In this article, we study the unconstrained minimization problem\[(P)\,\,\,\min\left\{ f(x):x\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\right\} .\]where \(f:\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is a continuously differentiable function. We introduce a new algorithm which accelerates the convergence of the steepest descent method. We further establish the global convergence of this algorithm in the case of Armijo inexact line search.


In this article Sandra Power highlights the concerns that many English teachers hold about what they perceive to be decreasing boys' participation in the English classroom. Government reports into literacy skills routinely present statistics to support our concerns that boys are achieving less than girls in literacy-based subjects. Patently, this begs the question: which boys? Power presents a selected review of current literature pertaining to issues relating to boys' reading and literacy issues, including the political dimension of boys' education (the gender agenda), literacy achievement levels, attitudes to reading, reading practices, recreational reading, family literacy practices and contemporary digital culture. These issues are chosen from a broader catalogue, and provide us with some understanding of boys' current reading.


The otolaryngologist is often asked to evaluate newborns with stridor or upper airway obstruction. Although awake nasopharyngolaryngoscopy, direct laryngoscopy, and bronchoscopy in the operating suite remain the gold standard for complete airway assessment, many children can be diagnosed less invasively. Supraglottic mass lesions, laryngomalacia, and unilateral or bilateral vocal fold movement impairments can often be identified with bedside laryngoscopy. Unfortunately, the small-diameter endoscopes required to perform transnasal endoscopy in premature infants and term neonates are expensive and fragile, and sturdier, adult instruments are too large to pass through the nose in very small babies. We have used the technique of transoral flexible laryngoscopy to visualize the airways of conscious infants for the past 15 years; it requires no special instrumentation nor is topical anesthesia required.


This article focuses on the design of a magnetic sensor (MS) in position detection of a permanent magnet linear motor (PMLM). The MS is composed of a hall-effect-integrated-circuit and magnetic materials, and it is well known as a contactless sensor with a simple structure, and low cost. As a result, it is preferred for precise linear positioning applications. The work presented in this article consists of the following three steps to achieve high accuracy and economy in the mover position detection for a PMLM. First, the initial design of the MS is described which has been optimized using response surface methodology to obtain very low total harmonic distortion value of the sensing signal. Second, the leakage flux of PMLM is analytically investigated, from which it is determined that shielding the leakage flux is most appropriate to ensure the accuracy of the MS. Finally, in an attempt to reduce manufacturing cost, three MS prototypes using different materials (silicon steel laminated core, steel solid core, and ferrite solid core) are fabricated and tested. To verify the analytical results, several experiments are conducted. The experimental data prove that the accuracy of the MS is sufficient to use for mover position detection for the PMLM.


The hashing approach as well as how it works in theory has been explained in the published manuscript. The eligible hash function has been defined and proved in Datar, Immorlica, Indyk, and Mirrokni (2004), as highlighted on pages 3–4 under section 2 "Literature Review." In fact, both localitysensitive hashing (LSH) and inner product hash function used in our sampling method are well-established concepts in computer science. In our study, we applied these concepts in the context of highway asset management to design a new sampling method and further justified its suitability. We understand the concern of the discusser in terms of the randomized hashing approach. However, interested readers should really refer to relevant papers that are cited in our manuscript regarding the theoretical proof. As long as the hash function can fulfill the criteria (bullet points in the second section), it is considered eligible to be used for the LSH approach—in our case, the inner product hash function.


Aim: To analyse unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based imagery to assess canopy structural changes after the application of different canopy management practices in the vineyard.Methods and results: Four different canopy management practices: i–ii) leaf removal within the bunch zone (eastern side/both eastern and western sides), iii) bunch thinning and iv) shoot trimming were applied to grapevines at veraison, in a commercial Cabernet-Sauvignon vineyard in McLaren Vale, South Australia. UAV-based imagery captures were taken: i) before the canopy treatments, ii) after the treatments and iii) at harvest to assess the treatment outcomes. Canopy volume, projected canopy area and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were derived from the analysis of RGB and multispectral imagery collected using the UAV. Plant area index (PAI) was calculated using the smartphone app VitiCanopy as a ground-based measurement for comparison with UAV-derived measurements. Results showed that all three types of UAV-based measurements detected changes in the canopy structure after the application of canopy management practices, except for the bunch thinning treatment. As expected, ground-based PAI was the only technique to effectively detect internal canopy structure changes caused by bunch thinning. Canopy volume and PAI were found to better detect variations in canopy structure compared to NDVI and projected canopy area. The latter were negatively affected by the interference of the trimmed shoots left on the ground.Conclusions: UAV-based tools can provide accurate assessments to some canopy management outcomes at the vineyard scale. Among different UAV-based measurements, canopy volume was more sensitive to changes in canopy structure, compared to NDVI and projected canopy area, and demonstrated a greater potential to assess the outcomes of a range of canopy management practices.  Significance and impact of the study: Canopy management practices are widely applied to regulate canopy growth, improve grape quality and reduce disease pressure in the bunch zone. Being able to detect major changes in canopy structure, with some limitations when the practice affects the internal structure (i.e., bunch thinning), UAV-based imagery analysis can be used to measure the outcome of common canopy management practices and it can improve the efficiency of vineyard management.


Rapakivi granites, especially the famous rapakivis from southern Finland, are some of the most attractive building and decorative stones, used world‐wide because of their striking textures and beautiful colours. But rapakivi granites are more than just building material, they have also been studied scientifically for over 100 years to try to explain the formation of their plagioclase‐mantled alkali feldspar ovoids, the rapakivi feldspars which are responsible for the unique texture of the rock. Despite all the work which has been done on them, the formation of this distinctive texture is still not fully understood. Rapakivi granite complexes are not just a 'pretty face', they are also associated with important tin deposits in Rondônia and Amazonas in Brazil.


The recent war on terrorism and increased urban warfare has been a major catalysis for increased interest in the development of disposable unattended wireless ground sensors. While the application of these sensors to hostile domains has been generally governed by specific tasks, this research explores a unique paradigm capitalizing on the fundamental functionality related to sensor systems. This functionality includes a sensors ability to Sense - multi-modal sensing of environmental events, Decide - smart analysis of sensor data, Act - response to environmental events, and Communication - internal to system and external to humans (SDAC). The main concept behind SDAC sensor systems is to integrate the hardware, software, and networking to generate 'knowledge and not just data'. This research explores the usage of wireless SDAC units to collectively make up a sensor system capable of persistent, adaptive, and autonomous behavior. These systems are base on the evaluation of scenarios and existing systems covering various domains. This paper presents a promising view of sensor network characteristics, which will eventually yield smart (intelligent collectives) network arrays of SDAC sensing units generally applicable to multiple related domains. This paper will also discuss and evaluate the demonstration system developed to test the concepts related to SDAC systems.


Abstract This paper presents a simple framework for extracting information found in publications or documents that are issued in large volumes and which cover similar concepts or issues within a given domain. The general aim of the work described, is to present a model for automatically augmenting segments of these documents with metadata using dynamically acquired background domain knowledge in order to assist users in easily locating information within these documents through a structured front end. To realize this goal, both document structure as well as dynamically acquired background knowledge, are utilized. A real life example where these ideas have been applied is also presented. INTRODUCTION Enterprises and organizations often contain information rich texts, but rarely have the means by which these resources can be intelligently searched. In many cases, the search interface that is adopted is one based on keywords and though the indexing/matching techniques employed may be very sophisticated, this approach suffers from the same limitations associated with the existing Web search model (El-Beltagy, 2000; Han & Chang, 2002). This chapter addresses the particular problem of trying to extract information from organizational publications that are issued in large volumes and which cover similar concepts or issues and from which information cannot be extracted through the use of the structure of a document alone. The end goal, is to enable individual sections of those documents to be automatically augmented with metadata, so that users can perform structured search using a predefined set of categories or classifications and obtain as a result, only segments or sections of documents that fit their search criteria. The class of documents targeted by this work is thus that of resources that contain a set of information entities most of which fall under known categories, but which contain no special markup to differentiate them from other information entities. The approach adopted towards this problem is to attempt to make use of background knowledge about those categories and to employ that for intelligent search. Rather than forcing predefined static background knowledge, the work presented allows for the dynamic acquisition of this knowledge as the system evolves. Our goal is thus two fold; the first is to provide the tools that can assist in ontology building and to utilize the background ontology for document indexing, and the second is to provide an intelligent interface to allow for the retrieval of the stored information. BACKGROUND Information is vital resource to individuals and organizations as its timely location can influence key decisions that affect both. It is thus no wonder that massive research efforts


1 ABSTRACT - The effects of inbreeding and of the selection of clones in families obtained through biparental, polycrossings and selfing (S1) were evaluated. The families were represented in 89 clones and evaluated at the plant cane and ratoon stages. Results show that inbreeding depression in sugar cane is expressive for the trait tons of brix per hectare (TBH), tons of stalks per hectare (TSH), length, diameter and mean stalk weight, except for brix and number of stalks. The inbreeding influence on the traits TBH and TSH showed that selfing is not indicated for clone selection for commercial purposes, due to the high genetic load in the clones evaluated for yield per hectare. On the other hand, it was possible to select some productive inbred clones, suggesting an alternative form of using S1 clones as parents in the process of reciprocal recurrent selection.


The rationale behind the importance of teaching young secondary school students how to look for correlation patterns in data is explored. Two lessons are described which show how 11–13 year old pupils can experience what is meant by correlation and also learn to identify zero, positive, or negative correlation patterns between variables. The two lessons are part of a research project which is briefly described, the Cognitive Acceleration through Science Education project. Some indication of the possible success of the project is given.


Giri Mulyo village of West Kayu Ayo district was known as the biggest the biggest chilli-producing village in Kerinci Regency.  In addition, this village also produce the commodity of potatoes and other agricultural products such as shallots, cabbage, mustard greens, tomatoes, and other types of vegetables which are marketed to various regions. The purpose of this research was to investigate the commerce and authority relations formed between chilli farmers and chilli merchants. This reseach conducted qualitatively through observation, deep interview and document study to collect desired data. The result of study showed that in terms of commodity price, the farmers were dependant to merchant decision, and in fact they sometimes suffered losses. Moreover, the chilli farmers especially the sharecroppers sold their product to merchants because they had been their old clients. This relation was maintained because the farmers and the sharecroppers usually depended on them in running their farming business. Furthermore, the authority relation formed between the parties was also influenced by factors of culture, farmer's helplessness, and market situation.


In recent years, sulfonamides have become very important in the chemotherapeutic treatment of various bacterial diseases. For this reason, it is desirable to understand more clearly their mode of action and their effect on human nutrition. One method of approaching both of these problems is by studying the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on the synthesis of growth factors essential to bacterial nutrition. Although a number of theories have been suggested regarding the mode of action of sulfonamides (Woods and Fildes, 1940; Henry, 1943; Sevag and Green, 1944), there are still many factors that have not been explained to complete satisfaction. Oneof these factors is the effect of sulfathiazole on riboflavin production. This paper is concerned with the synthesis of riboflavin by two nonpathogenic organisms that are sensitive to sulfathiazole and that synthesize relatively high amounts of riboflavin. Since riboflavin is an important factor in bacterial respiration, more light may be shed on this complex problem of sulfonamide action by observing the effect of this drug on riboflavin synthesis. When bacterial cells synthesize riboflavin, they not 'only produce sufficient quantities for their own metabolism, but also release an excess into the substrate. According to Burkholder and McVeigh (1942), this amounts to more than 15 per cent of the total quantity synthesized in 48 hours. Therefore, by determining the amount that is present in the culture medium and cells at various time periods, the rate of increase of riboflavin and the effect of sulfathiazole on this increase can be determined.


ii Acknowledgements iii List of Figures vi List of Tables vii Chapter 1: General Introduction 1 Migration, diadromy and amphidromy 1 Amphidromy 2 Why be amphidromous? 2 Previous research 4 Larval drift 4 New Zealand larval drift studies 4 Larval survival and development 5 Thesis focus 6 Bullies 6 Torrentfish 6 Objectives 7 Chapter 2: Temporal and spatial patterns of drifting fish larvae in a South Island, New Zealand coastal stream 8 Introduction 8 Methods 9 Field sites & equipment. 9 Diel drift sampling 10 Lab 11 Results 12 Larval Types 12 Diel drift sampling 13 Fine-scale sampling 14 Species specific drift patterns 14 Condition of larvae 16 Discussion 17 Larval types 17 Diel drift patterns 17 Spatial drift patterns 19 Damaged larvae 19


The last two decades has witnessed the speedy growth of e-commerce, most conspicuously in online shopping websites such as Amazon, eBay or Alibaba. The popularity of e-commerce increases the users' lifetime value and makes online market more competitive. The strategy for platform owners is to make highly customized suggestions to customers meaning that they should know users individually by learning from their habits. Different from a traditional brick-and-mortar store where there is only one store for all users, in e-commerce, if you have 3 million customers on the Web, you should have 3 million stores on the Web (Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon). Therefore a need for deeply understanding users to create personalized recommendations is formed.The basic idea of recommendation is linking one product (item) to other products, one user (client) to users, as clusters, and then create connections between them. Initially, it meant just suggesting the same purchased item to other buyers. The state of affairs has been gradually improved by the technology and effort of researchers. Nowadays, Web recommendation system has become an essential part of all online e-commerce systems. In this paper, a novel process for constructing a recommendation system is proposed. And we explore the recommendation algorithm through a case study of Web log mining a real-world online shopping site.


Scientists and managers are often confronted with questions concerning nature valuation, at least in relative terms. In oil spill compensation assessment, for instance, the amount of money the polluter has to pay for to compensate the loss is defined in monetary values. It is however difficult or even impossible to put a price tag on some ecological values. A Finnish-Estonian Interreg IIIA project OILECO constructs a ranking system for populations to be used when there is a need to prioritize oil combating in the Gulf of Finland. Because of limited time and resources for oil combating after the oil accident, fast and difficult decisions have to be made on which populations should be safeguarded. Aesthetic and economic values have often had more weight than ecological aspects like e.g. recoverability of species and their status in e.g. international agreements. This has led to the neglect of e.g. many threatened taxa that can be as severely affected by oil spills. We suggest that the aim should be to minimize long term effects on the populations. This means that the ecological role, rarity and genetic uniqueness (probability to lose a genetically adapted population) of species should be used as a basis for valuation instead of aesthetic or economic values that can more readily recover after the oil accident. In the valuation and ranking of the species we use the decisions already made in the society to evaluate, which species should be considered to be more important than others. These decisions include e.g. nature conservation areas and the species ́ status in the IUCN classification and EU legislation.


VACCINES IN PREGNANCY: MORE THAN Summary The approach to vaccines during pregnancy facts. state-of-the-art paper the scientific evidences to prescribe vaccinations to anti Pertussis anti


The invention discloses a sample pretreatment method for determining iron content in oil, which comprises the steps of: placing a sample to be tested into water, boiling under an acidic condition to convert iron in the sample into iron ions, cooling, and transferring an aqueous phase in a volumetric flask and defining a volume to obtain a sample solution to be tested. The sample solution to be tested can be used for determining and calculating the iron content in the sample through a Phenanthroline spectrophotometric method. The treatment method for treating an oil sample is simple and is beneficial to avoiding the iron loss of the sample in a combustion and ashing process, a determination result is correct, and the analysis time on the sample is shortened to about 1h from the original 2.5h at least, therefore, the analysis time is greatly saved so that data support can be timely provided for the regulation of a production process.


Nuruddin Farah's A Naked Needle (1976), and Ayi Kwei Armah's Why Are We So Blest? (1972), are both novels set in failing revolutions in postcolonial states, one a decade after independence and the other immediately in its wake. They are also novels that in their treatment of racially mixed marriages and relationships make considerable play, either of a serious or satiric kind, with race-sex archetypes inherited from colonialism. This article will attempt to determine the value die authors attach to the latter paradigms and what connection they have, if any, with the process of revolutionary decline. Koschin, die mercurial narrator of Farah's novel, is at once raconteur and reporter, romantic revolutionary and astute political commentator, idealist and realist. At the visit to Mogadiscio of his English fiancA©e Nancy, diree years after General Syad Barre's Soviet-backed military coup of 1969, Koschin is still determinedly celebrating the "revolutionary" event that ended the chaos of colonial parliamentary models: "Before this blessed Revolution, Nancy, there were over sixty political parties in this Country of Curiosity. . . . Each major tribe had a party to its name, each major party had a major tribe to support her" (99). ' His euphoria, however,


acids. In addition to total WSON the inorganic N species nitrate (NO3 ), nitrite (NO2 ), and ammonium (NH4 ) were also analyzed. WSON was found to represent � 45% (mean concentration � 3.5 nmol N/m 3 ) and � 43% (mean concentration � 61 nmol N/m 3 )o f the total N in wet and dry season aerosol samples, respectively. Urea and amino N made up � 19% of the total organic N in dry season aerosols and � 2.5% of the total organic N in wet season aerosols; the majority of WSON, � 80% in the dry season and � 97% in the wet season, remained uncharacterized. The results suggest that biomass burning is a source of WSON, yet poorly understood (since this data set represents the first study of WSON in the context of biomass burning). Future studies aimed at determining the magnitude of WSON released from biomass burning globally, its species composition, and its biogeochemical significance are needed. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere— composition and chemistry; 1615 Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805); KEYWORDS: nitrogen cycling, biomass burning, organic nitrogen


Provided are: an antibody binding specifically to a surface antigen, pre-S1, of a hepatitis B virus (HBV); a polynucleotide coating the antibody; an expression vector comprising the polynucleotide; a transformation agent comprising the expression vector; and use of the antibody in treating or preventing HBV infection and in detecting an HBV.


integrating its work with that of other divisions. This was also no trivial task, and Kreiss's detailing of this organizational work, toward what would ultimately become the fund-raising and voter-to-voter contacting systems for which Obama won such acclaim, is engrossing reading. Undoubtedly, there was remarkable technological innovation, especially databases that could be queried to generate lists of targeted voters. But those innovations could not independently deliver value to the campaign: careful coordination and organizational innovation were required to make them useful to the field operation and its volunteers. This is a book that will be of great interest to scholars of politics, campaigning, new media, and organization. Scholars interested in social movements' uses of digital (and especially social) media should also take notice: Kreiss shows the value of the human work of integrating digital media into movements. Another area that will be of interest to many is Kreiss's depiction of citizen participation in electoral campaigns. Obama's campaign in particular became powerfully associated with active supporter participation; Kreiss shows the complexity of this reputation and particularly the delicate balance between fostering participants' sense of involvement and structuring that participation toward calculated electoral goals. Kreiss shows how the campaign consciously maintained communications with supporters and the media to associate Obama's brand with participatory activity. Students of citizen participation in politics should take note of the "structured interactivity" Kreiss sees at work here. One challenge of writing a book based on the campaigns of Dean and Obama must be that the stories themselves are so compelling. And though the scholarly reader will find plenty to appreciate in Kreiss's treatment, it should be said that the book occasionally leaves its conceptual roots for less edifying campaign minutiae. Undoubtedly, there is historical value in documenting these, but many readers will find certain passages to be distracting lists of only vaguely familiar names and events. But these complaints are small in comparison to the great value of the overall work. It is an illuminating account of Dean's and Obama's uses of digital media, the connections between them, and most importantly, the meticulous "crafting" that goes on behind what we too often blithely refer to as "networked politics."


. Ozone in the Arctic stratosphere is subject to large interannual variability, driven by both chemical ozone depletion and dynamical variability. Anomalies in Arctic stratospheric ozone become particularly important in spring, when returning sunlight allows them to alter stratospheric temperatures via shortwave heating, thus modifying atmospheric dynamics. At the same time, the stratospheric circulation undergoes a transition in spring with the Stratospheric Final Warming (FSW), which marks the end of winter. A causal link between stratospheric ozone anomalies and FSWs is plausible and might increase the 5 predictability of stratospheric and tropospheric responses on sub-seasonal to seasonal timescales. However, it remains to be fully understood how ozone influences the timing and evolution of the springtime vortex breakdown. Here, we contrast results from chemistry climate models with and without interactive ozone chemistry to quantify the impact of ozone anomalies on the timing of the FSW and its effects on surface climate. We find that ozone feedbacks increase the variability in the timing of the FSW, especially in the lower stratosphere. In ozone-deficient springs, a persistent strong polar vortex and a delayed FSW in the 10 lower stratosphere are partly due to lacking heating by ozone in that region. High ozone anomalies, on the other hand, result in additional shortwave heating in the lower stratosphere, where the FSW therefore occurs earlier. We further show that FSWs in high ozone springs are predominantly followed by a negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) with positive sea level pressure anomalies over the Arctic and cold anomalies over Eurasia and Europe. These conditions are to a significant extent (at least 50%) driven by ozone. In contrast, FSWs in low ozone springs are not associated with a discernible surface climate 15 response. These results highlight the importance of ozone-circulation coupling in the climate system and the potential value of interactive ozone chemistry for sub-seasonal to seasonal predictability. new light on the ozone-FSW connection by performing targeted modelling experiments to isolate the impact of Arctic ozone from 65 dynamical variability. Specifically, we questions: (1) How large is the impact of ozone on the timing of the FSW?; (2) Is there a significant influence of ozone on the surface response to FSWs?; and (3) What are the mechanisms whereby ozone modulates the downward coupling during FSWs? significant


The high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) has been widely used for tomography to characterize three-dimensional structure and composition at the nanometer scale [1]. Since the two-dimensional (2D) projection images obtained from HAADF-STEM have the characteristics of high resolution, the reconstruction yields a high signal to noise ratio (SNR). However, it only shows the Z-contrast as an aggregate information of all elements present. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) – STEM tomography, on the contrary, contains element-specific information, but is with low SNR because of the low counts of X-rays.


Government performance evaluation is a new field of research in the study of innovative administration of the local government,boosting the innovation of the local government's administration at various levels by using administrative concepts,systems,mechanisms,forms,approaches,etc.The performance evaluation will impel the local government to gradually establish new ideas of result-orientation,taking the customer as the master,responsible administration,putting people first,etc.This will promote the innovation of the decentralized administrative system,financial administrative system,and civil servant performance evaluation system;push the innovation of decision-making mechanisms,executive mechanisms,and supervision mechanisms of the local government;increase the construction of performance budgeting mechanics and civic participation;and boost the innovation of the administrative approval form,public property rights operation form,and electronic control method.


This article aims to map the discursive reactions found in reviews of internet-readers in a post of the environmental movement Greenpeace Brazil on Facebook and evaluates primarily how such reactions might interfere in the public visibility and legitimacy of the movement built by the speech published on the site. The hypothesis of this work is that, by the reactions, surfers can conquer the political expression they want, but have limited levels of conversation and participation and may be unable to contribute to the visibility and legitimacy of the institution. We sought to identify the characteristics of reactions and levels of the detached participation and, finally, analyze primarily the interference of such reactions. For this, we adopted as the theoretical assumptions the Semiolinguistics Theory of Patrick Charaudeau and other theorists on digital subjectivity, as well as some more philosophical discussions on the scope of social networks. Keywords: social network, environmental movement, discursive reactions.


Abstract Athermal solutions of long polymer chains consisting of two types of freely jointed segments differing in length are considered. Two regimes of the orientational ordering are possible. The regime when short segments are almost completely disordered is characterized by an abruptly narrow biphasic region. Under the regime when both long and short segments are apparently ordered the boundaries of the biphasic region coincide approximately with those of phase transition in solution of homopolymer with segments of weight-average length (x).


The absence of the necessary infrastructure forms a barrier to institutions providing ICT enabled information sharing. This study focuses on UUM academics satisfaction of UUM email service. The questionnaire was adopted from Doll & Torkzadah (1988) and Seddon & Kiew (1996). The data collection has been done through direct interview and email. The aim of this study is to access the degree of satisfaction email service among academics in UUM. Specifically, the objective of this study are develop a theoretical framework of UUM email service satisfaction among academics in UUM and evaluate the academics' satisfaction towards the UUM email service.The results have been analyzed using SPSS. Overall, UUM email service
satisfies UUM academician where the score is more than the average.


The paper suggests an approach to the synthesis of the control over a linear dynamical system with phase and control constraints under uncertainty, when the goal of control is to hold the state vector in a given set. The paper describes such algorithm, based on the analysis of the predicted sets in the guaranteed estimation algorithm. The results of a comparative analysis of the traditional linear control algorithm with a quadratic quality criterion and the algorithm described above by the example of the problem of stabilizing the pitch angle of a launch vehicle are given in the paper.


Agricultural insurance, defined here to include crop and livestock insurance, is an instrument of choice in many countries for helping farmers and rural communities cope with risk. This paper explores the reasons why governments and donors subsidize agricultural insurance, and asks: (a) is this a worthwhile way to spend public money, and (b) if insurance must be subsidized are there smarter ways of doing it that can achieve the same objectives, but at lower cost, and which avoid some of the economic and institutional pitfalls that have plagued subsidized agricultural insurance in the past. The paper is structured as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two reviews existing types and levels of subsidies for agricultural insurance, both globally and for the developing world. Section three reviews the various arguments that have been offered for subsidizing agricultural insurance, while section four discusses some of the key challenges that have arisen when insurance subsidies are poorly designed. Section five seeks to balance the benefits and costs of subsidized agricultural insurance, and asks whether this has proven to be a worthwhile way of spending public funds. Section six presents a set of guiding principles and best practices to be used in their design and implementation. Finally, section seven concludes.


Microorganisms naturally form community ecosystems to improve fitness in diverse environments and conduct otherwise intractable processes. Microbial communities are therefore central to biogeochemical cycling, human health, agricultural productivity, and technologies as nuanced as nanotechnology-enabled devices; however, the combinatorial scaling of exchanges with the environment that predicate community functions are experimentally untenable. Several computational tools have been presented to capture these exchanges, yet, no attempt has been made to understand the total information flow to a community from its environment. We therefore adapted a recently developed model for singular organisms, which blends molecular communication and the Shannon Information theory to quantify information flow, to communities and exemplify this expanded model on idealized communities: one of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas fluorescens to emulate an ecological community and the other of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta) and Kleb Ciella to emulate a human microbiome interaction. Each of these sample communities exhibit critical syntrophy in certain environmental conditions, which should be evident through our community mutual information model. We further explored alternative frameworks for constructing community genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) – mixed-bag and compartmentalized. Our study revealed that information flow is greater through communities than isolated models, and that the mixed-bag framework conducts greater information flow than the compartmentalized framework for community GEMs, presumably because the latter is encumbered with transport reactions that are absent in the former. This community Mutual Information model is furthermore wrapped as a KBase Application (Run Flux Mutual Information Analysis, RFMIA) for optimum accessibility to biological investigators. We anticipate that this unique quantitative approach to consider information flow through metabolic systems will accelerate both basic and applied discovery in diverse biological fields. Author Summary Microorganisms frequently communicate information via information-bearing molecules, which must be fundamentally understood to engineer biological cells that properly engage with their environments, such as the envisioned Internet of Bio-NanoThings. The study of these molecular communications has employed information and communication theory to analyze the exchanged information via chemical reactions and molecular transport. We introduce an information- and communication-centric computational approach to estimate the information flow in biological cells and its impacts on the behavior of single organisms and communities. This study complements our previous work of cell metabolism by developing an end-to-end perspective of molecular communication based on enzyme-regulated reactions. We explore the mutual information using Shannon information theory, measured in bits, between influential nutrients and cellular growth rate. The developed RFMIA computational tool is deployed in the U.S. Department of Energy's Systems Biology Knowledgebase, where it quantitatively estimates information flow in both organism and community metabolic networks and extends recent developments in computer communications to explore and explain a new biology for the open-source community.


Element geochemical characteristics of ultramafic-mafic complex rocks in Wuxing show that the primary magma is tholeiitic magma with low Ti and high Mg in content.It derives from the partial melting function of slightly depleted mantle which forms from metasomatic depleted mantle by CO2-based fluid,and the main residual mineral phases are of garnet,spinel and rutile.The formation and evolution of magma have experienced three stages: ① thermal fluid led to higher partial melting of lithosphere mantle and then formed hypoalkaline basalt with saturated initial sulfur when ascending asthenosphere contacted with the lithosphere mantle;② the initial magma intruded into the lower crust to form magma chamber,the crystallization of magma produced stratiform-like cumulate,including olivine,hypersthene,augite,magnetite,and then formed residual gabbroic magma with the participance of crustal material;③ the residual magma and ore-bearing cumulate intruded upward successively to shape original mafic complex rocks in Wuxing when the magma chamber cracked.According to the mineralization of Cu-Ni and Pt-Pd deposit,Cu-Ni sulphides were formed by liquation in the late phase of fractional crystallization of magma chamber,and the Pt-Pd mineralization mainly occurred on the process of fluid action after diagenetic stage.


In this paper we construct compact metric spaces X, Y which are topologically distinct but whose topological sums X U X and Y U Y are homeomorphic.


Abstract : This report covers the developmental work accomplished on a program to furnish three fluidic servoactuators for a three-axis fluidic stability augmentation system (FSAS). The servoactuators, designed to the specification for a helicopter flight control system, are classified as 'experimental' but were designed to meet safety-of-flight requirements since they were intended for flight test in a hydraulic SAS. A servoactuator controlled by a two-stage fluidic servovalve was analyzed and designed. The servoactuator hardware was fabricated and bench tested. The servoactuator bench testing, using a load simulator, showed that the fluidic servoactuator meets all of the basic acceptance test requirements. The salient features are maximum force output of 100 lb, position frequency response flat to 7 Hz when operating with MIL-H-5606 oil supplied at 1000 psig, and a quiescent flow of 0.6 gpm.


In this paper we describe the process of designing an educational Virtual Reality (VR) application for university medical students to learn how to set up a work place ergonomically correct. We focus on commercially available hardware and a commercial game engine. This was a collaboration between medical experts and VR experts to achieve the ideal results. This use case builds on research of 3D user interfaces (UI) to create an UI system that novice VR-users can use intuitively. Next steps include a user study to compare immersive and non-immersive versions, as well as learn effects in VR.


Reverse Nearest Neighbor(RNN) query has been a hot subject of spatial query.In the real world,obstacles are not avoided,so the RNN query which considers the obstacle existed has become an important spatial query.The existed visible RNN only considers the visibility and does not take obstructed distance into consideration.This paper introduces a novel variant of RNN queries,the Obstructed Reverse Nearest Neighbor(ORNN) search,which finds the RNN with the shortest obstructed distance among the obstacles.By using the computation of obstructed distance and the related pruning heuristics,the ORNN query processing algorithm is proposed,and the relevant theorem and proof are given.


ABSTRACT Objective: This study compared the safety and efficacy of loteprednol etabonate 0.5%/tobramycin 0.3% (LE/T; Zylet*) with dexamethasone 0.1%/tobramycin 0.3% (DM/T; Tobradex†) in the treatment of ocular inflammation associated with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Research design and methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, investigator-masked, parallel-group study. Subjects with clinically diagnosed blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in at least one eye were randomized to LE/T (n = 138) or DM/T (n = 138) administered four times per day, for 14 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline to Day 15 (± 1 day) in the signs and symptoms composite score using a non-inferiority metric to compare LE/T to DM/T. Safety endpoints included visual acuity (VA), biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP) assessments, and adverse events. Results: At Day 15, the mean (SD) change from baseline in the signs and symptoms composite score was −15.2 (7.3) for LE/T-treated subjects and −15.6 (7.7) for DM/T-treated subjects. The upper bound of the 90% confidence interval for the difference in change from baseline was less than the non-inferiority margin not only at Day 15 but also at Day 7 and Day 3 for both the intent-to-treat and per protocol populations. Subjects treated with DM/T experienced a significant increase in IOP versus those treated with LE/T at Day 7, Day 15, and overall (mean [SD] of 0.6 [2.3] vs, −0.1 [2.2], p = 0.03, 1.0 [3.0] vs. −0.1 [2.4], p = 0.01, and 2.3 [2.3] vs. 1.6 [1.7], p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: LE/T satisfied the condition of non-inferiority to DM/T in decreasing the signs and symptoms of ocular inflammation associated with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Subjects treated with DM/T experienced more of an increase in IOP. Limitation: Although the single-masked design of this study could be considered a limitation, care was taken to ensure that the investigator was masked.


As the ARM processor is receiving increased attention due to the fast growth of mobile technologies and the internet-of-things (IoT), it is simultaneously becoming the target of several control flow attacks such as return-oriented programming (ROP), which uses code present in the software system in order to exploit memory bugs. While some research can detect control flow attacks on architectures like x86, the ARM architecture has been neglected. In this paper, we investigate whether ROP attack detection and prevention based on hardware performance counters (HPC) and machine learning can be effectively transferred to the ARM architecture. Given the observation that ROP attacks exhibit different micro-architectural events compared to benign executions of a software, we evaluate whether and which HPCs, which track these hardware events, are indicative on ARM to detect control flow attacks. We collect data exploiting real-world vulnerable applications running on ARM-based Raspberry Pi machines. The collected data then serves as training data for different machine learning techniques. We also implement an online monitor consisting of a modified program loader, kernel module and a classifier, which labels a program's execution as benign or under attack, and stops its execution once the latter is detected. An evaluation of our approach provides detection accuracy of 92% for the offline training and 75% for the online monitoring, which demonstrates that variations in the HPCs are indicative of attacks on ARM architectures. The performance overhead of online monitoring evaluated on 8 real-world vulnerable applications exhibits a moderate 6.2% slowdown on average. The result of our evaluation indicates that the behavioral changes in micro-architectural events of the ARM platform can play a vital role in detecting memory attacks.


In this paper, we undertake a content analysis of mathematics assessment tasks to understand how often graphical representations are embedded within high-stakes national and international tests. A total of 274 items were analysed, consisting of 160 Grade 9 UN items, 88 Grade 8 TIMSS items, and 26 PISA items. Analysis showed that all items in the PISA test were embedded with graphics, with far fewer graphical items in the TIMMS and national UN tests (47% and 33% respectively). We also found that graphical items in UN tests are distinct from PISA and TIMSS, suggesting a misalignment between what is represented in UN tests and international instruments.


Cengiz Aytmatov is one of the famous Kyrgyz writers,which is under the jurisdiction of the former Soviet Union.There are nearly 30 years about Aytmatov's academic research in China.From 1980s' one-dimensional criticism of political-humanity to the current multi-dimensional perspective of cultural criticism,it reflects the concept evolution of Chinese literature and art criticism,that is,from the 80's New Enlightenment to the 90's criticism of formalism,to the cultural criticism of 21st Century.At the same time,it also reflects the Chinese scholar's study of Russian and the Soviet Union literature,that is,from external research to internal research and then to the integration of the external and internal research.


Covid-19 pandemic cause difficult for final year students to complete their thesis. These difficulties lead to mental problems like anxiety. One of the factors that influence anxiety is peer social support. The purpose of this study was to determine relationship between peer social support and anxiety among final year students in completing their thesis during the pandemic at Riau University.The research design used was descriptive correlational with cross sectional approach. Among 369 final students were selected by using consecutive sampling technique. The measuring instrument was used Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and peer social support questionnaire with the results of validity test using the item-total correlation, results of the value validity r > 0,444 and declared valid. Test reliability obtained the results of the value of Cronbach alpha 0,858 and declared reliable on all statements. Analysis used test pearson chi-square.The results showed that there was a relationship between peer social support with anxiety in final year students in completing thesis during the pandemic at the University of Riau with p value of 0,022 (< 0,05). Anxiety occurs a lot in students aged 22 years and on average experience very severe anxiety with high support.


Family businesses are a major economic force, providing jobs to half of the working people in the United States. However, family business research is a relatively new field. Interest in family business has steadily grown over the past ten to fifteen years. Business owners want to know how to capitalize on family ownership advantages and protect against the disadvantages that cause business failure and loss of asset ownership. Service providers also realize that more information and education is needed to better serve their family business clients. This paper examines six categories of thought that are influencing the development of paradigms for the family-owned business. Each category has contributions and limitations. Further research in all areas of family business Is a necessity to gain an appropriate level of understanding in order to meet the needs of all the stakeholders. Chapter II describes three approaches to family business research in general. The rational approach and the focus on the founder can be considered micro aspects of the systems approach, which provides the macro model. The common thread is the notion that family processes and business processes exist in a continuous relationship with one another. Chapter III describes three approaches to research on family business succession. All three approaches tend to focus on the micro level of the family business; resistance to succession by the founder; phase and stage concepts, which is a set of assumptions about how change and growth occur over time; and the focus on the next generation. Chapter IV offers recommendations to family business owners, managers and service providers, based on the review of literature in the previous chapters. Four recommendations are offered to family business owners: introduce and educate all children to the business at a young age; establish a board of directors; develop high expectations for accountability of family members who work in the business; and develop and execute a written succession plan. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.


page 382.) Pisani, Surgeon L. J., to the othciating medical charge of the 4th Punjab Infantry, vice Surgeon A. R. Jolliffe, deceased. Swinbuknk, Surgeon J. D. _M., to the officiating medical charge of the 19th Bengal Lancers, vice Surgeon 11. C. Macwatt. (Surgeon Swinburne will remain with the Sikkim Expeditionary ?Force till his services can be spared.) Davidson, Surgeon D. M., to the officiating medical charge of the 18th Bengal Infantry, vice Brigade-Surgeon H. Potter, m.d. Skluck, Surgeon J. H., to the officiating medical charge of the 23rd Pioneers, vice Surgeon W. L. Price, transferred temporarily to civil employ. (This cancels Surgeon Deare's appointment to the 23rd Pioneers, notified in G. O. C."C., dated 24th August 1888, page 345.) Macnamaka, Surgeon J. M., m.d., to the officiating medical charge of the 16th Lucknow Regiment, vice Surgeon J. C. C. '?Smith, m n. f Buownk, Surgeon-Major S. H., m.d., Joint Civil Surgeon of ; Simla, is appointed to the medical charge of Army Head-Quarters staff and establishments remaining at Simla during the winter, in addition to his other duties, with effect from 17th October 1888. Lkthbkidgk, the services of Surgeon-Major A. S., InspectorGeneral of Jails, are placed temporarily at the disposal of the Government of India, in the Home Department. Pukvks, Surgeon-Major H. B., Civil Surgeon and Superintendent of the Temple Medical School, Patna, is appointed to act as Inspector-General of Jails. Uey, Assistant-Surgeon Gopal Chunder, is appointed to have medical charge of the civil station of Dinagepore. Walsh, Surgeon J. H. T., Officiating Resident Surgeon, Eden Hospital, Calcutta, is appointed to act as Civil Surgeon of Pooree. Adik, Surgeon J. R., Officiating Civil Surgeon of Pooree, is appointed to act as Resident Surgeon, Eden Hospital, Calcutta. Nicholson, Surgeon-Major F. C., Civil Surgeon oi Moorshedabad, on furlough, is appointed to act as Civil Surgeon and Superintendent of the Temple Medical School, Patna. Fkknch Mullkn, Surgeon J., Civil Surgeon, Tipperah, is appointed to be First Resident Surgeon, Presidency General Hospital. Murray, Surgeon-Major R. D., Officiating Civil Surgeon, Chutnparun, is appointed to be Civil Surgeon of Tipperah. Haldar, Assistant Surgeon Nidhu Lall, attached to the Hughly Emambarah Hospital, held medical charge of the civil station of Hughly from the forenoon of 2nd September to the forenoon of 27tii September 18*8. Bqi<gkss, Mr. R. N., Assistant Apothecary, Medical College Hospital, is appointed to act temporarily as Apothecary in that institution in addition to his own duties. Skn, Assistant-Surgeon Jadub Kristo, a supernumerary at the Presidency, is appointed to officiate as Medical Officer of the Buxar Sub-division and Central Jail.


This paper is about the issue of input parameter uncertainty in portfolio optimization in a discrete setting with finite states (such as the case in a world with different macroeconomic regimes). In such a setting, being unable to assign reliable point estimates to the probabilities (or frequencies) of the states creates the ambiguity. We first describe how this ambiguity can be modeled probabilistically. Then, we show how this added uncertainty can be dealt with in optimal asset allocation problems. In simple-yet-realistic example applications we demonstrate that without sacrificing much of the upside, ambiguity managed portfolios enhance the uniformity of returns across different states when compared to portfolios constructed by traditional methods. We stress that a key advice from these methods builds the case for insurance-like and potentially negative yielding investments such as bonds and commodities so as to hedge the unforeseeable macro uncertainties for a smoother portfolio performance. Finally, we offer a variety of problem domains in which ambiguity management can be nested including macroeconomic scenario based asset allocation, investing with regime switching models, momentum investing, and risk-based investing.


A method for producing iron-fortified, immunopotentiating fertilizer and feed is provided to produce the fertilizer and feed capable of satisfying iron requirements for agricultural crops and livestock and preventing damage by blight and noxious insects and diseases of livestock. A method for producing blood fertilizer and feed in solid forms includes the steps of: (140) removing foreign substances and grinding and homogenizing transferred blood by a press friction type method in a roller mill or screw mill manner; transferring the blood to a spiral type sterilization drying and mixing device of a dual steam pipe structure(210), or transferring the blood to a blood storage and cooling device(150), thereto adding about 0.3-3wt%, based on the amount of the blood, of an acidic material, stirring the admixture, and transferring the stirred material to the spiral type sterilization drying and mixing device; sterilizing, solidifying, drying, and mixing the blood; and performing an extrusion process through a mixing and homogenizing device(220).


The bait for Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica ) traps as usually prepared loses its effectiveness upon exposure in the field. In an attempt to devise a method of maintaining the attractiveness of the geraniol and eugenol over a considerable period of time, these substances were vaporized by means of wicks of various lengths placed in small bottles containing the attractive agents. The results indicated that when wicks of a certain size were used in traps of two types, more beetles were captured than in check traps containing the bran-molasses mixture with the attractants added.


ABSTRACT This paper deals with the design and implementation of a new multi-purpose function generator, in which the frequency of oscillation can be controlled by an external signal. It provides different types of waveforms such as sine, square, triangle, TTL square and monitor waveforms. The TTL square and monitor waveforms are provided for use respectively as a clock to logic circuits and for various timebase applications. The function generator provides low-distortion outputs from 1 MHz to 1 MHz in nine controlled ranges. The output waveforms are calibrated 0-20 V pk-pk with DC offset control. Input and output impedances are 10Ω and 600Ω, respectively.


The development of Cu-based catalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) is of major interest for generating commercially important C2 liquid products such as ethanol. Cu is exclusive among the eCO2RR metallic catalysts in that it facilitates the formation of a range of highly reduced C2 products, with a reasonable total faradaic efficiency but poor product selectivity. We report here the development of a series of new sulphide-derived copper-cadmium catalysts (SD-CuxCdy). An excellent faradaic efficiency of ~32% but with a relatively low current density of -0.6 mA cm-2 for ethanol was obtained using the SD-CuCd2 catalyst at the relatively low overpotential of 0.89 V in a CO2 saturated aqueous 0.10 M KHCO3 solution with an H-cell. The current density increased by an order of magnitude under similar conditions using a flow cell where the mass transport rate for CO2 was greatly enhanced. Ex situ spectroscopic and microscopic, and voltammetric investigations point to the role of abundant phase boundaries between CdS and Cu+/Cu sites in the SD-CuCd2 catalyst in enhancing the selectivity and efficiency of ethanol formation at low potentials.


Oligosaccharides have been isolated from milk of many mammalian species including equine, bovine and marine mammals. Oligosaccharides are important components of milk with bioefficacy as prebiotics, anti-infective, and immune system modulators and as a possible source of sialic acid for neural function. In all mammals buffalo is the major milk cattle of north India. Buffalo milk presents physicochemical features different from that of other ruminant species, such as a higher content of fatty acids and proteins. Buffalo milk oligosaccharide induces significant stimulation of antibody, delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep red blood cells in BALB/c mice. This also stimulates non-specific immune response of the animals measured in terms of macrophage migration index. In continuation to our previous work on buffalo milk oligosaccharides we have isolated a novel pentasaccharide from the buffalo milk having immunostimulant activity. In the present process buffalo milk was collected and processed by the modified method of Kobata and Ginsburg followed by gel filteration, HPLC and CC techniques, which led to isolation of a novel pentasaccharide Orientose. The result obtained from chemical degradation, chemical transformation along with spectroscopic data suggested that it was a pentasaccharide. Further the structure was confirmed by 1H, 13C and 2D NMR studies involving COSY, TOCSY and HSQC techniques along with mass spectrometry. The structure of Orientose was deduced as:


Horst and Berger [1976] introduced transformed cosets for Triple error correcting BCH codes. The transformed cosets has an important property that T_1=0, in the light of this condition it is easier to calculate solution of error locator polynomials by transformed coset rather than Newton's identities In this correspondence, we describe a new method to obtain the locator polynomials for the transformed and original cosets of four errors correcting binary BCH Codes of length n=2^m-1 , which are key factor to determine the coset distribution of the BCH code.


Seasonal patterns of live, dead, and unknown viability fine (diameter, ≤10 mm) roots of pine and other vegetation in a young and old slash pine stand were sampled using monthly soil coring over a 24-month period. A distinct unimodal pattern for roots <1 mm in diameter in the surface soil was observed. Live roots increased in the spring to a peak in midsummer and then declined. Larger roots and roots deeper in the soil showed less distinct seasonal patterns, although maximum and minimum annual biomass values were sometimes significantly different. Decomposition of fine roots in buried mesh bags averaged 15–20% per year for roots <5 mm in diameter. An analysis of seasonal dynamics and decompositon rates were combined to construct organic matter budgets for the forest floor and soil. Estimated net root production for roots ≤10 mm in diameter was 590 and 626 g m−2 year−1 in the young and old stand, respectively. Root turnover contributed 214 and 452 g m−2 year−1 to detrital pools on the two sites, with the ba...


People with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a markedly higher risk for cardiovascular disease. Systematic underrepresentation of people with CKD in cardiovascular randomised controlled trials (RCTs) limits evidence to guide cardiovascular risk management (CVRM). In this systematic review we aimed to identify evidence gaps regarding CVRM medication for people with CKD and evaluated the prevalence of exclusion of people with CKD from cardiovascular RCTs.

 We searched Clinicaltrials.gov through the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception until October 2021. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigate the efficacy of guideline-recommended CVRM medications on (cardiovascular) mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, and end-stage kidney disease in adults with a history of cardiovascular disease or one or more major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Two reviewers independently determined the eligibility of references and extracted data. Outcomes were an overview of studies that report results for people with CKD, evidence gaps in results, and the rate of exclusion of people with CKD.

 We included 1180 of the 2794 eligible RCTs involving 2,158,869 participants (mean age 63±6 years, 36% female). Overall, 841 (71%) RCTs excluded (subgroups of) people with CKD based on heterogenous exclusion criteria. Since 2000, this prevalence has increased from 70% to 75%. Of included RCTs, only 157 (13%) reported results for people with CKD (again in heterogenous subgroups). The prevalence of RCTs with results for people with CKD has increased since 2000 from 10% to 23%. Nevertheless, significant evidence gaps remain for most CVRM interventions, particularly for those with an eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2 (22 RCTs), and people who are treated with dialysis (14 RCTs) or received a kidney transplant (1 RCTs).

 The majority of cardiovascular RCTs continues to exclude (subgroups of) people with CKD and this has only increased over the years. Although more RCTs report results for people with CKD, evidence gaps for the efficacy most CVRM medications persist, particularly for those with severe CKD.


We set S1 = R/2πZ throughout. Let (M,ω) be a symplectic manifold. A symplectic S1-action on (M,ω) is a smooth family ψt ∈ Symp(M,ω), t ∈ S1, such that ψt+s = ψt ◦ ψs for any t, s ∈ S1. One can easily check that the corresponding vector fields Xt ≡ d dtψt ◦ψ −1 t is time-independent, i.e., Xt = X is constant in t. We call X the associated vector field of the given symplectic S1-action. Note that X is a symplectic vector field, i.e., ι(X)ω is a closed 1-form. When ι(X)ω = dH is an exact 1-form, the corresponding symplectic S1-action is called a Hamiltonian S1-action, and the function H : M → R is called a moment map. Note that H is uniquely determined up to a constant. We point out that a symplectic S1-action on (M,ω) is automatically Hamiltonian if H1(M ; R) = 0. In general, ι(X)ω is only a closed form. In this case, one can perturb ω by adding a sufficiently small S1-invariant harmonic 2-form β so that ω + β is still symplectic and S1-invariant, and furthermore, the deRham cohomology class [ω+β] lies in H2(M ; Q). A positive integral multiple of ω+β, ω′ ≡ N(ω+β), is a S1-invariant symplectic form on M such that the deRham cohomology class of ι(X)ω′ lies in H1(M ; Z). Consequently, there exists a smooth function H : M → R/Z such that ι(X)ω′ = dH. Such a circlevalued smooth function H : M → R/Z is called a generalized moment map. As far as the topology of the S1-action is concerned, one may always assume that there is a generalized moment map. LetH be a moment map or generalized moment map of a given symplectic S1-action. We shall make the following two observations.


Polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization-dependent loss (PDL) are the main polarization effects that degrade intermetropolitan and transoceanic high-speed optical fiber communication systems [Huttner et al., 2000]. As a result of the stochastic nature of PMD [Khosravani et al., 2001], it is very difficult to compensate the performance degradation due to PMD, which leads to waveform distortions and signal depolarization. Because PMD causes random fluctuations of the polarization state of the light, the performance degradation due to PDL also becomes stochastic; leading to power fluctuation in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems, and producing additional waveform distortions.


We prove a restricted weak type inequality for the spherical means operator with respect to measures with finite α-energy, α ≤ 1. This complements recent results due to D. Oberlin. Fix a small positive number δ, and for r > δ let us denote by S(x, r) the δneighborhood of the (n − 1)-dimensional sphere with center x ∈ R and radius r. That is S(x, r) = {ȳ ∈ R : r − δ 0 and 0 λ}) ≤ C|E|, (1) 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 42B25.


The role of commercial banks in the development of SMEs is vital to economic developmensts. It is acknowledged that the availability of financial capital is a pre-requisite for rapid development. Since efficient management of scarce resources are best facilitated by financial institutions (Myers, 1984).


To promote so-called cultural competence in work of direct-care providers and other health professionals among diverse peoples, cross-cultural training (CCT) is now widely advised. However, in ethically assessing aims and content of CCT, and surrounding issues and concerns, what should guide us? And if we can elaborate satisfactory moral touchstones, what do they imply for healthcare professionals, overarching structures, and bioethicists? Building on prior work, this paper tries to help answer these questions. Work in this paper is indebted to discussions with Annette Dula, Insoo Hyun, Muhjah Shakir, Melanie Tervalon, and colleagues at Tuskegee University and the Tuskegee University National Center for Bioethics in Research and Healthcare. Erika Blacksher, Leonard Ortmann, and Madison Powers provided useful comments about earlier drafts. This work was supported by CDC Cooperative Agreement Number P76/CCP424229-2.


We study Anderson localization and propagation of partially spatially incoherent wavepackets in linear disordered potentials, motivated by the insight that interference phenomena resulting from multiple scattering are affected by the coherence of the waves. We find that localization is delayed by incoherence: the more incoherent the waves are, the longer they diffusively spread while propagating in the medium. However, if all the eigenmodes of the system are exponentially localized (as in one- and two-dimensional disordered systems), any partially incoherent wavepacket eventually exhibits localization with exponentially decaying tails, after sufficiently long propagation distances. Interestingly, we find that the asymptotic behavior of the incoherent beam is similar to that of a single instantaneous coherent realization of the beam.


We investigate a small tuneable quantum ring fabricated by direct local oxidation using an atomic force microscope. The device contains very few electrons and is tuned into the Kondo regime. We study this Kondo effect by temperature dependent measurements. At finite bias voltages we observe additional peaks. These vanish with increasing temperature indicating Kondo correlations for these excited states. Additionally, the geometry of our device allows to study Aharonov–Bohm oscillations in the Kondo regime for a device containing less than ten electrons. We observe a modulation of the Kondo effect with a reduced Aharonov–Bohm period explained by electron–electron interaction in our small quantum ring.


I N TEREST in nursing service offered to industries by public health nursing agencies has been greatly stimulated by the war production effort and the great importance of protecting the health of workers. A summary of information about industrial nursing service made available by visiting nurse associations was published in the December, 1941, issue of Public Health Nursing. The data were secured from a postcard inquiry sent to a selected number of non-official public health nursing agencies. About three-quarters of the 260 agencies to whom the postcard was sent returned answers, and about 30% of those who answered reported they were active in the field of industrial nursing. A four-page schedule was sent in January, 1942, to 59 agencies who had thus replied. Data were requested about: (1) type of establishment served, e.g., factory, bank, telephone company, (2) extent of industrial nursing service, (3) methods of interesting establishments in part-time nursing service, (4) types of nursing service offered to plants, (5) relationships between nursing service and plant, (6) amount of time and payment for service, (7) compensation and other record work, (8) preparation of nurses for industrial service. Only 22 of the 59 agencies returned the four-page schedule. Thirty sent no reply whatever, and seven wrote that their industrial nursing program was not the kind about which the requested information could be given. A number of agencies had misunderstood the original postcard question: "Have you any individual contracts with local industrial or commercial firms to supply nursing service?" and thought it meant home visits to workers covered by a group insurance policy. Such service is more usual than is the sup-


Teachers of French social history will extend a warm welcome to the latest book from that most industrious of historians, Roger Price, which plugs a glaring hole in undergraduate textbook literature. With Zeldin too long and notoriously idiosyncratic and Dupeux thin and rather dated, there was an obvious need for a survey textbook which Price with his vast knowledge of provincial France is ideally qualified to provide. His book is carefully organized into three sections. The first, analysing demographic and economic change, argues forcefully that the mid-nineteenth century was the watershed. Section two ('social relationships') claims that the old aristocratic and postRevolutionary bourgeois elites gradually fused together from fear of the masses, that the middling strata, initially susceptible to radical protest politics, became steadily more conservative and that after the social upheavals of 1848-51 the popular classes were gradually, if unevenly, ' integrated' into the Third Republic's consensus. Section three, covering cultural issues (education; religion) is particularly informative on the spread of primary schooling into rural France and on the complexities of popular religion, giving due weight both to evidence of continued religious vitality and to the spread of popular anticlericalism. The book's strengths are obvious. It offers a 'hard' quantitative and structural approach supported by 71 statistical tables and 23 maps. The demographic chapter will be particularly welcome to those who find their students regrettably but understandably reluctant to spend valuable library time reading Annales de Demographic Historique. However, Price's approach has the weaknesses of its strengths. The sparse use of literature is disappointing. No amount of sophisticated quantification can give sharper insights into the attitudes of French elites than those provided by major novelists. Yet Balzac achieves only four references in the index, Zola one, Stendhal and Flaubert none at all. There is, disappointingly, little in the book on one of the few topics which appear to capture the imagination of the present generation of essentially de-politicized undergraduates, i.e. women's history. Despite some discussion of women's work, female religiosity and girls' education, there is almost


The invention discloses a real-time information synchronization method based on a browser, which comprises the following steps of: (S1) sending an http request by a browser terminal to an access server thereof after a user logs in the browser terminal; (S2) judging whether a cache region of the access server has changed data after http connection is established between the browser terminal and the access server, if so, returning the changed data back to the browser terminal, and if not, maintaining the connection and waiting for the data to change; (S3) judging whether the http connection with the browser terminal exists when the access server receives the changed data, if so, returning the changed data back to the browser terminal, and if not, storing the data into the cache region, and returning the data next time when the http connection with the browser terminal is established. The method realizes the real-time requirement for the terminal user to acquire the updated information of a system (especially instant messaging system) in real time, and enhances user experience.


The methods and techniques presented provide a means for evaluating raw material characteristics in those situations where secondary deposits of lithic materials were exploited for stone tool production. Those aspects of secondary deposits measured or estimated include size, form, roundness, crystallinity, homogeneity, and raw material frequency. A comparison and discussion of two sampled areas in eastern New Mexico demonstrate how these procedures can be used to elucidate meaningful archaeological information. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Welcome to the 2012 Graduate Student Workshop! This full day workshop will take place on July 7th, 2012, and will comprise of presentations by selected students pursing research in some aspect of evolutionary computation. The intention of the workshop is to give students an opportunity to hone their presentation skills, to get important feedback on their research, and to network with other researchers in the evolutionary computing field.
 Students will present their work to an audience that will include a 'mentor' panel of established researchers in evolutionary computation. Presentations will be followed by a question and discussion period led by the mentor panel. Students with papers accepted for the workshop should prepare 30 minute oral presentations, with 15 minutes for questions and discussion immediately following the presentation. The presentations should discuss the material presented in the papers, but can also discuss larger research goals and plans for input from the workshop participants Students are encouraged to use this opportunity to not just present the results of a single experiment, but to use the opportunity to get feedback on their larger research goals.
 The goal of the workshop is to assist students with their overall research: methodology, goals, and plans. Students will also receive feedback on their presentation style. Other attendees will benefit by learning about current research, engaging in technical discussions and meeting researchers with related interests. Other students are encouraged to attend as a means of strengthening their own research.
 Students are also invited present their work as a poster at the evening Poster Session - an excellent opportunity to network with industry and academic members of the community.


Fractional void volume and specific geometrical surface of tower packings are important quantities fro mass transfer operations. Regular packings of cylindric rings (Rashig rings, Pall rings) yield a maximum of specific geometrical surface and a minimum of fractional void volume. These limiting values have been calculated in a fundamental way. Using the actual fractional void volume of a random packing the real value of the specific geometrical surface may be simply calculated. Comparisons between calculated values and results from literature and own measurements are presented


The Millennium Development Goals have shaped international funding and action for nearly a decade. They have passed into local discourse and are largely considered the 'right' approach to take in terms of fostering development. Eight years after the adoption of the Millennium Declaration, it is time for a critical reflection. At first glance, there seems to be nothing wrong with the MDGs. Who can argue against eradicating poverty and hunger worldwide? Who would not wish for all children to complete primary education? Who would not hope for a reduction in the spread of malaria and AIDS? These are all valuable objectives and any actor involved or interested in development issues is likely to acknowledge the fact. However, several questions remain: Why were certain objectives chosen instead of others? Who was pushing which agenda? What major pitfalls did this generate? Financially, there is a great deal at stake in tackling poverty and this needs to be borne in mind when reflecting on current deve-lopment discourses. Halfway to the MDG deadline, this essay reflects on several problematic issues: 1) the lack of progress measurements; 2) Goal 2 and the overemphasis on primary education; 3) Goal 8 and the difficulty of effectively operationalizing so many different sub-themes. It also considers what would be the best way forward up to 2015. Should we stick to the same eight goals for the next seven years, with all the pitfalls now identified, or should we learn from this mid-term assessment and hope for a reformulation of objectives?


Using the methods of literature data, survey interviews and other methods, the origin of ancient Chinese gymnastics, development and evolution, form and content are summarized, collation, analysis, to carry forward the an-cient Chinese gymnastics culture accumulation. The results showed that:Ancient Chinese gymnastics form early in the spring and autumn and the Warring States period has appeared;Ancient Chinese Gymnastics in different histori-cal periods of the development and evolution of ancient Chinese gymnastics;rich contents, various forms of. Sugges-tions:further excavation, consolidation of ancient Chinese gymnastics connotation, characteristic, make full use of the resources of gymnastics, carry forward Chinese ancient culture to modern gymnastics, provide the basis for the study.


As the value of organizational learning as a source of competitive advantage has become increasingly evident, human resource development (HRD) practitioners may face stronger demands to develop training more quickly and efficiently and increase rates of training transfer. One approach is to externally source organizational learning. In using this approach, it may be important for HRD practitioners to both develop training to engage external participants while utilizing organization development solutions to help internal employees adjust to the change. By examining the impact of open sourced and crowdsourced organizational learning on HRD practitioners, it is hoped that HRD practitioners may engage in informed workplace learning practice, even as the nature of the employment contract changes.


In order for an academic text to be considered appropriate in the community, it needs to exhibit disciplinary and cultural-based linguistic conventions. With the advances in corpus linguistics, scholars have been able to reveal the employment of these conventions in academic genres, one of which is lexical bundles. Simply defined as recurrent word combinations, lexical bundles reflect prominent functions in academic genres, as they deal with discourse organization, writer-reader negotiation, and stance construction, all of which achieve academic persuasion. Although the previous research has established the importance of lexical bundles, there is much less information about the disciplinary variations in the use of lexical bundles in academic genres. Adopting an automated frequency-driven approach, this research attempted to identify lexical bundles in research articles in the social sciences. Based on the investigation of 4-word lexical bundles in a corpus of research articles written between 2010 and 2019 in applied linguistics, marketing, and political sciences, we observed an impact of disciplinary variation on the overall lexical bundle usages. Concerning the structural and functional distributions of word strings, we observed differences across the disciplines, indicating that the academic communities might have a decisive role in text construction, yielding divergence across the disciplines in the social sciences. Despite differences, we also observed some similarities regarding the structural and functional sequences of bundles across the disciplines, indicating that the social sciences, an umbrella field in academia, has its own merits resulting in convergence across different disciplines.


In this paper we consider Kolmogorov-type delay systems. Criteria on the uniform global asymptotic stability of sets are established for the above systems using Lyapunov functions and the Razumikhin technique.


ABSTRACT: Using the generalizability theory (G-theory) as a theoretical framework, this study aimed at investigating the variability and reliability of holistic scores assigned by human raters and e-rater to the same EFL essays. Eighty argumentative essays written on two different topics by tertiary level Turkish EFL students were scored holistically by e-rater and eight human raters who received a detailed rater training. The results showed that e-rater and human raters assigned significantly different holistic scores to the same EFL essays. G-theory analyses revealed that human raters assigned considerably inconsistent scores to the same EFL essays although they were given a detailed rater training and more reliable ratings were attained when e-rater was integrated in the scoring procedure. Some implications are given for EFL writing assessment practices.


This report presents the results of an econometric modelling project, concerned with regional housing affordability, conducted for the ODPM between November 2004 and April 2005. The key outputs of the project are not just this report, but the model itself, the details of which are set out in the accompanying Technical Appendix, available via the ODPM website: www.odpm.gov.uk/housing. The team for the project was large, including fifteen individuals from nine organisations. The project was directed from the University of Reading. In addition to the team, the work was improved by help from an advisory group and a user group, consisting of members drawn from both central government and from the wider academic and policy communities.


At present, there are lots of urban smog, urban flood and other natural disasters, urban ecological security problem has aroused attention, and gradually becomes a hotspot in research of urban public safety planning. Urban ecological security planning belongs to the one important type of urban public safety planning. There is generality to contradictory problem, such as exhausted resource economic development,the relationship between town and country,ecological crisis sustainable development etc. Each kind of ecological contradictory problem is sharpening continuously, and affects the harmonious inhabitant environmental development of a city, Therefore it is urgent to study on the method with ecological contradictory problem and ecological planning theory. This paper focused on plenty of city ecological contradictory problems, based on the extension theory and methods, and put forward urban ecological element concept and type, established extension pattern and strategy framework of city ecological planning,took the advantage of Extenics to solve the contradiction problems, tried to transform urban ecological security problem into a compatible problem, offered a new method and solution means for city ecological safety planning.


Write-unidirectional memories (WUMs) were introduced by Willems, Vinck, and Borden as an information-theoretic model for storing and updating information on a rewritable medium with the writing constraints: During the odd (resp., even) cycles of updating information, the encoder can only write 1's (resp., 0's) in selected bit positions of WUMs, and not change the contents of other positions. In this correspondence, motivated by the research works of Wolf, Wyner, Ziv, and Ko/spl uml/rner on write-once memories (WOMs), we study the problem of how to reuse a WUM for fixed T successive cycles with nonperiodic codes (i.e., all coding strategies are permitted for every cycle). For the situation where the encoder knows and the decoder does not know the previous content of the memory, we determine the zero-error capacity region, the average capacity, and the maximum total number of information bits stored in the WUM for fixed T successive cycles. Motivated by the research works of Heegard on WOMs with symmetric input noise, we introduce two models of WUMs with symmetric or asymmetric input noise. By using /spl epsiv/-error as performance criterion, we extend the above results for WUMs to the two models of WUMs with symmetric or asymmetric input noise.


College education provides students with better chances of landing a good job. The cost of a college education can be quite high, so it's important that students and their parents see a return on their investment. Students and parents hear over and over again how successful students are going to be in college, and why their choice of a specific university needs to be the right one. This project aims to identify the most relevant features that students consider in choosing an American university. We need to analyze a number of factors including applications, admissions, and enrollments, as well as tuition and fees, college living costs, the types of degrees offered, and unique characteristics of the state where universities are located. This analysis was conducted using the dataset from kaggle.com ("American University Data" IPEDS dataset). This dataset contains a great deal of information that is available on American universities (that may not necessarily be in the top 10-20) for 2013. This dataset is not comprehensive in its coverage of the highest-ranking universities in the United States, but it contains enough information to make it representative of the sector as a whole. Over a thousand rows (universities) and 145 columns (information about those universities) comprise the dataset. This paper does not include several of those features as it is beyond the scope of this project. We deployed only those features that will answer the questions to achieve the project's goal. Numpy and Pandas are two of the most powerful packages used in this paper for data analysis, as are Matplotlib and Seaborn for visualization and exploration of the data.


Oil&Gas industry is still facing a conjuncture, characterized by high uncertainties and a subsequent investments reduction. This leads to an ever-increasing attention towards more efficient exploitation and production optimization projects. The current paper highlights the development and results of an innovative methodology able to generate high accuracy and fast simulation models through advanced analytics and deep learning techniques. These models are then implemented in a pioneering integrated production optimization tool, supporting field operations.
 Industrial physical simulators are at upstream industry core, as they are involved in a consistent number of key processes and analysis. Regarding production optimization studies, they often represent the real bottleneck, as a single simulation can take up to several minutes or hours to converge. In this paper, a proprietary evolutionary algorithm is used as production optimization tool. It searches for the best variables combination amongst several thousand alternatives, triggering several simulator runs. In this scenario, machine learning techniques such as neural networks have proven to be extremely effective in learning how to replicate the physical simulator results and processes.
 Proxy models have been leveraged to replicate two types of simulators: Fluid-dynamics for well/gathering network and Thermo-dynamic for process treatment. In both cases, one fundamental pre-requisite before training the neural network is to gather enough training samples, covering uniformly the multidimensional input space. In order to explore properly the possible input domain, operating ranges have been defined for all input variables. A random walk learning algorithm has been developed, based on the definition of boundaries, similarity functions and repulsion rules. As a result, tens of thousands of input-output tuples have been quickly generated. To replicate simulators, a number of different regressors have been compared, from gradient boosting to decision trees with neural networks, consistently producing the smallest errors. Covering uniformly all the input space dimensions ensure that the network can easily learn nonlinearities, avoiding the risk of overfitting. In order to make this innovative architecture fully effective and efficient, a highly flexible model training and validation framework as well as a scalable micro-services structure have been developed. Consequently, it has been possible to build proxy models learning the behavior of any physical simulators, proving the proper amount of input-output tuples, and to plug it in any complex processes, analyzing any possible scenario.
 Unplugging the physical simulator from the production optimization pipeline and substituting it with proxy models resulted in an overall 103-104 time reduction, and a mean error smaller than 1% meaning high accuracy. This critical time reduction, unlock the full potential of what-if and production optimization analysis through evolutionary tool used, giving the possibility to optimize the production system on-line and real-time facing every different operating scenario and maximizing the value of the asset.


Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is widely held to be a disorder associated with oxidative stress due, in part, to the membrane action of amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ). Aβ‐associated free radicals cause lipid peroxidation, a major product of which is 4‐hydroxy‐2‐trans‐nonenal (HNE). We determined whether HNE would alter the conformation of synaptosomal membrane proteins, which might be related to the known neurotoxicity of Aβ and HNE. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, using a protein‐specific spin label, MAL‐6(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐maleimidopiperidin‐1‐oxyl), was used to probe conformational changes in gerbil cortical synaptosomal membrane proteins, and a lipid‐specific stearic acid label, 5‐nitroxide stearate, was used to probe for HNE‐induced alterations in the fluidity of the bilayer domain of these membranes. Synaptosomal membranes, incubated with low concentrations of HNE, exhibited changes in protein conformation and bilayer order and motion (fluidity). The changes in protein conformation were found to be concentration‐ and time‐dependent. Significant protein conformational changes were observed at physiologically relevant concentrations of 1–10 µM HNE, reminiscent of similar changes in synaptosomal membrane proteins from senile plaque‐ and Aβ‐rich AD hippocampal and inferior parietal brain regions. HNE‐induced modifications in the physical state of gerbil synaptosomal membrane proteins were prevented completely by using excess glutathione ethyl ester, known to protect neurons from HNE‐caused neurotoxicity. Membrane fluidity was found to increase at higher concentrations of HNE (50 µM). The results obtained are discussed with relevance to the hypothesis of Aβ‐induced free radical‐mediated lipid peroxidation, leading to subsequent HNE‐induced alterations in the structure and function of key membrane proteins with consequent neurotoxicity in AD brain.


The role of numerical simulation to drive the catalytic converter development becomes more important as more efficient spark ignition engines after-treatment devices are required. The use of simplified approaches using rather simple correlations for heat and mass transfer in a channel has been widely used to obtain computational simplicity and sufficient accuracy. However, these approaches always require specific experimental tuning so reducing their predictive capabilities. The feasibility of a computational fluid dynamics three-dimensional (3D) model coupled to a surface chemistry solver is evaluated in this paper as a tool to increase model predictivity then allowing the detailed study of the performance of a catalytic converter under widely varying operating conditions. The model is based on FLUENT to solve the steady-state 3D transport of mass, momentum and energy for a gas mixture channel flow, and it is coupled to a powerful surface chemistry tool (CANTERA). Checked with respect to literature available experimental data, this approach has proved its predictive capabilities not requiring an ad hoc tuning of the parameter set. Heat and mass transfer characteristics of channels with different section shapes (sinusoidal, hexagonal, and squared) have then been analyzed. Results mainly indicate that a significant influence of operating temperature can be observed on Nusselt and Sherwood profiles and that traditional correlations, as well as the use of heat/mass transfer analogy, may give remarkable errors (up to 30% along one-third of the whole channel during light-off conditions) in the evaluation of the converter performance. The proposed approach represents an appropriate tool to generate local heat and mass transfer correlations for less accurate, but more comprehensive, 1D models, either directly during the calculation or off-line, to build a proper data base.


China Zn-based biodegradable materials have aroused wide attention due to promising biodegradability and adaptability to tissue regeneration in recent years. Zn  0.5 % Li alloys was cast and hot extruded in this study. The microstructure, electrochemical properties and cytocompatibility of the as-extruded Zn  0.5 % Li alloy were investigated. Four di ff erent simulated body fl uids (Ringer ' s solution, simulated body fl uid (SBF), Dulbecco ' s Modi fi ed Eagle Medium (DMEM) and DMEM-supplementing with 10 % fetal bovine serum (DMEMp)) were employed to study the corrosion behavior of the alloy. The result indicated that Zn  0.5 % Li alloy was composed of the matrix Zn and the second phase LiZn 4 . It showed a higher corrosion resistance in the bu ff er solutions than that in Ringer ' s solution, the corrosion rate can be ranked as Ringer ' s > DMEMp > DMEM > SBF. What ' s more, the cytotoxicity test shows that the alloy is not toxic to BMSCs. Zn  0.5 % Li alloy has the potential to be the


Open source software is becoming increasingly prominent, and the economic structure of open-source development is changing. In recent years, firms motivated by revenues from software services markets have become the primary contributors to open-source development. In this paper we study the role of services in open source software development and explore the choice between open source and proprietary software. Specifically, our economic model jointly analyzes the investment and pricing decisions of the originators of software and of subsequent open-source contributors.

We find that if a contributor is efficient in software development, the originator should adopt an open-source strategy, allowing the contributor to offer higher total quality and capture the higher end of the market while the originator focuses on providing software services to lower end consumers. Conversely, if the contributor is not efficient in development, the originator should adopt a proprietary software development strategy, gaining revenue from software sales and squeezing the contributor out of the services market. In certain cases an increase in originator development efficiency can result in increased contributor profits. Finally, we find that, somewhat counterintuitively, an increase in contributor development efficiency can reduce overall social welfare.


The Heterodyne Resonance Mechanism (HRM) is predicted in the Basic Structures of Matter – Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG). The HRM effect takes place in a transient process of plasma. Neutral plasma in self-oscillation mode with optical signature of glow discharge emits spectrum in MHz range. The spectrum is different from the atomic and molecular spectra. According to the BSM-SG models, the spectrum is caused by synchronised spin-flip of the electrons involved in ion-electron pairs. Most of the recorded spectra are from hydrogen and air at partial vacuum from 10 to 15 mbars and air at normal pressure. They were recorded at different periods from 2005 to 2007 in a laboratory of York University, Toronto, Canada. The details of experimental setup are given in the article "Heterodyne Resonance Mechanism in a transient process in plasma. Experimental study and spectra" (vixra.org).


Quantification techniques in criminology have been applied extensively to the measurement of the seriousness of offenses, but the question of the relative severity of different penalities has been neglected. Which, for example, is the more severe penalty, a heavy fine, a long period of probation, or a short term of imprisonment? Is a $1,000 fine twice as severe a penalty as a $500 fine? This topic is not only of theoretical interest in itself It also has immediate practical implications for research on sentencing practices, on the seriousness of offenses, and on deterrence, as well as for the implementation of prevailing notions of proportionality in sentencing policy and for certain other juris prudential problems. Attempts have occasionally been made to meet the requirements of research in this area by selecting an arbitrary measure of severity, such as imprison ment rates. Other researchers have assigned arbitrary weights to the various penalties. What is required, however, is the development of an empirically based scale, deriving from respondents' perceptions of the relative severity of various penalties. The methodology employed in measuring the seriousness of offenses may be adapted for this purpose. Tentative findings of an exploratory study are considered.


Sulfur is recovered from gases containing H/sub 2/S and SO/sub 2/ by absorption of the H/sub 2/S and SO/sub 2/ in a glycol absorbent, and reaction of the H/sub 2/S and SO/sub 2/ in solution in the absorbent in the presence of a solid catalyst.


Abstract : This document presents an introduction to decision logic table terminology, structure, theory, and preprocessor historical development. Advantages of decision tables and flowcharts have been surveyed and contrasted. Techniques of decision table preparation have been enumerated. DELTRANS, a rule mask logic table preprocessor for the C language, has been proposed for use on the PDP-11/50 system at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. (Author)