According to the Sharia Banking Act Number 1 of 2008 Article 1 paragraph 13, a contract is a written agreement between a Sharia Bank and a Sharia Business Unit with another party which contains the obligation for parties according to sharia principles. A contract is a legal relationship between parties that creates rights and obligations that are exchanged by the parties. An agreement is an event someone promises to another person or somewhere two people promise to do something or plan. All three are equated in linguistic and legal judicial review, together giving rise to rights and obligations between parties who share, together the concept of engagement in business law. The difference between the agreement and the contract according to the science of jurisprudence, the agreement is different from the agreement according to business law, but the difference is only in the term of use. By law and sharia, the murabahah and wakalah contracts are legalized. But if the murabahah bil wakalah agreement is not clear between the two contracts which one is used, there is obscurity (gharar), the law is haraam. But if the two contracts can be clear (not gharar) and separate (which one is the right one), then a transaction with two contracts is permitted, for example murabahah bil wakalah transaction, by means of the wakalah contract, then the murabahah contract, then this contract is enforced.


An important quality factor for vehicles is the compliance of the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). This compliance is given both through legal requirements and by voluntary defaults of the automotive manufacturers and suppliers. In this paper, some selected EMC measuring methods will be presented, whereas two of these were recently developed at the EMC research laboratory at the University of Applied Sciences Zwickau in close cooperation with Volkswagen and Audi.


Objective To study the apoptosis of renal tubular cells in acute renal failure induced by cisplatin and the effect of carvedilol on such apoptosis. Methods Male wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: group 1 received 0.85% saline 1 ml/200 g ip. single dose; group 2 received cisplatin 10 mg/kg ip; group 3 received carvedilol 15 rag/kg qd ig; group 4 received carvedilol 15 mg/kg qd ig. for 6 days, and cisplatin 10 mg/kg ip at day 4. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by measuring BUN, Scr, urinary acetylglucosaminidase(NAG) and histopathology of kidney 3 days after the cisplatin treatment. Tubular cell apoptosis was examined by TUNEL and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. Protein expression of caspase-3 as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxided dismutase (SOD) activity were detected in kidneys. Results Cisplatin induced a significant elevation in Scr, BUN, urinary NAG, renal tubular cell apoptosis, expression of caspase-3 as well as MDA content and severe morphology changes, while decreased the renal SOD activity. However, carvedilol improved above status of nephrotoxicity. Conclusions Renal tubular cell apoptosis is one of the important causes of cisplatin-induced ARF. Pretreatment with carvedilol can protect the rats from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing ROS, decreasing the apoptosis of renal tubulan cells, and partly inhibiting the caspase-dependent way.


Nanoparticles are of particular interest due to a growing awareness of their potential effects on human health and the protection of the environment and due to the increasing production of man-made nanoparticles. The development of drug formulations based on nanoparticles has given opportunities to tackle and treat difficult diseases. The scale of nanoparticles varies from 100 to 500 nm. Constructions and assemblies of nanoparticles are nanoscale and include entities such as drugs, enzymes, DNA / RNA, viruses, cellular lipid bilayers, cellular receptor sites, and immunologically important antibody variable regions, and are involved in events of nanoscale proportions. The advent of these nanotherapeutics/diagnostics would provide a deeper understanding of human longevity and illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and genetic disorders. The nanoparticles can be formed into smart devices, encasing therapeutic and imaging agents as well as carrying stealth properties by controlling the size, surface characteristics and the material used. Also, these devices can provide drug delivery to different tissues and controlled-release therapy. Such controlled and continuous drug delivery decreases the risk associated with the drug and improves patient compliance with less regular doses. Nanotechnology is effective in the treatment of cancer, AIDS and many other diseases and has also made advances in diagnostic testing. Vimal Mohan Pandey*, Pushpendra Kannojia, Pankaj Mishra, Rohit Kumar Bijauliya BIU College of Pharmacy, Bareilly International University, Bareilly-243006 (U.P.), India. Keshlata College of Pharmacy, Bareilly International University, Bareilly-243006 (U.P.), India. Submission: 25 February 2020 Accepted: 2 March 2020 Published: 30 March 2020 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com Citation: Vimal Mohan Pandey et al. Ijppr.Human, 2020; Vol. 17 (4): 633-658. 634 INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology is the study of very small structures. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology involves the formation and development of small structures like atoms, molecules or compounds of size 0.1 to 100 nm into structures that can be further developed into special devices with desired characteristics and properties to give therapeutic effect . Particles having a diameter in the range between 10-100 nm are known as Nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are used in many different applications and created by many different processes. Their measurement and characterization pose interesting analytical challenges. They are used as a targeted delivery system for the delivery of small and large molecules by changing their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties . They can be defined as a system that contains active ingredient dissolved, encapsulated or adsorbed in a matrix material which is used as target delivery system . Nanomedicine is one of the most intensive areas of research in nanotechnology and is applied widely for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. It is utilized in pharmaceutical sciences with the objectives of reducing toxicity and minimizing side effects of drugs by targeting them to the specific site of action, reducing their dose through improved bioavailability; reducing dosing frequency by controlling drug release into the human body; and improving shelf life by enhancing their stability. This ultimately contributes to increased safety, efficacy, patient compliance and extended shelf life of drugs and finally reduced healthcare costs 4, 5, . For better development of the nanoparticulate systems, it is essential to understand the pharmaceutically relevant properties of Nanoparticles. There is significant interest in recent years in developing Nanoparticles as a drug/gene delivery system. Nanoparticles are colloidal particles that range in size from 10 to 1000 nm in diameter and are formulated using biodegradable polymers 5-10 in which a therapeutic agent can be entrapped, adsorbed, or chemically coupled. IMPORTANT OF NANOPARTICLE IN FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT A nanoparticle is notable that the efficiency of most drug delivery systems is directly related to particle size (excluding intravenous and solution). Due to their small size and large surface area, drug Nanoparticles show increase solubility and thus enhanced bioavailability, additional ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), enter the pulmonary system and be absorbed through the tight junctions of endothelial cells of the skin . Specifically, www.ijppr.humanjournals.com Citation: Vimal Mohan Pandey et al. Ijppr.Human, 2020; Vol. 17 (4): 633-658. 635 Nanoparticles made from natural and synthetic polymers (biodegradable and nonbiodegradable) have received more attention because they can be customized for targeted delivery of drugs, improve bioavailability, and provide a controlled release of medication from a single dose; through adaptation, the system can prevent endogenous enzymes from degrading the drug . The benefit of pharmaceutical companies taking advantage of this new technology is that nanotechnology gives new life to those drugs that were previously considered unmarketable due to low solubility and bioavailability, and high toxicity and marked side effects . Nanotechnology is also opening up new opportunities in implantable delivery systems, which are often preferable to the use of injectable drugs because the latter frequently display firstorder kinetics (the blood concentration goes up rapidly, but drops exponentially over time). This rapid rise may cause difficulties with toxicity, and drug efficacy can diminish as the drug concentration falls below the targeted range. In contrast, implantable time-release systems may help minimize peak plasma levels and reduce the risk of adverse reactions, allow for more predictable and extended duration of action, reduce the frequency of re-dosing and improve patient acceptance and compliance. Nano-implants will also be used in the nottoo-distant future for treating cancer. Among the first nanoscale devices to show promise in anti-cancer therapeutics and drug delivery are structures called nanoshells, which NanoMarkets believes may afford a degree of control never before seen in implantable drug delivery products. There are some areas where nano-enhanced drugs could make a big difference in increasing oral bioavailability and reducing undesirable side effects. By increasing bioavailability, Nanoparticles can increase the yield in drug development and more importantly may help treat previously untreatable conditions . NANOPARTICLE MECHANISM OF ACTION Nanoparticle drug encapsulation offers several advantages in creating effective means of drug delivery and localization. Nanoparticle traits such as particle size, surface charge, and shape play important roles in creating effective Nanoparticle delivery systems that function through a variety of mechanisms. 1. Effect of Particle Size Particle size can affect the efficiency, biodistribution and cellular uptake of various Nanoparticle systems . It is thought that size parameters can play significant roles in the www.ijppr.humanjournals.com Citation: Vimal Mohan Pandey et al. Ijppr.Human, 2020; Vol. 17 (4): 633-658. 636 determination of cell interaction and adhesion for various Nanoparticles. Size can also play an important part in the degradation and elimination processes of Nanoparticles. In certain Nanoparticle systems, the primary aim is to avoid the reticuloendothelial system that targets foreign bodies for degradation. Avoidance of this system increases in total blood circulation time and bioavailability. As such, it is important to note that Nanoparticle size has been directly correlated with clearance (CL). As the size of Nanoparticles increase, the rate of CL increases as well. It has been shown that Nanoparticles with hydrophilic surfaces exhibiting a particle size < 100 nm can effectively avoid the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). MPS is a critical element in physiological systems for the elimination of foreign substances. Blood serum contains opsonin proteins that can efficiently bind to larger Nanoparticles and tag them for MPS degradation . Nanoparticles that obtain small particle diameter and hydrophilic properties can avoid opsonization and MPS degradation, thus enhancing total blood circulation time . Nanometric particles can undergo extensive cellular uptake in comparison to micrometric particles . In a study conducted by Desai et al., it was shown that Nanoparticle uptake of an in situ rat intestinal loop model demonstrated 15to 250-fold increases in cellular uptake when compared with larger microparticles . Another study showed positive particle size influence in regards to cellular and tissue uptake . 2. Effect of Particle Charge Nanoparticle charge plays a critical role in the action and efficiency of Nanoparticle delivery to and through cellular membranes . The stability of a Nanoparticle system is facilitated through the degree of surface charge present on Nanoparticles. A highly charged system undergoes a much larger degree of repulsion between like-charged particles. This net repulsive force acts to stabilize and prevent Nanoparticle aggregation. Nanoparticles formulated with more pronounced surface charges have been shown to stabilize Nanoparticle suspension and prevent particle aggregation. Surface charge characteristics can determine Nanoparticle's degree of absorption as it has been found that Nanoparticles with highly positive charges can interact with the anionic polyelectrolyte properties of mucus, resulting in enhanced mucoadhesion and retention of Nanoparticles within the mucus layer. Investigational studies performed with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polyvinyl alcohol formulated Nanoparticles have resulted in Nanoparticles with highly negative surface charges. Many cellular membranes are negatively charged. Nanoparticles formulated with known anionic polymers or surfactants will be presented with a higher net negative


Microwaves assisted synthesis of flowers-like nanostructured calcium silicates from marble sawing powder and silica fume wastes has been successfully done in a very short reaction time, energy saving and cost effective approach. XRD analysis of the synthesized powder showed that wollastonite; CaSiO 3 is the predominant phase. Cotton-like structures which composed mainly of coalescenced tiny cubes in the range of less than 1000 nm in size have been obtained as observed from FESEM images. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity, q max at 30 °C of Malachite green was found to be 17.12 mg/g. Different parameters affect the adsorption process as; pH, sorbent dose, dye concentration and temperature was experimented. The kinetics studies indicated that the adsorption kinetics of MG dye on calcium silicate followed the pseudo- first order reaction. The experimental results also showed that the Malachite green adsorption is fitted better to Freundlich isotherm model. The dye adsorption process was spontaneous, exothermic reaction as indicated from thermodynamic studies. Diffusion model reveal that intra-particle diffusion mechanism was not the sole rate-limiting step in this adsorption.


Recent advancement in wireless communications and electronics has enabled the development of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). These networks promise to revolutionize sensing in a wide range of application domains. One of them is industrial automation, which is necessary for competing globally. Industrial automation from component assemblies to data integrated manufacturing execution systems are available to achieve greater precision, improves quality and enhances control over the whole process. Another one is industrial and environmental safety. The aim of this paper is to analyze the possibilities of applying WSN technology in industrial platforms from the use of simple detector; complex analyzers to latest MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) based system, machine vision system with their advantages and implementation challenges.


A drug delivery carrier G4–FA–PEG with PEG and FA modified on the periphery of G4.0 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer was synthesized, and doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated in the interior. The in vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake in gliomas cells were both enhanced via a FR-mediated endocytosis pathway.


Governor Romney has proposed a personal income tax reform that would lower marginal tax rates and broaden the tax base. Critics of the proposal have argued that high-income taxpayers would receive a tax cut, and given that the proposal is meant to be revenue neutral, this would inevitably lead to increased taxes for families with low and moderate incomes. Because the Romney proposal does not specify in detail just what tax preferences might be eliminated or scaled back in order to broaden the tax base, much of the debate over it has focused on what provisions would be politically and administratively feasible. While this discussion has been illuminating in some respects, something seems to be missing. Relatively little has been said about the possible effects of the Romney proposal on economic growth. This is curious because increasing growth is the motivation for the proposal in the first place. In this paper, I analyze the Romney proposal taking into account the additional income that might be generated by economic growth. The main conclusion is that under plausible assumptions, a proposal along the lines suggested by Governor Romney can both be revenue neutral and keep the net tax burden on high-income individuals about the same. That is, an increase in the tax burden on lower and middle income individuals is not required in order to make the overall plan revenue neutral.


The effects of nitrogen supply on the external and internal sulfur requirements of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment. Plants were grown for 28 and 42 days on a sulfur-deficient soil supplied with varying rates of sulfur. Nitrogen application increased the external requirement for sulfur of ryegrass by greatly stimulating growth and, to a lesser extent, sulfur content. Hence nitrogen application decreased sulfur concentrations in ryegrass. In subterranean clover there was relatively little effect of nitrogen application on the external requirement for sulfur because nitrogen did not greatly increase the sulfur content. Nitrogen application did not affect the external requirement for sulfur by changing the distribution of sulfur either between root and shoot or within shoots. The internal sulfur requirements, based either on sulfur concentrations or nitrogen to sulfur ratios, in the young leaves of both species were unaffected by nitrogen supply.


This paper presents some further results on primitive factorizations for nD polynomial matrices. A new necessary and sufficient condition is derived for the existence of primitive factorization for an nD polynomial matrix whose content has only simple zeros. This condition is based on testing the common zeros of the reduced minors of some matrices associated with the given matrix, and hence provides a new insight into the primitive factorization problem. The new condition is also easy to implement computationally. A nontrivial example is illustrated. It is then shown via examples that it is still difficult to determine whether or not an nD polynomial matrix admits a primitive factorization when its content has a multiple zero.


We consider the multi-class object detection approach based on a non-parametric multiplicative kernel, which provides both separation against backgrounds and feature sharing among foreground classes. The training is carried out through the SVM framework. According to the obtained support vectors, a set of linear detectors is constructed by plugging the foreground training samples into the multiplicative kernel. However, evaluating the complete set would be inefficient at runtime, which means that the number of detectors has to be reduced somehow. We propose to reduce that number in a novel way, by an appropriate detector selection procedure. The proposed detection approach has been evaluated on the Belgian traffic sign dataset. The experiments show that detector selection succeeds to reduce the number of detectors to the half of the number of object classes. We compare the obtained performance to the results of other detection approaches and discuss the properties of our approach.


This paper discusses the design characteristics of low-speed permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generator,including the use of fractional slot windings to effectively reduce the resistance moment,the use of tiles and reflective-like structure to reduce leakage flux,and the installation of permanent magnet.The intrinsic relationship between structural parameters and operational performance is also analyzed for the optimal design of wind turbine foundation.Aiming at optimizing the motor efficiency,the optimization algorithm based on chaos theory can be used to obtain the maximum output efficiency of wind turbine generator under a certain restriction of installation size.


Bangladesh is a developing country, the nutritional problem is widespread, persistent and apparently increasing with time. Nutrient consumption has been decreased significantly in the last two decades. In Bangladesh, there is no report available on the nutritional status of the population Institutional basis.


We denote by $RP^{n}$ the real projective space of dimension $n$ and by $CP^{n}$ the complex projective space of complex dimension $n$ . We know many informations on higher order non-sigular immersions of $RP^{n}$ in $RP^{m}$ or those of $CP^{n}$ in $CP^{m}$ . They can be seen in H. Suzuki $[11, 12]$ and H. \^Oike [8]. Results on higher order non-singular immersions of $RP^{n}$ in euclidean spaces by H. Suzuki [10] and T. Kobayashi [7] are translated easily into those on higher order non-singular immersions of $RP^{n}$ in $RP^{m}$ or $CP^{n}$ which are homotopically trivial. As for higher order non-sigular immersions of $RP^{n}$ in $RP^{m}(n<m)$, some results are anounced in W.-L. Ting [131. Let $m,$ $n$ be integers such that $1<n\leqq 2m$ . The homotopy set $[RP^{n}$,


Abstract The 81Br and 127I NQR frequencies in (CH3NH3 ) 2HgBr4 and (CH3NH3 ) 2HgI4 , respectively, have been recorded from above 77 K to around room temperature. The resonance lines exist in a wide range of frequencies. An unusual temperature dependence of the resonance frequencies has been observed. Small 1H - 2D isotope effects have been observed between (CH3ND3 )2HgBr4 and (CH3NH3 ) 2HgBr4 . Both negative and positive frequency differences between the deuterated and the nondeuterated compound have been observed at 77 K. The relatively large asymmetry parameters in the iodine compound decrease with increasing temperature, indicating the existence of H-bonds. The present results are interpreted qualitatively by considering the effects of H-bonding, N - H • • • X, between the halogen atoms and the CH3NH3 ions which may undergo large molecular motions. It is suggested that not only frequency-lowering but also frequency-rising effects may be produced, depending on the direction of the H-bond, i.e., the angle between the Hg -X bond and the X • • • H bond.


Abstract . Sweet potato also called batata (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) is a perennial food crop of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) and widely cultivated as an annual crop in the warmer temperate climates. In Hungary, all new experimental data elucidating various factors of production technology are essential to improve efficiency, especially yield stability. Optimal plant density of sweet potato was shown to be highly dependent on the genotype in previous international studies. Thus, it is important to determine it for the genotypes grown under dosmetic conditions. Our field experiment was conducted at Domaszék, South-East Hungary, on moderately alkaline sandy soil of medium humus, very good phosphorous and good potassium content. The experimental setup was Randomized Complete block design with four repetitions, during the main cropping season of 2017 with the objective of determining the effect of variety and plant spacing on the productivity of the crop. The experiment consisted of four planting spacing setups (80 cm x 20 cm, 80 cm x 30 cm, 100 cm x 20 cm, 100 cm x 30 cm) with the Hungarian certified sweet potato variety 'Ásotthalmi-12'. The planting was performed on 4th Juny 2017 without ridges and the crop was harvested on 15th October 2017. The highest yield per plant was obtained with the 100 cm x 30 cm setup (0,39 kg) that is the usually recommended density in technology guides. Then calculating the yield data for one hectare, we got different results. The highest storage root yield (13.93 t ha) was recorded with the density of 80 cm x 20 cm. Increasing plant density from 3.33 plants m (100 cm x 30 cm) to higher level of 6.25 plants m (80 cm x 20 cm) increased the production of total storage root yield from 13.16 t ha to 13.93 t ha. In conclusion, the results of the study have revealed that the highest plant density of 6.25 plants m (80 cm x 20 cm) – despite decreasing the yield per plant resulted in the production of the highest storage root yields per hectar.


[1] The regional climate model RegCM3 was used to simulate the direct and semidirect radiative effects of biomass burning and dust aerosol over southern Africa during the austral winter season. Simulated aerosols were found to induce changes in the regional surface fluxes and atmospheric dynamics. Clear-sky surface radiative forcing decreased by up to −60 W/m2 in the main biomass burning region, resulting in decreased surface turbulent fluxes and PBL height as well as reduced surface temperatures. The positive temperature bias over the western half of the subcontinent was thus reduced. Radiative absorption by biomass burning aerosols resulted in diabatic warming of the atmosphere, peaking near 700 hPa at a rate of up to 1°C/d. Simulated surface cooling and heating at altitude stabilized the lower troposphere below 700 hPa. Above 700 hPa, stability was reduced in the equatorial region between 5°N and 5°S through an elevated heat pump mechanism, enhancing deep convection and precipitation. The southern branch of the African Easterly Jet was enhanced and shifted southward, likely as a result of the changes in the surface temperature gradient induced by both the reduction in solar radiation reaching the surface and through precipitation-induced surface cooling in the equatorial region. Daily-scale aerosol outflow events to the southwest Indian Ocean were also investigated, these events occurring with the passage of a westerly wave. It was found that the aerosol loading enhanced baroclinicity along the leading edge of the frontal system, thus intensifying and narrowing the band of precipitation in this zone.


The prediction and forthcoming of a quantum computer into the real-world is the much gained research area over the last decades, which initiated the usefulness and profit of reversible computation because of its potentiality to reduce power consumption in designing arithmetic circuits. In this paper, two design approaches are proposed for the design of a reversible Binary-Coded-Decimal adder. The first approach is implemented and realized from reversible gates proposed by researchers in the technical literature capable of breaking down into primitive quantum gates, whereas the second approach is realized from the existing synthesizable reversible gates only. Parallel implementations of such circuits have been carried out through the proper selection and arrangements of the gates to improve the reversible performance parameters. The proposed design approaches offer a low quantum cost along-with lower delay and hardware complexity for any n-digit addition. Analysis results of proposed design 1 show appreciable improvements over gate count, quantum cost, and delay by at least 9 %, 17 %, and 26 % respectively, whereas, the proposed design 2 show that the results significantly improve the parameters (gate count, quantum cost, and delay) by at least 45 %, 33 %, and 50 % respectively compared to existing counterparts found in the literature.


We provide an economical description of mass and flavor based on strong interactions and some dynamical assumptions. We include a discussion of CP violation in the quark sector and its relation to neutrino masses.


Abstract : Computer code (SUENTP-J) to predict scale-up and economic evaluation of several eligible non-thermal plasma processes for air pollution control - electron beam process, pulsed corona process, and corona radical shower process - was developed for a commercial power plant. This code was written in spread sheet type format (MS Excel) and visual basic for application and comprise a data input procedure, a scale-up (design) procedure, an economic calculation procedure, and an output procedure. Data obtained from pilot plant tests are input with general data so that they might lead to the conceptual design data of commercial plants by scale-up procedure. In the economic evaluation procedure, the total capital investment and the total annual cost are examined. The total capital investment comes into the indirect annual cost as the item of capital recovery. The levelized cost and the levelized busbar cost are shown in the Output table. An example calculation was presented to evaluate the cost of three non-thermal plasma systems and the results were compared with a conventional wet-scrubber/selective catalytic reduction combined system.


Let G be an M-group and χ be a B π-Character of G,moreover, Suppose that N is a normal subgroup of G and H is a Hall π-subgroup of G.A sufficient condition for decomposing the degree of χ into the form χ(1)=α(1)θ(1) is obtained by discussing Fong Characters of H∩N in N,where α is a Fong character of H in G associated with χ and θ is an irreducible constituent of the restriction of χ to N.


The invention discloses a method for producing diesel oil and heavy fuel oil from coal tar. The method comprises the following steps: (1), the pretreatment of the coal tar: pre-dewatering the coal tar until the moisture content is 2-3 wt%; then, adding a sodium carbonate solution occupying 0.5-1 percent of the coal tar by weight for desalting treatment; then, heating to 110-130 DEG C; and pumpinginto a section of evaporation unit to remove moisture in the coal tar and decrease the moisture content of the coal tar to below 0.5 percent; (2), the preparation of the diesel oil and the heavy fueloil: preheating the pretreated coal tar to 350-400 DEG C; entering a constant-pressure distillation unit; collecting light distillate with a boiling point lower than 300 DEG C to obtain the diesel oil after alkali washing, acid washing and alkali washing and refinement treatment; and collecting heavy light distillate with a boiling point above 300 DEG C to obtain the heavy fuel oil after quenching and tempering treatment. The invention has the advantages of good product quality and low production cost.


e.g. the use offresh plasma only and the necessity of operating at room temperature, may restrict the practical usefulness of the method. In addition, we recommend that filtrations be performed in duplicate (Joem, 1981) and that rigorous quality control measures be taken in each laboratory to monitor the performances of the device and to exclude the possibility of protein leakage during the filtration process.


Abstract : Mice given drinking water containing 1.5 billion anthrax spores per ccm and subsequently subjected to irritation by chlorine of the respiratory tract in air attempt to provoke pullmonary anthrax.


as they reveal contemporary attitudes about mathematicians. Jean d'Alembert, Évariste Galois, Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Niels Henrik Abel, and János Bolyai are the stars of Duel at Dawn. The storyline is clear: as mathematics became more abstract and independent of physical sciences, the popular image of mathematicians went from worldly to otherworldly. As the Enlightenment yielded to the Romantic Era, the image of the natural savant gave way to that of the heroic misfit. Jean le Rond d'Alembert is best remembered in mathematics for the ratio test, as well as for a classical mechanics principle and a wave operator that bear his name. He was the product of a Paris salon. Literally. His mother was Claudine Guérin de Tencin, a salonnière who invited guests regularly for witty and inspiring intercourse. His father, Chevalier Louis-Camus Destouches, a military officer, was one of her favorites. Mme de Tencin left their illegitimate offspring in an open box on the steps of a church. Destouches later arranged for the infant to be raised in the home of Mme Rousseau, the wife of a glazier. D'Alembert remained in her modest house until he was forty-eight years old, living a strange double life. Laboring invisibly on mathematics in his tiny bedroom during the morning hours, he would venture out in the afternoons in order to sparkle among intellectuals and aristocrats. Duel at Dawn: Heroes, Martyrs, and the Rise of Modern Mathematics Amir Alexander Harvard University Press, 2010 US$28.95, 307 pages ISBN-13: 9780674046610


A brown bear pads across a snowfield. It is watched (hopefully from a safe distance) by an observer. As the bear tramps through the snow, a bear-shaped patch of darkness is projected onto the back of the observer's eye. The motion of this image across the observer's otherwise brightly illuminated retina causes a series of changes in the activity of densely packed photoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in light intensity. The observer's visual system can, as the bear progresses, perform the remarkable feat of computing its speed and direction of motion – and the speed and direction of each of the bear's constituent parts from many million changes in neural firing rate. This ability has clear evolutionary advantages, and as such it has been widely selected for in the animal kingdom.


The mTOR pathway involves mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase which regulates cell growth and survival. PI3K also forms part of the pathway and phophorylates Akt which activates mTOR and another protein known as S6K1. A dysfunctional mTOR pathway has been linked to diseases such as cancer and systemic lupus erythematous. Since asthma is a disease that is caused by an immune imbalance, the authors hypothesized that the mTOR pathway was likely causing the Th1/Th2 imbalance seen in asthma patients and investigated whether inhibiting the mTOR pathway would suppress asthma onset.


Our work is devoted to the study of molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death. The relevance of the problem is observed due correlations between disorder in the regulation of apoptotic processes and the most diseases, including tumors. We have considered the main pathways of apoptosis known nowadays: mitochondrial or bcl-2-dependant pathway, lipid pathway and death-receptors or Fas-relevant pathway. Different variants of transformation of program of apoptotic pathways had been shown. Analysis of many sources of Russian and foreign literature gives the detail modern approach to the stages of development of apoptosis and evaluation of some protein structures role taking part in the process of initiation and transduction of pro-apoptotic signal. The review is illustrated with informative pictures.


We report here a method for generating structures with aligned macropores by templating solidified carbon dioxide. The CO2 template phase can be removed by direct sublimation to yield a dry, solvent-free porous material that may be useful in applications such as tissue engineering and aligned cell growth.


The crossing is like the throat of urban roads.Through the investigation and analysis of main crossing of roads in Baotou city the major problems of crossings are pointed out.The number of blocked vehicles at the crossings and the delayed time are greatly decreased and the traffic capacity is obviously enhanced through the practical improvement at the crossing.The practice testifies that the measures of improvement are feasible in the technology and it is reasonable in the economy.


Supramolecular hydrogels were prepared in mixtures of the biological surfactant sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and amino acids (glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg)) in different pH buffer solutions. We characterized their performance through phase behavior observation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and rheological measurements. The results demonstrate that the presence of Gly and Ala can enhance the formation of the gels, whereas the addition of Lys and Arg could cause the breakage of the hydrogen bonds and weaken the formation of the gels. The formation of hydrogels with different gelling kinetics and mechanical properties or the behavior of the sol–gel transformation of the systems may be obtained by finely modulating pH. Moreover, the addition of the halide salts (NaCl) can enhance the mechanical strength of the gels. Because of their unique responsiveness to multi-stimuli environments, these biodegradable and pH-sensitive hydrogels hold great promise as versatile vehicles for dye (or drug) delivery.


The ammonia slip from SCR denitration device, especially in low temperature and low load operation, can easily cause the excess ammonia injection and form NH4HSO4at the cold end of air preheater, resulting in air preheater blockage. In addition, coal quality, the cold end wall temperature of air preheater, catalyst activity and low load all are causes for air preheater blockage. Therefore, the paper proposes to improve SCR system, adjust the combustion of boiler in case of low load and soot-blowing and washing mode of air preheater, for the purpose of mitigating air preheater blockage.


Analog to Digital converters are essential in all communication and signal processing applications. Among all ADC'S Flash ADC has a high speed conversion rate. It has a capacity of sampling a signal up to Giga Bites. The conventional Flash ADC contains the resistor ladder network, comparator, and encoder. Due to the use of resistor ladder network in conventional Flash ADC static power consumption is more to overcome this issue, new 3-Bit Flash ADC has been proposed. The proposed ADC is consists of sample and hold (S/H) circuit, threshold modified comparator circuit and priority encoder. The design is implemented using cadence virtuoso schematic tool under cadence 180nm Technology with a supply voltage of 1.8 V and clock frequency of 1M Hz. Simulation is carried using cadence spectre simulator tool.


Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloid proliferative disorder of primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells. The incidence of CML ranges between 10 and 15 cases/106 /year without any major geographic or ethnic differences. Imatinib mesylate provides good results in the treatment of CML. Early studies demonstrated that Imatinib mesylate can produce clear hematologic and cytogenetic response when used as a treatment of CML patients with positive BCR-ABL gene. Nevertheless, some patient with different stages of CML (chronic, accelerated, or acute phases) either relapse or stay unchanged for a long time after initial doses of treatment. This phenomenon led to the fact that we must explore the possible changes expected to appear if we make some changes in the treatment strategy. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate hematologic and molecular responses of CML patients to Imatinib mesylate treatment. Methods: Eighteen CML patients in chronic phase aged (24–65 years) males and females were treated with Imatinib mesylate (400, 500 or 600 mg/day) for sixteen months. Hematologic and cytogenetic changes were analyzed periodically. Results: Overall 18 cases, hematologic response of 14 cases was complete white blood cells (WBCs) decrease to normal range within 4 months) with P value of less than 0.0001 whereas in 4 cases WBCs were decreased slowly (after 8 months). A major cytogenetic response was noticed in 4 cases while in others the response was partially or in minor range. The major hematologic and cytogenetic response was noticed when using 600mg/day of Imatinib mesylate. The correlation appeared as a significant positive correlation between the treatment doses and Hb, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, esinophils%, and monocytes %. And a significant negative correlation between the treatment doses and RDW %, platelets count, WBCs count, and basophils %. On the other hand, no correlation between the treatment doses and RBCs Count, MCHC, Neutrophil % and BCR/APL ratio % Conclusion: It can be concluded that treatment of CML patients with Imatinib mesylate caused complete WBCs decrease to normal range. The major hematologic and cytogenetic response was noticed when using a higher dose of Imatinib mesylate.


Supply chains have experienced rapid growth in recent years. Focusing purely on economic performance to optimize costs or return on capital can no longer guarantee development or sustainability in the chain. Hence, the concepts of green SCM and SSCM emerged to emphasize the importance of social and environmental concerns along with economic factors in supply chain programming. Using the SD method and considering KM , this study investigates the variables related to this topic and the variables of sustainable supply chain management and it determines the relationships between these variables and their impact on the research purpose. To achieve this, first, previous studies are reviewed, and the relevant variables are extracted and finalized according to the experts. Next, SD modeling is designed and various scenarios are defined by changing the effective values of the system. Eventually, several policies are presented to achieve the optimal situation. The optimal values for the ten main influential variables are extracted according to the expert opinion and the effects shown in the model are determined by these changes.


Thank you for downloading functional anatomy of the extremities some electronic and kinematic methods of study. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search numerous times for their favorite books like this functional anatomy of the extremities some electronic and kinematic methods of study, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some malicious virus inside their desktop computer.


According to the common dimension characteristics of two different parts, a common die for forming the two parts was designed. The structure of the die and the exchange of the die for forming another part were introduced.


Semantics functional grammar is a localized grammar with Chinese characteristics.It is conducive to recognize the nature of grammar,establish a new grammatical view,broaden the study of grammar,and to fulfill the theoretical system of linguistics.The trend in grammatical study is to update grammatical study method,improve the quality of grammatical study and to scientifically reveal the developmental law of grammar.


Abstract We show short time existence for the evolution of triple junction clusters driven by the surface diffusion flow. On the triple line we use the boundary conditions derived by Garcke and Novick-Cohen as the singular limit of a Cahn-Hilliard equation with degenerated mobility. These conditions are concurrency of the triple junction, angle conditions between the hypersurfaces, continuity of the chemical potentials and a flux-balance. For the existence analysis we first write the geometric problem over a fixed reference surface and then use for the resulting analytic problem an approach in a parabolic Hölder setting.


Integrating sustainability into the banking activity is an increasingly necessary but extremely challenging issue currently facing financial institutions. It is therefore becoming ever more important to understand the key determinants of sustainable banking and how they inter-relate with each other. This research aims to build a cognitive map – a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) in particular – to model, dynamically analyze and test the reciprocal influence of key factors underlying sustainable banking. FCMs have been shown to be particularly useful for handling complex decision problems characterized by lack of information or unavailable data. They constitute a methodological framework that allows for a reduction of omitted determinants – in this case, with regard to sustainable banking – and are typically able to provide a greater understanding of the cause-and-effect relationships between such determinants. We anticipate implications and practical applications for both bank managers and policymakers aiming to increase the efficiency of their decision making in the context of sustainable banking.


Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly in never-smoker patients. However, these mutations are not always carcinogenic, and have recently been reported in histologically normal lung tissue from patients with and without lung cancer. To investigate the outcome of EGFR mutation in healthy lung stem cells, we grew murine alveolar type-II organoids monoclonally in a 3D Matrigel. Our experiments showed that the EGFR-L858R mutation induced a change in organoid structure: mutated organoids displayed more `budding', in comparison to non-mutant controls, which were nearly spherical. On-lattice computational simulation suggested that this can be explained by an increase in reproductive fitness combined with inhibitory neighbour-neighbour signalling in mutated organoids. We predict that these effects prohibit division by cells in the interior of the organoid and boost the fitness of cells on the surface, since this differential growth is sufficient to cause `budding' structures in our simulations. These results suggest that the L858R mutation produces structures which expand quickly from surface protrusions. We suggest that the likelihood of L858R-fuelled tumorigenesis is affected not just by random fluctuations in cell fitness, but by whether the mutation arises in a spatial environment that allows mutant cells to reproduce without being forced to encounter each other. These data may have implications for cancer prevention strategies and for understanding NSCLC progression.


High-precision measurement of thin-film is a precondition for the process optimization and diagnositcs in the thin-film preparation.Interferometric metrology is a widely accepted high-precison measurement technology which takes wavelength as the measurement unit.A novel measurement method of thin-film thickness based on phase-shift interferometry is presented.The precision measurement for the thickness of SiO2 thin-film sample was realized after the phase unwrapping and data processing for the obtained interferogram were implemented.The results show that this method has the advantages of noncontact and high accuracy,and the PV and RMS values of the measured thin-film thickness are 0.162 μm and 0.043 μm respectively.


In the present scientific workflow, through the example of this simplest organic acid we'll illustrate the approach to compute the anharmonic vibrational frequencies of characteristic X-H intramolecular chromophores which are treatable within 1D approximation (i.e. as one-dimensional anharmonic oscillators). The approach is straightforwardly extendable to an arbitrary X-Y oscillator.


Starch nanocrystal (SNC) was prepared by 40°C weak sulfuric acid hydrolysis method. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were simply and quickly reduced in situ on starch nanocrystal by ultrasonic assisted reduction method. UV-vis absorption spectrum verified the existence of AgNPs. The surface modification of AgNPs@SNC was carried out by using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) with simple structure and low cost to improve its dispersivity in the hydrophobic polymer matrix. Then the success of modification was preliminarily confirmed by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Taking Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria as objects of the study, the antibacterial properties of AgNPs@SNC were also explored, and the test results showed that AgNPs@SNC had certain inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli.


The wireless network Evil Twin Attack (ETA) is still only partially mitigated decades after the advent of wireless networking. An ETA is a spoofing attack wherein a malicious actor creates a convincing copy of a wireless network Access Point (AP) by duplicating a Service Set ID (SSID) and/or corresponding Message Access Control (MAC) addresses. We introduce TrustedAP: A blockchain-based solution that provides means for clients' (End Users') verification of AP devices as trustworthy using minimal (if any) connected time. We intend to use the Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts as a medium for an End User to challenge an AP's trustworthiness. Next, the AP (or AP trust-managing entity) delivers a sound, unique response to both the blockchain via smart contract and the requesting End User by a network channel. The End User validates an AP response using cryptographic integrity-preserving tools alongside an additional capacity for auditing an AP ownership chain. Once validated, clients have a very strong reason to believe that their connection is trustworthy, genuine, and under positive control of the intended public WiFi provider.


I present a new statistical method for analysing the relationship between two discrete characters that are measured across a group of hierarchically evolved species or populations. The method assesses whether a pattern of association across the group is evidence for correlated evolutionary change in the two characters. The method takes into account information on the lengths of the branches of phylogenetic trees, develops estimates of the rates of change of the discrete characters, and tests the hypothesis of correlated evolution without relying upon reconstructions of the ancestral character states. A likelihood ratio test statistic is used to discriminate between two models that are fitted to the data: one allowing only for independent evolution of the two characters, the other allowing for correlated evolution. Tests of specific directional hypotheses can also be made. The method is illustrated with an application to the Hominoidea.


NACA EM L78G27NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICSRESEARCH MEMORANDUM EFFECT OF CONVERGENT EJECTOR NOZZLES ON THEBOATTAIL DRAG OF A 16° CONICAL AFTERBODY AT MACH NUMBERS OF 0.6 TO 1.26* By James M. Cubbage, Jr. SUMMARY An investigation has been conducted at Mach numbers of 0.6 to 1.26 to determine the effect of two convergent ejector-type nozzles with secondary weight flow ratios up to 0.36 on the drag of a 160 conical afterbody. The nozzles had ratios of secondary exit diameter to primary exit diameter of 1.1 and 1.377 and spacing ratios ranging from 0 to 1.6. Primary jet pressure ratios for these nozzles ranged from 2 to 8. The results show that secondary flow rates greater than those usually required for cooling purposes did not have a large effect on the boattail drag coefficient; however, a trend to lower drag was noted as the amount of secondary flow increased. At primary jet pressure ratios corresponding to the design pressure ratio, the boattail drag coefficient increased with increasing spacing ratio up to a spacing ratio of about 0.8. INTRODUCTION The use of ejector-type exhaust nozzles on jet-propelled aircraft to provide cooling air for the tailpipe and nozzle in addition to some thrust augmentation has resulted in a number of investigations to deter-mine the effect of various parameters on ejector performance. In con-sidering the overall performance of this type of system, the effect of the jet from an ejector-type nozzle on afterbody drag must also be deter-mined. Recent transonic investigations of jet effects on afterbody drag have, in general, been conducted with nonejector type of nozzles to sim-plify model construction and to expedite testing. Such investigations (for example, refs. 1 to


Background: Running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. Today sports become highly competitive. Track & Field is categorized under the umbrella sports of Athletes. Mental imagery is an important factor to perform better in the field of sports. Aims: The aim of the study is to find out the differences in sports imagery ability among the runners, jumpers & throwers of track & field. Methods and Material: Total 30 male Inter University level Athletes out of which 10 runners, 10 jumpers, 10 throwers were selected as subject for this study. The age of the subject was 21-25 years. Statistical analysis used: Descriptive statistics and one way analysis of variance was used. To calculate the collected data socscistatistics.com (Online software) was used. Results: The result shows that there is no significant difference of sports mental imagery ability among the runners, jumpers & throwers. Conclusions: There is no significant difference among the runners, jumpers & throwers in respect of Sports Mental imagery ability.


Abstract : A free-flying instrumented model was tested in a hypersonic facility at M = 5.30, 6.34 and 9.94 and Re = 300,000 to 1,200,000 ft. Aerodynamic lift, total drag and base drag coefficients were obtained together with detailed base pressure distribution measurements at angles of attack from 0 to 60 deg. The measured lift and drag coefficients showed good agreement with the modified Newtonian theory. The centerline base pressure/free-stream static pressure, psia distribution was nearly independent of the angle of attack from -10 to -30 deg but increased rapidly for all test conditions beyond alpha = -30 deg. For similar conditions at angle of attack and Reynolds number, an increase in Mach number resulted in an increase of the base pressure ratio. The measurements indicated a highly complex base flow region, and tentative explanation of the observed results was offered.


I n 2006, Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened the Roundtable on Value and Science-Driven Health Care. The roundtable members are health care leaders from government agencies, pharmaceutical companies, industry, academic, and medicine, and a nurse professional, Mary Naylor, PhD, RN, FAAN, Professor and Director of the Center for Transitions in Health, University of Pennsylvania. The charter and vision of the roundtable is to help transform the way evidence on clinical effectiveness is generated and used to improve health and health care. Participants have set a goal that by 2020, 90% of the clinical decisions will be supported by accurate, timely, and up-to-date clinical information, and will reflect the best evidence. The roundtable assessments are reported in the 11 volumes of the IOM Learning Health System Series published by National Academic Press. The volume entitled Redesigning the Clinical Effectiveness Research Paradigm: Innovation and Practice-Based Approaches


The geographical aspects of the migration of ethnic groups within France are outlined with a focus on the study of internal migration. (ANNOTATION)


Due to the large difference in physical and chemical properties between the substrate and the cladding material, the welding of composite materials is much more difficult than that of single materials. In our work, S32304/Q390C composite material was considered as the research object. By adjusting the welding parameters, two kinds of joint geometry were obtained, namely, the transition layer weld lower (joint A) and higher the composite material interface (joint B). We studied the influence of the transition layer weld on the microstructure and properties of welded joints. The microstructure of the transition layer weld, the distribution of elements, the Schmidt factor of the interface between the transition layer and base layer weld, and the tensile strength of the joint were evaluated. The results show that with the increase of welding heat input, the microstructure of the transition layer weld changes from austenite and skeleton ferrite to austenite and lathy ferrite and austenite and acicular ferrite, while ferrite grows towards the weld center, showing a dendritic shape and a local network structure. At the side of the base layer weld of the interface between the transition and the base layer weld, the thickness of the low-carbon-content layer increased from 100 μm to 150 μm. Iron, chromium, and nickel elements on both sides of the interface were diffused, and the thickness of the diffusion layer increased from 3 μm to 10 μm. The tensile strength values of joints A and B were 648 MPa and 668 MPa, respectively, and the Schmidt factor values were 0.446 and 0.454, respectively. Combination with the analysis of the fracture morphology showed that when the transition layer weld was higher than the interface of the composite plate, the joint had better plastic deformation ability and higher tensile strength.


Presently study was included the entirety of the universe of 40 patients with Inadequacy Renal Chronicle that Hemodialysis is carried out in the hospital Teofilo Davila during Julio to December of the 2011, having as general objective to determine the percentage of decrease of urea and creatinina and as specific objectives to determine the percentage of patient hemodializados according to the age and gender, the concomitant illness.


A texture analyzer was used to test the gel strength,gumminess,chewiness,adhesiveness,springiness and cohesiveness of tea polysaccharides(TPs) under varying conditions of concentration,heating temperature,time,pH and calcium ion concentration.The results showed that the TPs concentration and heating temperature required for gelation were at least 5 mg/mL and 50 ℃,respectively.TPs gel strength was directly proportional to TPs concentration and temperature.Long storage time and strong acidity or alkaline could reduce the gel strength of TPs while calcium ion did not reveal stimulation effect on it.


The spectrum problem for G-decompositions of AKn that have a nesting was first considered in the case G ~ I{3 by C.J. Colbonrn and M.J. Colbonrn (1983) and by D.H.. Stinson (1985). For A 1 and G ~ Crn this problem was studied in many papers (see C.c. Lindner and C.A. Rodger, Chapter 8 in Contemporary Design Theory: a collection of surveys, ·Wiley 1992, and D.H.. Stinson, Utilitas Math. 33 (1988) for more details and references). In this paper we generalize the nesting definition given by C.J. ColbonI'll and M.J. Colbonrn [Ars Combin. 16 (1983), 27--34] and we study the spectrum problem in the case that G has four non-isolated vertices or less.


The NV-1 described is a vehicle navigation system which has been developed primarily for the aftersales market. The user can easily remove this stand-alone system from the vehicle. The system uses a CD-ROM disc on which is stored a map database whose format is standardized and widely compatible. The user can enjoy a variety of software by merely changing the disc. Use is also made of a variety of CD-ROMs containing additional information, which is classified according to intended application. Since this navigation sytem incorporates a speech recognition function, the user can perform a series of operations without touching the controls or looking at the screen.


A 1 k bit GaAs static RAM with E/D DCFL was designed and successfully fabricated by SAINT. A bit line pull-up was introduced to the design to make higher operation speed by 25 percent and reduce cell array power consumption by 50 percent. The RAM circuit was optimized in the points of a speed, a power, and an operating margin. A minimum address access time of 1.5 ns was measured for a total power dissipation of 369 mW. This performance is the best achieved so far, for practical application in cache or buffer memories.


The aims of the investigation were to identify the fungi causing spots, necrosis or death of plants and the evaluation of pathogenicity of some of them to chrysanthemum plants. During the mycological investigations the fragments of plant roots, stems and leaves were placed on a mineral medium. Over 6080 colonies were obtained. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp. and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were isolated most frequently. The largest numbers of colonies and species of fungi were isolated from cv. 'Snowdon'. In the second experiment, the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum and S. sclerotiorum populations was investigated. Disease index for inoculated plants was compared to chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. For most of isolates of higher pathogenicity, the disease index was correlated with the reduction of plants photosynthetic activity. However, in some cases the damage to the photosystem was more severe than external disease symptoms indicated, suggesting that chlorophyll fluorescence measurements might be helpful in early evaluation of disease severity.


Energy supply today is scarce and the demand will continue growing in the next decade. To
successfully meet the demand, the world faces new challenges regarding knowledge in renewable
energy. This report lifts the problem concerning insufficient knowledge in
hydropower technology. The solution regarding the lack of knowledge that this paper
investigates is a research and development facility in the area of Forsaker located in Molndal,
Sweden. In addition to the research and development facility a turbine concept, based on an
idea conceived by Lars Nilsson, is evaluated to examine if it's a suitable research project in
the facility.
The results of the report show that the market for turbines today has not yet reached its full
potential. The future looks bright for micro hydropower therefore a research and development
facility is a good idea. Furthermore, the paper concludes that a facility is possible to establish
in Forsaker. The turbine developed within the project showed an improvement compared to
its former design. Regarding if the turbine concept is a suitable project for the research
facility. It can be concluded that the turbine shouldn't be used in the facility before further
research is made.
The outcomes of this report give a first notion of what can be established in Forsaker. The
recommendation for further work is more comprehensive studies regarding the turbine
concept and the research and development facility. Preferably studies that discuss each
subject separately.
A few important delimitations have been made regarding environmental impacts, advanced
pipe flow calculations and economical calculations.
Keywords: Micro hydropower, hydropower, turbine development, computational fluid
dynamics, research facility, market analysis, business model canvas.


The paper deals with the main tendencies of the artistic reception of women images in modern Ukrainian novels. The principles of modeling femininity in literature have been considered from the positions of the gender studies, postcolonial and psychoanalytic theory. It is proved that the peculiarities of this modeling are determined by stylistic and genre tendencies of the Ukrainian literature. The interpretation of feminine images typical for the national literary tradition (mother, family-keeper, demonic woman) has been demonstrated in numerous examples. These images correlate with the fundamental artistic principles of the turning points in history (actualization of the archetypes, attention to the irrational manifestations of human psychics). They display the 'masculine' literary tradition (representation of a woman as an external object), but at the same time demonstrate a new accent in the understanding of the gender roles (woman as a mentor of a man). The alternative types of the feminine identity represented by feminist and culturological women's writing have been explored as well. Special attention has been paid to procreation as the main woman's ability, which forms different models of feminine mentality – from the essentialist mother-type to the image of a child-free woman. The modeling of a feminine artistic worldview becomes an actual strategy in overcoming the postcolonial trauma. It is explained by the peculiarities of the postcolonial literatures, which fulfill their historical reflections in the local family stories. In this context, feminine conscience gets the status of a memory-keeper and shows the ability to trace the development of national history in its everyday dimensions. Based on the large-scale generalization of the last decades' artistic practice, the researcher determines the main worldview intentions of modern novels, in particular the tendency to achieve gender parity, the full-fledged dialogue of men and women as the equal subjects of culture creation.


Carbon material derived from biomass is used to modify the sulfur cathode. The modified sulfur cathode composite (ACS) together with PEDOT: PSS-CNT interlayer is used to visualize high performance Li-S cells. The Li-S cells with the interlayer inserted between the separator and ACS cathode shows remarkably improved electrochemical activity with an initial discharge capacity of 950 mA h g-1 at 0.2 C. The improved performance for the interlayer assisted Li-S cells is due to the conductivity of the interlayer, also it can hold back the migrating polysulfides with in the cathode region and hindering the polysulfide shuttling phenomenon.


The use of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in collecting, sharing and disseminating geospatially referenced information on the Web is increasingly common. The potentials of this localized and collective information have been seen to complement the maintenance process of authoritative mapping data sources and in realizing the development of Digital Earth. The main barrier to the use of this data in supporting this bottom up approach is the credibility (trust), completeness, accuracy, and quality of both the data input and outputs generated. The only feasible approach to assess these data is by relying on an automated process. This paper describes a conceptual model of indicators (parameters) and practical approaches to automated assess the credibility of information contributed through the VGI including map mashups, Geo Web and crowd – sourced based applications. There are two main components proposed to be assessed in the conceptual model – metadata and data. The metadata component comprises the indicator of the hosting (websites) and the sources of data / information. The data component comprises the indicators to assess absolute and relative data positioning, attribute, thematic, temporal and geometric correctness and consistency. This paper suggests approaches to assess the components. To assess the metadata component, automated text categorization using supervised machine learning is proposed. To assess the correctness and consistency in the data component, we suggest a matching validation approach using the current emerging technologies from Linked Data infrastructures and using third party reviews validation. This study contributes to the research domain that focuses on the credibility, trust and quality issues of data contributed by web citizen providers.


The scoring of mitotic figures is an integrated part of the Bloom and Richardson system for grading of invasive breast cancer. It is routinely done by pathologists by visual examination of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained histology slides on a standard light microscope. As such, it is a tedious process prone to inter- and intra-observer variability. In the last decade, whole-slide imaging (WSI) has emerged as the "digital age" alternative to the classical microscope. The increasing acceptance of WSI in pathology labs has brought an interest in the application of automatic image analysis methods, with the goal of reducing or completely eliminating manual input to the analysis. In this paper, we present a method for automatic detection of mitotic figures in breast cancer histopathology images. The proposed method consists of two main components: candidate extraction and candidate classification. Candidate objects are extracted by image segmentation with the Chan-Vese level set method. The candidate classification component aims at classifying all extracted candidates as being a mitotic figure or a false object. A statistical classifier is trained with a number of features that describe the size, shape, color and texture of the candidate objects. The proposed detection procedure was developed using a set of 18 whole-slide images, with over 900 manually annotated mitotic figures, split into independent training and testing sets. The overall true positive rate on the testing set was 59.5% while achieving 4.2 false positives per one high power field (HPF).


The paper discusses the mechanism of powdered coal ash within concrete and the improvement on behavior~ of concrete by coal ash,and pre~sents the advantages of popularizing and using the concrete with a large admixture~ of powderd coal ash on the basis of the ash discharge trend in Benxi.


Besides the application of the photonic crystal for the photodetector in the visible range, the infrared devices proposed with subwavelength structure are numerically and experimentally investigated thoroughly for infrared radiation sensing in this research. Several complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible thermopiles with subwavelength structure (SWS) are proposed and simulated by the FDTD method. The proposed thermopiles are fabricated by the 0.35 μm 2P4M CMOS-MEMS process in TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company). The measurement and simulation results show that the response of these devices with SWS is higher than for those without SWS. The trend of the measurement results is consistent with that of the simulation results. Obviously, the absorption efficiency of the CMOS compatible thermopile can be enhanced when the subwavelength structure exists.


Background. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is an inflammation-perpetuating receptor, and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) is a marker of cellular RAGE expression. This study investigated whether raised plasma levels prior to surgery of sRAGE or S100A8/A9 (a RAGE ligand) were associated with longer duration of hospital care in patients undergoing cardiac surgery necessitating cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods. Patients (n = 130) undergoing elective cardiac surgery were enrolled prospectively. Plasma sRAGE and S100A8/A9 concentrations were measured before and 2 h after surgery. Results. Preoperative plasma sRAGE increased significantly (P < 0.0001) from 1.06 ng/mL (IQR, 0.72–1.76) to 1.93 ng/mL (IQR, 1.14–2.63) 2 h postoperatively. Plasma S100A8/9 was also significantly (P < 0.0001) higher 2 h postoperatively (2.37 μg/mL, IQR, 1.81–3.05) compared to pre-operative levels (0.41 μg/mL, IQR, 0.2–0.65). Preoperative sRAGE, but not S100A8/A9, was positively and significantly correlated with duration of critical illness (r = 0.3, P = 0.0007) and length of hospital stay (LOS; r = 0.31, P < 0.0005). Multivariate binary logistic regression showed preoperative sRAGE to be, statistically, an independent predictor of greater than median duration of critical illness (odds ratio 16.6, P = 0.014) and to be, statistically, the strongest independent predictor of hospital LOS. Conclusion. Higher preoperative plasma sRAGE levels were associated with prolonged duration of care in adults undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass.


If foreign languages are to be studied successfully they must be taught ef fectively. Guidelines for judging the com petency of prospec tive foreign language instructors are offered here.


The present invention discloses an excellent stress corrosion resistance to SSCC X65MS / X70MS SAW spiral and its manufacturing method, pipe manufacturing process mainly uses a low molding stress, and corrosion resistance wire welding flux, heat input line energy available control technology high strength, high toughness and excellent stress corrosion resistance to SSCC X65MS / X70MS stage spiral welded steel pipe. X65MS present invention / X70MS grade spiral submerged arc tube having excellent corrosion resistance to H2S using standard NACE TM0177 SSCC test solution A, more than 90% σs applying a predetermined stress level yield strength, tensile specimen surface intact without any cracking, high pressure and large flow of oil for gathering pipelines or transport hydrocarbon acidic medium.


Open clusters (OCs) are crucial for studying the formation and evolution of the Galactic disc. However, the lack of a large number of OCs analyzed homogeneously hampers the investigations about chemical patterns and the existence of Galactocentric radial and vertical gradients, or an age-metallicity relation. To overcome this, we have designed the Open Cluster Chemical Abundances from Spanish Observatories survey (OCCASO). We aim to provide homogeneous radial velocities, physical parameters and individual chemical abundances of six or more Red Clump stars for a sample of 25 old and intermediate-age OCs visible from the Northern hemisphere. To do so, we use high resolution spectroscopic facilities (R> 62,000) available at Spanish observatories. We present the motivation, design and current status of the survey, together with the first data release of radial velocities for 77 stars in 12 OCs, which represents about 50% of the survey. We include clusters never studied with high-resolution spectroscopy before (NGC~1907, NGC~6991, NGC~7762), and clusters in common with other large spectroscopic surveys like the Gaia-ESO Survey (NGC~6705) and APOGEE (NGC~2682 and NGC~6819). We perform internal comparisons between instruments to evaluate and correct internal systematics of the results, and compare our radial velocities with previous determinations in the literature, when available. Finally, radial velocities for each cluster are used to perform a preliminar kinematic study in relation with the Galactic disc.


Analysis of second and third order intermodulation distortion characteristics is, for the first time, performed including dynamic longitudinal spatial hole burning effect in DFB lasers.


Summary The effect of Ca++, Mg++, Cu++, Zn++, Cd++, Co++, Mn++, MoO4, Ni++, Fe+++ and Al+++ was studied on the enzymatic hydrolysis, by cerebral peptidases, of glycyl-L-leucine and glycyl-diglycine. The inhibition was shown to be of different orders of magnitude for different metals. Only cobalt ions were shown to enhance the hydrolysis of glycyl-diglycine by promoting the hydrolysis of the diglycine residue in the tripeptide which normally resists hydrolysis. This effect was specific for diglycine and not applicable to the other N-glycyl dipeptides which are normally not hydrolyzed by brain.


Objective To explore the impacts of occupational rock wool exposure on pulmonary ventilation function and respiratory symptoms.Methods 70 rock wool manufacturing and processing workers were taken as the exposed group,51 workers from an air separation plant were served as the control group.A health survey was carried out in the rock wool plant.All investigated subjects accepted lung function tests and their respiratory symptoms were investigated by questionnaire.Results Fiber concentrations at every job post and every shift of the exposed group were1 f/ml,however,the gravimetric concentrations of total dust the operators exposed at every shift were3 mg/m3.Compared with the control group,the exposed group had significantly lower mean values of FVC % and FEV1.0/FVC %(P0.05).Three subgroups with different years of exposure had no differences in the mean values of FVC %,FEV1.0% and FEV1.0/FVC%.The restrictive dysfunction of pulmonary ventilation was the main type,which showed linear trend with the years of exposure(P0.05),and showed no association with smoking(P0.05).It indicated that there was no combined effect in-between smoking and rock wool exposure(P0.05).The respiratory symptoms between the exposed group and the control group showed no statistically significant differences(P0.05).Conclusions Long-term exposure to the low level number concentrations of rock wool fiber still could damage workers' pulmonary ventilation function.The exposure level of total dust concentration should be emphatically controlled.


In this paper, a 1-bit coding reflective metasurface is proposed. It can steer the dual-polarized incident electromagnetic waves towards the desired directions along both the xz- and yz- cardinal planes. The unit cell of the coding metasurface consists of a slotted cross-dipole on the top layer. It has a ground plane sandwiched in-between two RT5870 dielectric layers. Two positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) switches are attached on the top layer in the x- and y- directions to manipulate the TM and TE polarized incidences, respectively. With the switching between the ON and OFF states of the PIN diodes along x- and y-directions, identical phase responses are achieved for TM and TE polarizations, respectively. A phase difference of 180° is achieved at 13.2 GHz between the ON and OFF states for both polarizations. An array of 18×18 such unit elements are used to construct the metasurface with different coding patterns. Using the spectral domain analysis and convolution property of the Fourier transform, the coding patterns are determined for the desired angle of beam steering. A good agreement is observed between the theoretically calculated and full-wave simulated far-field radiation patterns.


What impact have unfunded environmental mandates had on local governments? Carol Cimitile, Victoria Kennedy, Henry Lambright, Rosemary O'Leary, and Paul Weiland's two-pronged research studied seven local governments in New York State in 1994. First, they examined if and how these local governments prioritized risks (such as environmental and public health problems) to decide what environmental areas should have priority. Second, they examined how local governments were paying for the implementation of environmental mandates. The division of responsibility for environmental programs differs dramatically among the seven local governments studied. Common themes, however, were discovered and are discussed. The authors conclude that the problems posed by unfunded environmental mandates are the result of a number of factors including fragmentation (institutional, scientific, legal, and political), lack of information, and the rigidity of laws and regulations. They call for a national reexamination of environmental regulation. One of the first bills passed by Congress during the 1995 session and signed into law by President Clinton was P.L. 104-4 which addresses the issue of unfunded mandates. The passage of this law came on the heels of a number of other actions that called attention to a multitude of unfunded mandates being passed from the federal government to the states and from the states to localities. In 1993 and 1994, numerous resolutions were introduced in both the United States Senate and the House of Representatives to limit the passage of unfunded federal mandates. In 1993, President Clinton signed Executive Order 12875 (President Clinton, 1993) calling for a reduction in unfunded mandates. And October 27, 1993, was declared National Unfunded Mandates Day by the U.S. Conference of Mayors and the National Association of Counties. One purpose of all these actions was to call attention to the growing number of environmental mandates handed down from federal and state governments to local governments. Increasingly, the duty to implement environmental laws is falling on local governments. Environmental responsibility has shifted downward but without the needed funds to implement the programs mandated by the laws (ACIR, 1990., Fix and Kenyon, 1990; Schwartz and Peck, 1990; Zimmerman, 1992). Unfunded environmental mandates affect many of our nation's governments (DiLorenzo, 1993; U.S. Conference of Mayors/Price Waterhouse, 1993). Although much has been written on federalism and environmental policy (Fitzgerald, McCabe, and Foltz, 1988; Peretz, 1992; Tobin, 1992), little attention has been paid to the issue of how local governments are dealing with unfunded environmental mandates. The cost of federally mandated environmental programs has been estimated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to be $99 billion for 1990 alone (Pompilli et al., 1992). Yet there is little information on the impact of environmental mandates on individual local government entities. In one of the few studies on the subject, officials in Columbus, Ohio, estimated its portion of those costs to be $1 billion from 1992 to the year 2000 (Environmental Law Committee, 1991). In another study, the overall impact of environmental mandates on Anchorage, Alaska, was estimated to be $430 million from 1992 to 2000 (Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska, 1992). To gather further empirical evidence to understand better how local governments are coping with the unfunded environmental mandates facing them, we studied seven local governments in New York State. The focus of the research was two-pronged. First, we examined if and how these local governments prioritized risks (such as environmental and public health problems) in order to decide what environmental areas should have priority. Second, we examined how local governments were paying for the implementation of environmental mandates. Researchers asked the questions: Are risk and finance balanced by these local governments? …


The HPV vaccine is safe and effective in preventing genital warts and cervical changes that may lead to cervical cancer, and it is recommended as part of the vaccination series in females 11 to 12 years of age. It can be given to females as young as 9 or 10 years of age, and catch-up vaccination is recommended for those who are 13 to 26 years of age.


A variant of a semigroup S with respect to an element a ? S is the semigroup
 S a = (S, *a), where x *a y = xay for any x, y ? S. Here, a is the sandwich
 element of Sa. In this article, we study variants of the partial Brauer
 monoid PBn for n ? N. We give the classification of these variants in the case
 when the rank of the sandwich element is nonzero.


The paper describes the harness of soot from industrial silicon furnace and the recovery of micro silicon powder from the points of the engineering,main equipment and techno-economic indexes combined with practical projects.


This study investigates the effects of chunk-based exercises on English sentence structure by looking at second language learners' proficiency. Oral sentence building (OSB), an aural-oral exercise where a learner needs to manipulate chunks and construct a sentence, was used. Five kinds of grammatical items were the focus of analysis. One hundred forty-two junior high school students conducted OSB 10 times for 10 days. The study indicates that OSB enhanced the sentence structures of both high and low proficiency learners. Above all, t-test showed a significant difference in the use of gerunds. One of the findings was that chunk-based learning would be more effective for beginners or intermediate learners.


ABSTRACT Ranaviruses have been isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in Denmark. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that these two ranaviruses are nearly identical and form a distinct clade at the base of the ranavirus tree branching off near other fish ranaviruses.


We define a quarter symmetric metric connection in an almost − r paracontact Riemannian manifold and we consider submanifolds of an almost − r paracontact Riemannian manifold endowed with a quarter symmetric metric connection. We also obtain Gauss and Codazzi equations, Weingarten equation and curvature tensor for submanifolds of an almost − r paracontact Riemannian manifold


easier to analyze than the costs of other types of plants for two reasons: First, the product, electricity, is homogeneous in a physical sense, in contrast to the output of, say, a steel rolling mill. Second, the accounting records of steam stations approach comparability more closely than those of many types of plant owing to the uniform system of accounts prescribed by the Federal Power Commission and the several state public utility commissions. The present study was undertaken in the hope that with these advantages it would be possible to get some general notion, at least, of the relation between size of station and the cost of steam-generated power. It must be emphasized that this investigation is not a general study of the factors influencing the cost of power from steam stations. The rise in prices which has occurred in recent years, for example, is of interest only secondarily. The purpose of the investigation is specialized: it is to uncover the relation between size and cost, other things being equal. The work was undertaken with the fear that the results would be crude but in the


. We present maps of the 22 MHz radio emission between declinations − 28 ◦ and +80 ◦ , covering ∼ 73% of the sky, derived from observations with the 22 MHz ra-diotelescope at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Obser-vatory (DRAO). The resolution of the telescope (EW × NS) is 1.1 ◦ × 1.7 ◦ secant(zenith angle). The maps show the large scale features of the emission from the Galaxy including the thick non-thermal disk, the North Polar Spur (NPS) and absorption due to discrete H ii regions and to an extended band of thermal electrons within 40 ◦ of the Galactic centre. We give the flux densities of nine extended supernova remnants shown on the maps. A comparison of the maps with the 408-MHz survey of Haslam et al (1982) shows a remarkable uniformity of spectral index (T ∝ ν − β ) of most of the Galactic emission, with β in the range 2.40 to 2.55. Emission from the outer rim of the NPS shows a slightly greater spectral index than the dis-tributed emission on either side of the feature. The mean local synchrotron emissivity at 22 MHz deduced from the emission toward nearby extended opaque H ii regions is ∼ 1.5 × 10 − 40 Wm − 3 Hz − 1 sr − 1 , somewhat greater than pre-vious estimates.


Objective This study was to analyze the clinical features and characteristics of pulmonary carcinosarcoma,and investigate the prognostic factors and treatment of this tumor.Methods The clinical data of pulmonary carcinosarcoma were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software.The Overall survival rates(OS) and the prognostic factors were calculated and compared with the Kaplan-Meier method and the Log-rank test.Results Among all the 13 patients included,the carcinomatous component of carcinosarcoma was different,7 were squamous cell carcinoma,4 were adenocarcinoma(one included small cell carcinoma),1 were adenosquamous carcinoma and 1 were undifferentiated carcinoma.The carcinomatous component appears more frequently in local lymph node metastasis.In single-factor prognostic analysis,histologic pattern of the carcinomatous component(P=0.047) and the character of operation(P=0.019) were the prognostic factor.Conclusion Pulmonary carcinosarcoma is one type of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma,consisting of both carcinomatous component and sarcomatous component,while the carcinomatous component with squamous cell carcinoma had a better prognosis than non-squamous carcinoma(P=0.047).We conclude that radical resection of this tumor may achieve good prognosis.Distant metastasis was more often to appear,but comprehensive treatment was extremely needed to improve the long-time survival.


We examined the influence of endosymbiotic methanogens on the growth and metabolic profile of the anaerobic ciliate Trimyema compressum. When we isolated the ciliate, it possessed a large number of endosymbiotic Methanobacterium-like methanogens inside the cell. The culture was transferred to fresh medium with Lactobacillus sp. cells as food bacteria. T. compressum grew to give a maximum cell number of 3300 cells/ml without loss of the endosymbionts over 30 passages of transfer. Acetate and methane were major end products with smaller amounts of propionate and butyrate. However, after further continued cultivation, the number of endosymbiotic methanogens started to decrease and they eventually disappeared. The growth and metabolic profile of the ciliate were changed significantly as the symbiotic association deteriorated. The major fermentation products were shifted to butyrate. These results suggest that the endosymbiotic methanogens which function as hydrogen scavengers are not indispensable for the growth and survival of T. compressum, although the growth yield decreased slightly in the absence of methanogens, and the ciliate is capable of fermenting food bacteria without endosymbiotic methanogens by changing its metabolic pathway.


The selection of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients in regions where deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) is rarely performed might be different from that in other centers at which LDLT is an alternative option to DDLT. Records of adult (age ≥ 18 yr) patients referred to our center were reviewed to analyze the selection process of LDLT candidates. Among the 533 LDLT candidates, 165 (31%) were rejected due to recipient issues. Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was the most common reason for rejection (n = 55). Among the remaining recipients, 120 patients (22%) were rejected due to donor issues. LDLT was eventually performed in 249 (47%) of the evaluated recipients. There are few options for candidates who are unable to find live donors in regions where DDLT is unrealistic. A more effective and precise approach to recipient and donor evaluation should be pursued. Liver Transpl 12:1077–1083, 2006. © 2006 AASLD.


The purpose of this study was to analyze how the influence of Brand Awareness and Celebrity Endorser on the Purchase Decision of Wardah cosmetic products (IBM asmi Student Study). The variable indicators of brand awareness are not recognizing the brand, brand recognition, brand recall, and peak of mind. Celebrity endorser variable indicators are trustworthiness (trustworthy), expertise (expertise), and attractiveness (attractiveness), while purchasing decision indicators are need recognition, information search, evaluation, purchase decision, post-purchase behavior. The population in this study is an IBM S1 student. The number of samples in this study taken based on Roscoe's theory with a minimum of 30-500 people, so 60 respondents obtained. The data analysis methods used in this research are validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, correlation coefficient analysis (R), determinant coefficient analysis (R2), partial hypothesis analysis (t-test) and simultaneous (f-test). The results of the analysis show that brand awareness has a partial effect on purchasing decisions. Celebrity endorsers have no partial effect on purchasing decisions. However, brand awareness and celebrity endorsers have a simultaneous effect on purchasing decisions. Purchasing decisions explained by the variable brand awareness and celebrity endorser by 62.4% and the remaining 37.6% explained by other variables outside this study.


Richard Epstein once said that "[i]t is difficult to conceive of ... a defense of freedom of speech so pure as to countenance securities fraud ... ."' The regulation of false or misleading statements of material fact under the securities laws,2 like other regulations of false or misleading commercial speech, has been upheld under First Amendment analysis, despite the fact that such regulations necessarily curtail speech.3 This rubric is problematic, however, when applied to certain types of corporate speech that have become prevalent in today's climate of overlapping legal, political, social, economic, and popular culture.


Background: With the observed cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in South Africa, coupled with varying levels of national lockdowns, food retail supply chains in South Africa were adversely affected. The pandemic affected international travel, global logistics, supplier production and stockpiles at the supply end, which resulted in shortages at retailers and increased prices for basic food items. Objectives: The purpose of this article was to provide insights into and a synthesis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food retail supply chain models in South Africa. Method: A general review of both academic and grey literature (including commentaries) was studied to draw insights into the issues of food retail supply chain. This was combined with an examination of websites and annual reports of the major food retailers in South Africa to find their responses to the pandemic related to their supply chains. Results: It was found that the investment in supply chains and local supply development and the technology by the large food retailers in the country have paid off in the ways that they have been able to respond to and contain the shocks of the pandemic and point to the local versus the international when thinking about new supply chain models for the post-COVID-19 world. Conclusion: The insights drawn from this article may be useful in building more resilient food retail supply chains in the South African context. This article charts a way for more focused analyses using empirical data to thresh out more nuanced insights that will benefit the food retail supply chain and create a more resilient food system in South Africa. © 2022. The Authors.


In 2013, the European Commission granted substantial funds of the Commission's Seventh Research Framework Program FP7 to the NGTC Project Consortium, consisting of numerous representative members from European Railways and associated institutions, the railway supply industry, urban mass transit operators and associated organizations, and railway research institutions. The objective of the NGTC research project is to prepare a set of specifications and analyses for a future train control system that shall support better re-utilization of major constituents in mainline railway applications as well as in urban mass transit applications. Significant challenges for the project come from the requirement that the proposed modular architecture shall be on the one side backward compatible to the existing European rail traffic management system (ERTMS) Baseline 3, and on the other side introduce common train control modules that may be used in highest performance unmanned train operation (UTO) urban mass transit applications. At the time of paper drafting, all working packages have started. Some are sufficiently advanced to being reported and discussed in this paper in the context of APMs. This paper is an introduction into the NGTC functional and safety architecture and the application of 4th/5th generation radio transmission systems for future virtual block architectures.


In South Dakota, like most U.S. states, up-to-date knowledge of the distribution of freshwater gastropod species is lacking and historical data suffers from a host of synonyms. I consulted literature records and online museum databases to compile a list of freshwater gastropods historically recorded for South Dakota. I used systematic studies and regional records to evaluate each historically-listed species reducing 54 nominal species to 25 expected to inhabit South Dakota. This, along with recent survey data from across the state, enable a benchmark conservation status to be established for the freshwater gastropods of South Dakota. My preliminary conservation evaluation indicates Planorbula armigera is critically imperiled (S1), while three species; Ferrissia rivularis, Campeloma decisum, and Amnicola limosus are imperiled (S2). The status of historical species not observed recently, and suspected inhabitants known from adjacent states are discussed.


The constructing and operating situations of 14 biogas projects in Shangluo city were investigated.The analysis results indicated that the main existing problems for biogas project in mountain area were as follows: low yield of biogas,low benefits of system,long project duration,difficulty in central gas supply,low efficiency of "three biogas",and non-standardized industry.According to these problems,some countermeasures were proposed that promoting popularization of utilization techniques of "three biogas",standardizing project management,and strictly controlling funds appropriation process,and further perfecting design for project,and implementing subsidies policy for "three biogas" utilization,and accelerating CDM project development and establishing trading system for culture emission quotas.


The spatially homogeneous spin dynamics of the superfluid 3He-B with dissipation is considered for the general spin-orbital configurations. It is demonstrated that the possibility of new coherent spin-precessing modes appears explicitly in the equations of motion describing the relaxation of the spin variables towards various attractors (resonance states) found previously as the stationary solutions and observed experimentally.


In December 1894 Miss Ellen Georgiana Tanner FRGS (1847–1937) set off from Victoria Station for Marseilles, took a merchant steamer through the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia, and up the River Tigris to Baghdad. Tanner was accompanying Emma Mockler, wife of the British Resident at Baghdad, who was returning to the city: 'as we came in sight of Baghdad it looked like a fairy city with the palm-fringed river, orange gardens, the houses on the water side like Venice, and all her mosques and minarets gleaming in the yellow evening sunlight.'1 It was during this journey that Tanner decided to visit Persia after an acquaintance 'spoke of its scenery, its ruins and its climate with an enthusiasm that fired my already stimulated imagination and fixed a floating fantasy not to stop short in Mesopotamia' (i, 2). Tanner headed for the port of Bandar Bushehr at the foot of the caravan route to central Persia, and began a remarkably intrepid journey across the region on horseback, visiting the bazaars of Shiraz, Isfahan, and Kerman along the way. The journey marked her emergence as a collector: years later, she would donate her unusual collections of Persian art to several UK museums. Ellen Tanner was the elder daughter of a wealthy attorney-at-law, William Tanner. The family lived at Frenchay House, just outside Bristol. Tanner's mother had died when she was a child and she spent much of her adult life caring for her father. On his death in 1887, she and her sister each inherited the sum of £18,000, while their two brothers received the family's shipping and business interests. By then in her late forties, she travelled widely throughout Europe and to Egypt, Turkey, and India, before making her first visit to the Middle East. Tanner is one of a group of 'intrepid emigrants, formidable travellers and driven philanthropists' subverting the 'breathless inadequacy model of bourgeois femininity' queried by Amanda