The aim of this work was to study whether the application of a directly brewed compost extract (added in the nutrient solution or by microsprinkler) could be used to improve the yield and quality of baby leaf red lettuce growing in a floating system, and to control the incidence of Pythium irregulare. Its effect on the quality of fresh-cut red lettuce was also studied. For this, two experiments were carried out over two growing cycles (winter–spring and autumn). The results showed that the use of compost extract added to the nutrient solution improved baby leaf lettuce growth and quality, reducing the nitrate content and enhancing the content of potentially health-promoting compounds such as phenols and flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity. Microbial quality was maintained during storage and the compost extract had no negative effect on the microbial load of the final product. In addition, application of the compost decreased the population of P. irregulare in the water. It is concluded that the application of directly brewed compost extract is of potential use in a sustainable soilless production system for baby leaf red lettuce, since it improves the yield and quality of the product and is able to control the incidence of P. irregulare.


Almost 100 years ago, it was considered that "the rowing of a crew in a racing shell with sliding seats is a form of exercise in which a greater total energy expenditure is attainable, for periods of five to 20 min, than under any other conditions. No other exertion comes so near to bringing the entire muscle mass of the body into maximal extension and contraction" (Henderson and Haggard, 1925). Since then many studies confirmed this notion and showcased rowing as "the ultimate challenge to the human body" (Volianitis and Secher, 2009). The articles in this Research Topic address a range of questions relevant not only to Olympic rowing performance, but also to the recently increasingly popular indoor rowing.


Diabetes Mellitus or Type 2 Diabetes is a disease characterized by a deficient production of insulin by the pancreas, leading to an increase in the level of glucose in the blood. Due to the high epidemiological rates and the negative impact on society, it is considered an important health problem in Brazil and worldwide. Diabetes Mellitus is associated with several complications, such as difficulty in wound healing, which can evolve into a serious case of amputation, especially of the lower limbs. Thus, the present work aims to present the epidemiological profile of patients with this disease, who suffered amputations during the years 2002 to 2013 in the state of Piauí, aiming to clarify the seriousness of the disease. A quantitative retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, using data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS). In the analyzed period, 81 cases of amputation due to Diabetes Mellitus were reported, with the predisposing factors being, mainly, sex, age, presence of diabetic foot, kidney disease, stroke, acute myocardial infarction and lifestyle, with emphasis on sedentary lifestyle, overweight and smoking. It is concluded that Type 2 Diabetes was a frequent problem in the population of the state in the period discussed, with the highest number of cases occurring in 2002 and the lowest in 2003. Thus, it is essential to understand the seriousness of this disease, with the purpose of treating it and reducing the number of people who suffer amputations as a result of it.


s A149 SENSORY SYSTEMS DISORDERS – Health Care Use & Policy Studies PSS18 THE IMPACT OF THE IPLEDGE PROGRAM ON ISOTRETINOIN FETAL EXPOSURE Shin J, Niu F, Wong L, Yoshinaga MA, McCombs J, Cheetham CT USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Kaiser Permanente, Downey, CA, USA, Kaiser Permanente, City of Industry, CA, USA OBJECTIVES: The objective of this retrospective cohort study is to analyze the effect of the iPLEDGE program on rates of fetal exposure to isotretinoin in females of childbearing potential (FCBP). METHODS: This study used databases from Kaiser Permanente Southern California, which includes prescription records, laboratory results, and outpatient/inpatient visit procedures and diagnoses. All FCBP who filled isotretinoin during the study period of March 1, 2004 to February 29, 2008 were identified. Chart review was performed to validate pregnancy in patients with positive pregnancy indicators. The analysis was performed at the treatment course-level. Treatment courses were excluded if they straddled both before and after iPLEDGE implementation on March 1, 2006. Poisson regression was used to analyze the impact of iPLEDGE on the rate of fetal exposures, controlling for age, prior utilization of acne prescription medications, and other risk factors. RESULTS: There were a total of 8 fetal exposures during 2585 treatment courses before iPLEDGE and 6 fetal exposures during 1595 treatment courses after iPLEDGE implementation. Unadjusted fetal exposure rates increased slightly from 3.09 per 1000 treatment courses to 3.76 per 1000 treatment courses with iPLEDGE. When controlling for other factors, the rate ratio for fetal exposure after compared to before iPLEDGE implementation was 0.45 [95%CI: 0.31, 0.67] in FCBP less than 21 years of age. In FCBP greater than or equal to 21 years of age, the rate ratio was 1.46 [95%CI: 1.10, 1.94]. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of fetal exposure among treatment courses filled by younger FCBP significantly decreased by 55% after the implementation of iPLEDGE. In contrast, the risk of fetal exposure significantly increased by 46% after iPLEDGE began among treatment courses filled by older FCBP. Our results suggest that the iPLEDGE program had a differential effect on the rate of fetal exposures to isotretinoin depending on patient age group. SENSORY SYSTEMS DISORDERS – Conceptual Papers & Research on Methods PSS19 DEVELOPMENT OF A DECISION-ANALYTIC MODEL FOR GLAUCOMA PROGRESSION USING PATIENT LEVEL DATA FROM THREE LARGE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS Kymes S, Kotak S, Lambert D, Stwalley D, Siegfried C, Lee PP, Musch D, Fain J, Gordon M Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY, USA, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Pfizer, Inc.,


Hydrocephalus is enlargement of the ventricular system of the brain due to increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume and pressure. Congenital hydrocephalus is further classified as communicating and non-communicating depending on whether there is an obstruction to the flow of CSF or not. Multiple causes have been identified in literature which has been summarized as an imbalance in the production and absorption of CSF. It can lead to cognitive impairment, cerebral palsy and visual field defects. It is crucial to identify this condition prenatally as it can leave a debilitating impact on the fetus. Several modalities like ultrasound, computed tomography scans (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been used to diagnose hydrocephalus. These can help reduce the disease burden and provide means for timely decisions.


The utility model relates to a new two-surface-turnover outdoor billboard with a LED display screen, wherein at least more than one parallel triangular prism display unit are horizontally or vertically arranged through respective rotating shaft between an upper and a lower or a left and a right beam. Each display unit is connected with a two-surface-turnover driving member through the transmission of the rotating shaft, and each display unit is provided with two display surfaces, with one surface for sprayed advertisement pictures and the other surface having the LED display screen body. The utility model of the two-surface-turnover advertisement billboard combining the prior two-surface-turnover advertisement billboard with the LED display screen, can choose to use the fixed picture advertisement or the dynamic LED display according to the time Factors and the situation needs, realizing the dynamic picture display of outdoor advertisements, easily realizing the renewal of the advertisement content and information, saving the common outdoor advertising lighting lamps, better exerting the characteristics of saving energy, security, and environmental protection, having the strong applicability, convenient use, and the great saving of electric energy.


The present invention provides an array of electrostatic spraying system and a method and apparatus for dyeing. The array type electrostatic spray dyeing method comprising the steps of: connecting the high voltage electrostatic generator via a capillary with the dyeing and finishing auxiliaries atomized into droplets electrostatically; array electrostatically atomizing device having a certain coverage by a plurality of capillaries arranged in an array ; conveying the conveying system ground fabric; dyeing auxiliaries via array type multi-tube charged droplets formed after electrostatic atomizing device integrated deposition or adsorption to the fabric, thereby achieving the dyeing and finishing.


In the 1964 presidential election, Zippel and Norman (1966) found that partyswitchers received higher scores than non-switchers on the California F Scale. The present study tested the hypothesis that party-switchers would be more authoritarian than nonswitchers in the 1972 election, using the Pensacola Z Scale (Jones, 1957), a 66-item, forced-choice test intended to measure four traits of authoritarianism: dependency, hostility, rigidity, and anxiety. The Pensacola Z scale was found by Jones (957) to correlate .4 with the California F Scale. The scale was administered in September 1972 to students in six sections of introductory psychology. Students were asked also to check one of the following alternatives: You are a Democrat and prefer McGovern this time; You are a Democrat but prefer Nixon this time; You are a Republican and prefer Nixon this time; You are a Republican but prefer McGovern this time; or Other (Please, specify).


Abstract In March 1988, the author surveyed all accredited graduate and undergraduate social work programs to determine the extent to which gender-sensitive material has been incorporated into curricula. Results suggest that a number of women's issues, particularly domestic violence and sexism, received coverage in the social work curriculum. Several other issues, most notably lesbianism, reproductive rights, and sexism in social work, typically were not addressed in required social work course content. Virtually none of the schools required students to take a course focused exclusively on women's issues; few offered such a course. Finally, the data suggest that the presence of a strongly feminist faculty was associated with the degree to which an institution covered women's issues.


The compound 1-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylethane attached through an Si-O-Ar linkage to fumed silica was subjected to thermolysis (390-410 °C) under D 2 and N 2 (14 MPa). Product distributions under D 2 are similar to those previously observed in vacuum except for increases in yields of benzene and phenol expected as a consequence of hydrocracking. The high pressure of D 2 does not inhibit retrogressive reactions (rearrangement, cyclization) previously found to be promoted by restricted mass transport conditions. A demonstrated silica-promoted H-D exchange of small amounts of phenolic compounds present in equilibrium with surface-attached materials under the closed, high-pressure reactor conditions required for D 2 experiments complicates interpretation of deuterium distribution information. However, non-hydroxylated aromatic rings are immune to this process and measurement of their D incorporation shows that the normal D-atom-promoted exchange is more efficient in the gas phase than on the silica surface.


The ever-increasing variety of services built on top of the Controller Area Network (CAN), along with the recent discovery of vulnerabilities in CAN-based automotive systems (some of them demonstrated in practice), stimulated a renewed attention to security-oriented enhancements of the CAN protocol. The issue is further compounded nowadays because, unlike in the past, security can no longer be enforced by physical bus segregation. This paper describes how CAN XR, a recently proposed extension of the CAN data-link layer, can effectively support the distributed calculation of arbitrary binary Boolean functions, which are the foundation of most security protocols, without necessarily disclosing their operands on the bus. The feasibility of the approach is then shown through experimental evaluation and by confirming its applicability to a shared key generation protocol proposed in literature.


Susan Lindquist and I had been trying to intersect for an interview for about 5 years. Lindquist (Image 1), who is currently on the faculty at MIT's Whitehead Institute, is well-known for her work on protein chaperones and stress responses. Her interests grew out of thesis research in the early 1970s in Matt Meselson's lab, where she developed a strategy to study the heat-shock response in cultured cells of Drosophila, an approach that complemented observations on transcriptional puffs on polytene chromosomes. In the subsequent 20 years at the University of Chicago, Susan continued to pursue the biochemical and cell-biological properties of heat-shock proteins (HSPs), which assist with a host of protein-folding problems. In 1994, she found herself immersed in a mystery of non-Mendelian inheritance when Yury Chernoff called to say that one such protein, Hsp104, controlled the [PSI+] phenotype. This swept her from stress tolerance to prions and then on to problems of protein folding in cancer and neurodegeneration. I was eager to understand Susan's work and gain her perspective on how chaperones and remodeling proteins promote rapid evolutionary change in response to environmental stresses, a neo-Lamarkian view of biology.


Laboratory data are presented on the effect of constant-temperature aging on the apparent thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam insulation for refrigerators and freezers. The foam specimens were blown with HCFC-141b and with three of its potential replacements--HFC-134a, HFC-245fa, and cyclopentane. Specimens were aged at constant temperatures of 90 F, 40 F, and {minus}10 F. Thermal conductivity measurements were made on two types of specimens: full-thickness simulated refrigerator panels containing foam enclosed between solid plastic sheets, and thin slices of core foam cut from similar panels. Results are presented for the first year of a multi-year study for the full-thickness panels and for about 1-1/2 years of aging for the core-foam specimens.


Invisible curriculum, as a distinctive education form, plays special function in the practice of moral education. Strengthening the party nature training is one key target of leadership education. Therefore, we should greatly enhance the study on invisible curriculums. The functions of China Executive Leadership Academy Jinggangshan determine the important place of invisible curriculums in curriculum construction. We should put emphasis on its own advantage.


Let A,B,D,E∈[−1,1] and let p(z) be an analytic function defined on the open unit disk, p(0)=1. Conditions on A, B, D, and E are determined so that 1


Program Testing and Analysis.- Black-Box Testing of Grey-Box Behavior.- On Checking Whether a Predicate Definitely Holds.- Using a Software Testing Technique to Improve Theorem Proving.- Auto-generating Test Sequences Using Model Checkers: A Case Study.- Mutually Enhancing Test Generation and Specification Inference.- JMLAutoTest: A Novel Automated Testing Framework Based on JML and JUnit.- Test Theory and Test Derivation Algorithms.- Compositional Testing with ioco.- Defining Observation Objectives for Reactive and Distributed Systems.- Time-Optimal Real-Time Test Case Generation Using Uppaal.- Test Cases Generation for Nondeterministic Real-Time Systems.- Property Oriented Test Case Generation.- Computing Unique Input/Output Sequences Using Genetic Algorithms.- Automatic Generation of Test Purposes for Testing Distributed Systems.- Test Methods and Test Tools.- Interaction Testing in an Embedded System Using Hardware Fault Injection and Program Mutation.- Automatic Conformance Testing of Internet Applications.- A Use Case Driven Testing Process: Towards a Formal Approach Based on UML Collaboration Diagrams.- VISWAS and on Diagnosability with IEEE Std P1522 and UML2.0 Testing Profile.- Towards a Tool Environment for Model-Based Testing with AsmL.


In accordance with the condition and problems in current mangement of expenditure form of tax in our country and on the basis of summarizing main practices and experience of international management of expenditure form of tax, this paper puts forword some policy-like suggestions about how to strengthen and improve our management of expenditure form of tax as below:redefining the range and practice area of expenditure of tax according to reality of our financial functioned reform and the situation in our country; speeding up improving our tax legislation,especially for law of expenditure in tax; founding a system about analyzing,evaluating and supervising expenditure of tax; bringing expenditure of tax into state financial budget system step by step.


Practicing wholeness is an everyday activity which Murray Stein relates to many areas of life: to the private world of inner experience, to religious beliefs, images and rituals, to organisational dynamics and involvements, and to cultural paradigms. His general theory of wholeness integrates Jung's theory of instincts and archetypes. He then turns his eye on daily life and the clinical aspects of treatment that confront the practicing therapist and patient. These include reconstructing personal history, the therapeutic relationship, and psychopathological problems that stand in the way of wholeness.


We study open string amplitudes with the D3-branes in type IIB superstring theory compactified on C 2 /Z 2. We introduce constant graviphoton background along the branes and calculate disk amplitudes using the NSR formalism. We take the zero slope limit and investigate the effective Lagrangian on the D3-branes deformed by the graviphoton background. We find that the deformed Lagrangian agrees with that of N = 2 supersymmetric U (N) gauge theory defined in non(anti)commutative N = 1 superspace by choosing appropriate graviphoton background. It is also shown that abelian gauge theory defined in N = 2 harmonic superspace with specific non-singlet deformation is consistent with the deformed theory.


An influenza outbreak occurred at Purdue University's swine barn, resulting in infection of 28 boars with influenza A virus (H3N2) and causing the death of two boars. The 28 boars, approximately 35 weeks of age, were enrolled in a study at the time of the outbreak and the case report herein describes the effects of the unintended influenza outbreak on sperm production. Semen was collected from the boars once a week and evaluated for total sperm production and concentration, semen volume, and relative motility. Compared to previous collections, total sperm production was substantially decreased (26% reduction) approximately 4 weeks after the first observed clinical signs and remained low for 6 subsequent weeks. Semen production then returned to pre-outbreak levels and was maintained for the duration of the observation period. Sperm motility and percent normal sperm production were also slightly reduced 2 weeks after infection


The Ardis local fauna (late Pleistocene) was collected from a group of interconnecting sediment-filled solution cavities, located in the Giant Cement Quarry near Harleyville, Dorchester County, South Carolina. Fossil material from the lowermost levels and the extreme upper layer of the deposit have been radiocarbon dated at 18,940 ± 760 and 18,530 ± 725 y.b.p., respectively. These dates are considered contemporaneous within present resolution. Approximately ninety vertebrate taxa were collected from the site. Fourteen were species of turtles, including eight not previously reported from the Pleistocene of South Carolina. Among these is the southeasternmost occurrence of Emydoidea blandingii. This record, in conjunction with other vertebrate fossils from the site, suggests a north-south dispersal route of species along the Atlantic Coastal Plain during interglacial-glacial transitions. Geographically isolated eastern and western populations of Emydoidea blandingii may have existed during the maximum advance of the Laurentide ice sheet. Unusually complete fossils of large box turtles recovered from the site corroborate the previously suggested synonymy of the extinct Terrapene Carolina putnami with T c. major. The fossil turtle community of the Ardis local fauna has no modern analogue. Like the Ardis mammals, it comprises a "disharmonious" fauna which suggests that, during the height of the Wisconsinan glaciation, the region experienced a more equable climate than that of today . The Ardis local fauna has yielded approximately 90 species of late Pleistocene fossil vertebrates from the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, including a substantial mammalian (Bentley et al. 1994), avian, reptilian, amphibian, and fish faunas currently under study. We present data on the Ardis turtle collection (Appendix I), the largest Rancholabrean fauna reported from the state. Dobie and Jackson (1979) and Roth and Laerm (1980) reported fossils of late Pleistocene age from Edisto Island, the only other Pleistocene fossil turtle fauna from South Carolina described to date. Among the Edisto Island fauna were ten Curtis C. Bentley and James L. Knight taxa of turtles, including Gopherus sp. and Malaclemys terrapin which were not recovered from the Ardis local fauna and possibly three species of Pseudemys, P. floridana and/or P. concinna, and P nelsoni. The Ardis local fauna was discovered in a large open-pit mine, operated by the Giant Cement Company, located 5 km NNE of Harleyville, Dorchester County, South Carolina (33° 14'N, 80° 26'W). Quarry operations exposed Santee Limestone (middle Eocene) and the clay-rich Harleyville Formation (late Eocene) which underlie Plio-Pleistocene surficial deposits (Ward et al. 1979, Harris and Zullo 1991). Locally, groundwater differentially dissolved the Santee Limestone in its upper portions, so that many solution cavities contacted and penetrated the overlying Harleyville Formation and thereby opened several of the cavities to the Pleistocene surface (Bentley et al, 1994). The radiocarbon dates of the Ardis material place the time of deposition at or near the height of the Wisconsinan glaciation (Bowen 1988, Tushingham and Peltier 1993). Further discussion on the geology, dating methods of the Ardis fossil material, previous fossil collections from the quarry, fossil collection procedures, and a locality map are available in prior publications (Bentley and Knight 1993, Bentley et


The purpose of this research is to solve the problems of efficiency assessment from the point of view of regions management. Its made on the basis of full, true, objective, consistent information about the level quality dynamics of populations life.


Winter skating is the characteristic sports course of schools in Heilongjiang Province.Teaching practice shows that skating course plays an active role in physical and mental health of students and mastering athletic skills.In skating teaching of female high school students,because the teaching method is simple and single form,skating technique is extremely difficult,weakness of physical and mental quality of students is very easy to produce mental barriers,it greatly reduce the effect and quality of winter sports teaching and unable to achieve the overall goal of school physical education.Starting with training and stimulating good skating motivation of female high school students,to implement the distinctive principles in teaching,appropriately reduce the difficulty of technical teaching,rationally organize the teaching process,use a variety of teaching methods to improve their physical and mental quality,it will overcome their mental barriers of skating course to improve the teaching quality of skating courses in winter and to achieve the ultimate goal of quality education.


In this paper, we propose a sparse and low-rank decomposition of annihilating filter-based Hankel matrix for MRI artifact removal. Based on the observation that some MR artifacts are originated from k-space outliers, we employ the recently proposed image modeling method using annihilating filter-based low-rank Hankel matrix approach (ALOHA) to decompose the sparse outliers from the low-rank component. Unlike the recent sparse and low rank decomposition for dynamic MRI, the proposed approach can be applied even for static images, because the k-space low rank component comes from the intrinsic image properties. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithm clearly removes several types of artifacts such as impulse noises, motion artifacts, and herringbone artifacts from MR images.


The invention discloses a drive test method and system and an operation, administration and maintenance entity for operating maintenance. The method comprises the following steps: a base station eNB selects a terminal to be subject to a drive test based on the drive test requirements of the operation, administration and maintenance entity (OAM) for operating maintenance, and sends measuring configuration and reporting configuration information to the selected terminal; and a device management (DM) server receives drive test results sent by terminals meeting the reporting conditions, and reports the drive test results to the OAM. In the invention, the problems the drive test efficiency is lowered and network resources are wasted because the OAM can not obtain the position information of terminals are solved, and no appropriate terminals can be selected accordingly to perform the drive test on a certain region, thereby improving the drive test efficiency and reducing the waste of network resources.


The ion implantation technology has significant and special advantages in the field of surface modification in polymer materials. In this paper, the latest progresses in the research and application of several aspects of ion implantation induced surface modification in polymer materials were reviewed, such as mechanical, electrical, optical, biocompatible aspect and so on.


ABSTRACT The study focuses on the impact of karinding popularity on Bandungnese. In trying to understand its focus, the study uses several approaches of social sciences such as sociology, anthropology, and qualitative research method including data collection from oral and written sources. Since karinding was played by a band called Karinding Attack, it became popular music in Bandung. In the end, the popularity of karinding gave some impacts on Bandungnese, both its practitioners and its audience. The movements considered as the result of karinding popularity include multiple activities such as tourism activities, networking development, educational activities, revitalization of traditional arts other than karinding, music development, literacy development, and the development of creative economy. Keywords: Impact, Popularity, Karinding, Bandung


Time Interleaved A/D Converter (TI-ADC) is a parallel combination of multiple ADCs having low sampling rates and it is capable of high-speed sampling in real time. The performance of the digital system to receive the analog signal depends on the performance of the ADC. However it has the disadvantage of increasing the cost using high-speed sampling ADC. To solve this problem, high-speed sampling ADC is implemented using time interleaving by a combination of a low cost, low-speed ADC and can be used for a system demanding high-speed real time sampling technology.


Purpose – To explain the logic of value creation through increased organizational transparency of human capital.Design/methodology/approach – The authors compare the status of today's organizations with other areas of life where transparency has been a fundamental driver of efficiency. Further, the authors break transparency down into logical steps of value creation. Insight is based on hands‐on experience working with several companies on these issues as well as designing software to support the logic.Findings – Modern companies are taking steps to drive company performance through increased efficiency delivered by increased transparency but few take it all the way. No universal model is prescribed but a clear sequence of foundations that need to be in place is discovered.Research limitations/implications – The paper is based on the authors' research and learning from working in this field. Further research in the field of organizational transparency as a means to drive company performance is suggested.O...


In this paper we obtain asymptotic estimates of eigenfunctions for regular Sturm-Liouville problems having the eigenparameter in the boundary condition without smoothness conditions on the potential.


Disperse Yellow 3 is a monoazo dye for which the exclusive cosmetic use has been in hair dyes. It is not, however, currently reported to be used. The toxicity of 87.6% pure Disperse Yellow 3 dye in mice and rats was found to include death; dose-related pituitary, thyroid, spleen, and kidney lesions; and carcinogenesis in male rats and female mice. Mutagenicity was observed in several systems, but the impact of activation was inconsistent. Clinical data suggest that some individuals exhibiting contact allergy to dyes in general may be sensitive to Disperse Yellow 3. Because there is an absence of data on the actual dermal absorption of this ingredient, the conclusion was reached that the available data are insufficient to support its safety. If the ingredient were found to be significantly absorbed, the conclusion would be that the ingredient is unsafe based on its carcinogenic potential. If the ingredient were found not to be absorbed, then data on impurities and on ocular toxicity would be needed to reach a more definitive conclusion regarding safety.


Abstract Adult subjects were asked to rate a number of figures according to their perceived usefulness in a real-world task. An independent group of subjects then learned to classify these figures into one of two categories. One group of subjects were provided with category labels designed to facilitate the use of their pre-existing knowledge in the learning task and a second group were given nonsense labels. Predictions derived from similarity-based (prototype and exemplar) models of categorisation were compared with those based upon the rated usefulness of the exemplars. The contribution of preexisting knowledge to accurate responding and to typicality judgements was greater with meaningful rather than nonsense category labels. An examination of test phase performance in the two groups indicated that the effect of providing a meaningful theme extended beyond a redistribution of feature weights during encoding. These results were replicated and extended in a second study in which the categories to be lea...


Working with Children and Families is a study of professional ethics within the field of early childhood education. The authors make a strong case for the central role of ethical judgements in the work of early childhood educators, illustrating their general claim with numerous useful examples of ethical issues likely to arise on a daily basis in early childhood settings, ranging from the more general ('Whose interests should be given priority – the child or the family?'), to the more specific ('Should I lie to parents about how quickly their child settles?'). Their aim is to develop a framework to guide early childhood professionals in the making of good ethical judgements.


Objective:To evaluate MRI in diagnonsis of lumbaosacral furcal nerve.Method:376 patients with lowback pain and/or sciatica who underwent MRI of the lumbar spine were reviewed.The imaging protocol for each was the same,employing T2 weighted sagittal and transverse sections.In addition,coronal Short T1 Images of the lumbar theca were made in all cases.Result:Furcal nerves were found in 57 cases.The furcal nerves arose most frequently at the L 3 and L 4 level.Although most of the furcal sites existed in the intervertebral foramen,the others in the spinal canal.The Internal vertebral veins were easily mistaken for the furcal nerves.Conclusion:MR imaging may provide excellent visualization on furcal nerves in lumbosacral region.Furcal nerve is expected to be compressed by surrounding tissues more than the proper nerve root and is one of the anatomical causes of the atypical neurologic findings for a patient with lumbago and sciatica.


Emergency conditions can occur anytime and anywhere, and can happen to anyone and can not be predicted in a timely manner. Some of the incidents that cause emergency situations are transportation accidents (traffic) (Pusponegoro, 2011). Traffic accidents may result in casualties that may result in grave injuries and may result in fatalities. The casualties caused by traffic accidents are the productive age of the average under the age of 44-45 years. This study explores the experience of security officers (security guards) as first responder at the scene of the accident by using a hermeneutic interpretive phenomenology approach. Participants in this study are security officers (security guards) who duty in Akper Dharma Husada Kediri who had become first responder (first helper) traffic accident victims. Sampling technique by purposive sampling. The instrument in this study is the researcher himself who acts as an instrument. Supporting instrument in this research is netbook equipped with camtasia studio recorder program and stationery which consist of paper and ballpoint pen.  The experience of the security guard as the first responder in helping the traffic accident victims was found to mean that the security guard worked and was responsible for saving the victims of the accident on the basis of duty and humanity. The security guard strives to the maximum extent possible in helping the victim despite facing several problems in carrying out his     duties especially related tothe provision of help to the victim. Problems encountered related to the ability and completeness of equipment and cooperation with health workers. This indicates that the implementation of the Integrated Emergency Management System (SPGDT) program has not been well implemented. So for the future should be considered to increase the empowerment of security officers (security guards) as a vanguard who often visit the accident victims first. Despite the many difficulties, the police still feel proud and happy and gratitude can help others. The police have hope to provide the best service to the community. the police also need an appreciation for their maximum efforts in helping victims of accidents


Optimization problems depending on a probability measure correspond very often to economic situations. Since the probability measure is there very often completely unknown, statistical estimates (based on date) have to replace mostly the unknown probability measure to obtain at least an approximate solution and an approximate optimal value. Properties of such statistical estimates have been investigated many times in the case of linear dependence of an objective function on the probability measure. However, this assumption is not fulfilled just in many economic models, see e.g. Markowitz model or some risk measures. We try to cover some of these complicated cases.


To solve the problems that the machining of 5-axis abrasive waterjets,put forward the methods of controlling stand-off distance and changing tube length by compensating tool length.In order to solve the problem of auto programming on 5-axis waterjets machining,it is using space tool radius compensation algorithm for computing cutter location due to the both are identical.The result show that the use of tool compensation on 5-axis abrasive waterjets machining is feasible on controlling stand-off distance and can solve the problem of auto programming.


More than 50 yrs ago, Dresdale et al . 1 reported a series of 39 patients with unexplained pulmonary hypertension and coined the term "primary pulmonary hypertension" to describe the condition, a term that has been revised to "idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension" in the most recent classification 2. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is a disease of the small pulmonary arteries, which leads to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately causing right ventricular failure and death 3, 4. Despite major advances in the understanding of the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension, none of the current therapeutic approaches achieves a cure for this devastating condition 5, 6.

Survival has been extensively studied in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension 7. An American registry supported by the National Institute of Health (NIH) was begun in 1981 to collect data from 32 centres on patients diagnosed by uniform criteria as having so-called primary pulmonary hypertension 7, 8. Between July 1, 1981 and September 30, 1985, 194 patients were entered into the NIH registry, providing the first multicentre, detailed clinical and haemodynamic description of this disease 7, 8. This pioneer study allowed analysis of the survival and prognosis factors 7. As of August 1988, 106 of the 194 patients had died (mostly of right-heart failure and sudden death), emphasising the dismal prognosis of this condition 7. A total of 13 patients who had heart–lung transplant were followed only to the time of transplant, and 15 patients lost to follow-up were considered to be survivors, for purposes of the analysis 7. The estimated median survival from baseline catheterisation was 2.8 yrs, with estimated single-year survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 yrs of 68, 48, and 34%, respectively 7. Poor survival was associated with a …


The red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, is a monogynous, polyandrous species: each ant colony is founded by a single queen that has mated with one or more males. To study levels of polyandry within a colony, as well as relationships among colonies, we developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for P. barbatus. With the number of alleles per locus ranging from 3 to 39, and expected heterozygosities of 0.58–0.95, these markers promise to be useful in the study of colony and population genetic structure.


The widest spanwise scales in turbulent channel flows are studied through the use of three periodic channel-flow simulations at friction Reynolds number $\mathrm{Re}_{\tau}=550$. The length and height of the channels are the same in all cases ($L_x/h=8\pi$ and $L_y/h=2$ respectively), while the width is progressively doubled: $L_z/h = \{4\pi, 8\pi, 16\pi\}$. The effects of increasing the domain can not be determined with statistical significance in our simulations, since the difference in the statistics between the simulations is of the same order as the errors of convergence. A channel flow similar to the smaller one ($\textit{J. Fluid Mech.}$, vol. 500, 2004, pp. 135--144), which was averaged over a very long time, was used as a reference. The one-dimensional spanwise spectrum of the streamwise velocity is computed with the aim of assessing the domain-size effect on the widest scales. Our results indicate that $90\%$ of the total streamwise energetic fluctuations is recovered without a significant influence of the size of the domain. The remaining $10\%$ of the energy reflects that the widest scales in the outer layer are the ones most significantly affected by the spanwise length of the domain. The power-spectral density for $k_z = 0$ remains constant even if the size of the domain in the spanwise direction is increased up to 4 times the standard spanwise length, indicating that wide, spanwise coherent structures are not an artifact of domain truncation.


To tackle the problem that wells that are deployed in a specific pattern based on the requirements of gas reservoir development are not suitable for gas storage, we have conducted concentrically circular injection and production simulation experiments for gas storage, discovered the existence of a threshold radius, denoted by Rt, and derived the expression for Rt. Based on the analysis and discussion results, we propose a strategy for deploying gas storage wells in specific patterns. The expression for Rt shows that it is affected by factors such as the gas storage gas production/injection time, the upper pressure limit, the lower pressure limit, the bottomhole flow pressure at the ends of injection and production, the and permeability. The analysis and discussion results show that the Rt of a gas storage facility is much smaller than the Rt for gas reservoir development. In the gas storage facilities in China, the Rt for gas production is less than the Rt for the gas injection, and Rt increases with the difference in the operating pressure and with permeability K. Based on the characteristics of Rt, we propose three suggestions for gas storage well pattern deployment: (1) calculate Rt according to the designed functions of the gas storage facility and deploy the well pattern according to Rt; (2) deploy sparser, large‐wellbore patterns in high‐permeability areas and denser, small‐wellbore patterns in high‐permeability areas; and (3) achieve the gas injection well pattern by new drilling, and the gas production well pattern through a combination of the gas injection well pattern and old wells. By assessing a gas storage facility with a perfect well pattern after a number of adjustments, we found that the Rt of the 12 wells calculated in this paper is basically close to the corresponding actual radius, which validates our method. The results of this study provide a methodological basis for well pattern deployment in new gas storage construction.


In recent years, with the rapid development of intelligent technology, the slag transfer system of power plant is in urgent need of intelligent upgrading. In this paper, in view of the hidden safety problems of the slag transport system, through the intelligent upgrade of the slag transport system, the slag intelligent monitoring and fault warning control system is built. The results show that the system can automatically calibrate the fault point of the equipment, make early warning and identification of the fault, and improve the response speed and efficiency of the power generation enterprise. The system can not only reduce the working intensity of operators, but also ensure the safety and stability of equipment operation to the greatest extent. The system realizes the on-line evaluation and prediction of slag system equipment status, and guarantees the safe and stable operation of the unit, which has important significance for ensuring the safe and stable operation of the boiler.


The methanogenic and nonmethanogenic activities of sludge from anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) were investigated. The lab-scale ABR treated synthetic wastewater containing starch and peptone. The activities were measured at two values of organic loading rate (OLR) – 3.5 kg m d and 10 kg m d (as COD – Chemical Oxygen Demand). The performance of ABR was compared with the performance of a UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed) reactor operated under the same conditions. For the kinetic tests corresponding substrates were used: the starch for hydrolytic activity, the glucose for acidogenic activity, and the sodium acetate for methanogenic activity. NaHCO3 was added to each test with the aim to keep pH in a normal range of operation. For ABR the maximal measured specific hydrolytic activity was 36.8 kg kg d, maximal specific acidogenic activity 38.1 kg kg d, and maximal specific methanogenic activity 1.51 kg kg d (at OLR 10 kg m d). The activities of the anaerobic sludge from UASB reactor at OLR 10 kg m d were as follows: hydrolysis 3.52 kg kg d, acidogenesis 1.12 kg kg d, and methanogenesis 0.66 kg kg d. The measurements have shown that the rate-limiting step of anaerobic degradation for the used system substrate—reactor was the methanogenic phase.


We present a microcontroller device with two slots for chip card reading which can control two electrical locks. It also makes possible two way communication and enables command giving by infra LED's. The same twin lead is used for device supply and for exchanging data with the central computer. The device is intended as a peripheral device for registration and process control purposes in multiprocessor systems with a simple RS232 hub.


This article analyzes the lessons learnt from the international experience of allocating carbon emissions allowances for the domestic carbon emissions trading pilot programs. The emissions trading pilots in China have achieved significant progress but also face the challenge of formulating and implementing permit allocation method. Based on the experiences and lessons learnt from other jurisdictions such as the European Union,the U. S.,Australia,and New Zealand,this article examines the advantages and disadvantages of different permit allocation methods and argues that the permit allocation methods of the emissions trading pilots in China should be structured on their respective circumstances and policy orientations. In addition,this article identifies that a sound permit allocation method needs to be balanced among several key factors,inter alia,acceptability,fairness,efficiency,market liquidity and stability,etc. Therefore when constructing emissions trading pilots in China,setting up the permit allocation method requires a strong government participation and guidance,and it is supposed to be based on an open and fair basis upon which a multistakeholder involvement process is also needed.


A group of 5 women average age 29.9 years average age at time of sterilization 26.6 years who asked for reversal of sterilization within 1 year were queried. Corresponding personal features and conditions of life were confirmed. Essential correlation was found out in social descent education pregnancy as a cause of early marriage frequent change in partners many children in comparatively young age and finally sterilization as the last possible alternative. In most cases the demand for reversal of sterilization came about due to a change in marital status. (Authors modified) (Summary in ENG)


Each year when teaching polarization phenomena and the Triboelectric Series in a unit on electrostatics, I would balance some rods (2–3 ft in length) made from wood, aluminum, PVC, and Plexiglas on an inverted watch glass and demonstrate to the class how a party balloon rubbed with fake rabbit fur (charging the balloon negative) would always attract the uncharged rods, causing them to rotate towards the balloon (see Fig. 1). The fact that a charged object always attracts a neutral object due to the induced dipole in the latter is a great way to test if something is in fact charged. Surprisingly, the PVC pipe would usually, but not always, repel the charged balloon and rotate away! Repulsion means that neither of the objects are electrically neutral. In a separate test, after rubbing together a Plexiglas rod with a polyethylene grocery bag (making the rod positively charged and the bag negatively charged), the PVC usually attracts the rod. With the help of a student as part of his senior project, I finally decided to investigate further the source of the negative charge that exists on PVC. Specifically, is it nothing more than static charge that builds up on the pipe from unavoidable contact with its surroundings, or is it somehow intrinsic to the manufacturing process?


This article draws on a speech made at the Ruth First Symposium in London in June 2012. It describes Ruth First's role as a writer, political organiser and mobiliser of the freedom struggle within and without South Africa, drawing attention to her intellectual contribution and underscoring the importance of her Maputo years, with their broader significance. It discusses the personal tensions that many had with her, but points out that there was always a political issue at stake in these disagreements. It stresses her role as a scholar-activist, and following Brecht suggests that her assassination was an attempt by the assassins to 'sleep more comfortably'. It then draws powerfully on a letter from Rusty Bernstein to pose the question of what First would have made of the contemporary situation in South Africa, where the 'Empire of Capital' is still dominant.


2158 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Retrieval Number: E7604068519/19©BEIESP Abstract: This article discusses the importance of conversion of orthogonal coordinates X,Y, Z into curvilinear geodesic coordinates: latitude B , longitude L, and altitude H . Geodesic latitude in tangent function is calculated by transcend equation with variable coefficients which is meaningless when the point is located on rotation axis of Earth ellipsoid. For this case the algorithm for calculation of latitude, altitude, and longitude is provided. The algorithms are developed and analyzed by solution of less complicated transcend equation with the reduced latitude u using root isolating. Reasonability of development of non-iterative algorithms is substantiated. Root isolating for tgu made it possible to apply the secant method in the segment [T1, T2] according to which the latitude is calculated with the error of Δu ≤ 0, 0017(T1 = tgu1; T2 = tgu2) . In order to improve accuracy according to the requirements of interstate standard: ΔB ≤ 0, 0001 , the segment [T1, T2] was reduced by two methods from left side. In order to develop non-iterative algorithm, the segment [T3, T2] was selected where the latitude was determined not only at H > 0 , but also at H < 0 . Using auxiliary variables, the general secant equation was converted into convenient form for calculations of latitude. Its error has been estimated which was analyzed for extremum. According to the proposed algorithm the latitude is determined with the error of ΔB ≤ 1 ⋅ 10. This method can be applied for development of non-iterative algorithms in other segments of root isolating with subsequent comparative analysis.


The critical importance of collections of documents in libraries and archives for historical research is illustrated by diverse examples drawn from the author's own experience as a creator, user and custodian of records and from a number of biographical and historical works by other writers. In conjunction with other materials at the historian's disposal, well-organised and properly-resourced collections of archives are essential in understanding the lives of people, the progress of nations, places and movements, and for the writing of history of all kinds.


Male, aged 50. History.-Weakness of right fingers began insidiously in 1939. A year later he noted wasting and twitching of the right hand and arm muscles. Weakness of right leg followed with subsequent wasting. 1942: Admitted to hospital. C.S.F. analysis normal except for total prQtein of 60 mg. %. Blood W.R. positive. Impaired pain sensation was found over the right shoulder, arm and chest covering an area from C.4 to T.5 and considerable loss of tendo Achillis pain sensation together with wasting and fasciculation in the muscles of the right arm and leg, but there was no evidence of other sensory loss or of pyramidal involvement. He was given intensive antisyphilitic treatment (chiefly with bismuth) for more than a year and then ceased to attend hospital until sent in recent months for review. He says that his condition has been quite stationary for the past two years.


According to the Chinese Sci_Tech Periodical Database, the paper has made statistics on the distribution of paper subject, author organization and author region of horticulture during the period from 2001 to 2003 in China. The paper has demonstrated the basic situations and focal point of the study on horticulture.


Turkey announced its plan to engineer a 'safe zone' in northern Syria, an initiative that, according to Turkey, mainly emanates from the country's discontent from the presence of armed Syrian Democratic Forces' (SDF) on its southern borders. At their essence, safe zones are employed by states to pursue politically motivated objectives. In the case of northern Syria, Turkey's ambitions go beyond pushing the Kurds away from its border. Turkey appears determinant to fill-in the gap left by the Kurds' departure through settling Syrian refugees that are currently present in Turkey, an initiative outlined by President Erdogan in the course of the previous General Assembly. This approach risks a demographic flick with possible spillovers over the entire region's societal texture.


Increasing evidence implicates activation of NFB in a variety of glomerular diseases, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Here, upregulation of NFB in the podocytes of transgenic mice resulted in glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria. Absence of the podocyte protein nephrin resulted in NFB activation, suggesting that nephrin negatively regulates the NFB pathway. Signal transduction assays supported a functional relationship between nephrin and NFB and suggested the involvement of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC / / ) as an intermediary. We propose that disruption of the slit diaphragm leads to activation of NFB; subsequent upregulation of NFB-driven genes results in glomerular damage mediated by NFB-dependent pathways. In summary, nephrin may normally limit NFB activity in the podocyte, suggesting a mechanism by which it might discourage the evolution of glomerular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 1733–1743, 2009. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2008111219 NFB is a transcription factor activated by cell surface receptor signaling to meet stress and inflammatory responses, regulating key cellular processes such as inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, and cell growth and survival.1 Five mammalian NFB proteins share a Rel homology domain with composition of the active dimer dictated by cell type and nature of inducing stimulus.2 Inactive NFB is sequestered in the cytoplasm bound to I B3; phosphorylation of I B releases active NFB, which translocates to the nucleus to induce an extensive range of target genes.4 RelA dimers are the most abundant and potent gene transactivators within the family.5 Induction of NFB signaling and specificity of transcriptional response are dependent on a complex interplay of pathways. Adaptor proteins p626 and MyD887 and intracellular messengers such as atypical protein kinase C (aPKC / )8 connect NFB with cell surface receptors. aPKC / activates NFB by either release from I B9 or direct nuclear phosphorylation,10 whereas activation is severely impaired by aPKC deficiency.11 Expression of aPKC / inhibitory proteins such as Par4 can also abrogate NFB activation.12,13 Glomerular disease manifests as urinary protein leak resulting from malfunction of the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocytes separated by slit diaphragms are crucial in maintaining barrier integrity.14 Injury disrupts their actin cytoskeleton, causing foot process effacement; detachment from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), with significant molecular reorganization of the slit diaphragms; and urinary protein loss.15 Nephrin, an Ig superfamily member, is a key slit diaphragm component and presumed adhesion molecule that contributes directly to a physical filtration barrier at Received November 30, 2008. Accepted March 17, 2009. Published online ahead of print. Publication date available at www.jasn.org. Correspondence: Dr. Ania Koziell, Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. Phone: 00-44-207-242-9789, ext. 0713, 00-44-783-481-4994; Fax: 00-44-207-905-2609; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Copyright 2009 by the American Society of Nephrology BASIC RESEARCH www.jasn.org J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 1733–1743, 2009 ISSN : 1046-6673/2008-1733 1733 the slit diaphragm.16,17 Nephrin mutations result in disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and severe glomerular disease. Downregulation of nephrin expression unrelated to gene mutations also occurs in podocyte injury,18,19 and mutations that are within the cytosolic tail and do not affect protein expression cause equivalent glomerular disease,20,21 supporting a role in cellular signaling. This is verified by evidence that nephrin serves as a signaling scaffold to recruit other podocyte proteins,22–25 is phosphorylated by Srcfamily kinases,26,27 and associates with adapters such as Nck to regulate the actin cytoskeleton.28,29 To our knowledge, the mechanism of NFB regulation in glomerular cells is unknown. Evidence for the involvement of NFB activation in glomerular and renal tubular cell injury is provided by correlative studies of human kidney disease30,31 and experimental disease models.31,32 Complement activates NFB and NFB–dependent gene transcription in podocytes in vitro,33 and upregulation of IL-1, IL-4, and TNFis detected in injured podocytes, supporting a direct role for NFBactivationinhumanglomerular disease.30,31 Whether nephrin modulates NFB has not been investigated, but regulation of NF-KB activation by other Ig superfamily molecules involved in cell adhesion, namely N-Cam and L1Ig6, is well described.33,34 We investigated a causal link between NFB activation and renal glomerular damage by examining whether genetic inactivation of an upstream inhibitor of NFB activation could result in glomerular injury independent of immune cell activation. Considering its ubiquitous role in maintaining glomerular filtration, we then explored whether the receptor protein nephrin participates in the regulation of this process.


Damage to settlements and agricultural land due to lahar in 2011 still leaves a mark that cannot be forgotten. The lahar disaster was caused by the collapse of the material from the eruption of Merapi Volcano which had accumulated in the upstream due to rainfalls having an average intensity of about 40 mm in 2 hours that occurs at rainy season from November to April. Putih River is one of river that effected by lahar disaster. This research wants to know community income before and after lahar disaster and usefulness of lahar material for community that affected by lahar disaster. The method to reach the aim are structure and in-depth interviews with people that effected by lahar disaster. The result is most of community that effected by lahar disaster has income increase by Rp12,500 until Rp100,000 per-day and the community can use the material lahar that deposit around Putih River by selling it as building material, and then they can build a building according Contractor, BPS, and Community standard.


Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify and investigate the effect of small changes in test conditions when quantifying fuel consumption. Twelve test set-up variables were identified and intentionally perturbed from a standard condition, including the effect of removing the power-assisted steering pump. Initially a design-of-experiments (DoE) approach was adopted and the results showed that most of the tested parameters had significant effects on fuel consumption. Most of these effects were greater than the effect of typical technology changes assessed on chassis dynamometer facilities. For example, an increase of 8.7 per cent in fuel consumption was observed following a 90min battery discharge from vehicle headlamps. Similarly an increase of 5.5 per cent was observed when the rig was run 3km/h faster over a drive cycle, and 2.6 per cent when using tyres deflated by 0.5 bar. As a consequence, statistical tolerancing was used to suggest typical tolerances for test rig set-up variables. For example it was recommended that the tyre pressure be controlled to within 0.1 bar and the test rig speed to 0.3km/h. Further investigations were conducted into the effect of battery discharge, coast-down time, and engine cooling. These highlighted the need for rigorous battery charge management as the battery voltage was found not to be an appropriate measure of the variation in the alternator loading. Coast-down time was found to be a good control measure for a number of set-up variables affecting the rolling resistance of the vehicle. Finally the variations in the engine cooling were quantified using a cumulative engine temperature over a drive cycle. This was found to correlate well with fuel consumption. For each of these subsequent investigations, results were compared with the DoE predictions and found to agree well when considering the relatively low number of tests compared with the number of factors.


By a decision taken on 14 May 2009, the Italian Competition Authority or ICA has opened an investigation into whether the parties to the BancaIntesa/San Paolo IMI concentration fulfilled the…


: The first objective of this paper is to highlight some new Product Driven Systems (PDS) issues. Effectively, several possibilities have been proposed to give to products or objects capacities to react to environment modifications (especially in manufacturing and logistics context here). In particular, bio-inspired approaches are now promising. All these new perspectives lead putting products in action according to collected information. That's why all technics leading to exploit and organize data are necessary. The main objective of the paper is addressed in a second part, where we highlight why learning machines could be seen as a new way to do that.


An Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) report on firearms theft, which has been released today, notes a marked decline in the theft of guns, the Minister for Justice and Customs, Senator Chris Ellison, said.


The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to compare the heat and moisture comfort performance among the natural bamboo fabric, silk and pure cotton fabric, which is helpful in studying the summer clothing and further developing and designing the product


The aim of this study is to enhance the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs via the Surface Solid Dispersion (SSD) strategy using glibenclamide as a model drug. The drug was solubilized by surfactants and/or polymers then adsorbed onto the surface of extremely fine carriers to increase its surface area and to form the SSD. Characterization of SSD was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and in vitro drug release. F5 showed the highest drug release with r 2 >0.99. Furthermore, both DSC and X-ray diffraction showed a decrease in the melting enthalpy and reduced drug crystallinity consequently in SSDs. However, infrared spectroscopy revealed no drug interactions with the carriers. A bioequivalence study using six male volunteers showed a significant difference (p = 0.006) between the mean Cmax estimates from F5 tablets (391.21±2.36 ng/mL) and Daonil tablets (296.3± 3.18 ng/mL). The t max was 2±0.173 h for the experimental group and 2.5±0.2 h for the control group, which suggests that enhanced solubility accelerates the absorption of the drug. The two formulas were shown to be bioequivalent due to lack of significant difference between their mean AUC0-24. The results indicate that surface solid dispersion may serve as a successful strategy for enhancing solubility of poorly water soluble drugs.


To provide a means to adjust the white point image achromatic color video input signal conditioning stage comprising a plurality of color signals, and displaying the adjusted on a liquid crystal module. Such adjustment means comprises: means for determining the color temperature for each of at least one color signal of the highest gray level of a first table offset setting a white point, the color signal for setting the offset amount a second table for each color temperature is condensed by a first set of halftone table white point; and means for biasing the first and second amount is applied to the white point setting table on the video input signal conditioning unit .


The aim of this investigation was to survey faculty members on their perceived level of preparedness to design and implement hybrid flexible (HyFlex) instruction. Participants included 121 full- and part-time faculty. Using an electronic survey, faculty members: a) rated their preparedness to engage on different HyFlex instruction competencies, b) shared which pedagogical strategies they felt prepared to use in this instructional modality, and c) listed the resources and support that they felt were needed to successfully implement their course. The results indicated that faculty members felt prepared to successfully engage in competencies related to HyFlex instruction that were significantly similar to competencies required for in-person instruction. However, they admitted to feeling less prepared to manage the intricacies that are unique to the HyFlex modality. Also, instructors believe a variety of pedagogical strategies can be integrated into HyFlex instruction; however, for those unfamiliar with this instructional modality, significant support and resources are needed before designing and implementing a course.


An experimental study designed to elucidate mechanistic details regarding the thermal polymerization of styrene between 260 and 340°C is reported. The data show that back-biting to the third or fifth carbon from the chain end, followed by β scission, is the dominant chain-producing reaction in the molecular weight development. This conclusion is supported by the 13C-NMR data coupled with preparative gel permeation chromatography, which show that the predominant low-molecular-weight oligomers are 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene, that is, the products of the 1:3 and 1:5 back-biting/β-scission reactions, respectively. The presence of head-to-head or head-to-tail branching, due to chain transfer to the polymer or back-biting, is shown to be negligible through 13C-NMR analysis. Finally, the distribution of terminal unsaturations, determined by the relative rates of termination, back-biting, and chain transfer to polymer, has been measured with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This has shown that the back-biting/β-scission reaction dominates the molecular weight development in comparison with either termination or chain transfer to the polymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 890–908, 2004


This project of communication is directly linked to the subject of my PhD which study the process of socialization and creation of identities of people working in the gay porn work. I will question professional homosexuality as a specific sexual and professional configuration. Indeed, gay porn is a specific configuration, different from heterosexual pornography. Theories of gender and traditional feminist discourses do not allow to think about homosexual relations. This requires developing a theory and an innovative approach (Rubin, 2002). To achieve that, I am going to try to think either about the links between sexual behaviors and work's configurations and the impact of them on the worker's body and their privacy. Indeed, if the body is the main tool of the porn work, so he is necessary to catch him in a dialectic in the see and the show. Over what difference of figures want to show, and what they seek to externalize, it is admit to catch the variations of the aspect, which are their different faces. There are twice interesting because they impact the bodies from the unreal representations of them, but they testimony what others externalize about them.
In the context of those specific configurations, it will be possible to answer in part to the question about the wear of the body due to the work and its exhaustion: How the porn work and its evolutions haunt the bodies and behaviors of the actors?
To answer to this general issue, the research has a methodology context based on qualitative interviews and this in situ observation. This work of observation is completed by the use of the photography in order to the research product visual support to improve the starting of self- confrontation. It "is an interview method which permit the production of a commentary from the person about what he did. From a video, where he is seeing working, the actor say "what is ordinary, in the very course of the action, is not necessarily formulated" (Bayard et al, 1997) [...] it allows people to reflect on their own activity."


Drucker Prager yield criterion is widely applied to materials such as concrete,rock,etc.Spatial eight joint element is used to perform incremental iterative computation to analyze these materials.The nonlinear equations are solved by Newton Raphson incremental iterative procedure,iterating two times for every increment step,and using four order Gauss quadrature.The results of computation examples coincide with the theoretic analysis precisely.


We report the discovery of a novel reaction that behaves in an unexpected way. Although Cr(VI) and Mn(II) do not react in the absence of stabilizing ligands, they react in aqueous perchloric acid provided that pyrophosphate [a stabilizing ligand for Mn(III)] is present in the medium. The reaction [whose stoichiometry is Cr(VI) + 3 Mn(II) → Cr(III) + 3 Mn(III)] takes place in a reversible manner, but the kinetic plots are not as those expected for conventional reversible reactions. On the contrary, a period of decay of the Cr(VI) concentration [and formation of Mn(III)] is followed by a period in which that reactant is actually regenerated (and the product consumed). During the course of the reaction, pyrophosphate is slowly hydrolyzed to phosphate. This hydrolysis constitutes the driving force for the backward reaction. A mechanism involving
three consecutive 1-electron redox steps is proposed for the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), in each step a Mn(II) being oxidized to Mn(III), whereas colloidal manganese dioxide might be a key intermediate for the reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI).


One-stop renovation service has become more and more popular in the renovation market.As a newly appeared way of serving,however,its managing pattern is immature and the relevant legal basis are not Strong enough when problems arise.Scholars of the law circle should make further study of the one-stop service management and provide feasible suggestions for relevant legislation.This will be of great significance to regulate the renovation markets.


Scholars who have sought to demonstrate the complexity of scientific management as a philosophy, a movement, and a mode of thinking have only rarely discussed the scientific managers themselves. Yet their lives offer important insights not only into a unique group of engineers, managers, and academics, but also into the competing tensions across American society in the first half of the twentieth century. The great complexity of scientific management is rarely more evident than in the life of one of the movement's most prolific writers and greatest political outlier. Walter Polakov, an immigrant Russian, was an avowed scientific manager and an acknowledged Marxist in a country where fear of communism and socialism was deeply held and widespread. Given the rising tensions in the USA in the first half of the twentieth century, it is not surprising


ABSTRACT To evaluate the concept of metabolic cold adaptation in Antarctic fungi, we compared the activities of several key enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and the TCA cycle (hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase) in psychrotolerant Penicillium sp. 161 and mesophilic Aspergillus glaucus 363 during both the stress exposure (6 h) and recovery phases. Mycelia of the Antarctic strains, grown until middle exponential phase at optimal temperature, were shifted to colder temperatures, i.e., 4 and 10°C. Our investigations showed a re-routing of carbon metabolism away from glycolysis into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which serves as a cellular stress-resistance mechanism under cold stress conditions. Moreover, the data clearly suggest strain-dependent differences in cold stress response concerning TCA enzyme activities between both fungi. The psychrotolerant strain induces glyoxalate cycle activities and the mesophilic strain uses a reduction of respiratory activity. A recovery response after removal of the stress factor was observed.


Differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, a process known as fibroblast activation, is a key step in the wound healing process, but persistence of myofibroblasts through the resolution of wound remodeling can lead to fibroproliferative, pathophysiological disease states. Fibroblasts are activated by myriad extracellular cues including a multitude of growth factors which relay information from the extracellular environment and are integrated into a cellular differentiation response, but the rough contributions of particular signaling pathways, and the ways in which these pathways interact with each other, are not entirely understood. Here we demonstrate that small molecule‐mediated inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinases ERK and JNK is sufficient to promote fibroblast activation, and that inhibition of p38 MAPK is sufficient to inhibit fibroblast activation, as determined by the expression of canonical myofibroblast markers assessed by qRT‐PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. The promotion of fibroblast activation by ERK and JNK inhibition and the antagonism of fibroblast activation by p38 MAPK inhibition results in expected changes in expression of extracellular matrix‐associated genes including those encoding type I collagen, type III collagen, matrix metalloproteinase 1, lysyl oxidase, myocardin, connective tissue growth factor, and the ED‐A isoform of fibronectin. Co‐treatment of human dermal fibroblasts with exogenous recombinant TGF‐β1 and ERK or JNK inhibitor leads to cooperative induction of fibroblast activation, and a higher degree of activation than that imparted by treatment of either of these factors individually. Conversely, treatment with p38 inhibitor attenuates ERK inhibitor‐mediated or JNK inhibitor‐mediated fibroblast activation, suggesting antagonism between these pathways. Treatment with ERK or JNK inhibitor results in relatively rapid activation of canonical TGF‐βR/SMAD signaling, likely contributing at least in part to the activation witnessed in these fibroblasts. Fibroblast activation as a result of JNK inhibition, but not of ERK inhibition, is partially attenuated by small molecule‐mediated inhibition of TGF‐βRI, suggesting variable mechanisms of induction of fibroblast activation by inhibition of these two pathways. These data demonstrate that multiple growth factor and MAPK signals are integrated to determine the extent of fibroblast activation, and they demonstrate evidence regarding the mechanisms of fibroblast activation induced by MAPK inhibition, providing valuable information for further development of much‐needed antifibrotic therapies.


Indonesia monetery system shoild reflect the overall financial markets by showing the whole society and the role of financial in the monetary field. Mainstream monetary theory had only performed the role of banking institutions as intermediary and creator of money. While that disclosed by the monetary authorities over the years. The existence of cooperatives as legal entities in Indonesia is equivalent to the position of banking institutions. Cooperatives have implemented the intermediary function in the lining of the "grassroots economy". Cooperatives attract and channel funds from and to the society in which this process has created a cooperative supplier of money, mobilization and channeling of public funds, and simultaneously monetarizing economy at grass root layer.


Abstract First instars of 93 North American species of mosquitoes are studied and 56 are illustrated, 41 for the first time. Generic differences are well marked in this instar and nearly all species are separable. Two keys to the 11 North American genera are presented; the first is constructed to show similarities between first and later instars. Each genus is described and keyed to species, and notes are given on each species. A supplementary key to the species of the southeastern states is designed for the use of a binocular microscope with magnification up to 60 ×. Specific and generic differences are as well marked in the first as in the fourth instar. Identifications are as easy or as difficult in the first as in the fourth instar, though usually based on different characters. An expanded key to the North American species of Aedes, incorporating those previously treated by Bohart and by Price, is attempted. The key reveals several species complexes which have not been discerned from other stages of the life cycle, namely, Aedes canadensis, nigromaculis, punctor, stimulans infirmatus and trivittatus. A key to the first instars of the 37 species of the world-wide Anophelinae is presented, on the basis of published descriptions and figures of the exotic species.


Internationally renowned psychiatrist Tsung-Yi Lin passed away on July 20, 2010, in Vancouver, Canada, at the age of 89. Dr. Lin was born in 1920 in Tainan, Taiwan. He had a remarkable – almost legendary – career, making significant contributions to both general and cultural psychiatry in Taiwan, throughout Asia, and globally (Copland, 1993). As a scholar, Dr. Lin held professorships in psychiatry at the National Taiwan University, the University of Michigan, and the University of British Columbia, and honorary professorships at Peking Medical University and the University of Tokyo. He served as the president of the World Federation of Mental Health, and later as honorary president. As a young man of 19, after finishing high school in Taipei, he was accepted into the Medical School of the Tokyo Imperial University (now known as Tokyo University), a highly reputed university in Japan. When the Pacific War ended in 1945, he returned immediately to Taiwan. All the Japanese faculty members had been evacuated and returned to Japan, and Dr. Lin was appointed to fill the vacancy of chair of the department of psychiatry at the National Taiwan University School of Medicine. At age 26, he was the youngest chairperson in the medical school. Although he was young, he was a competent administrator and educator, and devoted himself to developing the department. In less than two decades, he made the department one of the most advanced and comprehensive academic psychiatric institutions in Asia (Lin, 1961).


Abstract The article documents a two-year interpretive case study of fourth through sixth grade students engaged in a problem-based telecollaboration exchange between classrooms in Laramie, Wyoming, and Monteverde, Costa Rica. Problem-based learning was viewed in concert with a constructivist perspective to guide examination of global issues. The investigation of participants in sites that were separated by nation, language, and culture informed a framework for problem-based learning collectively across international boundaries. Issues of access to computer mediated technology in a world context and the importance of an agreed upon language of communication were also examined.


Abstract The reaction behavior of condensed tannins and related polyphenols with ammonia (NH3) water was examined. NH3 water treatment of pyrogallol, gallic acid, and epigallocatechin, which have a pyrogallol nucleus, caused regioselective amination in the presence of molecular oxygen (O2) to form 2-aminoresorcinol, 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 4′-C-amino-epigallocatechin, respectively. In contrast, other polyphenols, such as catechol, protocatechuic acid, and epicatechin, which have a catechol nucleus, did not undergo amination even in the presence of O2. Under nitrogen atmosphere (in the absence of O2), epimerization at the C-2 position took place during NH3 treatment of epigallocatechin, in addition to amination. The same epimerization took place during NH3 treatment of epicatechin regardless of the presence or absence of O2. By NH3 treatment, pyrogallol-type B-rings of condensed tannin from Acacia mearnsii underwent regioselective amination to yield 4′-amino-3′,5′-dihydroxybenzene-type B-rings in the presence of O2, whereas catechol-type B-rings of condensed tannin from quebracho showed little amination regardless of the presence or absence of O2. From these results, it was concluded that amination of pyrogallol nucleus by NH3 treatment should proceed via oxidation and reduction, and therefore this reaction would be attributed to the oxidation property of condensed tannins and related polyphenols.


This essay begins with an examination of the importance of conflict transformation. The failings of an ideology of management currently dominating the conflict resolution field are contrasted with components of a transformative practice. I then offer three cases from my own experience and draw lessons from them to illustrate the potential of conflict resolution in three distinct areas: fostering community, building a responsive governance, and resolving public conflict. The examples are the following:  A school redistricting dispute, where a return to the sense of common purpose and community was the primary goal of the convenors;  A tri-jurisdiction community visioning process, illustrating ways of strengthening the nexus between citizenry and government;  The Virginia Mental Health Insurance Parity process, where mediation helped end continuing legislative stalemate and address key health and economic issues. INTRODUCTION: THE MEANING OF CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION Upon successfully advocating for the development of a doctoral program in conflict analysis and resolution at George Mason University, Jim Laue enjoyed envisioning a long procession of dissertations emanating from the doctoral candidates, all following the same format. These would be titled something like "The Application of Conflict Analysis and Resolution Procedures to ... (whatever the case might be)." Alas, we who entered the doctoral program must have sorely disappointed him. Our interests were much too varied, our ambitions too bold, for us to be satisfied with mere case studies. No, we wanted to prescribe how to save the world, or various portions of the world. My own first research proposal--to examine the entire range of conflict resolution practice, from interpersonal to international, and prescribe the way things ought to be--Jim gently but firmly discarded. It was replaced by a task only somewhat less immodest: proposing ways the public conflict resolution field could address fundamental problems of the public domain and democratic governance. I thus bring to this chapter the results of that broad examination. I also bring the perspective of a mediator of community and public disputes, an advocate for community involvement in governance, and a facilitator of public dialogue. And while perhaps I bring somewhat more humility now than I did as a student, I continue to enjoy considerable hope that the field of conflict resolution has much to offer. While even a vibrant and effective conflict resolution field will not ensure the creation and sustenance of life-affirming relationships, institutions, and structures, it is certainly the case that these ends cannot be met without the capacity to constructively engage different views, resolve difficult conflicts and reconcile broken relationships. The reader may assume by the title I have offered this chapter, "Why Conflict Transformation Matters," that there is a definitive conception of "conflict transformation" and a clear distinction between that term and the other terms used to describe modes of addressing conflict, primarily "settlement," "management," and "resolution." However, that is not the case at all. It is true that the concept of conflict transformation has emerged as a powerful ideal in many areas of conflict intervention. In such recent works as The Promise of Mediation: Transforming Conflict Through Empowerment and Recognition (Bush and Folger, 1994); Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Cultures (Lederach, 1995); Mediation, Citizen Empowerment, and Transformational Politics (Schwerin, 1995); Negotiation, Conflict Resolution, and Human Needs: Social Transformation for a Sustainable Future in South Africa (Visser and Bremner, 1996); and my own Resolving Public Conflict: Transforming Community and Governance (Dukes, 1996) the term has accrued a number of meanings, including transformation of individuals, transformation of relationships, and transformation of social systems large and small. Some if not all of these meanings are controversial. Much of the conflict resolution world still draws on the legacy of labor-management mediation, where neutrality and the quest for agreement predominate and the identification of broader goals, whether they be moral growth of disputants (Bush and Folger, 1994), development of the mediators (Dukes, 1990; Schwerin, 1995), or the kind of social change advocated by many (e.g., Dukes, 1993, 1996; Lederach, 1995) is viewed with suspicion or outright hostility. Let me suggest the distinction between "transformation" generically and those other terms used to describe how conflict is addressed. While the many conceptions of conflict transformation vary considerably by author, they do share one critical element in common. That is, each of the works listed above recognizes the impact of the conflict resolution process on parties, relationships, and institutions beyond the immediate issues under dispute. Each of these works argues for consideration of that impact in the purposes, goals, and evaluation of conflict resolution processes. Whether the process is termed mediation, consensus building, peacemaking, or something else, the intervention of a third party is not and cannot be only about the settlement, management, or resolution of a dispute. Rather than delineate the often substantial differences among the various advocates for conflict transformation, I will offer my own vision of a transformative field and practice of conflict resolution. I will then draw upon three cases from my own experience to give some flavor of what that transformative practice really means. Why make this effort now? The conflict resolution field is being pulled in very different directions by market pressures, divergent ideologies of the members of the field, and competing needs and demands for services. This tension has been the case since conflict resolution's inception as a field of study and practice, but there are several current circumstances which make this an opportune, and important, time for such reflection. I offer here four elements of the broad field of conflict resolution worth noting as it begins its entry into the twenty-first century: 1) Growth of conflict resolution practice. From beginnings as efforts just two decades ago to apply processes which had achieved success in the labor-management arena to neighborhood, family, and public disputes over racial and environmental issues, the conflict resolution field now is a much larger organism encompassing activities such as court-referred arbitration and mediation, policy dialogues and negotiated rulemaking at all levels of governance, school violence prevention programs, state offices of dispute resolution, innumerable non-profit and for-profit organizations, expansion overseas, publications, university programs, and other indicators of establishment and growth. 2) A search for purpose. Much of this expansion is happening independent of intention, a response to market conditions: existing goods (e.g., judicial, legislative and administrative processes) don't satisfy consumer demand. The processes of conflict resolution, in many cases, do. Many of those who came into the conflict resolution field seeking answers to questions about social justice are concerned about where this growth is heading, and they seek to establish purpose and direction and an answer to the question: what is conflict resolution for? 3) Spread of roots. Like a tree whose roots extend underground as its limbs branch outward, conflict resolution is growing in depth as well as breadth. The history of conflict resolution is not static. That is, as the field moves into new arenas, develops new procedures, takes on new meanings, and seeks new outlets, it pursues and discovers complementary historical dimensions as well. 4) The movement for democratic and community renewal. Before the question, what is conflict resolution for, may be answered, another, prior question, must be raised: what are people for? It is easy for every generation to forget the problems which beset earlier generations. Yet the tendency to exaggerate the problems of our own time cannot hide the uncommon concerns about these problems. For we not only know that we have many problems, things seem only to be getting worse, as is evidenced by the growing gap between rich and poor, the segregation of race and culture, and the promiscuous cult of violence, among other indicators. There is little expectation that there are solutions to these problems, and even less hope that our institutions of governance might be able to implement what solutions there are. This despair, and the accompanying cynicism, manipulation, partisanship, polarization, and disengagement from civic life, has prompted considerable reconsideration of the foundations of community life and democratic governance. This reconsideration involves the reconception of who we are, how we relate to one another, and how we govern ourselves. These are some of the key themes found in this new thinking: 1) Individuals as social beings We are not independent entities whose primary interest lies in maximizing individual gains. This view of human nature is incapable of explaining behavior inconsistent with its premises, such as affection, altruism, and cooperation (Gould, 1988). We are neither innately competitive nor fundamentally good; rather, we have the potential for both cooperation and competition, for good and for evil. Furthermore, we are social beings, who do not develop our autonomy without bondedness (Clark, Haworth). 2) Search for a human(e), life-affirming society The types of nurture required by social human beings include the following:  Individual and societal respect for the needs and, indeed, inherent worth, of each individual;  A focus on the responsibilities of individuals to all levels of community, from the family to the globe;  A stress on partnership and cooperation;  The acceptance of diffe


The article describes diagnostic findings and methods of the osteopathic treatment of patients with olfactory and gustatory disorders after the coronavirus infection.


Abstract— The biological effectiveness of thymine‐thymine cyclobutane dimers specifically induced by photosensitized ultraviolet‐B irradiation was analyzed by host‐cell reactivation of triplet‐sensitized, UV‐B irradiated plasmid pRSVßgal DNA transfected into normal and repair‐deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells. For comparison, pRSVßgal DNA was also UV‐C irradiated and transfected into the same cell lines. Ultraviolet endonuclease‐sensitive site induction was determined after UV‐C irradiation or acetophenone‐sensitized UV‐B irradiation of plasmid pRSVßgal DNA. These data were used to calculate the number of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers required to inactivate expression of the lacZ reporter gene in each irradiation condition. Transfection with UV‐C‐irradiated plasmid DNA resulted in a significantly greater reduction of reporter gene expression than did transfection with acetophenone‐sensitized UV‐B‐irradiated pRSVßSgal DNA at equivalent induction of enzyme‐sensitive sites. Since only a fraction of the inhibition could be accounted for by noncyclobutane dimer photoproducts, these results suggest that cytosine‐containing pyrimidine cyclobutane dimers may be more effective than thymine‐thymine dimers in inhibiting transient gene expression as measured in such host‐cell reactivation experiments in mammalian cells.


In brief theses, I represent a wide range of issues relating to the formation and changes in the educational space and the educational environment under the influence of information and communication technologies. In order to consider the stated problem, I actualized the concepts of space and the environment. Compared with common positive background of information technology development that present in the contemporary educational space, I say about the risks of the infinite and uncontrolled info-communications development, about the specifics of those ones in postmodern age, and on the role of information in terms of non-classical methodology. I offer a consistent program based on the organizational and educational principles, to prevent risks and to develop positively information and communication technologies.
 educational environment; educational environment; information technology; communication strategies; text; inter-subjectivity; intertextuality


The gear transmission is one of the most important mechanical transmission,Good lubrication of the gear is the key factor effecting the gear transmission.The paper gives numerical solution and of the Elastic Hydrodynamic Lubrication(EHL)mathematical model esteblished by authes,and analyzes both the influnece of load parameters,and viscosity of the lubricants on the lubrication film pressure distribution and film thickness profiles.The calculation results also show that as the load increases,the second peak valuve film pressure reduces,and the location deviates the direction to the entrance;Thas as the viscosity of the lubricants increases,the influence to elastic film pressure is not too great,but the film thickness increases gradually.Finally,accoding to the ratio of minimam film thickness to the tooth sarface roughness,the paper analyses the lubrication state of gear transmission.


.......................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Current Situation ............................................................................................................................. 5 Jewish versus Non-Jewish Immigration ...................................................................................... 5 African Asylum Seekers.............................................................................................................. 8 Section I: Ethics ............................................................................................................................ 10 Section II: International Law ........................................................................................................ 14 Israel and Refugee Protection ................................................................................................... 18 African Asylum Seekers in Israel.............................................................................................. 22 Section III: Burden-sharing........................................................................................................... 29 An introduction to Burden-sharing ........................................................................................... 29 Burden-sharing in International Law ........................................................................................ 31 UNHCR and Burden-sharing .................................................................................................... 34 European Union and Burden-sharing ........................................................................................ 38 Burden-sharing and Israel ......................................................................................................... 39 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 47 Works Cited .................................................................................................................................. 50


The background of this research is about the translation of English modals can and could into Indonesian. The problem of the research is, what are the translation of English modals can and could in Indonesian take from the Novel "Special Delivery" which is written by Danielle Steel and its Indonesian version is "Anugrah Istimewa" translated by Kathleen S.W as the sources of data. The aim of the research is to find out the translation of English modals can and could used Indonesian from the novel as the sources of the data. The research used qualitative method. In this case, the writer collect classified, and identified the data concerning with the translation of English modal auxiliaries. Then, the writer analyzed and displays the data. After analyzing the data from Chapter I to XI in the Novel, the writer concludes that the translation of English modals can is translated into: a) bisa, b) dapat, c) apakah, d) boleh and English modal of can can also, e) be not translated (Zero translation). Meanwhile, the translation of English modal could is translated into: a) bisa, b) dapat, c) akan, d) mungkin, and English of could can also, e) be not translated (Zero translation).
ii


ABSTRACT This paper examines the principal theoretical frameworks within which research into special educational needs (SEN) is currently conducted. It is argued that three paradigms can be distinguished, namely the psycho‐medical, the sociological and the organizational paradigms, which contrast along the following dimensions: conceptualization of special needs, comprising a model of causation and corresponding proposal for intervention; level of focus; and underlying epistemology. The argument is illustrated through a critical survey of recent work which exemplifies the principal characteristics of each paradigm. It is argued that the existing paradigms share the common limitation of reductionism. The case for an integrated theoretical framework which avoids reductionism' is made. Candidate theories at each level of focus are identified which might be used as the basis from which to develop such a framework. The principal qualities of the proposed anti‐reductionist theoretical framework are briefly outl...