The cerebral tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle rate and the rate of glutamine synthesis were measured in rats in vivo under normal physiological and hyperammonemic conditions using 13C NMR spectroscopy. In the hyperammonemic animals, blood ammonia levels were raised from control values of '0.05 mM to '0.35 mM by an intravenous ammonium acetate infusion. Once a steady-state of cerebral metabolites was established, a [1-13C]glucose infusion was initiated, and 13C NMR spectra acquired continuously on a 7tesla spectrometer to monitor 13C labeling of cerebral metabolites. The time courses of glutamate and glutamine C-4 labeling were fitted to amathematical model to yield TCA cycle rate (VTCA) and the f lux from glutamate to glutamine through the glutamine synthetase pathway (Vgln). Under hyperammonemia the value of VTCA was 0.57 6 0.16 mmolymin per g (mean 6 SD, n 5 6) and was not significantly different (unpaired t test; P > 0.10) from that measured in the control animals (0.46 6 0.12 mmolymin per g, n 5 5). Therefore, the TCA cycle rate was not significantly altered by hyperammonemia. The measured rate of glutamine synthesis under hyperammonemia was 0.436 0.14mmolymin per g (mean6 SD, n5 6), which was significantly higher (unpaired t test; P < 0.01) than that measured in the control group (0.21 6 0.04 mmoly min per g, n 5 5). We propose that the majority of the glutamine synthetase f lux under normal physiological conditions results from neurotransmitter substrate cycling between neurons and glia. Under hyperammonemia the observed increase in glutamine synthesis is comparable to the expected increase in ammonia transport into the brain and reported measurements of glutamine eff lux under such conditions. Thus, under conditions of elevated plasma ammonia an increase in the rate of glutamine synthesis occurs as a means of ammonia detoxification, and this is superimposed on the constant rate of neurotransmitter cycling through glutamine synthetase. Glutamine synthetase in the brain is predominantly an astrocytic enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. It has been suggested that this pathway forms part of a neurotransmitter cycle between neurons and glia (1). In this cycle, astrocytes take up neurotransmitter glutamate from the synaptic cleft, convert it to glutamine via glutamine synthetase, and release this glutamine into the extracellular space for uptake by neurons, where it is converted back to glutamate primarily by glutaminase. g-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) released from inhibitory neurons also may be taken up by astrocytes, converted to glutamate, and recycled to neruons in the same way. The function of such a cycle would be to remove the synaptically active metabolite from the synaptic cleft and to recycle the carbon skeletons back to the neuronal pool by a synaptically inactive form. While ammonia is a normal constituent of tissue, elevated concentrations of blood and brain ammonia have been found to interfere with cerebral energy metabolism and may reduce neurotransmitter (glutamate and aspartate) concentrations in the brain (for review see ref. 2). In addition, hyperammonemia is associated with an increase in brain glutamine levels, which has prompted studies of glutamine synthetase activity under such conditions and has fostered the concept of glutamine synthesis as a detoxification pathway for ammonia in the brain (2). This poses the fundamental question as to the role of the glutamine synthetase pathway in the brain. Is it, primarily, an integral part of the glutamate-glutamine cycle in the brain, regulating neurotransmitter activity by removing glutamate and GABA from the synaptic cleft while maintaining neuronal glutamate pools by cycling the carbon skeletons in the synaptically inactive form of glutamine? Or does it function largely as a detoxification pathway for cerebral ammonia? Or does the pathway function effectively in both respects? The use of 13C NMR spectroscopy facilitates noninvasive measurements of metabolic rates in vivo (3, 4). A comprehensive mathematical model incorporating the available 13C NMR data has been proposed, and used to derive the cerebral tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle rate (VTCA) and the flux of label from glutamate to glutamine (Vgln) in normal human and rat brain (5, 6). In a recent series of papers, Kanamori et al. (7–9) have used 15NNMR techniques to determine the rate of glutamine synthesis from labeled ammonia in hyperammonemic rats. However, uncertainties in the fractional 15N enrichment of the brain ammonia pool have resulted in a range of reported flux values. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the glutamine synthetase pathway in the brain by measuring its activity at normal and elevated plasma ammonia levels. Using direct 13C NMR we have determined cerebral VTCA and Vgln rates simultaneously in vivo in normal and hyperammonemic rats. The determination of these rates under hyperammonemic conditions enables us to elucidate further the underlying biochemistry of the glutamate–glutamine flux under normal conditions, and to propose an integrated model of cerebral glutamate, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism.


This paper is the second part of a three-part study on the economic value of the South Saskatchewan River, reporting economic value of recreation use of the river, and a summary of total value. In a semi-arid plain setting, presence of an all-season river, such as the South Saskatchewan River, creates recreational opportunities for many residents and businesses in the city of Saskatoon. Value of river-based recreation and other leisure activities was estimated in this study using contingent valuation method. Based on a survey of residents, almost 80 percent of local residents use the river for some recreation and/or leisure activities, whereas less than 20 percent of local businesses make use of the river in some organized recreational activity. Using the 1989 level of their willingness-to-pay, the study estimates the value of river-based recreation at $2.6 million for residents, and $0.25 million for local businesses. Combining this value with other values reported in Kulshreshtha and Gillies (1993), tot...


The aim of this study was to examine the values of energy and protein status indicators of Holstein Frisian dairy cows in different production periods (20 days before calving, 30th and 90th day of lactation period). The study included 76 clinical healthy cows, which were divided into 2 groups. The first group consisted (n = 38) of pregnant heifers (or cows in first lactation after calving), and the second group (n = 38) consisted of cows calved multiple times (cows from second to fourth lactation). The results indicate that average concentration of glucose, albumins and urea at both groups in all phases of investigation are not significantly different in tested specimens (p>0.05). β-hydroxybutyrate concentration (BHBA) at pregnant individuals in late pregnancy period was statistically lower than 30th and 90th day of lactation, with p<0.05 at first and p<0.01 at second group. Lower values of total proteins at both groups were recorded 20 days before calving relative to lactation period, with statistical signifikante at p<0.01 for the first and p<0.05 for the second group. Heifers' blood globulin concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) relative to values determined after calving, during lactation period. Multiparous cows before calving also had lower average values of globulin, but differences were not significant.


There is a premise in ecosystem service payment practices that targeted activities of payment are viewed as providing ecosystem service.Through research on development and change of cases in America,it is difficult to decide "harm" or "benefit promotion" for targeted activities character.Distinction between "harm" and "benefit promotion" is not uniform,which can not justify ecosystem service payment.Ecosystem service payment should be decided by social context.Ecosystem service payment may promote environmental protection,though it is limited.


Microspheres are multiparticulate drug delivery systems that are designed to deliver drugs to a particular location at a fixed rate. Microspheres are free-flowing powders made up of biodegradable proteins or synthetic polymers with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 1000µm. Benefits of the use of microspheres in fields such as drug delivery, bone tissue manufacturing, and the absorption and desorption of contaminants by regeneration. The study shows the method of planning and measurement of microsphere parameters. Microspheres are complex, such as bioadhesive microspheres, polymeric microspheres, magnetic microspheres, floating microspheres, radioactive microspheres. Microspheres may be used in various fields such as cosmetics, oral drug delivery, target drug delivery, ophthalmic drug delivery, gene delivery, and others listed in the study. In order to achieve optimal therapeutic effectiveness, it is important to deliver the agent to the target tissue at an optimum level within the right timeframe, resulting in little toxicity and minimal side effects. There are different approaches to supplying the medicinal drug to the target site in a continuous managed manner. One such strategy is the use of microspheres as drug carriers. In this article, the value of the microsphere is seen as a novel drug delivery carrier to achieve site-specific drug delivery was discussed.
Keywords: microspheres, method of preparations, polymer, bioadhesion, types of microspheres


With the development of socialist market economy in our country, our country has made great progress in highway traffic, so the requirement of highway pavement structure in our country should be raised. The asphalt pavement is the main component of the highway pavement of our country, the service performance of such roads and the quality of the asphalt pavement are inseparable, so that the quality of the asphalt pavement is very important in the course of the asphalt pavement operation, and the quality of the construction is ensured by the skillful use of the key points of the construction technology. At the same time, the asphalt pavement operation of the expressway is not only an engineering which needs the system model and technical skill, but also an important factor to determine the level of the construction enterprise. On the premise of not violating the principle of highway quality, it is necessary to discuss and explore the key points of asphalt pavement construction technology. Common Problems of Asphalt Pavement of Expressway in China Common Problems of Asphalt Pavement. Whether cracking, rutting, or oil, oil bundles, pushing and so on, are all common problems of asphalt pavement. No matter how high the flexibility of the newly built asphalt pavement roadbed is, to a certain extent, the initial problems will occur, and the causes of these problems are often caused by the asphalt pavement cracks. There are many factors that cause cracks in asphalt pavement, such as the quality of asphalt used, the settlement and load of asphalt, etc., especially when it rains, the cracks will increase because of the increase in moisture content of asphalt pavement. Because of this road asphalt pavement performance has been damaged. Damage to Asphalt Pavement. The phenomenon of water damage will also occur on asphalt pavement. Water damage is caused by a large area of rain and a large amount of stagnant water, combined with the effect of temperature and load on the asphalt pavement. The phenomenon that the stagnant water on the pavement penetrates to the aggregate and interface of the asphalt will produce a huge permeation pressure in this case, which will make the surface of the asphalt highway appear the condition of peeling off, and directly lose and destroy the adhesion force between the aggregates. The problem of water damage of asphalt pavement is a global problem. Only through the effective control of the important construction link of asphalt pavement, can we improve the construction quality of highway asphalt pavement in essence, make the service life of highway long and try to avoid road asphalt pavement damage phenomenon [1]. Important Points of Highway Asphalt Pavement Construction Technology Selection of Construction Materials for Highway Asphalt Pavement. The mixture of asphalt concrete used in the construction of highway asphalt pavement includes modified asphalt, liquid petroleum asphalt and coal asphalt. However, it is necessary to combine it with the concrete conditions of highway pavement during the construction process, and at the same time, consider the road grade, technology, conditions and pavement structure of its construction to select the appropriate asphalt concrete and asphalt label. It is important to pay attention to the fact that coal asphalt is not used as the material of highway surface because of its special properties, but is used in the permeable layer of highway. Emulsified asphalt is composed of cationic emulsified asphalt and anionic emulsified asphalt [2]. In the course of pavement construction, it is necessary to decide 2019 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Advanced Materials (CSAM 2019) Copyright © (2019) Francis Academic Press, UK DOI: 10.25236/csam.2019.057 275 which emulsified asphalt to use according to the acid-base degree of stone. Mixing of Highway Asphalt Concrete. If according to the construction of each kilometer of asphalt pavement, it is necessary to mix the asphalt mixture in the mixing plant. When mixing, most of the mixing is done with intermittent mixing machines and so on. It is necessary to mix in a certain order so that the amount of asphalt is not only guaranteed the mixing time and heating temperature and factory temperature will be more consistent with the required standards to greatly improve the quality of asphalt mixture. In our country, after mixing asphalt mixture, it is required to be uniform with the mixture, and the situation of separation and agglomeration of coarse and fine materials is not allowed. There will also be a sampling of bituminous aggregate and aggregate gradation for those bituminous mixtures that meet the requirements and, if they do not meet the requirements, adjust and improve until the requirements are met. Paving of Asphalt Mixture in Highway. As a first step, we should clean up the debris at the base of the highway. The second step is to prepare the pavement surface of the highway asphalt pavement and inspect the base course of the highway in a timely manner to ensure that its thickness and density meet the requirements. If there is a pit or loose in the base of the road surface, it is necessary to repair it in the first time. In the third step, the sprayed layer asphalt on the base layer surface of the highway pavement granular material needs to be kept at about 1. 2kg/ m in the period of 4-8 hours before the road surface layer is paved, as that can make the road surface layer and the base layer adhere more well[3]. When the pavement of the road surface course is to be started, a layer of sticky layer asphalt is first sprayed to the surface of the old asphalt pavement, compared with those of the base layer for the old asphalt pavement. In the fourth step, when paving the asphalt mixture, the steps are as follows: First, the paver dump the vehicle automatically and unload the asphalt mixture; Second, the conveyer unloaded the material to the spreading hopper; Third, paving hopper conveys asphalt mixture with chain conveyer to spiral pave; Forth, the spiral paver will use its own driving to spread the mixture evenly; Sixth, the conveyer carries the evenly laid mixture to the vibrating plate; Seventh, after the pounding, ironing was made with an ironing plate. The control of pavement paving is sleigh laying thickness, because it can make the smoothness and slope closer to the prescribed requirements. In the process of multi-layer mixture laying, the seams of upper and lower layers should be separated, the distance of vertical joint should be maintained at about 15 cm, and the distance of transverse joint should be kept at about 1 meter. Summary of Asphalt Pavement Construction Technology of Expressway Microsurfacing Technology of Modified Emulsified Asphalt. The technology of modified emulsified asphalt microsurfacing is to make the mixture of asphalt emulsion raw materials and corresponding aggregates, admixtures, water and so on into a paste flow mixture according to a certain proportion. Then these mixtures are evenly laid on the highway surface using the corresponding laying instruments. Because the performance of asphalt emulsion raw material is very special, it is very simple to form a strict asphalt concrete surface with different aggregates in highway. In the process of using the construction technology of modified emulsified asphalt microsurfacing, the accuracy of the corresponding asphalt emulsion raw material configuration and the selection of suitable proportion of the used raw materials are the most important parts of the application of the modified emulsified asphalt microsurfacing construction technology, which is also the key research part of the modified emulsified asphalt microsurfacing technology [4]. The Characteristics of Microsurfacing Technology of Modified Emulsified Asphalt. First of all, the mixture on the surface of the highway surface take place chemical reaction, in order to enhance the internal adhesion and force of asphalt concrete highway; Secondly, the laminated mixture at the micro-surface can form a strong bond adhesive, which can greatly enhance the stability of asphalt concrete surface; And then, by covering all the materials with the micro-surface sealing mixture, the effective bonding can effectively solve a series of major problems of highway pavement, but also can inhibit the main asphalt coagulation emulsion pavement wear problem. The dense composition of the sealing layer on the microsurface determines that it can use the


Summary 1. The immediate cardiodynamic effects of uncomplicated tricuspid insufficiency were studied in dogs to elucidate the manner by which equilibrium between right and left ventricular output is maintained. 2. Pressure pulses were recorded from the right auricle, right ventricle, pulmonary artery and) aorta by calibrated optical manometers. 3. As in mitral insufficiency, regurgitation occurs chieflly during ventricular ejection. However, except during late systole and early diastole, auricular pressure is not greatly elevated. The increased venous pressure found in clinical cases is apparently due to an increased blood volume or to the mechanisms associated with compensation or other cardiac lesions. 4. Comparison of pulmonary and aortic pressure pulses reveals that while the mechanism of left ventricular ejection is unchanged, that of the right is altered. The major portion of the stroke volume is ejected early in systole when regurgitation is less marked. The pulmonary pressure falls rapidly after reaching its peak, due to failing ventricular output later in systole when regurgitation becomes more pronounced. These changes are illustrated by theoretical volume curves of the two ventricles.


Analysis of Means (ANOM) is a rational extension of the Shewhart control chart for comparing products from different design configurations in off-line quality improvement. ANOM is a powerful graphic-tool for engineers to present and interpret experimental results. We apply the ANOM idea to the analysis of lifetime data resulting from experiments planned for enhancing product reliability. The maximum likelihood method is utilized to estimate parameters of the Weibull and lognormal distributions for interval censored and accelerated life-tested data. Decision limits for the ANOM chart are constructed using quantiles of the distributions of the pivotal statistics. Asymptotic results are derived for comparison with the finite sample inferences obtained by Monte Carlo simulations.


The test field located at the Agway Farm Research Center had been in continuous corn for 6 years. A level of 5-10% lodging was observed in this area during harvest 1978. Single row plots 30 ft longx 30 in rows were arranged in a randomized block design of 3 replications. Conventional planting (actual seeded population was 30,000/A) fertilization and Atrazine + Lasso preemergence herbicide was used along with Agway 2-Way-Diazinon + Captan HB seed treatment on Jun 14'79. Soil type was Hasley clay loam pH 6.6, OM 5%. All materials were applied by hand in a two method of application design. Test No. 1 was treated with in-furrow granular applications (material in contact with seed). Test No. 2 received conventional 7 inch banded applications incorporated into the topsoil. Rootworm larval root damage ratings were assessed Oct 3'79 by digging 5 plants per plot using the Iowa Root Rating Index System of 1-6: 1 = No noticeable feeding 2 = Feeding scars present 3 = At least 1 root pruned to 1.5 inch of base 4 = 1 full node of roofs pruned 5 = 2 full nodes of roots pruned 6 = 3 or more nodes of roots pruned Silage yields obtained Oct 11'79 represented 1/2000 acre samples, adjusted to 32% DM equivalent. Analyses of nematode soil and root samples obtained Oct 3/79 were processed at the Cornell Nematode Diagnostic Laboratory. The nematode date reported in Tables 1 and 2 was prepared by M.B. Harrison.


Objective:To explore closed central-vein indwelling needle tube continuous used in subcutaneous drospy after breast cancer surgery. Methods:52 cases will be breast cancer occurs after pulling the tube of patients were randomly divided into experimental group and control group,Experimental group adopted closed central-vein indwelling catheter drainage needle biopsy of continuous treatment,control group used transparent silicone catheter drainage tube continued. Results:The patients in the experimental group and control group were adequate drainage. But the patients in the experimental group on the tube ligtening obviously,anxious,and complications of discomfort after catheter was lower than in control group (P0.05,P0.01). Conclusion:Closed with central-vein indwelling the needle on breast surgery with subcutaneous effusion continued the drainage tube,little pain,easy to accept,the puncture points healing quickly,with some use value.


In order to take account of local instability effect of steel plates in the fiber model, an equivalent hysteresis model for fiber elements of rectangular-section steel piers was proposed. Firstly, length of the effective damaged zone where local instability occurs was determined, and the average stress-average strain relationships of cross-section points over this area was extracted from calculation results of shell-element models which consider the elastoplastic large deformation. Then, based on the two-surface constitutive model of material, an equivalent hysteresis model was built up to fit the average stress–strain curve by introducing the equivalent elastic modulus, establishing the skeleton curve and reducing the radius of the bounding surface. Lastly, the fiber models where the elements in the damaged zone adopted the proposed equivalent hysteresis model were established. As a result , the seismic responses were quite similar with that obtained from the shell models under the same unidirectional or bidirectional seismic accelerations at the bottom of piers. Therefore, the equivalent hysteresis model proposed in this paper can provide a simplified and effective seismic response calculation method for seismic design of steel piers.


Fast and synchronous neurotransmitter release relies on the time course of calcium influx into the terminal, the availability of fusion competent vesicles and the proteins comprising the release machinery. Studies in glutamatergic synapses have identified a subpopulation of vesicles in the releasable pool that do not fuse in response to action potential (AP) driven calcium influx and release only slowly in response to sustained stimulation. The nature of these reluctant vesicles, however, remained unclear.This question was investigated at the calyx of Held, a large glutamatergic synapse in the auditory brainstem. By combining electrophysiological recordings of the pre and postsynaptic compartments with calcium imaging and uncaging, it is shown that uniform elevations of the intracellular calcium concentration in the presynaptic terminal were able to elicit rapid release after the vesicles mediating fast and synchronous neurotransmitter release had been depleted. The calcium sensitivity of reluctant vesicles was reduced only 2-fold which is insufficient to explain the 10-fold slower release kinetics that is observed in response to sustained depolarizations of the presynaptic terminal. It is concluded, that reluctant vesicles are indeed release competent, but that their distance to calcium channel clusters at the active zone prevents them to release in response to APs. This indicates that the incorporation of vesicles into the vicinity of calcium channels at the active zone (a positional priming step) is rate-limiting in fast neurotransmitter release rather than acquiring fusion competence (a molecular priming step).The accessibility of the presynaptic terminal of the calyx of Held to patch-pipettes allows one to infuse toxins and peptides to further investigate the positional priming step in exocytosis. Here, it is shown that the N-terminal of synaptobrevin is important for mediating this step, which has been indicated in a previous study based on the effect of tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) on release at the calyx of Held. In contrast, it was found that BoNT/B, which shares the same cleavage site as TeNT but requires a different binding site on synaptobrevin, changes the intracellular calcium sensitivity of vesicles for fusion, likely by interfering with vesicle exocytosis at a step between calcium sensing and fusion. Positional priming was also affected when a C-terminal peptide from rabphilin3a s C2B domain was infused into the calyx of Held, which blocked synaptic transmission, potentially by interacting with SNAP-25. Its effect on the kinetics of release mimics that of TeNT as it preferentially blocked the fast component of release.These results highlight the importance of calcium channel-vesicle coupling as well as the delicate interplay of multiple proteins of the release machinery in mediating fast neurotransmitter release.


Casein glue, made from soured skim milk, then dried, ground, and blended, has been in use in Germany for 50 years and in the United States for 30 years, but it was not until the World War period that it came into general commercial use. It was then that easy-to-use formulas of standard type were developed for the production of waterproof plywood in airplane construction. It now has general use in the woodworking industry. Casein glue in the past has relied upon harsh alkalis as a waterproofing agent. The casein glue of the future for veneering will be relatively only slightly alkaline, but will be high in water resistance through the addition to the dissolved glue of a chemical solution. The smaller user will have a glue that will carry overnight without loss of strength, will be quick setting and strong, and that will have sufficient water resistance for ordinary needs.


This study was conducted to increase total phenolics, flavonoids and hypericin accumulation in in vitro cultures of Hypericum retusum Aucher to determine the appropriate time of UV radiations. Proliferation of plantlets on Murashige–Skoog medium containing 0.5 mg L− 1N-6-benzylaminopurine was achieved under in vitro conditions. Then, the plantlets were exposed to UV-B radiation for different periods (15, 30, 45 and 60 min). The highest total phenolics, flavonoids and hypericin accumulation (43.17 ± 0.8; 35.09 ± 0.8; 2.7 ± 0.05 mg g− 1, respectively) was achieved at 45 minutes of exposure to UV-B radiation when compared with the contents of naturally growing plants (23.33 ± 0.9, 18.62 ± 0.3 and 1.6 ± 0.01 mg g− 1, respectively) and control groups (control group was not subjected to UV-B radiation).


In this paper,poly(lactic acid) and sodium alginate were chosen as raw material,PLA/SA blend film was prepared by casting method.The moisture absorption,mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/SA blend films were investigated.It was found that there is strong hydrogen bonding effect between PLA and SA molecules.Addition of SA in PLA improved the crystallization property of PLA/SA films.Moisture absorption and mechanical properties of PLA/SA films increased and reduced with the SA content increasing,respectively.


ABSTRACT In the elderly, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of pneumonia and one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in cases of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). This study was conducted to compare the pneumococcal isolates obtained during episodes of AECOPD and pneumonia in patients of ≥65 years old and to analyze whether in patients with AECOPD and pneumonia within a short interval, the same isolate caused both episodes. This laboratory-based study was performed between 2005 and 2008. Pneumococcal isolates from episodes of pneumonia (n = 401) and AECOPD (n = 398), matched one-to-one by date of isolation, were characterized. The serotypes and genotypes of other pneumococcal isolates causing pneumonia and AECOPD in the same patient were compared. In patients with pneumonia, COPD as an underlying disease was not associated with more-drug-resistant pneumococci. In contrast, isolates causing AECOPD showed higher rates of resistance than those causing pneumonia. Serotypes 1, 3, and 7F were more frequent in pneumonia. The same pneumococcus was involved in 25.7% (9/35 patients) of patients with two consecutive AECOPD episodes but in only 6.3% (2/32 patients) of COPD patients with pneumonia and exacerbation (Fisher's exact test; P = 0.047). Less invasive serotypes were isolated more often in AECOPD and were more resistant to antimicrobials. The presence of a specific pneumococcal serotype in AECOPD does not predict the etiology of subsequent pneumonia.


The territorial of our country is vast,and the type of mine area is of multiplicity,showing the discrepancy of shape,complexity and development road This paper discusses the specific content and definition of sustainable development of mine area,classifies mine areas from two dimension degrees and makes the compound classfication on this foundation,studies its combination feature,and,finally,discusses the of selecting its problem development road


AbstractData from the American Community Survey (ACS) 2008-2010 were used to analyze the relationship between current marital status (divorced versus married) and sex, and to examine how this relationship varies for the Hmong across states. Women, when adjusted for age group and state of residence, were not significantly more likely than men to report that they were divorced. Those in Minnesota were almost two times more likely than those in California to report being divorced even after controlling for sex and age group. There was no significant difference in divorce reporting between Wisconsin and California Hmong. The findings suggest that divorced Hmong women, like divorced women in the United States in general, tend to remain unmarried for a longer period of time than their men counterparts.IntroductionFamily dissolution as a result of divorce and separation has dramatically increased over the past century in the United States (Ruggles, 1997; Stevenson and Wolfers, 2007). Despite the fact that the Hmong have relatively low divorce rates compared to the U.S. population in general (Pfeifer, 2008), researchers have observed that divorce is becoming more common among the Hmong, especially among younger generations (Yang, 2003; Lee and Pfeifer, 2009/2010). Unfortunately, very little is known about this topic beyond simple descriptive statisticsThis article used nationally representative data from the 2008-2010 American Community Survey (ACS) to examine the relationship between reported divorce, sex, and states. Specifically, we investigated the prevalence of divorce between Hmong males and females, and analyzed how this relationship varies by state. For the purposes of this article, the variable "divorce" includes both those who reported either being divorced and those who reported being separated during the time of the survey. While it may be important to distinguish between divorce and separation for legal purposes, we combined these variables because our main concern was family dissolution. Divorce and separation are basically different forms of the same problem (family dissolution), and therefore, we did not distinguish between them. Additionally, by combining variables, the data provided sufficient cases for more power in statistical analysis.Part of our study was motivated by two general perceptions within the Hmong community. These perceptions are that: (1) there are more divorced Hmong women than divorced Hmong men in general (poj nrauj coob dua yawg nrauj); and (2) the prevalence of divorce among Hmong is higher in Minnesota and Wisconsin (sab qaum teb) than in California (sab qab teb). We wondered if these perceptions had some validity or were simply stereotypes.Literature ReviewResearchers agree that divorce is rare in traditional Hmong society (Donnelly, 1994). This may stem from a number of factors, including the social complexity required (e.g., input from key members of both sides of the family and/or community) in completing a divorce, as well as the tendency to treat divorce as deviant behavior. In his study of Hmong kinship, marriage and family system, Moua (2003) stated, "divorce is culturally taboo and inappropriate" (p. 14). While such a statement may seem a little extreme, it does reflect the observation that divorce is often strongly discouraged (Donnelly, 1994).To get a better idea of how low the prevalence of divorce is among the Hmong in the United States, Pfeifer (2008) compares divorce rates for Cambodian, Hmong, Lao, Vietnamese, and Americans overall. Using data from the 2005 ACS, Pfeifer (2008) shows that among persons 15 years and over, Hmong had the lowest percentage rate of divorce (3.3%), compared to Cambodian (4.0%), Lao (6.3%), Vietnamese (5.3%), and mainstream Americans (10.2%).The prevalence of divorce among Hmong Americans has been changing, however. To illustrate, in 2000, the proportion of Hmong (ages 15 and older) who reported that they were divorced (at the time of the survey) was 0. …


The international financial regime is undergoing a significant transition as the Bretton Woods regime weakens and new norms and principles emerge. One change is the emergence of "currency blocs" which serve to stabilize regional financial relations. This paper argues that Latin America and the U.S. are linked in an emerging dollar bloc that has created a new form of Latin American dependency. The centrality of the dollar in the financial structure of Latin America is documented, and an overview of the historical currency blocs, the sterling and franc blocs, is provided. This historical treatment provides the basis for an analysis of the mechanisms and operation of the dollar bloc and for an assessment of the current factors in its evolution. Three specific issues are investigated: the adjustments to the rules and decision-making in the dollar bloc that are currently in progress, the relation of the dollar bloc to the re-democratization of Latin America, and the international financial context provided by the European Monetary System and the growth in the yen's importance.


The authors describe the underground part of the underground gas storage facility at Haje, commencing with all the inertization and the initial fill of the storage. The underground gas storage Haje constructed close to the Czech town Přibram in a granite cavern, is the first underground gas storage of its kind in the world.


It is conceivable that plasma cells secreting immmunoglobulins can have the same immunoglobulin on their cell surface which serves as receptor. Undoubtedly the surface receptor density is influenced by the cell cycle or stage of development (1, 2). The direct staining of receptors of plasma cells has been relatively unsuccessful. New and sensitive procedures have been developed for the detection of the surface receptors of lymphoid cells, indicating the presence of Ig receptors on the surface of such cells by immunofluorescence (3–5), and immunocyto-adherence of sensitized erythrocytes (6), or with radiolabeled antiimmunoglobulin antibodies (7). Recently, Pernis et al. (8) showed the presence of IgM receptors on the plasma cells of bone marrow of a case of Waldenstrom's macro-globulinemia. However, Paraskevas et al. (9) and Pernis et al. did not demonstrate the surface immunoglobulins in murine myeloma cells of the IgG class. In this paper we report the experiments of staining of surface immunoglobulins of the plasma cell lines of the ascites tumors. We have utilized MOPC 104E which secretes an IgM antibody to bacterial dextran B-1355, MOPC 315 which secretes an IgA antibody to DNP, Adj Pc5 which secretes an IgG2 and Ehrlich carcinoma. We also present the immunofluorescence evidence for the presence of IgG2-like globulins on the surface of tumor cells of MOPC 104E. Materials and Methods. Preparation of tumor cell suspension. Ascites tumors were collected from mice bearing MOPC 104E, MOPC 315, Adj Pc5, and Ehrlich carcinoma, centrifuged and the supernatant removed. The cells were washed four times with saline and kept at 0°. Preparation of monospecific antisera. Preparation of mouse IgM. Purification of mouse IgM was accomplished since the IgM reacts with bacterial dextran B-1355. Sepharose 2B was washed with distilled water to remove sodium azide preservative and then with 0.1 M NaHCO3, pH 11.0 and placed in an ice bath.


Owing to flat plate induction heating can't guarantee to heat equally, especially the existence of no heated zone, it haven't been used in these industrial fields like SMD which require high accuracy and easy to control while heating. But some places need its characteristic of contact heating, eco-friendly and high efficiency, for this reason, it is fundamental to research the heating style further as well as the no heating zone. Because induction heating is based on eddy current, firstly, the relationship between eddy current and induction heating is explained and several factors which would influence the eddy current are put forward. Then finite element analysis and calculation of eddy current field is mainly done. At last, the conclusion is obtained by analyzing the results of calculation. Due to the analysis above, after improving the structure of the iron plate, the problem of no heating zone is solved. At the same time, the efficiency evaluation is brought out. It can make the following research more easily.


Nowadays, applications are deployed and executed in open, uncertain and dynamic environments. Increasingly, applications are required to have the capability to automatically change its behaviors in response to changing environmental conditions. As the complexity of adaptive and autonomic systems grows, designing and managing the set of adaptation rules becomes increasingly challenging and may produce huge computation cost. If we dynamically generate adaptation rules at run time, it's difficult to deal with the changes quickly. The software system challenges the method for efficiently generating effective adaptation rules. This paper proposes an approach to combine genetic algorithm and linear regression to automatically generate adaptation rules for software systems. Unlike traditional rule-based adaptation methods, our solution enables a system to obtain a prediction function to determine the corresponding system configuration under any considered environmental condition. We have applied this genetic algorithm based approach to the dynamic reconfiguration of two different software systems. The experimental results show that our method is practical and highly-efficient in software reconfiguration under changing environmental conditions. Besides, the user's requirements can be well satisfied.


Purpose: The current study sought to examine the factors influencing the implementation of government-sponsored ICT projects; A case of e-citizen Programs in Kenya.  Particularly, the study sought to find out how technical capacity availability, project planning approach, ICT policies and project financing influence implementation of government-sponsored ICT projects. Methodology: The study was anchored on Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Policy Theory, and Resource Based View Theory. The research methodology employed was descriptive research design and questionnaires were used in collecting qualitative and quantitative data. The target population consisted of 238 top management employees, project managers and their respective teams in e-citizen secretariat, Huduma Centers, and from four key ministries: Office of the Attorney General & Department of Justice, Department of Immigration Services, Ministry of Land, Housing & Urban Development and National Transport & Safety Authority.  Fisher's sampling formula was adopted in deriving a sample of 147 respondents. Data collected by the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequencies and percentages as well as inferential statistics of correlation, regression and ANOVA. Data presentation was done through charts, figures and tables. Analysis was conducted using SPSS version 21. Results: The findings of the study revealed that technical capacity availability, project planning approach, ICT policies and project financing positively and significantly influence implementation of government sponsored ICT programs. Contributions to theory, policy and practice: The study recommends that the authority should focus on ensuring availability of technical capacity since the practice has a positive and significant influence on the implementation of government-sponsored ICT projects in Kenya. The study also recommends that the authority should emphasize on the approach followed in planning a project since the practice has a positive and significance influence on implementation of government-sponsored ICT projects in Kenya. The study further recommends that the authority should focus on formulating ICT policies that support the implementation of project since the practice has a positive and significant influence on the implementation of government-sponsored ICT projects in Kenya.


To compare self‐reported with laboratory‐assessed grams oil per 100 grams Corn‐Soy Blend (CSB) in porridge prepared by caregivers of beneficiary children receiving the food as treatment for moderate acute malnutrition


ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Distal femoral tumour resections are mostly performed through a medial or anteromedial approach. The lateral parapatellar approach is an alternative method. This case series assessed vascular complications during the resection of malignant distal femoral tumours via the lateral parapatellar approach METHODS: A retrospective case series at a private practice in Pretoria was performed. All patients who underwent malignant distal femoral tumour resections through a lateral parapatellar approach between 2001 and 2019 were included in the study. All cases were performed by a single surgeon. An analysis of the patients' files was performed, to determine if there were any intraoperative or immediately postoperative vascular complications RESULTS: Thirty-six patients were identified who underwent resection of their malignant distal femoral tumours via the lateral parapatellar approach. Osteosarcoma was the most prevalent bone tumour (81%). All resection margins were clear on histology reports. The vascular complication rate was 3% (95% CI 0-8%). Twelve patients demised over the 18-year period (33% CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that a low risk of vascular complications can be expected when resecting malignant distal femoral tumours through a lateral parapatellar approach. This rate of vascular injury is comparable to other studies that also performed distal femoral tumour resections through other approaches Level of evidence: Level 4 Keywords: malignant distal femoral tumours, lateral parapatellar approach, vascular complications, tumour resection, endoprosthesis


The mass extinction and the recovery happened in the Frasnian-Famennian of the Devonian and in the Devonian-Carboniferous may relate to the sea-level descending rapidly,and may closely relate to the algae growing largely up and the destruction of ecological chain.After F-F mass extinction,the trace makers,deposit-feeders may be firstly pioneer organisms and pathfinders in the "ecologically barren areas".They have played an important role in reforming the environments,and in rebuilding the ecological chain.


The donor-acceptor complex [BeCl2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2] (1·2CH2Cl2) was prepared from beryllium dichloride and bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane in dichloromethane suspension to give colorless single crystals, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. Compound 1·2CH2Cl2 crystallizes monoclinically in space group C2/c with four formula units per unit cell. Lattice dimensions at 193(2) K: a = 2339.5(2), b = 916.7(1), c = 2415.4(2) pm, β = 97.15(1)°, R1 = 0.0386. The structure of 1 consists of distorted tetrahedral molecules with site symmetry C2 and bond lengths Be–Cl of 196.8(2) pm and Be–P of 220.6(3) pm. Quantum chemical calculations at the RI-BP86/SV(P) level give a structure of 1, which is in very good agreement with the experimental one. The calculations predict that the bond dissociation energies of the first and second Ph2PCH2PPh2 ligand from 1 are De = 16.8 kcal·mol–1 and 24.3 kcal·mol–1, respectively.


The invention relates to a method for producing a front light distribution by means of a motor vehicle lighting device comprising a base light means for radiating a base light distribution with predetermined collapsible zones and a laser auxiliary light with a laser light source and a light converting means for converting the laser light into a variable auxiliary light distribution. According to the method, a base light distribution with at least a hidden zone is generated, and generates an auxiliary light distribution such that it covers the hidden zone at least partially. The invention also relates to a vehicle lighting device.


The Piezoelectric Actuator Drive (PAD) is a type of rotary motor that transforms the linear motion of piezoelectric stack actuators into a precise rotational motion. The very high stiffness of the actuators employed make this type of motor suited for open-loop control, but the inherent hysteresis exhibited by piezoelectric ceramics causes losses. Therefore, this paper presents a straightforward method to measure piezoelectric stack actuator equivalent parameters that includes nonlinearities. By folding the nonlinearities into a newly-defined coupling coefficient, the inherent hysteretic behavior of piezoelectric stack actuators can be greatly reduced through precompensation. Experimental results show a fitting accuracy of 98.8 % between the model and measurements and a peak absolute error reduction by a factor of 10 compared to the manufacturer-provided parameter. This method improves both the static and dynamic performance of the Piezoelectric Actuator Drive (PAD) while still permitting open-loop control.


INTRODUCTION Local chickens in the tropics are associated with low productivity but have special features such as ability to better utilise the limited and poor quality feed resources, hatch their own eggs and the special meat and egg quality give them an important place. Moreover, it is a very useful reservoir for the genes and genomes of proven significance for the adaptability to stressful environments (Mathur, 1995). Local chickens also contribute to the family food supply and income, and therefore are important parts of the farming systems (Tadelle et al., 2000). Ethiopia has a diverse set of natural ecology and human cultures in which different chicken ecotypes exist. In this study the quantitative performance of five different ecotypes of birds for their juvenile growth potential are evaluated to give recommendations for further improvement strategies.


Based on the hardware platform of IPC+PMAC and the software platform of Win2000+Vc6.0+ Pcomm32pro, using the software control module developed by myself, the opening NC system for BKX-I type Virtual Axis Machine Tools was established. The key technology of the system such as controlling the parallel moving of the six axes, controlling the moving of the principal axis, controlling the on/off of the cooler and reacting on the signals feedback from the cutter-orienting probe and the workpiece-orienting probe was described in details. The modules partition of the software and communication between each module was described also.


National calls have been made for the identification of preconceptions and misconceptions in science and engineering. Identifying misconceptions can provide a basis for improved research-based curriculum development and implementation. The recognition of false beliefs and flawed mental models of these concepts can also contribute to theories of conceptual change. The purpose of this research was to identify misconceptions related to open channel flow. During spring and fall of 2011, out of 91 students from two sections of `Water Resources Engineering' course, 50 students were interviewed, and 41 students were given a pre/post test. The goal of these open-ended interviews and pre/post-tests was to obtain detailed data on students understanding of open channel flow concepts. Results suggest students have misconceptions relating to the hydraulic and energy grade line (HGL/EGL), flow transitions, and flow profiles. Many students have the correct terms of the HGL and EGL but lack understanding of where the terms re on an open channel flow profile. A large percentage of tested students revealed false beliefs relating to transitions. For example, more than 50 percent of tested students drew a decrease in water depth for a subcritical drop, rather than an increase in depth. Students also had difficult in labeling subcritical, critical, and supercritical places along flow profiles and how water flows over or under different weir structures. Repairing these fundamental misconceptions is essential for students to be able to apply these concepts in diverse situations and learn more advanced topics.


Rapidly quenched Ni_(50)Al_(50) alloy was prepared by the single roller melt-spinning method and activated by alkaline leaching of Al, thus Ni-based skeletal alloy catalyst was obtained. A variety of experimental techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen physisorption and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been used to investigate its thermal stability. As compared to Raney Ni, the rapidly quenched catalyst has residual Ni_(2)Al_(3) phase which can stabilize the skeleton and inhibit the collapse of the pores. On the other hand, the crystallites in the rapidly quenched catalyst tend to agglomerate, attributable to the metastable nature of the rapidly quenched catalyst as manifested by its expanded lattice constant.


Ye, Zesong. M.Sc., The University of Manitoba, 2015. Analysis of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) in winter wheat and evaluation of genetics and cultural practices for FHB mitigation. Major professor: Anita Brûlé-Babel. Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a fungal disease of wheat that can result in severe yield losses and contaminate grain with deoxynivalenol (DON). Wheat cultivars with different levels of FHB resistance were combined with fungicides application to control FHB. Results showed that foliar fungicide ProsaroTM combined with moderately resistant cultivars greatly reduced the risk of FHB. Integrating fungicide application with moderately resistant cultivars can be an effective strategy in controlling FHB. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to FHB related traits were analyzed using a double haploid population. Four QTL associated with FHB resistance was detected on chromosomes 2B, 2D, 4D and 7A. The QTL on chromosome 2B and 4D were found to reduce multiple FHB-related traits and were more frequently detected than QTL on chromosome 2D and 7A. QTL on chromosome 2B and 4D could be valuable for improving FHB resistance in wheat.


Controlling motion of nanoscale systems is of fundamental importance for the development of many emerging nanotechnology areas. We review a variety of mechanisms that allow controlling rotary motion in nanoscale systems with numerous potential applications. We discuss control of rotary motion in molecular motors, molecular propellers of liquids, nanorods rolling on liquids, nanochannels with rotary switching motion, and self- assembly of functional carbonaceous materials, guided by water nanodroplets and carbon nanotubes.


Abstract : This document describes the procedures used to augment the Officer Longitudinal Research Data Base (OLRDB). The OLRDB is organized as six data sets that contain personnel, pre- and postcommissioning training, and field performance data for Army officers. The OLRDB data sources include the Officer Master File (OMF), the Separation Officer Master File (SOMF), the Automated Instructional Management System (AIMS), the U.S. Military Academy (USMA) Cadet File, the Army ROTC Commissioning files, and the Army ROTC Advanced Camp files.


PURPOSE: A smart card and a subscriber identification number setting method for storing a plurality of identification numbers for using domestic rates are provided to receive a mobile communication service through the identification number. CONSTITUTION: If a user requests the additional setup of a receiving number, a mobile terminal requests the offer of the stored IMSI(International Mobile Subscriber Identity) list as a smart card(S312). If a second IMSI is selected, the smart card calls an authentication algorithm about the second IMSI from a card information management module(S314). The smart card sets up the first IMSI as IMSI for a mobile communications service.


Research has shown that design concepts based on advanced lay-ups can improve wind turbine blades. Adding carbon fiber reinforcement at outboard sections can make blades lighter reducing edge-wise bending loads. Adding biased fibers can introduce bend-twist coupling reducing the fatigue damage. Optimizations is a powerful tool that can be used to solve the best configuration. To successfully explore these concepts through optimization this paper introduces a parameterization scheme that reflects the layered nature of these designs. The scheme incorporates span-wise variation of material to accurately model the affect of span-wise transition. This parameterization scheme will be compared with other schemes typically seen in literature. Application of this scheme will be demonstrated by developing an optimal glass/carbon blade and an optimal blade with bend-twist coupling.


The present paper reports on the study of the cultural word right, which is arguably one of the most culture-specific words in the English language (Wierzbicka 2006, 64). One of the means of measurement of culture-specificity is its translation into other languages. In the present study, the parallel English-Lithuanian Corpus, compiled at the Centre of Computational Linguistics of Vytautas Magnus University, was used as the basis for checking the translations of the word right. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of research were applied in distinguishing the senses of the English word right and its correspondences in Lithuanian as well as making some inferences regarding the possible cultural differences. The research findings show that while the concept of the English word right is based on respect for rational thinking, logical deductions, and evidence, the Lithuanian correspondences are associated more with metaphysical truth and the dichotomy between gOOD and BAD.


From the teacher´s needs point of view, the basic requirements in the LMS (Learning Management System) are presenting the curriculum, education management, communication with students, their motivation to study, observation of their progress and assessment of their work. The paper describes a universal model of an electronic course (e-course) in LMS created by the structure of Petri nets. The universal model is created in a way so that it reflects the student´s and the teacher´s needs, it is not too complicated, but modular and complex, and it is comprehensible and transparent. Then the paper provides the creation and the description the scoring an evaluation system of a student who passes the parts of the e-learning course. A module was designed into the created universal model – student scoring and assessment. While modeling this module all aspects and possibilities were taken into account which may appear during the assessment. The advantage of modeling in Petri nets is the simplicity of modeling and the consequential simulation of the given model. By the use of a universal model with relevant moduls created in Petri nets, it is possible to create practical electronic courses which will take into account all the aspects of a functional model. The created e-courses by the designed universal model can be then cheked up (evaluated) by the use of various statistical methods. Normal 0 21 false false false SK X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Improvising Reconciliation is prompted by South Africa's enduring state of injustice. It is both a lament for the promise, since lost, with which non-racial democracy was inaugurated and, more substantially, a space within which to consider its possible renewal. As such, this study lobbies for an expanded approach to the country's formal transition from apartheid in order to grapple with reconciliation's ongoing potential within the contemporary imaginary. It does not, however, presume to correct the contradictions that have done so much to corrupt the concept in recent decades. Instead, it upholds the language of reconciliation for strategic, rather than essential, reasons. And while this study surveys some of the many serious critiques levelled at the country's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1996-2001), these misgivings help situate the plural, improvised approach to reconciliation that has arguably emerged from the margins of the cultural sphere in the years since. Improvisation serves here as a separate way of both thinking and doing reconciliation. It recalibrates the concept according to a series of deliberative, agonistic and iterative, rather than monumental, interventions, rendering reconciliation in terms that make failure a necessary condition for its future realisation.


The social phenomena that occurred today are still encountered cases related to the criminal acts of illegal logging in forest areas. One of the cases that have occurred is the criminal act of logging the tree in the forest area without the authorized permission. The problems in this study include: whether the cause of perpetrators to commit crimes in forest areas without authorized permits, how criminal liability against perpetrators of criminal acts Logging in forest areas without authorized permits. The results of research and settlement indicate that the cause of perpetrators to commit criminal acts of logging in forest areas without authorized permits include intrinsic factors (poor family environment, age and intelligence , and psychology of evil talent, personality), extrinsic factors (low level of education, social environment, intention and opportunity), weak religious education and ethics, lack of environmental education and forestry, lack of supervision. The advice in this research is expected to law enforcement officers with the forestry service in order to provide strict sanctions against perpetrators of criminal acts of logging in forest areas without authorized permits.


To facilitate efficient and effective modifications in the delivery of care to the elderly, an empirically based agenda was developed within the Veterans Administration to guide health services research. The agenda includes studying methods to augment providers' geriatric expertise, facilitate maximal independence for older persons, and identify effective strategies, target groups, and appropriate outcomes for long-term care.


Objective To study the influence of different microsurgical methods on surgical outcomes and complications, and to improve the surgical outcomes for trigeminal neuralgia. Methods The clinical data of 109 patients with trigeminal neuralgia, who were treated with microsurgery, were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were divided into 3 groups according to surgical modality: the trigeminal neuralgia decompression group (TND group, 19 patients), the TND and rhizotomy group (rhizotomy group, 55 patients), and the TND and selective lesioning group (lesioning group, 35 patients). The mid-term and short-term effects of microsurgery, and the occurrences of complications, were compared between the 3 groups. Results There were no statistical differences in the frequency of complications between the 3 groups (P > 0.05). Eighty-four patients were followed up for 6 to 33 months. The rate of pain disappearance was found to be 94.4% in the TND group, and 100% in both the rhizotomy and lesioning groups; thus, no significant differences were found between these 3 groups (P > 0.05). Additionally, 50% of the patients in the rhizotomy group and 3.6% of the patients in the lesioning group had facial numbness while no patients were affected with facial numbness in the TND group, and the differences between these 3 groups were significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions Microsurgery is effective and safe for trigeminal neuralgia. The use of TND, in combination with selective lesioning, ensures therapeutic efficacy and improves the quality of life in postoperative patients.


This paper centers on problems that arise between the integration authorities and Ethiopian immigrants due to misunderstanding of the latter's cultural codes. It was observed that Ethiopian immigrants, upon their arrival in Israel, perceive Israeli absorbers as figures of authority. Hence, an Ethiopian behavioural code is applied, which dictates specific behaviors as well as certain expectations from the absorbers. These are misinterpreted by the absorption authorities, who bring to the encounter their own values, expectations of the Ethiopian immigrants, and norms of Israeli society. Failures in communication are explained on the basis of a) the absorbers' lack of specific knowledge of Ethiopian cognitive maps and construction of reality, and b) the psychological processes the absorbers undergo while facing the Ethiopian immigrant. Specific measures are suggested to remedy these cross-cultural misunderstandings. * The present paper is partially based upon the analysis of points taken from the psycho-cultural profile of Ethiopian youth in Israel (BenEzer, 1983). This paper was first published in Israel Social Science Research and is reprinted here with permission. VOL. 11, NO. 1-2, 1999 21 22 G . B E N E Z E R


Regarding the point projection and inversion problem, a classical algorithm for orthogonal projection onto curves and surfaces has been presented by Hu and Wallner (2005). The objective of this paper is to give a convergence analysis of the projection algorithm. On the point projection problem, we give a formal proof that it is second order convergent and independent of the initial value to project a point onto a planar parameter curve. Meantime, for the point inversion problem, we then give a formal proof that it is third order convergent and independent of the initial value.


In this paper we develop maximum likelihood estimators of the intercept and the slope in linear regression where the error term is uniformly distributed. We prove that these estimators are unbiased and we show, theoretically and via simulation, that their variances are in most practical cases smaller than the variances of the corresponding LSE


Background
Glaucoma is one of the most common ophthalmic conditions encountered in primary and secondary care. Glaucoma has the potential to impair driving. This audit aims to investigate how well we are giving driving advice to Glaucoma patients in the setting of the United Kingdom (UK).
Methods
Two junior doctors interviewed all glaucoma patients who attended glaucoma clinic in 4-week period on whether they had received advice regarding driving. Patients who never drove and did not respond were excluded from the analysis
Results
Of the 110 patients, we found that only 29% of patients recalled receiving any driving advice from their ophthalmologist of optometrist. A significant number of patients (33%) wanted more information.
Conclusion
Driving advice is poorly delivered to patients with Glaucoma. Simple interventions can potentially increase delivery of advice to patients.


After the demonstration of the giant tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratios at room temperature (RT) using a crystalline MgO barrier based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) in 2004 [1] , [2] , an application range of spintronic devices, including read-heads of hard disk drives (HDDs) and cells of magnetoresistive random access memories (MRAMs), has been significantly boosted. Use of MgO barriers enabled to obtain large electric output from MTJ structures since a large TMR ratio over 100% can be easily achieved due to the ∆ 1 band preferential coherent tunneling mechanism [3] . Fe/MgO/Fe(001) is known as one of the most basic structures exhibiting the giant TMR effect [2] . The structure is very simple, and thus many theoretical calculations have been demonstrated so far [3] , [4] . However, experimental TMR ratios (180~220% at RT and 290-370% at low temperature) are much smaller than those of the predictions like >1,000%. In order to create novel MTJ-based applications, such as high-capacity MRAMs, magnetic logics, and brain-morphic devices, further improvement in an experimental TMR ratio is needed. Especially, it should be essential to understand the origin of the TMR gap between experiments and theories. In this study, we revisited the simplest "Fe/MgO/Fe(001)" MTJ to obtain much larger TMR ratios by careful tuning of growth conditions for all the layers, combining sputtering and electron-beam evaporation, and MgO barrier interface modifications [5] .


The thesis concerns main tendencies, phenomena and peculiarities of
development of the cultural and artistic process in the South of Ukraine in the 1960-
1980s. The thesis describes the main artistic and stylistic dominant in the paintings of
Odessa, Nikolaev and Kherson artists of the studied period. The concept of «artistic-
stylistic dominant» has been interpreted as a set of heterogeneous technical and
stylistic peculiarities, characteristic features of artistic styles and trends which, due to
the effect of manifestation intensity («phenomenological thickness») in particular
artistic products, revealed the potential of the conceptual and aesthetic integrity and
steadiness, owing to which being for some time a decisive trend in the cultural and
artistic process in Southern Ukraine throughout 1960s–1980s. Artistic-stylistic
dominants are characterized from the point of view of the interaction of tradition and
innovative trends in the art of this period.
The work is based on the cultural approach that explains the work of the artists
of the South of Ukraine in the 1960s-1980s in connection with the development of
the artistic culture of the region. The structure of the dissertation is due to the general
concept, the logic of the problem's solving, its content, purpose and the assigned
research tasks.
It's should be noted that researchers of Southern Ukraine considered only some
aspects of development of the artistic process in the region in the 1960s-1980s,
analyzed creative work of some artists (mainly from Odesa and Mykolaiv), but the
special fundamental investigation as to stylistic peculiarities of paintings by artists of
Southern Ukraine has not been provided for now, so in the dissertation paper the
main attention has been payed to creativity of little-known artists, peculiarities of
artistic background in such localities as Kherson, Mykolaiv, Odesa as well as to
mutual influence and interaction with the general artistic process in Ukraine.
The studying of archive sources allowed to make more clear dates of formation
of regional unions and artistic associations which were represented in chronological
order and introduced in the general artistic context. Owing to materials gathered and
studied, most of which are published for the first time, the managed to trace the
development of tendencies of impressionism in Southern Ukraine from the end of the
XIX to eighties of the XX centuries. It's noted that development of impressionism
took place in Odesa in the beginning of the XX century and was directly associated
with creative work of some artists of the Union of Southern Ukraine artists. It has
been demonstrated that traditional academic realism remained the acknowledged
descriptive language in the 1960s – 1980s. Within the context of non-conformism for
the first time it has been investigated regional peculiarities of the so-called "rough
style". It is noted that artists of Southern Ukraine who were within this trend revealed
interest to lyrical landscape motives as well as to representation of some strong
individuality in contrast to generalized portrayals. Due to analysis of artistic works
there was proved the association of creative experiments of some nonconformists
from Odesa with creative activity of their precursors – "Odesa Parisiennes" which
were active in Odesa in the beginning of the XX century. It has been set clear that
during 1960s – 1980s some nonconformist artists began to use archetypes, ethnic
symbols and allegories as well as "national themes" and plots, reminiscences of
archaic primitivism, Trypillya symbolism, Scythians animalistic style, icon painting
forms, common culture canvas, Ukrainian Baroque.
It's also been defined factors that influenced the development of artistic
process and formation of imagery stylistics in the region in question, especially
dynamics and variability of art exhibition practice, creative background in artistic
communities, level and character of professional education of artists, commercial and
social components. It was established that in general, the official artistic life of the
South of Ukraine was subordinated to the Union of Artists of the Ukrainian SSR,
which carried out a thorough control over the ideological content of artistic works.
The negative and positive influence of the Union on the development of the artistic
process has been analyzed.
The study carried out allowed to conclude that it was the local artistic tradition
in conjugation with innovative trends that defined particularities of manifestations of
stylistic shifts in the painting of Southern Ukraine influenced by contemporary
cultural trends.


The utility model relates to a fluidized bed type ultra fine jet mill and is a processing device which is applicable to carrying out ultra minuteness pulverizing towards medicine, foodstuff, chemical material and other metal and nonmetal. The utility model is composed of a pulverizing chamber, a grading chamber and a screw feeder. The utility model is characterized in that a nozzle arranged in the middle part of the pulverizing chamber forms a definite included angle with a horizontal plane. In addition, the bottom of the pulverizing chamber is additionally provided with a nozzle which is upward, and all nozzles form focusing ejection. Furthermore, the front side of the nozzle is provided with a mixing pipe. The utility model can increase the collision opportunity of the supersonic airflow of the introducing nozzle towards carrying of powder body and the space of the powder body, consequently improving pulverizing efficacy.


In order to solve the difficulty of performing a numerical model using a long-term wave time series, a method of reducing wave time series was considered. And Numerical simulation of the sediment by the Delft3d model at the Maengbang Beach was conducted to verify the validity of the method. NOAA wave data were collected for about 40 years from January 1979 to May 2019. Among them, waves, which are judged to have insignificant effect on the beach, were removed and the wave time series was reduced. To this end, the entire wave time series was graded at intervals of 0.5m, period 2sec, and wave direction 10° to generate a total of 749 representative waves, and a numerical simulation of sediment was performed for each representative wave for 1 day. When the maximum sediment height was less than 0.01m/day, it was assumed that the influence of the representative wave on the area was negligible. As a result of conducting numerical simulation of the sediment using the 23-month real-time waves and the wave by the reduced time series, the difference between the two simulation results indicates a local sedimentation difference of 0.1 to 0.5 m near Deokbongsan. There is a difference in sedimentation of 0.01 to 0.1m overall, and the pattern of repeated erosion and sedimentation along the entire coast is very similar to both real-time waves and reduced time series waves.


Hydrodistillation of 100 g of powdered Fumitory parviflora Lam plant grown in the city of Ahwaz, Iran, resulted in the formation of 1.2 mL of an essential oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the volatile oil was carried on a DB-1 capillary column. On the basis of the results obtained it was concluded that the essential oil is consisted of 8 major components (72.7 ), 11 minor components (19.9 ) and 10 components with smaller amounts (4.5 ).


Angiokeratomas include a group of rare diseases which are characterized by vas- cular disorders in the dermal plexus and hyperkeratosis in the overlying epidermis. Clinically, they present as dark red or black skin papules; mucous membranes are less frequently affec- ted. Different types of Angiokeratomas have been described: local lesions with aesthetic im- pact and those with systemic implications. We present an adolescent female with a circumscribed tongue Angiokeratoma.


Objective To compare the efficacy and adverse events of TAC and TP regimens as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for triple negative breast carcinoma(TNBC).Methods One hundred and two cases of TNBC patients with pathological diagnose were divided into TAC group(52 cases) and TP group(50 cases).TAC group:docetaxel 75mg/m2 or taxol 135mg/m2 iv d1,ADM 40mg/m2 or epirubicin 75mg/m2 iv d2,CTX 600mg/m2 iv d1;TP group: docetaxel 75mg/m2 or taxol 135mg/m2 iv d1,cisplatin 30mg/m2 iv d2-d4.All patients were operated after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for 2-4 cycles at a interval of 21 days.The efficacy and adverse reaction were evaluated.Results In TAC group,5 cases gained pathological complete response,35 cases gained partial response,9 cases was stable.In TP group,4 cases gained pathological complete response,32 cases gained partial response,5 cases was stable.There was no significant difference in the pathological complete response rate between two groups(P=0.774),and the overall response rate(RR) was with no significant difference too(P=0.568).There were 12 cases with progressive disease after chemotherapy for 2 cycles,3 cases in TAC group and 9 cases in TP group.There were 2 cases with atrial extrasystoles in TAC group,3 cases with impairment of kidney in TP group.3-4 degree toxicity of hematologic rate and alopecia rate in TAC group were higher than those of TP group;but 3-4 degree incidence rate of gastrointestinal reaction in TP group were higher than that in TAC group.There were significant statistical differences(P=0.000).Conclusion TAC and TP regimens for triple negative breast cancer patients is effective and well tolerated.


Here is a probe into some existing problems in the study of para llel prose in view of "parallel being a style peculiar to Chinese ancient litera ture with such rhetoric forms as antithesis formed by lines or sentences matched in sound and sense, literary allusions, rhyme and tone of words, and flowery la nguage diction". There are differences between parallel prose and descriptive po etic prose. It is not good to put descriptive poetic prose into a collection of parallel prose with a flourishing from Northern and Southern Dynasties to early Tang Dynasty.


A field survey was conducted during 1997–98 to examine the financial performance of poplar (Populus deltoides) based agroforestry systems, i.e. I: poplar with sugarcane-wheat-sorghum-turmeric, II: Poplar with sugarcane-wheat-sorghum-wheat-fallow, III: poplar with wheat-sorghum-fallow, IV: poplar on the field boundaries with sugarcane-rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat crops, and V: poplar on the boundaries of rice-wheat crop rotation, In the north-western region of India. The results indicated that poplar trees had adverse effect on crop yields, but the reported losses in agricultural production were typically offset by the income received from the trees. The financial viability of agroforestry systems is proved through all the three criteria - NPV, BCR and IRR, and on the basis of direct benefits only. Inclusion of in direct benefits would have shown the economic viability to be even higher. The findings indicate that all agroforestry practices are profitable under a broad range of conditions and are therefore likely to be widely applicable. The annual average margin per hectare in the agroforestry systems showed that agroforestry is more profitable than traditional rice-wheat and sugarcane based cropping systems. The fairly high financial viability of agroforestry would show that this is a sector very much worth investing in.


Near barrier fusion excitation function of 6 Li+ 208 Pb system has been measured. The CCFUS calculations with and without the coupled elastic channels taken into account were performed.By comparing the theoretical and experimental results, we can conclude that at the above barrier energies,the fusion cross sections have decreased due to the break up effects,but in the sub barrier energy region,the influence of the break up on the fusion cross section is modest.


The characteristics of microstructures and properties of AZ31 magnesium alloys were detailed. Effects of the main alloying elements on microstructures and properties of Mg-Al-Zn alloys are introduced .The present research status of this alloy was summarized. The development and application prospect were finally presented.


This paper presents a study of the effect of an external magnetic field on the distribution and orientation of magnetic particles in co-injection moulding. The orientation of the magnetic particles was determined using optical microscopy and image analysis techniques. The external magnetic field was placed in the tool cavity and used to magnetize the particles and to generate the necessary magnetic field gradient to manipulate them. The ferromagnetic nickel particles remained magnetic enough to overcome the strong drag forces imposed on them by the polymeric fluid matrix and to be orientated by the permanent magnet in the tool.


To improve the general performance of the adapter switching network of automatic test system(ATS),and optimize the structure of the switch network,both concepts and ideas for automatic test system adapter universal switching network design are presented.First,count the signal transmission properties and the signal quantity and the channel characteristics of the test resources,select the appropriate switch module,identify the range of the switch module in the switch network structure in the automatic test system network layers initially;then,according to The interface type and port number of the unit under test(UUT) the distribution factors and the number of ports in ICA are desermined.


The regulation of red blood cell (RBC) homeostasis is widely assumed to rely on the control of cell production by erythropoietin (EPO) and the destruction of cells at a fixed, species-specific age. In this work, we show that such a regulatory mechanism is a poor homeostatic solution to satisfy the changing needs of the body. Effective homeostatic control requires RBC lifespan to be variable and tightly regulated. We show that EPO controls RBC lifespan by determining CD47 expression in newly formed RBCs and SIRP-α expression in sinusoidal macrophages. EPO also controls the initiation and intensity of anti-RBC autoimmune responses that curtail RBC lifespan in some circumstances. These mechanisms continuously modulate the rate of RBC destruction depending on oxygen availability. The finding of new homeostatic roles for EPO and autoimmunity critically challenges the current paradigm of RBC homeostasis and sets the grounds for a new approach to this field.


This article aims to get in-depth information regarding the condition of capitalization and social formation in the Grand Mall Maros. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach to exploring information about the involvement of all stakeholders in the development and construction of Grand Mall Maros. The results showed that building the basic structure of social cohesion to prevent social conflicts is a source of unequal control of urban space. This social reality must still be followed by an improvement in the quality of social life, especially for local communities, which ideally becomes a subordination of social formations in urban space.


The influence of relativistic effects on ordinary wave absorption near electron cyclotron frequency harmonics was estimated. Solutions were found for dispersion equations and for supplementary damping that takes placs in sufficiently hot, dense plasma. (R.V.J.)


Finite element method is a powerful tool to predict the welding residual stresses and distortions. However, the phenomena in welding are threedimensional in their nature and the three-dimensional thermal-elasticplastic FE analysis requires very long computational. In this paper, the applicability of the two-dimensional approximation is examined using the multi-pass welding on a flat plate as an example. Based on the computed welding residual stresses and distortions, the limitation of the two-dimensional approximation is discussed. Further, an iterative substructure method is proposed as a method to reduce the computational time in three-dimensional analysis and its effectiveness is demonstrated.


SUMMARY: The article addresses the problem of incompatibility of modern analytical categories with comprehension of pre-modern history, posing a particular question of whether the political order of Old Rus' can qualify as a state. Reviewing the features of what is usually called the "ancient Russian state," the author concludes that the modern concept of the state can only obscure our understanding of medieval political order. The author observes that the use of the modern concept of the state for conceptualization of medieval Russian history led to an assumption that the populace of this political formation can be described in national terms. A contextual perspective on medieval statehood and culture suggests that the dominant identity of this time was not national but rather religious (confessional) or territorial. In a way of conclusion the author calls for the development of a thesaurus of Russian medieval concepts (similar in character to studies in Early modern European conceptual history).


We consider the fundamental possibility of modeling a string musical instrument in the computer-aided design system COMPAS-3D. Small amount of information about the design features of the product creates certain difficulties in its modeling. The main techniques for creating parts and assembly units are presented.


Key challenges for future wireless communications (4G) are bandwidth efficient system which provides high data rate with lower bit error rate and it also eliminate the multipath fading. MIMO-OFDM technology is the promising technique to provide high data rate with lower bit error rate and also improves the channel capacity under multipath fading environment. But the main drawback of OFDM system is high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), whenever all the orthogonal signals are added at a maximum point the resultant peak power will be increased. Several techniques are proposed to reduce PAPR viz. Coding, Interleaving, selected level mapping, partial transmit sequence, tone reservation. In this paper Unitary matrix precoding with companding technique is proposed to reduce PAPR. Simulations are performed by using MATLAB tool; results are analyzed for different systems (uncoded, precoding, companding and precoding with companding). Results demonstrate that unitary matrix precoding with companding technique is an efficient technique to reduce PAPR by maintaining optimum BER.


During the African American literary renaissance of the 1850s, the act of narrating was novelized in many slave narratives. But Frederick Douglass's Hemic Slave (1853) and William Wells Brown's Clotel: Or, The President's Daughter (1853) are particularly noteworthy because they assert the importance of the fictive to the representation of facts in ways that empower these texts as novels, not as autobiographies. Brown and Douglass problematize the relative status of the factual and the fictive in their texts in order to raise questions about the nature and source of authority in narrative. These texts suggest that authority is not an inherent part of narrative discourse (whether factual or fictive) but rather a function of discourses as facilitated by the narrating voice.


The purpose of this discussion is to explore assumptions that have informed constructions of disability and to challenge these as socially constituted judgments that influence the way teachers think and act in general physical education. A secondary purpose is to introduce social constructionism as a discourse that potentially reshapes constructions of disability by highlighting the relational activity between teachers and students. Using this framework, it becomes possible to consider the cultural construction of disability as informing actions that in many cases, further disable students with disabilities. A relevant question here becomes, what are our expectations, and how did we come to hold them? The article concludes with suggested practices that identify competence and context as central features of instruction in which meaningful actions are possible for students with disabilities.


The emphasis in this paper is on showing how conclusions can be drawn with respect to technically feasible marine engineering systems through the use of elementary probability theory.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is for the rigid fixation of the pelvic ring by quantifying and comparing the extraction strength of cancellous screws in the sacral ala and body. Materials and Methods: Six cadaveric human pelvis were obtained for test of the extraction strengths of three groups of 7.0mm cannulated cancellous screws: short- threaded in the sacral ala, short-threaded in the sacral body, long-threaded in the sacral body. The extraction strengths of these groups were compared with each other. Results: The mean extraction strengths of short-threaded screws in the sacral ala, short-threaded screws in the sacral body and long-threaded screws in the sacral body were 10.26N, 25.85N and 48.37N respectively. The mean extraction strength of the long-threaded screws in the body was significantly greater than that of the short- threaded screws in the ala and body. The mean extraction strength of the short-threaded screws in the body was greater than that of the short-threaded screws in the ala, but insignificant statistically. Conclusion: In choosing iliosacral lag screws to stabilize the posterior pelvic ring disruption, superior fixation is achieved by inserting the long-threaded screw in the sacral body.


Experiments were conducted at the Marana and Maricopa Agricultural Centers in 1986 with XE -1019 and PIX. Results of an experiment at Marana in 1985 with XE -1019 were reported in the 1986 Cotton Report. XE -1019, a product of Chevron Chemical Company, affects plant architecture and fruiting of cotton. PIX is a plant regulator which modifies plant architecture and may or may not enhance yield. The varieties used were Deltapine 50 and 90 at Marana and Maricopa, respectively. Randomized complete block designs were used at both locations with 4 and 6 replications at Maricopa and Marana, respectively. The crop was managed as a commercial operation for good cotton production at both locations. Eight treatments were used at both locations, including three rates of XE -1019 at two dates of application, late square to early bloom and at mid -bloom. The treatments and dates of application at Maricopa and Marana are shown in Table 1. XE -1019 was applied as a directed basal spray to the lower stem of the cotton plants. PIX was applied as a foliar spray. Plots consisted of four rows 30 feet long, with the middle two rows harvested for yield.


Small-scale farming and fisheries business are highly dependent on socio-agroecosystem condition, quality and performance of their products. This research aimed at formulating alternative empowerment model of farmer and fisher community. The research used research for development approach with multimethods, including rapid assessment, observation, interview, focused group discussion, action research, and multistakeholders dialogue. Farmer and fisher representatives of six villages from different types of agroecosystem and related informants were involved in the research.  Action research was conducted in Muara and Benteng Villages. Research results showed that quality of the products positively correlated to income of farming business. Community awareness and motivation to improve their socio-economics and environment, technical skills and extension services are key factors of successful empowerment. © 2014 Journal of Rural Indonesia [JoRI] IPB. All rights reserved. Keywords: community empowerment, small-scale farmers and fishers, agroecosystem, local institution, extension services, competitiveness  Received: 24th October 2014; Accepted: 15th November 2014 [ How to Cite : Amanah, S., & Farmayanti, N. (2014). Farmer And Fisher Empowerment Model Based On Local Institutions And Agroecosystem To Increase Competitiveness And Income.  Journal Of Rural Indonesia, 2 (1), 81-92. Retrieved from http://ejournal.skpm.ipb.ac.id/index.php/ruralindonesia/article/view/295 ]


This essay explores Santiago Alvarez's iconic, montage-style filmmaking as it prefigured Modernity's accelerated crisis as produced by transnational capitalism and theorized years later by poststructuralists and postmodernists. Alvarez, one of the fathers of New Latin American Cinema, stands as an ever more relevant mentor for many contemporary young filmmakers in terms of his lessons about audience cultivation and politicized, immediate, innovative image-making in a context of what he termed 'accelerated underdevelopment'. His aesthetic of limited resources and limited time and his early emphasis on the tactless camera eye has become a veritable weapon for change for many filmmakers in Latin America's latest decade, which saw successive economic crises, the failure of neoliberal policies, and a rise in left wing governments.


The article examines the peculiarities of the protection of IP, confidential information in the framework of open science in the European Union and Ukraine. It is noted that a number of issues need to be resolved both at the level of legislation and in the practice of work of state authorities, research institutions and universities, including introduction of open access licenses; determination of legal mechanisms for the transfer of electronic copies of scientific articles, scientific reports, data for open access with ensuring copyright protection and protection of confidential information and commercial secrets regarding patentable technical solutions, know-how; the law amendments defining the definition of "data", "open science", etc. in accordance with Directive (EU) 2019/1024 and other EU acts.


The satisfactory and safer solution to the problems of the public health care requires tremendous attention of the researchers to explore out medicinally efficacious plants and isolate potent molecules from them. Evaluation of such molecules could generate broader spectrum of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters with least toxicity. Cressa cretica (Linn) belonging to family Convolvulaceae. It is commonly known as Rudravanti. Traditionally root and leaves of Cressa cretica are commonly used as expectorant and antibilious agent. It is a holophytic dwarf shrub used in folklore medicine. This article gives the updated information on its properties.


Investigation of immune mechanisms involved in hypertension (HTN) is one of the most emerging research area in the field. On this note, we found that hypertensive hits activate nervous system in splenic marginal zone (MZ) that represents the boundary between lymphoid white pulp and innate red pulp. The fact that both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to HTN strongly suggests that neuroimmune mechanisms couple myeloid and lymphoid cells in transducing hypertensive hits into increased blood pressure (BP). We previously showed that Placental Growth Factor (PlGF), a VEGF homolog, released in the splenic MZ upon Angiotensin II (AngII), mediates this interaction. Here we dissect the downstream pathway conveying nervous outflow into immune activation. PlGF is expected to act through its major receptor VEGFR1, its only known tyrosine kinase receptor. First we found that it is mainly expressed in splenic innate immune cells and vasculature, both in basal conditions and upon AngII. To test VEGFR1 in HTN, we challenged transgenic mice with defective VEGFR1 signaling (Flt1-TK) with AngII. To our surprise, they raised BP upon 28-days AngII as WT mice did (SBP: Flt1-TK 139±2; WT 138±2; ***p< 0.001), thus suggesting the existence of alternative pathways. PlGF may also act on a co-receptor, Neuropilin1 (Nrp1), known to enhance responses to ligands. In addition, Nrp1 has unique functions in neurons' guidance during development and in the maturation of dendritic cells from monocytes. We found Nrp1 basally expressed and strongly increased upon AngII, especially in MZ macrophages. To test the hypothesis that PlGF/Nrp1 pathway could mediate a neuroimmune activation of dendritic cells relevant for HTN, we selectively deleted the receptor in myeloid lineage, generating Nrp1
 fl;fl
 ;LysM-Cre transgenic mice. After assessing Nrp1deletion in splenic monocyte/macrophages by FACS, we infused AngII and found a protection from T cells costimulation and egression from the spleen. More important, they were protected from HTN (SBP: Nrp1
 fl;fl
 ;LysM-Cre
 +/-
 140±3; Nrp1
 fl;fl
 ;LysM-Cre
 -/-
 105±2; ***p< 0.001). Our data indicate a crucial role of Nrp1 in HTN, mediating non-canonical PlGF signaling in innate immunity that serves as a guidance of nerves priming adaptive immune responses.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is specifically expressed in renal tubules, and it accentuates kidney redox injury in cisplatin-induced nephropathy. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered type of cell death, is closely associated with lipid hydroperoxidation, and it plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Whether or not MIOX exacerbates tubular damage by accelerating ferroptosis in cisplatin-induced AKI needs to be explored. METHODS: CD1 mice, Wild-type (WT) mice, MIOX-overexpressing transgenic (MIOX-TG) mice and MIOX-Null (MIOX-KO) mice were injected with cisplatin to induce acute kidney injury. HK2 cells were also treated with cisplatin in vitro. RESULTS: Cisplatin-treated HK2 cells exhibited substantial cell death, which was considerably reduced by Fer-1, DFO, and VAD, but not by Nec-1. In addition, various ferroptosis metabolic sensors, including lipid hydroperoxidation, GPX4 activity, NADPH, and ferritinophage, had undergone severe perturbations in cisplatin-treated HK2 cells. These perturbations were further accentuated by MIOX overexpression but ameliorated by MIOX knockdown. In in vivo studies, CD1 mice were subjected to intraperitoneal cisplatin injection with or without Fer-1. Fer-1 substantially decreased the blood creatinine level, and ameliorated renal pathological changes in cisplatin-treated mice. WT mice, MIOX-TG mice and MIOX-KO mice were also injected with cisplatin. In comparison to cisplatin-treated WT mice, cisplatin-treated MIOX-TG mice had more severe renal pathological changes and perturbations in ferroptosis metabolic sensors, which were minimal in cisplatin-treated MIOX-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that ferroptosis, an essential part in the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced nephropathy, is modulated by MIOX. Figure. No caption available. Figure. No caption available. Figure. No caption available. Source of Funding: NIDDK National Scince Foundation of China (No. 81470925)


It uses three-dimension nonlinear finite element analysis method on the overhang plate high strength bolt link,simulates the end plate,high strength bolt,beam flange,pile flange and the ribbed stiffener of pile flange of main component in link.Aiming at the situation of the link of non-pile ribbed stiffener,the change of the thickness of end plate it makes comparison and analysis to them,researches the mechanical performance of the overhang plate high strength bolt semi-rigid link and the affection factors of the origin rigidity of it.


In Japan there were once numerous coalfields. And most of them are closed now. However the coal resources are still calculated as more than 20 billion tons. So we are hopeful to find the petroleum and natural gas resources generated from these coals. But it is necessary to develop the unique evaluation method of Japanese coals. Because Japanese coals are richer in hydrogen than other coals and they contain "degradinite". So the authors have investigated the characteristics of Japanese coals which generate petroleum and natural gas.