This paper presents a comprehensive approach to improve the analysis and design process of automotive ignition coils. The delivered voltage and energy of the coil to the spark plug load are the two essential requirements placed on a coil design. The prediction of these two quantities, derived from the simulated transient secondary current and voltage, is fundamental to the design process and allows early assessment of design robustness. With only the data required for electromagnetic finite element analysis (FEA), including material loss data, the magnetic and electrostatic interactions among the coil laminations and windings can be modeled. These field computations are converted to equivalent circuit elements employed in a systems model. The systems model allows the calculation of requisite transient signals. This approach is highly flexible and gives fast simulations. Good agreement was obtained between the test data and the simulation results in both the time-domain and the frequency-domain. INTRODUCTION The objective of this work is to provide tools and methods to improve the design process, and ultimately to improve the design and performance of automotive ignition coil systems. These modeling efforts allow the early assessment of design robustness and improve the reliability of the automotive ignition coil system. The analysis of the ignition coil system discussed here includes a driver, a coil, and a load. Ignition coils deliver the high voltage (several tens of kV) necessary to initiate the breakdown of the sparkplug gap, and then sufficient energy (several tens of mJ) to sustain the combustion, and overcome plug losses. The delivered kV and energy are the two essential requirements imposed on the ignition coil design. These two quantities, as well as other parameters, are derived from simulated transient signals of the coil, i.e., the primary and secondary currents and voltages. The accurate prediction of the time variation of these quantities is fundamental to the design process. The proposed approach is from first principles to the extent possible. The number of experimentally determined factors from actual coil prototypes was minimized in predicting the coil behavior. A coil design process was developed that begins with only dimensions, material properties, and topology. Then the non-linear magnetic and linear electrostatic interactions among the windings and laminations of the coil were modeled using electromagnetic finite element analysis (FEA). A simple model was developed to account for the winding resistance. The proposed approach is to convert field computations into equivalent circuit elements to be employed in a systems modeling program. The equivalent circuit approach allows a high degree of flexibility, and relatively fast time-transient simulations. The physical modeling is with static magnetic and electric fields, but the system simulator properly accounts for dynamic effects through an interpolation process. In addition to the coil model, the equivalent circuit models for the electronic driver and sparkplug load must be included. However, the parameters and physics of these two subsystems are less well known, or harder to obtain, than for the coil itself. The rest of the paper is arranged as follows: First, the motivation, objectives, and the approach of the proposed work are discussed. Next, the basic coil behavior is demonstrated in terms of a Fundamental Coil Model. Then more complex behavior is introduced in terms of Simple Coil Model. Simulations are given for the Simple Coil Model that illustrates the effects on signals from non-linear components. Following this Simple Coil Model, the detailed modeling of the individual components of the Comprehensive Systems Model is presented. Finally, the simulated results are compared with measured data, on a particular developmental coil, in the time domain and frequency domain. IGNITION COIL MODELING MOTIVATION, OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH Motivation: The motivation to pursue a comprehensive modeling effort for ignition coils is several-fold, and common to 2007-01-1589 Comprehensive Modeling of Automotive Ignition Systems Visteon/ACH-LLC, CAE University of Michigan, Dearborn C. S. Yang, S. K. Park and C. Mi R. C. Stevenson and R. Palma Licensed to University of Michigan Licensed from the SAE Digital Library Copyright 2009 SAE International E-mailing, copying and internet posting are prohibited Downloaded Thursday, January 15, 2009 8:22:26 PM Author:Gilligan-SID:1178-GUID:15736962-126.96.36.199 2 most engineering modeling efforts. A good model promotes basic physical understanding of the surprisingly complex operation of ignition coils. It allows the design engineer to pose "what if" questions, which can generally be answered relatively quickly. Most importantly, it reduces cost in terms of the number of prototypes, the testing, and the time dedicated to building physical prototypes. There is scant to non-existent literature on the modeling of automotive ignition coils [1]. There appears to be little or no literature on electromagnetic FEA modeling of ignition coils. Design methods for coils seem to be closely held secrets in the industry, and most design work appears to be done from historical precedence. Design modifications in the past have been guided by basic transformer theory, without resorting to detailed modeling. The construction of coil prototypes, typically with several design iterations, is an expensive and a time consuming process. It involves the specification and fabrication of annealed laminations, the design and fabrication of bobbins and packaging, the winding of the primary and secondary coils, the potting the coils, and the testing the coils. This type of prototyping can have cycle times of several months. By comparison, modeling can produce comparable answers with in a week or less. Objectives Given these prototyping costs, both temporal and financial, the objectives of this modeling work become apparent: reduce cost by minimizing the need to build prototypes. To this end, the electromagnetic engineer should create a modeling process whose short-term objective provides accurate guidance for the design engineer during initial screening of design variations. As a derivative of this goal, the prototypes that are built with the modeling guidance should be close to the design objectives. These goals require that the modeling effort should be based on "first principles" to the extent possible. It is to predict accurate transient behavior, not to fit the model to data gathered after prototypes are built, that the modeling effort is directed. However, because of the magnetic, electrical, and geometrical complexity of the coils, modeling approximations are inherent. Thus, some adjustment of systems and models to test data may be necessary. The longer-term objective is to advance from an analysis of design to a synthesis of design. That is, given a set of specifications, produce an optimized design that accounts for constraints on performance, material costs, package space, etc. This type of design work requires having an analysis procedure coupled to the ability to iterate, sample, or search many designs subject to the constraints. There is likely no unique solution. This longer-term objective will be accomplished in future work. Approach With regard to the modeling approaches, there are at least three potentially viable schemes. The first scheme, and the most physically accurate, would be to solve the complete set of Maxwell equations, beyond the lowfrequency approximation which is generally used for electric machine modeling. In this complete formulation, Ampere's Law ( t H D J ) includes the displacement current density, t D , while in the lowfrequency case, the displacement current density is ignored. For this scheme, the full coupling of the electric and magnetic fields is obtained, i.e., the magnetic inductive and capacitive effects are automatically accounted. For the current state of the art in electromagnetic solvers, the direct solution of the complete set of Maxwell equations, with strong material nonlinearity, is not practical. A second approach is to solve a transient FEA model of the magnetics, including external circuitry for the driver, the load, and capacitive effects. This approach is feasible but cumbersome, since a transient magnetic FEA problem would need to be solved for changes in any minor model parameter. A third approach, detailed in this paper, is a more flexible method. In this third approach, the model includes an equivalent circuit of the driver, the load, and the coil. The lumped circuit elements for inductive, capacitive, and resistive effects are obtained from FEA. The inductive elements account for non-linear material properties. The flexibility of this approach comes with studies requiring changes to circuit elements, other than those derived from FEA. These changes can be accommodated quickly and easily. Simulations can be run in a matter of a few minutes. IGNITION COIL OPERATION OVERVIEW Automotive ignition system requirements and operation with regard to engine and spark plug performance is discussed in [2]. For the modeling effort described in this section, the focus is more narrowly on describing how the coil works. The ignition coil system consists of a coil, which acts as a transient voltage transformer; a driver, which "charges" the primary winding; and a load (a spark plug) to which the coil delivers a high voltage pulse. The coil system block diagram is shown Fig. 1. The basic job of an ignition coil system is to convert a low-voltage DC source into a very high voltage and very fast transient at the spark plug gap. Driver The driver part of the system consists of a voltage source (the automotive battery, nominally 14.4 V) and a controlled switch. The switching device is commonly an IGBT [3]. However, this simple switch will not suffice, because the large voltage that develops in the Licen


PURPOSE: An artificial soil composition using industrial by-products for recovering an abandoned quarry mining and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to prevent environmental contamination by blocking bad small of end products through the use of a highly functional deodorizing agent. CONSTITUTION: A method for manufacturing artificial soil using industrial by-products for recovering an abandoned quarry mining comprises the steps of: (S1) mixing 30~50 parts by weight of alumino-silicate-based paper sludge incineration ash and 30~50 parts by weight of fly ash to prepare a first mixture, wherein the alumino-silicate-based paper sludge incineration ash has a specific surface area of 2,000 cm^2/g or more and fly ash has pozzolanic reaction; (S2) mixing 5~10 parts by weight of calcium oxide (CaO), 0.5~3 parts by weight of solidifying promoter, and 5~15 parts by weight of at least one inorganic binder, wherein the inorganic binder is selected from the group consisting of fine blast-furnace slag powder or one kind of Portland cement and three kinds of high early strength cement; (S3) mixing 5~10 parts by weight of a second mixture and inorganic acid and 5~20 parts by weight of H2O to 100 parts by weight of sewage/wastewater and sludge to prepare a third mixture; and (S4) mixing 1~5 parts by weight of deodorizing agent and 30~60 parts by weight of waste stone powder to the third mixture to prepare a forth mixture, wherein the forth mixture are transferred to a curing tank.


Flow of packets plays an important role in the network during sending and receiving process. More the packets received are good for the network users as the speed would be more leading to user satisfaction. A network can be tracked based on the packet flow throughout the network. If greater the capacity, the performance also will be great. Efforts were made to measure the incoming traffic in bits per second of the network. Inorder to investigate whether the bandwidth is used by the users effectively, the behaviour of utilization varies with respect to variance in client connectivity are studied. Delay and throughput factors are analyzed and the effective delay is calculated as D = Do / (1-U). The manual reading without tool but for different HTTP requests were taken and analyzed. Readings showing the flow of bytes under broadband network and the behavior of bytes are noted. This URL connection provides connection to the remote server connects and receives the bytes. Received bytes readings after the connection with remote server were depicted. The difference in receiving bytes had improved at the time of bytes incoming as streams from the server to the node at the time of connection. The results obtained shows the received bytes for the URL connection increases compared to that of the previous throughput.


The emergence of technologies operating at the nanometer scale for applications as varied as nanofabrication and super-resolution microscopy has driven the need for ever more accurate spatial localization. In this context, nanostructures have been used as probes in order to provide a reference to track lateral drifts in the system. Yet nanometer precision remains challenging and usually involves complicated measurement apparatus. In this work we report a simple method based on symmetry considerations to measure the position of a subwavelength nanostructure. For a particular choice of structures, gold nanoparticles, we demonstrate a subnanometer lateral precision of 0.55 nm. The versatility of the method also allows for the use of different structures, offering a promising opportunity for subnanometer positioning accuracy for a wide variety of systems.


Mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.) is one of the food commodities that consumed by general society be side of rice. One of effect that are not optimal production is drought stress. This research aims to study the critical period due to drought  stress  of mungbean  crop and  its  impact  on  growth  and  the  yield  of production.  This  study  uses  a  Completely  Randomized  Design  (CRD)  non factorial with 4 treatments, A0 (watering until harvest), A1 (without watering at the age of 15 - 28 days), A2 (without watering at the age of 29 - 42 days) and A3 ( without watering at the age of 43 - 56 days). Lowest average value of plant height and number of leaves derived from the treatment A1 with stress time at the age of 15 - 28 days after planting or when the end of the vegetative phase. While the lowest average value of seeds weight per crop and total number of pods derived from treatment A2 with stress time at the age of 29 - 42 days after planting or during pod formation phase. Key words: mungbean, growth, production, drought stress


The Cooperative Principle is one of the crucial theories in Pragmatics. People would like to follow the principle to communicate with others; on the other hand,they intend to violate it to achieve certain aims. When we translate literary works,the specific communicative context,the background information of the work,mood of the protagonists and their manners to talk with others should be considered to enable the readers to get the meaning of the conversations correctly and understand the work. In terms of conversational cooperative principle,this paper mainly discusses about how to use cooperative Principle to achieve successful communications in literary translation.


The utilization of asphalt rejuvenator, and its effectiveness for restoring thermal and mechanical properties was investigated via Disk-shaped Compact Tension (DC(T)) and acoustic emission (AE) testing for determining mechanical properties and embrittlement temperatures of the mixtures. During the DC(T) testing the fracture energies and peak loads were used to measure the resistance of the rejuvenated asphalt to low temperature cracking. The AE testing monitored the acoustic emission activity while the specimens were cooled from room temperature to -40 °C to estimate the temperature at which thermal cracking began (i.e. the embrittlement temperature). First, a baseline response was obtained by obtaining the mechanical and thermal response of virgin HMA samples and HMA samples that had been exposed to oxidative aging for 36 hours at 135°C. The results showed the virgin samples had much higher peak loads and fracture energies than the 36 hours aged samples. Acoustic Emission showed similar results with the virgin samples having embrittlement temperatures 10 °C cooler than the 36 hours aged specimens. Then, overaged for 36 hours specimens were treated different amounts of rejuvenator (10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of binder content) and left to dwell for increased amount of time periods varying from one to eight weeks. It was observed that the AE results showed an improvement of embrittlement temperature with increasing with the dwell times. The 8 weeks specimens had cooler embrittlement temperatures than the virgin specimens. Finally, the low temperature effects on fracture energy and peak load of the rejuvenated asphalt was investigated. Rejuvenator was applied (10% by weight of binder) to specimens aged 36 hours at 135 °C, and the dwell time was varied from 1 to 4 weeks. The results showed that the peak loads were restored to levels of the virgin specimens, and the fracture energies improved to levels beyond that of the virgin specimens. The results also showed a general trend of improvement for the AE testing of the embrittlement temperature.


In 1857 Delhi ceased to be the seat of the Mughal kingdom, and in 1912 it became the capital of the British Empire in India. The city had always had strategic and, therefore, economic and political significance. In the half-century between 1857 and 1912 Delhi's increasing economic and commercial activity prevented the city from sinking, as some historic Indian cities did, into the obscurity of just another provincial town. Curzon described it in 1899 'a capital city, now of commerce as once of power'. It acted as the commercial entrepôt for all north India, after becoming the junction of a huge railway network connecting north India to the ports. Commercial expansion in turn led to a steady growth in the city's population. This physical and economic expansion was, however, affected by the government's concern for security in Delhi. The second half of the nineteenth century was the era of urban development in Britain, but when urban government was taking root in India in this same period, it was cramped not only by apathy and financial stringency, as in Britain, but also by strategic considerations. This is an aspect of Indian local government which has not been studied at all. As for Delhi itself, the city has yet to find its urban historian. In this paper I shall examine how far official considerations of military security affected the city's development.


Lisbon 94, the yearlong celebration of Portugal's tenure as Cultural Capital of Europe, represented a unique opportunity for reorienting Portugal's national identity away from the semiperiphery and toward the European center. In preparation for this national festival, Lisbon 94 organizers outfitted Lisbon in a variety of new costumes through the rhetoric of promotional discourse and the transformation of Lisbon's urban space. Costume, in this sense, stands for the signifying practices that together endeavored to revamp Portugal's national identity, cultural image, arid geopolitical position as a member state of the European Community.


characterised by puerperal headache, fits, and transient coma, followed by focal neurological signs. Treatment was by sedatives and heparin-if the superior longitudinal sinus were involved, daily lumbar puncture was of value. THIS volume follows the now usual practice of making use of a number of expert contributors on the different branches of the subject, the whole edited and coordinated to present a balanced view of the subject as a whole. In this case there are over fifty contributors, and the editors state in their introduction that the aim of the book is to emphasize the practical application of the study of peediatrics at the bedside, rather than the purely scientific advances in the subject. With nineteen sections and ninety-one chapters there is inevitably some unevenness, and a tendency to overlap and repetition, but the editors' aims have, in general, been well realised. It is doubtful, however, whether this book is suitable for students, as they suggest; certainly few students in British medical schools would have the time or inclination to read the 1,006 pages which it contains. The range and size of the work prevents any detailed discussion of the individual sections. In the introductory section on "general considerations" one finds a short chapter on pmdiatric pathology, which is valuable to the general paediatrician, though, presumably, too elementary to be of value to pathologists. There is a useful chapter on E.N.T. procedures, and a short section on surgical paediatrics, including good advice on preparing the child for an operation. (Unfortunately by the time the child comes to the pre-operative stage it is usually too late to advise the parents.) As in most American p?ediatric textbooks , a rather larger age group is covered than in British practice, and a section on adolescence includes a chapter on gynacological disorders in adolescents, with the comment that these patients are most often courteously referred from the pediatrician to the gynecologist, and, equally courteously, from the gynecologist to the padiatrician. There are a few statements which are rather unorthodox in various parts of the book; in the chapter on cerebral palsy it is assumed that the increased incidence of this condition in premature infants cannot be due to birth trauma, because of their small size and easy delivery. In discussing the etiology of cirrhosis in childhood, the rather surprising figure of sixteen per cent. due to chronic alcoholism is quoted. Intracranial haemorrhage is blamed …


Unlike most projectors of planned international languages, the creator of Esperanto, L.L. Zamenhof, was as interested in status planning as in corpus planning. Zamenhof's project was complete enough to be used as a means of communication, but incomplete enough to allow the community of Esperanto speakers to do much of the work of turning his project into a full-fledged language. Zamenhof himself saw the language as a means to an end, and, quite early on, entrusted the development of the language to its speakers while he pursued more lofty ideological goals. Recently scholars have turned their attention to the ideological side of the Esperanto community in general, including the strong commitment of Esperanto speakers to linguistic justice and to a greater awareness of the value of multilingualism and linguistic diversity.


ABSTRACT The aim of this note is to investigate the concentration properties of unbounded functions of geometrically ergodic Markov chains. We derive concentration properties of centred functions with respect to the square of Lyapunov's function in the drift condition satisfied by the Markov chain. We apply the new exponential inequalities to derive confidence intervals for Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms. Quantitative error bounds are provided for the regenerative Metropolis algorithm of [Brockwell and Kadane Identification of regeneration times in MCMC simulation, with application to adaptive schemes. J Comput Graphical Stat. 2005;14(2)].


Many holometabolous insects hibernate by triggering diapause, an "actively-induced" dormancy that blocks developmental functions. Yet, the nature of signals enhancing the plasticity of developmental system and underlying diapause inducibility is still elusive. We show that the "Insulin/IGF" dilp2/5 genes, encoding for developmental hormones, antagonize diapause switch in D. melanogaster and their modulation is pivotal in sensitizing the developmental system to environmental perturbations. Functional impairment of dilp2/5 signaling results in the appearance, or inhibition, of the inducible diapause polyphenism, revealing that they are at the core of the gene network regulating diapause inducibility, beyond the control of developmental time. DILP2/5, as dispensable developmental hormones, cover a latent and hidden plasticity of development, underlying the evolution of an inducible diapause polyphenism through genetic accommodation. Such hormonal mechanism might be the putative target to bioengineer diapause inducibility.


The control system of troche automatic packing machine for medication making machine industry,made use of distributed structure,it′s each counter channel is intelligentized,it gets over demerits of the templet packing machine and universalizable,It can set up speed of the electronic vibratory machine and measure time of troche shuting off ray,resolve the question troche conglutination This paper puts forward new control project for multi channels troche packing machine


duce infection. In the early 198Os, two exotic devices came on the dialysis scene with great fanfare. The Hemasite vascular access device (Renal Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN) and the DiaTAP button (American Bentley, Irvine, CA) were both constructed of "space age" materials designed to resist infection and thrombosis and designed to be needleless angioaccess devices secured to the vascular tree by an implantable e-PTFE graft. Despite initial appearances of modest success these devices succumbed to infection and other complications and are no longer available for use. Their needleless approach to dialysis was warmly embraced by patients, but the success rate did not permit prolonged use.


The purpose of this paper is to present early-stage results from three investigations we have undertaken to support the goal of collaborative innovation to scale discovery. This work is being conducted at IBM Research - Almaden in the recently announced Accelerated Discovery Laboratory. The motivation for this work was the need to experiment and investigate ideas of how to accelerate discovery in a real-world setting (at the very same time that we were learning what it means to "discover"). The underlying tenets borrow ideas from Service Science to build a framework for discovery in which the Participant's service experience takes place across and within technical, social, and spatial systems. In the big picture view, our goal is to be able to capture project teams' journeys through this framework and provide navigational assistance. We present results of the investigations to start identifying the resource and co-creative patterns of Participants – examining what it means to "discover" and perform work in a living lab, factors that impact information sharing by heterogeneous teams, and mapping of the service experience to establish a shared mental model.


The question of how regions can remain competitive and resilient in times of uncertainty is a central concern for economic geographers. To date, two key concepts— strategic coupling and regional economic resilience—have been used separately to study regional economic dynamics in times of uncertainty. Through a careful examination of the industrial chain chief model in Zhejiang Province, this paper argues that both concepts are essential and should be combined in a coherent manner to better explore the topic of interest. Moreover, it is pointed out that the existing conceptualization of the two concepts suffers from some limitations and a reconceptualization of the two key concepts is needed if economic geographers are to make policy recommendations to local policy-makers.


Of 128 burbot, Lota lota, collected from the Ford River in August 1983, 1984, November 1984, and May 1985, 121 were infected with at least one of the following parasites: Azygia sp., Crepidostomum farionis, Posthodiplostomum sp., Cystidicoloides tenuissima, Haplonema hamulatum, Raphidascaris acus, Neoechinorhynchus pungitius, Neoechinorhynchus saginatus, Myzobdella lugubris, Elliptis sp., Epistylis sp., Myxobolus sp., and Trichodina sp. Of the helminths found, R. acus and H. hamulatum had the highest prevalence and mean intensity, respectively. The prevalence of Myxobolus sp. decreased with burbot age. The prevalence of Epistylis sp. and Elliptis sp. and the prevalence and mean intensity of H. hamulatum and R. acus increased with burbot age. Taxonomically, the helminth fauna consisted of 263 (24%) trematodes, 741 (67%) nematodes, and 96 (9%) acanthocephalans. Using Brillouin's index, the mean diversity value ± 1 SD of counted helminths in infected burbot was 0.302 ± 0.333; the mean evenness was 0.303 ± 0.295.


Innate immunity system is the first line of defense against microbial invasion. It recognizes and re-moves pathogenic microorganisms through the host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) can mediate immune recognition. Since the two important receptors not only initiate the innate immune responses but also stimulate the adaptive immunity responses through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPa), they are linking the innate and adaptive immunity. Poly-morphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the most important inflammatory cells in the early inflammation. TLRs play a crucial role in the processes of adhesion, activation and apoptosis of PMNs so as to maintain the stability of the internal environment.

Key words:
Toll-like receptors;  Nod-like receptors;  Polymorphonuclear neutrophils


Biologics might have revolutionized treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, but they can increase the risk of serious infections or hospitalizations in some patients.


The Supreme Court of Appeal on 18 May, in thecase of City of Johannesburg v Dladla (403/15)[2016] ZASCA 66 (Dladla) held that the Ekhuthuleni Overnight/Decant Shelter House Rules (house rules) of the temporary emergency accommodation provided by the City of Johannesburg to occupiers, is not unconstitutional.


Today's vegetation on Yakushima Island varies across elevations. Yakushima Island is covered with the Akahoya volcanic ash being derived from the Kikai Caldera about 7300 years ago. The eruption was so destructive that today's vegetation was estab-lished through primary succession after the volcanic eruption. The five independent state factors, which are climate, topography, organism, parent material and time, must have intricately affected the formation of the current soil-vegetation system. Among five factors, Climate including precipitation and temperature must have strongly affected the formation of today's vegetation. The purpose of this study is to clarify how climate has influenced the vertical distribution of the vegetation during 7300 years by investigating the relationships between soil mineral nutrients and nutrient-use efficiencies of the vegetation. In this study, seven permanent study plots were set up along the elevation gradient. Soil samples (0-10, 10-20 cm depth) were randomly collected from each forest. We determined phosphorus (P) fraction in the soils following the method of Tiessen & Moir (1993). Inorganic nitrogen (N) and exchangeable cations were determined by using the extract with 1.5N KCl. P and N in collected fresh litter were determined by using Kjeldahl digests with concentrated H 2 SO 4 and H 2 O 2 . We calculated mean values of soil elements in each forest and examined the relationships with temperature and precipitation. Temperature and precipitation data were cited from the publicized national numerical average data. Both data do not correlate with each other. Soil total P (Pt) and inorganic N had a significant positive correlation with temperature but not with precipitation. Occluded-P (Occl-P) had a strongest negative correlation with temperature among P fractions. On the other hand, exchangeable cation had a stronger negative correlation with precipitation than with temperature. Pt and inorganic N had a negative correlation with each nutrient-use efficiency. P is an essential element whose primary source is the weathering of minerals in parent materials. Considering that the pedogenesis on Yakushima Island is merely 7300 years, P in current topsoil must be derived primarily from the Akahoya volcanic ash. According to Walker & Syers (1976), Pt and acid extractable Ca-P in soils decrease along a pedogenesis chronosequence. In addition, Occl-P being unavailable to plants, increases with the progress of weathering. However, our results indicate that Occl-P is higher at lower elevations and that Pt is lower at higher altitudes where the intensity of weathering is low because of low temperature. Moreover, Ca-P, which is a primary mineral P in parent materials, decreases with increasing elevation. These results are not in accordance with the model of Walker & Syers (1976). We suggest that temperature and precipitation have intricately affected the weathering and leaching of nutrients, and influenced the formation of P fractions. At higher elevation sites, annual rainfall exceeds annual evapotranspiration. As soil organic matter is decomposed, soils will be reduced by respiration of microbes and soil pH will be lower. Consequently, at higher elevation, acid extractable Ca-P and aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) are dissolved and then P bound to Al and Fe are leached from topsoil. At lower elevation sites, Occl-P is formed but Pt is also kept and soil inorganic P as a plant available form is higher. Soil inorganic N is also higher at lower elevations probably due to the direct effects of temperature as well as the indirect effects via P availability; the two effects are, however, inseparable in this study. In conclusion, the availability of P and N varied across elevations primarily due to temperature, which in turn determined P-and N-use efficiencies of the forests. Today's vegetation is, thus, formed via the effects of soils as a function of temperature in addition to the direct effects of temperature on plants.


Vibrio vulnificus Sepsis is a kind of acute and fatal diseaseand causes rapidly progression which takes place along the coast.The experiment shows that Piperacillin,Levofloxacin,Cefoperazone and Netilmicin have a good therapeutic effect repectively to mouse affected Vibrio vulnificus.The combination therapy with Cefoperazone and Levofloxacin,Cefoperazone and Netilmicin,Netilmicin and Doxycycline is more advantageous than the single Antimicrobial Agent.The clinical study shows that earlier diagnosis,earlier Antimicrobial Agent combination therapy,earlier cleaning necrosis tissues and amputate extremity can heighten survival rate obviously.


The article is dedicated to the 160th anniversary of the first publication of the Trudy Kyivskoi dukhovnoi akademii (1860–2020) scholarly collection in 1860. Information on the history of the formation and functioning of the Kyiv Theological Academy (KTA) academic collection is provided. Attention is centered on the latest research of Kyiv Orthodox Theological Academy academic staff, published in the latest issue of Trudy Kyivskoi dukhovnoi akademii (No. 19, 2019).


Northern Corn Leaf Blight (NCLB) is a fungal disease and it is a stumbling block in maize production. Moreover, conventional field evaluation of a large number of maize hybrids for NCLB is expensive as well as time consuming. This study was done to evaluate initially the 36 maize hybrids in field condition for NCLB resistant and agronomic parameters were measured. Twelve best maize hybrids resistant to NCLB were screened at molecular level by using specific primers of Ht1, Ht2, and Ht3 and HtN genes. Finally, we compared molecular data with morphological data to pinpoint the maize hybrids with enhanced resistance against NCLB. The results showed that germination of 36 hybrids including three check hybrids (commercial ones) were not statistically different except pwx-131-6. Hybrid FRW2 x PSE.3-157-5-4-2 showed maximum yield 11.474 tons per hectare followed by check hybrid CH-III (30 k08) with 11.018 tons per hectare among all finally 12 selected hybrids. Disease ranking showed that both above high yielding hybrids were resistant to NCBL. In addition, both hybrids showed the presence of all resistant genes Ht1, Ht2, Ht3 and HtN that could be involved in resistance to NCLB. Among the commercial hybrids, CH-II(BABAR) was moderately resistant to NCLB having disease ranking 2 and all the resistant genes Ht1, Ht2, Ht3 and HtN were absent in this commercial hybrid. Globally, 4 maize hybrids i.e. PSEV.315-5-4-2 × PK9, FRW2 x PSEV.3-120-2-3-2, PSEV.3-157-5-4-3 x (FRW3x FRW6)sp out of 12 maize hybrids were moderately resistant while all others were resistant according to disease ranking but variation in resistant genes were observed in all maize hybrids. The morphological and molecular based screening use in this study can be used in other plants that are sensitive to NCLB particularly using Ht1, Ht2, Ht3 and HtN genes.


For Muslims, particularly those interested in Sufism, the existence of Naqsyabandiyah sufi order has peculiar position. It is because of, among others, the considerable effect of sufi order's tenet on Islamic world, particularly in Indonesian, Indian, Chinese and Middle East countries areas. In Indonesia the effect of sufi order tenet has been distributed to nearly entire areas, including in South Celebes area. Even for South Celebes people, the existence of Naqsyabandiyah sufi order plays an important part because its existence is attributed with the great teacher in this area, Syaikh Yusuf al-Makassari. Syaikh Yusuf was believed as the first one introducing Naqsyabandiyah sufi order in Indonesia. This research studied how the method to obtain fundamental values developed in Naqsyabandiyah sufi order is. Particularly, this research would also study the tenets practiced by South Celebes people. What is its historical plot in South Celebes, and what practical benefit does affect the social life of South Celebes people, particularly from ibadah and muamalah aspects.


This paper presents a comparison between Nash equilibrium and evolutionary stable strategy by studying their meanings,properties and stability.Then it analyzes the possibility of stochastic stable state describing the evolution of players' action.The paper also demonstrates a method to calculate the stochastic stability and illustrates that strictly dominated strategy can change the stochastic stability by changing the width of basins of attraction.


Abstract Resonant frequency varies significantly due to temperature changes for microwave resonant cavities. Hence, temperature robustness enhancement is of great importance. In this paper, a resonant cavity with enhanced temperature robustness is proposed by applying the dual-material strategy to the middle cavity. Compared to the single-material cavity, the dual-material cavity can demonstrate better temperature robustness with a decrease of 72.7% in the frequency shift over the temperature range of −20 to 80°C. Moreover, the |S11| < −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 6.3% (3.39–3.61 GHz) and the gain is 20.4 dBi at 3.5 GHz for the manufactured dual-material cavity, which are much better than those of the manufactured single-material cavity. Finally, an experiment is conducted to measure the resonant frequencies with the sample solution tube of the dual-material cavity filled with nothing or 30 mg/dl CuSO4 solution, the measured values are consistent with the simulated ones. The influence of temperature drift is significantly reduced, and the feasibility of the dual-material strategy is verified.


Nowadays, the Internet of Things, intelligent systems are becoming very popular and wanted. These tools can be used for smart and fast analysis of different data. In this paper, we focused on the automatic analysis of water quality by the use of artificial intelligence methods. As the main tool for this analysis, k-nearest neighbor and artificial neural network were used. Both methods were tested, and the results were discussed in terms of selecting the best tool in the topic of water potability.


In conductive multi-plates such as printed circuit boards (PCB) or pin grid array (PGA) connectors of CPU ICs, EM fields should be analyzed because undesired coupling between Vias and Pins may occur. In addition, the shield effectiveness of the pin array in preventing the leakage of EM field should be estimated. In this paper, some examples are shown to prove that the analysis method for the scattering of a multi-wire system is effective. Some calculation results giving the electric near-field images are presented for thin-wire systems and multi-plate conductors. They clearly give the field pattern caused by scattering out of the pole conductors. These results will give intuitive estimations of the EMI and lead to better treatments in the design.


Howard, R. G. (2011). New York, NY: New York University Press, 213 pp. $24.00 (paperback). Digital Jesus is an ethnographic study of the formation and evolution of a leaderless online fundamentalis...


ABSTRACT This article examines the sport labour migration of elite footballers who have transferred from another European country to the English Premier League (EPL). Sport labour migration happens for a number of reasons, including financial gain and professional development. With this, however, comes various challenges like cultural shock and cultural dislocation. To extend the research on migration, data was gathered from autobiographies, with ten premier league footballers who had transferred from one of five selected European leagues. Results revealed a number of insights into a player migratory experience, including the importance of settling in, dealing with the characteristics of a new league, a need for positive support from the club and the negative impact of the media. Findings inform how to improve the migration experiences in both sport and other job sectors that require acculturation.


This paper discusses the design of a contact sensor for use with the Utah-MIT dexterous hand [Jacobsen, et al. 1984]. The sensor utilizes an 8 x 8 array of capacitive cells. These results extend the work presented in Siegel, Garabieta, and Hollerbach [1985], Siegel [1986], and the earlier work of Boie [1984]. Before the sensor itself is discussed, a general outline for de-signing contact sensors is proposed. By evaluating the issues raised by this outline, the ultimate usefulness of the final device is more assured. The task outline is shown below: . Ascertain the quantity to be sensed. . Ascertain how this quantity can be sensed. . Determine where the sensor is to be used. . Determine what transduction processes can be applied. . Select the most appropriate transduction process. . Model the transduction process. . Determine how the sensor should be fabricated. . Build and test the sensor. It should be noted that designing tactile sensors is an exercise in evaluating engineering tradeoffs. Each of the above steps constrain the entire design process. The outcome of the latter steps will often force reevaluation of decisions made in earlier steps.


In this paper the examination and validation of acoustics of power transformers using finite element method and experimental tests were performed. The development of the modelling system allows the precise and efficient computation of the coupled mechanical and acoustic fields of a three-phased transformer. The measured and the simulated values are found to be in good agreement.


AbstractReinforced masonry shear walls with boundary elements have been introduced recently as a seismic force–resisting system as alternative to traditional reinforced masonry shear walls with rec...


This study aimed to give a general description on the coordinated index between economy and environment and review briefly the current domestic and foreign economic and environmental coordinated index model.Furthermore,the evaluation system for ecological environment and the coordinated index between environment and economy of Xining City were developed.Evolution trends and dynamic changes of the coordinated index between environment and economy from 1999 to 2005 in Xining City were evaluated by developed model.Finally,specific countermeasures were put forward based on the environmental and coordinated economic development reality of Xining City.


Auditory processing, as we understand, refers to how the individual handles with auditory information. The importance of auditory perception of sound sequences and temporal patterns in acquiring and comprehending symbolic components of language is well recognized. Acoustic properties of speech may be limited to the basic components of duration and frequency analysis. Speech signals are the most important events we receive through hearing and, as we know, speech patterns may be compromised in Parkinson's disease. AIM: To evaluate the performance of subjects diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in Duration and Frequency Pattern Tests. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical prospective. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Nonverbal stimuli identification was evaluated in three different modes of response: humming, verbal labeling and indicating. Stimuli were characterized by sequences of three or four elements, varying in duration and frequency. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed considering mode of response; better results were obtained for three-element sequences than four-element sequences and for duration patterns in comparison to frequency patterns. Subjects with Parkinsons's disease demonstrated poorer performance than normal subjects. CONCLUSION: Temporal ordering is a very important function of the central auditory nervous system. This ability enables the listener to discriminate sound patterns based on auditory ordering or sequencing. Therefore, our findings are important since they stimulate further studies concerning analysis and interpretation processes in patients with Parkinson's disease.


OBJECTIVES
Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) has been used in observational studies to reduce selection bias. For estimates of the main effects to be obtained, a pseudo data set is created by weighting each subject by IPTW and analyzed with conventional regression models. Currently, variance estimation requires additional work depending on type of outcomes. Our goal is to demonstrate a statistical approach to directly obtain appropriate estimates of variance of the main effects in regression models.

METHODS
We carried out theoretical and simulation studies to show that the variance of the main effects estimated directly from regressions using IPTW is underestimated and that the type I error rate is higher because of the inflated sample size in the pseudo data. The robust variance estimator using IPTW often slightly overestimates the variance of the main effects. We propose to use the stabilized weights to directly estimate both the main effect and its variance from conventional regression models.

RESULTS
We applied the approach to a study examining the effectiveness of serum potassium monitoring in reducing hyperkalemia-associated adverse events among 27,355 diabetic patients newly prescribed with a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor. The incidence rate ratio (with monitoring vs. without monitoring) and confidence intervals were 0.46 (0.34, 0.61) using the stabilized weights compared with 0.46 (0.38, 0.55) using typical IPTW.

CONCLUSIONS
Our theoretical, simulation results and real data example demonstrate that the use of the stabilized weights in the pseudo data preserves the sample size of the original data, produces appropriate estimation of the variance of main effect, and maintains an appropriate type I error rate.


Robert Sanders is Lecturer in the Department of Social Policy and Applied Social Studies at the University of Wales Swansea. He has a B.Sc. (Psychology) and an MA (Psychology) from New York, and obtained his CQSW and M.Sc. (Applied Social Studies) at the LSE. He has practised in local authority child and family work, specializing in under 5's services, child protection and children in substitute family care before entering the training and education field in 1989.


Emerging single-cell technologies profile different modalities of data in the same cell, providing opportunities to study cellular population and cell development at a res-olution that was previously inaccessible. The first and most fundamental step in analyzing single-cell multimodal data is the identification of the cell types in the data using clustering analysis and classification. However, combining different data modalities for the classification task in multimodal data remains a computational challenge. We propose an approach for identifying cell types in multimodal omics data via joint dimensionality reduction. We first introduce a general framework that extends loss based dimensionality reduction methods such as nonnegative matrix factorization and UMAP to multimodal omics data. Our approach can learn the relative contribution of each modality to a concise representation of cellular identity that enhances discriminative features and decreases the effect of noisy features. The precise representation of the multimodal data in a low dimensional space improves the predictivity of classification methods. In our experiments using both synthetic and real data, we show that our framework produces unified embeddings that agree with known cell types and allows the predictive algorithms to annotate the cell types more accurately than state-of-the-art classification methods.


AIM: To observe the efficacy of intravenous low dose esmolol in treating patients with supraventricular tachyarrythmias(SVT). METHODS: A total of thirty patients with STV:including ten patients with sinus tachycardia, seven patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, nine patients with atria fibrillation and four patients with flutter [M 17,F 13;age(48± s 15 a) received iv bolus esmolol 3-5 mg, and followed by an intravenous drip 1-3 mg·min -1. The ventricular heart rate and blood pressure, ECG were recorded before and after treatment 1 h of treatment. RESULTS: The heart rate after treatment 1 h was (99±31) beat·min -1 obvious lower than (147±16)beat·min -1 before treatment (P0.01). The total effective rate was 83 %. It was effective for the treatment of the above four types of SVT. Hypotension occurred in only one patient, and resolved within 20 min after discontinuation of esmolol infusion. CONCLUSION: The result of the study indicates that intrarenous low dose esmolol is effective for the treatment of SVT.


A universal and efficient multi-DSP parallel processor based on FPGA is presented and tested with computer simulation. The simulation conclusion confirms that the Read-Write clock period accords with DSP's, so that the system can implement parallel process with high speed in and achieve the design goal.


Taught systems such as artificial neural network (ANN) can be used for data interpretation of electric logging. Using only the ANN algorithm gives the result of coincidence between interpretable data and experimental results in certain samplings from 66% to 73%. But using additional algorithms of recognition and comparing the results of recognition could enhance quality of recognition by 1-3%. The problem of building recognition system by ensemble of classification algorithms was formulated. The paper describes the recognition algorithms which used in research, results of recognition and the process of construction of Recognition System.


Characteristics of Hg0 re-emission in a wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system were investigated on the basis of a bubble column. Five addition agents were used to inhibit Hg0 re-emission and improve removal of gaseous mercury. The results show that SO32– plays an important role in Hg0 re-emission in a WFGD system. Hg0 re-emission is intensified sharply in the presence of SO32– and further intensified with the increase of the SO32– concentration. Hg0 re-emission is strengthened at a higher temperature of desulfurization slurry. However, the removal efficiencies of both Hg2+ and total gaseous mercury decrease significantly with an increasing slurry temperature. The decreasing amplitude of total mercury removal efficiency is slightly higher than that of Hg2+. In addition, the re-emission rate of Hg0 declines first and then increases with an increasing pH value. A least Hg0 re-emission is observed at a pH value of 5.5. Fenton reagent, NaClO, K2S2O8, Na2S, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can in...


A nine year-old boy presented with progressive weakness, ataxia, headache, nistagmus, dysarthria and difficulty swallowing for 3 days. The clinical situation deteriorated with recurrent seizures and a decreased level of consciousness only to pain stimuli. The cerebrospinal fluid revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis-58 WBC/mm3 (normal value: <5 WBC/mm3). The mag netic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed multiple T2W hyperintense tumefactive white matter lesions in both cerebral hemispheres, with a peripheral rim of restricted diffusion, not enhanced after contrast administration. (Fig. 1) The radiologist suggested differential diagnosis between Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In neuroborreliosis, MRI of the brain typically shows T2W hyperintense small periventricular white matter lesions resulting from demyelination, which can mimic MS. Multiple tumefactive demyelinating lesions, as in the present case, are unusual, and appear more like ADEM than MS (but this does not exclude it) as does the clinical course with encephalopathy. The MRI images persisted long after clinical improvement, different from ADEM, were we expect related lesions to eventually disappear. On the other hand, encephalopathy is not a typical feature of MS, while is typical in ADEM and infections. We did not find similar MRI findings of neuroborreliosis in the literature, but with the positive result of total antibodies for Borrelia burgdorferi intrathecally by ELISA, we concluded it was a case of LNB (three criteria for definite LNB fulfilled). The clinical situation improved with Ceftriaxon treatment (28 days). Currently the child does not have any neurological sequellae. We would like to underline that LNB should be included in the


In this paper, a novel self-calibration method is developed for a camera attached to a mechanical system with known kinematics. An innovative least squares estimator is developed to compute the unknown intrinsic and extrinsic camera calibration parameters while an adaptive parameterized error prediction formulation is presented to compensate for the unknown pixel coordinates of the static objects projection. The estimator is based on a Lyapunov stability analysis which verifies convergence of the signals provided a persistent excitation condition is satisfied. Simulation results with and without additive pixel noise are also provided to illustrate the performance and robustness of the algorithm.


Stewardship theory rejects fundamental postulates of agency theory and enlightens in a different way the phenomenon of top management turnover. From stewardship theory perspective managers are not self-interested and primarily take account of organizational interest ; they try to do their work properly and they try to be good managers of organizational assets. Managers – stewards build trust and develop organizational commitment what will consequently result in achieving normative and instrumental organizational goals. Stewardship relation is absolutely diverse to agency relation, with interpersonal trust between principal and manager as fundamental category. Distrust or loss of trust may explain the phenomenon of top management turnover regardless whether it occurs in situation when corporate control changes or not. There are many examples of managerial behaviour in business world which could be characterized as attributes of stewardship relation. However, in literature there are none theoretical or empirical papers that deal with management turnover from stewardship theory perspective. Our goal is to develop research assumptions concerning methods and types of top management turnover when stewardship relations are dominant in governing structures.


This year marks the centennial celebration of the Wright Brothers' first powered flight, which took place on an isolated strip of beach in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina-a milestone that has impacted generations of travelers for years to come.


A mobile electronic device has a touch screen display, a processor operably coupled to the touch screen display, and a network interface coupled to the processor. An array of one or more tactile pixels is located on the display or proximate the display along at least one edge of the touch screen display. Each of the tactile pixels in the array includes an actuatable portion coupled to an actuator. The actuatable portion is actuatable by the actuator in response to execution of one or more instructions by the processor. A tactile feel of the actuatable portion changes as a result of actuation of the actuatable portion by the actuator. This abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.


The paper deals with squeeze casting technology. For this research a direct squeeze casting method has been chosen. The influence of process parameters variation (casting temperature, mold temperature, pressure) on mechanical properties and structure will be observed. The thicknesses of the individual walls were selected based on the use of preferred numbers and series of preferred numbers (STN ISO 17) with the sequence of 3.15, 4.00, 5.00, 6.00 and 8.00 mm. The width of each wall was 22 mm with a length of 100 mm. As an experimental material was chosen the AlSi12 and AlSi7Mg0.3 alloys. The mechanical properties (UTS, E) for individual casting parameters and their individual areas of different thicknesses were evaluated. In the structure the influence of pressure on the change of the eutectic morphology, the change of the volume of eutectic and the primary alpha phase, the effect of the pressure on the more fine-grain and the regularization of the structure were evaluated.


We consider a combination of the capacitated vehicle routing problem and a class of additional loading constraints involving a parallel machine scheduling problem. The work is motivated by a real‐world transportation problem occurring to a wood‐products retailer, which delivers its products to a number of customers in a specific region. We solve the problem by means of two different metaheuristics algorithms: a Tabu Search and an Ant Colony Optimization. Extensive computational results are given for both algorithms, on instances derived from the vehicle routing literature and on real‐world instances. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(4), 294–307 2007


T HE CHALLENGE is a long~standing one for senior managers: How do you get people in your organization to work together across intemal boundaries? But the question has taken on urgency in today's global and fast-changing business environment. To service multinational accounts, you increasingly need seamless collaboration across geographic boundaries. To improve customer satisfaction, you increasingly need collaboration among functions ranging from R&D to distribution. To offer solutions tailored to customers' needs, you increasingly need collaboration between product and service groups. Meanwhile, as competitive pressures continually force companies to find ways to do more with less, few managers have the luxury of relying on their own dedicated staffs to accomplish their objectives. Instead, most must work with and through people across the organization, many of whom have different priorities, incentives, and ways of doing things. Getting collaboration right promises tremendous benefits: a unified face to customers, faster intemal decision making, reduced costs through shared resources, and the development of more innovative products. But despite the billions of dollars spent on initiatives to improve collaboration, few companies are happy with the results. Time and again we have seen management teams employ the same few strategies to boost internal cooperation. They restructure their organizations and reengineer their business processes. They create cross-unit incentives. They offer teamwork training. While such initiatives yield the occasional success story, most of them have only limited impact in dismantling organizational silos and fostering collaboration and many are total failures. (See the sidebar "The Three Myths of Collaboration.") So what's the problem? Most companies respond to the challenge of improving collaboration in entirely the wrong way. They focus on the symptoms ("Sales and delivery do not work together as closely as they should") rather than on the root cause of failures in cooperation: conflict. The fact is, you can't improve collaboration until you've addressed the issue of conflict. This can come as a surprise to even the most experienced executives, who generally don't fully appreciate the inevitability of conflict in complex organizations. And even if they do recognize this, many mistakenly assume that efforts to increase collaboration wili significantly reduce that conflict, when in fact some of these efforts for example, restructuring initiatives actually produce more of it. Executives underestimate not only the inevitability of conflict but also and this is key its importance to the organization. The disagreements sparked by differences in perspective, competencies, access to information, and strategic focus within a company actually generate much ofthe value that can come from collaboration across organizational boundaries. Clashes between parties are the crucibles in which creative solutions are developed and wise trade-offs among competing objectives are made. So instead of trying simply to


Objective To examine the refractive status of the secondary school-age students with low vision by vision screening instrument. Methods The 35 cases of secondary school-age students with low vision were divided into congenital retinopathy group( 15 cases),congenital cataract surgery with intraocular lens group( 10 cases) and without intraocular lens group( 10 cases). They were applied with hand-held vision screening instrument for optometry examination. Using adjusted chi-square test or Fisher's exact test to compare the detection rate of the groups,using adjust chi-square to compare the distribution of refractive status. Results The distribution of refractive status between congenital retinopathy group and congenital cataract surgery with intraocular lens group did not have significant differences( χ2= 1. 62,P 0. 05). the refractive status of congenital cataract surgery without intraocular lens group could not be examined. the refractive status of the congenital retinopathy group was easier to be examined( χ2= 42. 89,P 0. 05). Conclusions The refractive status of the secondary school-age students with low vision is quite complicated. Vision screening instrument could be applied to screen the refractive status in the case of congenital retinopathy.


Utilization of ultrasonic vibrations in turning operation is an advanced method to improve processing of materials. The aim of the present study was to develop a finite element model in order to investigate the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on machinability factors in turning of Inconel 718. Conventional turning in addition to linear and elliptical ultrasonic-assisted turning were simulated and the effect of these processes on cutting forces, shear angle, chip thickness, sticky zone, and temperature distributed on tool rake face was analyzed. Besides, the experimental tests were conducted and the cutting forces have been measured to validate the simulation outputs. As a result, analysis of chip formation shows that the values higher than 45° for shear angle is achieved when elliptical vibration is added to the cutting process. Furthermore, increase of shear angle coupled with decrease of temperature on tool rake face causes the sticky zone in tool–chip contact length to be reduced compared to the conventional turning. Moreover, the influence of cutting speed on tool–chip engagement time in ultrasonic-assisted turning is simulated.


Philip K. Schafer Analysis and Edition of "Deposition of several Tigua, Tano and Piro Indians before Antonio de Otermin, governor of New Mexico, concerning a suspected revolt against the Spanish" El Paso, July 19-August 1, 1683 Spanish Archives of New Mexico II, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe, New Mexico Roll 21, frames 68-122 Published under the auspices of the Cibola Project Research Center for Romance Studies Institute of International Studies University of California, Berkeley


This paper proposes using the composite cost function to solve the dynamic economic dispatch problem in power system operation. The dynamic economic dispatch must not only satisfy the system load demand and the spinning reserve capacity, but some practical operation constraints of generators, such as ramp rate limits are also considered in practical generator operation. The feasibility of the proposed composite cost function solution method is demonstrated on sample power system and it is compared with other stochastic methods in terms of solution quality and computation efficiency. The numerical simulation results showed that the proposed method was indeed capable of obtaining the higher quality solutions efficiently in dynamic economic dispatch problems


The calculation of canal transition earthwork volume is the basic work of canal design and construction.Traditional calculation is complicated with low precision.Through analyzing the traditional calculation and the principle,quadratic cubic spines interpolation calculation methods were put forward based on this,which made the calculation more simple and accurate.


BC Hydro's transmission lines operate at 69 kV to 500 kV and are mainly unshielded from lightning. The majority of 69 kV, 138 kV, and 230 kV lines are wood pole lines that have shown very good lightning performance over the years, mainly due to low keraunic levels, incidental shielding of the transmission right-of-ways by surrounding trees, and reliance on the arc quenching properties of wood. A recent rare example of a 3-phase fault on one of BC Hydro's 138 kV wood pole lines is presented in this paper. This paper explains the mechanisms that led to a 3-phase fault on the 138 kV line in question, supported by EMTP based simulation, and provides insight why this is such an unusual event in BC Hydro's system.


Abstract Twinning leisure with positive experience is the field orthodoxy. There are good reasons for this. In bidding for scarce resources, leisure professionals need to emphasize the social benefits of leisure investment. The cost is that our understanding of leisure is distorted by accentuating the positive side of experience. This paper argues that leisure studies have allowed the parameters of leisure to be defined by a medical model of social practice. Abnormal leisure has been treated as the sphere of medical practitioners, psychoanalysts and criminologists. There is no substantive reason why this is the case. Indeed the paper suggests that the relaxation of rules and inhibitions associated with many forms of leisure means that there is an elective affinity between leisure and deviant activity. In order to correct the medicalized view of leisure it is necessary to challenge both the view of leisure professionals that leisure, is about positive experience, and the category of abnormal behaviour. The...


It is widely believed that abnormal behaviour in CSF flow is due to changes in ventricular size, aqueductal diameter, brain compliance, and cerebral blood flow. In diseases such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and hydrocephalus, the normal equilibrium between blood and CSF flow is disturbed, and it is important to know the mechanisms of these flows and their relationship. Studies on normal subjects suggested that volumetric flow capacitance must be provided by a comparable volume of fluid (blood) or tissue displacement since the brain is not compressible and there is no net CSF flow in or out. We have developed a physical model of cerebral blood and CSF flows, based on the identification of an equivalent electrical circuit [2], and estimated model parameters using MRI data obtained from normal subjects.


The paper contains a short outline of the Moon's spherical astronomy. The problems of the mean and of the apparent selenocentric and lunar topocentric spherical coordinates is treated deeply. The advantages and disadvantages of the different spherical coordinate systems, such as selenoequatorial, geoequatorial, ecliptic, stellar, and Moon's horizontal, for orientation in space from the Moon are discussed. The necessary formulas are given to calculate the mean and the apparent positions of stars and other •` celestial bodies in each of the coordinate systems, regarded equally as selenocentric or lunar topocentric. The appendices contain short descriptions of all the phenomena related to the discussed coordinate systems: the Moon's precession and notation, lunar aberrations and lunar parallaxes; the general aberrational and parallactic formulas are also given.


We report here on a cross-sectional and longitudinal study showing the effects on chromium concentrations in plasma, red cells, and urine of welders exposed to varying degrees of fume from high chrome content welding rods. Significant increases were observed in the above even in workers not complaining of specific toxic symptoms


1-Substituted 3,4-dihydro- and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives were obtained in high yields from reactions of 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine with aminobenzoic and aminophenylacetic acids in polyphosphoric acid.


Knowing the isotopic signature of inorganic N in soil is an important component in understanding N cycling processes. We tested the suitability of the diffusion method, a relatively simple and inexpensive method commonly applied to samples containing 15 N at tracer level, for KCl extracts containing low amounts of NH 4 + and NO," at natural 15 N abundance. We developed methods to quantify and correct errors affecting target δ 15 N values resulting from N contamination in reagents and incomplete N recovery from KCl solution. After correcting for these sources of error, we assessed precision and accuracy. We found contamination in reagents to be negligible (0.8-2% of total sample N; sample N = target N + contaminant N) for NH 4 + diffusions but considerable (7-13.4% of total sample N) in NO 3 - diffusions containing 50 pg target N. Failure to correct for the isotopic values of contaminants, which we found to be depleted by 10%o relative to target δ 15 N, in NO 3 - diffusions would have resulted in underestimating target δ 15 N by 0.8 to 1.6‰, depending on the amounts of reagents used. We found that sample δ 15 N will be underestimated by approximately 0.2%o (NH 4 + diffusions) and 0.26%o (NO 3 - diffusions) for every 1% short of complete recovery of sample N. After correcting for reagent N contamination and incomplete recovery, we found the precision and accuracy (1 SD) of the diffusion procedure to range from 0.2 and 1.3%. We conclude that the diffusion method can be applied to KCl extracts containing 15 N at natural abundance if a precision or accuracy of <1.3%o is not required.


AREVA GmbH, PEPA1-G Radiology & Criticality, Kaiserleistr. 29, D-63067 Offenbach am Main, Germany(Dated: June 15, 2015)The interaction between nuclei and a strong zeptosecond laser pulse with coherent MeV photons is investigatedtheoretically. We provide a first semi-quantitative study of the quasiadiabatic regime where the photon absorptionrate is comparable to the nuclear equilibration rate. In that regime, multiple photon absorption leads to theformation of a compound nucleus in the so-far unexplored regime of excitation energies several hundred MeVabove the yrast line. The temporal dynamics of the process is investigated by means of a set of master equationsthat account for dipole absorption, stimulated dipole emission, neutron decay and induced fission in a chainof nuclei. That set is solved numerically by means of state-of-the-art matrix exponential methods also used innuclear fuel burnup and radioactivity transport calculations. Our quantitative estimates predict the excitationpath and range of nuclei reached by neutron decay and provide relevant information for the layout of futureexperiments.


Abstract : During the course of these experiments designed to determine the optimal cooling rate for Plasmodium berghei sporozoites, three basic observations were made: (1) The optimal cooling rate for sporozoites in whole mouse serum was in excess of 30 C/min; but was less than 100 C/min; (2) Because of these cooling rate requirements, a special apparatus would have to be built, capable of obtaining rates between 30 and 100 C/min; and (3) Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), is not the preservative of choice; therefore, a survey of other preservatives must be made to evaluate them as cryopreservatives for sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei.


The present study aimed to measure the bony orbit in adult Egyptian skulls and to assess side and sex differences. 52 dry skulls (30 males and 22 females) were used. The measurements included orbital height, orbital breadth, orbital index, orbital rim perimeter, orbital opening area, orbital bony volume and the distances between the defined landmarks and the fissures and foramina in the 4 orbital walls. Also, different shapes and locations of the inferior orbital fissure were assessed. The mean orbital height was 35.57 mm in males and 35.12 mm in females. The mean orbital breadth was 43.25 mm in males and 42.37 mm in females. The mean orbital index was 82.27 in males and 82.5 in females. The mean orbital rim perimeter was 12.60 cm in males and 12.28 cm in females. The mean orbital opening area was 12.08 cm² in males and 11.71 cm² in females and the mean orbital volume was 28.75 ml in males and 25.68 ml in females. In the superior wall, the mean distances from the supraorbital foramen to the superior orbital fissure and to the optic canal were 46.23 mm and 49.64 mm respectively in males and 45.26 mm and 48.16 mm in females. In the medial wall, the mean distances from the anterior lacrimal crest to the anterior ethmoidal foramen, to the posterior ethmoidal foramen, and to the optic canal were 26.76 mm, 35.39 mm, 47.25 mm respectively in males and 26.17 mm, 35.26 mm, 46.21 mm in females. In the inferior wall, the mean distances from the inferior orbital rim above the inferior orbital foramen to the inferior orbital fissure, to the posterior margin of the inferior orbital canal, and to the optic canal were 24.62 mm, 29.16 mm, 51.76 mm respectively in males and 23.60 mm, 27.98 mm, 50.53 mm in females. In the lateral wall, the mean distances from the frontozygomatic suture to the superior orbital fissure, to the inferior orbital fissure and to the optic canal were 39.94 mm, 29.08 mm, 44.25 mm respectively in males and 39.12 mm, 27.32 mm, 43.58 mm in females. The inferior orbital fissure was located in the inferolateral quadrant of the orbit, and 5 different types were observed in which the wide type was most frequent. Statistically significant side and sex differences were found.


The research objective is to integrate the perceptions of teachers of online courses on the theoretical foundations of collaborative learning in virtual environments and guide educational practice. The central premise is the subject constructive action to structure knowledge through social interaction. The object of research is discussed in a qualitative approach based on reflection and experience of teachers on their practice as social beings, their felt needs, sociocultural training and knowledge. The information gathered was ordered, codified through process analysis, comparison, and interpretation contract to establish collaborative learning and build the theoretical basis of this learning in virtual environments perceived by teachers. The results lead to the identification and construction of thirteen principles sized at three levels: academic staff and the social. Integracion de las percepciones de los docentes de cursos en linea sobre los fundamentos teoricos del aprendizaje colaborativo en ambientes virtuales Marta G. Ley Fuentes ______________________ Revista CAES Vol. 3, No. 1, Ano 2012 ISSN-1659-4703 225


arise. The second document that both books have in common is, however, identical. In the later chapters, Metcalfe prints more African sources. But even in the last part of his book, covering the years 1940—57, there are only seven out of 28 extracts, even if we include the debates of the Legislative Council for their African contributions. The character of the book remains the same; this too is a collection of sources for colonial history, not for African history as such. This is not intended to suggest that both books are useless. On the contrary. African history includes colonial history. The former is a relatively new field for research, but the latter has to be readjusted, reshaped, and reset in the context of Africa. We have to rewrite our own colonial history, the European historians, with the help of our African colleagues, just as we are ready to assist them in their task of writing African history. Therefore, the publication and reappraisal of sources for colonial history (in this case, British colonial history) are a necessary condition of progress for African history too. Publishing source materials means making a choice, which will always be open to discussion. But only those familiar with the British archives, from which both Newbury and Metcalfe have collected their texts, are entitled to criticise their choice. The specialised research worker, and in particular the academic teacher, will find both books most useful sources of authentic background information on their chosen periods and regions.


In 2013 the world commemorated the 150th anniversary of the outstanding thinker, Vladimir I. Vernadsky. The paper reflects the materials of the author's contribution to the conference dedicated to this event. The noospheric theory of V.I. Vernadsky appeared and developed in the intellectual environment called Russian cosmism. The development of noosphere is interpreted by the Russian cosmists as a natural and historical process, but at the same time cultural, connected with the manifestation of the personal principle on the level of the individual and the society as a whole. The biosphere transforms itself using the human consciousness, however, the person creates noosphere not only as a sphere of thoughts and ideas, but also as a part of human culture. In the contemporary history and philosophy of science addressing to cosmism is connected with the challenges of the global civilization crisis. The traditional scientificity based on ''pure reason'' does not include either values, or moral or ethical component into the inner content of science, leaving these issues for applied research. For Russian cosmists, including V.I. Vernadsky, the other approach appears more attractive the human dimension of the reality. In the Russian philosophy the necessity for searching of points of growth for the new scientificity is emphasised. Moreover, it is highlighted that the way out of the cultural and civilization crisis is in the existential wise mind, not in the technological logos. This formulation of question makes the ideas of Vladimir I. Vernadsky even more vital. Today, on the new stage of civilization development, characterised by the convergence of science and technology, two separate approaches for the noosphere concept were formed. On the one hand, it is stated that the survival of humankind (overcoming of the civilization systemic crisis) is possible only with the formation of a new noosphere, in which technosphere shall become an integral part of nature (biosphere). On the other hand, a position exists that affirms the utopic character of the noosphere ideas and exclusively historic value of this approach. The paper shows that Vernadsky's approach represents a description of self-organisation processes integrated with a single global dynamics. The nature is interpreted as a dynamic balance; the noosphere is a natural process involving consciousness, "convergence" of philosophy and science; cognition as a manifestation of inner personality. The whole approach distinctly reflects the characteristic features of the modern evolutionary-synergetic paradigm of the natural science.


Onomastics is an indispensible element in the configuration of the chivalrous personality and in the development of his various adventures. An analysis and interpretation of proper names will reveal the essence of the various characters, their qualities and their states of mind. A study of the mechanisms and principIes governing their formation (etymological invention and derivation of names) also shows that in the tales of chivalrous deeds, the name itself is a fascinating verbal adventure.


The paper by Tony Addison gives a good overview of the state of affairs with respect to debt relief and the issues that are still problematic. Addison shows that successive and ever larger rounds of bilateral and multilateral debt relief have reduced the problems for a selected group of countries, but not for all and it is not sure that debt relief is now sufficient to bring these countries onto a sustainable growth and development path. I would agree that the still problematic issues include the relationship between debt relief and aid flows, and that the impact of debt relief also deserves discussion. But debt relief in the context of international aid architecture is a complicated issue, and it is hardly possible to deal with all aspects in one paper. For a discussant this is a fortunate circumstance, since it allows me to expand and elaborate on some of these issues. First, I would like to shed some new light on the problems and challenges identified by Addison: the relation to aid flows and the impact of debt relief. And secondly I would like to elaborate on some other problematic issues of the aid and debt architecture, such as the dangers of continued lending, and the conditionality attached to debt relief.


The timing of orthodontic treatment to achieve an optimal outcome is an issue of paramount importance to clinical orthodontist. In providing orthodontic care for pediatric patients, clinicians often questioned whether to begin treatment early i.e. during the primary or early-transitional dentition or wait until all or most of the permanent teeth are present. The early treatment eliminates noxious habits, re-orientates dental-maxillary development and compensates for the structural discrepancy between teeth and bone. It would be interesting for a clinician to know what measures could be used in corrective or interceptive treatment to stop an unwanted development at an early stage and to ensure normal growth thereafter. The purpose of this article is to make the clinicians familiar with various issues of early orthodontic treatment.


A new approach to teacher training is necessary to empower teachers to teach within the new outcomes-based education system. Because the new system implies a new curriculum for teacher training, there is a need for research on how providers will have to adapt their training approach and curriculum to meet the challenges of outcomes-based education. It also implies that a model for outcomes-based curriculum design is needed. To develop a model for curriculum design of outcomes-based learning programmes, requirements for the training of teachers in the context of outcomes-based education and Curriculum 2005 were identified, as were requirements for outcomes-based curriculum design. These were used as guidelines for the development of the proposed model for curriculum design of outcomes-based learning programmes.


On 9 November 2008, the US CBS's '60 Minutes' programme took viewers to Guiyu, a town in south-eastern Guangdong, China, one of the most toxic places on Earth, known as the 'World's E-waste Terminal'. The report emphasised the shocking pollution and health hazards caused by e-waste disassembly and traced the entire production chain originating in the United States. Environmental organisations and the media began highlighting the illegal e-waste trading situation in Guiyu at the turn of this century. On 25 February 2002, the Basel Action Network (BAN) and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (SVTC) published a report entitled 'Exporting Harm', the first detailed exposé of the issue of exporting hazardous wastes from developed to developing countries, with Guiyu as the main focus (BAN and SVTC 2002). Although Guiyu has become an infamous symbol of inequality and lawlessness in international trade, solving the e-waste problem in Guiyu and China generally requires more than simply banning illegal imports. This profile will give a brief review of Guiyu and China's nationwide e-waste problem, especially recent advance in Chinese government's e-waste policy and its effects, as well as the challenges. E-waste, such as discarded electronic and electrical products or equipment, as well as their parts and components, is one of the fastest growing sources of solid wastes worldwide. With rapid industrialisation and economic development in China since the 1980s, the possession and obsolescence of electronic appliances is predicted to be on the way to reaching its peak. The Chinese possessed a total of 1.2 billion televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners and computers in 2006. In the same year, 12.6 million of these five types of products were discarded, not to mention the enormous number of discarded mobile phones, monitors, printers and other devices.


This paper introduced a specific implementation plan of High-precision Low-power Consumption wireless digital water level sensor transmitter which based on WAP300C, the design uses MCU MSP430F2013 which has a multi-channel 16-bit A / D converter as the core controller and WAP300C as wireless transmitters and receivers. it is mainly to solve the problem of hard wiring and inconvenient replacement energy in Yellow River Diversion Project culvert, and with Simple structure, high precision, low power consumption, easy to use.


Abstract : The purpose of this thesis is to explore and identify key problems in Developmental Testing and Evaluation (DTE the Javelin, a man portable antitank weapon, (AAWS-M); Enhanced Position Location Reporting System (EPLRS); the Avenger, a mounted Air Defense system, the Kiowa Warrior, an armed scout helicopter; the Maneuver Control System (MCS), command and control system; and the Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV). The thesis concludes by providing recommendations to help future testers, evaluators and program managers to better prepare for DT&E in the acquisition life cycle. Development test and evaluation, DT&E, DT&E problems.


The tomographic image of the Emeishan LIP in southwestern China, is explained by "melting of delaminated lower crustal and/or lithospheric components and associated plume-like upwelling from the mantle transition zone". In other words, a shallow origin. Such a surprising conclusion requires a scrupulous argumentation, based on verifiable predictions and hard evidence. I am afraid I do not quite see that in this paper, which presents the results of a new tomographic study with some differences with earlier images (that seems to have used more stations than this study). The argumentation is less than compelling, it does not clearly argue how today's tomographic images can give relevant information for an eruption that occurred more than 250 my ago. Laurasia


Low-lying excitations of neutron-rich nuclei with halo and skin structures have raised intriguing issues. The distribution of the transition strength in the continuum of such nuclei may reflect the twofold structure that is composed of a core and a surrounded cloud of very diffuse valence neutron(s). For instance, the Coulomb dissociation experiments on halo nuclei have revealed a concentration of substantially large E1 strengths at very low excitation energies.1–5)


The risk of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after HLA-matched sibling bone marrow (BM) transplantation is lower in Japanese than in Caucasian patients. However, race may have differential effect on GVHD dependent on the graft source. North American Caucasian and Japanese patients receiving their first allogeneic BM or peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantations from an HLA-matched sibling for leukemia were eligible. BM was used in 13% and 53% of Caucasian and Japanese patients, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the interaction term between race and graft source was not significant in any of the models, indicating that graft source does not affect the impact of race on outcomes. The risk of grades III–IV acute GVHD was significantly lower in Japanese than in Caucasian patients (hazard ratio (HR) 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57–0.96), which resulted in lower risk of non-relapse mortality in Japanese patients (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54–0.89). The risk of relapse was also lower in this group. Lower risk of non-relapse mortality and relapse resulted in lower overall mortality rates among Japanese patients. In conclusion, irrespective of graft source, the risk of severe acute GVHD is lower in Japanese patients, which results in lower risk of non-relapse mortality. this study, the incidence of grades III–IV acute GVHD was 14% and 5% in the HLA-matched sibling PBSCT and BMT, respectively, with a hazards ratio of 2.23 (95% CI, 1.04–4.78). These reports suggest that the incidence of severe acute GVHD was very low after HLA-matched sibling BMT in the Japanese population and the risk ratio of severe acute GVHD in PBSCT vs. BMT was much larger in Japanese than in Caucasian and other populations (2.23 vs. 1.39). In this context, we hypothesized that the lower incidence of acute GVHD in Japanese compared to Caucasian populations observed in HLA-matched sibling BMT will not be detectable in HLA-matched sibling PBSCT, and that there is an interaction between race and use of BM or PBSC. Furthermore, we hypothesized that this difference in severe acute GVHD rates between the races will affect other transplant outcomes and choice of BM or PBSC in HLA-matched sibling transplantation. Therefore, we accessed the large registry data of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) and the Japan Society of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (JSHCT) to compare transplant outcomes between Japanese and Caucasian patients who received BMT or PBSCT from an HLA-matched sibling. status, donor-recipient sex match, donor-recipient ABO blood group match, conditioning regimen, GVHD prophylaxis, and year of transplantation.


In the article, on the basis of the data mentioned in science for the first time, social conditions of a life of the prisoners, participating in building of the Chuisky Path are analyzed. The basic social factors, having influence on a character of building of the road of the state value are revealed and characterized.


SUMMARY
Abuscular mycorrhizal fungi are thought to survive adverse environmental conditions primarily as spores. Extraradical mycelia of two Glomus species were produced in fine mesh pouches which excluded roots but not hyphae. The mycelia in these pouches were exposed to freezing conditions, either in the field or in a controlled–temperature chamber. Bioassay plants were grown directly in the pouches and mycorrhizal colonization was assessed after 1 month. The mycelia remained infective in frozen soil over winter. This survival was not dependent on either the presence of root pieces or on the connection of mycelia to roots. Spores were not an effective inoculum in these bioassays. Overwinter survival of mycelia would enable plants to become incorporated into functional mycorrhizal associations early in spring.


Background and Purpose: Water stress is one of the major problems for urban trees. It affects a wide range of plant responses, from changes at the cellular level to the reduction in growth rates. Irrigation of trees in urban areas may provide numerous benefits important for increasing tree vitality to withstand other stresses that might occur. The aim of this study was to compare drought effects on some physiological and biochemical performances of Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) saplings grown in the urban area. materials and methods: The study was conducted during August 2012 at the Boulevard of Europe (Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia). Measurements were carried out on saplings grown in the part of the boulevard with drip irrigation system installed (Site 1) and on the saplings cultivated in the part without any irrigation system (Site 2). results: Soil moisture content was significantly higher at Site 1 with approximately 57.2%, compared to 18.7% at Site 2. The results showed that irrigated saplings were characterized by significantly higher stomatal conductance in Q. robur and C. betulus. Similarly, the content of free proline, FRAP units and the amount of malonyldialdehyde showed increased values in trees subjected to soil water deficit. In contrast, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents did not differ notably in irrigated and non-irrigated Q. robur and C. betulus trees. conclusions: Water stress significantly affected stomatal conductance and some biochemical properties of Q. robur and C. betulus saplings cultivated at the non-irrigated site. The results showed that the implementation of drip irrigation system in urban landscape is an important tool in the prevention of drought stress effects on the physiological processes of plants.


This paper demonstrates IP over ATM with congestion avoidance flow control, CEFLAR: congestion estimation feedback by limited acceleration-rate/ratio. A CEFLAR terminal adapter for STM-1 and CEFLAR nodes is developed to evaluate this characteristic. Experimental results confirm that CEFLAR can avoid the congestion state in ATM networks and control the transmitting rate without upper layer anomalies, IP packet loss and TCP re-transmission. Fair sharing of the available bandwidth is realized in local area networks. Lossless transmission on UDPI IP over ATM can be attained even in wide area networks of more than 1000 km in diameter.


This report deals with the occurrence and distribution of 70 species, representing 36 amphibians and 34 reptiles. Fourteen of the amphibians and 18 of the reptiles are reported from the Great Smoky Mountains for the first time. The records of occurrence combine those given in earlier literature and the results of field collecting by the author and his associates from June, 1934, to October, 1938. Undoubtedly as further work is done, the species list as well as the distribution of the known forms will be enlarged. This is brought out by the fact that during the last 8 months of the present study, 5 species not previously taken were added to the list and 3 others found in earlier collections. It is recognized that a survey of this nature can never be complete, and the present paper is presented only as a summation of the information up the present time.


Twayne studies are a must for literature teachers. These compact, concise studies contain exceptional scholarship and in-depth criticism and are invaluable in plan ning course work. Twayne studies place essential information at your fingertips in an easy-to-use, single volume format. For 15 years, literature professionals have ac claimed Twayne studies as excellent background references and supplementary texts. Twayne offers the largest, most comprehensive collection of original critical biographies ever published. Among the recently published titles are: A collection of essays by an important — and controversial — feminist critic. " . . . essential reading, deepening vivifying our understandings with new insights. ... It moves literary ship, criticism, thought, significantly ahead. by the Revelation; both from this biblical model to combine epic and prophecy in their poetry. It however, the combina tion closest to perfection, and it was his that a guide to the Romantic poets of the nineteenth century. In this the author his attention to Lycidas, analyzing this masterpiece in detail and showing how it looks ahead to Samson Agonistes and Paradise Regained. A learned and important book, of interest to the lover of English literature.


The fast paced digital spaces have become an extension of our physical existence and so have the institutions which were earlier limited to the offline world. This has also given rise to the problems surrounding delinquent activities such as cyber bullying. Online harassment is often done with the intention to humiliate the victim and subject them to social harms, irrespective of its implications, cyberbullying continues to be a commonplace among student populations in universities. The lack of a robust legal framework, redressal and institutional support worsen the problem, it is therefore important for educational institutions to observe, act, and inspire, safer online behaviour and spaces.

A number of jurisdictions globally have attempted to define cyberbullying in various legal instruments. All of these definitions, unfortunately, are overbroad and therefore infringe on free speech. The Indian legal framework presently has no definition of cyberbullying, and it is difficult to fit every instance into the pigeon-hole of an existing civil, or criminal, wrong. We propose an objective definition of cyberbullying. This definition must be discovered by a sample survey of persons with internet access, mental healthcare professionals, and legal experts, to arrive at an objective definition that protects persons from cyberbullying to the fullest extent possible while not infringing on free speech.

The institutional enforcement mechanism suggested is a comprehensive one with focus on ways to reduce cyber-bullying. Tackling cyber-bullying by holding offenders accountable at the same time respecting due process rights of the same alleged offender and channelling appropriate resources for the victim to reduce the harm brought in by cyberbullying. We focus on a fair impartial process. Even while the whole world loses respect for due process, we believe that it is non-negotiable.