With the continuous promotion of urban modernization, the development and utilization of underground space has been widely emphasized to ensure the sustainable use of land resources. Research on the detection of underground targets can reveal the internal conditions of underground space, provide help for the planning and construction of underground space, and promote the improvement of underground facility design methods. Research on underground pipelines and other small underground target detection is also important, through detection can grasp the direction and distribution of pipelines, can timely locate the location of pipeline faults; can timely find and stop the illegal behavior of privately connected underground pipelines, and promote the improvement of urban management. At present, domestic and foreign research on underground target detection methods using remote sensing technology is mostly based on multi-temporal infrared images of underground target detection method, which has a large sample size and high difficulty in obtaining data, and the research object is limited to small underground targets with certain characteristics and shallow burial depth, which has great limitations. Therefore, this paper proposes the method of using infrared remote sensing technology to detect the distributed subsurface targets inside the mountain, and fully considers the influence of the mountain vegetation and solar radiation.


The selection of IP cores for integration in hardware systems requires the evaluation, comparison and ranking of all eligible core candidates. In this context, the development of suitable benchmarking techniques to balance the different performance, dependability, area and energy consumption measures is an essential, but also a challenging task. This paper specifies a benchmarking approach that exploits the capabilities of hardware prototyping tools to support system integrators in the selection of IP Cores. The goal is to enable the benchmarking of such cores in the early system design phases, as soon as their models can be synthesised on reconfigurable devices. Results show the feasibility of the approach and provide a taste of the kind of comparison and selection process supported by the benchmark.


This paper presents the background and results of a study project on "Female Employees in the German Transformation Process" conducted over a period of two years by the Institute for Human Resource and International Management.(1) The study describes the working conditions of female employees in companies in the new German Lander with respect to both the situation at the time (1993) and to the changes that have been taking place since reunification. The relevance of the subject becomes evident when looking back at the situation of women in the former GDR: a situation which is characterized by an enormously high rate of working women. At the end of the 1980s, about 90% of the female population of working age worked or had completed an apprenticeship or term of study (Statistical Office of the GDR 1989, Schenk 1990). This is very high compared to other Western countries, but particularly high when compared to the Federal Republic before unification. In the late 1980's the rate of working women in Western Germany was only 55.5% (Statistisches Bundesamt). Women in the new German Lander still attach great importance to employment today (Engelbrech 1993). However, it became evident shortly after the turn of political events in 1989 that Western conditions would be transferred to the new German Lander, and in particular to the situation of women in the workforce. A review of the development of unemployment rates relative to gender reveals clear tendencies to the disadvantage of women: Whereas the unemployment rates of men and women in the West have reached an equal level over time, East Germany displays a considerable gender-specific difference. As Figure 1 shows, the rate of unemployed women is much higher than that of unemployed men. In addition, the unemployed women include a far higher percentage of former employees.(3) Given this high rate of unemployed women, we had to ask how the situation of the (still) employed women in the companies in the new German Lander looks like. In the old German Lander, the situation of female employees was characterized, above all, by poor representation in management positions, concentration in specific professions and sectors of industry, modest career development opportunities and poor workplace conditions. Therefore it is probable that not only the percentage of working women in the new German Lander is adjusting to the West German situation, but that the situation of the female employees within companies is changing as well.(4) The transformation process has brought about, and will continue to do so, a socio-economic revolution as well as a change in the technologies and economic structures in the new German Lander to which female employees are exposed in critical ways. We have analyzed the impact of these changes on the standing of female employees in working life with the hope of being able to influence their situation at the company level. Thus, the main purpose of the study is an analysis of the situation and the working conditions of female employees in the new German Lander. This analysis was not to be fixed in a specific point of time. The presentation of changing circumstances over the course of time is indispensable for demonstrating the process of change. Theoretical Background and Hypothesis The theoretical background of the study is rooted in western scientific approaches towards explaining the situation of women in working life. One can distinguish between situation-specific (demand-centered) and individual-specific (supply-centered) approaches. This subdivision helps to illustrate various levels of reasoning regarding the situation of working women. However, it must be pointed out that there are strong interdependencies between these approaches (cf. also Hadler/Domsch 1994). The situation-specific approaches relate to both aspects of the national economy - for instance, theories on job market segmentation (cf., for instance, Osterloh/Oberholzer 1994, Schuldt 1993), on cyclical and technological development (cf. …


Bio-film water treatment technology was widely used in treating various wastewater.A major drawback in bioreactors was secondary pollution because of failure carriers.The degradable bio-film carriers could avoid the shortcoming.It was widely used in nitrate remove from drinking water and disposable pollution such as treatment of discarded mine pollution.And the degradable bio-film carrier had an industrialized development prospect.The current status and development of three kinds of degradable polymer bio-film carriers for wastewater treatment were reviewed.The prospective trend of these carriers was also forseen in this paper.


The coupling of mechanical oscillators with light has seen a recent surge of interest, as recent reviews report. 1,2 This coupling is enhanced when confining light in an optical cavity where the mechanical oscillator is integrated as backmirror or movable wall. At the nano-scale, the optomechanical coupling increases further thanks to a smaller optomechanical interaction volume and reduced mass of the mechanical oscillator. In view of realizing such cavity nanooptomechanics experiments, a scheme was proposed where a sub-wavelength sized nanomechanical oscillator is coupled to a high finesse optical microcavity. 3 Here we present such an experiment involving a single nanomechanical rod precisely positioned into the confined mode of a miniature Fabry-Pérot cavity. 4 We describe the employed stabilized cavity set-up and related finesse measurements. We proceed characterizing the nanorod vibration properties using ultrasonic piezo-actuation methods. Using the optical cavity as a transducer of nanomechanical motion, we monitor optically the piezo-driven nanorod vibration. On top of extending cavity quantum electrodynamics concepts to nanomechanical systems, cavity nano-optomechanics should advance into precision displacement measurements near the standard quantum limit 5 , investigation of mechanical systems in their quantum regime, non-linear dynamics 6 and sensing applications.


A method of the electrothermal atomic absorption determination of the Au microamounts in the ores, rocks and minerals is proposed. This method includes preliminary gold concentrate by its sedimentation with the p-dimethylamino-benzylidenrodamin. Atomic absorption determination Of gold in the concentrate is made with an electrothermal atomizer of the graphite rad in the air. The gold detection limit reaches up to 0,01 ppm for the sample weight of 5-10 g, the relative standard deviation is up 0,05-0,1 for gold amounts about 1 ppm. This method may be useful also for the simultaneous determination of palladium and silver microamounts.


The primary matrix of occurrence strongly influences the impacts of contaminants on environmental and human health. In groundwater and surface-water settings, water 1) dominates environmental transport and distribution, 2) influences contaminant reactivity, transformation and, by extension, toxicity, and 3) mediates direct and indirect exposure pathways. The role of hydrology in determining contaminant risk in groundwater and surface-water environments varies with contaminant type. Consequently, this chapter focuses on mercury (Hg), a widely distributed environmental pollutant, in order to illustrate the critical role that hydrology plays in determining contaminant risk. A comprehensive review of all of the mechanisms by which hydrology affects Hg risk is beyond the scope of this chapter. Rather, this chapter will discuss a few specific mechanisms that illustrate the critical link between hydrology and Hg risk in the environment.


The work contains data on spread of horse strongylatosis in Ust-Abakansky, Altaisky, Bogradsky, Askizsky, Tashtypsky, Beisky, Shirinsky and Ordzhonikidzevsky regions of the Republic of Khakasia for the period of 2010 2012. In the majority of the farms in the mentioned regions of the Republic of Khakasia the percentage of strongylatosis varied from 30 to 100. While the percentage data was not changing considerably during 2010 2012, the number of farms where up to 100 per cent of the animals were invaded grew every year. In general in the Republic of Khakasia in 2010 there were 15 farms where spread of invasion reached 100%, in 2011 20 farms and 25 farms in 2012. Differetialdiagnistics of horse gastrointestinal strongylatosis showed that in the Republic of Khakasia the animals of the horse farms were invaded with four genera of Strongilata (Strongylus, Delafondia, Alfortia fam. Strongylidae and Trichonema fam. Trichonematidae) in various proportions. Special place is this invasion is occupied by larvaceous forms, growing in different organs and tissues of the animals, and eventually systematically migrating to the intestinal tract where maturation takes place. That is why for an effective prevention of horse gastrointestinal strongylatosis the farms of the Republic of Khakasia need a comprehensive program that would account for all aspects of developmental biology of this parasite.


The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's field triage guidelines (FTG) are routinely used by emergency medical services personnel for triaging injured patients. The most recent (2011) FTG contains physiologic, anatomic, mechanism, and special consideration steps. Our objective was to systematically review the criteria in the mechanism and special consideration steps that might be predictive of serious injury or need for a trauma center.


Joanna Code provides an overview of a reflective learning framework to support practitioners in meeting the demands of training and inspection.


PRO-GEN® (arsanilic acid or P-G) has been shown to reduce acidity of Florida grapefruit as effectively as lead arsenate. A series of experiments in the 1987-88 citrus fruit sea son reconfirmed that P-G was effective for this use with con centrations of 600-1500 ppm. P-G is water soluble. However, deliberate attempts to wash it off immediately following spray application reduced its effectiveness significantly, but did not completely eliminate the effect of P-G. Reduction of acidity of 'Hamlin' and 'Valencia' oranges occurred within 2-3 weeks following spraying with CITRUS 10 and triacontanol (TRIA). Both compounds effectively reduced acidity in oranges, but results were inconsistent. The advent of colder winter temperatures greatly reduced the effective ness of both chemicals. Chemical application by standard airblast sprayers and fixed-wing aircraft was effective. Neither compound was effective in reducing acidity of 'Marsh' grapefruit. Both are biological materials with no known to xicology problems. Both compounds were effective at very low concentrations, but CITRUS TEN (20 ml/100 gal or 52.8 ppm) required 3-4 sprays 2-4 days apart, while TRIA (1-5 ppb) required a single spray. Sales of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi MacFadyen) have long been aided by the use of the plant growth regulator (PGR) lead arsenate (LA) to reduce total fruit acids, thus improving fruit flavor as well as beneficially lengthening Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 9412. The authors acknowledge the technical help of Mr. Charles Welch. •Research Scientist III (Adjunct Professor). 2Superintendant, Crop Research and Development. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 101: 1988. the shipping season. However, the safe use of LA, as well as the entire inorganic arsenic group, is under special re view by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). LA is no longer being manufactured and sold for use on Florida grapefruit. A summary of the biological effects of arsenic on the environment was made by Fowler (3). A recent review on the use of arsenic on Florida grapefruit was made by Wilson (9). Pro-Gen® (arsanilic acid or P-G) has been found to be an effective substitute for LA (9, 10). This compound is sold commercially as a growth stimulant in animal feed and a request has been made to the EPA for its use on Florida grapefruit. It has 0.5 ppm food tolerances in chic ken and hog meat and 2.0 ppm in livers. These values are far in excess of any residues found on grapefruit (G. F. Fleming, Jr. Unpublished data). The compound is a syn thetic organic arsenical, and this class of compounds is con sidered to have much lower toxicity than inorganic arsenics (7). Marine fish and invertebrates which contain arsenic in the organic form (2) may often have total arsenic contents 500-1000 times higher than that reported following P-G treatments on grapefruit (G. F. Fleming, Jr. Unpublished data). Sales of certain orange (C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck) cultivars could also benefit from PGR's which would reduce fruit acidity in a manner similar to that which occurs for grape fruit. However, until recently, no PGR with an EPA clear ance was available for this purpose. Although arsenicals reduce the acidity of oranges, they do so excessively and are, therefore, illegal for this purpose in Florida. Newly tested natural products are now available which show promise for acidity reduction for some citrus cultivars. The first of these, CITRUS 10 (C 10 or BRIX PLUS), is a prod uct of Bio-Organics, Inc., Longwood, FL and has demon strated the ability to increase the ratio, and to some extent, increase °Brix of some citrus cultivars (8). It is also re ported to have beneficial PGR effects on other fruits, veg etables and grains (8). It is a safe natural product (8), is used at a very low concentration (20 ml of manufactured product/acre), but usually requires 3-4 sprays. Its active ingredient(s) are unknown. The product is sold commer cially in Florida and in a number of agricultural areas.


Abstract : The objective of this study was to develop, review, and analyze selected case histories involving applications of precast concrete in the repair or replacement of civil works structures. Information was obtained through literature searches; discussions with designers, precasters, and contractors; visits to project sites; and discussions with project personnel. Each case history includes a description of the project, the cause and extent of the deficiency that necessitated repair or replacement, design details, descriptions of materials and precasting procedures, construction techniques, costs, and performance to date of the precast concrete. Based on a review and analysis of these case histories, recommendations for future applications of precast concrete were developed, and areas that could benefit from research were identified. (MM)


The Matter in Extreme Conditions end station at the Linac Coherent Light Source holds great promise for novel pump-probe experiments to make new discoveries in high- energy density science. In recent experiments we have demonstrated the first spectrally- resolved measurements of plasmons using a seeded 8-keV x-ray laser beam. Forward x-ray Thomson scattering spectra from isochorically heated solid aluminum show a well-resolved plasmon feature that is down-shifted in energy by 19 eV from the incident 8 keV elastic scattering feature. In this spectral range, the simultaneously measured backscatter spectrum shows no spectral features indicating observation of collective plasmon oscillations on a scattering length comparable to the screening length. This technique is a prerequisite for Thomson scattering measurements in compressed matter where the plasmon shift is a sensitive function of the free electron density and where the plasmon intensity provides information on temperature.


The article considers the problems of formation of the stability of commercial banks, their reliability criteria, methodology for reviewing emerging issues of data quality assessment of functioning of economic entities. Russia considers the key to the methodological ways of assessing the financial stability of the banking sector.


In order to investigate the effect of clozapine on the brain electrical activity of schizophrenics and predict the short term clinical curative effect of this drug, the pre post control studies were made by recording quantitative pharmaco EEG (QPEEG) in 63 schizophrenics. It was found that in type I schizophrenia, the α 2 band energy of O 1 lead was significantly lower at 5th hour after taking one 25 mg clozapine than that of pre treatment ( P 0.05), δ band one of F 4 lead significantly higher ( P 0.05), β band energy of F 3 lead had a trend of increase, but less than significant level; as for type Ⅱ, the α 2 band energy of O 2 lead was obviously lower at 4th hour than that of pre treatment ( P 0.05), both the δ band energy of F 4 lead and β band energy of F 3 lead had the trend of increase, but none of them reach the significant level. The patients who had the changes as showed above would have a better clinical curative effect than who didn′t have such changes. The result of distinguishing analysis shows that it is credibility of use QPEEG to predict the short term clinical curative effect of clozapine, and the correct rate of predicting group is 86%—100%.


Abstract Mass unemployment in Germany has built up since the seventies. There is, therefore, an urgent need to explore its historical background for an adequate diagnosis. This article starts from the hypothesis, that it is the inconsistency between the qualification profiles of the German production mode and the state of the labour market, which offers the main reason for structural unemployment in Germany since its beginning in the little world economic crises of the seventies. It has been the break down of fordism in German industry so the starting point of the analysis that opened up the gap between a large low qualification sector of a fordist labour market and a dramatically shrinking offer of this kind of jobs. After the global decline of fordist production German government stopped the recruitment of 'guest workers' in 1972. Notwithstanding this step, the share of unqualified labour continued to rise. It was not before the 1990s that the level of qualification was rising again. However, this process which is still going on is by far not fast enough to meet the classical pattern of post industrial quality production, which dominated German economic development before and after the fordist interlude.


In this paper we consider the task of optimal resource management in multi-position radar systems. On the basis of hierarchical control system we consider the control level at which reallocation of an active radars is performed, depending on the operational situation in area of responsibility of multi-position radar system. We propose a fast algorithm, which can be used for finding a suboptimal solution of the optimization task on this level.


The invention provides a high-frequency induction type steam generator and belongs to the technical field of industrial steam generators. The high-frequency induction type steam generator solves the problems of existing steam generators that energy consumption is high and service life is short. The high-frequency induction type steam generator comprises a water supply system, a metal furnace pipe communicated with the water supply system, and a hollow conductive high-frequency induction coil, wherein part of the high-frequency induction coil is wound around the metal furnace pipe, the two ends of the high-frequency induction coil are both communicated to the water supply system, and liquid in the water supply system flows in the high-frequency induction coil and returns to the water supply system along the high-frequency induction coil. The high-frequency induction type steam generator has the advantages of being capable of saving energy, efficient and high in safety performance.


This short essay has briefly analyzed the concept of land ownership under Nigerian customary law. In so doing, the paper has critically assessed the concept of communal ownership as enunciated in the often cited case of Amodu Tijani v. Secretary of Southern Nigeria. The present writer has provided grounds for supposing that the concept of communal land ownership as widely acknowledged in the above case is not absolute. Indeed, findings from data examined reveal that the notion of communal ownership carries with it an original individual ownership by the family head, which later devolves on his heirs as family property.


The increasing clinical importance of drug‐resistant pathogens has lent additional urgency to antimicrobial research. Various 5‐(1‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐2‐imidazolyl)‐4H‐1, 2, 4‐triazoles (4a—6f) were synthesized and tested in vitro for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Compounds 4a and 4b exhibited significant effects against Bacillus subtilis at MIC ranges of 0.5—1 μg/mL and moderate effects against Staphylococcus aureus.


In Reply.— We thank Mr DiLallo for his thoughtful comments on our Letter to the Editor and would like to clarify a few of his objections.


Results of an investigation of bias stress metastability of multicomponent, zinc–indium and zinc–tin oxides, transistors are investigated. The bias stress as a function of various dielectrics, passivation layers, and illumination conditions indicate that for negative gate bias stressing defects often are created in the semiconductor, probably near or at the surface, particularly if the devices are unpassivated. Oxygen vacancy formation is a likely candidate. For many dielectrics, the positive gate bias metastability appears to be dominated by charge trapping within the insulator. For zinc–tin oxide devices, the kinetics of the metastability follows a stretched exponential behavior with a power law dependence on gate voltage. Correcting for the observed Meyer–Neldel behavior, the activation energy of τ is about 1.2 eV for defect generation and the disorder energy from β is about 0.06 eV. By using passivation, the best gate dielectrics and annealing protocols, we have reduced the bias stress metastability to about 0.1 V for a 25,000 s stress at 22 °C.


Celestial amplitudes are flat-space amplitudes which are Mellin-transformed to correlators living on the celestial sphere. In this note we present a recursion relation, based on a tree-level BCFW recursion, for gravitational celestial amplitudes and use it to explore the notion of conformal softness. As the BCFW formula exponentiates in the soft energy, it leads directly to conformal soft theorems in an exponential form. These appear from a soft piece of the amplitude characterized by a discrete family of singularities with weights $\Delta=1-\mathbb{Z}_+$. As a byproduct, in the case of the MHV sector we provide a direct celestial analogue of Hodges' recursion formula at all multiplicities.


The paper empirically analyzes the impact of technology spillovers of trade in intermediates on wage inequality in China using data for a panel of 28 manufacturing industries over the 1997-2009 period. The results show that, the foreign R&D capital embodied in intermediates could be more complementary with skilled labour than unskilled labour, knowledge learning and imitation are biased in favor of skilled labor, so that the foreign technology spillover of trade in intermediates is associated with an increase in skill demand and a trend of rising in the skilled-unskilled wage inequality in Chinese manufacturing.


Clean rooms today are highly technological solutions with very high demands on the air cleanliness level. Using kerosene heater for cooking as well as cigarette smoking is important indoor source of fine and coarse particles. It is important to estimate the level of air cleanliness in the cases of new production or reconstruction of a clean room. The air cleanliness level in a clean room is dependent on the quality of the supply air, contamination sources and the design of the ventilation system. By making proper design of air conditioning and ventilation system, the air cleanliness level can be controlled. The number of particulate matter also depends on humidity and temperature in the room at different times. In this study, indoor and outdoor air quality has been measured by an optical particle counter and experimental studies have been carried out to make the indoor air free from particulate matter. Different methods have been prescribed to make the indoor air free from particulate pollution. The results obtained from this experiment can be helpful to take necessary steps to keep the indoor air cleaner.


Research guide to locate resources for the Interpretation Project Identifying your author and key ideas and how to search for them effectively


AbstractThis paper proposes a novel high step-up converter suitable for distributed generation using renewable power sources. The proposed converter includes a dual switches structure, two voltage multiplier cells and a three-windings coupled inductor for achieving high voltage gain. The configuration of the proposed converter not only reduces the voltage and current stresses of the switches, but also restricts the input source current, which reduces transmission losses and increases the lifetime of the input source. In the proposed converter, the multiplier cells are charged during the switch-on and switch-off periods, which cause to enhance the voltage gain of the converter and improve its productivity. Another feature of the proposed converter is that the inductive leakage energy of the coupled inductor is recycled through a passive clamping circuit which, in turn, has a considerable impact on system efficiency. A comparison is conducted between the performance of the proposed converter and the counterpart converters to demonstrate the proposed converter's superiority in terms of voltage gain, voltage stress across the switches and diodes and number of components. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are provided to demonstrate the authenticity of the proposed converter.


This paper presents a very low quiescent current linear voltage regulator meant to supply a microcontroller in an automotive ECU. This is a 3 pins device which is always connected to battery, even when car's engine is off and therefore a very low total current consumption for the block is desired. The regulator has a fixed 5V output voltage and a 0.5A maximum load current The proposed regulator, implemented in a 0.8µm BiCMOS technology, has a total quiescent current of 3.8µA (no load) and due to an adaptive biasing technique a 75µA is obtained at 500mA. Using a buffer block a PSRR of 65dB at 100Hz is obtained even with this very low quiescent current.


The impact of exposure to air pollutants, such as fine particulate matter (PM), on the immune system and its consequences on pediatric asthma, are not well understood. We investigated whether ambient levels of fine PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 microns (PM2.5) are associated with alterations in circulating monocytes in children with or without asthma.


Through this article we shed light on equity home bias puzzle in the current global finance area. We aim to see where the problem lies and to highlight, theoretically and practically, its determining factors. In that framework, a sample of developed and developing markets is studied using annual frequency data over the period 2001 to 2007. By means of dynamic panel data approach, we find that equity home bias is closely associated with both local and global risk factors (risk-factors interference) and it's a matter of the macro-finance interface. Indeed, it rises with domestic economic growth, industry value added, local PER and momentum effects on domestic markets. However, it falls with the rising local inflation, trade openness, national systematic risk and cross-border capital flows. As for the value added of the paper, we confirm the rise of global risk factors and, then, the interference between idiosyncratic and common factors. Moreover, specification tests enable as to verify the suitability of the selected variables and corroborate the mild-segmentation hypothesis. We state that our findings provide a potential usefulness for portfolio managers and domestic governors who plan on improving their attractiveness indices.


The article will be looking at India's participation in International arms control and disarmament treaties. What are the reasons for India's participation in some of such treaties and not others? How has India's participation and nonparticipation affected India's national security visa-vis human security of people directly harmed and negatively affected by such weapons. The focus will be specifically on the Ottawa Treaty on the ban on landmines signed in 1997. First, the paper will deal with a short history of the Ottawa Treaty and its adoption. Here an attempt will be made to show how this treaty was a result of an international campaign by non-state actors in a domain of international security. Due to this "International Campaign to Ban Land Mines", a norm of non-use of land mines emerged, which in 1997 engulfed a total of 122 countries to sign this treaty (UNOG, The United Nations Office at Geneva website). Second, it would be dealing with India's nonsignature and the reasons it provides for such nonparticipation. It would further go into analysing the reasons given by India for this non-participation. Why does India participate in some international arms control and disarmament treaties and not others? If the ban on land mines is an international norm, how is it that India has been able to shield itself against such a norm, being a democracy with a vibrant civil society? Does this have to with India's foreign policy decision making? Based on secondary sources, the paper will go on to analyse the impact of such a foreign policy choice by India on the people. The conclusion would be going into the dynamics of national security and human security. Is it a zero sum game or can it also be a positive sum game between the state and its people and between national security and human security? KeywordsOttawa Treaty; India; National Security; Human Security; Disarmament INTRODUCTION In the discourse and domain of International Relations and International Politics, there is a distinction that is usually made in between what is called "high politics" and "low politics". In the former, that is, in "high politics", the issues usually deal with state security and affairs of utmost importance, like that of state survival. Hence the atmosphere is that of total de-politicization as one cannot let debate and discussion quagmire such issues. In the latter, that is, "low politics", the issues usually are of socio-economic, political and cultural in nature. This is located in the level of the "political", with issues and areas debated left, right and centre. Decisions here are affected by a whole lot of considerations and diverse voices; hence take a longer time to deliver. The domain of security, especially traditional form of security that is national security or state security is under the domain of "high politics". Hence issues of national security are not discussed and deliberated upon in the political realm. However during the 1970s and 1980s, there was a considerable "broadening and deepening" of the discourse on the meaning and agenda of security itself ("broadening and deepening" used by Booth, 2007). First the "broadening" of the security agenda came with the publication of Security: A New Framework for Analysis (1998) by Buzan, Waever and Wilde, which led to the establishment of the Copenhagen School. This School broadened the security agenda to not only include the military dimension of the state but also issues in the political, economic, social International Journal of Research (IJR) e-ISSN: 2348-6848, pISSN: 2348-795X Volume 2, Issue 08, August 2015 Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org Available online:http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 56 and environmental domains. This broadening of the security agenda under these broad sectors is known as "sectorization". There was also a move to "deepen" the security agenda. Here, one can bring in the analysis of the meaning of security given by the critical/reflectivist theories of the International Politics discourse like feminism, poststructuralism and others. Notably in this area would be scholars like Anthony Burke (Burke, 2007). Hence came the "deepening" of the security agenda and the establishment of the non-traditional approaches to security. What happened with this evolution and establishment of various approaches to security and the various meanings of security is that, there was a solidification of notions such as "human security", "environmental security" and others. There have been criticisms against this "broadening and deepening" of security on various grounds, by scholars like Stephen Walt (Walt, 1991). In fact, there also has been a move to also establish the notion of "desecuritization" (Waever, 1995) in order to bring such socio-political-economic and cultural issues once again within the domain of politics. With regard to the Ottawa Treaty and the discourse on securitization, the move till now was to "securitize the political" by enlarging the agenda of security, but with movements like the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, a step was taken in the direction to "politicize security" itself in its traditional form (Garcia, 2013). An issue of "high politics", a traditional form of security that is national military state security was invaded by the advocacy, debate, discussion, and influence of a non-state actor, a coalition of NGOs and the international civil society. The International Campaign to Ban


My project is a brief introduction for the RSA Algortim. This project will include a very brief history of where RSA originated, as well as how the RSA algorthim works. Following this, the mathematical proof of RSA is presented along with the two necessary theorems needed to prove RSA. The final portion of my presentation includes some of the potential threats to RSA and how to prevent these attacks, including a chart of the strength of RSA based on time required to crack RSA in MIPS-Years where the only factor is the size of the key.


®– Textile Hi-Tec™, Fr) were used for this technique. Pre- and post-operative data referring to prolapse quantitation, scores of quality of life and sexuality (French equivalent of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI), Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ) and Pelvic organ prolapse-urinary Incontinence-Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12) were compared. Peri- and post-operative complications constituted the secondary outcome measures. Results: At 5 years after surgery, 224 over 240 patients were evaluable. For these patients, the anatomical success rates (Stage 0 or 1) on the apical, anterior or posterior compartments were 100%, 97.5% and 89.3% respectively. On the functional level, all the scores of quality of life and sexuality were significantly improved except anorectal scores CRADI and CRAIQ that worsened. Conclusions: This study confirms that laparoscopic promontofixation is an effective technique for the treatment of the urogenital prolapse. On the anatomical level, results are less good for the posterior compartment. On the functional level, our results do not plead in favor of an improvement of anorectal disorders.


The origin of life and the detection of alien life have historically been treated as separate scientific research problems. However, they are not strictly independent. Here, we discuss the need for a better integration of the sciences of life detection and origins of life. Framing these dual problems within the formalism of Bayesian hypothesis testing, we show via simple examples how high confidence in life detection claims require either (1) a strong prior hypothesis about the existence of life in a particular alien environment, or conversely, (2) signatures of life that are not susceptible to false positives. As a case study, we discuss the role of priors and hypothesis testing in recent results reporting potential detection of life in the Venusian atmosphere 1 and in the icy plumes of Enceladus 2 . While many current leading biosignature candidates are subject to false positives because they are not definitive of life, our analyses demonstrate why it is necessary to shift focus to candidate signatures that are definitive. This indicates a necessity to develop methods that lack false positives, by using observables for life that rely on prior hypotheses with strong theoretical and empirical support in identifying defining features of life. Abstract theories developed in pursuit of understanding universal features of life are more likely to be definitive and to apply to life-as-we-don't-know-it. In the absence of alien examples these are best validated in origin of life experiments, abstract ideas about the nature of life that might allow us to unify the two to assess putative life detection discoveries more confidentially.


Escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is widely used for the treatment of depression in psychiatric and primary care practices. We report a rare instance of escitalopram-induced bilateral secondary angle closure and acute onset myopic shift in a young male treated for depression. Ultrasound biomicroscopy obtained after the onset of his symptoms revealed bilateral ciliochoroidal effusion. His signs and symptoms stabilized completely within two weeks of stopping the drug. The presentation of escitalopram-induced idiosyncratic reaction with bilateral angle closure and ciliochoroidal effusion was rarely reported in Indian ethnic eyes. A detailed history taking and meticulous clinical evaluation helped us differentiate from acute primary angle closure glaucoma.


This paper presents a real-time video surveillance system which is capable of tracking multiple persons and locating faces in moderately complex scenes. Rather than using heavily parameterized models for the tracking of foreground regions, we suggest the modeling of objects based on the bounding boxes that contain them. The algorithm describes a novel integration of dynamic reference frame differencing and coarse motion estimation to overcome the various occlusion problems encountered in multiple object tracking. Change detection is performed by taking the difference between the current frame and a dynamic reference frame, where the reference frame is adaptively updated over time to account for changes in the background, illumination variations, and the like. Video object segmentation establishes a mapping from this binary change detection map to an indexed segmentation map by utilizing coarse directional information in addition to the size and position of connected foreground regions. We employ adaptive linear predictive filtering of the bounding box model in conjunction with the motion displacement estimates to accurately track multiple occluding objects. Once the video is segmented into foreground and background areas, we search within a subset of the foreground bounding boxes using chrominance histogram matching to detect facial regions.


The main focus in this paper is on the European public intellectual: literary writers presenting their critical ideas and imaginaries on society, and critiquing the (dis)function and (dis)agreement in politics. The concept 'imaginary scenario' will be implemented to investigate imaginative scripts and settings constructed by authors to visualize democratic structures, as such commenting on political and social events and ideas. Two European writers from different nation-states, the French M. Houellebecq ( Submission ) and the Portugese Goncalo M. Tavares ( Learning to pray in the age of technique ) build their novels around a Vorstellung of how (future) individuals and people in power could act and speak. Similarities and differences in these author's strategies and visionaries will be examined. The 'imaginary scenario' is based on Charles Taylor (2004) and Elena Esposito (2007), and as surreal-perspective evidently tells something about the experience of the present. Our claim is that these European writers have to be considered in a critical context beyond the save haven of autonomy: in their novels they address the reader as citizen and invite him to reflect on democratic practices. Thus, these European scenarists prompt us to reconsider what it means to live in the EU and to reflect on its political realities and perspectives.


The TIA/EIA/IS-2000 standard introduced the dedicated control channel to better handle signaling and traffic in packet data calls. Together with this new channel, the concept of control hold mode was also introduced. Although these features were specifically designed to support packet data calls (in what is commonly referred to as P2 mode), it was not evident if they provided a clear advantage over the traditional fundamental channel (Pl mode). This paper presents the advantages and drawbacks of both modes and quantifies their benefits. It proves that there is not a mode that outperforms the other under all circumstances, and that the benefits of each mode depend on the nature of the data being transmitted, ultimately, the election of one or the other mode should be based on a tradeoff between throughput and capacity.


Abstract Examining the introduction of fingerprinting in British sub-Saharan Africa between 1900 and 1960, this article demonstrates how this region became an important site of experimentation in the use of biometric methods for maintaining a racial hierarchy. Focusing on British Kenya, the article shows that many Africans experienced race-based fingerprinting as a threat to their personal honor and dignity. African opposition to this practice caused political conflict not only in Kenya, but also in the British metropole, and was a significant factor behind the emergence of the Kenyan nationalist movement.


The present study was undertaken to assess the Level of Awareness among rural mother's with respect to Nutritional care Practices for children in Mahabubnagar district of Telangana state. A total sample of 60 rural mothers of children in the age range of 0-3 years were selected for the study. Ex-post facto research design was used for the study. A self-designed interview schedule was developed to study the socio-demographic characteristics and awareness levels on nutritional care practices. The data was analysed using frequencies and percentages. This study revealed that awareness levels on Nutritional care practices (minimum care recommended by WHO for proper growth and development) in terms of breast feeding, supplementary feeding and complementary feeding was poor among forty percent and nearly similar percent were aware to some extent and only few were well aware. The study recommends a great need to conduct awareness programmes on infant and toddler nutrition carepractices to the rural mothers.


A robust model reference adaptive variable structure control scheme using only the input and the output measurements of the plant is developed in this paper. A key feature of this scheme is that the prior knowledge of the upper and the lower bounds of the unknown system parameters are not required. An adaptive mechanism is used to estimate the uncertainty bounds in Lyapunov sense. The estimates are then used as the controller parameters in the sense that the effects of the uncertain dynamics can be eliminated and asymptotic error convergence can be obtained. A modified scheme to deal with the system with both uncertainties and the arbitrary bounded input disturbances is also provided.


The invention discloses a process for preparing hydrolyzed collagen protein using jellyfishes as the raw material, and belongs to the natural resource processing as well as utilizing technical field. The invention uses a novel natural marine biological resource, i.e. jellyfishes, as the raw material for preparing hydrolyzed collagen protein, and realizes the conversion of the role of the jellyfishes from a marine ecological disaster species to a novel natural marine biological collagen protein resource. By operating according to the invention, 2 percent of hydrolyzed collagen protein with more than 95 percent of purity, less than 3000 molecular weight and more than 85 percent of peptides can be obtained. The hydrolyzed collagen protein is known as an important healthy food and cosmetic raw material, and has wide range of application in the clinical medicine, the textile industry and the fine chemical industry, etc. Developing and utilizing the jellyfishes used as the natural marine biological resource has great significance to the fast growing of the jellyfishes, in order to the effective protection of marine ecologic environment of China and to the rapid recovery of the marine fishery.


It is said that a traveler of saintly demeanor once remarked about Olujaci: "God has given them wealth and every sort of misery." If there was some truth in that comment a long time ago, nothing certainly has changed since then to contradict the words of the holy man. Olujaci is a mountain village, but it is not located on a plateau. In fact, it is built in a steep cleft high up, as if it were in a mountain ravine piercing a mountain plateau. The houses are for the most part two-storied, less spread out than houses in other villages and mostly built along Black Brook, which cuts straight through the middle of the settlement. Due to the steep terrain, they are perched one on top of the other. The village tapers a bit at both ends of the cleft and thus, from a distance, resembles an ark that some enormous flood had cast up and grounded on this mountain peak long ago. From the center of the village runs a path which drops off suddenly, twisting and descending down the cliffs and steep slopes toward the bed of the Drina, which is painfully pinned between stony walls. It takes two hours to go down this path, but more than three to climb up it. Winding and diving, Black Brook rushes alongside the path, leaping at times headlong off the rocks in falls so high that its scanty waters turn into rain and mist before they reach the ground again. Every rock that is splashed gets covered with a lichen-like black film. The water is not drinkable and even children who can barely walk know that. That remote and isolated village differs from the other villages not only because of its location but for many other reasons too, most especially its fertility. Although the grain crops, except for oats, are rather thin because of the high altitude, everything else grows and flourishes in this shaded and secluded region bigger, better and more lushly than in any other village in the Vi!egrad valley. Especially fruit, and most of all nuts. Olujaci is surrounded by a


Most textbooks on Parkinson's disease focus on specific elements of management such as the treatment of motor symptoms, yet there is an overwhelming body of evidence and patient testimony that supports the need for information on holistic care. This beautifully illustrated third edition of Fast Facts: Parkinson's Disease addresses all aspects of patient care, including the importance of a multidisciplinary team approach, and the assessment and treatment of non-motor symptoms.


Abstract : According to the proposed method, the acceleration sensing element is placed in the shock tube in a slip ring (piston) and by the magnitude of its displacement from the effect of gas dynamic pulsed load is determined the sensitivity of the sensing element. The device is made in the form of a tube consisting of a high pressure chamber, and a low pressure chamber, separated by a diaphragm. In the low pressure chamber the piston is placed with the acceleration sensing element. Upon attainment of a given pressure in the high pressure chamber, the diaphragm breaks and the shock wave, as it propagates over the low pressure chamber, activates the piston. The displacement magnitude of the piston is recorded by a photoelectric or an inductive sensing element connected into the circuit of the recording instrument.


Multipackage module includes a variety of multi-die having various functions. In this embodiment, the module includes a digital processor, an analog device, and memory. The first die has a relatively large footprint are mounted onto the surface of the first package circuit board. Second die having a significantly smaller footprint, on the second die attach region on the side of one end of the first die is mounted onto the first die surface. The first die is electrically connected by wire bonds to conductive lines of the die attach side of the circuit board. The second die and thus are additionally connected by being electrically connected by wire bonds to the first package circuit board, the wire bonds to the first die. Spacers on the spacer adhesive area of the first die surface not in the die bonding area, generally is near the edge of the first die is mounted onto the first die.


The Subsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS) was a multi‐aircraft field campaign which took place in April and May of 1996, over the Central and Western United States. The goal of SUCCESS was to learn more about Earth's radiative heat balance, cirrus clouds, aircraft exhaust, heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry and their interactions with each other. The SUCCESS results will be addressed in a series of Special Sections of Geophysical Research Letters over the next few months. Here we provide an overview of these Special Sections.


Article history Received: 2 March 2021 Accepted: 15 March 2021 Published Online: 31 March 2021 In the exchanges between different countries, apart from enhancing political mutual trust and strengthening pragmatic cooperation, it is of great importance to forging humanistic exchange. With a long history of exchanges between China and all the countries in South-east Asia, the humanistic exchange between China and South-east Asia has been continuing since the founding of the People's Republic of China. After the establishment of China-ASEAN dialogue relations, the strategic position of humanistic exchange has been rapidly improved. By means of the case study of Confucius Institute, sister cities, and tourism cooperation, the author has found that humanistic exchange between China and South-east Asia has enjoyed a long history and embodied profound and extensive meaning. It is the ancient Maritime Silk Road that helped to form the exchanges between China and South-east Asia. In the meantime, it is the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road that has deepened this friendship. The successful experience of humanistic exchange and cooperation between China and South-east Asia has not only consolidated the China-ASEAN strategic partnership but also provided a conducive reference for people-to-people ties in the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative. In addition, it has added dynamics and confidence to the building of a community with a shared future for mankind which is propelled by China's humanistic diplomacy.


Inthispaperwestudytheproperty ofcontrol- lability fora class ofinterconnected systems witha leader inswitching networks. We obtain necessary andsufficient conditions fortheinterconnected systems using neighbor rules, tobecontrollable byoneofthemacting asaleader. Here, we takethecontrol lawstobeanattractive force, andweassume thetopology ofthecontrol interconnections isvariant, thatis, eachswarmindividual (agent) updates iscurrent statebased onthecurrent information fromneighboring individuals and theleader. Results showthattheinterconnected systems canbe completely controllable eventhough everysubsystem cannotbe controllable byselecting oneoftheasaleader andneighbor interaction rules. Moreover, theswarmcanbegin fromthegiven initial configuration andreacha desired final configuration whilesatisfying certain conditions. Themodelandresults of thispaperpresent a novelmethodtoinvestigate a class of swarmsviaswitching systems andprovide further insight into theeffect oftheinteraction pattern onself-organized motion inaswarmsystem. Numerical simulations arealso worked out toillustrate theanalytical results. Content areas:multiagent systems, robotics, mobile agents, social intelligence.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach for implementing business excellence (BE) based on prevailing corporate culture and to propose relevant gates to monitor the corporate culture in the way to excellence. Design/methodology/approach – This research demonstrates a culture-based perspective of implementing BE. After an exhaustive review of literature, the relation between BE and corporate culture was clarified and a methodology was developed, which describes how BE projects can be performed successfully in the context of an existing culture instead of adapting the culture. Findings – The outcome of this research is the main concept for culture-based implementation of BE. Furthermore, five culture gates were designed to control the effect of BE measures on the corporate culture in long period of time. The findings indicate how BE can be implemented without considerable efforts to change the culture. Practical implications – The findings of this study are relevant to all different sized organizations in different sectors and industries for achieving outstanding results and maintain this capability permanently in the organization. Originality/value – This paper presents a unique approach for implementing BE in the light of prevailing corporate culture; such an approach has not been addressed in previous publications.


The electronic and structural properties of self-assembled Si nanoislands on a Si(111) 7×7 dimer-adatom-stacking fault substrate are investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Uniform Si nanoislands are formed on the Si(111) 7×7 substrate by control of the growth conditions. For the nanoislands fabricated on the substrate, the photoelectron spectrum shows a significant peak shift of ≈0.1eV, which is caused by a surface state related to a dangling bond at the nanoisland.


Pure cholinergic synaptosomes prepared from the electric organ of Torpedo are able to take adenosine up efficiently and convert it to ATP. The apparent Km of the adenosine uptake is 2.4 μM and the Vm: 518 pmol/30′/mg prot. The uptake system exhibits a high specificity towards adenosine, as shown by the lack of competition with analogues. Tubercidin blocks the uptake competitively and dipyridamole is a very potent non competitive inhibitor (Ki= 4 × 10‐8 M).


The author uses analyses of bone remains from a cemetary of the Luzyce culture in Wicina, Poland, to characterize the biological structure of the population. Patterns of mortality, fertility, and reproductive potential are determined using life table calculations based on the frequency distribution of death by age (SUMMARY IN ENG, RUS)


In collaboration with Creativity Platform, we explored the growth of Airbnb in Thessaloniki, Greece through geospatial and statistical analyses of listings to determine factors influencing revenue generation. We also conducted interviews with hosts, management services, a tourism official, and a hotel manager. Airbnb listings have expanded rapidly in the city over the past four years and are centrally located. Revenue generation is dependent on listing features including number of guests accommodated, host characteristics as such superhost status, and characteristics that indicate professionalism such as instant booking and cleaning fees. At present, Airbnb Experiences are not offered, limiting the economic opportunity of the platform to hosts and direct support services.


This paper examines the determinants and macroeconomic consequences of international financial flows on the Brazilian economy in the last twenty years. The main part of the paper analyzes the debt-accumulation process. The methodology consists of decomposing the change in the debt-GDP ratio and examining the behavior of the main components through time as a function of external shocks and policy actions. The second part of the paper discusses some more recent imbalances in the Brazilian economy that are in part the result of the still incomplete adjustment process in the wake of the debt crisis.


1. Radiological criteria in the diagnosis of congenital dislocation of the head of the radius are suggested. 2. Some of the radiographic features described as characteristic of congenital dislocation of the head of the radius may be found also in post-traumatic dislocation of the radial head.


Based on a survey of 622 students of different majors from 4 Russian universities, we check the validity of the opinion widely popular among Russian professors of economics, according to which the use of math in undergraduate economics courses should be kept to a minimum since students do not possess enough math skills and consider economics a non-quantitative field. Our analysis shows, however, that most students do not see economics as being non-quantitative, and just 6% of students do not find math knowledge to be important for studying economics. It should be noted that students' opinions on both measures do not depend in a statistically significant way on students' majors. More than half of the students included in the survey found math helpful for their study of economics. And again there was no statistical significance of majors in explaining this result; furthermore, students' knowledge of whether derivatives are used in economics was also found to be insignificant. Makes us believe that math is on average helpful even for lagging students. Building on our statistical results, we propose several recommendations aimed at increasing the quality of economics courses offered at Russian colleges and universities.


Based on the dynamic panel data from 29 administrative regions in China over the period of 2003-2013, we applied GMM system method to the analysis of the relationship between financial development, economic growth and CO2 emissions. Empirical analysis indicates that economic growth is usually accompanied by higher CO2 emissions, while the increasing level of final development is associated with a reduction in CO2 emissions. Further analysis shows that the relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions presents an inverted-U shape pattern. Only after the economic development has reached a threshold value will the promoting effect of financial development to the reduction of CO2 emissions manifest. Moreover, industrial structure optimization and upgrading contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions. In other words, the increasing proportion of the secondary sector will weaken the promoting effect of financial development to the reduction of CO2 emissions and intensify the negative impact of economic growth on CO2 emissions. On the contrary, the increasing proportion of the tertiary sector will greatly facilitate the reduction of CO2 emissions and mitigate the increase of CO2 emissions due to economic growth. For less financially developed countries, market-oriented reform can reduce carbon emissions by promoting financial development. Moreover, industrial structure optimization and upgrading will contribute significantly to the reduction of CO2 emissions.


To improve the effect of graduate paper practice and cultivate students to satisfy the needs of our modern society, this paper discussed the teaching innovation in graduate paper practice of preventive medicine field.① Scientific research ability of students was early cultivated, being good prepared for graduate practice.The innovation included adding more comprehensive experiments and designing experiments to students' experiments, and professors' achievements in scientific research being applied in teaching, theory teaching and practice teaching being combined together, as well as taking part in the professors' research subjects for students.② We should optimize the subject circuit of graduate papers, strengthen cultivating practical ability of students including making practice time planning more reasonable, enriching practice content, highlighting cultivating autonomous learning ability and creative ability and enhancing practice subjects' scientific value and society practicality.


Research on iconicity and word order in Mandarin Chinese (henceforth MC) investigates the correlation between the sequence of linguistic elements in the sentence and the temporal, spatial, and causal characteristics of the events they describe. Such correlations are captured through a number of organizational principles, generally referred to in the literature as conceptual or cognitive word order principles. Among the most significant principles are the principle of temporal sequence, the principle of temporal scope and that of whole-before-part. Conceptual principles are of great interest for several reasons: first, they exhibit an iconic nature and show how and to what extent MC word order (henceforth WO) mirrors both universal and culture-specific conceptualizations of space, time and cause-effect logical relations. As such, they are easy to understand and remember, thus providing interesting applications to MC language instruction. Moreover, according to Tai (1985, 1989, 1993), Ho (1993), Hu (1995) and Loar (2011) among others, such principles bear great explanatory power in that they underlie several seemingly unrelated syntactic patterns and constructions. This chapter provides an introduction to organizational principles underlying MC word order, with a specific focus on conceptual (or cognitive) principles, such as the Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) and that of Whole-Before-Part (WBP). Specifically, it presents (i) the theoretical approach they are grounded in, (ii) their potential in language description, as compared to grammatical rules, and (iii) their applications to language acquisition and discourse analysis. These principles are shown to operate both at the micro-levels of phrase and clause and at higher levels of discourse and text. The discussion avails itself of natural language in use; unless otherwise specified, all examples are drawn from corpora, such as the PKU corpus of Modern Mandarin Chinese, Peking University or Ho's corpus of spontaneous spoken texts (Ho 1993: 14-6).


We assess different control loop tuning methods to tackle suboptimal building performance due to suboptimal PID control within building automation systems. Advanced control research for building energy systems is usually conducted either simulation-based or with the help of experiments via test benches. Therefore, it is limited in terms of applicability to real systems. Consequently, we conduct real tuning experiments with different PID tuning methods under real operation conditions within a state-of-the-art building energy distribution system. We use experimental step response tests to identify transfer functions for different three-port valves. We theoretically specify controlled systems' transmission behaviour by functional diagrams, as well as mathematically describe them via characteristic variables according to Ziegler and Nichols and via fitted transfer functions. In order to ameliorate the actual control quality, we apply different tuning rules and adjustment standards: namely lambda-tuning, absolute value optimum method, symmetrical optimum method, Ziegler and Nichols, optimization on different control quality indicators and cognitive parameterization. For each method-system-combination, we experimentally conduct step experiments to evaluate with reference to control quality. Our results show an improvement of control quality up to 88%. Controller parameterization based on cognitive parameterization and lambda-tuning are the most effective methods. By conduction of field experiments under operating conditions, we show how to monitor, evaluate and ameliorate control quality of three-port valves. Therewith, we derive the most effective tuning methods. Further, we conclude that control quality amelioration crucially depends on the applied control tuning method and on knowledge about the behaviour and characteristics of controlled systems.


The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) accredits educational programs leading to the MD degree. LCME accreditation provides assurance of educational program quality to medical educators, medical students, and the public. Many of the LCME's standards are directly relevant to the teaching and assessment done by anatomy faculty members. This session will discuss the LCME's expectations for some key standards that are commonly cited during reviews of medical schools and describe how anatomy faculty can assist their schools in achieving and maintaining compliance.


This paper, entitled "Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection in Mexican Environmental Law" presents the categorization by Mexican Law of these instruments, comparing them with other classifications present in the doctrine. It also introduces the categories that the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (thereafter OCDE) has made of these instruments. The OECD was the first organization to suggest their use in 1974 through the adoption of the polluter pays principle and the European Union (thereafter EU) where, through ordinary policies, began its use immediately after the oecd recommendations. In addition to analyzing the pros and cons of the treatment that the General Law of Ecological Equilibrium and Environmental Protection gives these instruments, a new classification and definition of the latter is proposed without departing from the tradition in the country, which distinguishes between fiscal, financial and market instruments. The study explores the differences between the approach based on the polluter pays principle and the use of public funds for environmental needs and its reflection in financial instruments for environmental issues.


Introduction: The Purpose of the ChIP-seq Experiment Every cell is host to a diverse ecosystem of proteins, each protein having its own functional properties. Cell behaviors and processes, such as growth, are dependent on the levels of these various proteins. Through microarrays, and subsequently high-throughput sequencing, we have become adept at quantifying the expression levels of genes, in various cell types under different conditions. These expression levels provide us with a proxy, albeit an imperfect one, for the levels of protein production in a cell. Indeed, estimates of the correlation between mRNA levels and protein levels are typically very variable [Gry et al., 2009]. We can infer links between cause and effect by perturbing a cell in some way and measuring which genes' mRNA levels change in response. However, this information is, by itself, unsatisfying – specifically, we seek to understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying these links. This has clinical significance – ultimately, we may be able to manipulate these mechanisms ourselves, potentially leading to novel therapies. Consider the following example: in breast cancer, malignant tumors typically exhibit an invasive, proliferative behavior characterized by abnormal growth (Weinberg, 2007). A critical factor in establishing this behavior is the estrogen receptor (ER). In particular, ER is known to encourage mitotic cell division. This function is, in itself, not dangerous – cells in healthy tissue commonly divide to replace lost cells. However, ER is known to be a key factor in establishing cancer, and approximately 70% of breast tumors are labeled as ER-positive – that is, their cells have ER content above a certain threshold (Tannock and Hill, 1998; Mohibi et al., 2011).


Unfortunately, those distinctive elements of historical production based on the unique aspects of the African American experience, and that grew out of black self-determinist, nationalist, or Pan-Africanist cultural beliefs, practices, and institutions, are either omitted or marginalized. Thus, Hall privileges the recognition that occurred with the founding of ASNLH and The Journal of Negro History by the American Historical Association with its devotion to modernist views of historical inquiry, scientism, and "objectivity." In the end, Hall has produced an informative and systematic study of African American historical writing, faithful to the paradigms associated with the historical academy. Yet, the distinctive elements in the African American historical experience that underpinned this historiography remain for the most part unacknowledged.


By using the technique of electron heating the authors have measured the energy loss lifetime from electron in thin Au60Pd40 films over the temperature range 1-6K. They have analysed the results at lattice temperatures up to 3K and have shown them to be consistent with electron-acoustic-phonon scattering in the regime where the phonon wavelength is of the order of the elastic mean free path of the electron. The energy loss diffusion length obtained of lepsilon approximately=3.8 mu m is approximately 100 times greater than the film thickness suggesting a high degree of elastic scattering at the boundaries of the film.


The operation of the burners of the P-59 boilers at the Ryazan GRES, burning Moscow area brown coal, is characterized by intense slagging of the LRP screens, especially in the zone of maximum heat formation, causing a particularly severe screen cleaning problem. The thermal efficiency of screen cleaning by steam blowout using OM-0.35 devices is low even with intense use (every 2 hours), which is accompanied by dangerous steam-ash erosion of the tubes. Water blowout of the LRP (lower radiative part) of the P-59 boiler with four long-range M-3A devices is rather effective. Under conditions of intense formation of deposits on the screens of the lower radiative part of P-59 boilers they cannot be brought up to an operationally clean state using known cleaning methods.


Cyclic plastic strains are analyzed for the pressurized lateral nozzle subjected to in-plane bending with finite element method and MJS model.It is shown that considerable plastic strains accumulate in the acuter-angle side of the intersection area of lateral connection under certain load level.In addition,the region encountering plastic strain inflates with cycles of loading.It is also found that ratchetting of biggest-ratchetting-strain point occurs in multi-directions,and mainly in longitudinal symmetrical plane.It is suggested that ratchetting should be described in the form of equivalent plastic strain.Ratchetting rates are calculated under various loading level,and then the ratchetting boundaries are obtained.Ratchetting rates are constant due to the EPP model,which yields reasonable conservative ratchetting boundary for engineering design.


Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal) is a member of the Lamiaceae family (formerly Labiateae), which also includes other plants of the same genus such as Mentha sativa or spicata (spearmint) and Mentha piperita (peppermint), and some of the different genera such as Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Ocimun basilicum (basil), and Origanum vulgare (oregano) (1). Pennyroyal leaves are used both as a tea brewing and as flavouring in salads or cooked foods. Case Report


Improving metal loading and controlling the coordination environment is nontrivial and challenging for single‐atom catalysts (SACs), which have the greatest atomic efficiency and largest number of interface sites. In this study, a matching bidentate ligand (MBL) anchoring strategy is designed for the construction of CuN4 SACs with tunable coordination environments (Cu loading range from 0.4 to15.4 wt.%). The obtained Cu SA/ZIF and Cu SA/ZIF* (0.4 wt.%) (ZIF and ZIF* = Zeolitic imidazolate framework with Matching bidentate N‐ligands) nanocomposites exhibit superior performance in homo‐coupling of phenyl acetylene under light irradiation (TON = 580, selectivity > 99%), which is 22 times higher than that of Cu SA/NC‐800 (NC = N‐doped porous carbon). Experiments and density functional theory calculations confirmed that the specific Cu five‐membered ring formed using the MBL anchoring strategy is the key to the immobilization of isolated Cu atoms. This strategy provides a basis for the construction of M SA/MOF, which has the potential to narrow the gap between experimental and theoretical catalysis, as further confirmed by the successful preparation of Fe SA/ZIF and Ni SA/ZIF.


A fuzzy logic controller was developed for the suspension system,based on a damping-controlled(semi-active) suspension system model.And the performance of the suspension control system was analyzed both in frequency domain and time domain.Finally,the ride quality of the vehicle was evaluated.The results show that,the fuzzy controller can improve ride quality greatly.


Verrucous carcinoma (CV) occurring in the oral cavity and in the genital area is induced by HPV. Our study describes a rare case of cutaneous CV manifested by a botiomyoma in a 17-year-old boy. Having no particular history, he consulted in dermatology at the Dupuytren Hospital in Limoges, for a tumor in the form of a nodular protrusion of angiomatous color in the lower back. Tumor biopsy and histological analysis revealed verrucous carcinoma. Our observation shows two originalities. The age of our patient is well below the average described by the literature as well as the unusual location of lesions. Verrucous carcinoma is a low-grade malignancy associated with HPV that can occur at any age and can be localized on all integuments.


The security of payment is important to electronic commerce. Network is the base of electronic commerce; the security of metwork is directly related to electronic commerce. This paper was intended to analysis the safety probnlem of computer network and its cause. And aiming at the dynamic information in the process of electronic commerce, we discussed about the technology avoiding dynamical attack that is encryption technology and digital signature technology, and the technology of firewall.


We explore the effect of different spatially periodic, deterministic forces on the information geometry of stochastic processes. The three forces considered are f0=sin(πx)/π and f±=sin(πx)/π±sin(2πx)/2π, with f- chosen to be particularly flat (locally cubic) at the equilibrium point x=0, and f+ particularly flat at the unstable fixed point x=1. We numerically solve the Fokker–Planck equation with an initial condition consisting of a periodically repeated Gaussian peak centred at x=μ, with μ in the range [0,1]. The strength D of the stochastic noise is in the range 10-4–10-6. We study the details of how these initial conditions evolve toward the final equilibrium solutions and elucidate the important consequences of the interplay between an initial PDF and a force. For initial positions close to the equilibrium point x=0, the peaks largely maintain their shape while moving. In contrast, for initial positions sufficiently close to the unstable point x=1, there is a tendency for the peak to slump in place and broaden considerably before reconstituting itself at the equilibrium point. A consequence of this is that the information length L∞, the total number of statistically distinguishable states that the system evolves through, is smaller for initial positions closer to the unstable point than for more intermediate values. We find that L∞ as a function of initial position μ is qualitatively similar to the force, including the differences between f0=sin(πx)/π and f±=sin(πx)/π±sin(2πx)/2π, illustrating the value of information length as a useful diagnostic of the underlying force in the system.


The karyotype of bone marrow cells at the time of diagnosis is a strong prognostic parameter for overall survival as well as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, to the authors' knowledge, few data exist regarding the prognostic impact of cytogenetic clonal evolution during the course of MDS.


A comprehensive experimental plan has been designed to investigate the potential and the limitations associated with the use of a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) to infer path average sensible heat flux over different surfaces in the context of the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) program. Scintillometer based estimates of sensible heat are compared to those measured by eddy correlation systems over different type of surfaces: sparse healthy grassland and a transect of mesquite and degraded grass. The complexity of the transect is associated with the type and the cover of the vegetation canopy as well as with changes in topography. The issue of validating satellite based (NOAA-AVHRR) estimates of area-averaged surface fluxes is discussed and results are presented. Finally an example of using the LAS to validate aggregation scheme over heterogeneous surfaces is provided.


This timely and eye-opening book from Ke Zhang, Curt Bonk, Tom Reeves, and Tom Reynolds, MOOCs and Open Education in the Global South (Zhang, Bonk, Reeves, & Reynolds, 2020), provides 28 chapters that describe the challenges, successes, and opportunities of MOOCs and open education from the perspective of 68 authors from 47 countries in the Global South (http://moocsbook.com). Before those chapters, a detailed preface from the four editors lays out the journey that the world community took to get to this point in the metaphor of a wanderer who makes his or her path by pushing ahead and exploring the road in front. In addition, an insightful foreword is provided by Mimi Miyoung Lee from the University of Houston who had previously co-edited an award-winning book with Bonk, Reeves, and Reynolds; namely, MOOCs and Open Education Around the World (Bonk, Lee, Reeves, & Reynolds, 2015). Thus, consider the current book Part 2 of what is likely to become a many act play in the world of MOOCs and open education. With the foreword and preface, there are 30 pieces in total (Note: the front matter is available for free from: http://moocsbook.com/MOOCs_Open-Ed_Global-South-frontmatter_2020_Zhang_Bonk_Reeves_Reynolds.pdf).


Guy de Maupassant's effect can not be denied on Turkish short story writing. One of the authors on which these effects are observed is Refik Halit Karay. It is seen that Refik Halit Karay is highly affected by Mauppasant both in content and structural level. In his analysed story, Karay, by adapting "the governing" and "the governed" theme that Maupassant usually dealt with, usually writers about the incapacities and treatments of the administrators towards the people in the towns of Anatolia. This work aims to research the general characteristics of Maupassant-style short story writing and their effects on Refik Halit Karay's stories. Through 'Comparative Literature Method', one example story from each writer has been analysed and these effects have been shown on concrete bases.


a formulation that, one might think, makes it clear that on Weil's view God is, in some fairly straightforward sense, distinct from Nature. Again, while both suggest that each of us must strive to become something other than a finite portion of Nature, it often looks as if they are recommending two diametrically opposite forms of this goal. Thus, Spinoza speaks of the aim as being to become identical with Nature


P.R.China) Abstract: Evaluation study of natural characteristics of 55km reach of Tigris riverbed material located at the Mosul city area was conducted. The main objective of the study is to analyze the surface and subsurface bed material at the located reach, and to explain the armoring condition in Tigris riverbed. From the result analysis of the field and laboratory work of the collected samples from the surface and subsurface layers of the riverbed material, it was concluded that Tigris riverbed had been reached previously the armoring condition. In general the grain size distribution of the surface layer decreased with distance along the study reach of the river. The riverbed material was approaching the homogeneous condition Finally the surface bed material particles have mainly the disc spherical, cylindrical and blade shape by a percentage of 48.34%, 25.2%, 15.34% and 11.08% respectively. While the dominant size in the surface and subsurface layer was very coarse gravel by percentage of 74% and 36%


Two-step thermal oxidation was proposed for Ti and Ti alloys as a surface-treatment process for preparing an anatase-containing TiO2 layer. This process consisted of treatment in a CO-containing atmosphere (first step) and subsequent treatment in air (second step). In this chapter, first, the current status of TiO2 coating onto Ti and Ti alloys for biomedical applications is reviewed; then our recent work on the phase and microstructure of TiO2 layers prepared on commercially pure (CP) Ti, Ti-25mass%Mo alloy, and Ti-25mass%Nb alloy by two-step thermal oxidation is described. The anatase fraction in the TiO2 layer was controlled through process parameters such as the second-step temperature. Finally, photocatalytic activity of TiO2 layers formed on the Ti and Ti alloys is evaluated, including: results of water contact angle, decomposition of methylene blue, and antibacterial effects.


4884 Standard chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer often uses doublet combinations of cisplatin or carboplatin with gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, vinorelbine, or etoposide. While clinical responses and survival benefits are seen these are very modest and new more effective therapies are needed. As one approach to this problem we recently developed a small molecule mimetic of SMAC, a mitochondrial protein that inhibits the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) as a potential new chemotherapy agent (Li L, et. al. Science. (2004) 305: 1471-1474). Here we explore SMAC mimetic as a potential therapy for NSCLC, as well as the benefits of using it in conjunction with traditional chemotherapies. We tested 50 non-small cell lung cancer lines (NSCLCs) for their in vitro sensitivity to the SMAC mimetic or combined with other chemotherapy agents in a 96 hour MTS assay. Most NSCLC lung cancer lines were completely resistant to treatment with the SMAC mimetic alone (IC50 >>10μM). However, 10/50 NSCLC lines were killed by the SMAC mimetic alone at IC50s


Diagnostics play a very important role in the modern Tokamak where optimum performance is essential. To achieve this, the device must be equipped with reliable and robust sensors and instrumentation that allow the operation envelope to be fully explored. Development of these diagnostics to maintain this reliability is necessary. Further to the development, the systems must be integrated in a way that maintains their performance while simultaneously satisfying the key requirements needed for safety and tokamak operation. ITER will have 50 diagnostics; almost all of which are utilized primarily for the real-time operation of the tokamak. While there is still much work to do, to date, significant progress has been made in the development of these systems. The work load for the developments is shared across all the ITER partners. This paper focuses on the challenges for the integration of the systems.


A novel method for the synthesis of copoly(ester-thioester)s of high molecular weight has been developed. These polymers were prepared readily by direct polycondensation of 4,4′-(terephthaloyldithio) diacetic acid I, 3,3′(isophthaloyldithio) diacetic acid II, or 1,8 (sebacoyldithio) diacetic acid III, with 2,6-bis(p-hydroxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone IV, and 2,6-divanillylidenecyclohexanone V, using a condensing agent consisting of a pyridine-thionyl chloride complex. The resulting polymers were characterized by elemental and spectral analyses, solubility, viscometry, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses. The crystallinities of all the polymers were examined by X-ray diffraction. Several physical and thermal characteristics were correlated with their chemical structures.


An important component of shrimp quality evaluation is determination of visual attributes by trained inspectors. This is subjective, time consuming, and difficult to quantify. An automated device was developed for repeatable, objective measurement of visual quality of shrimp. The device measured the count, uniformity ratio, color, melanosis, and detected foreign objects. Shrimp area viewed by a camera was used to estimate weight after calibration, and count and uniformity ratio was calculated. The system quantified color changes in white shrimp during iced storage. Melanosis was quantified and correlated with the grading of a trained inspector. The method objectively measured visual quality attributes of white shrimp in less than 1 min per sample.


Abstract A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with various levels and combinations of P and Fe being applied to a sandy calcareous soil in which snapbeans were grown as a test crop for growth response and nutrient uptake. Phosphorus, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn were determined on the 21 and 35 day old snapbeans and dry matter yield was recorded separately for tops and roots. Symptoms of Fe deficiency developed on plants in those pots where no Fe was applied. With the application of 20 ppm Fe, the symptoms were prevented. Maximum plant growth was obtained when 150 ppm P was added. The mineral content of snap‐bean plants was affected by increased levels of applied P and Fe. Significant interactions were found between P and Fe treatments for most of the characteristics measured. High Fe decreased Zn and Mn in plants and high P decreased them further.


We report the first observation of truly near‐edge photoluminescence (PL) from molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) prepared, narrow, strained‐epitaxial Si/Si1−xGex quantum wells. Indeed, PL intensity from just two 25‐A wells is comparable to that from the free exciton in high‐quality Si−thus reflecting the achievement of excellent MBE‐epilayer quality. As importantly, we also report the first measurement of the variation of quantum‐well emissions with applied hydrostatic pressure. A clear no‐phonon emission line is found in the low‐temperature (6 K) PL which displays, versus pressure, a strictly linear dependence in emission energy, with a slope virtually identical to that of the Si free exciton. This result is strong evidence that this quantum‐well emission process is indeed ''shallow'' in origin, and is associated with the lowest, indirect X1‐gap transition in these strained (unrelaxed) structures. Furthermore, these results provide circumstantial evidence that the band alignment in this system is effectively...


Avoiding a mosquito bite can prevent a number of viral as well as parasitic diseases like Chikungunya, Dengue,Japanese encephalitis, Rift valley fever, Yellow fever, Zika, Malaria and Lymphatic Filariasis. Of all theseinfections, malaria has been our nemesis right from the dawn of history. However, it is Dengue which has established itself as the most successful arthropod-borne viral infection not only in Pakistan but globally.1The first case of Dengue in Pakistan was reported in 1994 from Karachi, after which it went quiet for almosttwelve years to return in the form of an epidemic in 2006, which again remained limited to Karachi. However, itspread to many other parts of the country in the next few years on endemic scales.A person can get infected four times as the Dengue virus has four serotypes (DEN1, DEN2, DEN3 and DEN4) eachof which confers monotypic immunity. It is now a recognized acute febrile illness of the monsoon season (July-September), when a drop temperature and increased humidity provide optimal conditions for this urbandwelling, dawn and dusk, vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. This vector now seems to be defying these climaticconditions as patients continue to report to hospitals in the winter months as well.The textbook diagnosis of Dengue looks simple; by detecting the virus either (by viral culture), its nucleic acid(by PCR), its components like the non-structural protein (NS-1), or the evidence of infection (IgM), or if none ofthese is available, then the surrogate markers like the typical bicytopenia showing reduced neutrophils andplatelets are indicators of the disease. Similarly, the clinical diagnosis is not very difficult once the epidemic isestablished, due to its peculiar symptoms like retro-orbital pain and body aches , so severe as if the bones willbreak, hence the name 'Break Bone' fever.Dengue is temporarily incapacitating but rarely fatal, and in Pakistan it has a case fatality rate around 0.4 percent.2 This low fatality rate should not lead to complacency as every life is precious. A few fundamentals,however, need emphasis especially for the young doctors and the medical staff attending the patients ofDengue. Like many other infectious diseases, Dengue follows the principle of the "tip of the iceberg". Majorityof those infected with the virus, remain either asymptomatic or present with minimum symptoms including lowgrade fever. However, a small percentage of patients may proceed to the critical stage called the DengueHaemmorhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) and warrant special attention. These are basicallythe manifestations of underlying plasma leakage and it is this cohort of patients that are at an increased risk ofan adverse outcome.The parameter which helps in this situation is the packed cell volume (haematocrit), an increase of about 15% ofwhich is a reliable indicator of internal dehydration. DHF/DSS occur as a result of a second exposure by a different serotype, and a still not completely understood phenomenon, known as the Antibody Dependent Enhancement (ADE).Pakistan has barely recovered from the COVID19 pandemic, hit by the economic crisis and now unprecedentedfloods in Sindh and Baluchistan, where most parts are still inundated and are likely to be so for another severalweeks, we are indeed in a very difficult situation. An estimated 6.4 million people require immediate assistanceas around 1.96 million houses, 22,000 schools and 12,716 km of roads have been either destroyed or damagedin 81 districts.3 Ironically these two provinces have bulk of the country's falciparum malaria cases, which is themost lethal form with severe complications like heavy parasitaemia, cerebral malaria, black water fever andchloroquine resistance.
Stagnant water all around the stranded people is a perfect mosquito breeding haven. It is difficult tocomprehend the plight of people now living along the roadside under a tent in hot and humid conditions, asthey are exposed twenty-four seven, either to the Dengue mosquito at dawn and dusk or, malaria causinganopheles mosquito at night.The magnitude of this problem is much bigger than the resources of any medical community and thegovernment. Spraying insecticides over this volume is logistically not feasible. The only practical solution isthe use of personal protective measures.Deaths from these two diseases along with gastroenteritis have already started to occur. The exact toll of thesemosquito bites will be written by the medical historians or the statisticians sometime in the future. It is theyouth of Pakistan which has once again risen to the occasion and is working relentlessly on volunteer basis, toreach out to these people not only providing them with mosquito nets and repellants but explaining theirproper use. This altruistic effort will definitely save many lives.Editor-in-ChiefHow to cite this: Alamgir W, Usman J. Mosquito Bite and the Deadly Duo. Life and Science. 2022; 3(4): 149-150. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.288


The purpose of this study was to investigate whether multidisciplinary team care (MDTC) is associated with outcomes in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).


Objective To investigate the correlation between ambulatory pulse pressure indexes(APPI) and coronary artery disease(CHD) in patients with hypertension.Methods The hypertensive patients(n=355) with coronary angiography(CAG) were chose from Apr.2010 to Apr.2013 and then divided into CHD group(n=237) and non-CHD group(n=118) according to CAG resutls.All patients were given 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.The changes of SBP,DBP and pulse pressure(PP) were recorded and mean pressure [MBP=(SBP+DBP)/2] and PP index(PPI=PP/SBP) were calculated.The correlation between the above mentioned indexes and coronary artery lesions was analyzed.Results The levels of PP and APPI were higher in CHD group than those in non-CHD group [PP:(77.8±8.7) mmHgvs.(64.7±7.6) mmHg;APPI:(0.52±0.08)vs.(0.45±0.10),P0.05].In CHD patients,the higher APPI value,the more severe coronary artery lesions(P0.01).The results of Logistic analysis showed that APPI(OR=1.39),PP(OR=1.23) and SBP(OR=1.27) were risk factors of CHD(allP0.01).Conclusion APPI value can be used for predict the severity of coronary artery lesions in patients with hypertension.


In this study, the machining experiments were performed on different hardness leveled materials at high feed rates (0.6-0.9 and 1.2 mm/rev), at three different cutting speeds (50-70 and 98 m/min) and at a constant cutting depth of 0.5 mm. Vermicular graphite cast iron specimens were austempered with respect to three different treatment times (60, 120 and 180 min) at 375 °C. The cutting force occurred on the cutting tool and the surface roughness values of the materials were measured after each machining experiment. In high feed experiments, surface roughness values were obtained between 0.5 µm and 5 µm. The resultant cutting force values were obtained between 1500 N and 3000 N. The lowest cutting force value and the best surface roughness value obtained at 0.6 mm/rev feed rate. It is determined that the austempering time effects cutting process and also lower values obtained at shorter austempering times in terms of cutting force and surface roughness.


Abstract:This article aims to map out Hannah Arendt's proposal on democratic political action as a solution to the problem of totalitarianism. For this purpose, the article will consist of three parts. The first part will deal with the problem of totalitarianism as reflected in The Origins of Totalitarianism. The second part will deal with Arendt's philosophical proposal of democracy as political action against totalitarianism as its enemy. It argues that freedom and constitution are the basis of people's political action in public space for the sake of nation and community. The third part will deal with the problem of human rights and Arendt's proposal of political natality. According to the principle of natality, people as subjects of politics are capable to find their own ways to preserve their own life. Human transcendence is actualized in time frame. As conclusion, the paper will discuss the contribution of Arendt's thoughts of people's transcendence and its implications in facing the mob-rule.Key Words: constitutionalism, democracy, freedom, Hannah Arendt, revolution, totalitarianism


Summary. The strengths of general practice in the UK as a training environment for overseas doctors intending to implement the World Health Organization strategy 'Health for All by the Year 2000' in primary care are identified. A course of advanced training for teachers and administrators of primary care is described and evaluated in terms of participants' academic achievements and wider issues, including influence upon the development of primary care in their countries of origin.


MDS models are defined by specifying how given similarity or dissimilarity data, the proximities p ij , are mapped into distances of an m-dimensional MDS configuration X. The mapping is given by a representation function f (p ij) that specifies how the proximities should be related to the distances d ij (X). In practice, one usually does not attempt to strictly satisfy f. Rather, what is sought is a configuration (in a given dimensionality) whose distances satisfy f as closely as possible. The condition " as closely as " is quantified by a badness-of-fit measure or loss function. The loss function is a mathematical expression that aggregates the representation errors, e ij = f (p ij)−d ij (X), over all pairs (i, j). A normed sum-of-squares of these errors defines Stress, the most common loss function in MDS. How Stress should be evaluated is a major issue in MDS. It is discussed at length in this chapter, and various criteria are presented. In this section, MDS models are defined and discussed on a level sufficient for most practical applications. In later chapters, we revisit some of the relevant issues in greater detail. Assume that measures of similarity or dissimilarity, for which we use the general term proximity, p ij , are given for the pairs (i, j) of n objects. Some examples for such proximities were discussed in Chapter 1: similarities of crimes, assessed by the correlations of their frequencies over different U.S.