna by using a star patch design. The research objective ismainly to observe some of the characteristic of the wearableantenna that is bending on the curvy structure. During the initialstudy, an intensive literature has been conducted to investigate theeffects of the substrate material, and some of the design ofwearable antenna. The designs and simulations in this study aredone using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST)Microwave Studio software. Time domain solver in CST is used tosimulate the designs of the wearable antenna. This antenna is usingthe polyimide film as the substrate with dielectric permittivity(𝜺𝒓 = 𝟑. 𝟒). The polyimide film has a better performance in termsof flexibility, low loss tangent, dielectric constant, and highstability for the wearable application. The antenna performancehas been measured such as (𝒔𝟏𝟏), impedance bandwidth, radiationpattern, and gain. This antenna provides a minimum resonantfrequency at 2.45 GHz which is the (𝒔𝟏𝟏) is -27.67 dB in the flatcondition. The impedance bandwidth of the star patch antenna isrelatively large, which is 610 MHz it could overcome the shiftedresonant frequency caused by the bending effect. From the study,it is found that the star patch antenna offers the best performancein terms of return loss, bandwidth, radiation pattern, and gain.Star patch antenna is also less affected by the effects caused bybending the antenna. Comparisons between the simulated andmeasured results for proposed antenna will be discussed in thispaper. Keywords— Wearable Antenna, Star Patch design, ISM Band,WBAN


Traditionally, minimum weight is the objective when optimizing airframe structures. This optimization, however, does not consider the manufacturing cost which actually determines the profit of the airframe manufacturer. To this purpose, a design framework has been developed able to perform cost/weight multi-objective optimization of an aircraft component, including large topology variations of the structural configuration. The key element of the proposed framework is a dedicated knowledge based engineering (KBE) application, called multi-model generator, which enables modelling very different product configurations and variants and extract all data required to feed the weight and cost estimation modules, in a fully automated fashion. The weight estimation method developed in this research work uses Finite Element Analysis to calculate the internal stresses of the structural elements and an analytical composite plate sizing method to determine their minimum required thicknesses. The manufacturing cost esti...


Many normative political theorists have engaged in the systematic collection and/or analysis of empirical data to inform the development of their arguments over the past several decades. Yet, the a...


In this paper, an adaptive mesh strategy is presented for solving singularly perturbed delay differential equation of convection-diffusion type using second order central finite difference scheme. Layer adaptive meshes are generated via an entropy production operator. The details of the location and width of the layer is not required in the proposed method unlike the popular layer adaptive meshes mainly by Bakhvalov and Shishkin. An extensive amount of computational work has been carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method.


New GaAs quantum dot structures, called tetrahedral quantum dots (TQDs), are proposed to make a zero‐dimensional electron‐hole system. The TQDs are surrounded by crystallographic facets fabricated using selective area metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on (111)B GaAs substrates. The calculated energy sublevel structures of zero‐dimensional electrons in a GaAs TQD show large quantum size effects, because electrons are confined three dimensionally. GaAs and AlGaAs tetrahedral facet structures on (111)B GaAs substrates partially etched into a triangular shape were grown using MOCVD. Tetrahedral growth with {110} facets occurs in the triangular areas. The cathodoluminescence intensity map for GaAs tetrahedrons buried in AlGaAs shows the tetrahedral dot array.


It discloses an interpolation system and method. In certain embodiments, discloses a system including an input unit to receive image data. The system also includes a demosaic module comprising an image processing system responsive to the image data. Demosaic module is configured to use an adaptive bicubic spline interpolation. The system further includes an adaptive output unit to provide the output data in response to the image processing system.


Sustainability bonds enable capital-raising and investment for those projects that have both a positive impact on the environment and a positive social outcome. This study examines the stock market reaction to the announcement of sustainability bonds issuance. The present research is designed as follows: first, an event study that examines the market reaction and second, a highlight of drivers influencing this market reaction via a linear regression with cluster-robust standard errors. Overall, small and negative sample-wide reactions to sustainability bond issue announcements were found. Additionally, the study finds significant negative abnormal returns before the publication in June 2018 of The Sustainability Bond Guidelines by the International Capital Market Association. Specifically, the size of the bond issue, whether the bond is callable or not, the announcement of the issue as a single event in a day, the company's Return on Assets, the firm's social disclosure score, and the issuance of the bond prior or after June 2018 are statistically significant factors that influence the stock returns of issuers.


Benedetta Tagliabue studied architecture at the Istituto di Architettura di Venezia (IUAV) and currently acts as director of the international architecture firm Miralles Tagliabue EMBT, founded in 1994 in collaboration with Enric Miralles, based in Barcelona, Shanghai and Paris.


Monitoring the spatiotemporal variability of nutrient concentrations in shelf seas is important for understanding marine primary productivity and ecological problems. However, long time-series and high spatial-resolution nutrient concentration data are difficult to obtain using only on ship-based measurements. In this study, we developed a machine-learning approach to reconstruct monthly sea-surface dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved silicate (DSi) concentrations in the Yellow and Bohai seas from 2003–2019. A large amount of in situ measured data were first used to train the machine-learning model and derive a reliable model with input of environmental data (including sea-surface temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, and Kd490) and output of DIN, DIP, and DSi concentrations. Then, longitudinal (2003–2019) monthly satellite remote-sensing environmental data were input into the model to reconstruct the surface nutrient concentrations. The results showed that the nutrient concentrations in nearshore (water depth < 40 m) and offshore (water depth > 40 m) waters had opposite seasonal variabilities; the highest (lowest) in summer in nearshore (offshore) waters and the lowest (highest) in winter in nearshore (offshore) waters. However, the DIN:DIP and DIN:DSi in most regions were consistently higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter, and generally exceeded the Redfield ratio. From 2003–2019, DIN showed an increasing trend in nearshore waters (average 0.14 μmol/L/y), while DSi showed a slight increasing trend in the Changjiang River Estuary (0.06 μmol/L/y) but a decreasing trend in the Yellow River Estuary (–0.03 μmol/L/y), and DIP exhibited no significant trend. Furthermore, surface nutrient concentrations were sensitive to changes in sea-surface temperature and salinity, with distinct responses between nearshore and offshore waters. We believe that our novel machine learning method can be applied to other shelf seas based on sufficient observational data to reconstruct a long time-series and high spatial resolution sea-surface nutrient concentrations.


We prove that if a unimodular random graph is almost surely planar and has finite expected degree, then it has a combinatorial embedding into the plane which is also unimodular. This implies the claim in the title immediately by a theorem of Angel, Hutchcroft, Nachmias and Ray [2]. Our unimodular embedding also implies that all the dichotomy results of [2] about unimodular maps extend in the one-ended case to unimodular random planar graphs.


Multisensory integration has been traditionally thought to rely on a restricted set of multisensory brain areas, and to occur automatically and pre-attentively. More recently, it has become evident that multisensory interactions can be found almost everywhere in the brain, including areas involved in attention control and areas modulated by attention. In a series of fMRI experiments, we manipulated concurrently the position of multisensory stimuli and the distribution of spatial attention. This enabled us to highlight the role of high-order fronto-parietal areas, as well as sensory-specific occipital cortex, for multisensory processing and spatial attention control. We found that specific task constraints regarding the nature of attentional deployment (endogenous vs. exogenous), the spatial relationship between stimulus position and attended location, and attentional load shape the interplay between attention and multisensory processing. We suggest that multisensory integration acts as a saliency-defining process that can interact with attentional control beyond any within-modality mechanism. We propose that an anatomically-distributed, but functionally-integrated, representation of space makes use of multisensory interactions to help attention selecting relevant spatial locations. Stimuli at the attended location undergo enhanced processing, including boosting of multisensory signals there. In this perspective, attention and multisensory integration operate in an interactive manner jointly determining the activity of a wide-spread network that includes high-order fronto-parietal regions and sensory-specific areas.


The anomalous excitation of 25 elements in the inner cone of an air- acetylene flame was investigated. The ratio of line intensities in the inner and outer cones was studied as a function of excitation energy. It is shown that anomalous excitation appears at energies of 4 ev or higher. Possible practical applications of anomalous excitation are suggested. (auth)


Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009; 48:615–6 2009 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. 1058-4838/2009/4805-0016$15.00 DOI: 10.1086/596760 A 10-year-old girl was evaluated for a 1-week history of generalized abdominal pain; nonbilious, nonbloody vomiting; and escalating fever (oral temperature up to 40 C). She denied chills, weight loss, diarrhea, or any sick contacts. When her symptoms began, she had recently returned from a 2-month trip to Indonesia and Malaysia. She received hepatitis A vaccination prior to travel. During her trip, she took reasonable hygienic precautions, but she was exposed to animals (including sea turtles, snakes, bats, and eagles), both in the zoo and on a safari. On physical examination, she appeared to be ill but nontoxic. She had diffuse, nonspecific abdominal tenderness and rash (figure 1). The rash was a nonpruritic maculopapular rash comprised of 10–15 lesions, each ∼5 mm in diameter,


Prior to the 1970 census, the Census Bureau collected and published only limited information on the Spanish origin population in the United States. Specifically, from 18b0 to 1960 Hispanic information was collected primarily through questions about birth and parentage ( i .e. , country of birth of the person and parents). In the 1970 census, the Census Bureau used four different identifiers to classify persons of Spanish cultural background in order to obtain a more complete description of the Spanish population. These identifiers were birth and parentage, Spanish language, Spanish surname, and Spanish origin. In addition, two composite identifiers were used: Spanish language or surname, and Spanish heritage. From the 1970 census the Census Bureau furnished, for the f i rs t time, a fa i r ly comprehensive social and economic description of the Hispanic population in the United States. However, the use of different identifiers for the Hispanic population caused some confusion among data users regarding the interpretation of Spanish population counts and characteristics. Persons of Spanish origin were also identified in the Current Population Survey (CPS) during the 1970's and detailed information on the Spanish population from this source became available on an annual basis. With the increased availabil i ty of Hispanic population data in this decade, there also grew the need for more specific information on Hispanic persons. Federal laws and increased private and governmental requirements portended the need for a single and unequivocal identif ier of Hispanic persons in the 1980 census. And, in the 1980 census pretest and dress rehearsal programs, attention was directed towards developing a single subjective question to identify persons of Spanish origin or descent. This paper summarily describes the results of the Census Bureau's experiences in developing an identif ier for the Spanish origin population in the 1980 census.


Various studies have been conducted for developing interaction techniques in a smart house. Some of our previous studies [1, 2] focused on bathrooms and we converted an existing normal bathtub system into a user interface by using embedded sensors. A system called Bathcratch [2] detects squeak sounds by rubbing on a bathtub edge. To generate squeaks, it requires some conditions to cause the Stick-slip phenomenon. A bathtub has a smooth surface, and water can cause the phenomenon with human skins. Bathcratch uses it as an interaction technique to play DJ-scratching. Here, we extended the interaction technique using squeaks to recognize rubbing states, rubbing events including sequence, and the difference between squeaks caused by the number of fingers. This can be used in various wet environments including kitchen, washbowls in a restroom, swimming pool, and spa. This paper describes the method and its performance for identifying the number of rubbing fingers by using frequency analysis. In addition, we illustrate some smart home applications by using the proposed technique.


We present the results of a search for pulsating stars in the 7.12 deg^2 OGLE-III Galactic disk area in the direction tangent to the Centaurus Arm. We report the identification of 20 Classical Cepheids, 45 RR Lyr type stars, 31 Long-Period Variables, such as Miras and Semi-Regular Variables, one pulsating white dwarf, and 58 very likely delta Sct type stars. Based on asteroseismic models constructed for one quadruple-mode and six triple-mode delta Sct type pulsators, we estimated masses, metallicities, ages, and distance moduli to these objects. The modeled stars have masses in the range 0.9-2.5 M_sun and are located at distances between 2.5 kpc and 6.2 kpc. Two triple-mode and one double-mode pulsators seem to be Population II stars of the SX Phe type, probably from the Galactic halo. Our sample also includes candidates for Type II Cepheids and unclassified short-period (P<0.23 d) multi-mode stars which could be either delta Sct or beta Cep type stars. One of the detected variables is a very likely delta Sct star with an exceptionally high peak-to-peak I-band amplitude of 0.35 mag at the very short period of 0.0196 d. All reported pulsating variables but one object are new discoveries. They are included in the OGLE-III Catalog of Variable Stars. Finally, we introduce the on-going OGLE-IV Galactic Disk Survey, which covers more than half of the Galactic plane. For the purposes of future works on the spiral structure and star formation history of the Milky Way, we have already compiled a list of known Galactic Classical Cepheids.


Developmental psychologists of a certain age will remember a time when studying developmental change and individual differences were two very different lines of work, each with different theoretical traditions, methodologies and empirical objectives. By the 1980s, developmental psychologists were mostly concerned with mapping patterns of ontogenetic variation that tended towards some ideal telos of adaptive accomplishment. Charting the stage and sequence of intraindividual transformation of some skill, concept or behavior over time was a major research objective. Personality psychologists, for their part, wanted to track stable patterns of interindividual variability. They sought to discern the structure of personality and map the taxonomy of individual differences manifested as broad-based dispositional traits. But intraindividual development and individual differences in the structure of personality were two topics not often raised in the same conversation. There were exceptions, of course. Loevinger's [1976] theory of ego development was capacious enough to fold within its purview wide swaths of personality functioning organized as milestones across nine levels of hierarchical development. Indeed, Loevinger [1966] presented ego development "not as one interesting personality trait among many, but as the master trait," second only to intelligence in accounting for individual differences (p. 205). For Loevinger [1966] the ego is an organizing frame of reference that pulls together divergent experience, including interpersonal and cognitive style, conscious preoccupations and impulse control, and its existence and development can no more be doubted than that chromosomes contain DNA, although quantitative approaches like factor analysis are unlikely to find it (in her view). Loevinger's [1966, 1976] ego development was considered one of two distinct traditions in personality research, the other being the dimensional or individual difference approach. While there was some interest in exploring how trait models of personality aligned with ego level – openness to experience appeared to fare better


Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness analysis(CEA),efficacy and safety of Policosano and Rosuvastatin in the treatment of senior patients with hyperlipoidemia.Methods 60 senior patients with hyperlipidemia admitted into our hospital during 2011 and 2010 were randomly divided into Policosano group(n=30,10 mg per day)and Rosuvastatin group(n=30,5 mg per day).6 weeks after treatment,the efficacy was observed,and CEA was performed.Results The Policosanol was similar to Rosuvastatin in decreasing lipidemia.The effective rates in Policosano group and Rosuvastatin group were 90% and 96.67% respectively,and the differences were significant(P=0.69).There were no adverse reactions in the two groups.CEA showed that C/E of Policosano was 1240,and 193 of Rosuvastatin.Conclusion Policosano and Rosuvastatin are effective and safe in lowering lipidemia,but Rosuvastatin has a higher economic value.


This paper presents preliminary results on OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) based control of a concentric tube robot (CTR). The potential use of OCT system is presented then its ability to perform an optical biopsy and an eye-to-hand configuration for robot control is highlighted. A prototype of CTR with three curved tubes is shortly described then a model-less OCT-based controller is detailed. The extraction of visual features from OCT images is performed by normalized cross-correlation. The proposed control scheme was experimentally validated. The positioning accuracy of CTR control was evaluated in benchtop trials. The error in tip placement can reach 10 μm along X and 74 μm along Y according to controller parameters. The 2D positioning (XY plan) is also tested then a final error about 55 μm is achieved.


The Author presents some recent findings of the archaeological excavations at Tel Dan, Bethsaida Julia, Hazor, Eyn Hatzeva, Horvat �Uza, Ashkelon and Lakhish, that can have an impact on the understanding of the ancient Israelite religion. The small structures found at those sites are expressions of the cultic activity performed "at the gates of the city". Bamot and masebot are the cultic objects always found at the gates of those biblical sites. This suggests an adjustment of the interpretation of some biblical expressions, cf. 1 Kings 20,34; 2 Kings 23:8; Jer 7:17; Ez 16: 24.25.31, regarding the "bamot of the gates" and the sanctuaries "outside the gate".


This paper hypothesizes that the inclusion of provisions for the settlement of disputes in regional agreements may ultimately enhance, rather than disrupt, the centrality of the WTO's dispute settlement system. Using a dataset that organizes exclusion clauses and special provisions for dispute settlement in regional trade agreements, the paper develops a thematic typology with which to examine the ways that disputes may be channeled between regional and global trade governance institutions. This study offers a more accurate picture of the global contours of the regionalization dynamic as it relates to trade governance, suggesting that the potential for the decentralization of dispute settlement inferred by the rapid development of regional bodies is somewhat overstated.


ABSTRACT In her early work, Suellen Shay argues that higher education tends to valorise objective notions of reality while downplaying the subjectivity of individuals. In Shay's view, this one-sided approach leads to a deficiency in the preparation of students for the holistic reality of the world they will experience beyond university. Taking Shay's provocation as a starting point, this paper explores a framework for both the design and analysis of educational assessment practices, with the aim of accounting for both objectivity and subjectivity in serving as legitimate bases for educational experiences. We follow Shay in adopting concepts from Legitimation Code Theory to achieve this, and, drawing on our own experiences and prior work, discuss how this framework may be applied.


Risk Concepts Regulatory Developments Risk Terminology Process Hazards & Risk Management Alternatives Identification of Hazards and Structured Hazards Analysis Tools Basics of HAZOP Pitfalls with HAZOP, Optimization of PHAs & Sizing of Nodes What If/Checklist Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Screening Level Risk Analysis PHA Revalidation Management of Change Estimation of Time Needed for PHAs Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant Buildings PHA Protocols and Administrative and Engineering Controls Human Factors Loss of Containment Managing and Justifying Recommendations PHA Team Leadership Safety Integral Levels (SILs) Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) Quantitative Risk Assessment Appendices


Wavelet transform is widely used in image and video encoding. And some multimedia encryption methods have been proposed during the past decade. The methods based on wavelet coefficient confusion are often used in wavelet encoding. This paper proposes a coefficient confusion method based on quad-tree structure. The method, together with the other two confusion methods, is analyzed by comparing their key space, effect on compression ratio and bit rate control. And some means are proposed to strengthen the security of the encryption system. The analysis and experiment results show that the confusion method based on quad-tree confusion is of low-cost and is easy to realize bit rate control, so it is suitable for image or video encryption in network transform with real-time requirement, especially in mobile multimedia network.


Giving a detailed overview of the work and results obtained in the stability area of a continuous commensurate fractional-order singular (FOS) systems, this paper presents a stability criterion in discrete cases. First, a state-space representation of the FOS dynamical system is illustrated, and then, some primary concepts of this system are discussed. Furthermore, the question of the stability behavior of the discrete commensurate FOS system based on its finite modes will be investigated. Based on a transformation in complex plane, we have shown how a new stability area is created in order to check the stability of the proposed system in accordance to the eigenvalues of matrix pencil. Finally, as an example of the framework established throughout this paper, we present some numerical simulations for the obtained results.


CFD was used for simulation and research of the bubble distribution in aeration process,and verified in a pilot. The results show that: at the aeration process with sieve,the bubble size decrease,BET increase,the bubble size distributes more uniform over time,the vast majority of distribution are located below 0. 05 m. The decline of bubble total number net increase and BET are reduced. Pilot results show that: the oxidation rate can reach 60% after 15h,which can save 21 h than that without sieve. The sieve setting at 1. 6 m height with 36% porosity plays a significant role in increasing oxidation efficiency.


In this paper, a 10‐bit compact current DAC architecture is proposed for large‐size AMOLED displays. The proposed DAC provides the linearity in small area effectively since it has small DNL and two symmetric INL profiles extinguishable in human vision system through averaging process. In addition, the proposed reference calibration scheme guarantees the channel uniformity without area overhead. The simulated INL and DNL are 1.25 and 0.35 LSB, respectively. The deviation of 5uA reference full‐scale current is 2.3nA. The proposed DAC was fabricated with 0.35um CMOS process.


The present invention relates to a process for the stability regulation of PNA oligomer / nucleic acid complex, kits and compositions. The present invention particularly comprises an N-terminal amine group and a C-terminal carbonyl carbon, the N-terminal amine group and / or the C-terminal carbonyl at least one alkyl group linked directly or indirectly covalently bonded to the carbon atoms, an alkenyl group, alkynyl group, a heteroalkyl group, heteroalkenyl group further comprises a heteroalkynyl group or heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, provided that the base is not the side chain of a natural amino acid linked to an acetyl group or a terminal, relates to PNA oligomers.


Mobile computing devices facilitate our daily life; however, mobile display also results in a heavy burden on our vision, and even injures our eyes. Mobile devices cause visual discomfort due to not only the screen glares but also the hand-held shake and vibration. We therefore aim to develop a stabilization technique for mobile display. This technique is expected to provide users with a comfortable interaction experience and reduce the hurt caused by screen vibration. The method we proposed is built upon system modeling. It analyzes the sensor data of acceleration and then predicts the displacement of the hand-held device. The mobile device can therefore adjust the position of the display area to compensate for vibrations. Experimental verification based on users' feedback reveals that our method successfully reduces the sight discomfort in moving environments.


to compare the difference in knowledge acquisition and retention between m-learning and traditional learning styles in the context of clinical education for respiratory therapy students. The authors acknowledged a range of studies highlighting the positive impact of m-learning on students' attitude and performance. Although the research cited focused on a range of STEM-related fields


Objective To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of electrical stimulating cerebellar fastigial nucleus on retina against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.Methods Rats were divided randomly into three groups:group1(ischemia-reperfusion),group2(electrical-stimulating-treated),and group3(sham-operated).Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells was detected by TUNEL method,and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were measured by immunohistochemical staining methods.Results Ischemia/reperfusion injury induced the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells(P0.05),meanwhile,as ischemia prolonged,the expression of Bcl-2 became weaker,and the expression of Bax became stronger gradually(P0.05).Electrical stimulating cerebellar fastigial nucleus alleviated these changes in treated group(P0.05).Conclusions Electrical stimulating cerebellar fastigial nucleus can protect retina against ischemia/reperfusion-injury.The possible mechanism includes upregulating the protein expression of Bcl-2 and downregualting the protein expression of Bax.


Tying the sale of products that could be sold separately is common in competitive markets - from left and right shoes, to the sports and living sections of daily newspapers, to cars and radios. This paper presents a cost-based theory for why tying occurs in competitive markets and uses this theory to examine bundling and tying in pain relievers and cold medicines, foreign electrical plug adapters, and mid-sized automobile sedans. It shows that product-specific scale economies are needed to understand tying but that these scale economies might be hard to detect even when they are present. We draw two principle conclusions for tying doctrine. First, per se condemnation in its various manifestations is wrong as a matter of economics. Neither the Jefferson-Parish test in the United States nor the Hilti/Tetra-Pak approach in the EU is capable of screening anti-competitive from pro-competitive tying. Second, if it is hard to establish efficiencies when practices could not arise for anticompetitive reasons, it might also be hard to establish the efficiencies required by the rule of reason or per se approaches. Both approaches are therefore likely to result in the frequent condemnation of efficient tying - that is a high rate of false convictions.


A Wingsuit is a Skydiving Jumpsuit that generates more lift for longer flights. This study examined the effects of side slip angles on a beginner wingsuit at 106 Reynolds number. Experimental tests were determined by using the length of the model scale at angles of attack ranging from 0° to 40° and sideslip angles of up to 20°. Force and moment coefficients were analyzed using variations in angles of attack and sideslip. Despite the absence of significant effects of sideslip angles on the lift and drag coefficients, side force and rolling/yawing moments were highly nonlinear. Flow structure visualization and numerical simulation show that surface stalls only occur on the lower side when slip angles are lower. In individual aviation sports, wingsuits are more advantageous when they have less sideslip. With Tuft visualization on the wingsuit model, the best aerodynamic coefficient under different flight conditions was determined by comparing the Response Surface Methodology performance under different flight conditions.


First, we fill in the missing values with last-day prices in the data pre-processing section. Data mining is then performed, and relationships are used for model building through visualization and correlation analysis. The results show that the product is intrinsically correlated. Next, we designed an Encoder-Decoder Long Short Memory Network (LSTM) price prediction model architecture. Compared to the traditional LSTM model (MSE: 0.00256), our model significantly improved accuracy (MSE: 0.0000517). Finally, we traded a portfolio using the Markowitz Portfolio Optimization Model based on the predicted results, which had a cumulative return of 18,625. 460%.


In his chapter on The Merchant of Venice in Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, Harold Bloom claims that ''the ontological weight of Shylock, from his first appearance through his last, places him as a representation of reality far distaining every other character in the play'' and that, ''equivocal as he must be,'' Shylock ''is our best clue for tracing the process by which Shakespeare . . . invented or reinvented the human.''1 As human as Shylock no doubt seems to Bloom, humanity, as Bloom defines it in relation to Shylock, probably counted for as little in the Elizabethan period as it does in today's commercial film industry. Indeed, if being human is held to be commensurate with ''the massively, frighteningly sincere and singleminded'' figure that Bloom holds Shylock to be,2 then Shylock's outsized humanity may be not only ill suited to a play too small to contain what Bloom terms Shylock's ''field of force''3 but incompatible with a globalized film culture in which youth, good looks, and an easy sociability command the gaze of young and old alike.4 To put it as McLuhan might, Shylock may simply be too hot to command the attention so cool a medium affords, too human to register as more than a blip on a screen in which formulaic simulations of what is uniformly desirable and attractive command the ontological field.


Purpose: To determine the frequency of tooth loss of individuals who lived during the nineteenth century and compare it to the current prevalence of tooth loss of an adult population in the US. Materials and Methods: A group of 177 full maxillary and mandibular casts from patients with restorative needs


With the number of mergers and acquisitions, restructuring of corporations and industries, and downsizing, effectively managing change inside organizations is essential. Change management cannot be successful without effective communication, and effective communication depends on an understanding of the important role ciilture plays in any change program. Anyone interested in better understanding the role of culture and communication in an organization wiU find Leading Organizations Through Transition: Communication and Cultural Change useful. According to the introduction, the "purpose of this volume is to address the role of communication in organizational culture and cultural change efforts, especially during periods of transition, mergers, innovations, and globalization" (p. xi). The book includes a discussion of the development of organizational cultures, the role of visions in direct ing organizational strategy and operations, the importance of ethics and how to integrate ethical standards into the culture, the use of language and metaphor to communicate key concepts and messages, and the effect of technology and globalization on culture, with weU-chosen examples and cases throughout. Each of the 10 chapters begins with an overview, a list of objectives, and questions to consider. Chapters end with discussion questions and recommended readings. This format, perhaps reflecting the book's origin as the electronic text for an online course in organizational culture and cultural change, effectively engages the reader in thinking about and applying the key concepts. The first two chapters, "Managing Hearts, Minds, and Souls" and "Assessing and Changing Organizational Culture," provide explanations of culture and its importance in managing change in organizations. The authors draw upon scholarly work on culture, and effectively weave theory with practice. For instance, in the first chapter


Abstract Fertile, Single Comb White Leghorn hatching eggs were obtained from the K.S.U. poultry farm and incubated at 37.8 ± 0.3° C. and 55–60% relative humidity. Eggs were taken from the incubator daily, candled to insure embryonic development, and quick frozen. The frozen eggs were sectioned and egg white collected carefully to avoid contamination with yolk material, embryonic tissue or blood. Albumen from incubated eggs was examined for changes in pH, free amino acid content, glucose, and sulfhydryl content. Albumen samples were subjected to polyacryamide gel electrophoresis and tested for lysozyme and conalbumin activity. Egg white from incubated eggs increased in free amino acids. Egg white pH at first increased, then decreased with incubation time. No change in sulfhydryl content was observed. Glucose content decreased rapidly after 3 days' incubation. Electrophoretic analysis indicated severe alterations in egg white proteins during embryogenesis. Assays for lysozyme indicated a complete loss of enzymatic activity by the seventeenth day of incubation. Conalbumin, as determined by chromogenic iron-binding, decreased gradually and was nearly absent after seventeen days.


— Accurate classification of robot execution failure during the manufacturing assembly operations guides to automate robot to perform the predefined tasks. In this paper we exploit the statistical transformations of time-series data for the classification of robot execution failure in the context of peg-hole insertion task. The statistical transformation of time-series data aims to reduce the dimension and unearth the discriminative features for the classification task and and hence improves the performance, such as predictive accuracy and Learning time. We collected force-torque sensor data for different execution failures during peg-hole insertion task using the industrial high speed and powerful MOTOMAN-MH6 six axis robot. We conducted an extensive supervised classification analysis with different classifiers with raw force torque sensor data as well as statistical features computed from the force torque sensor data. Experimental results demonstrated that Bayesian network classifier with efficient time-series features can more accurately classify different robot execution failures than other classifiers. We validated the experimental results on UCI benchmark dataset.


A novel oligosiloxane containing alternative ladderlike structure involving viologen groups has been prepared via donor–acceptor interaction-assisted template polymerization. The monomer used as the electron-donor component, N,N ′-bis(3-methyldimethoxyl-silylpropyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium dihexafluorophosphate and its precursor, N,N ′-bis(3-methyldimethoxyl-silylpropyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium dibromide were first synthesized successfully in high yield. This oligosiloxane, which displays interesting electrochromic properties, has been characterized by FTIR, UV–vis, 1H NMR, 29Si NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vapour pressure osmometry (VPO).

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry


In this paper we describe ZKBoo1, a proposal for practically efficient zero-knowledge arguments especially tailored for Boolean circuits and report on a proof-ofconcept implementation. As an highlight, we can generate (resp. verify) a non-interactive proof for the SHA-1 circuit in approximately 13ms (resp. 5ms), with a proof size of 444KB. Our techniques are based on the "MPC-in-the-head" approach to zero-knowledge of Ishai et al. (IKOS), which has been successfully used to achieve significant asymptotic improvements. Our contributions include: ◦ A thorough analysis of the different variants of IKOS, which highlights their pros and cons for practically relevant soundness parameters; ◦ A generalization and simplification of their approach, which leads to faster Σ-protocols (that can be made non-interactive using the Fiat-Shamir heuristic) for statements of the form "I know x such that y = φ(x)" (where φ is a circuit and y a public value); ◦ A case study, where we provide explicit protocols, implementations and benchmarking of zero-knowledge protocols for the SHA-1 and SHA-256 circuits.


The high-protein content of soybeans can be exploited for the preparation of derivatives such as tofu. However, the herbaceous taste of soy can limit consumption of tofu, so the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the addition of sodium chloride or "table salt" (NaCl) on the texture and sensory properties of tofu. Cheeses from soybean milk (12% total solids) were prepared. Firstly, the concentration of CaCl2 as coagulating agent was optimized, and subsequently cheeses with added NaCl (0.5 %) were prepared. These cheeses were evaluated by texture profile (mechanical properties) and sensory analysis. The addition of NaCl didn't improve both the textural properties and sensory profile of tofu, conversely, the cheeses were less firm and more fragile than those made without added NaCl.


oak veneer furniture with bleach treatment process, and by orthogonal test method of oak veneer bleaching factors were analyzed to determine the bleaching process parameters, that is a certain quality and a certain fraction of the mass fraction of sodium hypochlorite oxalic acid composition of oxidized bleach treatment is better.


The debate on Salafism and Wahabism is not a recent issue in Muslim's community. In Malaysia, it has been discussed since the early of the 20 century, during the Islah movement in Egypt and its neighbouring countries. The movement had affected the local Muslim scholars who studied abroad, especially in Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and hence brought back the influence to their homeland. Despite the strong opposition, it continues to expand and the rift between both opposing groups has coloured the scenario of Islamic preaching until now. The objective of this study is to describe the background of the Salafi and Wahabi that it was spread to Malaysia, especially Terengganu. It is also aimed to get to know the associated Muslim scholars in Terengganu and their views on this issue. This is a descriptive study which combines both literature and field study. For the literature part, references such as books, thesis, journal articles, and paper works had been used. Interview sessions with the selected scholars were conducted using structured questionnaires. Based on the findings, it was found out that this movement has been notable in Malaysia as the output from the Islah movement in the Middle East countries. It was also resulted from the spread of this influence by Malaysian students who studied in Mecca, Egypt and India who brought back the influence to Malaysia.


Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the relevance of private meta-governance for multi-stakeholder partnerships. The authors assume that meta-governance, defined as higher level rules that shall guide partnerships' governance activities, could build on and institutionalize lessons learned about partnerships' success conditions and, in doing so, may render partnerships' work more effective in the future.

Design/methodology/approach

The research paper investigates a case of non-state meta-governance in the standard-setting arena. It explores how actors assess the interaction of the meta-governance efforts of the International Social and Environmental Accreditation and Labelling (ISEAL) Alliance (mainly in the form of their three Codes of Good Practice) and the Alliance for Water Stewardship's efforts when setting and implementing their International Water Stewardship Standard. For this, a combination of research methods is applied: a literature review for deriving propositions on success conditions; document analysis, participatory observation and semi-structured interviews for gathering empirical evidence on the interaction between meta-governance and the partnership's work.

Findings

Respondents praise the benefits of ISEAL's enabling meta-governance measures to strengthen their standard, structures and processes, as well as from ensuring activities, as these also improve their internal governance system while simultaneously providing credibility. In this context, they confirm the relevance of three success factors mentioned in the literature on voluntary standards: an inclusive process, a locally adapted design of the standard and institutionalized compliance management.

Practical implications

Instead of reinventing the wheel with every new multi-stakeholder partnership, meta-governance frameworks should be used to enable partnership staff and members, policymakers and stakeholders to learn from experience.

Originality/value

The authors' analysis generates unique insights into perceptions of partnerships' staff and stakeholders regarding lessons learned and private meta-governance. The present study on these actors' perspectives provides a starting-point for further research on how meta-governance could help institutionalize success factors to scale-up and improve the impact of standard-setting partnerships.


Saturation index(SI) is an important parameter to describe the water-rock interaction state,while complex has a significant influence on the state.It is possible to improve the accuracy of SI model by correctly evaluating the content of complex.According to the basic theory of chemical thermodynamics,a FORTRAN code was designed to calculate SI value for modifying solution method of saturation index model.It is proved that this model has better stabilization and precision.


AbstractBased on the hydrostatic, incompressible Boussinesq equations in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the three-dimensional sea–land breeze (SLB) circulation has been elegantly expressed as functions of the surface temperature distribution. The horizontal distribution of the horizontal or vertical motion is determined by the first or second derivative of the surface temperature distribution. For symmetric land–sea and temperature distribution, the full strength of the sea breeze occurs inland but not at the coastline, and the maximum updraft associates with the heating center. Setting the temperature difference between land and sea (TDLS), which varies with the island size, there would exist an optimal island size corresponding to the strongest SLB circulation that weakens with both a larger and smaller island size. Each velocity component approaches a peak at a certain vertical level. Both the peak value and the corresponding vertical level link with the vertical scale of the surface temperature: ...


We demonstrate dipole-based modeling for designing nanostructured emitters in a stratified surrounding medium in the presence of parasitic absorption, while giving equivalent information about far-field emission as Lorentz reciprocity. We consider the challenging modeling case of a single nanowire with a parasitically absorbing planar top contact layer. The main advantage of our approach is the use of a near-field-to-far-field transformation (NFFT) adapted for stratified surrounding, which speeds up the simulations compared to approaches without such a NFFT. We show how the thickness of the contact layer, nanowire geometry, emitter position within the nanowire, refractive index of encapsulation layer, and orientation of the dipole moment of the emitter strongly affect the extraction of internally emitted photons.


Major fault structures of Peninsular Malaysia were interpreted by satellite gravity data obtained from EGM2008. Filtering including THD, TVD, TDR, TDX and Euler Deconvolution inversion techniuques were applied to the data and successfully delineated the major faults especially located in the area separating the granite and sedimentary rock such as Bok Bak, Kuala Lumpur, Bukit Tinggi and Lebir faults. The main finding of this research is the boundary separating the western and eastern belt of Peninsular Malaysia namely the Bentong-Raub Suture by the abrupt changes of gravity anomalies between the two belts. The average depths and dips of Kuala Lumpur, Bukit Tinggi and Seremban faults were estimated by gravity inversion 3D Euler Deconvolution.


Using Life Values Inventory designed by D.Brown R.K.Crace,1201 Chinese post-1980's are examined.Based on the statistic analysis,the major findings are as follows: 1) Values of privacy,responsibility,interdependence,achievement,belongings,concern for others,objective analysis,independence are found significant values among the youngsters of post-80s;2) Gender factor is the biological and social bases for developing values of belongings,interdependence,objective analysis and creativity;3) Religious beliefs contribute to the shape of the values of concern for others and spirituality;4) Achievement,belongings,humility and spirituality are significantly influenced by social environment;traditional culture and social changes are significant predictors for the life values of the post-80s.


A new genus of Tantulocarida, Stygotantulus, is described based on material from an anchialine pool on Lanzarote, Canary Islands. It is the most primitive tantulocarid known and is ectoparasitic on representatives of at least two families of harpacticoid copepods. It is distinguished by the presence of 7 abdominal somites in the tantulus larva. The musculature of the penis on trunk somite 7 of the male suggests that it is derived by modification of the seventh thoracopods. The importance of trunk somite numbers in maxillopodan systematics is reexamined and an attempt is made to apply the concept ofhomology to the developmental processes determining somite numbers. The classification of the Crustacea, including the Tantulocarida, proposed by Starobogatov (1986), is criticized and the validity of the developmental-functional concept of the prototagma, as used by Starobogatov, is refuted. A new scheme of phylogenetic relationships among seven major maxillopodan groups is presented. Tantulocarids are small, ectoparasitic crustaceans found only on crustacean hosts. They have an unusual and highly abbreviated life cycle (Boxshall and Lincoln, 1987). Saclike adult females release infective tantulus larvae which attach directly to a new host. Once attached, the female tantulus forms a trunk sac behind the cephalon and sloughs the larval trunk. The male tantulus forms a trunk sac at the posterior end of the thorax within which a unique kind of metamorphic reorganization takes place. The presumed adult male differentiates inside the sac while being supplied with nutrients via an internal tissue connection to the larval cephalon. Tantulocarids exhibit no cephalic limbs at any stage of their life cycle, but their basic tagmosis and male gonopore location was interpreted by Boxshall and Lincoln (1987) as evidence that their affinities lie with the Thecostraca (sensu Grygier, 1985, 1987). In the present account we report on a new tantulocarid collected by Prof. Jan Stock from an anchialine lava pool on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. In the pool it is parasitic on harpacticoid copepods from at least two distinct families. In the last decade studies of the crustacean fauna of anchialine habitats in the Canary Islands and elsewhere have revealed a range of distinctive forms, such as the Remipedia (Garcia-Valdecasas, 1984). The new tantulocarid is also distinctive, representing the most primitive type yet found. The characters exhibited prompted us to reexamine the phylogenetic relationships of the Tantulocarida within the Maxillopoda, and to comment upon the new classification of the Crustacea, including the Tantulocarida, proposed by Starobogatov (1986). Subclass Tantulocarida Boxshall and Lincoln, 1983 Family Basipodellidae Boxshall and Lincoln, 1983 Stygotantulus, new genus Diagnosis. -Tantulus larva comprising cephalon, 6 pedigerous thoracic somites, and 7-segmented abdomen. Cephalon covered with dorsal shield ornamented with longitudinal and transverse lamellae. Oral disc located anteriorly on ventral surface. Cephalic stylet barbed. Free thoracic somites 1-6 each with well-developed tergite and bearing pair of thoracopods. Thoracopods 1-5 biramous, comprising unsegmented protopod bearing well-developed endite, and 1(leg 1) or 2-segmented (legs 2-5) rami. Thoracopod 6 lacking endite. Caudal rami distinct, armed with 1 short and 2 long setae. Adult male in trunk sac located posterior to tergite of sixth thoracic somite. Male cephalothorax incorporating first and second thoracic somites. Thoracopods 1-5 bi-


A framework is proposed for future energy aware dynamic spectrum access broadband networks where the demand for the radio spectrum is time varying. The network comprises of several Wireless Service Providers (WSPs) whose aim is to maximize profit by providing broadband services to users in a specific location, a central regional entity named Transmission Central Authority (TCA) and the end users seeking access to the broadband network. The paper proposes a model that is energy efficient and maximizes the profit of the WSP when the WSP cooperates and allows the TCA to serve as a form of a regulator. It is shown how the proposed model allows for better utilization of the network resources, saves energy, and maximizes the profit of the WSP without compromising the QoS of the users.


Field-emitter (FE) electron sources offer significant advantages over photocathode and thermionic sources due to their ability to be operated without the need for an auxiliary laser system or a heating source. While FE cathodes have been traditionally used in DC environments, we explore electron beam generation from carbon based FE cathodes inside an L-band radiofrequency (RF) gun at Fermilab, where significantly higher current electron beams are possible owing to high extraction RF electric fields (nominal) on the order of tens of MV/m. In this regard, we present electromagnetic modeling using COMSOL®'s RF module, of the RF gun to understand the electric field profile, eigenfrequencies and field enhancement at the FE tips inside the gun. The field profile and eigenfrequency variation with respect to the considered cathode geometries and position offsets, along with Q-factor studies are presented. Some of the numerical results are compared, where possible, to experimental measurements for validation. Finally, we briefly discuss the future implications of the current work with regards to integration with dedicated charged particle tracing programs and possible multiphysics studies.


Problem 1 (15 points: Graded by Shahin) Recall the network structure of our in-class trading experiment shown in Figure 1 Figure 1: Network Trading-In Class Example a. (3 points) Carefully apply the theory relating network structure to equilibrium to this network. You must describe exactly how the theory yields the resulting equilibrium wealths/prices, and what parties will trade with each other. No credit will be given for simply describing the equilibrium; you must show how it is derived. Solution. The equilibrium is as shown in Slides 26 of the lecture on Trading in Networks. b. (3 points) What is the smallest number of Wheat players that can be added to Group F that will cause the Milk players in Group S to trade only with Group F Wheat players? Justify your answer. Solution. Let x denote the number of Wheat players added to group F. Then, we want the ratio of (5 + x)/6 be the highest ratio of nodes to neighbors in the network. So in particular, it should also be bigger than the second highest ratio which is (15 + x)/8 (adding Wheat players of group F and A together).


This document contributes to the generation regarding the economic environment of the states of Guanajuato, Puebla and Queretaro specialized information in order to provide businessmen, entrepreneurs and institutions, relevant information to strengthen the situation assessment of each economic environment for decision of successful or to identify areas of opportunity to generate economic units making. Current transition research project and has impacted the behavior of economic units in the dynamics of growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the states of Guanajuato, Puebla and Queretaro, in the last ten years from 2003 to 2013. This, to fortalcer businesses, entrepreneurs and institutions in their decision-making to administrative and / or economic scenarios, financial aimed at generating micro, pequemas, medium and large companies, or in the detection of areas opportunity that will produce goods and services to meet needs. For this it is necessary to have references in economic easy to use but reliable and concise figures concerning the behavior of economic units and GDP, given that both are factors triggers of any economy.


This report aims to develop a framework linking poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation in order to identify research questions and to contribute to improved policy formulation. A general overview of the subject, definitions and concepts of poverty and biodiversity are described.


Market value of logistics services business in Indonesia in 2012 is estimated amount of USD 2.76 billion with an average growth of 12.1% per year. The industry is estimated growth in compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.6% or about Rp2,042 trillion in 2015. The attractive market conditions and business opportunities have not been harnessed yet by local players optimally. On the contrary, one by one the local players have been bankruptcy due to unable to compete with foreign logistics services companies. Based on data of Indonesian Logistics and Forwarder Association (ILFA), it is currently registered about 3,000 members, but about 50% of them are still active, while 50% of them are nonactive and getting problems. Of which are still active, not more than 20 companies are ready to compete with foreign logistics services companies. The problem is especially concerning human resource, networks, technology, and capital competencies. In line with that, the fundamental issues examined in this research are how the relationships of dynamic capabilities, innovation performance, and firm performance conceptually in the logistics service industry in Indonesia. To be able to answer the problems, it is necessary to research theoretically how each relationship of these three aspects in order to obtain a research model or framework. Thus the research framework can be used as a reference to construct hypotheses for further research. Based on the literature study, it can be concluded that dynamic capabilities directly affect innovation performance, in which the variables of dynamic capabilities encompass adaptive capabilities, absorptive capabilities, and innovative capabilities. In addition, dynamic capabilities can also directly affect the firm performance but can also indirectly impact on firm performance through innovation performance.


Information highway with computer network technology as the core, its rise and development, make the function of information system and the connotation constantly development and improvement, for the future information society provides an efficient, fast, and even intelligent work environment. In view of the defects of petroleum in engineering cost management, it put forward the " design of petroleum engineering cost management system based on B/S architecture ", by this scheme can improve the efficiency of existing petroleum engineering cost management, cost management for oil development has great benefits.


Objective: To investigate the processing advantage on the Spatial Orientation Dynamic Test-Revised of Civil Pilots.Method: Adopting the Spatial Orientation Dynamic Test-Revised(SODT-R),this study compared the group of airline pilots and the control group.Results: Compared with the control-group members,the pilots were better at controlling the directions of moving dots.And they had longer response latency and lower response frequency in the process of task operation.Conclusions: The pilots' high directional abilities on SODT-R could be manifested as the trade-off strategy that was globally and dynamically mastered on the task.completion.


Nitrogen is an essential element for potato,which plays an important role in growth and development,yield and quality of potato.Nitrogen is required in large quantity for potato growth and development,but generally lack in the soil,and has to be applied to meet the needs for its normal growth.Study the nitrogen nutrition characteristics is the prerequisite and basis for nitrogen fertilizer rational application of potato production.In order to provide a reference for nitrogen nutrition further research and nitrogen fertilizer rational application of potato,the nitrogen nutrition characteristic of potato was summarized according to some relevant literature in this article,which included the nitrogen content,absorption rate,accumulation and distribution of potato plant.Moreover,the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on photosynthesis,growth and development,yield and quality of potato were introduced.Finally,the further research topics of nitrogen nutrition in potato were also proposed.


Editor Ustekinumab is a fully human IgG1j monoclonal antibody against IL (interleukin)-12/23 and is indicated for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis in adults and adolescent patients older than 12 years. In this article, we present the real-life experience with the use of Ustekinumab in 93 patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis, who have been followed at the Psoriasis Unit of A. Sygros Hospital, in Athens, Greece. A chart review was conducted and 93 patients were identified to have used Ustekinumab from June 2009 until November 2014. We included 50 men and 43 women. We have recorded demographics, history of psoriasis, previous use of systemics and biologics, presence of PsA (psoriatic arthritis), PASI (Psoriasis Area Severity Index) scores and serious adverse events (SAE). We recorded the need for concomitant medications and discontinuation reasons. The baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1. For 33.4% of patients, ustekinumab was the first biologic used. A total of 24 patients have previously used etanercept, 19 adalimumab, 12 infliximab and 9 efalizumab. At the time point that we conducted the chart review, 47.3% of the patients were in the first year of their treatment with Ustekinumab, 22.6% in the second, 13% in the third and 10.7% and 6.5% in the fourth and fifth, respectively. The mean PASI at week 0 was 15.28, at week 28 was 3.3 and at week 52 was 2.47. Due to the fact that 47.3% of patients were in the first year (52 weeks) of their treatment with ustekinumab, we do not present herein the PASI results after this period, but 92% of the rest of our patients who were under ustekinumab for more that 1 year had still very low PASI scores and a very good retention rate regarding the efficacy. Ten patients who initially suffered from PsA needed concomitant treatment with methotrexate (a rheumatologist evaluation was performed), in doses from 7.5 to 12.5 mgr/week with full remission of their symptoms. Two patients needed addition of cyclosporine (due to palmoplantar pustular psoriasis) and one patient was added acitretin due to worsening of palmoplantar psoriasis. We had a patient who developed two basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) 9 months after the initiation of ustekinumab and a patient who developed one BCC and one squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 11 months after starting ustekinumab. One patient developed thyroid cancer, 1.5 year after the initiation of ustekinumab. In Table 2, the details of patients who developed a SAE are mentioned. In total, we had to discontinue Ustekinumab in nine patients (four because of loss of efficacy, two due to discontinuation of public insurance, two for nonmelanoma skin cancer and one for thyroid cancer). Our results are in accordance with the safety and efficacy profile of ustekinumab presented in the literature. Papp KA et al. reported no dose-related or cumulative toxicity with increasing duration of ustekinumab exposure for up to 5 years. Rates of adverse events reported in ustekinumab psoriasis trials are generally comparable with those reported for other biologics approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Kimball AB et al. also reported that through 5 years of continuous treatment, ustekinumab demonstrated stable clinical response and a safety profile consistent with previous reports. Overall, 68.7% (517⁄753) of ustekinumab-treated patients completed treatment through Week 244. Gniadecki et al. have published drug survival data from Danish psoriasis registry (DERMBIO), which showed longer drug survival on ustekinumab compared with the anti-TNF agents. Similar results were


The Hermitian Cartesian quantum momentum operator p for an embedded surface M in R3 is proved to be a constant factor −iℏ times the mean curvature vector field Hn added to the usual differential term. With use of this form of momentum operators, the operator-ordering ambiguity exists in the construction of the correct kinetic energy operator and three different operator-orderings lead to the same result.


In this paper we investigate the growth rate of the harmonious chromatic number of a family of regular graphs, as a function of the number of vertices, when the valency or the diameter is fixed. We also look at families of graphs where the harmonious coloring is minimal.


Corruption is a subject that has captured the attention of governments, scholars and evaluators for decades. No doubt, this is because of society's appreciation of the devastating effects of corruption on development. As a result, many countries, including Zambia, have joined international efforts to combat corruption through ratification of regional, continental and international conventions against corruption. This dissertation examines whether Zambia has conformed to the main requirements of the conventions to which it is party. The research also seeks to assess whether Zambia has achieved significant progress in combating corruption after implementation of the key provisions of the conventions. The study is based on the analysis of secondary data.
Research findings indicate that Zambia has domesticated the key provisions of the conventions against corruption. This is manifested by Zambia's enactment of legislation criminalising corruption, the creation of institutions established to fight corruption, and the implementation of public sector reforms. Findings further indicate that Zambia's implementation of anti-corruption measures and initiatives has not produced significant progress as evidenced by the continued existence of rampant corruption in the public sector and the country's poor performance on global corruption indicators. This study has concluded that anti-corruption crusades can only succeed if there is demonstrable political will by government to support anti-corruption initiatives and promote cooperation with stakeholders; features which have not been consistent in the case of Zambia.
In view of the findings, the research advocates for the creation of a national anti-corruption culture in which government, civil society and citizens participate in the anti-corruption agenda. This study also argues for the critical importance of government's role in spearheading counter corruption activities in the country if meaningful progress is to be achieved.


An α-amylase which produces maltohexaose as the main product from strach was found in the culture filtrate of Bacillus circulans G-6 which was isolated from soil and identified by the author.The enzyme was purified by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The purified enzyme was homogeneous on disc electrophoresis. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were around pH 8.0 and around 60°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable in the range of pH 5–10. Metal ions such as Hg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Co2+ inhibited the enzyme activity. The molecular weight was about 76,000. The yield of maltohexaose from soluble starch of DE (dextrose equivalent*) 1.8-12.6 was about 30%, and the combined action of the enzyme and pullulanase or isoamylase increased the yield of maltohexaose.


The oil industry is becoming more significant for the global economy each day. In
Brazil represents an important source of funds for the Union through the collection of
government interests paid by the companies that exploit this nonrenewable natural
resource. Because of this importance it is essential to have a policy that requires the
correct measurement of the volumes produced. The National Agency of Petroleum,
Natural Gas and Biofuels is responsible for overseeing, through its center for
monitoring the measurement of oil and gas, these volumes. This work presents a study
on the fiscal measurement of volumes of oil produced, emphasizing the study of the
ultrasonic measurement technology, which exhibits a series of advantages over other
technologies available, has gained considerable space in the setting of fiscal
measurement of Brazil. To prove this growth this work also shows the applicability of
ultrasonic meters at Campos Basin that is the Brazilian oil basin that currently produces
more oil and gas, showing that about 60% of the volume produced at this place is
measured by ultrasonic technology.


Klement Tockner is a full professor for Aquatic Ecology at the Free University Berlin and director of the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), the largest freshwater ecology institute in Germany (www.igb-berlin.de). He received a PhD at the University of Vienna, and a titulary professorship at ETH. He has special expertise on freshwater biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and river and wetland restoration and management. He is Editor-in-Chief of the journal Aquatic Sciences and Subject Editor of the journal Ecosystems. He has published more than 180 scientific publications including 100+ ISI papers. At present, he coordinates a large EC-funded project on freshwater biodiversity (www.freshwaterbiodiversity.eu). He is member of several scientific committees including the crosscutting group on freshwater biodiversity of DIVERSITAS. Within REFORM, Professor Klement Tockner and Professor Huib de Vriend (Deltares) are jointly responsible for the internal scientific quality control process.


Objective To observe the effect of rat embryo neural stem cells(NSCs) transplant in hippocampus of experimental Alzheimer rats. Methods After the Alzheimer model was reproduced,NSCs were primary cultured and identified from hippocampus of rat embryo. The rats were randomly divided into NSCs transplantation,Aβ and normal groups. Four weeks after NSCs transplantation,observed the comparison of the change of memory recovery in AD rat by water labyrinth test and jumping stand test,and observed the changes of mitochondrial membrane potential by moleculare biology method. Results After transplanting NSCs into the hippocampus,we found NSCs could lessen the impairment of study and memory caused by Aβ. NSCs could inhibit the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by Aβ. Conclusion So we regarded NSCs transplantation as a promised cell therapy to AD because of its protective functions to the Aβ damage.


Abstract:This paper traces the dynamics of the ''movement of the heart'' (感動) to articulate the communal spirituality experienced in the Neo-Confucian commitment to virtues. To accomplish this, the spiritual dynamics found in Samganghaengsilto are explored, focusing on the development and application of the chapter on virtuous women (''Yŏllyŏp'yŏn'' 烈女篇) and comparing it to two other genres that target audiences from different social locations: classical Confucian literature and p'ansori. I argue that a healthy form of Confucian spirituality of the movement of the heart is found in the way the subaltern consciousness articulates it in p'ansori by creating mutual empathy that moves the hearts of the community and transforms the community by resisting injustice.


The diploma work is aimed at an influence of traditional christian forms on a woman's and man's status in the society. It consists of the theoretical and practical part. Christian gender thought streams and defined research criterious are stated in the theoretical part. The practical part is realized by the qualitative content text analysis usage. Both religious and gender studies texts are compared within the bounds of defined criterious.


Why do so many languages employ special means to express reflexive predicates, and why can what languages do be so diverse, although the notion of a reflexive predicate appears to be so simple? What happens in languages that don't seem to do anything special? The contributions in this special issue all focus on the various ways in which natural languages express reflexivity, and how the challenges their diversity poses can be addressed. In this contribution I present and further develop my answers to these questions, showing that except for a definition of binding no principles specific to binding need to be assumed. Sections 3–7 provide an overview of issues against which the results of current binding research are to be interpreted. I briefly address the role of phases in the theory of binding and argue that phases are relevant only indirectly namely in so far as the operations involved in the encoding of binding dependencies are themselves sensitive to phase-hood. I also relate my account to current debates about the relation between syntax and morphology (as in Distributed Morphology), showing that a too loose connection between syntax and morphology leads to severe methodological problems. Section 8, presents an explicit derivation of the need for reflexivity to be licensed, addressing questions that have been raised since that idea was first presented. Section 9 provides a summary of the approach.


This research aims at finding out how technical propriety dimension, financial and economic opportunity, political viability, and administrative viability in the evaluationof the policy of telecommunicationtower construction at the Department of Transportation, Communication, and Informatics in Parigi Moutong Regency using Bardach theory. This is a qualitative research with 7 informants taken by using a purposive sampling technique. The result of this research indicates that the evaliationof Policy of Telecommunication, and Informatics in Parigi Moutong Regency viewed from the technical viability dimensions; the Local Government is less serious to implement Cell Plan which has been made and there is no clear socialization in reporting the performance of management and supervision of surrounding; of economic and financial possibility dimension; all citizens can take pleasure in telecommunication provider in socializing rules, however giving positive impacts to the citizens like telecommunication service provisioning and providing employment to the citizens; and Administrative Viability dimension; the role of each sector or SKPD in coordinating among departments has run well but its supervision has not run well.


Introduction Francois Mitterrand The Congress of Epinay The Communist Party of France How Mitterrand Won the Presidency Grand Disillusion In the Name of Rigor The Catholic Church and School Reform Completing the Turn with Fabius Glossary of Acronyms Selected Bibliography Index


Several common packed hole and well straightening assemblies are introduced.According to the geological features in Haita Basin,corresponding kinds of drilling technologies have been researched. Field tests show that they can obviously improve the penetration rate and resolve the problem of increasing drilling rate effectively in high dipping formation.Finally,in order to improve the penetration rate at lower cost,it points out that Haita Basin should hasten the development of mechanical survey steering tool and vertical drilling tool in the future.


Although the single shot detector (SSD) is effective for object detection in natural images, it is not suitable for special tasks such as the industrial crack detection. The difficulty lies in the wide diversity of crack sizes and shapes that is usually unpredictable. To solve this problem, we improve the SSD model by feature resolution analysis. The classical SSD network extracts several convolutional feature layers with degressive scales, and then classifies and locates targets by a series of prior boxes with default sizes and aspect ratios regarding to each scale. Therefore, the key is whether the design of these prior boxes is consistent with the real target characteristics. In this paper, we improve the architecture of SSD network via statistically analyzing the distribution of sizes and shapes from our collected crack samples. According to the resolution analysis of the targets at each feature scale, only a fewer number of valid feature layers are carefully extracted, and some more accurate prior boxes are designed relative to each scale. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method could not only achieve significantly better prediction accuracy, but also acquire higher computational efficiency, which outperform the state-of-the-art methods.


PURPOSE: A dosing device is provided to obtain a fluid liquid mixture in a permanent and uniform ratio by mixing a first fluid liquid with more than one second liquid being added as a smaller amount in a continuous process. CONSTITUTION: A dosing device includes: a fluid tube(26) for a first liquid to flow; a mixing chamber(24) being arranged in the fluid tube or being connected to the fluid tube in a row; and more than one pump(21) for continuously supplying a second liquid(28) from a second liquid storing tank(19) to more than one narrow nozzle(12). Herein, the nozzle is formed by more than one needle typed tube being possibly inserted to the fluid tube through a flexible wall being possibly penetrated while being arranged in the wall containing a whole to be arranged in the fluid tube. And the storing tank containing the second liquid is manufactured by a sterilized bag being manufactured by a flexible plastic material or a metal or an inflexible container.


We shall only consider Markov chains with a finite, but usuall y very large,state space S= {1, . . . ,n}. An S-valued(discrete-time)stochastic process i a sequenceX0,X1,X2, . . . of Svalued random variables over some probability space Ω, i.e. a sequence of (measurable) mapsXt : Ω → S, t = 0,1,2, . . . Such a process is a Markov chainif for all t ≥ 0 and anyi0, i1, . . . , it−1, i, j ∈ Sthe following "memoryless" (forgetting) condition holds:


We analyzed results from 10‐year long field incubations of foliar and fine root litter from the Long‐term Intersite Decomposition Experiment Team (LIDET) study. We tested whether a variety of climate and litter quality variables could be used to develop regression models of decomposition parameters across wide ranges in litter quality and climate and whether these models changed over short to long time periods. Six genera of foliar and three genera of root litters were studied with a 10‐fold range in the ratio of acid unhydrolyzable fraction (AUF, or 'lignin') to N. Litter was incubated at 27 field sites across numerous terrestrial biomes including arctic and alpine tundra, temperate and tropical forests, grasslands and warm deserts. We used three separate mathematical models of first‐order (exponential) decomposition, emphasizing either the first year or the entire decade. One model included the proportion of relatively stable material as an asymptote. For short‐term (first‐year) decomposition, nonlinear regressions of exponential or power function form were obtained with r2 values of 0.82 and 0.64 for foliar and fine‐root litter, respectively, across all biomes included. AUF and AUF : N ratio were the most explanative litter quality variables, while the combined temperature‐moisture terms AET (actual evapotranspiration) and CDI (climatic decomposition index) were best for climatic effects. Regressions contained some systematic bias for grasslands and arctic and boreal sites, but not for humid tropical forests or temperate deciduous and coniferous forests. The ability of the regression approach to fit climate‐driven decomposition models of the 10‐year field results was dramatically reduced from the ability to capture drivers of short‐term decomposition. Future work will require conceptual and methodological improvements to investigate processes controlling decadal‐scale litter decomposition, including the formation of a relatively stable fraction and its subsequent decomposition.