The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has been developing a research test protocol representative of real-world injury potential in frontal offset oblique impacts. This paper will address the vehicle and occupant responses from the latest research test series. In this series, the Oblique Moving Deformable Barrier (OMDB) impacted stationery vehicles in both left and right side impacts. Vehicles were selected only if their performance in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Small Overlap (SOI) test condition earned a "Good" or "Acceptable" rating and had side curtain air bags meeting the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 226, Ejection Mitigation. The vehicle responses studied included total velocity change (delta-V, DV), interior intrusion and steering wheel displacement, and the occupant responses studied included Brain Injury Criterion (BrIC), Multipoint Thoracic Injury Criterion, and Ankle Moment. Generally, delta-V (DV) in the X-direction decreased as the weight of the vehicle increased in both left and right side impacts, and the interior intrusion increased toward the center of the vehicle for both impact directions as well. A significant correlation between lap belt loads and vehicle mass was not found, but there was a general decreasing trend of peak lap belt loads with increase in vehicle mass. Occupant kinematics were generally mirror images for left and right side impacts, with the occupant's head moving forward and toward the direction of impact. The near-side occupants' heads moved toward the gap between the frontal and side curtain air bags, while the far-side occupants' heads rotated off of the frontal air bag and impacted the center instrument panel. The Honda Accord showed the greatest difference between left and right side impact vehicle response. The highest probability of injury for both near- and far-side occupants was predicted to occur in the head, chest, and ankle, agreeing with the findings from previous real-world oblique crash injury analysis. The test mode predicted a high risk of ankle injury, primarily due to ankle inversion and/or eversion. Left and right side impacts resulted in similar magnitudes of vehicle response, but occupant responses differed enough that it may be important to consider both left and right side oblique impacts in restraint system design. The interior intrusions on the toe pan increased towards vehicle center, and toe pan point TP3 consistently showed the highest intrusion measurement. Vehicle deformation from left and right side impacts can differ due to the stack up of non-symmetrical vehicle component layouts. The latest NHTSA Oblique test series involving vehicles with a "Good" or "Acceptable" rating in the IIHS SOI test condition and with side curtain air bags meeting the requirements of FMVSS No. 226 suggest that additional countermeasures may reduce injury risk in this test mode.


Abstract: The peace process between the Colombian government and the Colombian guerrillas provides a case study to examine the operation of a forgiveness law under international law. In 2012, the Colombian Congress passed a legal framework for peace, which essentially provided amnesty for those accused of international crimes. While amnesty trades justice for peace, the forgiveness law proposal for Colombia would secure justice and peace together. Unlike amnesty, the forgiveness law proposal is lawful under international law, for it guarantees prosecution of international crimes, discovery of the truth, a fair trial, adjudication of individual criminal responsibility, redress for victims, guarantees of non-repetition, and mercy for perpetrators. Under the proposal, victims-through a forgiveness and reconciliation commission-actively participate in the legal proceedings that lead to the granting of a pardon because the act of forgiveness is an individual prerogative that only victims enjoy.INTRODUCTIONGovernments of societies in situations of internal armed conflict have often used amnesty as a policy tool to negotiate peace with those accused of committing international crimes,1 thus trading justice for peace. Yet, amnesties granted to those accused of international crimes are unlawful under international law2 and exemplify one feature of the "peace versus justice" dilem© ma-a topic of international law that remains unsettled among scholars.3 Nevertheless, societies emerging from a civil war must debate public policies upon which a solid transition from conflict into peace can be constructed without contravening international law.4 One of the facets of such a transition must be a forgiveness law,5 which can help these societies achieve reconciliation without impunity, and which provides a permanent solution to the dilemma of peace versus justice.The peace process between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Forces of Colombia-People's Army ("FARC")6 offers an opportunity to examine the lawfulness of a forgiveness law under international law, and to show how such a law could better service the dual goals of peace and justice. To facilitate the commencement of such peace talks, the Colombian Congress passed a legal framework for peace in July 2012, which grants Congress the power to select the individuals to be prosecuted and to determine whether legal proceedings should be suspended for those non-state actors accused of international crimes who consent to demobilize as well as for those members of armed forces accused of international crimes.7 The powers that the legal framework for peace granted to Congress, however, essentially provided for an indirect amnesty, which contravenes international law, impedes criminal prosecution, compromises the truth, deprives victims of the opportunity to seek redress, and endangers the guarantee of non-repetition value.Unlike amnesty laws, the forgiveness law proposal for international crimes discussed throughout this Article complies with international law,8 for it guarantees the prosecution of such crimes,9 the discovery of truth,10 a fair trial,11 redress for victims,12 and guarantees of non-repetition.13 Therefore, Colombia should instead adopt this method of dealing with post-conflict crimes. As governments grant pardons in order to provide a second opportunity to those convicted of ordinary crimes,14 governments, in the aftermath of an internal armed conflict, could similarly issue "pardons as peace" to afford a second opportunity for those involved in the war and convicted of international crimes.15 The advantages of a forgiveness law proposal are many, and in the future, international organizations such as the United Nations should recommend the enactment of a forgiveness law in countries seeking peace and reconciliation at the culmination of an internal armed conflict.Part I of this Article briefly discusses the background of post-conflict societies and the modes of dealing with post-conflict crimes, chiefly international crimes. …


Abstract : Catches taken by the 6-foot Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl and by a quantitative high speed catcher are compared. The effective cross-section of the trawl in regard to adult Euphausia pacifica is a little over 1 sq. meter. (Author)


Programming language designers and implementers are taught that: semantics are more worthwhile than syntax, that programs exist to embody proofs, rather than to get work done, and to value Dijkstra more than Van Wijngaarden. Eelco Visser believed that, while there is value in the items on the left, there is at least as much value in the items on the right. This short paper explores how Eelco Visser embodied these values, and how he encouraged our work on the Grace programming language, supported that work withio Spoofax, and provided a venue for discussion within the WG2.16 Programming Language Design working group.


A generalized method for the analysis of microstrip antennas, which are placed on or embedded in hemispherical multilayer structures, is presented. By using corresponding full-wave equivalent circuits, the dyadic Green's functions of these structures and their system equations for the tangential field components at the interfaces can be analytically derived in a simple way. The numerical results are verified with commercial software codes. Some effects of the curvature and the ground plane on the input impedance of microstrip antennas are shown.


It is hard to control the coiling temperature in a certain range since the existing laminar cooling process lacks the direct feedback during strip hot rolling.A hybrid intelligent control method was therefore proposed combining the mechanism models with case-based reasoning technology,i.e.,composed of four modeling modules:to preset the number of valves of spray header to be opened in cooling zone,to forecast coiling temperature,to compensate for feedforward,to compensate for feedback.The method proposed was simulated with the actual operating data provided by a steel plant and the results showed that the setting value of the number of spray header valves to be opened can be readjusted automatically and timely according to the changing operation conditions,thus controlling the coiling temperature in the range the technical schedule requires so as to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of the rolled strip.


A research dissertation submitted to School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment for the award of a degree of Masters of Science in Accounting and finance of Makerere University.


SUMMARY In the separation of proteins and peptides by the various modes of high-performance liquid chromatography, the nature of the substrates requires the use of microparticulate silica packings with bonded ligands of appropriate design. Agglomeration of monodisperse silica hydrosols of defined size distribution into beaded particles provides a useful method of controlling the pore size, the size distribution, the particle porosity and surface area of these packings. The particle porosity is shown to be a major factor governing the packing density and packing stability of the column, For size-exclusion chromatography of proteins, parent silicas of pore size 10 and 100 nm with a narrow pore size distribution, adequate particle porosity and low surface area should be employed for appropriate bonding, whereas reversed-phase and ion-exchange chromatography require pore sizes of 313-50 nm with specific surface areas between 50 and 100 m2 g-' and particle porosities of 9 50%.


ABSTRACT The Defining Issues Test (DIT) was administered to 521 American and 520 Chinese eighth and eleventh graders. The results showed that Americans scored (a) significantly higher than Chinese on DIT Stages 2 and 3 of moral reasoning, (b) equal to Chinese on Stage 4, (c) significantly lower than Chinese on principled morality (P-Score). Cultural factors and emphasis on moral education in Taiwan were used to explain the difference. As expected, eleventh graders obtained higher P-Scores than eighth graders. Consistent with previous findings, females were more heavily oriented to principled morality than males.


The recent development of system simulation methodology is due to the close connections of simulation technology with sophisticated computer and information technologies and the study of huge and complex open system.In the paper,the basic conception of modelling and simulation methodology is summerised,and the information environment limits of mathematical modelling are analysed.Then some possible ways to solve the questions are probed and the effects of question region and technology support on simulation methodology are discussed.


Failures in the transmission network compromise the proper delivery of energy in a power grid. Control actions planned solely by a power utility (or operators) whose domain contains the failure cannot provide a strategy that guarantees the global stability of the grid. Such inappropriately addressed failures may develop a cascading behavior that can cause large-scale blackouts. In this paper we propose a distributed system to control failures based on cooperation agreements between different control domains of a Smart Grid. We design a control mechanism that generates low communication overhead and makes use of only local information (tie-lines) while providing a global stability. We also provide a guarantee for the system to cooperate to deliver as much energy as possible to meet the global demand. Our results show that our design can yield an increased amount of demand while maintaining low communications overhead compared to other distributed approaches.


Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 aspires to "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable", and the introduction of an explicit urban goal testifies to the importance of urbanisation. The understanding of the process of urbanisation and the capacity to monitor the SDGs require a wealth of open, reliable, locally yet globally comparable data, and a fully-fledged data revolution. In this framework, the European Commission–Joint Research Centre has developed a suite of (open and free) data and tools named Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) which maps the human presence on Earth (built-up areas, population distribution and settlement typologies) between 1975 and 2015. The GHSL supplies information on the progressive expansion of built-up areas on Earth and population dynamics in human settlements, with both sources of information serving as baseline data to quantify land use efficiency (LUE), listed as a Tier II indicator for SDG 11 (11.3.1). In this paper, we present the profile of the LUE across several territorial scales between 1990 and 2015, highlighting diverse development trajectories and the land take efficiency of different human settlements. Our results show that (i) the GHSL framework allows us to estimate LUE for the entire planet at several territorial scales, opening the opportunity of lifting the LUE indicator from its Tier II classification; (ii) the current formulation of the LUE is substantially subject to path dependency; and (iii) it requires additional spatially-explicit metrics for its interpretation. We propose the Achieved Population Density in Expansion Areas and the Marginal Land Consumption per New Inhabitant metrics for this purpose. The study is planetary and multi-temporal in coverage, demonstrating the value of well-designed, open and free, fine-scale geospatial information on human settlements in supporting policy and monitoring progress made towards meeting the SDGs.


Recently Manson et al. demonstrated the shortcoming of traditional finite volume approaches, typified by Patankar`s SIMPLE algorithm, for discretizing the equations of fluid flow, heat transfer, and associated transport processes. They were able to show for one severe test case-low spatial resolution and zero diffusion that traditional finite volume approaches are ineffective for unsteady state problems with significant convective effects. They are ineffective because there exists a time step limitation, even for implicit methods, which is imposed by accuracy constraints rather than stability constraints. The objective of the present paper is to show that the poor performance of these methods in that paper was not simply due to the severity of the test case. This paper will demonstrate the same inadequacy prevails for a range of spatial resolutions and non-zero diffusion cases. This knowledge is already documented but its significance still seems to elude the CFD community who persist with traditional discretizations for unsteady advection. 7 refs., 5 figs.


In this study,a group of 42 Grassland Red Cattle(GLRC) individuals was chosen and its population genetic polymorphism was analysed in the level of molecule by the process of genome DNA extraction from blood,PCR amplification of 8 primers, fragment typing with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE) , allele and genotype analysis of every locus by UVIBAND system,calculation of allele frequencies, polymorphism information content (PIC) and Heterozygosity by PPAP3. 0. The results showed that the number of alleles in ETH225,IDVGA2,IDVGA46 and IDVGA44 was 5,4,3 and 4, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.542 0,0. 673 6,0. 521 8 and 0. 575 0 respectively. These loci were high polymorphic loci. The number of alleles in BM2113,BM1824,IDVGA55 and TGLA44 was 2,2,2 and 5,and PIC was 0. 369 8,0. 360 4, 0. 353 8 and 0. 470 8 respectively. They were middle polymorphic loci. As genetic marker,the 8 loci can be used in the study of genetics and breeding of Grassland Red Cattle.


Previous work on guessing is combined with the Shannon (1949) theory of cipher systems. A complexity measure is defined for breaking a cipher system by guessing at the key or the message. A single-letter characterization of the guessing effort for a discrete memoryless source (DMS) is given.


The relationship between the dipole moment of the methylammonium cation and the optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskites remains under debate. We show that both the temperature-dependent charge carrier mobility and recombination kinetics are identical for methylammonium and cesium lead iodide, indicating that the role of the monovalent cation is subordinate to the lead iodide framework. From the observation that for both perovskites the electron−hole recombination is thermally activated, we speculate that the bandgap is slightly indirect. Application of lead halide perovskites with the general structure ABX3 in solar cell devices yields efficiencies close to 23%. This is attributed to the combination of high absorption coefficients, sufficiently high charge carrier mobilities, and long lifetimes, enabling efficient collection of excess charges. Previous work on methylammonium lead iodide or bromide (MAPbX3) has shown that these long lifetimes could be related to the presence of the Rashba effect, resulting in a slightly indirect bandgap. Importantly, optical excitation of charges still predominantly occurs via direct transitions, while recombination involves an indirect transition. However, it has remained under debate whether these effects are related to the dipole moment of the organic cation. In this work, we show that both the temperature-dependent mobility and recombination kinetics in CsPbI3 follow the same trend as inMAPbI3. Importantly, in both cases, the second-order recombination of free charges is thermally activated, consistent with an indirect recombination pathway. The CsPbI3 films are prepared using physical vapor deposition, yielding metastable orthorhombic black-phase CsPbI3. 9−11 Figure 1 shows intensity-normalized TimeResolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) traces recorded at 293, 260, and 220 K, for charge carrier densities in the regime Received: July 1, 2018 Accepted: July 18, 2018 Published: July 18, 2018 Figure 1. TRMC traces for vapor-deposited black-phase CsPbI3, recorded at 293 K (a), 260 K (b), and 220 K (c) for initial charge carrier densities of 5 × 10 to 10 cm−3. The modeled traces are added as black dashed lines. En rg y Ex pess http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp Cite This: ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 2068−2069 © 2018 American Chemical Society 2068 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01106 ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 2068−2069 This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Non-Commercial No Derivative Works (CC-BY-NC-ND) Attribution License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article, and creation of adaptations, all for non-commercial purposes. D ow nl oa de d vi a T U D E L FT o n Se pt em be r 27 , 2 01 8 at 1 0: 19 :4 4 (U T C ). Se e ht tp s: //p ub s. ac s. or g/ sh ar in gg ui de lin es f or o pt io ns o n ho w to le gi tim at el y sh ar e pu bl is he d ar tic le s. between 10 and 10 cm−3. From the maximum signal height, we deduce that the room-temperature mobility is around 25 cm/(V s). Interestingly, on decreasing the temperature, the mobility in CsPbI3 gradually increases, following a temperaturedependent trend similar to that observed for MAPbI3 (see Figure 2a) given by μ ∝ T−1.5. This shows that the charge carrier mobility in lead iodide perovskites is mainly limited by phonon scattering, independent of the monovalent cation. Remarkably, not only the mobility but also the lifetime of mobile charges follows the same temperature dependence as that of MAPbI3. That is, for a range of excitation densities between 5 × 10 and 10 cm−3, the lifetime is enhanced on lowering the temperature. Because this corresponds to a regime in which the lifetime decreases with increasing initial charge carrier densities, we can conclude that higher-order recombination is retarded with decreasing temperatures. Below 5 × 10 cm−3, the lifetime is not dependent on the excitation density, indicating a firstorder process such as trap-assisted recombination. To quantify this, we fitted the experimental data at 220 K < T < 300 K using our previously described kinetic model (Figure S2), as shown by the dashed lines in Figure 1. The kinetic parameters are listed in Table S1. In Figure 2b, the second-order recombination rate (k2) is plotted for CsPbI3 with values previously found for MAPbI3. 7 Importantly, although the absolute values are different, in both cases the k2 at 220 K is less than half its room-temperature value. This is in contrast with the temperature-dependent trend in recombination rate typically found in direct semiconductors and previously reported for MAPbI3 at high fluence (>10 17 cm−3), which is several orders of magnitude higher than the charge densities presented here. Although these previous reports suggest that direct recombination dominates at higher charge densities, our results show that in both CsPbI3 and MAPbI3, second-order recombination is actually a thermally activated process for charge densities ranging from 10 to 10 cm−3. Previously, we hypothesized that this was due to the conduction bandminimum being slightly shifted in k-space from the valence band maximum, resulting in an indirect bandgap from which recombination is momentum-forbidden. In addition, the high absorption coefficients indicate the presence of a direct transition. The origin of the thermally enhanced recombination rates may therefore be twofold: (1) thermal energy releases electrons from the CBM to a state from which direct recombination is possible and (2) the electrons decay from the CBM to the VBM via indirect recombination on interacting with a phonon, see inset in Figure 2b. The present observations suggest that the indirect recombination pathway is not related to (collective) orientations of methylammonium dipoles. We note that the increased lifetime observed upon lowering the temperature is not related to reabsorption of emitted photons. That is, the external photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) in CsPbI3 is far below 1%. 10 Even in the case of very poor output coupling and a 10-fold increase in PLQE on lowering the temperature (see Figure S1), still more than 95% of the second-order recombination is nonradiative and therefore cannot be reabsorbed. Additional scenarios to explain the thermally enhanced recombination include charge immobilization into shallow traps or the formation of large polarons. However, because both of these do not satisfactorily explain the experimental temperature-dependent mobility following T−1.5, these are in our opinion unlikely to dominate the charge carrier recombination properties. Instead, the combination of increasing mobility and retarded second-order recombination on decreasing the temperature suggests an indirect recombination pathway for mobile charges. The low PLQE indicates that the second-order recombination between mobile charges is mainly nonradiative, which could mean that indirect recombination does not result in the emission of a photon. Most importantly, our present results show that both the temperature-dependent mobility and recombination mechanism are fully dominated by the lead iodide framework instead of the dipole moment of the organic cation. ■ ASSOCIATED CONTENT *S Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01106. Additional figures and experimental methods (PDF) ■ AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Authors *E-mail: email@example.com. *E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.


Highly substituted cyclopentenes can be accessed rapidly from isocyanides, aldehydes and malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate (AB2C2) using DABCO as a catalyst under solvent-free conditions at 40 °C within 30 min.


A sound writing ability is the foundation of scientific research and an element for creation.Their degree thesis comprehensively shows the students' knowledge level,overall quality and ability to make independent researches.At present,inadequately developed writing skills have resulted in low percentage of excellent papers.To strengthen the writing training is necessary for improvement of the postgraduate education and the students overall quality.


the Work Conference of the Teachers College, Columbia University, New York. In Basil Bernstein, Class, codes and control I: theoretical studies towards a sociology of language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971. Halliday, M. A. K. (1973). Language as social semiotic: towards a general sociolinguistic theory. In Adam Makkai, Valerie Becker Makkai and Luigi Heilmann (eds), Linguistics at the crossroads. The Hague and Paris: Mouton (in press).


Abstract Previous results have shown that stabilized animal fat increases the stability of vitamin A and carotene during storage (Siedler et al., 1957). These studies have been extended to include the effects of feeding stabilized animal fat on the AOM stability of the rendered depot fat of broilers. The four experimental basal feeds used in these studies have been reported previously (Siedler et al., 1957). These feeds were supplemented with either no animal fat, 6% unstabilized animal fat, or 6% animal fat stabilized with 0.02% Santoquin (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline), 0.02% BHT (ditertiarybutyl-para-cresol), or 0.02% DPPD (diphenyl-para-phenylenediamine). Citric acid was added at a level of 0.01% to all the antioxidant treated fat. The animal fat used was a blend of choice white grease and choice tallow. Twenty-five White Rock cockerels were fed the experimental feed ad libitum for nine weeks in duplicate experiments. Ten chicks from each group were sacrificed and the depot fats …


The present invention provides a method and an apparatus for transmitting preferred control channel attributes in a wireless communication system. The method comprises generating a (8) bit length field, a (8) bit AttributeID field, a (1) bit PreferredControlChannelCycleEnabled field, a (0) or (15) bit PreferredControlChannelCycleEnabled field, a (1) bit PreferredQuickPageEnabled field, a (0) or (15) bit PreferredRQuickPage field, a (1) bit PreferredPagingCarrierEnabled, a (7) bit PreferredPagingCarrier field and a (0) or (7) bit reserved field, wherein the length field uses 8 bits to indicate the length of compound attribute, and the length of the reserved field makes the attribute value is aligned in 8 bits; and transmitting the PreferredControlChannelCycle attribute on a OFDM communication link.


In some ground transportation enterprises are presented problems of stability of the performance (big variations in theirs variables) and low use of the installed capabilities. Their maintenance system has low efficiency or efficacy. It can be seen in: high fuel consumptions, high transportation costs, low use of the route, and so on. The objective of the paper is to elaborate a measurement method of the maintenance system of such enterprises, to increase the effectiveness of their operations. The contributions were: the definition of maintenance classes with new performance indicators, estimating the standard error of the Coefficient of Technical Availability (CTA); the definition of the "Route Map" for the modernization process of the transportation fleet, and the definition of a control graph for each maintenance class of the fleets. The method was applied to four fleets, and were observed both four and five maintenance classes.


The invention discloses a test process tracking method and system for a Java function call path. The method comprises the steps that a tested Java code is analyzed based on the Soot technology, the function call relation of the Java code is extracted, and the function call path is generated according to the extracted function call relation; a preset test case is input into the tested Java code, plug-in mounting is carried out on the Java code, and the dynamic path of the Java code is acquired; the function call path and the dynamic path of the Java code are matched so that path tracking can be achieved. The dynamic path can be tracked fast and accurately, the dynamic path and the function call relation path can be matched, and therefore a tested path and an untested path can be accurately obtained, a redundant path can be removed, the repeated and redundant test case can be accurately removed, and subsequent regression testing is facilitated.


Objective:To evaluate the roles of novel antigen genes in diagnosis and immunothreapy of ovarian cancer.Methods:The genes selected by SEREX and SSH in our previously research works were identified after analysis by bioinformatics.8 novel antigen phage clones were screened using allogenic sera from 98 patients with ovarian serous papillary cystadenoma.Results:The sequencing results indicated that 55 positive clones represent 45 tumor antigen genes.8 of them are novel genes,and they all have immunogenicity.OCY-142 is the novel-splicing variant of BARD1(BRCA1 associated ring domain 1),and may be recognized by CD8+T cell after MHC-I binding peptide prediction.The positive ratio of 8 novel antigen phage clones in sera of ovrian cancer patients than that in sera of health donors.Using a combination of novel antigen genes,the sensitivity and specificity for detecting ovarian cancer is 96.9% and 95.2%,respectively.36.9% of ovarian cancers with normal CA125 level can be detected out by OCY-142.Conclusions:Those novel antigen genes may be valuable tumor marker in diagnosis of ovarian cancer,and may play important roles in ovarian cancer immunotherapy.


In this letter, the critical state of GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) is discovered and investigated in a capacitive storage loop. The avalanche ionization of carriers is found to be influenced by the capacitance. When the capacitance is reduced to 16 pF, the GaAs PCSS starts to operate in linear mode when triggered at the anode edge but still switches on in avalanche mode with unchanged loop parameters when triggered at the cathode edge, which is defined as the critical state. The numerical simulation indicates that the ionized electrons from the cathode fail to induce the formation of initial avalanche ionization in anode-triggered PCSS before the bias voltage drops. The threshold capacitance for the critical state is found to be ~27 pF under the experimental conditions.


The invention discloses a Zhang's scarlet camellia culture medium and a preparation method thereof. The culture medium is prepared from the following raw materials including red mud, peat soil, pond silt, perlite and river sand with the volume ratio of (4-9): (2-5): (2-5): (1-3): (1-3). The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing the raw materials; and regulating the pH to 4-7 and the relative humidity to 50-70%. The prepared Zhang's scarlet camellia culture medium is sufficient in fertility, good in water retention and strong in permeability; the pH and the conductivity of the prepared Zhang's scarlet camellia culture medium can meet requirements on growth of Zhang's scarlet camellia; a Zhang's scarlet camellia plant cultured by using the Zhang's scarlet camellia culture medium is well-proportioned, has glossy and dark green leaves and grows fast; and the preparation method is simple and reliable, convenient and safe to use and low in production cost, and is helpful to large-scale production of the Zhang's scarlet camellias.


OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of patient data transfer for home care between e-mail and letter. METHOD: This was a retrospective survey study. The Muang district, Phitsanulok patients' data that was transferred for home care from Buddhachinnaraj Hospital to PCU via e-mail and via letter in the fiscal year 2005-2006 was reviewed. RESULTS: In fiscal year 2005, there were 1,606 cases: 1,183 cases transferred via e-mail, 147 cases via letter and 276 cases used both. In fiscal year 2006, there were 2,311 cases: 1,490 cases transferred via e-mail, 548 cases via letter and 273 cases used both. In fiscal year 2005, the response rate via e-mail was 60.1 % and average used time about 15.5 days, the response rate via letter was 38.8 % and average used time about 29.6 days and both was response 50.7%. In fiscal year 2006, the response rate via e-mail was about 69.0 %, average used time about 12.3 days, via letter was response 31.8 % with average used time about 24.9 day, and both was response 30.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Patient data transfer via e-mail is more effective and quicker than letter.


Growth and leaf nutrient content were compared in young potted plants of Copaifera langsdorffii in sunny and shaded areas without water stress. Besides, carbon assimilation and leaf water relations were evaluated by net photosynthesis, potential photochemical efficiency and leaf water potential during daily courses in dry and rainy periods under natural conditions in both contrasting irradiances. Higher values of total biomass, height and leaf area occurred in sunny than in shaded area. On the other hand, all young plants survived in shade under natural water stress probably by reason of fast and intense biomass accumulation in favor of roots in early development. There was no significant difference about nutrient concentration in leaves between plants growing in sunny and shaded areas. Net photosynthesis in shade increased occasionally when bunches of direct light reached the leaves. Theses sunflecks took place more frequently and at high intensity in dry period but they were more effective for net photosynthesis in rainy period. The ability of young plants to persist under natural conditions in contrasting irradiance up to 1,230 days after sowing could explain the wide distribution of C. langsdorffii in Cerrado physiognomies and in different types of forest.


Sixty‐nine very‐low‐birthweight infants out of a population of 923 had cerebral palsy (CP) at an 18‐month follow‐up. Thirty‐nine of these had cranial ultrasound abnormalities in the neonatal period and 30 had normal cranial ultrasounds. The distribution of subtypes of CP differed markedly between the two groups, with hemiplegia predominating in those with abnormal cranial ultrasounds and diplegia in those with normal cranial ultrasounds. Regardless of ultrasound appearance, the relative risk of CP increased approximately fourfold with a neonatal history of sepsis.


Recommendations based on similarity search are widely used. However, when the number of users and items is large, it may become an efficiency bottleneck. In this paper, we propose a high-precision, modular, and efficient recommendation component: the binarization encoder. We use Siamese neural networks to jointly learn binary codes of users and items. The Siamese networks are composed of two autoencoders, whose encoder and decoder are sharing weights further. Their latent factors are discretized as efficient representations of users and items. In order to improve the learning ability of this model, a comprehensive objective function is proposed, which considers three objectives: improving the reconstruction quality of input vectors, reducing the information redundancy between dimensions, and finetuning the predictions with observed ratings. We use collaborative filtering based on matrix factorization on real-world datasets as basic systems and evaluate the proposed method. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of our method.


Objective To study the effect of tumor metastasis on expression rate of IL-2R and TH cells in peripheral blood cells of petients with lung carcinoma.Methods CD 25 + and CD 3 +/CD 4 + cells were measured and compared in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 45 patients with metastasis and 56 patients with no metastasis lung carcinoma by flow cytometry.Results CD 25 + and CD 3 +/CD 4 + cells′ percentage rate of patients with metastatic or no metastatic lung carcinoma were lower than those of normal control( P 0.01).CD 25 + and CD 3 +/CD 4 + cells′ percentage rates of patients with multi-organs metastasis were lower than those of patients with single-organ metastasis( P 0.01).CD 25 + and CD 3 +/CD 4 + cells′ percentage rates of chemotherapy patients with metastasis were higher than those of no-chemotherapy patients with metastasis( P 0.05).Under the influence of various factors,the change degree of CD 25 + cells was significant as compared with change of CD 3 +/CD 4 + cells.Conclusions Lung carcinoma metastasis may induced further decreasing of IL-2R and TH cells′ expression rate.The decraasing degreee of IL-2R and CD 3 +/CD 4 + cells′ percentage rate was increasing with seriousness of tumor metastasis,tumor chemotherapy may induced that CD 25 +and CD 3 +/CD 4 + cells′ expression rates to rise again.Therefore IL-2R and TH cells′ expression rates may not only reared as indication of immunology state of patients,they may also reared as indication of tumor malignant degree and therapy reflection.


International experience shows that module can accelerate the development of modern service industry. The paper focuses on the modules in the modern service industry. And based on the status-quo of modern service industry in China,It makes suggestions on multiple modules to develop modern service industry in China.


In this paper, an optimized design procedure based on evolutionary algorithms for automatic synthesis of a current reuse folded cascode dual-band concurrent fully integrated low-noise amplifiers (LNA) targeted to 802.16d @ 3.5GHz and 802.11b, g @ 2.4GHz standards is discussed. Algorithm is intended to compute the circuit elements geometry and bias levels capable of maintaining the best level of gain, input matching, output matching and power consumption. The genetic algorithm optimization engine is developed in MATLAB environment and performance evaluation in 0.18μm RF CMOS TSMC technology is ceded to HSPICE. Results indicate that the automated scheme well renders the desired circuit in an acceptable computation time, otherwise, either tremendous manual trial and errors or an astronomical cycles of exhaustive search is required.


Abstract 4913 BACKGROUND: Constitutional chromosomal abnormalities in apparently normal individuals have shown a rise in incidence possibly because of improved banding techniques. Constitutional pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 [inv(9)] occurs in approximately 0.8%–2% of the normal population (Hsu et al. Am J Med Genet 1987, Tawn et al. Mutat Res 1992) and is generally regarded as a normal variant, as is constitutional pericentric inversion of chromosome 2 [inv(2)] (Hysert et al. Prenat Diagn 2006). However, both inversions have been implicated with infertility, recurrent spontaneous abortion, as well as myeloid leukemias (Daya. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1994, Mozziconacci et al. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1998). Inv(9) has also been implicated in causing delayed engraftment after autologous and allogeneic transplantation from donors with inv(9), though not without controversy (Keung et al. Br J Haematol 2003, Lee et al. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2010). Most of these studies were conducted among patients with leukemia and/or transplantation. To investigate the constitutional chromosomal abnormalities in a more community-like setting, we conducted a pilot study of the incidence of constitutional chromosomal abnormalities in our clinic. METHODS: Between January 2010 and June 2011, 248 consecutive patients, 132 males and 116 females, median age of 68.6 (range 20.5–89.5) underwent bone marrow examination for various indications at our clinic. Of these patients, 181 underwent one or more cytogenetic analysis. We then reviewed clinical charts. RESULTS: A total of 274 bone marrow examinations were performed. Of the 274 bone marrow examinations, 199 conventional karyotypes were also obtained. Three patients (1.7%) with constitutional chromosomal abnormalities were found: two had pericentric inversion of chromosome 9, inv(9)(p12q13)c, and one had pericentric inversion of chromosome 2, inv(2)(p11.2q13)c. Case 1. A 48-year old male presented with cryptococcal meningitis, absolute CD4 count of 3/μL and CD8 count 4/μL. He was treated successfully with high dose fluconazole. Subsequent workup suggested a diagnosis of idiopathic non-HIV CD4 lymphocytopenia (Smith et al N Engl J Med 1993). Bone marrow examination showed normal finding and no evidence of lymphoma, with 46,XY,inv(9)(p12q13)c[20]. Case 2. A 66-year old female presented with asymptomatic leukocytopenia for 6 years, WBC 3,100-3,900/μL with normal hemoglobin and platelet. Bone marrow examination showed normal finding, with 46,XX,inv(9)(p12q13)c[20]. Case 3. A 69-year old male presented with asymptomatic lymphocytosis, WBC 17,800/μL, Hgb 13.5 g/dL, platelet 227,000/μL, with neutrophils 27%, lymphocytes 68%, and monocytes 4%. Bone marrow examination diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CD5+, CD19+ and CD23+, with 49,XY,inv(2)(p11.2q13), +12,+18,+19[2]/46,XY, inv(2)(p11.2q13)c[18]. CONCLUSION: The incidence of constitutional chromosomal abnormalities is estimated to be 1.7% in this pilot study, which is similar to the reported literature. The occurrence of constitutional abnormalities in our patients may simply be coincidental. However, due to small sample size, a larger study is required to confirm this finding. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


In a distribution type oscillating internal engaged speed reduction gear of the, a plurality of eccentric body shafts(21-23) having first and second eccentric bodies(31A-33A,31B-33B), which extend through the first and second externally engaged gear wheels(12A-12B), at positions which are offset from the center of the first and second externally engaged gear wheels, the speed reduction gear is a pair of first and second support bodies(42A,42B), which are provided in the axial direction on both sides of the first and second externally toothed gear wheels, the eccentric body shafts and rotatably support at their two ends, and a plurality of carrier pins(71-73), which extend through the first and second externally engaged gear wheels, at positions which are offset from the centers of the first and second externally engaged gear wheels, and coupling the first and second support body to one another.The axial thickness d1 of radially outer portions of the support pin holes (and / or the eccentric shaft hole) the first and second externally toothed gear wheels is made greater than the axial thickness of the parts in the circumferential direction adjacent to the radially outer parts.


This paper determined the value of current by the constant voltage volt-ampere w ith the new PbO 2 electrode as working electrode. We raised volt to re fresh the surface by bubbling, avoided the surface polluted, the determination o f the COD values of sample solutions of standard glucose and potassium biphthal ate recurrencely proves that the method is efficient.


OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Pharmacogenomic testing for major depressive disorder is an expanding area of precision medicine with multiple direct-to-provider tests available. While clinical evidence supporting testing is expanding, there has been little research on the views and experiences of patients and clinicians utilizing this novel intervention. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This ongoing study is conducting semi-structured interviews with clinicians and patients exploring their views of the benefits and limitations of pharmacogenomic testing. Qualitative interviews have been conducted with 10 patients and 10 clinicians who have experience with ordering or receiving results within the past 12 months. Interviews are being thematically coded following a modified grounded theory approach using the Dedoose software. Following the principles of exploratory sequential mixed methods design, findings will be used to develop a survey to be administered to prescribing clinicians in both primary care and psychiatry. The survey will examine clinician's knowledge, interest, and concerns about utilizing testing. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary analysis of qualitative interviews indicates that both patients and clinicians find that the broader testing process has benefits beyond the test results themselves. Benefits identified by patients include an increased trust in the process of selecting medications, validation of their negative experiences with medications, and improved communication with their provider. Limitations identified by patients include difficulty in accessing test results, and gatekeeping for testing by providers. Benefits identified by clinicians include increased empathy with patients, medication adherence, and improved communication with patients about medication. Limitations identified by clinicians include difficulty with ordering and interpreting test results. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Medication selection is a difficult process for both patients and clinicians. Improvements to clinician-patient communication and medication adherence are important benefits to consider in the adoption of testing. Future research should include these dimensions in assessment of the benefits and limitations of testing.


Since independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has been priding itself of a high literacy rate among its population, and has been producing what has been termed high quality products in the form of teachers, doctors, nurses, among others, who are in high demand in Africa and beyond. This has been largely due to what Harrison as cited in Doherty(1994) calls the massification of education in the post-colonial era, which saw all young people of school going age accessing primary education. But the question that comes to mind is, "to what extent can mass education provide quality education? Or is it a question of elite education being written a little larger " as Neave(1985) and Harrison(1994) say? A non-governmental organisation (NGO) , Save the Children Norway-Zimbabwe(SCNZ), has developed an interest to promote and enhance basic quality education in two rural districts of Zimbabwe, Bikita (in Masvingo Province) and Rushinga(in Mashonaland Central Province). To this effect, the authors were engaged to carry out a study in the two districts in 2003/2004. The project was: Needs Assessment Study on Access to Basic Quality Education in Zimbabwe: The case for Bikita and Rushinga Districts.
This presentation is based on that study project and a review of literature an the debate on quality education in general.


The invention relates to black fungus instant soup, which is prepared from black fungi, dehydrated vegetables, dehydrated diced meat, essence of chicken, powdered bone soup, pepper, salt, vegetable oil and soy sauce. The product can improve immunity and resist aging; the black fungi is beneficial to the health of a human body if the black fungi are regularly eaten; and the dehydrated vegetables and the dehydrated diced meat are added into the black fungus instant soup so that the black fungus instant soup has rich nutrition, good palatability, convenient edibility, simple preparation and low cost.


Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Lawrence Center for Quality and Safety, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA


ABSTRACT|A direct method with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry for determining low lead (Pb) levels in urine was described. The present method was based on wet-ashing digestion, 2-fold concentrated urine, and matrix modification with palladium chloride (PdCl2). The sensitivity (concentration at 0.0044 absorption units) of the proposed method is 0.18 ppb. Results were presented on the degree of accuracy and precision. Accuracy of the proposed method was checked by comparison with the values determined by the extracted method (conventional method). Precision of the proposed method was evaluated by within-run and between-run precision. Both of them were found to be satisfactory. Due to the high sensitivity, the proposed method could be applied to determine urinary Pb concentration in normal populations with no known Pb exposure. Moreover, the method is simple, fast, and automatic.


Objectives: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the polymorphism effects of IL18RAP and CCR3 on celiac disease susceptibility. Methods: PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched (to June 2015) on IL18RAP rs917997 and CCR3 rs6441961 polymorphisms. Results: The meta-analysis included 16 and 7 studies for rs917997 and rs6441961, respectively. The minor risk A allele at both rs917997 and rs6441961 carried risks (odds ratios) of 1.24 (95% CI 1.18–1.31) and 1.21 (95% CI 1.12–1.31), respectively. These alleles contributed to increase risks in all celiac disease patients by 5.04 and 6.35%. The estimated lambdas were 0.73 and 0.51, suggesting that an additive model would be the best choice for both gene effects. Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides robust estimates that IL18RAP rs917997 and CCR3 rs6441961 are potential risk factors for celiac disease in European populations. Studies are needed to confirm these findings in different ethnicities.


The irreliabity of accounty information does great harm to the vitability of accountancy and disturbs the order of socialism market economy.The irreliability of accounting information should be fully understood.Then the problem can be solved in a better way by reforming the property-right system of enterprise, improving the governing structure of modern corporate and constructing scientific inspiration.At the same time,the regislution of accountancy should be reinforced,and the punishment to such irreliability should be more severse


In the broader area of the Aegean Sea, which holds the highest seismicity in Europe, it is common to have a strong earthquake event every few years causing a remarkable number of casualties and sometimes even fatalities. In cases of events of considerable acceleration, the knowledge of ground motion spatial distribution is considered as vital information for loss estimation in addition to induced destructive phenomena such as landslides and rock falls. Therefore, there is an intense need, mainly for civil protection authorities as well as for scientific community, to automatically produce near real time ground motion distribution maps, also known as shake-maps. Nowadays there are globally, different approaches to calculate and present a shake-map while some of them estimate even probable losses (Wyss 2014). Some of the most common implementations are: a) the USGS one (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/) which uses recorded Ground Motion Information, b) the one presented by EMSC (http://www.emsc-csem.org) which exploits theoretical PGA and PGV values, c) the JMA (Japanese Metereological Agency) implementation producing maps of Seismic Intensity, and d) the most recent implementation by KANDILI Observatory and Bogazici University in Turkey that produces Instrumental Intensity Maps (ELER). From the above approaches the most widely used by other institutes (INGV-Italy, SDESwitzerland, NIEP-Romania) is the one developed by USGS. We apply the same software tool configured according to the regional characteristics of the area of interest as they resulted from previous studies, i.e. local site conditions (geology, topography, body wave velocities, etc), Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPE) (Skarlatoudis et al., 2003, 2004, 2007; Theodoulidis and Papazachos, 1992), as well as Instrumental Macroseismic Relations (Theodoulidis, 1991). A presentation of the uncertainties validates the procedure followed for a reliable Shakemap estimation.


Solving the problem of migrant workers children further studies has entered the policy horizon.But subject to the limitations of the policy-making conditions,the existing policy there are certain conflicts between the value selected and the premise formulated,which are affecting migrant workers children in different places in school to solve.It is necessary to examine education policy making process from the perspective of the protection of the right to education of migrant workers children.At the same time,it is necessary to take effective measures to improve the quality of education policy and to achieve education policy objectives.


In this paper, the combination of the vanishing point method and central point method is recommended when the station point and the far vanishing point are outside the drawing board. By employing this, the two point perspective view can be completed with the auxiliary point even in the extremely difficult situation.


To the Editors:

I read with interest the recent article by Gunen et al . 1, wherein the authors presented the hypothesis that nebulised budesonide might be an alternative to systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There are certain points which need discussing regarding their hypothesis of nebulised inhaled corticosteroids in COPD exacerbations.

First, exacerbations of COPD were considered to be a purely local disease: there is now enough evidence to support …


We investigate the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function and stellar mass density from redshift z = 0.2 to z = 1.5 of a K-s \textless 22-selected sample with highly reliable photometric redshifts and over an unprecedentedly large area. Our study is based on near-infrared observations carried out with the WIRCam instrument at CFHT over the footprint of the VIPERS spectroscopic survey and benefits from the high-quality optical photometry from the CFHTLS and ultraviolet observations with the GALEX satellite. The accuracy of our photometric redshifts is sigma(Delta/(1+z)) \textless 0.03 and 0.05 for the bright (i(AB) \textless 22.5) and faint (i(AB) \textgreater 22.5) samples, respectively. The galaxy stellar mass function is measured with similar to 760 000 galaxies down to K-s similar to 22 and over an effective area of similar to 22.4 deg(2), the latter of which drastically reduces the statistical uncertainties (i.e. Poissonian error and cosmic variance). We point out the importance of carefully controlling the photometric calibration, whose effect becomes quickly dominant when statistical uncertainties are reduced, which will be a major issue for future cosmological surveys with EUCLID or LSST, for instance. By exploring the rest-frame (NUV-r) vs. (r-K-s) colour-colour diagram with which we separated star-forming and quiescent galaxies, (1) we find that the density of very massive log(M*/M-circle dot) \textgreater 11.5 galaxies is largely dominated by quiescent galaxies and increases by a factor 2 from z similar to 1 to z similar to 0.2, which allows for additional mass assembly through dry mergers. (2) We also confirm the scenario in which star formation activity is impeded above a stellar mass log(M*(sf)/M-circle dot) = 10.64 +/- 0.01. This value is found to be very stable at 0.2 \textless z \textless 1.5. (3) We discuss the existence of a main quenching channel that is followed by massive star-forming galaxies, and we finally (4) characterise another quenching mechanism that is required to explain the clear excess of low-mass quiescent galaxies that is observed at low redshift.


Bayesian causal inference offers a principled approach to policy evaluation of proposed interventions on mediators or time-varying exposures. We outline a general approach to the estimation of causal quantities for settings with time-varying confounding, such as exposure-induced mediator-outcome confounders. We further extend this approach to propose two Bayesian data fusion (BDF) methods for unmeasured confounding. Using informative priors on quantities relating to the confounding bias parameters, our methods incorporate data from an external source where the confounder is measured in order to make inferences about causal estimands in the main study population. We present results from a simulation study comparing our data fusion methods to two common frequentist correction methods for unmeasured confounding bias in the mediation setting. We also demonstrate our method with an investigation of the role of stage at cancer diagnosis in contributing to Black-White colorectal cancer survival disparities.


A basic requirement for job satisfaction among sewing line workers is a working environment that allows workers to perform their work at an optimal level in a comfortable environment. The working environment plays an essential role in workers job satisfaction and the impact of job satisfaction on productivity. A causal study was conducted to examine the impact of the working environment on job satisfaction and productivity of workers in the garment manufacturing industries. In this study, six factors of the work environment were considered for job satisfaction, which are, working conditions, remuneration, job security, psychosocial work environment, ergonomics and work participation. Data was collected from four readymade garment industries in Myanmar using random sampling. Multiple regression analysis and simple linear regression were used to predict the correlation. Based on the finding, this study showed that working conditions, remuneration and psychosocial work environment have strong casual effect on workers' job satisfaction and job security and ergonomics are moderate and work participation is low casual effect on workers' job satisfaction.


The study investigated the influence of field trip on the development of  students' interest towards studying fine and applied arts. Two research  questions and one hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. All the J.S.2 students (totalling 310) from the three government owned secondary schools that offer fine and applied arts in Orumba South Local Government area in Anambra state were used. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyse the two research questions while Z-test was used to analyse the only hypothesis used for the study. Result of the study showed that; field trip  increased students' interest towards studying fine and applied art theory and practicals. Male interest towards studying fine and applied art after embarking on field trip is slightly higher than their female counterpart but the difference is not significant at 0.05 alpha level under 56 degree of freedom.  Recommendations were given.


Obiective:A fluorescent assay for the investigation of Ornithine decarboxylase(ODC)activity in plasma by HPLC has been developed.Method:This methods used TSKgel ODS-80TM C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)with methanol-distilled water 8:2 balance columniation 3 min later,4-14 min methanol grads from 80 % to 100 % as the mobile phase,0.8 mL·min-1 as flow rate,340 nm as excitation,515 nm as emission,50 ℃ as temperature,10 μL as the injection volume.Content uniformity was expressed by internal standard method.Results:The results showed that the ODC activity in prostate cancer patients was 2-3 times higher than those of normal controls.At the experiment conditions,it is found that ODC catalyzes to putrescine corresponding to regularity of general anzyme catalyzes reaction,the Km value and Vmax value were 87.0481 μmol·L-1 and 3.4532 pmol min-1 L-1.Conclusion:The present HPLC method was more sensitive,accurate and rapid for assessment of ODC activity.


Abstract There has always been considerable uncertainty about the nature and scope of the rule by which contractual performance is excused if illegal in the place of performance, even though performance would not be illegal by the contract's governing law. This article revisits the so-called "Ralli Bros rule" and looks at how the scope of the rule has been developed and its nature misunderstood. It argues that the rule is neither a choice of law rule nor part of the rules discharging a contract for frustration but is instead a public policy rule favouring judicial abstention for reasons of comity. This has implications for how the rule interacts with the choice of law rules for contracts under the Rome Convention and the Rome I Regulation.


Bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants have a high demand for water and nutrients and are particularly sensitive to water stress during the establishment period and fruit setting. High levels of irrigation are often applied in order to maximize yields. Water and temperature are critical for producing vegetable crops, especially during winter, when the availability of water is meager and temperature falls. Studies of drip irrigation and mulch were undertaken to find the effect on different growth and yield parameters in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)cv. Solan bharpur at Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr. Y.S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during Kharif 2015. The treatment comprised with eight different levels of irrigations with polythylene mulches viz., T1 = Flood irrigation, T2 = 100% Evapotranspiration through drip irrigation, T3 = 80% Evapotranspiration through drip irrigation, T4 = 60% Evapotranspiration through drip irrigation, T5 = Flood irrigation + polyethylene mulch, T6 = 100% Evapotranspiration through drip irrigation + polyethylene mulch, T7 = 80% Evapotranspiration through drip irrigation + polyethylene mulch, T8= 60% Evapotranspiration through drip irrigation + polyethylene mulch. The observations were recorded on plant height (71.50 cm) at final harvest, days to ripe fruit harvest (102.41), harvest duration (58.00), number of branches per plant (8.20), ripe fruit weight (58.87 g), ripe fruit length (7.38 cm), ripe fruit width (5.83 cm), number of ripe fruits per plant (15.67). The treatment T6 was found superior over all other treatments in terms of plant and fruit growth characters, fruit growth characters.


The objective of designing an aeration system capable of transferring an adequate amount of oxygen to a multifaceted chemical waste mixture originating from earlier indiscriminate dumping of residuals from chemical manufacturing operations presented special problems. The dump consisted of a natural depression of irregular geometry with variable depth to 8 m. The liquid had a suspended solids concentration of up to 100 000 mg/L during in-situ treatability studies. The in-situ studies had demonstrated that the chemicals could be aerobically biodegraded to concentrations that would meet discharge criteria. The entire installation is to be operated as a temporary (5-year-life) treatment facility. The accumulated complex organic compounds, the chemical waste solids, the irregular geometry of the depression, and the requirement to provide external supplementary mixing presented a unique process design challenge. This paper describes the approach taken in the selection and design of an aeration system which will...


InN has been grown on GaN with a thin intermediate layer of InGaN by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) to further enhance indium incorporation in subsequent InGaN layer. Trimethylindium (TMI) and ammonia (NH3) were used as the source for InN growth and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the presence of pyramid-like structure of InN. A layer of InGaN subsequently grown on top of these InN pyramids shows a red-shift of ~20 nm relative to InGaN layer grown directly on GaN using the same growth condition. However, there is no significant pits reduction. An alternative method to enhance indium incorporation is to grow the InN by adding a small amount of trimethygallium (TMG) into the TMI and NH3 flow. This method provides a seed layer for the InN growth and it gives a higher density of InN pyramids. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement of this sample shows a high indium incorporation to give InGaN with x~0.26 as compared to x~0.22 for sample grown without TMG flow in the InN layer.


The impact of a struggling economy is changing the equation for doctors who may have planned to retire due to age, changes in the practice of medicine, or for other reasons. Still, experts and those who have made the transition say foresight and wise planning can ease many of the difficulties surrounding stepping away.


Physical handicapped people are indivisible part of our society. Many of them are using manual wheelchairs. Now-a-days electric wheelchairs are increasingly demanded because of their advantages and use of simplicity. There are numbers of control systems are implemented in electric wheelchair such as voice operated, gesture controlled, brain controlled etc. The control system is depending upon different parameters such as type of disability, cost, environment in which it is used. Every control system is suitable for different users. The person with severe disabilities required two or more than two control system should be implemented in a wheelchair. This paper focuses on different control system used in electric wheelchair. This paper is mainly literature review of various designs and development of different control systems. KeywordsElectric Wheelchair, Control Systems, Assistive Technology (AT), Sensors, Mobility, Microprocessors


Classics are the frame of literary history,and classicalization is the important function of modem Chinese literary history studies.The formation of classics is subject to the supervision,control and guidance of political power and intellectual property rights;the interpretation of classics is the mid - axis in writing literary history.


Objective To analyze the drug resistance of 61 strains extraintestinal isolated Salmonella.choleraesuis so as to guide the treatment and infection control of Salmonella.choleraesuis.Methods The strains of Salmonella.choleraesuis were isolated from clinical specimens by routine methods.The identification and drug susceptibility test of the isolates were determined by Automated Microbiology Analyzer,the data were analyzed by WHONET5.4 software.Results 95% Salmonella.choleraesuis was able to bear more than 3 kinds of common antibiotics.The drug-resistance rates of Cefepime,Cefpodoxime,Ceftriaxone,Ceftazidime,Cefoxitin,and Cefotaxime were all 0,to Gatifloxacin,Levfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin were 0,0,6.6% respectively,but to Ampicillin,Compound Sulfamethoxazole,Ciperacillin,Gentamycin,Ampicillin/Sulbactam,the drug-resistance rate was 96.7%,96.7%,95.1%,89.8%,77.0% respectively.Conclusion Salmonella.choleraesuis has high resistance rate to some common clinical used antibacterial drugs,Cephalosporins and Fluoroquinolones can be chosen in first for Salmonella.choleraesuis therapy.So antibacterial drugs should be chosen on the basis of drug resistance test in treatment of extraintestinal infection caused by Salmonella.choleraesuis.


A sudden occurrence of kid mortality in Tellicherry kids was noticed due to a non-specific paralytic condition in this organised farm. Nine kids out of 91(8%) died from June 1998 to March 2000 before weaning. The exact causative agent of this condition could not be ascertained.


Auxetic metamaterials attract wide attention due to their unusual mechanical behaviours. This work explores the tunability of the bidirectionally hyperbolic deformation of thin plates under uniaxial compression, instead of the Euler buckling deformation. Inspired by the horseshoe structures, through tuning the radius and thickness of the central circles of the horseshoes, as well as the thickness and subtending arc angles of the four branches, bidirectionally hyperbolic out of plane deformation was achieved together with auxetic behaviour. Finally, finite element simulations, theoretical analyses, and experimental verifications have been carried out to design the out of plane bidirectionally hyperbolic deformation by the tailorable temperature sensitivity and shape memory effect in unit cells.


: Failure modeling is an essential component of reliability engineering. Enhanced failure rate modeling techniques are vital to the effective development of predictive and analytical methodologies, demonstration of the engineering procedure, allocation of procedures, design, and control of procedures. However, failure rate modeling has not been given adequate treatment in the literature. The need to investigate failure rate modeling leveraging cutting-edge techniques cannot be overemphasized. This paper proposed and applied a joint support vector regression (SVR) and wavelet transform (WT) approach termed (WT-SVR) to training and learning the call failures rate in wireless system networks. The wavelet transform has been accomplished using the wavelet compression sensing technique. In this technique, the standardized call failure rate data first go through a wavelet filtering transformation matrix. This is followed by separating and outputting the transformed filtered components in the compression phase. Finally, the transformed filtered output components were trained and evaluated using the SVR based on statistical learning theory. The resultant outcome revealed that the proposed WT-SVR learning method is by far better than using only the SVR method for call rate prognostic analysis. As a case in point, the WT-SVR attained STD values of 0.12, 0.21, 2.32, 0.22, 0.90, 0.81 and 0.34 on call failure data estimation compared to the basic SVR that attained higher STD values of 0.45, 0.98, 0.99, 0.46, 1.44, 2.32 and 3.22, respectively.


Machines have become indispensable as part of our day today lives. They have made a stand in various fields like agriculture, construction, mining, materials handling, excavating and general use in industries. Skid Steer loader is one such machine which has the ability to fit into all of these categories. Skid steer loaders are known the world over for versatility and maneuverability. These are agile machines which have become a part of most industries. Their ability of having various attachments makes them proficient in handling tasks, which otherwise would be difficult for a human being. For these skid steer loaders to work to their full potential a skilled operator is required. Among other safety features, these skid steer loaders need to be accountable for the safety of the operator. Hence, the cab mounted on these skid steer loaders need to conform to Roll Over Protective Structure also called as ROPS and Falling Object Protective Structure otherwise known as FOPS standards. There are various standards laid down by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for these ROPS/FOPS cabs on skid steer loaders and other construction and mining equipments world over. This study deals with the composite modeling of ROPS/FOPS cab as per ISO 3471:1994 and ISO 3449:1992 Level I standards for skid steer loaders. In this research, a skid steer loader model with the operator cab is constructed and tested for the ISO standards. A section of the cab was chosen and its properties are changed to composite properties. Glass fiber/epoxy composite material was chose as part of this study. In addition, a parametric study is carried out on the section to satisfy the current standards in the industry. It is demonstrated that the Glass fiber/epoxy section


Leeds Test Objects' TOR DEN Plus phantom is designed to be used to check the image quality performance of modern high-resolution digital dental intra-oral x-ray systems. These tests should be carried out at acceptance to establish a baseline, and on a routine basis, keeping an on-going record of the test results, which will indicate any deterioration in performance.


This article attempts to trace the political status of Kashmir at the successive stages in its history with the help of some primary material and the studies of established scholars of each phase of history. Effort has been made to identify the larger political unit of which Kashmir formed a part or with which it was grouped or which was an extension of the state of Kashmir. The study is almost entirely political; no effort has been made to trace the social and economic life of the people or the religious and intellectual movements at different times. That would have required a book size treatise, which was not the intention of this article. The state Rf Kashmir had continuous contacts with other political units in all directions. At times, it was part of larger empires, of which some were based in India and some outside India. A prime example of the latter was the Kushana empire, which straddled both sides of the Hindu Kush but had its political omphalos in the trans-Oxus area or Ta-hsia or Eastern Bactria and the capital of Chien-shih to the north of the Kuei (Oxus). The word Kushana derives from Kuei-shang, one of the five yabgus in which the Ta Yueh-chih were o~ganized after their migration from the T'ien Shan area. Either as part of larger political units, whether centred in India or outside India, or as the leader of a number of areas grouped under its leadership, Kashmir maintained relations with neighbouring as well as distant powers from the earliest times up to the nineteenth century, when the British became established in the Indian subcontinent by about the midnineteenth century. Even after the establishment of British supremacy, there is some, but inconclusive, evidence of attempts by the state of Kashmir to organize an anti-British coalition by bringing together states like Kashmir, Nepal, Gwalior, Afghanistan, and some Central Asian states under Russian control. Ranjit Singh (r. 1798-1839) brought Kashmir under his control after ending five centuries of Muslim rule there. As long as he lived, there was no question of any kind of British influence in Kashmir. After the demise of the Sikh state (1839-49), the state of Kashmir came under the control of the Dogra raja Gulab Singh, in acknowledged subordination to the British. Dogra rule in Kashmir (1846-1947) was a pale copy of the fierce independence of Ran} it Singh. In spite of the efforts of the Dogra maharajas of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, it was rather too late in the day for any Indian prince or potentate to mount a challenge to British supremacy in India. * This article is a prelude to a larger study of the subject to be made by the author. Therefore, as a special case, at the author's request, we have included at the end of this article, a supplementary bibliography in addition to the sources cited in the footnotes (in the style preferred by the author, which represents a departure from the IHR house-style). Besides, this artiCle dispenses with the diacritical marks because a system of diacritical marks common to Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Tibetan and Chinese has not been evolved so far. 2 The Indian Historical Revievv The story leaves off at 1935 in the reign of Hari Si11gh (1925-47, died 1961) because events oftheperiodfrom 1931 onwards belong to another age of politics, which does not come witlzin the subject of this article. Developments down to /935 are taken note of, especially British assumption of direct control over some of the border areas of the state, while preserving the form and nominal sovereignty over those areas of the Kashmir durbar. This article is a precursor to a larger study of the subject to be made on the basis of the sources cited in the footnotes of the article, supplementary bibliography given at the end, and also some other sources, especially in Tibetan and Chinese, which are not often used for the study of the social history and foreign relations of Kashmir. Known sources in Sanskrit and Persian shall be used, as listed in the bibliography. We know very little of the early history of Kashmir although some archaeological sites have been excavated, uncovering remains of stupas, temples, and other structures dating no farther back than the sixth century A.D. Kalhana's sites, mentioned in his Rajatarangini, were identified with great care by Aurel Stein. 1 Kashmir, known to different civilizations by different names, was well situated to receive cultural influences from India, Tibet, China, Turkestan, Gandhara, Iran, and the Arabs further west. Of these, China was rather distant and did not directly touch on Kashmir territorially; China maintained a channel with this area because of the need to control the menacing activities of the Hsiung-nu and Yueh-chi over several centuries of history, both of them operating for some time at the same time, though not in tandem. Turkestan was inhabited by numerous Turkic peoples (who may or may not have been the original inhabitants of the area, of whom we know almost nothing), with a later inter-mixing of Mongols in some areas. In the medieval ages, the western part, known later as Western or Russian Turkestan, had tribes like the Kazakh, Kyrghyz, Tajik, Uzbek, and Turkmen. On the northern side of the western part stood Russia, which became a factor in Asiatic history after its unification as a single state in the fifteenth century. The eastern part, known as Eastem or Chinese Turkestan, had Dzungat Mongols, Uyghurs, and Turkic peoples like Khoja, Kazakh, Kyrghyz, and Tajik. Iran, originally peopled by Persians (perhaps fire-worshippers, like the minority Zoroastrians), later came under Islamic influence and gave rise to and remained home to Shi'i Islam deriving from the Imam 'Ali ibn Abu Talib, the fourth caliph (A.D. 656-61) and the Prophet's son-in-law. The Zoroastrians of 1. R. C. Majumdar et a!, ed, The Hist01y and Culture of the Indian People (hereinafter HCIP), Vol. I, The Vedic Age (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan [hereinafter BVB], Mumbai. 1996), pp. 72-73. Historical Geography of Kashmir 3 Iran had a pre-Islam lineage. The Arabs, at one remove, because the areas that they inhabited did not have territorial contiguity with Kashmir, were spread over a considerable expanse in the Near East (later called Middle East and now West Asia: !he terms did not always denote the same territories) and North Africa. Kashmir was thus subject to, and absorbed, variegated religious and cultural influences from all directions. Trade routes connected Kashmir with India, Ladakh, Tibet, Sinkiang, Iran, and further west up to Rome and Constantinople. The Tibetans, whose history dates in reliable continuity only from the sixth century A.D., knew Kashmir by the name of Kha-che. T11~y had their own names for some other areas connected with Kashmir, for example, Bru-zha (Balur or Bolur or Bolor), variously identified with Hunza, Gilgit, etc. The Tibetans even translated personal names, for example, Asoka was rendered as Mya.ngan.med.pa., which literally means "without sorrow". 2 The Chinese refetTed to Kashmir by the name of Ki-pin (cf Kashmir> Kasmira > Kasvira > Kaspir > Ki-pin > Chi-pin).3 The earliest historical reference to Kashmir comes in connection with Alexander of Macedon (356-323 B.c.). During his Indian campaign, Alexander reduced to submission or cooperation, among others, the ruler of Abhisara (the area of Rajaori, or Rajauri, south-western Kashmir).4 When Alexander decided to tum back from north-western India after his battle with Porus (variously Puru, Paurava, Parvataka, or Parvatesa) in the cis-Jhelum area (or Jhelum-Chenab doab), Alexander entrusted to the ruler of Abhisara an enlarged kingdom including Kashmir and Hazara (ancient Urasa, now in Hazara district, NWFP, Pakistan).5 In the wake of Alexander's return from north-westem India, several states arose in this region. One of these was the empire of Chandragupta Maurya (c. 324-298 B.c.), who in due time controlled 2. Lokesh Chandra, Tibetan-Sanskrit Dictionary (Rinsen Book Co., Kyoto, 1982), p. 1854, col. i. 3. H. A. Jaschke, A Tibetan-English Dictionary with special reference to the pre\'1/iling dialects, to which is added an English-Tibetan vocabulary (Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1980), p. 36, col. ii; B. N. Mukherjee, Commentary (hereinafter Commentwy), in Hemchandra Raychaudhuri, Political Hist01y of Ancient india from the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty (hereinafter PHAJ) (OUP. Delhi. 1997). p. 718. 4. PHAI, p. 230. 5. PHAI, pp. 219-20; HCIP, Vol. II, The Age of Imperial Unity (BVB, Mumba1, 1 ')90), p. 50. 4 The Indian Historical Review ten·itories as far to the east as Pataliputra. Alexander's successor in the eastern dominions, Seleucus I (c. 358-281 B.c.), ruled an empire stretching from Asia Minor to India (312 B.c. onwards). Seleucus assumed the royal title and launched an attack in c. 305 B.c. against the empire of Chandragupta Maurya. This attack was completely unsuccessful: in the bargain, he had to cede vast regions as far west as Taxila (Taksasila, now in Rawalpindi district, Pakistan), and Jalalabad and Kandahar (both now in Afghanistan). Chandragupta's son Bindusara (c. 298-273 B.c.) maintained the empire that he inherited. His son Asoka (c. 273-232 B.c.) greatly expanded the empire. Asoka 's extended empire included areas ceded by Seleucus to Chandragupta Maurya. These regions had originally comprised the areas around the modem cities of Herat (Areia), Kandahar (Arachosia), and Kabul (Cophen < Kao-fu) and part of Baluchistan (Gedrosia, now divided between Iran and Pakistan).6 Among the areas that Asoka added to his dominions was Kashmir. 7 The empire did not retain its imperial strength and unity towards the end of Asoka' s reign. The empire was partitioned either in the last years of Asoka or at his death. After Asoka's death in c. 233-232 B.c., his son or grandson Dasaratha succeeded to the eastern part of the empire and ruled from Pataliputra, while another son or grandson K


This work introduces an imaging device that efficiently captures high-speed spectral videos along with a mathematical model that allows reconstructs them from far fewer measurements than those required by conventional scanning devices. This imaging architecture modulates and multiplexes the spectral-temporal information into a single compressed measurement by introducing a Dynamic Vision Sensor (SCAMP5) as a detector in a conventional compressive snapshot spectral image (CASSI) system. SCAMP5 sensor embeds processing and data storage capability into the pixels, which allows developed a high-speed temporal codification. The results of the numerical experiments through high-speed spectral videos shows reliable performance reconstructing spectral videos for a different amount of reconstructed frames. Comparing this proposal approach of snapshot spectral video with the conventional capture of spectral videos with multishot systems, our work arises very close results additionally our system outperforme the temporal spectral compression, more fully, the proposal approach captures a 8 times less samples obtaining a difference of 2.86 in SAM, 0.08 in SSIM, 2.9 in PSNR and 0.03 for RMSE. Therefore, the proposed architecture is an efficient and alternative high-speed spectral video acquisition system.


Elastic and anelastic anomalies in a ceramic sample of La 2 FeMnO 6 have been characterized by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy in order to understand the strength and form of magnetoelastic coupling that accompanies the glassy magnetic transitions of a double perovskite with no long-range order of the B-site cations. The first transition, to a cluster glass below ∼ 280 K, does not appear to involve any significant coupling with strain. The second glassy transition, near 55 K, appears to conform to Vogel-Fulcher dynamics in which magnetic dissipation and acoustic loss peaks arise from freezing driven by interactions between ferromagnetic clusters, with an activation energy of ∼ 0 . 03eV and time constant τ o ∼ 10 − 9 s. The magnetoelastic coupling mechanism appears to involve local spin states with strain relaxation enhanced by changes in local electronic structure. Mediation of the coupling via strain also ensures that local heterogeneity in the strain state, such as at ferroelastic twin walls, will contribute to the magnetic heterogeneity of these materials.


This study explores university students' perceptions of wiki-based tasks, and forums as learning strategies to improve their writing skills and to promote collaborative autonomy. We present the outcomes of a quantitative research, an ex-post-facto non-experimental design. The participants were 358 students from the third year of the Degree in Primary Education: English. They attended to the Faculty of Education at the Pontifical University of Salamanca, and were all enrolled in the subject English I. Based on the analysis of the results, there are evidences of the improvement of their level of the grammatical and discourse competences, of their confidence in the second language as well as in their vocabulary and knowledge of the English culture. The findings of the study shed light on the effectiveness of wiki-based activities, and forums to support autonomous and cooperative learning. The results also suggested that the participants were actively involved in the development of the wiki-based activities. They took decisions and assumed individual responsibilities and roles. Moreover, they shared their knowledge in the democratic learning community of collaboration developed.


Research to quantify the extent of independent housing need and homelessness and transience among people who experience mental illness, undertaken by the Ministry of Social Development, was commissioned as part of an interdepartmental work programme established by the Ad Hoc Committee on Mental Health in April 2000. Questions of affordability, adequacy and sustainability of housing form the core of the research. A key outcome from the research was the development of a typology focused on the idea of "sustainable housing" for consumers/tangata whai ora. The discussion of the framework provides a backdrop for the presentation of the research findings in which the extent and nature of housing are discussed, the role of support services in the retention of housing summarised, and information about specific groups affected by housing need is put forward. The evidence from the research suggests that there is a need for systematisation of support services for consumers/tangata whai ora and that developing a coordinated inter-agency strategic framework for resource allocation and service provision to this group is a necessary step towards ensuring the sustainability of independent housing.


The present invention is suffering from diabetes, in a patient in need of high amounts of delivery insulin, a long-acting insulin analogs for use in reducing the risk of hypoglycemia, long-acting insulin analog body, the patient, and 80U / are administered in an amount exceeding the administration, to long-acting insulin analog.


A non-critical mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG600, M = 600 g mol−1) and polypropylene glycol (PPG1000, M = 1000 g mol−1) was investigated by ultrasonic and light scattering experiments in the one-phase region. The mass fraction of polypropylene glycol in the non-critical mixture was yPPG = 0.365. The explored temperature and frequency range of the ultrasonic experiment was 0.1 ≤ T − TP ≤ 17.3 K and 0.4 MHz ≤ f ≤ 30 MHz (TP: phase separation temperature). The frequency dependence of the ultrasonic attenuation of the non-critical mixture shows a relaxation behaviour typical for composition fluctuations. The data can be analysed by the dynamic scaling theory of Bhattacharjee
and Ferrell which was formally extended to the non-critical case using the concept of a pseudospinodal temperature. The characteristic time scale of the concentration fluctuations is described by a frequency ωD = 2D/ξ2 where D is the mutual diffusion coefficient and ξ is the correlation length. In the frame of the pseudospinodal concept the temperature dependence of the characteristic frequency is expressed by ωD = ω0ezν with e = (T − TPS)/TPS
(TPS: pseudospinodal temperature, e: reduced temperature, ω0: critical amplitude, zν: critical exponent). The temperature
dependence of the frequency ωD was determined by the ultrasonic spectra. From this data, using mean field exponents, a value of ω0 = 9.4 MHz was estimated which is comparable to that of the critical mixture. The description of the ultrasonic data with mean field exponents is justified by the results of dynamic light scattering.


This paper introduces the design method of PWM control and detection system for the power intensity of white LED based on STM32F103RBT6 single chip microcomputer. The system consists of LM2576 DC / DC power module, single-chip control processing module, LED constant current drive circuit, light intensity detection module and liquid crystal display module. It uses STM32 micro-controller output PWM signal to control the constant current drive to achieve digital dimming. BH1750FVI light intensity detection module to detect the luminous intensity of white LED, and send STM32 after processing by LCD12864 display and make feedback adjustment. The experimental results show that the system can achieve effective PWM dimming, compared with the measured results of the illumination meter SPIC-200, the detection relative error is less than 8.70%.


This report provides an overview of the various methodologies for assessing the impacts of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) on the environment. The report also discusses the general ITS evaluation framework and the issues that are important in assessing environmental impacts of ITS. The report particularly focuses on immediately applicable (IA) methods. A description of the structure and the assessment methodologies of two of the most widely used IA tools is presented along with the limitation of these tools.


(Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1960. Pp. vii, 304.). This is an excellent book about an esoteric part of agricultural and political history. Only a few people have been closely involved in the effort the author describes, but one should not let himself be turned away from the book by this adjective any more than someone who does not understand guns should reject a good murder mystery. Mr. Block is a skillful writer, a thorough researcher and an expert at finding the historical significance in tidbits that would be mere chaff to a second-rater. He did his work at the University of Illinois, last major land-grant College to hold out against separation from legal control over its funds and policies by a farm organization. The author gathered evidence from many states in writing this dissertation, and he had access to the authoritative files of H. P. Rusk, the late Dean of Agriculture at Illinois, who kept advocating the legal tie even after other land-grant colleges had become bold enough to whisper "shame" and seek their freedom. The long, painful process of separation is sometimes called "divorce," but this joumlistic temptation belies the fact that a divorce is between two people, at least one of whom desires to be separated. The Farm Bureau, a general farm organization of great influence, and the Extension Service, a cooperative agency of the federal and state governments, did not want to be separated. It was only after third parties, chiefly the Farmers Union and the Grange, succeeded in showing the public how sinful the life together had been that an annulment—not a divorce—was obtained. The situation briefly was that of a federal agency, the Agricultural Extension Service, dominated by its state branches and thumbing its nose 30 or 40 years at anyone who asked why it was subsidized by one farm organization (the Farm Bureau), had its personnel approved by one farm organization (the Farm Bureau) and gave priority of service to one farm organization (the Farm Bureau). If anyone thinks this was merely an intramural struggle, fanned by competing farm organizations, he will be interested in knowing that it was not until 1950 that a Secretary of Agriculture would testify in favor of federal legislation to force separation. That was Charles F. Brannan, who spoke up after 30 years of the practice.


Recent experiences with market reform in democratizing countries have generated interest in how structural and institutional factors contribute to the political viability of the reform process. This article examines the electoral dynamics of market reform in Argentina between 1989 and 1995, and provides insights into the way that regional economic differentiation and the territorial distribution of political resouces in federal polities can shape the design of market reform and the coalitional bases for its political sustainability. The electoral viability of the governing Peronist party during the conflictual reform period was facilitated by regionally segmented patterns of electoral coalition-building, and by the regional phasing of the costs of market reform. Structural reforms were concentrated primarily on economically strategic regions, while public spending and political patronage in economically marginal but politically over-represented regions helped sustain support for the governing party. Statistical analyses contrast patterns of public spending and the social bases of electoral support in "metropolitan" and "peripheral" regions of the country during the reform period. Public sector employment is highlighted as a major determinant of inter-regional variations in electoral support for the governing party. A conceptual distinction between "high-maintenance" and "lowmaintenance" constituencies is also introduced to shed light on the dynamics of patronage spending in contexts of market reform.


[First paragraph]Plantation Jamaica 1750-1850: Capital and Control in a Colonial Economy. B.W. Higmgman. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2005. xiv + 386 pp. (Cloth US$ 65.00)Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire: Thomas Thistlewood and His Slaves in the Anglo-Jamaican World. Trerevoror Bururnard. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. xii +320 pp. (Cloth US$ 45.00, Paper US$ 21.95)These two works from differing perspectives add significant new layers to our knowledge of plantation management in the Caribbean. Both focus on Jamaica, Higman straddling the pre- and postemancipation period (1750-1850) and dealing with the attorneys (i.e. agents, managers) who administered estates for absentee proprietors, and Burnard depicting in unique detail the life of an overseer, right-hand man for attorneys and resident planters alike, and his rise to landed proprietorship. The books usefully complement one another.


This article reviews the development of the focus group method in French sociology as compared with the sociological intervention method proposed by Alain Touraine. It further purports to describe and discuss matters such as representativeness, objectivity, status of data and so forth. Lastly, it looks at the development of the epistemology of reception.


The aim of the paper is to examine the notion of simple Kantian equilibrium in 2× 2 symmetric games and their quantum counterparts. We focus on finding the Kantian equilibrium strategies in the general form of the games. As a result, we derive a formula that determines the reasonable strategies for any payoffs in the bimatrix game. This allowed us to compare the payoff results for classical and quantum way of playing the game. We showed that a very large part of 2× 2 symmetric games have more beneficial Kantian equilibria when they are played with the use of quantum strategies.


A facile and industrially viable process for preparation of bisindolylmaleimide Ⅳ,a protein kinase C inhibitor,was developed.The process gave 40% yield,strating from indole,oxalyl chloride,sodium methylate and 3-indoleacetamide.


The aim of this thesis was to examine how a coordinator at a social welfare project in support of job seekers, achieve results in his efforts to reduce the number of clients with social assistance. The method of data collection was a mixture of open thematic interviews and semi- structured interviews with open questions. The coordinator was interviewed four times during the length of the project. In addition, two of his clients were interviewed. The data also includes a report from the relevant social services and other documents such as newspaper articles. Using a preliminary conceptual model for evaluating social work, the results show that the coordinator achieves his results through a taking - the - roll - of - the - other approach which creates a personal relationship with clients. This kind of relationship allows the coordinator to help clients understand the social conditions of work life and meet employers? demands. His work methods include motivational talks combined with role-playing and other teaching methods.


In this paper, basic theories of dyadic wavelet transform are elaborated. Priciples and techniques of reduction of noise using wavelet transform are discussed, and applied to denoise for energy dispersive x ray spectra. Experimental results show that the method of wavelet transform is better than the traditional ones.