Background This study explores the importance of various factors upon the overall satisfaction of Core Medical Trainees (CMTs) in the Yorkshire and Humber Deanery to aid targeting of improvement efforts. Methods Responses for all CMTs in Yorkshire and the Humber to all questions and domains from the UK National Training Survey 2017 were correlated with a marker of overall trainee satisfaction. Questions with high and low degrees of correlation were identified, as well as recurrent themes. Results Clinical supervision appears to be closely related to overall trainee satisfaction, frequently correlating well, whereas educational supervision does not. Almost all themes with high correlation were regarding day-to-day experience, whereas those correlating poorly were regarding infrastructure issues. Conclusions Assuming similar costs, to improve overall trainee experience the most limited resources are probably best targeted at those factors influencing day-to-day experience, such as freeing consultant time for clinical supervision rather than developing one-off trainee experiences.


This article has analyzed the influence of natural environment on concrete structures and described briefly the requirement for corrosion protective coatings on concrete structures and the conventional protective measures.


Improved material efficiency as a means of improving product sustainability scoring is of large
interest. Here a theoretical idea of how collection rate, reliability and simple refurbishing affect the life cycle
score is presented. There is some misconception that repair, refurbishment and remanufacturing would bring
huge benefits in bringing down the environmental impact and amounts of electrical and electronic waste. Here
is suggested that longevity of the first new product is superior to other operations such as repair, reuse, and
upgrade strategies under the present low collection rates. However, refurbishing a product with spare parts
might be interesting environmentally if the collection rate is very high. The ideas are demonstrated for a typical
smartphone via simplified attributional Life Cycle Assessment. It seems like massively increasing the
collection rate - and designing resilient smartphones - would systemically be very effective and efficient for
reaching a high material efficiency. The answer is not to refurbish, repair or replace, instead the answer is to
use the first new product as long as technically possible.


ASSESSING THE VALUE OF CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONS University of California, Irvine 3200 Berkeley Place Irvine, California 92697-4650 and School of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science, University of California, Irvine Copyright © 1999, James Danziger AUTHORS: James N. Danziger JoAnne S. Jennings Sung Chul Park INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) TRAINING September 1999 Acknowledgement: This research has been supported by grants from the CISE/IIS/CSS Division of the U.S. National Science Foundation (Computer Intelligent Systems and Engineering Division – CISE) grant (ECC-9806253) and the NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (CISE/EEC) to the Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO) at the University of California, Irvine. Industry sponsors include: ATL Products, the Boeing Company, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Canon Information Systems, IBM, Nortel Networks, Rockwell International, Microsoft, Seagate Technology, Sun Microsystems, and Systems Management Specialists (SMS).


The active participation of international organizations in international affairs becomes an important performance and character in the era of globalization.Each nation has already been closely related with international organizations for its prosperity or decline.The rising of China,and the importance and particularity of Chinese international position have exerted a conspicuous influence on China's participation in international organizations,and on the identification,acceptation to China of international organizations.At present,the relations between China and international organizations have shown a trend of mutual impact,promoting and positive interaction,which will have great significance to China's development and also the peace and development of international society.


To understand the spectrum of proteins affected by diabetes and to characterize molecular functions and biological processes they control, we analyzed the renal cortical proteome of db/db mice using 2‐DE combined with MALDI‐TOF, MALDI‐TOF/TOF, and LC‐MS/MS. This approach yielded 278 high confidence identifications whose expression levels were significantly increased or decreased >two‐fold by diabetes, of which 170 mapped to gene identifiers representing 147 nonredundant proteins. Gene Ontology classification demonstrated that 80% of these proteins modulated physiological functions, 55% involved metabolism, ˜25% involved carboxylic and organic acid metabolism, 14% involved biosynthesis or catabolism, and 12% involved fatty acid metabolism. Predominant molecular functions were catalytic (61%), oxidoreductase (20%), and transferase (17%) activities, and nucleotide and ATP binding (11–15%). Twenty eight percent of the proteins identified as significantly altered by diabetes were mitochondrial proteins. The top‐ranked network described by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis indicated PPARα was the most common node of interaction for the numerous enzymes whose expression levels were influenced by diabetes. These differentially regulated proteins create a foundation for a systems biology exploration of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy.


A large number of product innovations in Islamic banking have been achieved globally through the usage of wa'd. However, little is known about the product innovation in the Islamic banks of Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aims at examining the development of wa'd-based product in the Islamic banking of Bangladesh. It analyzes the product structures that involve wa'd and attempts to find out the Shariah issues and other challenges. Besides, it suggests potential mechanism to innovate more products based on wa'd for the Islamic banks in Bangladesh. The study adopts a case study approach where two full-fledged Islamic banks and one Islamic banking window are selected. The study conducts semi-structured interviews with the bankers and Shariah advisors in Bangladesh. Besides, it employs document analysis method to strengthen the findings. The study finds out that even though wa'd has much potential, it has been used only in three consumer banking products. Due to the stringent position


Abstract: The majority of epidermal CD8+ T cells in chronic plaque psoriasis are activated Tc1 cells producing interferon‐γ and no interleukin‐4, a small proportion of which express NK‐T receptors. To quantitate their level of cytokine production and characterize them further, CD8+


In the first part of his presentation, Dave Thomas examined current technology trends and the future direction of technologies such as mobility, cloud computing, "Big Data", NoSQL databases (tinyurl.com/yes8tem), computer languages and development processes, and outsourcing to cyborgs and robots. Particular emphasis was placed on the explosive growth in new technologies that take advantage of the availability of massive computational power, which is a key driver for future technology.


ABSTRACT As a shopping behavior trend, home shopping has become more popular. This shopping method seems to decrease shopping trips, yet more delivery trucks are required to be on the roads. In addition, even more personal trips may occur because saving time on shopping might allow more time for alternate activities. A study investigated the effects of home shopping on vehicle operations and greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of that study was to identify the home-shopping impacts on transportation system, its net effects on traffic volume of the transportation network, its effects associated with environmental sustainability and then to provide some projections for future condition. Simulation results showed that home shopping will put additional burden on Newark transportation network, as identified through four measures of effectiveness (MOEs) which were travel time, delay, average speed and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.


Background: Although yoga is an effective treatment for chronic low back pain (CLBP), little is known about the mechanisms responsible for its benefits. Objective: To study the effect of Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) on disability, depression, and pain in patients with CLBP. Method: Seven days intensive residential IAYT program in a single group pre-post study was conducted in a holistic health centre at Bengaluru, India. Thirty-five patients (22 females, 13 males) with CLBP were selected conveniently to undergo the IAYT program. The IAYT program was a combination of Asanas (physical postures), Pranayama (breathing practices), and meditation, apart from interactive sessions on the philosophical concepts of yoga. The modified Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Straight Leg Raising (SLR) Test were administered before and after the IAYT program. Statistical Analysis: The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 was used for statistical analysis. The Shapiro–Wilk test showed that the data was normally distributed. Paired samples t-test was used to compare the means. Results: The data analysis showed significant change (p< 0.001, in all cases) with 54.13% decrease in the RMDQ scores (t = 0.759), 36.46% increase in right (t = 0.887) and 36.04% (t = 0.884) in left SLR scores, and 71.47% decrease in BDI scores (t = 0.797). Conclusion: The present study suggests that 7-day intensive residential IAYT program reduces disability and depression and improves spinal mobility in patients with CLBP. Thus, yoga may play a vital role in the management of CLBP. Additional randomized control trials are needed before a strong recommendation can be made.


From February through August, 1969, I was at the Institute for Oceanography and Fisheries in Split, Yugoslavia, on an exchange visit sponsored by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Council of the Yugolsav Academies of Science and Art. The objective of my research, developed in response to a need described in the Yugolsav and FAO literature, was to evaluate the suitability of several methods of tagging sardines-the principal species in the Yugolsav fishery in the Adriatic Sea. Secondary objectives were to visit other marine biological stations on Yugolsavia's Adriatic Coast, to present seminars, and to discuss research with individual scientists. The under-


(13, Loncomán Cave CLO, Rio Negro province). The overrepresentation of skull bones and distal elements of the limbs, the high degree of fragmentation in the bone sample, and the defined pattern of thermal alteration, mostly affecting distal segments of tibias, incisors, premaxillaes and mandibles of caviomorpha species, allowed to include them into the list of species exploited by hunter-gatherers from the northern Patagonian steppes. For northeastern arid Patagonia, the consumption of the cricetid rodent Holochilus brasiliensis and Caviidae species was proposed based upon the presence of cut Abstract The consumption of small mammals was a widespread practice between indigenous societies worldwide. Modern taphonomic studies carried out upon bone assemblages from archaeological sites in northern Patagonia (Argentina) demonstrate that Caviomorph rodents were also included in the diet of Patagonian populations, both from the steppe and the forests, at least since the Late Holocene. The revision of historical and ethnographical documents written by priests, naturalists and ethnographers during c. XVI-XX allow to corroborate that rodents were intensively exploited in Patagonia, continental and insular. Bones, meat and skin of the animals were employed for diverse purposes, and the gathering activity was guided by women and children.


Real world multivariate time series pose three significant challenges: irregularity in sampling, missing values and varying sampling frequencies among signals. Recent work for inference on such data aims at solving one of these issues, however a unified model is still lacking. We present a unified method which handles all three: Multi-resolution Attention with Signal Splitting (MASS). Our method is model-agnostic and can be applied to any existing model, significantly boosting predictive performance. MASS uses parallel multi-resolution block to model different resolution data streams, in addition to splitting signals into components of specific resolutions, to provide approximately a 3% improvement on the Physionet Challenge 2012 Dataset. We also compare to the state of the art TBM and GRUD models, showcasing promising results against them.


Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) are relatively new energy harvesting devices that show promise for effectively capturing vibrational energy. However, they have unique capacitive characteristics unlike many existing energy harvesting transducers. In order to develop proper power conversion circuits for TENGs, they must be first modeled and analyzed. A TENG is emulated using numerical simulation and analyzed to determine the optimal output resistance and its dependance on frequency. Simulation results indicate that lower frequency and lower amplitude of the plate movement requires very high optimal output resistance, while higher frequency and higher amplitude decreases the optimal output resistance to a more reasonable value.


A device for scattering the material in a vacuum chamber, - movable in a plane, has a target device having at least one target which can be connected as a flat and a cathode, A stationary target environment, an anode device having a driving device which is associated arranged in the target device, at least one anode which is associated arranged to the target, In of the type and a magnetic device for generating a magnetic field to help free the material from scattering surface of the target, at least one non-rotationally symmetric advantageously configured as a rectangular target plate target is provided, the target is the target device - has been proposed to be movable in a plane. The present invention also relates to a method of scattering the material.


Allergenic mould fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus well known for its invasive aspergillosis disease is intrinsically resistant to most of the fluconazole group of medicines. It was studied that the mutations encoding 14a-sterol demethylase has the capacity to make triazole-resistant to this clinical fungal isolates. The present study is a multiplex allele-specific PCR assay targeting mutations for rapid detection of azole-resistant A. fumigatus for suitable patient management. During the present work clinical and wild isolates of A. fumigatus were employed to evaluate MAS-PCR, which was confirmed by direct DNA sequencing of cyp5 IA98 region from selected isolates of A. fumigatus. MAS-PCR assay was successfully developed to simplify the rapid detection of L98H mutation in cyp51A gene that confers the resistance to triazoles in A. fumigatus strains. The assay would help in primary acknowledgement of triazole-resistant A. fumigatus strains for proper management of patients with invasive aspergillosis.


A method of manufacturing a support for olefin polymerization catalysts comprising silica, aluminum phosphate and optionally alumina, which comprises adding, in a first step, a silica source selected from soil alkaline aqueous silica and alkaline aqueous solutions of inorganic silicate, to an aqueous solution of an ion source of phosphate pH below 5, the pH of the medium being maintained below 5 throughout the first step, added in a second step, an aluminum compound to the medium obtained from the first step is formed, in a third step, a precipitate by adding to the medium resulting from the second step of a precipitation agent, pH of the medium precipitation is maintained greater than or equal to 5.


As the flight missions become complicated, the workload of pilots in flight is increasing gradually, which can cause extremely dangerous flight accidents. Therefore, real-time assessment of the workload of pilots in flight is necessary, but there are many factors involved in the assessment, and the assessment factors need to be selected. In this paper, by designing three kinds of flight missions with different difficulty levels, the pilot's physiological data during the flight experiments and the results of the questionnaires filled out after the experiments are collected. Then statistical hypothesis test is used to analyze whether the data changes significantly with the difficulty. The final results show that the sensitivity of the EMG, heart rate, abdomen expansion, and questionnaire results is significant, and the sensitivity of the SpO2, pulse, and chest expansion data is slightly significant. Finally, a preliminary model for pilot workload real-time assessment is established based on the fuzzy cognitive map and sensitive indicators, laying a foundation for further accurate assessment in the future.


OBJECTIVE To know about the drug resistance of the common antibacterial drugs and the bacteria isolated from clinics,to provide reference for the rational use of drugs.METHODS The isolated bacteria were cultured and the results of drug sensitive tests were analyzed statistically,the drug sensitive test was conducted by using ATB drug sensitive reagent and matching system supplied by BIOMERIEUX.RESULTS Sum of specimens sent for the examination was 23 089 shares,Totally 2701 strains of pathogens were isolated,the isolated rate was 11.70%.Among the gram positive cocci,Staphylococcus aureus were 139 strains,accounting for 5.15%,Coagulase-negative staphylococci were 146 strains,accounting for 5.41%,Enterococcus were 287 strains,accounting for 10.63%.The drug resistant rate of gram positive cocci to penicillin was over 91.00%,Among the isolated gram negative bacteria,E.coli were 523 strains(19.36%),K.pneumoniae were 281 strains(10.40%),P.aeruginosa were 219 strains(8.11%),62 strains of E.cloacae(2.30%),405 strains of A.baumannii(14.99%).The drug resistant rate of E.coli to piperacillin was 78.78%,the resistant rates of A.baumannii and P.aeruginosa to cefotaxime were 80.74%-82.19%.CONCLUSION The drug resistance of the pathogens keep an upward tendency,multi-drug resistance becomes more and more severe.To develop the drug resistant surveillance to bacteria and master the dynamics of drug resistance have great importance to direct the rational application of antibiotics in clinics and effectively control the nosocomial infection.


1. Pursuant to Section 73.682 of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations, all commercial advertisements and promotional announcements embedded in programs carried on the Antenna TV network have been processed in compliance with the loudness control practices contained in Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) A/85: Recommended Practice: Techniques for Establishing and Maintaining Audio Loudness for Digital Television ("ATSC A/85 Recommended Practice") at the point of distribution by the Antenna TV network to the affiliated television stations.


Welcome to the first issue of volume 21 (2012) of Ethnomusicology Forum. This issue marks a number of changes in the 'backroom' responsibilities for Ethnomusicology Forum, with Trevor Wiggins replacing Laudan Nooshin as an editor, and Eleni Kallimopoulou taking over from Hwee-San Tan as reviews editor. If that was not enough, Simone Krüger, who is the continuing co-editor, began a year of maternity leave in December 2011 and gave birth to a baby boy just after Christmas* congratulations Simone! On behalf of the new editorial team, I would like to thank both Laudan and San for their commitment and quality of work during their tenure and for the way in which they continued to develop, promote and evolve the journal. This issue contains four substantial articles, with Fernando Rios (Maryland) and Jesse Samba Wheeler (UCLA/Fulbright) providing South American bookends, while Catherine Grant (Queensland Conservatorium) and Willemien Froneman (Stellenbosch) focus on issues of safeguarding, and the life and work of Jo Fourie, respectively. There is also a bumper reviews section reflecting the number of recent monographs and edited volumes demonstrating research and writing of the highest calibre. In the first article, Fernando Rios starts with the Andean Conjunto and the Bolivian Sikureada as case studies to examine presentational cultural performance styles. He presents a detailed analysis of these in relation to their contexts, and their purported origins and sources of inspiration, proposing a continuum to locate these relative to their sonic fidelity or resemblance to a source genre. He then goes on to examine this thesis in relation to music from outside South America, focusing on the Caribbean, proposing that the sonic element should also be part of the study of processes of localisation and change across both 'folkloric' and 'popular' styles. Catherine Grant looks at the notion of 'safeguarding' in relation to musical traditions that may be changing in response to social contexts. Locating this within applied ethnomusicology that acknowledges the engagement with the music and community that is common for many researcher-musicians, she examines the parallels with language support or preservation. What initiatives are effective and in which ways? Her musical example is the Vietnamese vocal chamber music tradition of ca trù, which now appears on UNESCO's list of masterpieces that are 'in urgent need of safeguarding'. The wife of a South African preacher, Jo Fourie, is the subject of Willemien Froneman's article. Fourie was, by any standards, an unusual woman for her time, interested in boeremusiek tunes that were often viewed as a rather lowly form of music at the time, and making the most of her liminal position to utilise facilities offered to her as the wife of a minister of religion, whilst investigating and recording a musical


This diary details the life of Colonel Samuel R. Harris as a commander of one of the first B-29 Heavy Bombardment Groups to reach the Marianas Islands in 1944. Focused intensely on his life in the group and his relationship with the 73rd Bomb Wing's operations, the first section of the book is an intimate portrait of war. To provide a contextual portrait of the B-29 war against Japan, the second half of the text details the aspects of how the 73rd Bomb Wing was engaged in the war against Japan. Together, they provide a well-rounded portrait of America--and one American--at war.


With regard to the low speed,unsatisfactory results and high manual intervention of color-transfer colorization algorithm,a new colorization algorithm was introduced.Firstly the problem of clustering number selection was resolved during image clustering,then object image and source image were segmented respectively using clustering algorithms.After that,histogram matching algorithm was adopted for object block images.To achieve local images colorization,the color was transferred from source block images to object block images.Finally,colorized block images were merged.The experimental results show that the algorithm is better than the previous in terms of speed,quality and automation of colorization.


We demonstrate a novel hybrid platform merging label free nanoplasmonic sensing with actively controlled nanofluidic surface delivery to overcome mass transport limitations. We show 14-fold improvement in mass transport rate constants appearing in the exponentials.


It is possible to describe the capability of an individual to use the online environment to pursue their career as their digital career literacy. It is comprised of a range of different skills including the ability to: search; evaluate resources; communicate; network with other people; develop your reputation; and utilise an ever growing range of tools and environments as part of your career building. In another article in this edition of the NICEC journal Hooley (2012) has defined digital career literacy as encompassing changing, collecting, critiquing, connecting, communicating, creating and curating. This requires both the translation of offline skills and the development of new online ones. This article sets out the experience of running the social media internship programme (SMIP), an intervention to develop students' digital career literacy at the University of Derby.


Weishui River less-polluted raw water was treated coagulated using polyaluminum chloride ( PAC) as coagulator and modified active silica as coagulant aid through jar tests.The coagulant effect was investigated and the best activated modified active silica acid 's operating parameters were determined,including the dosage of PAC and activated modified active silica acid's viscosity,holding time, adding dosage and time as well as keeping time.The turbidity removal rate was over 95% .Moreover,the economical efficiency of treatment process was evaluated.The results can provide a scientific basis for the treatment and use of surface less-polluted water.


An isospin lattice-gas model, which is a spin-1 Ising model, is employed to investigate the liquid-gas phase transition in asymmetric nuclear matter. We consider nuclear matter as a lattice where each lattice site can be either empty or occupied by a proton or a neutron, with a nearest-neighbor interaction among the nucleons. With the Bragg-Williams mean field approximation, we calculate various thermodynamic properties of nuclear matter for different densities and different proton-neutron asymmetry parameter s. Our model exhibits liquid-gas phase transition below a critical temperature T c , and predicts a monotonic decreasing of T c as the magnitude of s is increased. The dependence of the nuclear matter isotherms on the asymmetry parameter s is discussed.


S membrane devices (SPMDs) are sampling and concentrating devices comprised of a thin polyethylene membiane containing a small quantity of triolein. They have previously been used to sample air, water and sediments and have concentrated fish tainting compounds from pulp mill effluents. The ability to induce mixed function oxygenases (MFOs) is a property of a variety of organic effluents, but the compound(s) responsible for induction have not been identified. We wanted to see if SPMDs would accumulate the MFO-inducing chemical(s) from pulp mill effluents and oil refinery effluents. Dialysates of effluent-exposed SPMDs induced ethoxyresorufin-0-deethylase (EROD) activity in a fish (Poeciliopsis lucida) hepatoma cell line, PLHC-1. In pulp mill effluents and oil sands mining and refining wastewaters, potencies varied greatly, from a few to thousands of pg TCDD-EQ/g SPMD. Low levels of inducers were seen in four pulp mills on the Athabasca R., and higher levels at one New Brunswick bleached sulphite and two Ontario bleached kraft pulp mills. The highest levels of MFO inducers were in SPMDs deployed for 14 days in wastewater from an oil sands upgrading facility, as well as SPMDs deployed at two sites on Athabasca River tributaries in the oil sands area. This suggests that natural erosion and weathering, as well as industrial processing of the oil sands, can release potent MFO inducers. Background (reference) induction by SPMD extracts ranged from nonidetectable (cl) to 20 pg TCDD-EQ/g SPMD. Reactive clean-up of one of the bleached kraft mill effluent-exposed SPMD extracts on a sulfuric acid/silica gel column resulted in loss of the inducer(s), which suggested a polyaromatic hydrocarbon-type of inducing chemical(s), rather than a dioxin or furan inducer. SPMD deployments proved useful in the detection of inducers within the pulp mill process streams as extracts of SPMDs exposed to untreated bleached sulphite effluent were ten to twenty times as potent as those from secondary-treated effluent. Little is known about the nature and identity of the MFO inducers from pulp mill and refinery effluents, but the use of SPMDs as concentrators of MFO-inducing substances appears a promising avenue for future research. Parrott ~3 Jillitt Clmpter 12 Ecotoxicolo


The data reported by Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) show that the fatal casualties and severe injuries are due to heavy shaking during massive earthquakes. Current earthquake-resistant building standards do not include comfort-level performance. Hence, a new performance design philosophy is proposed in this research to evaluate the quantitative effect of earthquake-induced shaking in a building. The earthquake-induced response accelerations in a building are analysed, and the response accelerations related with the characteristic property of the building are used to evaluate the number of Seismic Intensity Level (SIL). To show the indispensability of the newly proposed comfort-level design philosophy, numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the comfort level on different floors in a building. The results show that the evaluation of residents' comfort levels should be considered in the current earthquake-resistant building design codes.


During the spring of 2006, we observed a decay of calla plants grown in plastic houses in two locations in Serbia. A soft rot type of symptoms indicated possible bacterial etiology of the disease. After microscopic examination of the diseased tissue we carried out a procedure for isolation of phytopathogenic bacteria from above and under- ground plant parts. The symptoms of natural infection were reproduced by testing the pathogenicity of the bacterial strains associated with the diseased calla plants. Based on results of bacteriological tests Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum was identified as a causal agent of calla tuber and stem base in Serbia.


The well-known human geneticist F. Vogel more than 20 years ago wrote: "Medicine is not a science; it provides rules for appropriate action. But such rules are derived from scientific knowledge. One hundred years ago, bacteriology was the leading basic science for medicine; human genetics has largely occupied this place in recent decades. In the future, molecular genetics and population genetics might become the most important scientific basis of medicine"


Their theory is logically flawed because if Jesus had been taken down from the cross and revived by friends then his followers would have seen him afterwards and would not have been hallucinating. Moreover, can we believe that this quintessentially honest man could make bogus claims about his resurrection from the dead, knowing that he had not died? Furthermore the hallucination theory is implausible because hallucinations arise from expectations or wishful thinking, whereas the record tells us that the followers of Jesus had abandoned hope and it was only with difficulty that he persuaded them that he was a


North American bison are presently divided into two subspecies: wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) and plains bison (B. b. bison). A survey was undertaken to determine the distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes among subspecies and populations. Twelve haplotypes were identified with sequence data from the control region of mitochondrial DNA from 32 bison. Mitochondrial haplotypes for 269 bison from nine populations were then determined using the polymerase chain reaction and analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Haplotype frequencies suggest genetic distances among bison populations from 0.0715 to 0.362. The extent of differentiation varies considerably. Based on the composition and phylogeny of haplotypes in the bison herds, plains bison form a paraphyletic group and wood bison form a polyphyletic group. Because neither subspecies of bison is derived from one lineage, neither is a well-defined taxon.


There have been few theoretical advancements in the theory of light-scattering
from particles since the days of Rayleigh and of those who have come later in the
early twentieth century such as Mie, Lorenz and Born. The lack of progressive
advancements in this area is a clear indication of the difficulties faced. However,
the advancement of optical sensor technology and computer systems, representing
thus an empirical advancement, have managed to produce effective means for
collecting large amounts of high quality data in a relatively short time. Such
difference in advancement between these two approaches signifies the necessity
for establishing generic approximations and tools that can be used effectively in
both domains. [Continues.]


Influence of aggregate types on the impermeability and frost-resistance of concrete with different water/cement ratios were investigated, as well as the pore structure and hydrates of the ITZ. The results show that, concrete prepared with a high water/cement ratio and using granite aggregate, presents the highest values of chloride diffusion coefficient and the lowest numbers of freeze-thaw cycles. Whereas concrete prepared with a low water/cement ratio and using limestone aggregate, obtains the similar durability results. The limestone aggregate with a rough surface and higher water absorption, has a tight bonding with the cement paste. However, the granite and basalt aggregate that formed by magma eruption, have higher activity. The XRD results demonstrate that more clinkers participate in the hydration of cement, therefore, resulting in a denser ITZ. In order to improve the concrete durability, the basalt aggregate both with higher activity and rough surface is consider optimal.


In conventional cropping systems,the application of herbicides has a negative impact on environment,human health,and other living organisms. To address this problem,a simple,yet effective texture-based weed classification method is proposed. Firstly,weed images are textured coding by means of three widely-used texture operators such as local binary pattern( LBP),local ternary pattern( LTP),and local directional pattern( LDP). Then micro-level texture patterns are used to classify weed images into broadleaf and grass categories. Finally,template matching and support vector machine are used to finish the automatic classification of weeds. The effectiveness of proposed method has been verified on the 400 weed image sample taken in by self. The experimental results show that proposed method has better classification performance compared with the latest approaches.


This dissertation aims at a kind of gas chromatography method of rapid detection of prochloraz and its degradation products in orange.Using this simple and effective method,many samples may be treated at one time without large quantities of glassware and solvent.Therefore it has more practical advantages than the previous methods.Detection limit of this method are 0.002 mg/kg,the average recoveries are 81.5% ~96.0%.Moreover,degradation curve and correlation coefficient are detected in practical samples.


This paper presents the development of an educational system for controlling power electronics systems with digital signal controllers (DSCs). This system is composed of five prototypes for the development of digital controllers. The applications were in the area of power electronics, including power converters and electrical machine drives. The kits were developed to allow verification of the models and validation of the digital controller design of the implemented circuits. The interdisciplinary nature of the educational system is highlighted in this project, where the student comes into contact with various concepts related to different subjects, such as power electronics, analog electronics, control systems, digital control, and digital signal processors.


[fre] In consumer goods industries, and more particularly in food industry, final demand is more variable. This variability concerns principaly the sales, which levels are fluctuating on short-range. To allow to organize the production's and the distribution's operations, with a reduction of stocks, new management techniques are necessary : telematics is one of these. So, the control of the information authorizes the development of new corporate strategies (« networks »).


The book explains how nurses and caretakers can help patient perform ablution and prayer. The book also includes a spiritual guidance to enhance spiritual intelligence.


Prior research on student affairs professionals has focused largely on the nature of student affairs work with most attention given to mid- and senior-level administrators. Thus, relatively little is known about new professionals and their socialization to the student affairs profession. Based on a multivariate analysis of survey data from a sample of 74 new professionals, this study found that the frequency and nature of new professionals' engagement with staff peer and non-staff peers varies. Additionally, while frequent and supportive staff peer relationships were positively assodated with new professionals' job satisfaction, they were inversely related to one's intention to leave his/her current institution or the profession altogether. Implications for future research, as well as strategies that might be established by institutions that employ new professionals, adopted by senior personnel who supervise new professionals, or promoted among new professionals for support of each other are highlighted at the end of the article. "It seems like you never can know enough... like you're always learning. I learned a lot about theory, research, and counseling strategies from the College Student Personnel program. But, I learn a lot about being an administrator, about our own [emphasis added] students, and about the importance of stuff like budgets [laugh] from my 'on the job' experiences with my colleagues." -Anonymous entry-level professional Introduction The quote above was drawn from an electronic message sent from a former master's degree student who currendy serves as assistant director of student life at a small college in the Midwest. In this excerpt, she speaks to the nexus between graduate- and "on-the-job" training but also points to the learning that results from positive interactions with one's professional peers, hereafter referred to as staff peer relationships. In general, she aUudes to the nature of staff peer relationships and their importance to the socialization of new professionals. WhUe prior research in the field of educational administration offers tangential support for this conclusion, few studies to date have focused exclusively on the nature of peer relationships and their importance to the socialization of individuals in higher education. The next section summarizes the higher education literature that undergirded the present study. Literature Review A considerable amount of research has amassed to understand the socialization of individuals to various systems and subsystems of higher education (Astin, 1993; Austin & McDaniels, 2006; Blackburn, Bieber, Lawrence, & Trauvetter, 1991; Merton, 1968; Pascarella, Terenzini, & Wohle, 1986; Tierney & Rhoads, 1993; van Maanen, 1976, 1984, 1983, 1984). These studies can be distinguished in at least three ways. Some studies examined the various ways in which undergraduate students are socialized in higher education. For instance, Pascarella, Terenzini, and Wolfie (1986) studied how freshman orientation programs affect postsecondary student persistence by way of socializing new students to college life. They found that learning about academic requirements and support services on campus, exploring course offerings, registering for classes, and engaging faculty members raised student's knowledge about and comfort with college, which, in turn, increased their likelihood to succeed. The authors also highlighted the satisfaction that new students derive from socializing with their peers during orientation. The second body of work focuses on the socialization of graduate students and faculty members to their professional roles (Cuevas & Eberhardt, 2007; Strayhorn, 2009; Tiemey & Rhoads, 1993). For instance, Tierney and Rhoads (1993) examined the socialization of faculty by focusing specifically on graduate school and involvement in professional organizations as "anticipatory learning" periods during which prospective faculty members begin to assume the values and attitudes of the group or organization (e. …


Psychological approaches have long been utilized to try to understand the mindsets of terrorists, but much of this literature has drawn on Freudian-inspired psychoanalytic approaches derived from the field of what is sometimes known as abnormal psychology. Building upon recent work which has largely dismissed the value of this kind of approach, this article suggests that we ought to draw more actively than hitherto upon newer, cognitive-based approaches to the study of terrorism. Stressing the importance of analogical reasoning in normal human reasoning, this article seeks to explain the actions of the Iranian students who stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran in November 1979. Cognitive images of "another 1953," it is argued, played an especially decisive role in the hostage takers' decision-making processes. While analogical reasoning represents only one cognitive approach to decision-making, future research in the field of terrorist studies should utilize more up-to-date "mainstream" approaches to understanding the psychology of terrorist decision-making.


international financial crisis severely strike the real estate market of China, because of this, the real estate market situations of Nanning dropped evidently, this paper apply the regression GM(1,1) methods to the demands, supplies and prices of Nanning real estate market qualitatively and quantitatively in current economy situation, finally, putting forward some pertinence measures from the aspect of government and enterprise


To provide a cask with the largest possible loading capacity of spent fuel assemblies with the largest practicable burnup and shortest cooling time within all safety requirements, AREVA TN has adapted its design process and developed a more elaborated shielding analysis method. Taking advantage of the potential heterogeneities between sources of fuel assemblies to be loaded, and the self-shielding of assemblies loaded at the basket centre by the assemblies loaded at the basket periphery, the result of this method is expressed under the shape of a linear inequalities system allowing to optimize the cask capacity and performance.


The production cross sections of the iodine isotopes have been measured radiochemically for the interaction of 47 MeV/u 12C with 133Cs,the iodine isotopic yield distribution was deduced from these data and found to be a Gaussian shape.The Gaussian curve peaks in the vicinity of ^124I and has a FWHM of 5.5 mass units.The mass loss of the most probable product,ΔAp=At-Ap,is 9.2 mass units.The area of the yield curve is as high as 111 mb.


In an information presenting apparatus (100), a riding person determining part (101) determines a person riding on a mobile unit, and a riding person information acquiring part (102) acquires information related to the riding person determined by the riding person determining part (101) (which will be referred to as 'riding-person information' hereinafter). A mobile unit driving information informing part (103) that informs, based on the riding-person information acquired by the riding person information acquiring part (102), information related to the driving of the mobile unit (which will be referred to as 'mobile unit driving information' hereinafter) to the exterior to the mobile unit.


The development of energy storage devices, i.e. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has become interesting due to the increasing utilization of renewable energies sources and electric vehicles. LiNiCoAlO2as LIBs cathode material is highly attractive for its high specific capacity and better thermal stability. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of varying available synthesis methods in order to obtain better characterized NCA material. NCA powder was obtained from solid state synthesis[1], hydroxide co-precipitation synthesis, carbonate co-precipitation[2] and direct co-precipitation, denoted as NCA-SS, NCA-HC, NCA-CC and NCA-DC respectively, characterized using X-ray diffractometer. The structure study performed by comparing the results with commercial NCA XRD patterns and confirmed indexing the XRD patterns of the samples to JCPDS 871562. Based on the structural analysis, all sample exhibited well-ordered hexagonal layered structure. From the lattice parameter study, it is concluded that the best method was established by sample obtained from direct co-precipitation.


The move from eighth to ninth grade can be an emotional time. Students experience feelings of isolation and the fear of the unknown. In the transition, grade nine students experience a number of first times that challenge their abilities to manage their time wisely and stay focused. These first times include: (a) taking a class that counts towards graduation, (b) choosing their own classes, (c) less parental supervision, (d) increased peer influence, and (e) other freedoms that high school students enjoy (McCallumore & Sparapani, 2010). To combat the "freshman problem" districts across the United States work in an effort to build strategies that assist in support of the transition from middle to high school. Grade nine transition programs or "freshman academies" have become a vital role in supporting grade nine students. These programs are small learning communities within large comprehensive high schools wherein grade nine students are separated from the total school population in an effort to create a more intimate setting (Fulco, 2009).


The measurement of several skin conditions' progression and severity relies on the accurate segmentation (border detection) of lesioned skin images. One such condition is vitiligo. Existing methods for vitiligo image segmentation require manual intervention, which is time and labor-intensive, as well as irreproducible between physicians. We introduce a convolutional neural network (CNN) that quickly and robustly performs such segmentations without manual intervention. We use the U-Net with a modified contracting path to generate an initial segmentation of the lesion. Then, we run the segmentation through the watershed algorithm using high-confidence pixels as "seeds." We train the network on 247 images with a variety of lesion sizes, complexities, and anatomical sites. Our network noticeably outperforms the state-of-the-art U-Net - scoring a Jaccard Index (JI) of 73.6% (compared to 36.7%). Segmentation occurs in a few seconds, which is a substantial improvement from the previously proposed semiautonomous watershed approach (2–29 minutes per image).


In this paper we propose one type of Bohner integration in context of statistical convergence. This wants to construct a new convergence of functions in Banach space to definite the measurable functions. We proved the Egorov theorem to get the relations between st- measurability and strong st- measurability. The main result is construction one type of Bohner integral as the statistical integral. We give the example that there are functions that are integrable by this type integration and nonintegrable by classic definition and prove some convergence theorems.


Ab initio calculations with the RHF/6–311G* basis set are used for geometrical optimization of regular pyramidal and defect quasi-tetrahedral clusters in binary As-S glasses. It is shown that quasi-tetrahedral S=AsS3/2 structural units are impossible as main network-building blocks in these glasses.


This paper estimates the effect of news positioning on the speed of price discovery, using exogenous variation in prominent ("front‐page") positioning of news articles on the Bloomberg terminal. Front‐page articles see 240% higher trading volume and 176% larger absolute excess returns during the first 10 minutes after publication than equally important non‐front‐page articles. Overall, the information in front‐page articles is fully incorporated into prices within an hour of publication. The response to non‐front‐page information of similar importance eventually converges but takes more than two days to be fully reflected in prices.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved


Objective To detect the expression of HBsAg and HCVAg in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods Immunohistochemical method was used to detect HBsAg and HCVAg protein in carcinoma tissue,paracarcinoam hepatic tissue,and serum specimens of 78 cases of HCC for comparison study.Results The positive expression rates of HBsAg,HCVAg,both HBsAg and HCVAg protein were 9.1%,6.4% and 2.6% respectively in carcinoma tissue,and 80.8%,44.9% and 29.5% respectively in paracarcinoma tissue,showing a significant difference between the carcinoma tissue and paracarcinoma hepatic tissue(P0.01).The positive expression rates of HBsAg,HCVAg,both HBsAg and HCVAg Protein between carcinoma tissue and paracarcinoma hepatic tissue were also significantly different in HCC with cirrhosis or without(P0.01).Serological detection of HBsAg and HCVAg had the same result as tissue detection by immunohistochemistry.Conclusion HBV and HCV are closely related to the carcinogenesis of HCC.Multi-factors may play roles in the long process of hepatocarcinogenesis.


To identify novel therapeutic targets, we utilize the PRISM platform, a multiplexed cell line viability technology of 500 solid tumor cell lines and correlate responses to functional genomic and baseline genetic data. We describe ESD0140656, a small molecule with selective anti-proliferative effect on colorectal and PIK3CA-mutant cell lines. Response to ESD0140656 is correlated to sensitivity to CRISPR/Cas9 KO of components of the protein lipoylation pathway and OGDH complex members, which catalyze a step of the TCA cycle. Lipoylation is a rare post-translational modification attached to just four enzymes in humans, including the OGDH complex. Knockout of the protein that transfers lipoic acid to these four enzymes (LIPT1) sensitizes cells to ESD0140656, and ESD0140656 treatment leads to reduction of lipoic acid in cells. These results suggest ESD0140656 targets the lipoylation pathway and may represent a novel therapeutic angle for colorectal and PIK3CA-mutant tumors.
 Citation Format: Laura Doherty, Tenzin Sangpo, Peter Tsvetkov, John Davis, Navid Dianati, Wolfgang Schwede, Katja Zimmermann, Laura Evans, Aldo Amatucci, Henrik Seidel, Atanas Kamburov, Gizem Akcay, Todd Golub, Ashley Eheim, Nils Burkhardt, Knut Eis, Sven Christian, Matt Rees, Jennifer Roth. Small molecule targeting the lipoic acid post-translational modification impacts proliferation of colorectal and PIK3CA-mutant cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2682.


In this study, patterns in epiphytic lichen species richness in northern and central California are mod- eled using regression techniques. Several climatic, geographic, and stand characteristic variables were included in the analysis to determine the best predictors of richness. Because the data were collected by multiple people, the potential for observer effects to impact data quality is also investigated. A stepwise linear regression identi- fi ed longitude, maximum temperature (mean annual), and overstory tree diversity as the best predictors of spe- cies richness, together explaining about 30% of the variability in the data. Accounting for data collector identity raised the percentage of variability explained to 51%.


Russian terminology school is one of the earliest and the most famous schools in the world. Apart from a great number of achievements in the terminology research, this school attaches great importance to terminology teaching. Its terminology courses brought up groups of terminology personnel, which has given impetus to the terminology theory research.


The mature sperm and oocyte were obtained from Phascolosoma esculenta(Chen et Yeh).Before dissection,the parents were treated by decreasing temperature about 8-10 ℃ for 30-40 hrs.The fertilized eggs were obtained by artificial insemination.The oocytes are round or ellipse and range from 120 μm×142 μm to 125 μm×148 μm in size.The sperm consists of head,middle piece and tail,about 32-40 μm in length.The changes of embryo development were investigated experimentally by different salinities,pH values and temperatures.The sperm could not fertilize the oocyte when the salinity was 23.8 ppt,pH 8.1 and temperature 15 ℃.When the temperature rose up to 20 ℃,the oocyte could be fertilized but the development of embryos stops at archenteron stage.It took 72 h 0 min,47 h 8 min and 42 h 53 min respectively for the zygotes developing into the early stage pelagosphere when the temperatures was 25 ℃,30 ℃ and 35 ℃ with salinity at 23.8 ppt and pH 8.1;it took 15-20 d from pelagospheres developing into juveniles when the seawater salinity ranged from 23.0 to 25.5 ppt,pH from 8.1 to 8.2 and temperature from 28 to 30 ℃.


Abstract - This study aims to measure and to analyze the efficiency level of fuel oil usage in units of PT. PLN generation. The study result shows that until now the PLN is still operating in inefficiency condition, because of foil oil usage. The energy consumption level of fuel oil is less efficient compared with coal energy in generating electricity. Based on the short-term CobbDouglass analysis,the average decrease in oilfuel usage efficiency over the period 2011 – 2015 is 17.21% per year. Allegedly, even though the portion has decreaseddue to the unsustainable supply of non-fuel fuel, it is important to maintain the use of fuel oil.The government is asked to continue evaluate the use of fuel oil inputs, diversify input energy and increase efficiency in producing electricity in Indonesia.


We report our investigation on photoluminescence and electrical behavior of lead molybdate (PbMoO4) nanoparticles by spanning the solvent of reaction medium. The PbMoO4 nanoparticles were prepared in different solvents like ethylene glycol (EG), dimethyl sulfonic acid (DMSO) and 50% EG + 50% DMSO at room temperature. The crystallite size and strain acting on nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study and microstructure was studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The average crystallite sizes and strain were found to be ∼22, 24 and 25 nm and ∼0.0028, 0.0039 and 0.0048 for EG, DMSO and EG+DMSO solvents, respectively. The XRD peak corresponding to (112) were found to shift to lower angle by 0.02° for DMSA solvent as compared to EG. This confirmed the lattice expansion in the unit cell. The particle sizes measured from TEM measurements were found to be slightly greater than that obtained from XRD analysis. The photoluminescence (PL) measurements were carried out by using 266 ...


Netrin‐1 has been shown to regulate the function of the EGF‐like protein Cripto‐1 (Cr‐1) and affect mammary gland development. Since Cr‐1 is a target gene of Nanog and Oct4, we investigated the relationship between Netrin‐1 and Cr‐1, Nanog and Oct4 during different stages of development in the mouse mammary gland. Results from histological analysis show that exogenous Netrin‐1 was able to induce formation of alveolar‐like structures within the mammary gland terminal end buds of virgin transgenic Cripto‐1 mice and enhance mammary gland alveologenesis in early pregnant FVB/N mice. Results from immunostaining and Western blot analysis show that Netrin‐1, Nanog and Oct4 are expressed in the mouse embryonic mammary anlage epithelium while Cripto‐1 is predominantly expressed outside this structure in the surrounding mesenchyme. We find that in lactating mammary glands of postnatal FVB/N mice, Netrin‐1 expression is highest while Cripto‐1 and Nanog levels are lowest indicating that Netrin‐1 may perform a role in the mammary gland during lactation. HC‐11 mouse mammary epithelial cells stimulated with lactogenic hormones and exogenous soluble Netrin‐1 showed increased beta‐casein expression as compared to control thus supporting the potential role for Netrin‐1 during functional differentiation of mouse mammary epithelial cells. Finally, mouse ES cells treated with exogenous soluble Netrin‐1 showed reduced levels of Nanog and Cripto‐1 and higher levels of beta‐III tubulin during differentiation. These results suggest that Netrin‐1 may facilitate functional differentiation of mammary epithelial cells and possibly affect the expression of Nanog and/or Cripto‐1 in multipotent cells that may reside in the mammary gland. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 824–834, 2008, © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Multi-constrained path (MCP) selection is one of the great challenges that QoS routing (QoSR) faces. Existing algorithms cannot make a good tradeoff among computation complexity, response speed and preventing from losing feasible solutions. Furthermore, neither linear path length function (LPLF) nor non-linear path length function (NLPLF) alone can solve QoS routing problems. A novel normal measure based path length function is defined and based on it, a normal measure based MCP (NMMCP) algorithm is proposed to solve m-constrained MCP problems. NMMCP makes a good tradeoff not only between on-demand computation and pre-computation, but also between LPLF and NLPLF based algorithms. By introducing Pareto optimal mechanism, NMMCP has nonlinear look-ahead ability. Extensive simulations show that NMMCP is very efficient when both performance and computation cost are taken into account.


The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship could be found between HTMA zinc levels and the incidence of atopic dermatitis. Further, if a relationship was found would oral zinc supplementation be helpful in those with the condition. The study consisted of fiftyeight children including males and females diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. The mean age was 6.2 years. A control group was also established. HTMA studies found that those affected with atopic dermatitis had significantly reduced zinc levels compared to controls. Zinc supplementation was begun for a period of eight weeks and then both groups were reevaluated. Clinical improvements were noted in the zinc supplemented group and HTMA zinc levels increased to normal values compared to controls. Kim, JE, et al. Hair Zinc Levels and the Efficacy of Oral Zinc Supplementation in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol, 94, 2014.


generation at interface of molybdenum dioxide and organic layer" †Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 203306 "2009...‡ Yeonjin Yi, Sang Wan Cho, and Seong Jun Kang Division of Industrial Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 209 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-340, South Korea Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, South Korea


This paper aims to present the pragmatic functions and the interpretations of 'taha' (τάχα) (a very commonly used particle in oral Cypriot-Greek interactions) as it is used in classroom discourse. The present study collected and analysed data from a three hour recording of the participants' speech, and isolated 32 critical episodes that included 'taha'. Students were also asked to note the functions of 'taha' through the use of a questionnaire, and to interpret its functions through a discussion. Following the pragmatic analysis proposed by Tsiplakou and Papapetrou (2020), the current research concluded that the basic meaning of 'taha' ('supposedly/allegedly') may perform several pragmatic functions, depending on the context. Among others, 'taha' functions as a pragmatic marker of (1) dissociation from the associated implicatures, (2) dissociation from the propositional content, (3) request for clarifications, and (4) a hedging device. In addition, 'taha' sometimes works as a pragmatic marker of emphasis to the propositional content, a function that has not been reported in the bibliography so far.


Background: The onset of Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is often silent and insidious. Untreated long standing hyperglycemia is responsible for the relatively high prevalence of microvascular complications in newly diagnosed DM. Our study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of microvascular complications in newly diagnosed T2DM patients of a public tertiary care hospital in India. Materials and Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the out-patient department of medicine at a tertiary care hospital. A total of 100 consecutive patients newly diagnosed with T2DM ( 7.5% had more microvascular complications than with HbA1C 6.5-7.5%, the association was not statistically significant. Conclusion: A long phase of asymptomatic hyperglycemia in T2DM patients is responsible for microvascular complications at diagnosis. A high prevalence of microvascular complications at the time of diagnosis in our study reconfirms that assessment for these complications must be done at the time of diagnosis in all patients. Once complications develop, in addition to strict control of hyperglycemia, steps have to be taken to prevent or retard further progression of these complications and even reverse these initial phase of complications.


Management and decision-making of science and technology in the era of big data needs capabilities of data mining and analysis on massive data, simulation of complex systems, identification and prediction of potential risks and opportunities of science and technology development. China's scientific and technological innovation map (CSTIM) comprehensively utilizes information technologies including text analysis, information organization, data mining, and visualization to meet the requirements of science and technology management and decision-making in China. It realizes the dynamic, interactive, and visual display of China's scientific and technological innovation information. It could be used to analyze different levels of scientific and technological innovation such as nation, region, province, city, institution and individual researcher. It aims to help users to discover the laws of scientific and technological innovation, predict the possible trends, and support national, regional, provincial, municipal and innovative agencies' management and decision-making of science and technology.


Migration is both cause and consequence of poverty. In some parts of the world, poverty is the root cause of migration, whereas in other parts, the poor are among the last to move. This study tries to explore the impact of migration of any member of the households in the per capita consumption expenditure and the socio-economic status of the households by using Poverty Alleviation Fund household survey: 2010/11, which covered 3000 households from Humla, Jumla, Rolpa, Doti, Dailekh and Rauthat. The study used quasi-experimental research design and poverty was measured by using the same procedure employed by Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS) 2010/11. The relationship between poverty and migration was measured with the help of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model whereas socio-economic status of the households was measured with the help of Chi square analysis. The finding indicated that access of piped drinking water, modern toilet facilities, access the radio/tape, mobile/telephone, land ownership, average months of food sufficiency and average per capita consumption expenditure was better for the (any member) migrant's households compared to non-migrant's households. Based on this poverty line, it was derived that around 34 percent households fall below the poverty line. The incidence of poverty was higher for the non-migrants' households compared to any member migrants' households.


Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) is considered as a promising solution for offering self-healing, selfconfiguring capabilities, low-cost access in broadband services. Wireless mesh networks continue to receive significant interest in an existing new technology that has application in defence, metro-area Internet access, and transient networks (e.g.: disaster recovery, conventions). In this review paper, we review security issues, challenges, and attacks at physical layer, medium access control, and network layers wireless mesh backbone and access control in Wireless Mesh Network. In the wireless mesh network, there are number of an issue which affects the performance and efficiency. KeywordsWireless mesh network, security, attack, challenges, routing and medium access control.


Sometimes we South Africans tend to forget all too easily some of our singers who pioneered a place in world music, especially in an age where we seem to recognise younger talent that has 'made good' abroad quickly. One of these much neglected figures is the tenor, Lloyd Strauss Smith, who turned 80 on 31 January 2001.


Postbuckling and failure were studied analytically and experimentally for the stiffened composite plates. In the analysis, the stiffened composite plates were analyzed using the nonlinear finite element method. The progressive failure analysis was done by adopting the maximum stress criterion and complete unloading failure model. In the failure analysis, the considered failure modes are matrix failure, shear failure and fiber failure. In the experiment, the stiffeners were formed by the continuous lay-up of the skin. Therefore, the separation between the stiffener and the skin was not found even after final failure. A shadow moire technique was used to monitor the out-of-plane deformations of the plates. Piezoelectric film sensors were attached to the plate and damages were detected by those. The analytical results on the buckling load, postbuckling behavior, and failure characteristics showed good agreement with the experimental results. The stiffened composite plate, which had been fabricated by secondary bonding, was failed by debonding between the skin and the stiffener. The comparisons of the present cocuring with the secondary bonding for the stiffened composite plate were conducted with respect to postbuckling behavior and failure mode in experiments.


We discuss the contributions of Jack Katz to the field of criminology with a particular focus on his 1988 book, Seductions of Crime. This book emerged out of a time in American history when criminal justice policy was shaped in part by moral panic over the 1980s' American crime wave. We argue that SOC's pragmatic approach to phenomenology owes much to this historical context. The vision outlined in the book represents an ideal foundation on which to build a future criminology in tune with the direction of innovation in the field. In making this case, we review the core contributions of the work from our perspective. We then explore the complicated "politics" of Katz's argument – defying easy labels of left and right, and discuss the significance of a growing divide between the opinions of lay persons and expert accounts of crime. The modes of inquiry that Katz reawakened with his analysis have many as of yet untapped riches to offer, not only to criminological theory but also to criminal justice reform. In particular, we argue that urgent contemporary trends toward "public criminology," "convict criminology" both could find, in SOC, an ideal epistemological starting place.


Music is one of medium to convey a message. Through music, people do not only enjoy the beat but also know what is behind the lyric. Jadilah Legendais one of the songs written by Superman Is Dead (SID), Punk Rock pioneers from Bali. In this scientific study, the authors aim to analyse the portrait of nationalism among Indonesian people depicted in Jadilah Legenda. The qualitative approach is used to analyze the lyrics of its song. The dataset was taken from SID's official website www.supermanisdead.net and any other journal articles. To support the analysis, the authors apply the Scansion approach from Dennis DeSantis to analyze the stress pattern on the lyrics and Stuart Hall's representation and cultural identity to interpret the message of the song. As a result, the song attempted to portray the nationalism and solidarity of Indonesian people.


Given two determinantal rings over a field k. We consider the Rees algebra of the diagonal ideal, the kernel of the multiplication map. The special fiber ring of the diagonal ideal is the homogeneous coordinate ring of the join variety. When the Rees algebra and the Symmetric algebra coincide, we show that the Rees algebra is Cohen-Macaulay.


Students will be guided through a design thinking process to innovate a new design, solution or process that can change the way in which we live, work or play.


The effects of the intensities of acid and base, temperature and inclusion time on β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDP) including tea polyphenol have been studied. The optimum inclusion conditions were temperature 20℃, inclusion time 2.5h and pH5.0. The maximum absorbance of tea polyphenol in β-CDP appeared at 279nm. Under the range of certain concentration, the absorption intensities of tea polyphenol were linear to the contents of tea polyphenol. The proposed method was applied to determination of tea polyphenol in green tea and black tea samples with satisfactory results. The recovery of the added standard tea polyphenol was the range of 92.7%~96.4%. The sensitivity of the proposed method was 9.1 times of the conventional liquid-phase ultraviolet spectrometry.


In this paper we examine a two-person zero-sum timing game with the following structure: Player I has a gun with two bullets and player II has a gun with one bullet and they fight a duel. Both guns are silent so that neither player can determine whether his opponent has fired the bullets or not. Player I is at the place 0 at the moment when the duel begins and he can move as he likes and player II is always at the place 1. Accuracy functions, which denote the probability of hitting the opponent when each player fires his bullet, are identical for both players. If player I hits player II without being hit himself first, then the payoff is +1; if player I is hit by player II without hitting player II first, the payoff is -1; if they hit each other at the same time or both survive, the payoff is 0. The objective of this paper is to obtain the game value and the optimal strategies for the timing game. A duel under arbitrary motion is a two-person zero-sum timing game with the following structure: Each of two competitors, denoted by player I and player II, has a gun and he can fire his bullets aiming at his opponent. At the moment when the duel begins these two players are one distance apart on a line and each player can move on the line as he likes. The maximum speed of player I is v1, the maximum speed of player II is v2 and we assume v1 >v 2 0. Without loss of generality, we can suppose v1 = 1 and v2 =0 , and hence, player II is motionless. Thus we assume that player II is at the place 1 all the time and player I is at the place 0 at the moment when the duel begins and he can move towards player II, he can move away from player II, and he can stay in one place. If player I or player II fires his bullet when player I is at a place x, he hits his opponent with probability p(x )o rq(x), respectively. The functions p(x) and q(x) are called accuracy functions for players I and II, respectively, and they are continuous and strictly increasing on [0, 1] with p(0) = q(0) = 0 and p(1) = q(1) = 1. The duel ends when at least one player is hit or both players fire all of their bullets; otherwise it continues indefinitely. The gun is said to be silent if the shot of the owner is not heard by his opponent and the gun is said to be noisy if the shot of the owner is heard by his opponent as soon as the owner of the gun fires the bullet. Thus if a player has a silent gun, then his opponent does not know whether the owner of the gun has fired or not. On the other hand, if a player has a noisy gun, then his opponent always knows whether the owner has fired or not. If each player has a silent gun, the duel is said to be silent and if each player has a noisy gun, the duel is said to be noisy. If player I hits player II without being hit himself first, then the payoff of the duel is +1; if player I is hit by player II without hitting player II first, the payoff is -1; if they hit each other at the same time or both survive, the payoff is 0. The objective of player I is to maximize the expected payoff and the objective of player II is to minimize it.


Just three quarters of a mile to the north-north-east of the railway station at Gullane there is a small indentation in the coast, which has received the name of Cheese Bay, and is well known to geologists because of the discovery there of a band of shale containing beautifully preserved fossil fishes, shrimps, etc. (Tealliocaris Loudonensis, etc.).1 At the same spot, on the south side of the bay (see map, Fig. 1) and close to the shrimp band, is an outcrop of roughly columnar basalt extending about 80 yards by 55 yards. Immediately to the south, and separated by a narrow strip of sand, is a curious assemblage of rocks occupying an area which runs due south for about 200 yards and apparently terminates in an isolated stack about 15 feet high. This group of rocks is marked d1 in the Survey Map, but I do not find any definite allusion to them in the "Memoir on East Lothian." Trending in a south-westerly direction from the stack for about 400 yards is a sill of basalt, overlaid at the centre and southern end by sedimentary rocks not much disturbed. This sill is called No. 3 intrusion in the Memoir above referred to, the Cheese Bay basalt being No. 2, I presume, and the basalt on the coast opposite Eyebroughty Scar counting as No. 1. Immediately succeeding the sill in a south-westerly direction for 150 yards or so is a series of sedimentary rocks on a somewhat higher horizon and dipping


The ATLAS experiment is currently in the final pre-production design phase to allow timely installation at the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2005. The sub-systems closest to the interaction point--the tracking detectors, will be subject to significant total radiation dose at high flux. Optical data transmission has been chosen for the Pixel and SemiConductor Tracker to both deliver timing and control information to the detector modules and transmit tracking data to the remote counting room. Of considerable concern is the radiation hardness, both transient and total dose, of not just the optoelectronic components but also the driver/receiver electronics. In this paper we report on total dose radiation testing of the VCSEL driver and photodiode receiver ASICs designed using a range of techniques in a nominally radiation-soft process. Both ASICs will be shown to be tolerant to a total gamma dose of 100 kGy and a total neutron fluence (1 MeV equiv.) of 2 X 1014 n/cm2, as required for this system. Single-event upset (SEU) studies have also been carried out using a high-energy pion beam, showing the system to be sufficiently robust to SEU at an ATLAS- like particle flux.


We fabricated a new scalable multi-level cell for spin transfer torque magnetoresistive random-access memory that consists of stacked perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a diameter of 50nm using one step etching. The cell features series-connecting MTJs using perpendicular magnetic anisotropy at the CoFeB/MgO interface and a well controlled stray field from the pinned layers resulting in Hshift~0. The cell demonstrated four-level operation with low-voltage switching (<; 0.5 V).


In this paper we propose a framework which we call Slot Unification Grammar (SUG). This framework allows to integrate different kinds of knowledge, all of them necessary for resolution of several problems in Natural Language Processing (NLP). These problems, such as coordination, extraposition of constituents, ellipsis and anaphora, sometimes occur simultaneously and it is very useful to solve them in a modular way. This framework includes a grammatical formalism which makes easier the solution of these problems. This formalism is based on unification and it is an extension of Definite Clause Grammar (DCG). SUG extends DCG in the following characteristics: (1) SUG allows optional subconstituents in any production rule without adding new nonterminal symbols; (2) SUG solves coordination and juxtaposition by means of its predicates coordination and juxtaposition. We have implemented SUG in Prolog, extending DCG in the following way: (3) SUG automatically returns a slot structure which integrates syntactic, morphologic and semantic information of every constituent of the grammar; (4) SUG will access to the dictionary only once during the whole process of parsing; (5) SUG will generate the logical formula of a sentence after solving the above problems, allowing us to generate very modular NLP systems.


This study was carried out in the plateau, the average elevation is over 4000 meters, and the highest elevation is 5808 meters. The near-surface is seasonal frozen layer, the velocity of seasonal frozen layer has time-varying characteristic, melting when temperature rises and velocity goes down,on the contrary, velocity increases; There are dissolution fissures or flow layers between seasonal frozen layers and perpetual frozen layers. From the outcrop, the dip of near-surface layers are relatively steep, mainly Paleozoic and Mesozoic stratums exposed surface. High and cold hypoxia environment and mountain front piled frozen gravel surface and complicated geologic structure have brought great challenges to the seismic exploration. Aimed at characteristics of the surface structure, we shoot in the perpetual frozen layers and receive the data by using the combination of multi-detectors, finally improved S/N. According to the occurrence and velocity of geological outcrop, we calculate the effective minimum spatial sampling interval to ensure that the imaging of complex geological structure; Implement people-oriented and environmentally conscious engineering safeguard measures to make sure that seismic exploration of the plateau tundra was successfully carried out. This is the first time we acquired high-quality seismic data and identified basic geological structure in the study area. This could lay a solid foundation for oil and gas exploration and exploitation.


Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the relationship between resilience, coping mechanism, social support and family strengths and to explore predictors of resilience in high school adolescents. Method: The participants in this study were 296 high school adolescents residing in two urban areas in Korea. The students completed self-report questionnaires measuring Resilience (Jew et al., 1997), Coping Mechanism (Carver et al., 1989), Social Support (Lee, 1997) and Family Strengths (Olson, 1982). Results: Socio-demographic characteristics of the students were found to influence resilience, coping mechanism, social support and family strengths. The results showed that resilience, problem-focused coping, social support and family strengths were correlated positively and self-esteem support, problem-focused coping, sibling's and mother's help, and instrumental support were the predictors of resilience in these students. Conclusion: We found there were specific attributes of individual, social and family factors which predict resilience for adolescents in school. These results suggest further study to investigate the relationship between stress and resilience, identify other predictors of resilience for Korean students, and to examine whether protective factors for adolescents' problem behaviors have a similar influence on resilience.


The article reveals the creation of lateral clusters, as the basis for the development of higher education – the basis of the creation of the information society.


Resumen en: Neutron spectra unfolding and dose equivalent calculation are complicated tasks in radiation protection, are highly dependent of the neutron energy, and ...


In this book, Snyder defines the 'parametric approach' as a broad research programme pertaining to the acquisition and nature of abstract grammatical knowledge. His central claim is that theories of syntactic and phonological crosslinguistic variation make strong predictions about language acquisition that are supported by analyses of child data. Chapters 2 and 3 review some key parametric proposals concerning crosslinguistic variation and introduce two developmental predictions made on this account, specifically:


India is a symbol of unity in diversity where people following different cultures and religions live together. It has been a land of hope for many who came from different parts of the world and became its part and parcel. In the course of time, every culture has maintained its identity and protected its interests and uniqueness. The Indian image of unity in diversity has been consistent for years because of the bonding that exists between people of different religions, castes, creed, color, attire, etc., that makes them live in unity, solidarity and firm conviction of oneness. English language, with its own predetermined constraints, has helped Indians to understand one another much better to face the challenges of the 21st century. When it comes to language teaching and learning, the language patterns of Indian languages pose a hindrance for learning English. In fact, none can get rid of one's past, especially the language. The influence of one's mother tongue becomes an obstacle in the process of adopting any foreign language. The cultural diversity in India and all over the world is quite substantial and detrimental to the process of successful cross-cultural communication. So it is necessary to train the present and future generations to understand the different cultures of various countries so that communication becomes an exciting experience and leads to better understanding and cooperation.


The invention relates to a tea polyphenol production process for producing a plurality of products at the same time by one time of feeding. Tea leaves are extracted with pure water and an extracting solution is subjected to rough filtering, fine filtering and ultra-filtering and then is concentrated by a membrane to obtain a tea concentrated solution. The tea concentrated solution passes through a first macroporous resin column to obtain high-content tea polyphenol; a water washing solution of the first macroporous resin column passes through a second macroporous resin column to obtain a product catechin without a bitter and astringent taste; a water washing solution of the second macroporous resin column passes through a third macroporous resin column to obtain high-caffeine tea polyphenol; effluent liquid of the first macroporous resin column passes through a fourth macroporous resin column to obtain 40% natural theanine. The tea polyphenol production process has the characteristics of high tea leaf utilization rate, low production cost, high product purity, no utilization of any toxic solvent in a production process, good product quality and high safety; each product is a product with relatively large demanding amount in the market and the market competitiveness is strong.


of Galvani gives sufficient indications of the electric current without the use of that instrument. The general results obtained from these experiments are the fol lowing. In the first place, the intensity and duration of the muscular cur rent is independent of the nature of the gas in which the muscular pile is immersed. Secondly, it is altogether independent of the cerebro-spinal portion of the nervous system. Thirdly, the circum stances which exercise a marked influence on its intensity are the conditions of the respiratory and circulatory systems. Fourthly, those poisons which seem to act directly on the nervous system, such as hy drocyanic acid, morphia and strychnine, have no influence on the ner vous current. Fifthly, sulphuretted hydrogen has a decided influence in diminishing the intensity of the muscular current. Sixthly, the in tensity of this current in frogs varies according to the temperature in which the frogs have been kept for a certain time during life; a result which, of course, is not obtainable with animals which do not take the temperature of the surrounding medium. Lastly, the intensity of the muscular current in animals increases in proportion to the rank they occupy in the scale of beings; and on the other hand, its duration after death is exactly in an inverse ratio to its original in tensity. The author concludes by stating his belief, that the pro perty of the muscles immediately connected with their electric cur rents, is identical with that which was long ago denominated by Haller iritability, but which is at present more usually designated by the term contractility. He ascribes the development of this muscular electricity to the chemical actions which are attendant on the process of nutrition of the muscles, and result from the contact of arterial blood with the muscular fibre. He conceives that in the natural state of the muscle, the two electricities thus evolved neu tralise each other at the same points at which they are generated; while in the muscular pile contrived by the author, a portion of this electricity is put into circulation in the same manner as happens in a pile composed of acid and alkali separated from one another by a simply conducting body.


Horizontal fluxes of atmospheric energy (sensible and latent heat, potential and kinetic energy) are computed at European aerological stations between the surface and the 150 mb level for the period 1974–1976. The fluxes are divided into their mean flow and transient eddy contributions. The main emphasis is given to the computed transient eddy fluxes and their physical and synoptic interpretation. The vertically integrated transient eddy fluxes of sensible heat and latent heat are essentially down-gradient and reflect the "mixing" caused by the large-scale atmospheric turbulence. The transient eddy flux of sensible heat in the upper troposphere over western Europe in winter is found to be southward and up-gradient. By using a simple averaging technique it is shown that this up gradient flux is due mainly to fluctuations with a period of less than 1 month. A synoptic example is presented showing a large-amplitude wave, typical in situations when formation of cut-off lows and shearlines takes place in the upper troposphere. In this case there is a negative spatial correlation between temperature and the meridional wind component. This kind of phenomenon, which is common over western Europe, is at least partially responsible for the observed up-gradient component of the sensible heat flux by transient eddies. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00977.x


Based on a maximum likelihood method and a second moment approximation, a new method for fatigue reliability analysis is presented. Taken as a random variable, the crack growth rate is introduced into the Paris law. The deterministic differential equation for the crack growth rate is solved, assuming that the parameter in this equation is a random variable. The comparison with available experimental data indicates that the proposed method is reliable and applicable to the estimation of reliability of the crack growth behavior.


Abstract The Korean Hangul writing system conforms to the alphabetic principle to the extent that its graphs (i.e., its minimal orthographic components) represent phonemes, but it differs from the standard convention of alphabetic orthography by configuring its syllables as blocks. This paper describes the orthographic, phonological, and morphological characteristics of the Korean language and Hangul and reviews a selection of psycholinguistic studies that have investigated Hangul word recognition. In contrast to the results of studies employing Roman alphabetic orthographies, the reviewed evidence highlights at sublexical levels both the dominance of syllable-based processing and a propensity to process CVC syllables as body (CV) plus coda (C) units rather than as onset (C) plus rime (VC) units, which together indicate a script-specific decoding of Hangul words. Although the morphological characteristics of Korean have yet to be fully investigated, consistent with the fact that approximately 70 percent of the Korean lexicon consists of Sino-Korean vocabulary, studies have also observed morphological effects on Hangul word recognition. Based on the psycholinguistic evidence reviewed, this paper concludes by proposing to refer to Hangul as a morphosyllabic alphabet writing system, to the extent that the term appears to adequately capture the orthographic, phonological, and morphological characteristics of the script.


The content of protein in tea is 15-30%, most of which is water insoluble but alkali soluble. In this article, alkali extraction technology of water insoluble protein from tea was studied. The optimum extraction technology was achieved; the NaOH concentration 0.07mol·L-1,the extraction temperature 90 ℃,the extraction time 30 min and tea; water ratio 1;40. Under this condition the maximum extracting rate of tea protein was 61.1%.Through adjusting pH the crude tea protein was prepared and by this means the purity could be 54.45%.


ABSTRACT This work presents a numerical study of the initial turbulent flow characteristics prior to ignition in a fan-stirred combustion vessel. The moving mesh methodology has been applied to account for the rotational movement of eight fans mounted within the vessel. The transient, highly-resolved numerical simulations resolve the 3D turbulent flow field in the whole vessel and complement 2D measurements of the flow field. The calculated turbulence intensities yield reasonably good agreement with measured data, showing a nearly linear increase with the rotation speed of the fans ω. The same applies for the spectra of the turbulent kinetic energy. The rms of velocity fluctuations is almost constant and the same in each direction in the core region with a diameter of approx. 2 cm, confirming the homogeneity and isotropy of the generated turbulent flow field in the fan-stirred bomb, as observed in previous experiments. The calculated integral length scale agrees well with the measured value, which increases with ω or the turbulent Reynolds number Ret , respectively. The calculated rates of decay of the Kolmogorov and Taylor lengths with Ret have shown a quantitatively good agreement with the hypothesis proposed by Kolmogorov for isotropic turbulence, which justifies the validity and reliability of the numerical simulations. The present study serves as a reference for assessing the uncertainties given by common 2D measurement techniques, which allows a more accurate analysis of the turbulence characteristics and the turbulence-flame interactions in a fan-stirred combustion vessel.


The main problem to be solved during the development of high-precision GNSS equipment is the reduction of the positioning error. The article describes the experimental results for high-precision navigation equipment. The experiment identified the main sources of pseudorange measurement error. Modern processing methods of satellite signals allow to reduce the pseudorange measurement random error to a few centimeters. Such errors as the ionosphere and troposphere, ephemeris error, and the error of GNSS time support may be excluded from the consideration. Therefore, the main components of positioning error are multipath error and bias error in the analog paths of the receiving equipment. The methods of the multipath error reduction and calibration options for bias error of navigation equipment are examined.


The associativity is a system used for several years and continuously seeks to be perfected given the importance it has for the survival of small and medium enterprises in the market, and in Ecuador is protected by the Constitution, so the present analysis of The purpose of this case was to raise awareness of the current situation of SMEs belonging to Ecuador Soberano – Mercado Mayorista Textil, with a critical approach that allowed to determine and identify at a descriptive level its competitive development. In addition, this research presents the circumstances under which this system has been managed since its inception and important results were announced that determine the successes and shortcomings of each of the 8 associations that comprise it. The most relevant points in this case were to know the relationship between association and competitive development because, although this textile fair is more important year after year, it is currently experiencing legal problems, for which emphasis is also placed on The problem they have with respect to the loan, is that we proceed to narrate in detail the reasons that led to this instance that directly affects the progress of this productive entity and even puts at stake the permanence of business partners in this place


This article explores the factors that may facilitate or hinder the development of migrant social capital in a settlement country. We build on Robert Putnam's dyad of bonding and bridging social capital, which are here combined into a single categorical dependent variable. As earlier research shows that higher educated migrants tend to form more extensive social relationships, we explore whether they draw from different background factors to build social capital than those with less education. Separate multinomial regression analyses are conducted for the two education groups using data from the Survey on Well-Being among Foreign Born Population in Finland (n: 5,247). The study finds important differences but also similarities between the education groups. The higher educated group most commonly possesses abundant social capital (i.e. extensive bonding and bridging relationships), while in the lower education group, the proportion of people with scarce social capital (limited bonding and bridging relationships) outnumbers those with abundant capital by over twofold. A satisfactory level of income emerges as the single most important underlying factor that both education groups draw from to build abundant social capital, but it is a far more common characteristic in the higher education group. Yet, income is not enough to explain the disparity between the education groups. Furthermore, the migration-related characteristics shield the higher education group from scarce or one-sided social capital. The lower educated group derive benefits from education obtained in the new home country. Individual characteristics outweigh the importance of context-related factors for social capital development.


The aim of conformation dynamics is the identification of metastable sets in the molecular conformation space, and the computation of their statistical weights. Because of the high dimensionality of the state space, coarse graining methods attempt to improve the computational performance by reducing the representation of a molecule's dynamics without losing relevant details. In this doctoral thesis, a coarse graining method in time, by clustering motions of particles according to a certain criterion, and a coarse graining strategy in space, by revealing a hierarchy in the descriptors of a protein, are developed. To find the global statistical weights of the metastable sets, reweighting strategies are necessary. We present two novel techniques that permit a direct calculation of statistical weights, both based on the estimation of free energy differences. The first method requires an inverse balance condition that leads to a direct calculation of the statistical weights as eigenvalues of a transition matrix. The second approach approximates entropy differences between metastable sets to derive according free energy differences. The performance of the novel strategies is tested on several small examples before applying them to the μ-opioid receptor. The μ-opioid receptor is a transmembrane protein, especially important for the perception and the alleviation of pain. A medication with analgesics like morphine can lead to serious side effects. Therefore, it is desirable to find an opioid that activates the μ-opioid receptor in the inflamed tissue only. While Spahn et al. [94] already found a prototype that binds to the μ-opioid receptor in the inflamed tissue only, the intent of this doctoral thesis is to analyze the μ-opioid receptor in order to find possible reasons for the known better effect of analgesics in inflamed tissue. We model the receptor in a simulation box, embedded in a membrane and solvated with water, both in healthy and inflamed tissue, propose different hypotheses that may cause the better effect of the receptor in inflamed tissue, and investigate electrostatic potentials, Coulomb interactions, and conformational changes for the analysis of the receptor's behavior.


This brochure is a summary of a study for the South Carolina Arts Commission that was completed by the Division of Research, Moore School of Business, University of
South Carolina, in April 2002 giving an economic analysis of the arts in South Carolina.


In August 1832 Elizabeth Blackwell immigrated from England; 17 years later she was the first woman to graduate from an American medical college. Mother Francesca Saveria Cabrini arrived from Italy in 1889 to establish convents, schools, orphanages and hospitals to serve Italian immigrants. These two women and 13 others (Lilly Martin Spencer, Maria Kraus-Boelte, Anna Howard Shaw, Mary Adelaide Nutting, Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Mary Pickford, Evangeline Cory Booth, Senda Berenson, Helen Rubinstein, Sophie Loeb, Dorothy Jacobs Bellanca, Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori and Eva Le Gallienne) overcame the hardships of moving to a new country and societal stigmas of gender to make a difference.