Do not use a chest drain to treat hepatic hydrothorax

When a patient presents with a large unilateral symptomatic pleural effusion many doctors will feel tempted to insert a chest drain. We caution against placement of a chest drain as a therapeutic reflex, particularly if the diagnosis is hepatic hydrothorax.

### Case 1

A 70 year old man was admitted to our department for shortness of breath. He was known to have cryptogenic liver cirrhosis. About two years before this admission he had developed ascites, and treatment with salt restriction, spironolactone, and frusemide (furosemide) was started. One year before admission his right kidney had been removed because of renal cancer. Subsequently he began to have recurrent right pleural effusion. Before he was admitted, weekly thoracenteses had become necessary as he continued to be short of breath.

On admission the patient seemed well except for mild tachypnea. We noted dullness to percussion above the right lung. The abdomen was mildly distended, but ascites was not evident. Jugular venous pressure was not raised, and the patient had no peripheral oedema. Blood count (except for platelets 65 000/mm3) and prothrombin time were normal; bilirubin was 30.8 μmol/l, and protein 71 g/l. The table shows additional results. Chest radiography confirmed a large right pleural effusion; abdominal ultrasonography showed only a small amount of ascitic fluid. Thoracentesis showed a transudate with protein 10 g/l and pH 7.49.

View this table:

Results of blood tests in a patient with hepatic hydrothorax and a chest drain

A chest drain was inserted and 2700 ml of fluid was drained. Subsequently the daily volume of drained fluid …


Abstract Dynamic height is calculated from XBT and surface salinity data in the central Pacific using a mean temperature–salinity (T–S) relation in the usual way below the thermocline but assuming isohaline water in the upper layer where the temperatures are isothermal. This scheme produces a better estimate of dynamic height than the use of a mean T–S relationship alone and produces significant improvements near the equator where small pressure gradients imply large geostrophic currents. During the El Nino of 1982–83, water of very low surface salinity was observed spanning the equator; this event is attributed both to extreme local rainfall and anomalous advection from the western Pacific. Geostrophic transports of the major surface currants are estimated for the period January 1979 through December 1984. The North and South Equatorial countercurrents are found to have the largest annual fluctuations, and the vertical displacements of the thermocline associated with these fluctuations are qualitatively ...


The tryptophan catabolite hydroxyanthranilic acid (HAA) has potent immunomodulatory and vasoactive effects. HAA is also a precursor in the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a crucial cofactor in energy-metabolism. We have previously demonstrated that elevated plasma HAA predicted risk of myocardial infarction.

 To explore if plasma HAA is associated with stress induced myocardial ischemia in non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD).

 In 132 patients with chest pain and non-obstructive CAD by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), plasma HAA was analyzed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All participants underwent myocardial contrast stress echocardiography. Myocardial ischemia was assessed as delayed contrast replenishment at peak dobutamine stress during real-time low mechanical index imaging and destruction replenishment. The extent of ischemia was defined as the number of segments with delayed contrast enhancement using a 17-segment left ventricular model. Associations of plasma HAA with myocardial ischemia was evaluated in a multivariate adjusted linear regression model.

 Mean (SD) age at inclusion was 63 (8) years and 56% were women. At CCTA, the median (25th, 75th percentile) coronary artery calcium (CAC) score was 42 (13–107) Agatston units, whereas the mean (SD) segment involvement score (SIS) was 2.6 (1.6). Myocardial ischemia was found in 52% of patients with on average 5 (3) ischemic segments per patient. Serum HAA did not correlate with the CAC score or SIS (p>0.29). After multivariate adjustment including age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, current smoking, and LDL cholesterol, the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for myocardial ischemia was 1.55 (1.04–2.32), P=0.03, per SD increment of plasma HAA levels (log transformed). Plasma HAA was also associated with the extent of myocardial ischemia with a multivariate adjusted β of 0.26, P=0.004.

 Plasma HAA is associated with the extent of myocardial ischemia in non-obstructive CAD. Potential roles of this metabolite in atherogenesis, vascular dysfunction and as a predictor of myocardial ischemia should be further elucidated.

 Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): Western Norway Regional Health Authority


A design of experiment (DOE) based on computer aided engineering (CAE) was used to analyze robustness for decoupling layout of a powertrain mounting system (PMS). The PMS of a car was considered,and contributions of the mount stiffness parameters to variations of the frequencies and the decoupling ratios of the PMS were investigated,respectively. The analysis method disclosed the key stiffness parameters for the robustness of the frequencies and the decoupling ratios of the PMS. Analysis results showed that variations of the frequencies and the decoupling ratios were due to the variations of all the stiffness parameters. The variations of the stiffness parameters had more influence on the frequencies and the decoupling ratios in the three rotational directions than that in the three translational directions of the PMS. The presented robustness analysis method lays theoretical foundations for the robustness design of a generic PMS.


Periosteum and endosteum play roles in not only bone development and bone formation but also bone regeneration and bone reparation. This article mainly reviewed the effect of periosteum during distraction and the development of distraction osteogenesis periosteum related.


A kind of measurement of image segmentation based on the principle of optical interference is presented and realized by simulation in computer. A uniform coherent light source, a filter and a receiving screen are designed in computer. The pseud phase distribution, which is translated from intensity distribution of the image by a conversion rule, is shown on this given filter. The interference pattern is produced when the filter is illuminated with the light source, and sampled on a receiving screen. Choosing a proper threshold segments the interference pattern and the edge of the input image can be obtained. Numerical simulation shows the effect of this segmentation method is equivalent to that of Sobel operator.Contrast between simulated results and experimental results is analyzed. It indicates two ways to improve the segmentation effect of the hardware system, one is to control coherent length of the light source, or to enlarge lattice distance of the liquid crystal screen; the second way is that CCD camera be connected with a computer to change the interference pattern into binary image.


Objective To investigate changes of cell immunity and body fluid immunity index of non small cell lung cancer patients.Methods 40 healthy collator(control group) and 40 patients adopt chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer patients(observation group) before and after chemotherapy measure and compare the CD3,CD4,CD8,IgG,IgA,IgM levels.Results Observer Group before chemotherapy,CD3、CD4 CD4/CD8 decreased(P0.05),CD8 no significant difference(P 0.05).Compare before chemotherapy,after chemotherapy before the CD3、CD4、CD8 decreased(P0.05).CD4/CD8 increased after chemotherapy,Observer Group before chemotherapy,IgG、IgA and IgM increased(P0.05).And no significant difference before and after chemotherapy(P 0.05).Conclusion Non small cell lung cancer patients before chemotherapy cellular immune function decreased,and sap immunity function increased,after chemotherapy compared with before chemotherapy the cellular immune function decrease but sap immunity function unchanged


Vibration mode of the human skull was studied by means of holographic interferometry. Three dry human skulls were vibrated with generated bone-conduction receiver for several test frequencies within audible range.After assessing resonance frequencies on each skull, holograms of the vibrating skull were recorded and reconstructed in each resonance frequency principally.Vibration of the skull was clearly discernible not only at the vibrated temporal surface but also the opposite side.Noteworthy findings were vibration fringes on the temporal surface observed at the test frequencies of 400Hz and 100Hz, suggesting a possible component of compression bone-conduction at such low frequency ranges.


The transition of land parcels among various land use/land cover (LULC) classes is dynamic. With advances in land classification theories and improvement in computing power, newer technologies, methodologies and algorithms are being successfully utilized for the assessment of LULC, for the LULC change detection and for the simulation of LULC dynamics. The per-pixel based supervised and unsupervised approaches for LULC assessment, and approaches like Post-Classification, Image Differencing, Image Ratioing etc for change detection have now being gradually taken over by new approaches like soft classification, Machine Learning Algorithms, neural network, decision tree etc. Three state-of-art geo-spatial programs were developed for each of these three categories of analysis: A Multi-Algorithm Automation Program (MAAP) for LULC assessment, Data Automatic Modification Program (DAMP) to detect change and Multi-Stage Simulation Program (MUSSIP) to model LULC through time. Common to each of these programs, which aims at improving the classification accuracy, is the use of artificial intelligence, through automated decisions during the training phase of the programs, so


Ramsay, G. W.; Crosby, T. K. (DSIR Plant Protection, Priuate Bag, Auckland, New Zealand) 1992. Bibliography of New Zealand terrestrial invertebrates 1775- 1985, and guide to the associated information retrieval database BUGS. Bulletin ofthe Entomological Society of New Zealand 11: 1-440. ISBN 0-9597663-4-0. This bibliography and its associated information retrieval database, BUGS, cover all the available literature concerned with non-marine invertebrates of the New Zealand subregion for the 210-year period 1775 to 1985. The bibliography lists approximately 14 500 references to information in about 950 periodicals and numerous books, as well as about 750 theses and projects of New Zealand universities. Literature concerning both endemic species and those which are adventive or introduced is included: many of the introduced species from the Northern Hemisphere and Australia are pests of agricultural and horticultural significance, and form a significant proportion of the New Zealand economic literature. The...


A fault control device based on a double-fed asynchronous motor comprises a monitoring module connected with the double-fed asynchronous motor, a switching module connected with the monitoring unit, a first decoupling module connected with the double-fed asynchronous motor, a first comparison module connected with the first decoupling module and a PI current regulator, a second decoupling module, a second comparison module, a double-hysteresis-loop current vector regulator and a machine side converter. The switching module is used for enabling the double-hysteresis-loop current vector regulator to be connected with the machine side converter when the open circuit voltage of a rotor is detected to be larger than a first threshold value. The second decoupling module is used for converting a reference current into a reference three-phase current. The second comparison module is connected with the second decoupling module and used for comparing an output three-phase alternating current with the reference three-phase current to obtain a second current error signal. The double-hysteresis-loop current vector regulator is connected with the second comparison module and used for conducting regulation according to the second current error signal and outputting a second control signal to the machine side converter. The machine side converter is connected with the double-fed asynchronous motor and provides the three-phase alternating current for the double-fed asynchronous motor after obtaining the second control signal.


A toroidal magnetic core is an accepted component for storage and switching application in present-day digital circuits. In this paper design and description of a nanosecond high current pulse generator using the magnetic toroid as blocking oscillator transformer core and the transistor as a switching element is presented in brief. The superiority of this simple circuit is that it can deliver a peak current of 180 mA to a matched load and the pulse duration can be varied continuously from 100 to 300 nsec. by controlling the supply voltage V and the potentiometer R.


Critical Care Medicine www.ccmjournal.org e739 The authors reply: We thank Dr. Axler (1) for his interest in our study (2) of central venous pressure (CVP) and mean airway pressure (Pmean). We believe that CVP is as true a physiologic variable as the heart rate and blood pressure; it has intrinsic meaning in that it is the lowest pressure within the circulatory system because it approaches the right atrium, and it reflects the right atrial pressure. As the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure serves as a variable reflecting left ventricular function, CVP may serve as a variable reflecting right ventricular function. Guyton et al (3) found that the mean atrial pressure rose by an imperceptible amount while the right ventricle was increasing its force of contraction during a progressive pulmonary artery occlusion test in mongrel dogs. However, as soon as the ventricle reached its maximal force and then began to fail, the right atrial pressure immediately began to rise. Thus, an elevation of CVP indicates right ventricular dysfunction, and CVP serves as a more effective variable reflecting right ventricular function than the volume status or volume responsiveness, which have caused much controversy (4). An elevated airway pressure, fluid overload, and hypoxia are possible causes of right ventricular dysfunction and CVP elevation while patients are undergoing mechanical ventilation. We believe that patients' outcomes are determined not only by alveolar stretching but also, and more importantly, the heart-lung interaction on the first day of mechanical ventilation. As you mentioned, the Pmean differs from the plateau pressure (Pplat) and driving pressure (DP); the Pmean is much more hemodynamically accurate because it reflects the whole respiratory cycle; the latter variables reflect alveolar stretching, which only occurs during the inspiratory phase. Our study revealed that an elevated Pmean (odds ratio, 1.125; 95% CI, 1.069–1.184; p < 0.001) was independently associated with 28-day mortality instead of Pplat and DP. We provided evidence and discussed why Pmean was employed in our study (2). We agree that our study had limitations because of its retrospective and single-center design. However, both CVP and Pmean are easy to measure consecutively at the bedside and have a greater possibility to be generalized. As mentioned above, CVP and Pmean may be variables that serve as a bridge between right heart function and the respiratory system, reflecting the cardiopulmonary interaction in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Certainly, elucidation of the exact effect of Pmean and CVP on right ventricular function requires the use of specific right ventricular function variables by echocardiography or Swan-Ganz catheterization to reveal the mechanism. The authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.


Copyright © 2021 The Korean Society of Phycology 91 http://e-algae.org pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Benthic dinoflagellates in Korean waters An Suk Lim and Hae Jin Jeong* Division of Life Science & Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea


Abstract : Magnetic nano- and micro spheres coated with polymers that have the right combination of characteristics have enormous potential for applications in drug delivery, biological sensor technologies, pathogen diagnostics, antibody-antigen and intracellular targeting, and more recently, for nano-motors and other nano-devices. For in-vivo use in all of these applications, the surface properties of the macromolecular nanospheres or microspheres must be tailored to: 1) disperse them in physiological media, and 2) avoid immune response. Moreover, surfaces that can target specific cell populations or pathogens are also of great interest. This DARPA-AFOSR project has helped to address macromolecular concepts relative to tailoring the surface properties of biodegradable nanospheres and micro spheres for in-vivo blood-contacting applications. The project goals have been to define relationships among chemical composition, processing parameters, nanosphere sizes and size distributions, and surface structure. Our accomplishments include 1) a facile method for achieving magnetite-polylactide nanospheres that can be dispersed in aqueous media; 2) methods for functionalizing the termini of the hydrophilic brushes on the nanospheres in order to conjugate targeting moieties; 3) development of a nanosphere processing approach that yields nanospheres in the desired size range with a narrow distribution of sizes; and 4) maintenance of all of these characteristics with up to approximately 60 weight percent of magnetite incorporated into the nanospheres.


Bilateral tubectomy is one of commonly used method of contraception worldwide as a permanent method of family planning procedure for women, which can be done laparoscopically or by open method of surgery. Many women regret for their decision of permanent sterilization and some of them come to restore their fertility, because they have lost their press child which is usually male and some come because they have remarried. To restore fertility in post tubectomy women, fallopian tube re-canalization or in vitro fertilization (IVF) is the answer. For post-tubectomy cases, fallopian tube recanalization can be done manually by open surgery or with laparoscope. Since 2014 till date, 18 cases of post-tubectomy fallopian tube recanalization, manually by open method of surgery is done. This method was found to be most feasible, simple and no special instrument or equipment was needed. As such general surgical instruments were used in bilateral fallopian tube anastomosis with too satisfying results.


Visual tracking is one of the hot topics in the field of computer vision. Over the years, the application of visual tracking has been gradually expanded with the continuous development of technology. First, the difficulties of tracking process and the application of visual tracking are introduced in this paper. Then, tracking methods are classified into two major classifications. The history of development and current research status of the tracking algorithm are introduced in time sequence, and the advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Finally, the future trend of visual tracking is presented.


Marx and Engels critically inherited bourgeois democracy thought of agro-foundation,proposed a series of classic views of agricultural status and function.They proposed that agriculture is based on food production,which agriculture is at foundational position in the social division of labor,and which agriculture is decisive in the production department,etc.Also they studied several methods of raising agricultural productivity.Those not only lay the foundation for establishing the Marxism theory of agro-foundation,and also play a guiding role for the later Marxists in strengthening agro-foundation.


This is a previously unpublished manuscript and is the last entry in the annotated bibliography above. It is related to the counter culture articles, the liberation theology and Heidegger articles, and, indeed, to the whole corpus. It is offered here with the intention, and hope, that it will stimulate the reader to look closely at the related articles and by that to turn to the entire corpus. Any one of his articles should have a similar result.


Inductive learning algorithms that have been applied to learning in description logics (DL) have not been as well studied and optimized as the more general class of feature-based learning algorithms. This paper proposes a way to apply feature-based learners to DL learning tasks by presenting a method to compute a feature-vector representation for DL instances. The representation is based on concepts computed by a DL learning algorithm and by a feature generation method that has previously been applied to sequence categorization tasks. We show encouraging empirical test results using the feature-based learning systems Ripper, C5.0, and Naive Bayes.


Following the concept of L-limited sets in dual Banach spaces introduced by Salimi and Moshtaghioun, we introduce the concept of almost L-limited sets in dual Banach lattices and then by a class of operators on Banach lattices, so called disjoint limited completely continuous operators, we characterize Banach lattices in which almost L-limited subsets of their dual, coincide with L-limited sets.


Tu Tuan Ce Fu is a comprehensive book about natural and social names and descriptions of things,ceremonies and proprieties,arguments about political affairs,etc.With the discovery of new documents and further textual researches,it becomes necessary to supplement and study further Tu Tuan Ce Fu in terms of its extant manuscript,author,publishing time,etc.


An apparatus for measuring contact angles by the heavy drop method is proposed. After a few introductory considerations, the article reviews some experimental methods and shows their main advantages and drawbacks. In the heavy drop method, the mean contact angle of a liquid on a solid is calculated from a measurement of the height in the central zone of a large pancake-like drop. This measurement is based in turn on partial occultation of a parallel light beam, detected by a photodiode. Connected to a microcomputer for data storage and processing, the device allows investigations to be made of either static or dynamic phenomena by contact angle and/or contact angle hysteresis measurements; it is simple and well suited to various problems of surface characterization.


This article describes the definition, theoretical derivation, design ideas, and specific implementation of the nearest query algorithm for the acceleration of probabilistic optimization at first, and secondly gives an optimization conclusion that is generally applicable to high-dimensional Minkowski spaces with even-numbered feature parameters. Thirdly the operating efficiency and space sensitivity of this algorithm and the commonly used algorithms are compared from both theoretical and experimental aspects. Finally, the optimization direction is analyzed based on the results.


It is pointed out that the increasing importance of speed-to-market for competitive advantage and the rapid changes in technology and markets require adaptations in the organizational structure of technology-based businesses. Recent research suggests that the traditional focus on project, functional, and/or matrix organizational designs misses the vital point that organizations that successfully adapt to changing technology and markets possess self-designing structures. Field research suggests that two factors encourage self-design: skills in managing interfaces and practices that promote individual development.<<ETX>>


Electrotechnical instruments must be chosen correctly in order to correctly measure electric parameters.The type,the range accuracy and how to choose the electrotechnical instruments according to the actual reguirements are presented and analyzed.


This paper leverages current thinking on organising for innovation to create new ideas on contingent organising for innovation. I argue that all successfully innovative organisations need to be built on the same higher-level principles of innovative organising, but the relative emphasis on which principles and how they are implemented will vary by game of innovation. I focus on four organising activities: defining the work that will be done, differentiating that work into coherent units, integrating those differentiated units, and controlling the whole system over time. I synthesise the literature into four principles of innovative organising: defining innovative work as professional practice; differentiating innovative work into domains of practice; integrating these domains via strategic sensemaking, and controlling the work with social rules. Finally, particular configurations of these principles are developed for various MINE games of innovation, based on the dynamics of each game.


With recent advances in deep learning, a wide range of automatic circuit optimization techniques have been recently reported. While the optimization algorithms such as reinforcement learning can be effectively accelerated on GPU, they still require numerous SPICE simulations for training. Running SPICE simulation is a time-consuming process and hence becomes the bottleneck in circuit optimization. Therefore, it is crucial to find a way to reduce the number of SPICE simulations required for circuit optimization. In this paper, we propose a method to minimize SPICE simulations in the circuit design automation process. Specifically, we develop a data augmentation method to increase the amount of training data without additional SPICE simulations, which results in faster circuit optimization.


The goal of this study is to determine the best gender identifiers from the hand anthropometric measurements. Five algorithms are used and their performances quantified. The first algorithm is based on computing distances of test subjects to pre-computed masculine/feminine mean characteristics. Then, the k-nearest neighbours, the K-means algorithms, the linear and the quadratic discriminant techniques are applied to segregate males and females. To select the relevant attributes, the recursive feature elimination and the stepwise regression methods are used. All these methods are leading to high accuracy rates of genders recognition. However, the linear and quadratic discriminant methods are the most accurate. Breadth and circumference features are better than the length features in identifying the gender. The palm and the thumb are the parts of the hand with the highest rate of gender recognition. Breadths of the index and the thumb and the palm circumference are the best individual identifiers.


Quality Management is an important element in every organization. The objective of having quality management in an organization is to ensure products and services produced or offered by the organization are in accordance to customers' needs and requirements. We selected Emirates Global Islamic Bank Limited for our research. Results obtained showed that knows very well about the resources which the Emirates Global Islamic Bank Limited do not have but the competitors have. The Emirates Global Islamic Bank Limited is focusing on the Islamic banking so management is using its competitive edge effectively against other banks. In Pakistan the crises for the banking sector is very high and the management of Emirates Global Islamic Bank Limited is working very hard for survival of the bank. The one thing which is very important in the Emirates Global Islamic Bank Limited is the management is empowering the lower management and they also encourage the employees for their participation in the process of strategy formulation. (New York Science Journal. 2010;3(3):55-56). (ISSN: 1554-0200)


People often rely on a visuospatial medium to manipulate numbers. Previous studies showed that numbers are generally represented in ascending order on a left-to-right oriented continuum. Because the representation of numbers is spatially oriented, it has been assumed that solving arithmetic problems involves shifting attention toward the side of the continuum where the answer is represented. Based on previous work in neglect patients, we predict that the interaction between mental arithmetic and spatial attention is determined by the relative position of the answer on the visuospatial continuum: subtraction should shift attention leftward because the answer is smaller than the first operand, whereas addition should shift attention rightward because the answer is larger than the operands. In the present study, we used a temporal order judgement task to evidence the attention biases induced by arithmetic operations. Participants had to determine which of a left or right target appeared first on the screen while solving subtraction and addition problems. The left and right targets were flashed with different stimulus onset asynchronies to find the asynchrony at which participants gave an equal proportion of left and right responses. Results showed that this point of subjective simultaneity was larger when participants were solving subtraction problems compared to addition problems, meaning that the right target should be presented several milliseconds in advance to the left target to be perceived as simultaneous during subtraction. This finding indicates that attention was biased to the left side of space during subtraction compared to addition. The just noticeable difference was also larger when participants were solving subtraction problems compared to addition problems, indicating that subtraction decreased sensitivity to temporal asynchronies between the left and right targets. We conclude from these results that mental arithmetic shares common resources with spatial attention.


Purpose – The authors empirically evaluated the effect of price promotions on customer quality evaluations and repeat-purchase intentions in coffee chain stores. The moderating role of customer characteristics in this process was also investigated. Design/methodology/approach – Consumers in 12 coffee chain stores were surveyed and 488 usable questionnaires were obtained. Relationships in the test model were examined using structural equation modeling techniques. A multiple-group solution was used to test the moderating effects of consumer characteristics. Findings – The results of structural equation modeling analyses suggested that price-promotion activities at Starbucks in Taiwan had a favorable effect on customer quality evaluations and positively influenced repeat-purchase intentions. The moderating effects of consumer characteristics were partially supported. Whereas sex showed no significant moderating effect, consumption frequency did demonstrate a moderating effect. Practical implications – The re...


The electrocatalytic stability of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is challenging for the storage of fluctuating renewable energies using polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs). Investigations are commonly conducted in so-called half-cell setups and different OER-related dissolution pathways have been proposed. However, the orders of magnitude difference in dissolution rate between half-cells and PEMWE using membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) is not well understood. In this work, the charge-related absorption affinity of Iridium (Ir) dissolution products, from both half-cell and MEA setups, is investigated, using cation and anion exchange materials. In the half-cell, a roughly constant ratio of cationic to anionic dissolution species is indicative of a single, dominant OER-related Ir dissolution pathway. While Ir dissolved in half-cells is mainly cationic, the Ir species from the MEA appear mainly in anionic form. This can be explained by the transport conditions of different Ir ions inside the catalyst layer, influenced by their ionomer absorption affinity and the migration driving force. Based on this understanding, key influences of electrocatalytic stability of MEAs, the effect of confinement of dissolved Ir species and the stability discrepancy to half-cells are discussed.


The status quo of Hainan State Farms is expounded.Its advantages and disadvantages are analyzed.Measures for the reform of Hainan State Farms are discussed.


Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool in biomedical imaging and sensing; however, despite all its undisputed advantages, its intrinsic sensitivity is relatively low, and its specificity is rather limited due to overlapping vibrational bands. Fluorescence background often masks the useful signal, and dark rooms are normally required to avoid an unnecessary background.

In this report, we will present our recent efforts on improving reliability and simplicity of deep UV Raman spectroscopy, which provides much improved sensitivity and specificity of detection (for example, we can routinely distinguish Coke® from Diet Coke® in a matter of milliseconds).


A new and very general justification of the performances of the linear sampling method is presented. The constraint expressed by the far-field equation, together with energy conservation along the flow strips (or tubes in the 3D case) of the (time-averaged) Poynting vector associated to the field whose far-field pattern is the difference between the two sides of the far-field equation, force any approximate solution of the latter to behave as indicator function for the support of the unknown scatterer, provided that this approximation is good enough and the flow lines have a regular behaviour from a neighbourhood of the sampling point z up to the far-field region.


Summary Throat cultures from 467 beagles in a closed breeding colony showed a high incidence of Mycoplasma species (100%), coliforms (82%), Pasteurella multocida (79.5%) and Lancefield group G β hemolytic streptococci (41.8%). The flora was relatively stable over a 1-year period, although younger dogs (1-4 years old) had a consistently lower incidence of β hemolytic streptococci than dogs 4 years old and older. The incidence of other organisms regarded as part of the normal throat flora was similar to that reported in man.


Research focus on the communication ability of accounting students is very little even rare. However, business survey shows that corporate executives not only require accounting graduates who are competent in accounting but also have good communication skills. Change of the use of information technology in business has also shifted focus of the role of accountants. Their role is no longer simply preparing financial statements, but more important than that is how they are able to communicate data in financial statements to the stakeholder. This article will review some of the research on accounting student communication skills. It will also highlight barriers of accounting students to perform active communication as well as strategies that we can learn in business communication course to improve communication skills of students, especially accounting students. Keywords : Communication skill, accounting students, communication strategies.


The problem of dynamic output feedback robust model predictive control (MPC) for linear parameter varying (LPV) system with bounded disturbance is addressed. In the previous approaches, an inner iteration loop handles the mutual inverse Lyapunov matrices by applying the cone complementary approach, and an outer iteration loop minimizes the performance cost by iterating the inner loop. By utilizing a linearization method to handle the mutual inverse Lyapunov matrices, the new approach in this paper utilizes a single iteration loop to replace the double iteration loops in the previous approach, so that the computational burden can be greatly reduced. The recursive feasibility and closed-loop stability are guaranteed. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


The ability to send messages to mobile subscribers has become immensely popular since the introduction of Short message Service (SMS). Despite of different messaging solutions today, SMS is still used for many services. The 5G core network and mobile terminals will support SMS transfer over non-access stratum messages. As a key technology for 5G Multi-access edge computing that distributes cloud intelligence at the network edge may be used to deliver context aware text messaging to mobile subscribers without the support of core network functionality. In this paper, we propose a new mobile edge service that enables third party applications to send messages to mobile subscribers. Third party text messaging at the network edge decreases the core network signaling and saves network resources while at the same time delivers timely location and context based information. The service is described by typical use cases, interfaces definition and the respective data model. Some implementation aspects are discussed related to the service state models supported by a mobile edge application and the platform.


1.1 What is glass? [Noel, 1998] Let's begin with what glass is not—it is not a crystal. The atoms in a crystal are organized in a regular, repetitive lattice so you need only locate a few atoms in order to predict where all of their neighbors are (Fig.1a). The atoms are so neatly arranged that, except for occasional crystal defects, you can predict positions for thousands or even millions of atoms in every direction. This spatial regularity is called long-range order.


Meadow vole mortality, nest construction, nest temperature, and environmental conditions were studied prior to and during the season of permanent snow at Sudbury, Ontario. Prior to snow the animals burrowed into the soil, and mortality was high owing to heavy rains followed by subfreezing temperatures. Grass nests were built beneath the snow with vole mortality being high under conditions of shallow or icy snow and saturation of nests during the thaw period. Nest temperatures prior to the thaw varied on a diel basis between 6 and 19?C with ambient subnivean temperature at 0?C. Barely detectable penetration of shortwave solar radiation was observed under a 60-cm thickness of winter snow, but increased rapidly during the thaw period owing to freeze-thaw metamorphism. The results support the redefinition of winter into four distinct periods, each with its own characteristic environmental conditions, namely, Pre-Nival, Nival, Thaw, and Post-Nival.


An implantable prosthetic device (10), going INCLUDING: a stent (12) having primary main surfaces mere and second opposed extending between opposite ends (22) of the stent (12); a first layer (20) of biocompatible material extending continuously over the first surface of the stent (12); a second layer (30) of biocompatible material covering a lower part of the second surface of the stent (12) including the ends (22) of the stent (12), and joined to the first layer (20) to form two encapsulated regions Ladas (32), one at each end (22) of the stent (12); and characterized by at least one anchor end (14) which extends beyond one end (22) of the stent (12), the tip anchor a portion of the stent not covered by the biocompatible material.


State responsibility — Taking of, or interference with, private property — Property losses of nationals arising from acts of rioters directed against buildings occupied by troops — 1964 Canal Zone riots — The law of the United States


Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been used in applications to alleviate specific problems in academia and industry. For instance, in healthcare, where edge-based computing platforms are heavily used, when it comes to latency and security issues, the increased demands of application of AI applications such as deep learning require a specific platform to meet the latency, security, and power consumption challenges. This work presents methods and architectures for scaling deep learning inference for pneumonia detection in chest X-ray images based on a reconfigurable self-contained hardware platform named AIRBiS1. The performance evaluation results show that the proposed approach achieves 95.2% detection accuracy of pneumonia over the collected test data with the computer-aided diagnosis scenario. The secure collaborative-learning approach achieves comparable accuracy to the conventional training scenario. However, for rapid batch detection, the detection could be accelerated by 0.023s. Moreover, the system inference acceleration is 13 times (on average) more energy-efficient than conventional approaches.1AIRBiS project, the University of Aizu: https://www.uaizu.ac.jp/misc/benablab/airbis.html


The development objectives of the Consultancy Services for Ruiru Sewerage Network Improvement Project for Kenya are to: (a) increase access to reliable, affordable, and sustainable water supply and sanitation services; and (b) improve the water and wastewater services in the areas served by AWSB, LVNWSB, and CWSB. Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) the contractor will identify an individual responsible for overall management of the environment, social management, safety, and health management during construction phase; (2) potentially hazardous waste should be kept within defined areas at the store; (3) all spoil generated as a result of excavation and trenching works should be used to backfill the trenched pits and for restoration of disturbed areas within the work places; (4) all trash from open manhole chambers should be disposed of in disposal locations approved by Ruiru Municipal Council; (5) reasonable and precautionary steps to be put in place to manage fire incidents including having a method statement on management of fire incidents at the camp; (6) all vehicles transporting construction materials should be covered with tarpaulins to minimize material being blown away by wind during transportation; and (7) handling of equipment and materials to be supervised and adequately instructed.


Collision-induced photon emissions (CIE) were observed for keY COt/He collisions from 190 to 1020nm. The emissions were assigned to the ~v = 0 band of the CO;· B 2I: -'> X 2II g electronic transition and the ~v = +3, +2, +1,0, -1, -2, -3 vibrational transition progression in the cot A 2II u -'> X zII g electronic transition. The other peaks arise from the emissions of excited 0' fragment atoms and the target gas. The relative intensities of the cot and 0' emissions are independent of the ion translational energy above 3 keY, supporting the curve-crossing mecha nism for collisional excitation. Investigation of the relative intensities within the A -n, -'> X 2II g emission of cot indicates that the vibrational distribution is well described by the Franck-Condon principle at high collision energy, a consequence of short collision time but not necessarily an indication of vertical transitions. Below 3 keY ion translational energy, vibrational excitation in the A -n, electronic state was observed. The observation is consistent with the explanation that the reaction occurs at small impact parameters, in which short-range, repulsive interactions between the projectile and the target result in direct translational-vibrational excitation.


Enzymes involved in the movement of carbon from glucan to malic acid in the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant, Kalanchoe daigremontiana were assayed. The kinetic characteristics determined for the enzymes from this plant were similar to those already known for the same enzymes from non-CAM tissue. °-Amylase activity could not be demonstrated in the CAM leaf and glucokinase activity was low. These results, together with a high level of phosphorylase, suggested that the latter enzyme was involved in trasfer of glucan breakdown products to glycolysis. The activity of pyruvate kinase was only 1.7% of the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase, suggesting that pyruvate production from PEP at night posed little drain on PEP supply for malic acid synthesis. Starch losses and glycolytic enzyme activities of non-CAM plants were sufficient to allow dark acidification comparable to that of CAM plants.


Fatigue is a subjective feeling that everyone feels. Work fatigue may occur due to various factors such as age, years of working life, nutritional status, and noise. The purpose of this study was to know the relation between the factors cause work fatigue at fish feed production machine operator. This research was descriptive observational with cross-sectional design. Population in this research is all worker machine operator of fish feed production who worked in the same shift at the time of the research. Samples were taken with a total sampling principle that all operator's workers from production area who totaled 24 people. The variables were age, years of working life, nutritional status, noise, and subjective work fatigue. The results showed that most of the respondents were over 40 years old, had a working period over 10 years, had normal nutritional status, worked in the work area exceeding the noise treshold limit value and had moderate fatigue. The conclusions of this study are age, years of working life, and nutritional status has no relationship causing fatigue. Noise can be one of the factor of the occurrence of work fatigue because (54.2%) workers who work in the work area exceeding the standardize had a moderate fatigue.Keywords: noise, nutritional status, worker, work fatigue


Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) are one of the few policy instruments that countries can use to directly attract foreign investment. Previous research has aimed at a quantification of the impact of BITs on foreign direct investment (FDI) at aggregated levels only. In contrast, in this paper, we deliver an anatomy of the effects of BITs on multinational activity at the micro level. We hope that this strategy will improve our understanding of the precise channels through which BITs determine aggregate investment. Using data on the foreign activity of the universe of German multinationals, we provide descriptive evidence on changes in the intensive and extensive margins of multinational firm activity around the adoption of BITs. The results of multivariate empirical models broadly support the hypotheses derived from a parsimonious model of heterogeneous firms on the effects of BITs on different margins of investment: BITs raise the number of multinational firms that are active in a particular host country and they have a positive effect on the number of plants per firm, as well as on FDI stocks and fixed assets per firm.


Information and communication technologies (ITC) offer innovative ways to improve health services and systems. Integration of eHealth into the daily life of rural health-care workers is fast becoming a reality in developing countries. Computermediated communication systems can be used to bridge the gap between doctors in underserved regions with local shortages of medical expertise and medical specialists. eHealth for primary health-care includes applications that directly support disease prevention, patient diagnosis and patient management and care.


Many secondary schools face critical enrolment situation because of the drastic drop in birth rate more than a decade ago, it is expected that 5000 less secondary school places are needed each year. Many schools look on ethnic minorities as saviors so as to avoid school closure. More than 13 years of experience working for ethnic minority in Hong Kong, Dr Chan Kui Pui transformed a Chinese medium secondary school to one of the first "designated"(1) schools now admitting more than 800 students of South Asian ethnicities. He also became the principal of a "closing"(2) primary school and currently having 500 ethnic minorities. At the moment Dr Chan introduces a new education model to immerse Chinese and ethnic minorities in a secondary school of mostly new immigrants from Mainland China. In this article, Dr Chan shares his stories and experience of making ethnic minority a savior of schools.


In order to determine the biological risks are exposed the students which are coursing their pre-professional practices at the Dental Clinic from the School of Dentistry, the following descriptive, transversal and prospective study took place, using instruments like survey, observation form and Specimen Collection. The survey was applied to 68 students from 8th to 10th module from the Dentistry Career from the National University of Loja, a direct observation was made to each student while they were preforming their dental practices without a previous notice. The information was systematized in an observation form. Samples from the surface of dental equipment was taken, these are currently more exposed to microorganisms during dental care (trimodular spittoon, table lamp, working table), the same who were moved by Stuart transports to the Clinical Laboratory "Inmunolab", for further analysis. The degree of knowledge of about the biosecurity protocols was good against an improper attitude towards the fulfillment with them in dental practices. It was observed that 100% of students meet the following standards: using a long sleeve apron, changing gloves between each patient, the use of a bib and a saliva ejector for each patient, it was found that 50% do not meet the following standards: the use of mask per patient or change it every hour, use of disposable protective sleeves and eye protection, right use of gloves namely not touching inadequate areas with the gloves, washing hands before putting the gloves, collect all your hair inside the cap and use a disposable towel to dry hands.
KEY WORDS: biological risks, biosecurity protocols, acknowledgment, attitude, standards.


This is the second Feature Topic on Communications Education and Training; these will appear regularly in IEEE Communications Magazine henceforth. It has long been appreciated that successful design, implementation, maintenance, optimization, and improvement of modern communications networks require the efforts of a highly educated, well trained, and dedicated workforce. In recent years, various initiatives have been undertaken in both academia and industry that seek to improve our capacity to educate and train both current and future communications workers. These range from new learning technologies and pedagogies and new university accreditation programs to advanced cooperative education programs, training alliances, and industry certification programs.


Prediction of crack growth in encapsulating material has a critical issue on the reliability of electronic components. To prevent the risk of material rupture or to extend the lifetime of these structures, experimental and numerical methods are developed within the context of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The present study proposes to extend techniques to epoxy resins. First, an experimental procedure using compact tension (CT) specimens is applied to characterise the fracture toughness of epoxy resins. This technique is then used to compare different epoxy resins and to quantify effects due to presence of filler particles. Then, a method is proposed to determine a fracture criterion for cracks under mixed mode loading. Experiments enable to extract the direction of crack propagation for given proportions of tensile and shear loading. Based on finite element methods, a numerical analysis is used to calculate the direction of crack propagation. A comparison between experimental and numerical results confirms the capability of FE codes to predict curved crack path. As well, fatigue crack growth is investigated with CT specimens under cyclic loading. Material parameters are identified in accordance with the Paris law. With the help of the commercial software Zencrack, a crack propagation can be simulated by a sequential approach, in which the crack length is updated step by step. 2D and 3D models are generated. The influence of the crack curvature through the thickness is described. On that purpose, a modified Paris law is proposed. The simulated crack propagation provides excellent agreements with experimental measurements


Background: Histone H3 methylation on lysines 4 and 36 stimulates interaction between histone deacetylase complexes and chromatin. Results: The NuA4 lysine acetyltransferase complex also binds to methylated H3 and stimulates nucleosomal binding and H3 acetylation by SAGA. Conclusion: Histone H3 methylation stimulates both nucleosomal acetylation and deacetylation. Significance: H3 methylation is key in properly regulating the level of acetylation at a transcribed gene. Cotranscriptional methylation of histone H3 lysines 4 and 36 by Set1 and Set2, respectively, stimulates interaction between nucleosomes and histone deacetylase complexes to block cryptic transcription in budding yeast. We previously showed that loss of all H3K4 and H3K36 methylation in a set1Δset2Δ mutant reduces interaction between native nucleosomes and the NuA4 lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) complex. We now provide evidence that NuA4 preferentially binds H3 tails mono- and dimethylated on H3K4 and di- and trimethylated on H3K36, an H3 methylation pattern distinct from that recognized by the RPD3C(S) and Hos2/Set3 histone deacetylase complexes (HDACs). Loss of H3K4 or H3K36 methylation in set1Δ or set2Δ mutants reduces NuA4 interaction with bulk nucleosomes in vitro and in vivo, and reduces NuA4 occupancy of transcribed coding sequences at particular genes. We also provide evidence that NuA4 acetylation of lysine residues in the histone H4 tail stimulates SAGA interaction with nucleosomes and its recruitment to coding sequences and attendant acetylation of histone H3 in vivo. Thus, H3 methylation exerts opposing effects of enhancing nucleosome acetylation by both NuA4 and SAGA as well as stimulating nucleosome deacetylation by multiple HDACs to maintain the proper level of histone acetylation in transcribed coding sequences.


This study applies club theory to privately-provided and publicly-funded services within the health and wellness sector. Specifically, it examines the theoretical and practical premises and dilemmas of club provision, production, distribution and regulation using illustrations derived from cross-cultural settings. Because health and wellness contain public or merit good aspects and the quality of services in this sector is difficult to systematically evaluate even from a regulatory standpoint, tensions inevitably and constantly arise between efficiency and equity objectives. These tensions often have broader and longer-term policy implications, for excludability is both the cardinal virtue and vice of health and wellness clubs offering vital social resources rather than durable or non-durable goods and their complimentary goods. Although many of the club issues we explore in health care present opportunities for public policy intervention, the study sounds a cautious note. It proposes a set of efficiency and accountability criteria to establish, or at least gauge, the necessity, extent and consequences of such intervention. To the famous idiom, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it," we therefore hasten to add "and, if it's broke, think more than twice before you even try to fix it."


To delineate domains essential for G‐protein coupling in melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), we mutated polar and basic residues to alanine at eleven positions in the putative third intracellular loop and determined consequent changes in the ligand binding and generation of second messenger cAMP. Results demonstrate that ligand binding affinity was not affected by any of the mutations. However, every mutant displayed reduced functional response as compared to the wild type receptor. Replacement of residues (K226, R227, Q228, R229, H232, Q233 and K238) present in


The low-lying singlet states of biphenylene have been studied using ab initio methods. Vertical excitation energies were calculated by multiconfigurational perturbation theory (CASPT2), starting from a complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) reference. The geometries of the most important low-lying excited states were individually optimized at the CASSCF level to study the difference between vertical and adiabatic excitations. Extended atomic natural orbital (ANO)-type basis sets were used to calculate state energies. Geometry optimizations were done with smaller ANO-type basis sets. Excitations from the ground state to the 1 1B3g and 1 1B2u excited singlet states lead to pronounced geometry changes which alter the bond alternation pattern. The theoretical results provide a solid basis for the assignment and interpretation of experimental spectra.


The present invention discloses a kind of Chinese medicine composition for treating dermatosis and its preparation process. The Chinese medicine composition consists of alcohol extract of 16 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials, including madder, snake slough, etc.; the water extract of 23 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials, including cogongrass rhizome, broom cypress fruit, etc. and proper amount of communication supplementary material. The preparation process includes weighing material; alcohol reflux extracting the 16 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials and filtering to obtain the first filtrate; twice decocting the 23 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials and filtering to obtain the second filtrate; merging the first filtrate and the second filtrate, concentrating, drying to obtain medicine powder; adding supplementary material, pelletizing, and final tabletting or encapsulating.


Hidden-line elimination aims to filter out invisible line segments and facets and output the clipped primitives as two dimensional vector graphics to other devices, such as printers and plotters. This technique has been widely used in model visualization and high-precision output of vector graphics. In order to solve the problems that were caused by imprecise floating-point computation in the traditional hidden-line elimination algorithms, a new algorithm was proposed, in which a geometric tolerance was considered as an input variable.The algorithm first collected edge segments from the input triangular mesh. Then an R-tree was used to accelerate intersection. The final result was generated by the clipping algorithm that was controlled by the geometric tolerance. In traditional algorithm, the tolerance is invisible and ambiguous, however in the new algorithm, it contains explicit geometry meaning so that the logical error caused by imprecise float-point computation could be avoid.


Dimension by dimension improvement-based cuckoo search algorithm DDICS is a recent proposed variant of cuckoo search algorithm. The experimental results illustrate DDICS is superior to several other evolutionary algorithms when solving un-constraint numerical benchmarks. In this paper, we employ it to improve the performance of distance vector-hop method DV-hop. The simulation results show it achieves the best performance when compared with two other DV-hop algorithms.


Theatre history provides little information on theatre audiences and how the concept of an audience has changed over time. Through the investigation of theatre history texts, theatre theorists' manifestos, and interviews with workers in the field of theatre for young audiences, this thesis outlines the theatre audience from the first performance to the present and examines how the history of the concept of "child" and young audiences has developed in recent years. Opposing views exist on the subject of how a child is perceived as well as the purpose and role of a theatre audience. In this thesis, I investigate the classical, romantic, realist, modern, and current theatre movements and how scholars and theorists have perceived or written about their audiences in an effort to cultivate an understanding of what an audience is today and how the concept of theatre etiquette has or has not changed throughout history in order to relate these findings to experiences of audiences today. I began this thesis with a general knowledge of "audience," from a personal perspective as a performer and audience member. However, through my collected data, I find that audiences are valued in distinctive ways throughout various movements in theatre history. With this understanding, I wrote a short book to help young audience members to understand what the present conventions are as a theatre audience member.


Turbidity is a physical property related to the scattering of light by particles that are suspended in a liquid. Measuring turbidity of potable water, fluids from industries, or e ffl uents is a quality control practice. Commercial turbidimeters are priced in the range of hundreds to thousands of dollars. The calibration technique required by standards is also expensive, and di ffi cult to perform. Considering this scenario, it is proposed in this work the development of a low-cost portable turbidimeter for monitoring turbidity in chemical processes. An infrared LED was used as light emitter and an infrared phototransistor as light receiver. The signal processing control unit was developed with the Arduino Uno platform. It was also investigated alternative ways to calibrate the device, by using a random fluid and comparing the results with a calibrated turbidimeter. The calibration of the turbidimeter was done by means of a comparative test in triplicate, using as reference the commercial turbidimeter 2100P, HACH ® . The proposed device was able to perform analysis in the range of 100 to 1000 NTU, and within a good price range, costing US$ 46.30.


A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017-18 at agricultural farm, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal, to study the "Effect of zinc application on growth, yield and economics of baby corn (Zea mays L.) in lateritic soil of West Bengal". The experiment was laid out in Factorial RBD having two factors: one with two levels of soil application of ZnSO4; 0 and 25 kg ha-1 and other with four levels of foliar spray of ZnSO4; no foliar spray, 25 DAS, 40 DAS and twice at 25 DAS & 40 DAS. There were eight treatment combinations with each treatment replicated thrice. Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 exhibited significantly higher growth attributes (viz. plant height, number of leaves/plant, LAI, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate) and yield attributes (viz. number of cobs per plant, corn and cob weight, corn and cob length, corn and cob girth and also corn yield, cob yield, husk yield and green fodder yield) of baby corn, than no soil application of ZnSO4. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 applied twice at 25 DAS & 40 DAS gave the highest yield components and yield in baby corn. However, this was statistically at par with foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 40 DAS and 25 DAS. Combined soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 and foliar spray twice at 25 DAS & 40 DAS interacted significantly and produced higher number of cobs per plant, number of cobs per hectare of baby corn cultivation. This was at par with soil application of ZnSO4 at 25 kg ha-1 and foliar spray at 40 DAS and significantly higher than foliar spray at 25 DAS.


Quantum aspects of gauge theories, supersymmetry and unification. Abstract: We give an update on recent results about the matching between CFT operators and KK states in the AdS/CFT correspondence, and add some new comments on the realization of the baryonic symmetries from the supergravity point of view.


Biologists are working today to decipher the DNA of every form of life on earth, producing an extraordinary amount of data that needs to be analy zed. No doubt this is why they are appealing to computer scientists and the expertise developed in the last decades on information storage, retrieval and analysis. Thi s merging of biology and computer science has created a new interdisciplinary field know as computational biology that explores the capacities of computers t o gain knowledge from biological data. In fact, researches can learn a great deal about a biomolecular sequence by comparing it to already well-studied sequences. For this reason, sequence comparison is regarded as one of t he most fundamental problems of computational biology, which is usually solved with a technique known as sequence alignment. This work discusses an algorith m for the biological data sequence alignment.


In a weaving mill, an application of the queuing model seems to be relevant to optimize the number of looms to be attended by operators. As the service time for knotting yarn obeys the Erlang distribution, the equation of state probability in the queuing theory will be complicated, and numerical calculation will be very troublesome. Therefore, in most cases, the service time for knotting yarns has been assumed that it obeys the exponential distribution. However, an attempt has been made, in this paper, of the queuing calculation by using each distribution, and got the down time ratio of the loom and the ratio of idle time of operators. The difference of the results of each distribution is so small that the exponential distribution can be used.In this paper, to analyze the unoperating looms due to yarn breakage, the waiting time for an operating round, not considered in the usual queuing theory, is introduced in addition to the ratio of down time for repair and waitingline. The operator's one round time which is one of the parameters to determine an optimal number of operating looms depends on the number of operating looms, their walking time and service factor of their work. According to the expansion of service factors, one round time will be increased greatly and the number of operating looms will be limited.


This work presents a new approach to solve the location management problem by using the location areas approach. A modified genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal configuration of location areas in a mobile network. The location areas configuration of the network is modeled so that the general condition of all the chromosomes of each population improves rapidly. Since a generic genetic algorithm will not be so efficient in solving this problem, several modifications have been made to the genetic optimizer to improve its performance. These modifications deal with the mutation operation where three types of mutation are considered after the crossover operation of the genetic algorithm. Simulation results are very promising and they lead to network configurations that are unanticipated


This research study drilling quality for polyester composites with glass fiber reinforcement and polyester composite with fiber reinforcement Biduri fruit due to the influence of cutting parameters. The test is performed with the variation of machining process parameters varying the diameter of the cutting tool 5 mm, 10 mm, 14 mm, and a cutting speed of 30 m/min, 60 m/min and 90 m/min which feeds the parameters fixed. The test material used is a composite material with glass fiber reinforcement and composite with natural fiber amplifier with a size of 150 mm x 50 mm x 20 mm. The process of making composites made using hand lay-up method. Test results greater tool shows, the better the quality of the resulting hole. Due to the use of a cutting tool diameter of 5 mm would result in a continuous rage so that it will stick to the cutting tool and can interfere with the cutting tool. Cutting speed, the cutting results, the greater the cutting speed, the better the results are also cutting. Because the higher the cutting speed, the resulting fury will be more and continuous so as not to interfere with the process of cutting.


A kind of ionic liquid containing Cu2+ salt is composed of Cu2+ salt and ionic liquid with the molar ratio of 1:1-9.The Cu2+ salt of 1-4 times amount of its solubility in ionic liquid are dissolved in the ionic liquid for 1-9 days, and the new ionic liquid are filtered and separated out. The present invention has the advantages of simple in preparation process, high in capacitance and steady in large-current charge/discharge.


Database systems play a very important role in computer science. Most software and mobile applications store and populate data on a server site. Relational databases dominate the professional market which requires students to be familiar with Structured Query Language (SQL). The client-server is the standard architecture in the database industry. Therefore, students are strongly motivated to have more hands-on SQL assignments and projects using a 3-tier architecture in database courses. For the best learning experience, each student should have his own tables and environment so that his data won't interfere with data from other students. However, it is difficult for teachers to manage individual privileges on every student's tables and SQL programs if the students are accessing a common (shared) database. This paper proposes a mechanism that students can use to create their database account and grant proper privileges by themselves. This minimizes the instructor's workload by eliminating the need to manage students' accounts and tables when teaching databases. Our proposal also provides an interface that allows students to perform exercises and allows the instructor to review and share students' realtime answers in class. Our methods will minimize the workload for grading SQL assignments when teaching databases, while providing students with the opportunity to practice with more lab assignments. Students can also verify whether their SQL statements are working or not using the same review module as the instructor. The results show that for assignments on simple SQL statements, grading efficiency is increased by at least 60%. This allows the instructor to increase the amount of assignments by 133%. As a result of this increased practice, the students' grades improved by 12%.


In recent years, metal halide perovskites have generated tremendous interest for optoelectronic applications and their underlying fundamental properties. Due to the large electron-phonon coupling characteristic of soft lattices, self-trapping phenomena are expected to dominate hybrid perovskite photoexcitation dynamics. Yet, while the photogeneration of small polarons was proven in low dimensional perovskites, the nature of polaron excitations in technologically relevant 3D perovskites, and their influence on charge carrier transport, remain elusive. In this study, we used a combination of first principle calculations and advanced spectroscopy techniques spanning the entire optical frequency range to pin down polaron features in 3D metal halide perovskites. Mid-infrared photoinduced absorption shows the photogeneration of states associated to low energy intragap electronic transitions with lifetime up to the ms time scale, and vibrational mode renormalization in both frequency and amplitude. Density functional theory supports the assignment of the spectroscopic features to large polarons leading to new intra gap transitions, hardening of phonon mode frequency, and renormalization of the oscillator strength. Theory provides quantitative estimates of the charge carrier masses and mobilities increase upon polaron formation, confirming experimental results. Overall, this work contributes to complete the scenario of elementary photoexcitations in metal halide perovskites and highlights the importance of polaronic transport in perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.


The effects of heat treatments, including T4, T5, T6 treatments, on corrosion behaviors of Mg-7Al-2Sn (AT72) alloy processed by high vacuum die casting have been investigated. The optical microscope, scanning electron microscope observations were used to analyze the microstructures, especially the distribution of second phase, phase contents and grain size. The hydrogen evolution tests, electrochemical methods including open circuit potential curves and polarization curves were used to describe the corrosion properties as well. The results indicated that different heat treatments had influence on microstructures, especially distribution of second phase, phase contents and grain sizes. The existence of second phase had a relationship with corrosion properties, in which the as-cast samples showed low corrosion rate in hydrogen evolution tests while the heat treatment methods had little impact on improving corrosion resistance. The electrochemical analyses also agreed with this observation. Based on these results, the optimized heat treatment method for corrosion resistant AT72 magnesium alloy has been established.


The paper compares W. B. Yeats, who turns all that he has experienced into his work, including his ideas of religion, art, mythology, love, with Emily Dickinson, who leads a life isolated, destructive, impulsive, creating poems as if she is keeping her diary. and an isolated life. Both have multiple views of life, refusing to compromise themselves facing mediocre and common conceptions of life, with vast imagination, in a society of confusion and conflicts. The common aspect of both poets is nobility in thoughts: following through with their speculations of the world and universe, they have written poetry that seeks for the permanence of being in life in an impermanent society.


Summary Educational attainments were assessed at the end of the first year in five junior schools. A group of Asian pupils from non‐English‐speaking homes was compared with the indigenous pupils of the same school classes. Attainments and progress since testing a year earlier are contrasted for spelling and mathematics. In spelling the average of the scores of the Asian subjects was equal to the national mean and little below the average of the indigenous sample. By contrast, the Asians' average in mathematics was significantly less than that of their indigenous peers and below the national mean. Analyses of items in the mathematics tests show language for number concepts to be a factor in these results. The place of language is discussed with regard to the teaching of number to young children from ethnic minorities.


The authors focus on CYMSTAB-UDM, a transient stability program that was designed to circumvent the restrictions associated with library-based simulation tools. Equipment libraries were kept available to the program, while at the same time allowing the user to carry out simulations using novel control strategies. Principles of implementation and the user interface of this approach are briefly described, and two successful applications are highlighted.<<ETX>>


With SiO2 dielectric under aluminum pads, a 60 µm bond pad pitch with 52 um bond pad opening Cu wire bonding process was developed in PBGA Hip 7 PGE wafer technology. The critical factors (wire type, capillary, and bonding parameter) and critical responses (bonded ball diameter, bonded ball height, wire pull, ball shear and number of metal lift/peeling and ball lift after wire pull) are affecting bonding quality. Design of experiment and response of surface were used to optimize the bonding parameters. The wire pull and ball shear test at three thermal aging read points were studied.


Optical fibers are fixed to elongating tables by optical fiber fixing jigs. Coatings are removed from portions of the fibers and respective fibers of two different groups are placed into tight contact with one another. The fibers are then heated by a gas burner 4A so as to be welded integrally with each other, and are then elongated. In one preferred embodiment, the fibers are arranged such that there are gaps therebetween. These gaps are substantially 250 m. The gaps are suffi ciently wide that heating gas flows in a manner such that all the optical fiber strands are heated uniformly to make it possible uniform welding and elongation. European Pat. Off..


Background

The carbon can be converted into sugar which is not only important for plant growth and development, but also for plant signal transduction, especially in plant hormone response. The objective of this work was to build available genomic and proteomic resource to investigate the molecular mechanisms of exogenous carbon regulating plant growth and development.

Results

Grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Pinot Noir') plantlets cultured with exogenous carbon (2% sucrose, 1000 μmol·mol-1 CO2 and with both 2% sucrose and 1000 μmol·mol-1 CO2 were designated as S1, C0 and Cs, respectively). We used S0 (without sucrose, ambient CO2) as CK to analyze the differential expression genes and proteins induced by exogenous carbon. Through the transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, with pooled data for Cs, C0 and S1 compared with CK, 70 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 65 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Based on biological functions and physiological characteristics, we identified 8 DEGs and 2 DEPs related to ethylene signaling process. Amongst the DEGs we focussed on ERF TFs, including ERF5 (LOC100244353, LOC100247763, LOC100254616 and LOC100261260), ERF105 (LOC100249507 and LOC100259725), ERF2 (LOC100254640) and CTr (CTr7). Also, there were 2 DEPs related to ethylene metabolism, such as S-adenosylmethionine synthase 5 (SAM synthase 5; XP_002280106.1) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase 2 (ACC oxidase 2; NP_001267871.1) were also identified. The transcriptome and proteome results suggested that exogenous carbon inhibits ethylene biosynthesis through ACC oxidase 2. Additionally, CTr7 and ERF5, which were up-regulated, are related to the ethylene signaling pathway. We speculate that exogenous carbon regulates plant growth through ethylene signaling pathways, but which inhibit ethylene biosynthesis.

Conclusions

Exogenous carbon regulates the expression of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling related genes, which may improve plant growth through the ethylene signaling pathway.


Higher Education is experiencing demographic changes within its student populations. Students of color in the near future will be the majority at many colleges and universities. However, the hiring or inclusion of faculty of color at our colleges and universities are not mirroring the students of color population. If Universities, especially institutional leaders, are serious about the success of their students, careful planning, strategic change, and a real commitment are necessary.


TO THE EDITOR—I read with interest the recent article by Louie et al [1] that reported an impressive improvement in survival associated with neuraminidase inhibitor (oseltamivir) use in critically ill patients with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 (pH1N1) infection. This article adds to a number of other observational studies that report a similar improvement in survival with oseltamivir in pH1N1 infection [2–4]. On the contrary, the efficacy of oseltamivir in preventing complications in patients with seasonal influenza is the subject of a heated controversy [5–7]. Although the authors put forth some biological rationale to explain the observed association, it is pertinent to ask the question whether the observed association was a real one. First, there were important differences between the groups studied by Louie et al. Patients who were not treated with neuraminidase inhibitors had a significantly higher median age and more comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and morbid obesity. It is likely that there were other characteristics that were not studied but influenced the chances of being treated with a neuraminidase inhibitor and survival. Possible confounders, such as immunization status, whether patients were treated early or late in the epidemic, and other sociodemographic factors, were not considered before ascribing a causal associationwith oseltamivir use. It is surprising that the authors did not perform a multivariable analysis to adjust for confounding despite having a large sample size. Second, the authors interpret the data to mean that untreated patients had less severe disease. I disagree with this. Patients in the untreated group had a shorter hospital stay, probably due to the higher case fatality in this group. Paradoxically, the authors interpret this as an indication of less-severe disease. Untreated patients presented to the hospital earlier by 1 day, confirming the suspicion that they actually had more severe disease, yet they were less likely to be treated with neuraminidase inhibitors. These patients probably had some unapparent characteristic that adversely influenced the chances of being treated but was not studied. Even beyond the fifth day, survival of treated patients was consistently better, although it was not statistically significant owing to the small number of patients in each stratum. Thus, there is ample reason to believe that the 2 groups were not prognostically well balanced. Without addressing this prognostic imbalance, the authors attribute the difference to treatment effect. Finally, the authors point out the fact that placebo-controlled trials to address this question would be challenging to undertake. To circumvent the ethical concerns, one strategy recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration is "a randomized and blinded dose-response (or duration-response) trial, in which a significant dose response is demonstrated" [8]. In the present study, 278 of 1671 (17%) patients were treated with a double dose of oseltamivir, and half of the patients were treated for more than the standard duration of 5 days (the median duration of antiviral treatment as reported was 5 days [range, 0–32 days]) [1]. One question that inevitably emerges is whether the double-dosing and longer treatment durations were associated with better survival.


Based on the test result of final reduction gear,the causes of failure were brought out by physics-chemical analysis and metallographic analysis on the parts tested.


The aim of this book is to analyze the impact of administrative decentralization in municipal areas of Mexico as well as the conditions under which the governing body acts in implementing welfare measures. The issue has gained importance in recent years due to structural changes involving the municipality as a territorial unit, which has made decisions autonomously to the attention of the people living in their localities. The trend towards decentralization of functions has caused local governments to take more responsibility to operate in their territories, which has been in the arena of multiple research experiences of these governments to implement actions of social welfare for the population living in its territory. Moreover, in the municipalities converge actions of government entities at federal, state and municipal levels, which are directed to the most vulnerable groups or social welfare. In most cases, local gobiernpos only involved as implementers of administrative work in their spaces, even when the speech and the new legal regulations indicate that a process of greater autonomy exists in the localities. Decentralization and its impact on social development is important because on the one hand, it is linked to the development of Mexico to modify roles in local areas, in particular with the implementation of public policies for economic and social character, on the other, because it assumes significance from a theoretical point of view, as we still do not have a complete picture of your situation, its contours and implications. During the book the decentralization process and the experiences they have had municipalities of northeastern Mexico, in the development of both social welfare actions and attention to poverty experienced by the population living in their territories is addressed.


In 1998, Blaze, Bleumer and Strauss proposed a new kind of cryptographic primitive called proxy re-signature. In proxy re-signature, a proxy can transform a signature computed under Alice's secret key into one that can be verified by Bob's public key. In 2005, Ateniese et al proposed a few re-signature schemes and also discussed its several potential applications. In this paper, we propose the first proxy re-signature scheme from certificate based signature (CBS) to identity based signature (IBS) with the help of PKG.


Abstract Individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) are at a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) resulting from autonomic nervous system dysfunction, physical inactivity, and increased inflammatory processes. Arterial stiffness (AS) is recognized as an independent risk factor for CVD and, specifically, pulse wave analysis (PWA) has proven to be a useful tool to predict and track structural arterial changes that reflect arteriosclerosis. The augmentation index (AI) can be used to estimate AS and is derived from the amplitude and timing of the blood pressure (BP) wave reflection in a peripheral artery. Recently, AS has been shown to be increased in persons with SCI compared with the uninjured population; however, possible contributors to increased AS in the SCI population have not been fully explored. In this study, increased radial artery AI is demonstrated in persons with high cord lesions (above T6) compared with individuals with low cord lesions (T7 and below) and uninjured controls. ...


As intimated in the previous section, the presence of excess quantities of an essential metal can be as deleterious as insufficient amounts. This situation can arise from accidental ingestion of the element or from metabolic disorders leading to the incapacitation of normal biochemical mechanisms that control uptake and distribution phenomena. These possibilities constitute one major class of metal toxicity. The other broad class results from entry of nonessential metals into the cell through food, skin absorption, or respiration. The toxicities associated with this latter class have received much recent attention because of the public health risks of chemical and radioisotopic environmental pollutants.


From the time that reinforced concrete, with its inherent weakness in tension, was first invented, engineers have attempted to tension the steel reinforcement in such a manner that the concrete would be placed in a state of compression, greater than any tensile stress that would be imposed by dead or live load. Under some circumstances a residual tension stress in the concrete may be allowed within code limitations. Several structures were constructed utilizing this concept; however, only mild reinforcing steel was available at the time. These structures at first behaved according to predictions, but because of the relatively low amount of prestress force that could be induced in the mild steel, they lost their properties due to the creep and shrinkage of the concrete and creep of the reinforcing steel. In 1928, E. Freyssinet of France, who is generally credited with the modern development of prestressed


The value co-creation behavior of residents can contribute to the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) tourism. This paper aims to provide a theoretical framework that uses "cognition–affection–behavior" theory to explain how the two variables of tourism development perception and emotional solidarity affect the value co-creation participation behavior of the local residents in the context of intangible cultural heritage tourism while considering the mediating role of emotional solidarity. This study empirically investigates Meizhou Island in Fujian Province, China as an example by using a structural equation model (SEM). Results show that the perception of local residents toward the benefits of tourism development has a significant positive impact on their emotional solidarity and value co-creation participation behavior, whereas their perception toward the costs of tourism development has a significant negative impact. In addition, the emotional solidarity of these residents has a significant positive impact on their value co-creation participation and plays a mediating role in the relationship between the tourism development perceptions of local residents and their value co-creation participation behavior. This study has important theoretical and practical significance for the management of ICH tourist destinations.


A book of doctors medical in 20 cases treating the case of draw the following conclusions: first, in particular emphasis on its false, biased by prescription for warming. Second, the rule of unique, display their own advantages.


The objective of this research was to quantify the logical thinking capacity ofseventh grade students in Tuban, East Java, Indonesia. This research was conducting using the quantitative descriptive method and 119 students in the seventh grade of secondary school in Tuban during the Academic Year 2016/2017. The data was collected by using Logical Thinking Test (LTT) which comprises of six different kind of reasonings; namely conservational reasoning, proportional reasoning, controlling variables, combinatorial reasoning, probabilistic reasoning, and correlational reasoning (source). Based on LTT, scores are categorized into three levels; concrete operational levels, transitional levels, and formal operational levels (source). The results of the research display that (88.21%) of the seventh grade are classified at the concrete operational level, (10.08%) at the transitional level, and (1.68%) at the formal operational level. After conducting this research, teachers are now able to design teaching tactics and have a better understanding of secondary school student's cognitive development and behavior


Changes in speaking rate and talker characteristics have profound effects on the acoustic structure of the speech signal. Current models of speech perception hypothesize that listeners must compensate for changes in rate and talker with a normalization process in which phonetic segments are evaluated relative to the prevailing rate of articulation and relative to specific talker characteristics. The present study was conducted to investigate how listeners adjust or normalize for changes in rate of speech and talker characteristics. A serial recall task was used to evaluate the consequences of rate and talker variability on the early encoding and rehearsal of the spoken words. Listeners were asked to recall words from single versus multiple rate lists; from single versus multiple talker lists; and finally, from lists with words produced by multiple talkers at multiple speaking rates. The results showed that words from lists produced at a single articulation rate were recalled more accurately in early seria...


The study investigates the effect of physical resources, human resources, knowledge management organizational resources with mediating role of knowledge management capabilities on effectiveness of the Social Security Organization of Khuzestan Province. The population of this research consisted of all employees of Social Security Organization of Khuzestan province that 220 people were considered as sample of study using Krejcie, Morgan and Cohen method. The current study is developmental applied in terms of objective and its method is descriptive. The method of research consists of two stages of library studies and field studies. As this study is exploratory, to find answer for questions (researcher-made questionnaire), the opinions and views of experts and specialists were used. Data collection tool was a questionnaire. LISREL software was used to analyze the data and data analysis method was structural equation modeling. After analyzing data, research hypotheses were accepted .


1. IntroductionMacIntyre (2007) believes that the emergence of communicative language teaching permits learners to improve their communicative competence. Thus, the perception of learners' communicative competence and needs pose a basis for language teachers to plan curricula, and develop language teaching efficacy.According to Barjesteh and Birjandi (2011), surveys (e.g., Long, 1996; Swain, 2000) on contemporary communicative approaches highlight the significance of L2 language learners in tasks. These surveys are based upon this assumption that learners' competence is gradually formed by performance. MacIntyre(2007) remarked that this attention on the active use of the L2 in learning contexts has led to the arrival of a crucial construct in the field of L2 instruction: Willingness to Communicate (WTC).The concept of WTC was first developed in regard to the first or native language (L1) verbal communication (MacIntyre, 2007). Richmond and McCroskey (1997; cited in Yu, 2008 ) believed that in the communication themes, the principal premise of WTC was all about its personality-based, trait- like tendency which is fairly constant throughout a number of communication field and groups of receivers. However, Dornyei (2003) argues for this fact that one's L1 and L2 WTC are different. He also added that WTC in L1 is a rather steady personality trait which has grown during the years, but WTC in L2 is quite a complicated issue due to the fact that the it is greatly affected by language learners' proficiency level (particularly that of communicative competence). Moreover, the willingness to communicate model of MacIntyre, Clement, Dornyei, and Noels (1998) went forward and proposed that the situation in which the learners are (including the topic and clas smates) along with the learners themselves play a major role in the learners' willingness for communication.WTC has been hypothesized both as an individual difference variable affecting L2 acquisition and as an objective of L2 instruction by MacIntyre et al. (1998). Compared with the large bodies of research carried out on other individual difference factors (e.g., motivation, aptitude, learning strategy, working memory, and personality), there have been relatively limited studies on WTC concept. L2 learners' WTC is a substantial element for succeeding in interactions and comprehensibility as well as fluency (MacIntyre et al., 1998).Becoming fluent in a second language requires being willing to communicate. Fluency is often regarded as the ultimate goal of second language learners (MacIntyre & Doucette, 2010). It is commonly accepted that higher WTC provides learners with opportunity for more practice and rehearsal in L2 contexts (MacIntyre et al., 1998, 2003). Burgoon (1976) believed in unwillingness as one of the biggest obstacles for EFL learners in speaking process. This unwillingness can be induced by different variables and factors including: communication apprehension, low self - esteem, lack of communicative competence, self-perceived communicative competence (MacIntyre et al., 1998), alienation, anomie, introversion (Matsuoka & Evans, 2005; Tok, 2009), fear and avoidance of performance, behavioral shyness (Amsbary & McCroskey, 1967), fear of making errors, and so on.A lot of research has been conducted about second/foreign language learners' WTC. Researchers have done analysis on possible variables and factors affecting WTC in both L1 and L2. It is well known that perceived competence is predictive of language learnin g and communicative behaviors. It should be borne in mind that WTC and communicative competence are not the same: there are many competent L2 learners who are not inclined to participate in L2 communication situations, whereas some other, less competent or proficient L2 learners who are actively inclined to seize opportunities to engage in L2 conversations (Dornyei, 2003).1.1. Studies on Willingness to Communicate (WTC)The original concept of willingness to communicate has emerged from studies in the field o f communication around the 1930s (McCroskry, 1997). …


Objectives  The effect of glucocorticoid substitution on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome components (NCEP ATP III criteria) and serum lipid levels was determined in GH‐replaced hypopituitary patients. As glucocorticoid replacement is associated with a pronounced decrease in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, we also tested associations of HDL cholesterol with the –629C>A CETP promoter polymorphism in subjects with and without ACTH deficiency.


Because Japanese corpora have been developed recently, it has become possible to perform stochastic morphological analysis for Japanese(Nagata, 1994; Takeuchi and Matsumoto, 1995; Mori and Nagao, 1996; Yamamoto et al., 1997). Although the same Hidden Markov Model-based approach as English can be fundamentally applicable with word/part-of-speech n-gram data, some problems peculiar to Japanese make the approach indirect. Before calculating the most likely part-ofspeech(abbreviated to 'pos') sequence, it is required to segment input sentences into morphemes referring to word dictionaries. On the other hand, there are a few researches on stochastic morphological analysis of Japanese WITHOUT word dictionaries (Papageorgiou, 1994; Yamamoto and Masuyama, 1997; Kageura, 1997). However, they require much computational power because they employ character n-gram data in the HMM-based method. This paper proposes a new method of stochastic morphological analysis for Japanese texts which utilizes character n-gram data(thus, no need for word dictionaries) and a k-Nearest Neighbor method. Because the k-NN method is fundamental in memory-based reasoning and it does not require so much computational power as the HMM method, this new method is fast and achieves high accuracy in word segmentation and pos tagging. First, section 2 describes the details of stochastic morphological analysis of Japanese texts and clari es the problems in these researches. Next, section 3 describes our new k-NN based method and it is evaluated in section 4. Section 5 discusses the e ectiveness and the problems of our method. Finally, after mentioning the future works in section 6, section 7 concludes this paper. 2 Related Researches


It introduces the importance of the "five strokes" import teaching method in secondary school,and includes the four main stages of this method.Also it goes on the discussion on getting improvement by emphasizing the concept in the mind,attaching great importance to practice,persevering and persisting.