Addition is a standout amongst the most fundamental operations in VLSI frameworks such as microprocessors and digital signal processing systems. Therefore, the adders must render a high speed operation into existence. This paper proposes a novel implementation of 8-bit adder architecture using modified Gate Diffusion Input (m-GDI) approach. The primary blocks of adder are partial full adder, 1-bit full adder, 4-bit ripple carry adder (RCA), 4-bit carry look ahead adder (CLA). The proposed adder architecture devours 70% lesser area, 71 % lesser delay and 35% lesser power dissipation w.r.t traditional CMOS design. The proposed adder is implemented utilizing Cadence Virtuoso Tool in 180nm technology.


T he implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Program at the processing of Oil Palm Kernel produce CPO and kernel PTPN-3 Tebing Tinggi on 2013 . Research has done on PKS Rambutan PTPN-3 Tebing Tinggi. This research aims to determine how the the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Program at the processing of Oil Palm Kernel produce CPO and kernel includes admissions, boiling (sterelizer), Separation (thressing), stamping (pressing), refining and processing of oil seeds (palm kernel) in PTPN-3 PKS Rambutan Tebing Tinggi  North Sumatra. Research of types used in this research was descriptive research with cross-sectional approach.The population in this research is the work force who worked on the processing of Oil Palm Kernel produce CPO and kernel. The population in this study as many as 30 people. The results were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that  the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Program at the processing of Oil Palm Kernel produce CPO and kernel is performed by workers in the processing is still not up and must be improved for its implementation. OHS program that have been implemented include Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), Job Safety Analysis (JSA), Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), training OHS. On the other hand there are many workers who have implemented programs that have been set by the company. This is due to lack of knowledge and awareness of labor in implementing OHS. Keywords: Implementation Program of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS),workers, processing of Oil Palm Kernel


Classical ideas of the clinical course and roentgenological image of pneumoniae in sucklings which begin easily [2,7] and are often accompanied by respiratory failure underwent an outlined evolution in recent decade. Changes in the clinical course are related to more and more often established mixed viral-bacterial etiology [4,10,11] while rapidly changing roentgenological images are due to the influence of a series of factors [4,5]. There exists a more manifested relation between etiological agent and clinical course as well as between morphological and functional changes of roentgenological image [6,8,9]. However, this fact is still ignored [3-5]. That is why there is an incoincidence rate between preliminary clinical diagnosis and the final one in cases with acute bronchopulmonary inflammatory processes according to various investigations of approximately 60 per cent [1,5J. The purpose oi this work is to present some peculiarities of roentgenological diagnosis originating from the dynamics and combination of roentgenological symptoms in acute pneumoniae in sucklings which can lead to diagnostic errors.


Chondrina tatrica Ložek, 1948 is reported for the first time for Romania. The species was thought to be endemic to the Western Carpathian Mountains. The Romanian locality (Boga valley, Bihor County) is situated approximately 260 km from the nearest known site of the species in a straight line. The zoogeographical significance of this finding and the possible route of the ancestors of C. tatrica to the Carpathians is discussed.


Prenatal diagnosis of junctional epidermolysis buliosa associated with pyloric atresia was carried out in a couple at risk. Their two previous children had died during the first months of life of the same disorder despite surgery for the pyloric abnormality. Ultrastructural study of fetal skin biopsies obtained at 18 weeks' gestation showed dermal-epidermal separation at the lamina lucida level, while ultrasound showed marked stomach dilatation. Light microscopy of pyloric tissue obtained after termination showed the pyloric lumen to be replaced by loose connective tissue with no inflammatory reaction. Immunofluorescence studies on the skin specimens with the monoclonal antibody GB3, known to be absent in 'lethal' junctional epidermolysis buliosa skin, disclosed a marked positivity suggesting that the junctional epidermolysis buliosa in this case may be of the 'non-lethal' type. The association of epidermolysis bullosa and pyloric atresia is a rare but distinct entity inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Five sib pairs' 2 and about 15 sporadic cases1-3 have been reported, most of whom have died in the first few months of life despite surgical management of the pyloric abnormality. Ultrastructural studies of the skin, performed in the majority of recently reported cases, showed findings consistent with junctional epidermolysis bullosa. 1-3 I Clinica Dermatologica, University of Milan, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milano, Italy. V Nazzaro, E Berti, R Caputo Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, University of Milan, Italy. U Nicolini Ospedale di Tropea, Italy. L De Luca Correspondence to Dr Nazzaro. This paper was presented at the International Epidermolysis Bullosa Symposium, London, 19 and 20 January 1989. Received for publication 14 July 1989. Revised version accepted for publication 21 November 1989. We now report the first prenatal diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa associated with pyloric atresia performed by ultrastructural examination of fetal skin biopsies in a couple at risk, whose previous son and daughter had died of the same combined disorder.


Bronchiolitis is a frequent cause of hospital admission and significant mortality in developing countries. In Italy, bronchiolitis season usually begins in late October peaking in January–February. During the SARS‐COV‐2 pandemic, containment measures and lockdowns considerably impacted respiratory infections, but no data are available about the impact on bronchiolitis seasonality. Moreover, containment measures and seem to impact differently on each virus. Therefore, we decided to explore this year's bronchiolitis trend, assess bronchiolitis severity and viruses involved as secondary outcomes.


A variety of optimization problems associated with oil production involve cost functions and constraints that require calls to a subsurface flow simulator. In many situations gradient information cannot be obtained efficiently, or a global search is required. This motivates the use of derivative-free (non-invasive, blackbox) optimization methods. This chapter describes the use of several derivative-free techniques, including generalized pattern search, Hooke-Jeeves direct search, a genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization, for three key problems that arise in oil field management. These problems are the optimization of settings (pressure or flow rate) in existing wells, optimization of the locations of new wells, and data assimilation or history matching. The performance of the derivative-free algorithms is shown to be quite acceptable, especially when they are implemented within a distributed computing environment.


This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com. Recommended Citation Coots, Richard M., "A taxonomic study of two nominal subspecies of pikas (Ochotona princeps) in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon" (1972). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1117.


We present a non–perturbative study of the (1+1)-dimensional massless Thirring model by using path integral methods. By exploring the regularization ambiguities (from the computation of the fermionic determinant), the model presents two phases one of them has a local gauge symmetry that is implemented at quantum level and the other one without this symmetry. The symmetric phase is a new sector of the model which is unrelated to the previous studies of the model, and the non–symmetric phase is related to the well–known studies of the model. We make a detailed analysis of their UV divergence structure, a non–perturbative regularization and renormalization processes for both phases.


The article deals with interdisciplinary integration in its various manifestations, the process of its origin and formation, as well as the peculiarities of interdisciplinary relations in the implementation of military-professional competencies in a technical university as a whole and in the military training center of Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University telecommunications in particular.


A line x tester analysis using nine lines and five testers was carried out to study the combining ability and gene action in sesame for seed yield and its related 11 quantitative traits. The partitioning of variances due to the crosses showed that the mean squares due to lines were found significant for all the characters except for number of branches per plant and oil content, whereas mean squares due to testers and lines x testers were found significant for all the characters except for the plant height and number of branches per plant. General and specific combining ability variances showed the involvement of both type of gene actions in the inheritance of these characters. Among the parents, two lines viz., AT-472 and AT-483 and three testers viz., GT-2, GT-3 and GT-6 exhibited good general combining ability effect for seed yield per plant. The cross combination, AT-471 x GT-2 showed significant and positive sca effect for seed yield per plant and involved average x good combining parents. It was followed by AT-464 x GT-4 and AT-472 x GT-3 which involved either good x good or poor x poor combining parents. These crosses have been identified as best hybrids for improving seed yield per plant.


The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the dominant component of tropical intraseasonal variability, with wide‐reaching impacts even on extratropical weather and climate patterns. However, predicting the MJO is challenging. One reason is the suboptimal state estimates obtained with standard data assimilation (DA) approaches. These are typically based on filtering methods with Gaussian approximations and do not take into account physical properties that are important specifically for the MJO. In this article, a constrained ensemble DA method is applied to study the impact of different physical constraints on the state estimation and prediction of the MJO. The quadratic programming ensemble (QPEns) algorithm utilized extends the standard stochastic ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) with specifiable constraints on the updates of all ensemble members. This allows us to recover physically more consistent states and to respect possible associated non‐Gaussian statistics. The study is based on identical twin experiments with an adopted nonlinear model for tropical intraseasonal variability. This so‐called skeleton model succeeds in reproducing the main large‐scale features of the MJO and closely related tropical waves, while keeping adequate simplicity for fast experiments on intraseasonal time‐scales. Conservation laws and other crucial physical properties from the model are examined as constraints in the QPEns. Our results demonstrate an overall improvement in the filtering and forecast skill when the model's total energy is conserved in the initial conditions. The degree of benefit is found to be dependent on the observational setup and the strength of the model's nonlinear dynamics. It is also shown that, even in cases where the statistical error in some waves remains comparable with the stochastic EnKF during the DA stage, their prediction is improved remarkably when using the initial state resulting from the QPEns.


The present study analyses the problem of adoption of high yielding varieties of rice during the rainfed aman season in Bangladesh. Drawing on information from a village survey, the analysis confirms some of the well-known results (for an incomplete diffusion process) regarding effects of farm size and tenurial status on the decision to adopt and the extent of adoption. In an attempt to probe further the causal relationships behind adoption the analysis was extended to consider characteristics of farm households. Two variables reflecting consumption requirements and family labour availability relative to land were found to contribute significantly to the explanation of variation in adoption and its extent across farm sizes.


Objective To understand the quality of life of elders in the community of Shangqiu and analyze the affecting factors to provide a scientific evidence which could improve their quality of life.Methods The general questionnaire and World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Evaluation From were used among 116 elders in two communities of Shangqiu.Results The quality of life of elders was in low level.The mainly factors that influencing the quality of life of elders in the community of Zhengzhou were age,education status,economic income,hobbies and interest,family relation,physical exercise.Conclusions The factors that influence the elders in community are various.To improve quality of life of elders,community workers should take relevant measures and encourage family members to participate in caring elders.

Key words:
Community;  The elders;  Quality of life


ABSTRACT Adaptive learning has garnered researchers' interest. The main issue within this field is how to select appropriate learning objects (LOs) based on learners' requirements and context, and how to combine the selected LOs to form what is known as an adaptive learning path. Heuristic and metaheuristic approaches have achieved significant progress on personalized and adaptive recommendations, but the operators of some heuristic algorithms are often fixed which decreases the algorithms' extendibility. This paper reviews existing works and proposes an innovative approach. We model the proposed approach as a constraints satisfaction problem, and an improved genetic algorithm named adaptive genetic algorithm is proposed to solve it. The proposed solution does not only reduce the search space size and increase search efficiency but also it is more explicit in finding the best composition of LOs for a specific learner. As a result, the best personalized adaptive learning resources combination will be found in lesser time.


Purpose: Initially available in the printed format, journalism has also evolved with it being accessible through the digital medium. Journalism had been conceptualized to be the voice for the voiceless. Initially foreseen to be the medium to serve all the citizens of the democratic society, it was empowered to tell the bare truth to the readers without hiding or modifying the facts. But is the form of journalism prevailing today living up to its fundamental values? This research aims to find the loopholes in the current trend of news reporting dubbed as "Fake News" and ways to tackle them to serve its purpose in the true spirit.

Design/Methodology/Approach: The so-called "Fake news" contains catchy headlines, provocative pictures and an article that is structured to agitate the human emotions. When one chances upon reading such a piece, he/she assumes it a duty to share it to create mass awareness. There are simple approaches to deal with the fake news menace.
❏ Media Literacy: Even though it sounds a bit forceful, people should be made aware of ways to verify the legitimacy of the articles circulated
❏ Creating Awareness: Media-conventional and digital should come together to spread awareness and to campaign together, urging people to stick to the credible sources
❏ De-Ranking: It does not mean censorship but putting the websites down to 9-10 pages in the search engine, making them rarely accessed

Findings: It is quite astonishing that the word "Fake News" was dubbed "Word of the Year 2017" by the Collins Dictionary. The decision was based on the 2016 US Presidential elections where the usage of "Fake News" was increased by a staggering 365 percent and is often attributed to having helped Donald Trump win the presidential race. But it wasn't the only time this kind of journalism did the rounds. The brutal Kathua rape case which shook the nation and resulted in widespread anger and agitation was tried to be covered by deceptive news by one of the leading Hindi newspapers, Dainik Jagran. The news agency tried to hide the heinous crime, stating it as a conspiracy to defame Hindutva. These are merely two examples where the platform was misused to misguide the general opinion.

Research Limitations/Implications: The paper attempts to discover the reasons for such hoax news and measures to deal with them. But practical application and assurance of its success are beyond the control of this paper.

Practical Implications: The reason why fake news never ceases to exist is that a lot of these portals hide the identity of the informer and also the location which makes it difficult to track and shut them down. Moreover, the Constitution of India safeguards the freedom of expression under Article 19, which prevents charging any news agency for a civil or criminal offense for spreading a misinformed piece of news. Moreover, the general public can only be advised not to trust all the information available on the social platforms, but we cannot force them to first research the authenticity of it before spreading it.


Governments have and will probably continue to opt for negotiated solutions with incumbent operators, rather than tender services in areas where operators control strategic assets. This paper attempts to offer guidance to cities facing the debate of whether to tender contracts, or negotiate, so as to achieve best value within their jurisdictions. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E215911.


Background:  Currently, there is a shortage of hospital pediatricians in Japan. In the present study, using data from the Survey of Physicians, Dentists, and Pharmacists in Japan, we analyzed the dynamics and distribution of pediatricians, using a time series approach.


We have measured the Raman-scattering spectra of the b modification of GeSe2 at low temperatures and under hydrostatic pressures up to 8 GPa at room temperature. A total of 28 modes of symmetry Ag and 29 of symmetry Bg were resolved by polarized light-scattering measurements at 10 K. The mode frequencies harden with pressure up to 2.5 GPa. At 6.2 GPa the changes of the spectra reveal a transition to an amorphous phase. Further increase of the pressure up to 7 GPa yields strong indication of a phase transition from the disordered phase to the low-temperature modification of GeSe2. At 8 GPa, this modification transforms back to the disordered phase. All these phase transformations are reversible. @S0163-1829~98!05802-0#


EVALUATION OF LAND USE SYSTEMS UNDER ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN RELATION TO SOIL, CLIMATE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: A CASE STUDY FROM YAVATMAL DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA


Context. In order to study the association of the origin of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) with active galactic nuclei (AGN) at all levels of their activity we require an unbiased sample of black holes. Aims. Here we describe such a sample, of about 6 000 black holes, within the local Universe, inside the GZK (Greisen Zatsepin Kuzmin) limit, around 100 Mpc. Methods. The starting point is the 2 micron all sky survey, with the next steps as: test its com- pleteness down to low flux densities, confine it to redshifts z < 0.025, limit it to early Hubble type galaxies, test with B-V colors and with the FIR/Radio ratio the possible separation in classes of sources for the ultra high energy cosmic rays, use the spheroidal stellar component - black hole mass relationship to derive black hole masses, and test them with known black hole masses. Results. The statistics are consistent with the mass function of black hole masses, with a rel- atively flat distribution to about 10^8 Msol, and thereafter a very steep spectrum. Our sample cuts off just below 10^7 Msol, indicating a gap for lower masses, below somewhere near 10^6 Msol. We construct the sky distribution for all black holes above 10^7 Msol, 10^8 Msol, and 3 x 10^8 Msol, and also show the sky distribution for the five redshift ranges 0.0 - 0.005, 0.005 - 0.0010, 0.010 - 0.015, 0.015 - 0.020, and 0.020 to 0.025.


Abstract Achieving a high quality off-form finish by conventional cast in place construction techniques can create many challenges. When an architectural design requires the use of coloured concrete to blend and complement the colour and texture of existing structures and landscapes, the challenge can become complicated and somewhat compromised unless the construction team is aware of practical limitations and has the ability to manage, control and adapt so that all suppliers and sub contractors provide optimum performance to achieve optimum outcomes. This paper details the pre contract planning, control achieved, construction management, and lessons learnt throughout a successful project in Brisbane, Queensland.


Press-finishing, a plastic deformation process, can be applied to raise surface precision of a workpiece. This paper introduces a new press-finishing technique for PCD (polycrystal diamond)tool that can press finishing the residual feed trails produced by the diamond tool on the machined surface. The experiments of press-finishing of Al-alloy have been performed on an instrument lathe with the press-finishing set-up with a PCD tool. Having investigated the correlation between the surface roughness (Rα)and parameters, such as press-finishing speed (v), feed (f),depth of press (αpp), PCD sphere diameter (Dsph), rigidity coefficient of spring (Ki) etc, the optimum parameters of technology.and their laws for the press-finishing of Al-alloy have been acquired. Some mechanisms for the press-finishing of Al-alloy with a PCD tool have been discussed. With appropriate parameters chosen, the sample of Al-alloy could be press-finished to a value of Ra =0.026μm from an initial roughness of Ra =0.5μm.


The use of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to address regional-scale objectives as part of an ecosystem approach to management in the North Sea is examined. Ensuring that displacement of fishing activity does not negate the ecological benefits gained from MPAs is a major concern. Two scenarios are considered: using MPAs to safeguard important areas for groundfish species diversity and using them to reduce fishing impacts on benthic invertebrates. Appropriate MPAs were identified using benthic invertebrate and fish abundance data. Fishing effort redistribution was modelled using international landings and fishing effort data. Closing 7.7% of the North Sea to protect groundfish species diversity increased the fishing impact on benthic invertebrates. Closing 7.3% of the North Sea specifically to protect benthic invertebrates reduced fishing mortality by just 1.7?3.8%, but when combined with appropriate reductions in total allowable catch (TAC), 16.2?17.4% reductions in fishing mortality were achieved. MPAs on their own are unlikely to achieve significant regional-scale ecosystem benefits, because local gains are largely negated by fishing effort displacement into the remainder of the North Sea. However, in combination with appropriate TAC reductions, the effectiveness of MPAs may be enhanced.


This paper examines the use of co-occurrence analysis as the basis for, and framework of, various data mining techniques for numeric and textual data. The definition, computation, interpretation, visualization, and application of co-occurrences are discussed, as well as a survey of systems that use co-occurrence as their basis.


This paper is devoted to two main objectives eventually to accomplish a synchronizing position control of multiple hydraulic cylinders. At first, a fuzzy PID control algorithm is thoroughly discussed which has nonlinear time-varying control parameters and is named a variable design-parameter fuzzy PID control. At last, a comprising method of position-synchronizing control of multiple hydraulic cylinders is suggested. The method is to comprise the control system using only electronic devices including synchronizing control algorithm.


This paper explores the issue of whether countries that have higher levels of social capital, and|or are more egalitarian, are more generous in terms of donating foreign aid. The empirical results suggest that in countries with a more equal distribution of income, aid allocations by the government are higher, but donations to non-government aid organisations by the private sector are lower. There is a positive correlation between the level of social capital and aid allocated by both the government and the private sector. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Descriptions of three new species of Devonian brachiopods Theodossia kagarmanovi sp. nov., Th. novosemelica sp. nov. и Th. tcherkesovae sp. nov. are given. Species belong to the order Spiriferida, suborder Spiriferidina, superfamily Theodossioidea, family Theodossiidae. Brachiopods are collected from the Middle and Upper Frasnian sections of the Southern Novaya Zemlya, Karskie Vorota strait area (Zhandrov and Menshikov subregional Horizons). Besides the description of the shell morphology and interior structure the article contains data about new species stratigraphic distribution and a history of Devonian brachiopods from Novaya Zemlya study.


We have attempted to provide a unified account of the structural relaxation and mechanical properties of glassy polymers by reviewing recent results of a predictive model. One would like to understand how the effects of structural relaxation influence the performance of amorphous solids. The physics of glassy polymers is still evolving and the functional relationships between relaxation and deformation have not been firmly established. However, significant progress has already been made that can be utilized in solving problems in the large deformation of polymers. Equations have been derived that can be applied to provide quantitative prediction of the nonlinear stress-strain relationships as a function of physical aging, strain rate, temperature, external stress field, and the filler concentration in composites.


Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is the thin film method of choice for depositing complex oxide films and highly textured epitaxial layers with unsurpassed crystallinity. Excimer laser power scalability and PLD process upscaling have resulted in the first systems with 300 mm wafer capability now entering the market. From mobile communication to autonomous driving, novel materials available to high‐tech volume manufacturing matter in transitioning into a 5G connected future.


High carbon content polymers have been synthesized and pyrolyzed between 600 and 850°C in inert ambient, during various pyrolysis times, to obtain freestanding carbon films with specific resistivities that can be as low as ∼0.01 Ω cm. One of these polymers (M2-48), with a low specific resistivity at low pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time, can be easily sprayed on stainless steel 316L, a possible material to be used for bipolar plates in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The layer of M2-48 on SS316L is used as a first layer of a three-layer coating, which is able, after its pyrolysis at 750°C, to protect the stainless steel against corrosion in fuel cell tests. The second and third layers of the 70-100 μm thick protective coating are made of a commercial graphite spray and a top layer of M2-48, respectively.


The purpose of this paper is to study the disconjugate behavior of the linear third order differential equation \[ (1)\quad y''' + py = 0\quad {\text{on}}\,[ a,\infty ) \] where $p \in C[ a,\infty )$ and is real-valued. In particular, necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for (1) to be disconjugate on $[ b,\infty )$ for some $b\geqq a$ and sufficient conditions are given for equation (1) to belong to $C_I [ b,\infty )$ or $C_{II} [ b,\infty )$ for some $b\geqq a$.


Models are invaluable tools for resource management. Models help resource managers develop a shared conceptual understanding of complex natural systems, allow testing of management scenarios, predict outcomes of high risk and high cost environmental manipulations, and set priorities. Catchment modelling is a specialist field, and different modelling approaches are specialist areas in themselves. There are a plethora of models available that apply to integrated catchment management, from micro to landscape scales, from deterministic models to broad-brush models. Different philosophies abound; with some experts advocating top-down systems approaches and others who dismiss these as being too uncertain and based on opinion rather than fact. Even when the approach is agreed, experts may be at odds over which modelling product is superior and have a vested interest in their particular product. So, how does the resource manager obtain objective, independent technical advice on needs and applications, and then choose the best modelling approach? Model development can be onerous, expensive, time consuming, and often bewildering for the resource manager. It is also an iterative process where the true magnitude of the effort, time and data required is often not fully understood until well into the process. Resourcing can become problematic. This paper explores the dilemmas faced by resource managers who dare to venture down the path of catchment modelling and proposes ways to minimise the pain and maximise the gain.


The article deals with leading social, cultural and historically determined factors contributing to the process of social and cultural transformation of status and role situation of modern women in the family institution. The author gives the sociological research within the frame of studying problem and also a sociological comparative analysis of status and role of women in Russia and the countries of the East.


Rates of J-aggregation of 1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-cyanine chloride from dilute aqueous solutions in the presence of either indifferent electrolytes (salted-out J-aggregation) or nascent, extremely fine silver bromide particles (catalyzed J-aggregation) have been measured spectrophotometrically at different temperatures and dye concentrations


ABSTRACT The Indonesian government has been trying to support the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the country, as these enterprises are expected to play a crucial role not only in employment creation but also in GDP formation and export development. This paper examines the current developments and constraints of SMEs in Indonesia and the effectiveness of government SME-development programs. Some important facts are presented. First, SMEs are of overwhelming importance to Indonesia because they account for more than 90% of all firms outside the agricultural sector. Second, the main constraints faced by small entrepreneurs are cumbersome and onerous business regulations and restrictions, lack of finance, and low human resource and technological capabilities. Finally, the government has been the most important supporting agency for SMEs. However, evidence of the effectiveness of government programs to support SME development is mixed. INTRODUCTION In the classical paradigm, it is stated that the development of an economy depends on two main factors (as explicitly included in a general Cobb Douglas production function), namely labor and capital (with advanced technology embodied). In the 1980s, after looking at the development miracle in the so-called newly industrialized Asian countries (NICs), such as Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), Hong Kong-China, and South Korea, hi the 1960s and 1970s, and the widening gap hi development between developed/industrialized nations and less developed countries (LDCs), new thinking emerged on the nature of economic development and factors determining it. In this new paradigm, it is stated that hi addition to the above two classical production factors, there is also another crucial factor: entrepreneurship. Presently, the development of entrepreneur-ship together with human skills improvement have become two crucial factors for sustainable economic and social development and for world leadership in all aspects of the modem State. Entrepreneurship development is also an important factor in economic development in Indonesia. It is often said that the lack of entrepreneurship has been the main cause for Indonesia's slow economic development compared with other Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, China, South Korea, and Singapore. Thus, supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia has been adopted as a strategy to develop entrepreneurship in the country. The aim of this paper is to analyze current developments of SMEs in the country. Specifically, this paper addresses three research questions. First, how important are SMEs in the Indonesian economy? second, what are the main problems facing small entrepreneurs in Indonesia? And, third, how effective are government-sponsored programs in supporting the development of SMEs? Despite some limitations, these questions will be addressed by analyzing secondary data. DEFINITION OF SMES In Indonesia, there are several definitions of SMEs, depending on which agency provides the definition. As this paper uses data from the State Ministry of Cooperative and Small and Medium Enterprises (Menegkop & UKM), the Department of Industry (MoI), and the Central Statistical Agency (BPS), only definitions of these three government agencies are relevant for the paper. Menegkop & UKM promulgated the Law on Small Enterprises Number 9 of 199S, which defines a small enterprise (SE) as a business unit with total initial assets of up to Rp 200 million (about US $20,000 at current exchange rates), not including land and buildings, or with an annual value of sales of a maximum of Rp 1 billion (US $100,000), and a medium enterprise (ME) as a business unit with an annual value of sales of more than Rp 1 billion but less than Rp SO billion. The Law does not explicitly define micro enterprises (MIEs). However, Menegkop & UKM data on SEs include MIEs. BPS, which regularly conducted surveys of SMEs, uses the number of workers as the basis for determining the size of an enterprise. …


A scientific session of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) dedicated to the 120th anniversary of the birth of Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov was held in the Conference Hall of the P N Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS, on 30 March 2011. The following reports were put on the session's agenda posted on the web site www.gpad.ac.ru of the Physical Sciences Division, RAS: (1) Masalov A V (P N Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS, Moscow) "S I Vavilov and nonlinear optics"; (2) Basiev T T (Laser Materials and Technology Research Center, A M Prokhorov General Physics Institute, RAS, Moscow) "Luminescent nanophotonics and high-power lasers"; (3) Vitukhnovsky A G (P N Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS, Moscow) "Advances in luminescent light sources and displays"; (4) Aleksandrov E B (Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg) "Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov and the special theory of relativity"; (5) Bolotovsky B M (P N Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS, Moscow) "Vavilov–Cherenkov effect"; (6) Vizgin V P (S I Vavilov Institute of the History of Natural Scienses and Technology, RAS, Moscow) "Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov as a historian of science"; (7) Ginzburg A S (Knowledge Society) "Academician S I Vavilov — a devotee of the enlightenment and the first president of the Knowledge Society of the USSR". The papers written on the basis of reports 1–4 and 6 are given below. The main contents of report 5 is reflected in the paper "Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation: its discovery and application" [Usp. Fiz. Nauk 179 1161 (2009); Phys. Usp. 52 1099 (2009)] published earlier by B M Bolotovsky. • S I Vavilov and nonlinear optics, A V Masalov, Z A Chizhikova Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 12, Pages 1257–1262 • Luminescent nanophotonics, fluoride laser ceramics, and crystals, T T Basiev, I T Basieva, M E Doroshenko Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 12, Pages 1262–1268 • Advances in light sources and displays, A G Vitukhnovsky Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 12, Pages 1268–1272 • Direct experimental demonstration of the second special relativity postulate: the speed of light is independent of the speed of the source, E B Aleksandrov, P A Aleksandrov, V S Zapasskii, V N Korchuganov, A I Stirin Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 12, Pages 1272–1278 • Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov as a historian of science, V P Vizgin, A V Kessenikh, K A Tomilin Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 12, Pages 1278–1283


Hegel saw modern philosophy as internally divided between its metaphysics and epistemology, on the one hand, and its political philosophy, on the other. Descartes had developed a metaphysics of totality to ground the epistemological certainty of the cogito, treating true unity as a unity of opposites (a totality). But political philosophy, in its empiricist and formalist forms, relied on an impoverished conception of unity—treating it, respectively, as a mere aggregation of parts or as formal consistency. The Philosophy of Right thus attempted to rectify the deficiencies of political philosophy by grounding it on the Cartesian concept of totality.


OBJECTIVE To examine and evaluate the management strategies of skills competition on occupational protection during the hospital infection prevention week.METHODS Through investigation among hospital front-line workers,the style and contents of the skills competition was designed and different measures of management at different stage were employed.RESULTS They were trained how to choose and use personal protection equipment correctly,improve the knowledge of hospital staff regarding occupation protection and hospital infection,and promote their prevention skills in terms of occupational exposures as well.CONCLUSION Strong leadership,excellent management,inter-professional collaboration and support,good team-work are the key factors to success the competition.


As the demands for the quality and speed of machining increase, the application of protective coatings on the used cutting tools becomes ever more important. Nowadays used ceramic protective coatings exhibit high hardness and toughness, however, they suffer from inherent brittleness. This can lead to a premature failure of the coating and of the cutting tool as a whole due to rapid crack propagation.


Smartphones have emerged as ubiquitous devices that are being used to host a rich array of pervasive apps in diverse areas, including healthcare, gaming, and social networking. A key requirement of many of these apps is that they keep their mobile users up-to-date as changes occur in some subject of interest. One way of providing timely updates to smartphone apps is to use push notification technology. In this article, the authors identify design issues for push notification systems and reveal underlying concepts for the notification channels that bind mobile devices to push services. They describe five service offerings and report on the performance of their channels based on an empirical study.


The process of spreading, developing and realizing
Marxism in China is the process of combing the basic principles of Marxism with
China's actual conditions. During the early phase of localizing Marxism in
China, nationalists translated and explained Marxist classic works, and then spread, analyzed and applied Marxism, making
great contribution to the communication of it. Their researches and promotion
of Marxism, along with the influence to intelligentsia of the time, had an
impact on the sinicization of Marxism objectively.


In this paper, we concentrate on the problem of network security protection, and we proposed a novel pattern matching algorithm to tackle this problem. Particularly, we focus on the problem SQL Injection, which is a typical network security problem, and it means a type of web application security vulnerability. Afterwards, a typical pattern matching based network security system is illustrated. Additionally, we define that a pattern is a set of specific ternary strings in the traffic which illustrates the probability of potential intrusion or abnormality of the network. Furthermore, a novel pattern matching algorithm is given. In the end, to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, experiments are conducted to maker performance.


This paper explores the rate at which the estimates of the unknown parameters in an autoregressive process converge in distribution to the normal variate.


The following synonyms are made after re-examination of the relevant described species of the genus Nychia Stal: N. marshalli var atavia Hale, 1925 and N. malayana Lundblad , 1933 with N. marshalli var Sappho kirkaldy, 1901 which is raised to species status as N. sappho Kirkaldy; distribution, Malaya, Indonesia (Sumatra and Java), New Guinea and Northern Australia.


In China,″ Shell resource ″of Listed Company is option in broad sense. Because of option, holding company can obtain enormous benefit through rationing share and issuing additional frequently, and paying out less or no capital bonus. Reasonable option effect can benefit stock market, and then in our country, the effect is out of control, impairing economic development.


Abstract Background Few studies have investigated the association between tobacco smoking and sick leave (SL) in Japan. Methods We followed 70 896 workers aged 20–59 years (60 133 males, 10 763 females) between April 2012 and March 2017. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the associations between smoking (smoking status and intensity) and long-term SL (ie, SL lasting ≥30 consecutive days). Cause-specific analyses were also conducted. Results A total of 1777 people took long-term SL during a follow-up of 307 749 person years. Compared with never-smokers, current smokers were at a higher risk of long-term SL (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19 to 1.48). Cause-specific analyses revealed that current smoking was associated with a higher risk of SL due to all physical disorders (HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.22 to 1.69), cancer (HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.10 to 2.01), cardiovascular disease (CVD; HR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.31 to 3.55), and injuries/external causes (HR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.31 to 2.58). Former smokers were at a higher risk of SL due to cancer at a borderline significance level (HR = 1.38, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.92). Low-intensity smoking (ie, 1–10 cigarettes smoked per day) was associated with all-cause SL, SL due to CVD, and SL due to injuries/external causes compared with never-smokers. Conclusion In a large cohort of working-age Japanese, smoking was associated with a greater risk of long-term SL. Greater effort is needed to mitigate disease burden associated with smoking at workplace in Japan. Implications Our study contributes to the literature on the association between smoking and SL in several ways. First, the study was conducted among a Japanese working population. While the association has been extensively studied in Western setting, few attempts have been made elsewhere. Second, cause-specific analyses were undertaken in our study. Third, we paid attention to the effect of low-intensity smoking on SL given that there is growing evidence of an elevated health risk associated with low-intensity smoking.


To address the significant performance degradation of conventional underdetermined blind source separation algorithms for frequency-hopping (FH) signals under time-frequency (TF) overlapping conditions, this brief presents a novel three-stage scheme based on the TF distribution of FH signals. In the first stage, key parameters of the FH signal are estimated using a TF binary graph. In the second step, the initial mixing matrix is estimated for non-overlapping and overlapping carrier frequencies employing density peaks clustering and tensor decomposition methods, respectively. In the third step, the final mixing matrix, directions of arrival (DOA), and source signals are estimated using the expectation-maximization algorithm within the nonnegative matrix factorization model. Finally, different segments of the FH signals are spliced together based on the DOAs of different source signals. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm compared to state-of-the-art algorithms. Even at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 dB, the correlation coefficient of the estimated source signals can still reach 0.91.


Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) usually presents with cytopenias, although its degree is variable and in some cases it is non-existent. We herein highlight the existence of "de novo" AML patients that debut with a normal or elevated platelet count. the prognostic impact of a platelet count over >300 9 /L at diagnosis. Methods:


Cymbopogon citratus, universally known as Lemongrass is a small herbaceous plant of Poaceae family. It is used as traditional medicine for treatment of numerous diseases such as fever, sore throats, cough, laryngitis, bronchitis, oral candiasis, body ache, head ache, digestive problems etc. This study deals with the antioxidant activities such as DPPH and FRAP of mehanol extract of lemon grass leaves followed by quantitative analysis of total phenolics (TPCs) and flavonoids (TFCs) content. Antimicrobial activity of the extract was also been tested to highlight the medicinal values. The methanol extract showed significant antioxidant activity using DPPH and FRAP (26.03±1.60 μM; 922.43 μM trolox/100 g dry weight, respectively) compare to the standard Trolox.C. citratus extract has phenolic and flavonoid content as 130.33±1.23; 193.63±4.63, respectively. The results showed that extract of C. citratus exhibited maximum zone of inhibition (35mm) against Bacillus subtilis. at the highest concentration 150mg/ml methanol extract.


Last year we reported on the development of an inherently conservative semi-Lagrangian (SLICE) scheme for two-dimensional passive transport in spherical geometry [1]. Since then, the reconstruction part of the scheme has been further developed by introducing the parabolic spline method (PSM), an optimal reconstruction having the minimum norm (or curvature) and best approximation properties [2]. Furthermore an improved grid and sub-grid scale monotonicity filter [2] has also been incorporated into the scheme. This filter is more selective and less damping in the smooth part of the solution than other filters. A three-dimensional version of SLICE has now been developed in spherical geometry and tested on a variety of flows (see the example of figure 1). SLICE-3D does one sweep of a one-dimensional conservative remapping for each column in the vertical direction. This results in the transfer of mass contained between the original regular concentric spherical shells (k = 1, ...,K) to intermediate deformed concentric spherical shells (k′ = 1, ...,K). This is followed by (K − 1) applications of SLICE-2D around the K − 1 concentric deformed spherical annulii. Each application of SLICE-2D also makes multiple sweeps of the same onedimensional remapping along physical distances around the deformed spherical annulii. It is also worth noting that no knowledge of the complex 3D geometrical details of the individual Lagrangian volumes is required or computed at any stage of the computation. This confers a significant efficiency advantage on the SLICE methodology over fully geometrical remapping algorithms. The resulting scheme makes the possibility of higher-dimensional remapping with high-order reconstructions, without a prohibitive computational cost, a reality.


On the voyage,strong atmospheric turbulence will be produced at the stern,the primary one of which is the air wake,which is very important for the plane's landing.Based on the ship's air wake model which was drawn from the correlative instructions of the united states military standard and the analysis of air wake's effects on the plane's gliding process,we came out with a six-degree-of freedom equation and found out its flying attitude during this process.The finding shows us that air wake plays a significant role in the plane's landing posture and the establishment of the equation is crucial for the control of the plane and the balance of the flight.


137 graduates who are studying in school,were selected as the survey.We investigated the psychological stress coming from employment,learning,life,relationships,love,five pressure,at the same time we explored the way to relieve stress.Through the investigation we can find the status of graduate psychological pressure,in order to improve the level of graduate Psychological Pressure.


Low-valued biomass is very rich and tremendous in China,such as municipal waste, straw and livestock manure which are more than 3.0billion tons in one year.This low-valued biomass provide a good condition for development of biomethane.In this paper,we introduced the development status,problems and countermeasures of biomethane in China.We also introduced a new pattern of environmentally friendly energy industry to biological energy as the core could make use of biomethane more cleanly and effective comprehensively.At last,the prospects of biomethane utilization was discussed through the extension of energy industry chain.


Objective: The prevalence of wheezing and allergies among the population in Arab countries are on a rise due to urbanization that resulted in substantial environmental changes. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms is about 14% among school children but data on adolescent groups in the Gulf region are lacking. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of wheezing and bronchial asthma among undergraduate students of Gulf Medical University. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students of Gulf Medical University using a self-administered questionnaire for data collection. The demographic data, the wheezing and bronchial asthma characteristics and family history were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 19. Results: Of the total of 255 students that were included, 120 (47%) had allergic rhinitis and 31 (12.2%) bronchial asthma. A total of 71 (27.8%) had symptoms of wheezing (females were 66% and males 34%; African (24%) and Pakistani (22.5%) nationals). Of the 71 students, 41 (57.7%) students experienced 1-3 episodes during the previous year, 13 (18.3%) and had episodes limiting their speech. Exercise-induced wheezing was experienced by 62 (24.3%) participants. The wheezing episodes were most frequent in January and March. A positive family history of wheezing was reported by 29(40.8%) of the students. 40.8% students reported that wheezing interfered with their daily and extra-curricular activities. Bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis had a positive association with family history (p<0.05). Allergic rhinitis was frequent among Pakistani, African and Emirati nationals. Symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis had significantly affected the quality of life of the students. Conclusion: Strong family history was also noted for allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Asthma was associated with a high rate of allergic rhinitis symptoms. The prevalence of asthma in this study is within the reported prevalence ranges from UAE and many other parts of the world.


Hakka Study rises in Taiwan,Hong Kong,Guangdong,Fujian and Jiangxi.Since most of the researchers in Taiwan and Guangdong standing in the point of Historical Constructuralism,I think that there are two trends of Hakka Study of Jiangxi.On the one hand,the Jiangxi researchers need to study the ethnic construction of Jiangxi in the nineteenth and fore-twentieth century.On the other hand,they should discourse to the Taiwan-Guangdong theory with the unique features of history,geography,language and culture of Jiangxi.


Through the introduction of a new parameter the radiation pattern of a phased array using digital phase shifters for beam steering can be made periodic, and pattern considerations can be confined to a very narrow range of the scan angle. Arrays designed on the basis of a least mean-square pattern error are shown to require the smallest absolute values of a phase-index function. A systematic and easy-to-apply method is developed for reducing the peak sidelobes of nonreciprocal phased arrays by one-step phase adjustments in certain elements. The amount of possible sidelobe reduction depends on the scan angle and the size of phase-quantization steps. Typical examples for 4-bit phase shifters show that reductions in excess of 9 dB are possible for certain main-beam directions.


In an article in the Harvard Business Review Theodore Levitt published The Globalization of Markets. Business activities across the country after it became a very interesting topic of study for both academics and practitioners. This topic has become so phenomenal because his arguments about globalization is the economic convergence with business activities without any national barriers. In contrast to the internationalization that tends to narrow and tends to do business across national borders. Central idea must answered by manager and entrepreneurs is whether your market global or international. Before answering them it requires understanding and a new paradigm on this matter. Furthermore, Thomas Friedman in his book "The world is flat" also reinforces Levitt idea and prescript a world with evolution of information and technology. This new economic eras opened new opportunity on entrepreneur point of view. There is wide open door to enter global market and more easy to accelerate company growth or new business start-up .


within 48 hours and occupational therapy referral within 7 days of admission. The methodology was simple and appropriate for the hypothesis tested. A longitudinal study would allow more detailed analysis but would take several months to recruit and follow-up incident stroke cases. The biases in U:ie pointprevalence sample population were planned for and should not affect the inferences drawn if it is accepted that all conscious stroke patients should be referred early for occupational therapy and physiotherapy. The method could be used by other districts to investigate the referral of stroke cases for remedial therapy.


Purpose – This paper seeks to investigate work on silver sulphide formed on the surface of silver metal which was exposed to an environment containing sulphur contamination.Design/methodology/approach – Laboratory tests were performed to determine the effect of the surface state, relative humidity, temperature and illumination.Findings – It was indicated that sulphuration of silver was accelerated by mechanical polishing and illumination. The exposure was performed at 0, 54, 75 per cent relative humidity (rH) and at 16, 25, 37, 47 and 57°C. The tarnish rate at 54 per cent rH was more than two times than that at 0 per cent rH or 75 per cent rH, and the rate increased as a function of temperature.Originality/value – A tarnish model was proposed. The tarnish reaction of silver is chemical reaction controlled, which is in accordance with the result deduced from the model.


This is a comprehensive and well-organized examination of respiration in health and disease. It contains information on infectious diseases and immunological function, respiratory drugs, care of the airway, mechanical ventilation, and assessment and monitoring of the clinical status. Its coverage also includes family and social considerations, and nutrition and weaning.


This article examines the relationship between the representations present in the design of youth public policies and the meanings constructed by youth about these policies. These representations define and comply with the government agenda and the proposition about actions on public policies for the youth. The program Plugminas aims to promote knowledge experience in art, professional education, and social development through activities based on digital culture and 'innovation'. Qualitative methodology was used, through documentary analysis and dialogical interviews with young program participants. The results indicate that the youth perceive the proximity between the objectives of Plugminas and the juvenile circumstantial experience, especially related to diversity and the socialization. The results also show that the program increases their experiential repertory and the possibilities for employment as well as social participation.


In this study, CeO2/TiO2 nanoparticle with structure of core and shell was synthesized by growing TiO2 onto the surface of CeO2 according to hydrolysis of Ti(SO4)2. Reaction time, temperature, concentration of CeO2 slurry, pH control of Ti(SO4)2 were optimized about synthesis of CeO2/TiO2 core-shell nanoparticle. It was found that optimal mole ratio range of CeO2:TiO2 was 1:0.2~1.1, the optimal concentration of CeO2 slurry was 1 %, and the optimal reaction temperature was 50oC. The optimal concentration of CeO2 slurry could be increased up to 10 % by adjusting the pH of Ti(SO4)2 to 1 using NH4OH and adding to CeO2 slurry. If reaction was carried at 80oC or higher, the separated TiO2 particles were obtained instead of CeO2/TiO2 core-shell nanoparticles. The optimal reaction temperature was 50oC at which good shaped core-shell structure of CeO2/TiO2 was obtained.


This paper deals with parabolic nozzles which can be used in aerospace applications. Parabolic nozzles are mechanical devices which produces mechanical energy by converting the thermal and pressure energy produced as a result of combustion. This project aims at providing the flow characteristics of parabolic nozzle by changing the shape of the exit area. The analyses were further extended by changing the pressure values. The analysis processes were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics software ANSYS CFX.


Recently, the health of retired National Football League players, particularly lineman has been investigated. A number of studies have reported increased cardiometabolic risk, premature cardiovascular disease and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Rugby union players have somatotypes very similar to National Football League players which suggests that rugby players may have similar health risks. The International Golden Oldies World Rugby Festival (GORF) provided a unique opportunity to investigate the demographics of veteran rugby players. METHODOLOGIES: A cross-sectional, observational study was completed using an online web-based questionnaire that consisted of medical history and physiological measures. Data analysis was completed using a one sample t-test ( 50yrs) and Chi-square test. RESULTS: A total of 216 veteran rugby competitors (response rate = 6.8%) representing 10 countries, aged 35-72 yrs (mean 51.2, S.D. ±8.0), participated in the online survey. As a group, the incidence of current smokers was low at 8.8% (avg 72.4 cigs/wk) whilst the percentage consuming alcohol was high (93.1% (avg 11.2 drinks/wk). Competitors reported the following top six chronic diseases/disorders; hypertension (18.6%), arthritis (OA/RA, 11.5%), asthma (9.3%), hyperlipidemia (8.2%), diabetes (all types, 7.5%) and gout (6%), there were significant differences between groups with regard to cancer (all types) and migraines. When compared to the Australian general population (Australian Bureau of Statistics data, n=18,000), GORF competitors had a significantly lower incidence of anxiety (p 50yrs) with regard to height (180 vs 177cm), weight (97.6 vs 93.1Kg's), BMI (30 vs 29.7kg/m) and waist circumference (85.7 vs 93.1cm) however, there were no differences in subsequent parameters of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides-C or fasting plasma glucose. CONCLUSIONS: This represents the first collection of demographics on this cohort. GORF participants demonstrated increased cardiometabolic risk with regard to the incidence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Preventative strategies should be developed to reduce this risk with education of these risks for future participants. Keywords—Masters athlete, rugby union, risk factors, chronic disease


Likened to a 'roller coaster' by the director of Friday the 13th (1980), Sean S. Cunningham (Wood 2015), the first two films in the franchise minimised character back-story and heightened the spectacle of death sequences to reinforce this experience of 'thrill'. However, with Friday the 13th: Part 3 – 3D (1982), the spectacle was intensified through the introduction of 3D cinematography while characters were developed more extensively, altering the balance of this experience. As a result, Part 3 becomes the first film in the series to read as truly tragic, something that has been identified in later films, including Part V (1985).
This mini-essay will look at the characterisations and deaths of Shelley, the misfit friend with self-image issues who is overtly (and understandably) rejected by his blind date, and Debbie, a young woman who the film establishes as pregnant. Both of these characters derive from archetypes established in the first two films but with more defined characteristics. Therefore, Part 3 acts as a film that significantly alters the trajectory of storytelling in the Friday the 13th series.

Works cited:
Wood, Jennifer M. (2015) 'The Hard Truths of Making Horror Movies, from the Creator of Friday the 13th: Sean S. Cunningham on the do's and don'ts of keeping a slashing murderer alive', in Esquire.com, October 31. Online at: https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/g2493/friday-the-13th-creator-making-of-horror-movies/ (Accessed 18/12/2019)


Over the past few decades, researchers have been designing and applying nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of diseases inside the body. These in vivo biomedical applications of nanoparticles represent a major research area within the continuously growing field of nanomedicine. While it is a fascinating concept to use systemically administered nanoparticles inside the body for medical applications, development and clinical translation of nanomedicines are challenging. One of these challenges is delivery. Direct and efficient delivery of administered nanoparticles to diseased tissues and cells is required for most nanomedicines to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. However, biological barriers within the body, such as the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), limit nanoparticle delivery to diseased sites. To address this nanoparticle delivery challenge, researchers have been working on so-called "targeting" strategies. The goal of these strategies is to deliver nanoparticles preferentially to diseased tissues while minimizing their accumulation in healthy organs and cells. Such targeted delivery approaches may have several clinical benefits, including (1) reduced treatment-related side effects; (2) improved imaging and diagnosis; and (3) enhanced therapeutic outcomes. In this chapter, we focus on passive nanoparticle targeting strategies in the context of solid tumor management. This chapter begins with a brief introduction of nanomedicine (see Section 4.2), after which the journey of administered nanoparticles en route to malignant tissues and cells in the body is briefly explored (see Section 4.3). Section 4.4 provides a concise description of active and passive nanoparticle targeting strategies. In Section 4.5, we discuss fundamental concepts of passive nanoparticle targeting, including pathophysiological characteristics of solid tumors and nanoparticle design rules. Section 4.6 briefly explores limitations of passive nanoparticle targeting, and Section 4.7 explains nanoparticleebody interactions and biological barriers. We focus on clinical potential and relevance of passively targeted cancer nanomedicines in Section 4.8 and conclude our chapter with an outlook on how to further exploit the potential of this technology for biomedical applications (see Section 4.9).


By applying software of ANSYS, analyze and calculation for the discharge pipeline of superhigh pressure compressor in unusual and strenuous vibration are carried discharge. With measuring result of vibration for the exit pipeline of on-the-spot working compressor, vibration reasons of the discharge pipeline of compressor are found out. The improving plan is carried out.


ObjectiveTo evaluate the roles of neuronavigation-assisted percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation therapy in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia (TN). MethodsNeuronavigation technique was applied in 12 consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation therapy for their primary TN. ResultsNeuronavigation assistance ensured precise puncture of oval foramen and successful targeting of trigeminal nerve ganglion in all 12 patients during percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation therapy and resulted in 100% of acute cure rate of TN without major complications. ConclusionsNeuronavigation is a very useful tool during percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation therapy in patients with primary TN.


New method of impedance transformation and matching of lumped complex load using the mixed lumped and distributed equivalent circuit of a class of nonuniform transmission line is presented. Both lumped series RC and parallel RL loads are treated and formulas of impedance transformation and matching for these loads are given. Also, numerical examples are shown including experimen tal verification.


Abstract In a sample of Colombian, Dominican, Mexican, and Puerto Rican men who have sex with men (MSM) (n = 307) living in New York City, we contrasted sexual behavior and a number of variables related to it. The four groups were consistently similar in terms of frequency of partnership types (men with lovers, one-night-stands, other partners), monogamy, types of sexual behaviors with men and women, number of occasions of different behaviors, condom use during sex, and history of childhood sexual abuse. The four groups also had similar scores in most of the psychosocial variables usually related to condom use. These similarities validate the clustering of these four populations under a common category (Latino or Hispanic) for reporting and prevention purposes. This does not imply, however, that small scale interventions tailored to the specific cultural nuances of different national groups may not have an added strength. In the few cases where intraethnic differences were found, Mexican MSM were more likely than men in the other groups to receive ejaculate both in the rectum and in the mouth. These differences were not accounted for by the other variables examined and requires further investigation.


Infants begin to link the grammatical form of a novel word with its meaning in the first years of life (Booth & Waxman 2009; Waxman & Booth 2001). By 14 months, infants have already begun to link nouns specifically to object categories. In contrast, infants maintain broader expectations for adjectives, linking them to both object categories (e.g., dog) and object properties (e.g., fluffy). This developmental cascade is also reflected in the child lexicon. Children's success in linking nouns to object categories may help to explain why nouns tend to dominate their early vocabularies, outnumbering adjectives by overwhelming margins (e.g., Bates et al. 1994; Gentner 1978). One particular challenge in children's acquisition of adjectives is the breadth of adjectives' application. The same adjective (e.g., "red") can describe individuals from many different basic-level kinds. That is, "red" is as appropriately applied to cars as it is to houses, yet cars and houses are distinctly different kinds of objects, from different basic-level categories. However, children are often better at extending a new adjective to objects within the same basic-level category (e.g., learning "red" on a red car and extending it to another red car) than they are at extending that same adjective to objects from different basic-level categories (e.g., learning "red" on a red car and extending it to a red house) (Klibanoff & Waxman 1998). This within-category advantage in adjective extension has been documented as early as 21 months and persists well into the preschool years (Klibanoff & Waxman 1998; Klibanoff & Waxman 2000). Nevertheless, between two and four years of age, most children successfully acquire a set of adjectives that apply across different object categories (Frank et al. in press). Clearly, then, preschool-age children are capable of extending adjectives across category boundaries, and indeed, developmental research has revealed several factors that promote this early learning. First, introducing a novel adjective on multiple exemplars drawn from different categories is beneficial


Introduction:
 Social support from primary partners has wide-ranging impacts on disease management and health outcomes, although scant research has explored this topic for couples living with cardiometabolic disorders (CMD) in low-resource settings in sub-Saharan Africa.

 Objectives:
 To explore patterns of partner support around CMD in Malawian couples

 Methods:
 We conducted a qualitative study with 25 married couples in Malawi who had at least one partner with HIV and CMD (either hypertension or diabetes). Index patients were recruited from three HIV care clinics and primary partners were subsequently enrolled. We conducted semi-structured interviews with both partners to understand how couples cope together with CMD and offer social support. Data were coded for patterns and themes within couples and between couples and data matrices were used to summarize the findings.

 Results:
 Couples described three patterns of partner support.
 Instrumental support
 was provided by partners who offered money for medication, transportation to medical appointments, and healthy foods. Partners also provided reminders to take medication and attend medical appointments, accompanied patients to medical appointments, and monitored medication use. While household chores are typically women's work, in some cases male partners helped with these activities when their wives were too ill or were experiencing what they believed were symptoms of CMD.
 Emotional support
 was provided by partners through encouragement to practice a healthy lifestyle (such as increasing physical activity and reducing salt intake), rest, and reduce stress and avoid arguing.
 Informational support
 was provided by partners who gave advice for successful management of CMD and in making health-related decisions such as food purchases.

 Conclusions:
 Social support from primary partners around disease management may partially ameliorate inadequate health services for people with CMD in sub-Saharan Africa. While there remains a need to fortify health systems and address barriers to accessing treatment, couple relationships could be leveraged in care services to provide key forms of social support.


Various embodiments of the present invention provide a method for invoking a program and an electronic device thereof. The method includes an operation of monitoring an event generated or received, an operation of determining a corresponding program for a not-processed event monitored, and an operation of driving the corresponding program to start running when the window floating display of the program corresponding to the not-processed event has a floating display attribute, and displaying the floating window of the corresponding program on the display screen. So, complicated operations required by switching programs may be avoided, thereby improving efficiency on handling multiple events, and saving subscribers time.


The role of general practitioners (GPs) in skin cancer care is increasing. Previous, hospital‐based studies suggest that GPs might not have the capabilities to gain responsibility concerning skin cancer care.


Gases and particles released by volcanoes pose a serious hazard to humans and society. Emissions can be transported over long distances before being reduced to harmless concentrations. Knowing whic ...


Author Note Nobina Robinson has served as CEO of Polytechnics Canada since 2009. She regularly writes commentary on Canada's innovation and skills challenges. Daniel Komesch is a senior policy analyst at Polytechnics Canada. As we come over the horizon of what many have dubbed the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Canada's future looks bright. Canada is well positioned to harness new technologies, to adopt new production processes, and to leverage increasingly globalized value chains, to the benefit of all citizens. However, as bright as the prospective future looks, there are wide-ranging challenges our economy faces. The challenges I am referring to are the likes of innovation lag, a slow-growth macroeconomic environment, rapid technological change, and a looming demographic shift that will see a wave of individuals exit the labour market over a relatively short time period. In order to best position ourselves to reap the full benefits and opportunities presented by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, identifying effective solutions to these pressing challenges is essential. Since their emergence, polytechnics have consistently contributed solutions to the challenges posed to the Canadian economy, demonstrating a high degree of adaptability, nimbleness, and responsiveness—when the economy changes, polytechnics change too. So, as the Fourth Industrial Revolution shapes the economy of tomorrow, polytechnics will necessarily shape the workforce solutions that this new economy demands. However, to date, our federal government has not done enough to effectively utilize Canada's polytechnic institutions and the solutions they provide to the challenges our economy faces. Properly harnessing post-secondary institutions is complex at the federal level, as section ninety two of the Constitution devolves the mandate of education to the jurisdiction of the provinces (Constitution Act, 1867). Yet, when polytechnics are understood not just as education actors, but as economic actors and innovation intermediaries, the federal role becomes more obvious and urgent. In my role as the CEO of Polytechnics Canada, a national association of Canada's largest, research-intensive polytechnics, federal advocacy is my mission and mandate. I am constantly working to ensure that the federal government is re-thinking, updating, and modernizing its policy tool kit, in a way that can best harness Canada's polytechnics to create growth, improve productivity, and stimulate innovation. In the following, I will highlight how polytechnic education and institutions strengthen Canada's economy by providing solutions to the pressing challenges noted above. Further, I will demonstrate that these institutions are currently underutilized in their innovation capacities, and underleveraged in their ability to contribute to economic growth. Finally, I will spotlight opportunities for federal investment that can have significant positive impacts on the Canadian economy broadly, by better harnessing the talent, equipment, knowledge, and know-how that exist within polytechnics across the nation. Canada's Current Challenges In order to reap all of the potential gains a new economy could make available, Canada needs to ensure that we can effectively address all of the pressing challenges currently sitting in front of us. The challenges that hamstring Canada's economy-wide growth and productivity most are laid out below: Innovation lag. On innovation, R&D spending as a share of GDP has been on the decline since 2001 (Sulzenko, 2016) (see Figure 1). Effectively investing in all facets of the economy from which innovation is drawn, and in all stages of the innovation cycle, is critical to producing strong innovation-led economic


Ni-Cr-Si-Al-Ta resistive thin films were prepared on glass and Al2O3 substrates by DC magnetron cosputtering from targets of Ni0.35-Cr0.25-Si0.2-Al0.2 casting alloy and Ta metal. Electrical properties and microstructures of Ni-Cr-Si-Al-Ta films under different sputtering powers and annealing temperatures were investigated. The phase evolution, microstructure, and composition of Ni-Cr-Si-Al-Ta films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). When the annealing temperature was set to 300°C, the Ni-Cr-Si-Al-Ta films with an amorphous structure were observed. When the annealing temperature was at 500°C, the Ni-Cr-Si-Al-Ta films crystallized into Al0.9Ni4.22, Cr2Ta, and Ta5Si3 phases. The Ni-Cr-Si-Al-Ta films deposited at 100 W and annealed at 300°C which exhibited the higher resistivity 2215 -cm with −10 ppm/°C of temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR).


Perseverance is explained by at least two self-related processes. First, people persevere because they are motivated to behave in a way that is consistent with their self-image. For example, previous research showed that participants who were publically informed that they were expected to perform well on an upcoming anagram task spent more time trying to solve the anagrams than participants who were publically informed that they were expected to perform poorly on the task. Additionally, perseverance can be explained by self-control capacity. Research shows that engaging in self-control reduces the capacity to engage in further acts of self-control, such that participants who previously engaged in emotion regulation spent less time solving anagrams than participants who had not regulated their emotions. The purpose of this study was to begin examining whether these explanations are competing or interactive mechanisms of perseverance. To test this, participants completed either a regulatory-depleting task or a non-depleting task. Participants were then led to believe that they were either expected to perform well or poorly on an upcoming anagram task, or they were given no expectations about their performance. Results showed that participants persevered more when they completed the non-depleting task than when they completed the regulatory-depleting task. The feedback had no statistically significant effect. In short, these data indicate that self-regulation capacity explains perseverance better than self-consistency motives. However, these data in the context of the broader literature may suggest that self-control capacity accounts for private perseverance, but self-consistency motivates account for public displays of perseverance.


Analysis of photonic noise in wide-aperture nonlinear interferometer excited by external radiation is presented. The possibility of spatio-temporal squeezed states generation and of effective noise suppression in a definite range of temporal and spatial frequencies is demonstrated.


This is a terminal evaluation of the the Green Economy Initiative (GEI) can be considered one of UN Environment's most visible contributions to the global environmental debate during the past decade. The project under evaluation formed the GEI during the period 2010-2014. As an umbrella project, it covered all the work conducted by the Initiative, which was financed through 16 individual sub-projects. Some of the sub-projects provided start-up funding for projects, which later became independent, such as the Partnership for Action on the Green Economy (PAGE) and the Green Growth Knowledge Platform (GGKP).


The Great Eastern Crisis (1875-1878) is considered one of the turning points in recent Serbian history, which occurred as a result of decades of agrarian and social dissatisfaction and the desire for the national liberation of the Christian population from the Turkish authorities. In historiography, the eastern crisis encompasses a somewhat wider chronological framework, and its beginnings are related to the uprising in the village of Krekovi, near Nevesinje, on July 9, 1875. In a short time, the uprising spread to Bosnia, and then to the Macedonian, Bulgarian and Kosovo territories. Taking into account the fact that this issue has attracted a lot of attention from the European public, the subject of this paper is the reports and announcements of the foreign press about the beginning of the Great Eastern Crisis, which "Srpske Novine" published in parts or in whole during July 1875. Due to the relatively fast flow of information and the use of telegraph services, the press was, at that time, an extremely important source. Based on the offered foreign reports and announcements, which were published almost daily by "Srpske Novine", we analyzed the first conflicts in Herzegovina, in July 1875, in order to bring closer the way in which the appearance of the uprising was interpreted on the pages of the European press.


Today soy is an indispensable agricultural crop. It is used in the food industry and feed production. Soy protein meal and mill cake increase the milk yield of cows by 7-10 percent and the fat content of milk by 0.2-0.3 percent, egg production of chickens by 6-12 percent. Due to the complexity of separation and imperfection of grain-processing machines, a large percentage of soybeans goes to waste, so the price of soybeans is high. To solve this problem, experimental studies were conducted with soy production waste on an air-gravity machine with an aspiration channel. The aspiration channel was upgraded with air flow dividers and accelerators installed on it. (Research purpose) The research purpose is testing the air flow dividers and accelerators on a prototypical sample of an aspiration channel with a vertically ascending air flow. (Materials and methods) A simulation model of the machine was created for research. 30 kilograms of the source material with a moisture content of 11.2 percent was used, which is a waste of soybean seed production, containing whole (35.74 percent) and crushed (51.5 percent) soy of an unspecified variety; and impurities: light (husk, pollen, dust - 10.12 percent), mineral (0.29 percent) and seeds of other crops (2.35 percent). (Results and discussion) The article presents the most successful configuration of air flow accelerators and dividers and air flow velocity. The optimal parameters of the length and width of the aspiration channel are presented. The article also presents graphs of the velocity distribution in a vertically ascending airflow. In the model of a pneumatic separation channel with flow dividers of the processed material and air flow accelerators, with an increase in the specific load, speed alignment is observed along the entire length of the channel at all heights. (Conclusions) The usage of dividers and accelerators solves the problem of stabilizing the interaction of the flows of processed material and air along the length and height of the channel, which will lead to an increase in the efficiency of the separation process.


With the deforestation, human population growth and expansion of various rural development projects, the incidence of humanmonkey conflict is being increased.This overview aimed to summarize the findings of the projects (published and unpublished) carried out relating to different aspects of this humanred faced monkey(toque macaques/Macaca sinica) conflict from the year 2000 to 2016 by Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University Of Peradeniya. Mostly Individual monkeys and individual mothers with kids and secondly the troupes caused such trouble in Kandy municipal city limits. Red faced monkeys are attracted to human food, home garden produce and insects found in and around human dwellings. These monkeys, in addition, carry some enteric pathogens which have zoonotic potential. Different methods to control this conflict were tested such as capturing, sterilizing and translocating or rehabilitating and use of repelling devices to change monkeys' trails. However, the impact of performing castration, and ovario hysterectomy only on a proportion of males or/and females in a troop, on reducing their numbers is questionable. It is also understood that the attention in this regard must be paid towards proper and complete monkey proof garbage disposal systems. KeywordsToque macaques, Macaca sinica, monkeys, humans, conflict, Sri Lanka


Sea clutter is the main background noise of terminal guidance radar echo of anti-ship missiles.In the terminal guidance radar simulator design,the sea clutter generator is an important component.In this paper,sea clutter was studied based on the probability distribution density,and then a design program of sea clutter generator was given based on FPGA.The design were simulated and tested by Altera's cyclone II series chip and Quartus II software.Using FPGA technology can easily modify the design program,the form of sea clutter distribution,as well as the amount of data size.Simulation results show that the design can produce the required sea clutter signal,and it has a simple structure,high integration,easy modification and so on.


by 1777, when Damon, the young protagonist of Vivant Denon's Point de lendemain, admits: "j'avais beaucoup de curiosite; ce n'etait plus Mme de T... que je desirais; c'etait [son] cabinet," architecture had become an important motif in eighteenth-century French literature, and space, as Denon's tale demonstrates, was often pressed into the service of eroticism.1 Nowhere was architecture's erotic potential more widely explored than in the number of libertine writings that appeared during the last century of the ancien regime, and throughout the century, the libertine text provided an arena in which authors reflected upon the changes that architecture underwent in France as early as the latter part of the seventeenth century. As architects moved to incorporate "commodite" into their plans for living spaces, creating smaller and more intimate rooms that contrasted with the larger, more formal spaces of the previous century, libertine writers put these spaces into play, mining them for their erotic potential, and making the niche, the alcove, the boudoir, and the cabinet, which were central to eighteenth-century French notions of architecture, mainstays of the libertine text.2


The effects of biochar on plant growth vary depending on the applied biochar type, study site environmental conditions, microbial species, and plant–microbial interactions. The objectives of the present study were therefore to assess 1) the response of growth parameters of lupin and root disease incidence to the application of three biochar types in a loamy sandy soil, and 2) the role of endophytic bacteria in biological control of root rot disease incidence in lupin after the amendment of soil with different biochar types. As biochar types we tested (i) hydrochar (HTC) from maize silage, (ii) pyrolysis char from maize (MBC), and (iii) pyrolysis char from wood (WBC) at three different concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3% of char as soil amendments). There were no significant effects in lupin shoot and root growth in soils amended with WBC at any of the concentrations. MBC did not affect plant growth except for root dry weight at 2% MBC. HTC char at 2% concentration, significantly increased the root dry weight of lupin by 54–75%, and shoot dry weight by 21–25%. Lupin plants grown in soil amended with 2% and 3% WBC and MBC chars showed 40–50% and 10–20% disease symptoms, respectively. Plants grown in soil without biochar and with HTC char were healthy, and no disease incidence occurred. Pseudomonas putida L2 and Stenotrophomonas pavanii L8 isolates demonstrated a disease reduction compared to un-inoculated plants under MBC and WBC amended soil that was infested with Fusarium solani.


Background: Most of the proximal femur fractures are managed surgically by internal fiation with a variety of implants. Improperly designed or ill-fited implant may lead to a failure of fiation, breakage of implant and nonunion, thus increasing the morbidity and the cost of treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate the radiographic morphometry of the proximal femur which may be helpful in designing the implants for the Nepalese population.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 84 patients aged 18 years and above with traumatic unilateral hip fracture were enrolled. Anthropometric measurements were recorded. The postoperative check X-ray in the antero-posterior view of the pelvis and bilateral hip were assessed. Various morphometric parameters of the proximal femur were measured and recorded in the radiograph of the unaffcted limb using a digital caliper.
Results: Out of 84 patients, 47 were male. The mean ± SD femoral neck width, femoral neck length, femoral axis length, cervico-diaphyseal angle, acetabular tear-drop distance, and great trochanter-pubic symphysis distance were 36.10 ± 5.67 mm, 28.29 ± 4.18 mm, 104.51 ± 9.56 mm, 130.35 ± 8.67°, 32.56 ± 11.05 mm, and 163.07 ± 10.71 mm respectively. The femoral neck width was found to be signifiantly larger in males (39.08 ± 3.06 mm) than in females (32.32 ± 5.99 mm, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: This study determined the radiographic measurement of the proximal femur and found that the femoral neck width of the males was larger than that of the females.


The purposes of this study were twofold. The first was to improve performance in an organizational setting (military) with the help of the following mental-training techniques: relaxation, meditati ...


Abstract. We describe and analyze compartmental models for disease transmission. We begin with models for epidemics, showing how to calculate the basic reproduction number and the final size of the epidemic. We also study models with multiple compartments, including treatment of infective. We also consider models including births and deaths in which there may be an endemic equilibrium. We argue that if we lack detailed knowledge of the biology of the transmission process, parameter estimation should be accompanied by a structural sensitivity analysis, in addition to the standard statistical uncertainty analysis. Here we focus on the estimation of the basic reproductive number from the initial growth rate of an outbreak as this is a setting in which parameter estimation can be surprisingly sensitive to details of the time course of infection.


Currently, laparoscopic surgery generally relies on 2 K high‐definition image quality. The National Cancer Center Hospital, Olympus Corporation, and NHK Engineering System Inc. recently developed a new laparoscopic system with an 8 K ultra‐high‐definition (UHD) camera that provides images with a high‐resolution, wide color range, high frame rate, and high dynamic range. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a new laparoscopic system which uses an 8 K UHD camera system (8K UHD system).


OF THE THESIS Tournament Arena Simulation for a Wireless 'Ecosystem' in Unlicensed Bands by Kinjal Desai Thesis Director: Professor Roy D. Yates The FCC has been allocating sections of the radio spectrum as unlicensed bands over the period of last decade with the motivation of promoting diversity and novelty of wireless systems, services and technologies. The most recent in this series is the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII), a 300 MHz of radio spectrum at 5 GHz, providing promising avenues for modern multimedia applications in 3G systems and beyond. No license is required to operate in the unlicensed band, though there could be some minimal rules that the systems need to conform to. Due to the significant cost involved in bandwidth acquisition through licensing, the unlicensed bands provide an attractive alternative to service providers in terms of time and cost of development and deployment. This latitude, however comes at the price of enhanced mutual interference


The new neural network algorithm for searching graph minimal cut set,called NNMC algorithm, is established on the basis of construction of Hopfield Network energy function according to the concrete problem.In NNMC algorithm, which suffciently uses the fast convergence of Hopfield Network, a way to avoid the local minimum is carried out.


In the back analysis of stress field parameter in the geotechnical engineering,the identifiability of the parameter is verified,which is made up of the measured information matrix,the unknown quantity matrix and modulus matrix,while using the invertible back analysis and some optimization methods,such as least square method and genetic algorithms.If the number of measured information is equal to the unknown quantity,the parameter is proved to be the only one under the condition that the matrix of [K]~T[K] is nonsingular matrix and the matrix [K]∈R~(m×n)_r,m,n are positive integers.If the total number of measured information is greater than the unknown quantity,the identifiability of the parameter is still proved to be only one,the matrix [K]∈R~(m×r)_1 m,n are positive integers.


The statement which nowadays goes under the name of the "Novikov Conjecture" was first formulated by Sergey Novikov in 1970 (though be careful—Novikov has made many conjectures during his career and sometimes this name is used to refer to one of the others!). We will come to the precise statement shortly, but suffice it to say for now that this is one of the crucial open questions in the topology of manifolds, perhaps the most important question not dealing with the special peculiarities of dimensions 2, 3, and 4. For a copy of Novikov's original formulation of the conjecture in Russian, as well as an English translation, the reader can consult [10, §11] or else §2 of "A history and survey of the Novikov Conjecture," in [4], by Steve Ferry, Andrew Ranicki, and this reviewer. What has made the Novikov Conjecture so fascinating, and so central to contemporary mathematics, is not so much its precise statement, which on first sight appears rather technical, but the fact that it is so closely connected to so many other problems in topology, differential geometry, algebra, and even operator algebras and representation theory. The book under review, by Matthias Kreck and Wolfgang Lück, is the product of a one-week intensive course by the authors in Oberwolfach in January, 2004, on this circle of ideas. The story of the Novikov Conjecture begins with the attempt to "classify" manifolds of an arbitrary dimension n. (For simplicity, let's restrict attention to connected compact manifolds without boundary, either in the smooth or in the topological category.) To do this in an optimal way would mean to give an explicit list of all such manifolds, together with invariants that could be used to distinguish them. For n = 1, there is only one compact connected manifold up to either homeomorphism or diffeomorphism, the circle, and for n = 2, there are two infinite families: the orientable surfaces, classified either by the genus g = 0, 1, · · · or by the Euler characteristic χ = 2− 2g = 2, 0, −2, · · · , and the non-orientable surfaces M , classified either by the Euler characteristic χ(M) or else by the genus g̃ of the oriented double cover M̃ . (These two numbers are related by the simple formula χ(M) = 1 2 χ(M̃) = 1 − g̃.) The classification of manifolds in dimension 2 is one of the most elegant classification theorems in all of mathematics, and it is frequently taught in beginning topology classes.


A novel method for the synthesis of α-aminonitrile through visible-light-induced oxidative cyanation of N-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline with potassium thiocyanate has been developed. The process does not require the use of a photocatalyst, transition metal reagent, strong oxidizing agent, or toxic cyano-containing compound, which makes the reaction simple and green.


The authors describe their Distributed Wireless Security Auditor (DWSA), which works toward finding unauthorized wireless access points in large-scale wireless environments while providing an autonomic and unobtrusive layer of network protection.