Background:
 Hypertension, defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥90 mmHg, is one of the most common chronic diseases (prevalence is 29.0% among adults) and is part of the Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC). In most cases, hypertension is considered a secondary diagnosis because complications that could result from the disease are the reasons why patients with hypertension are admitted to the hospital and Emergency Department (ED). Thereby, preventive approaches are integral in the management of these complications and access to primary care along with continuity are considered to be crucial components of preventive medicine.

 Hypothesis:
 We assess the hypothesis that increased access to primary care and continuity of care can reduce ED visits along with hospitalization rates in patients with hypertension.

 Methods:
 We reviewed articles from years 2005 to 2019 from peer reviewed journals. All publications were written in English and were mostly from the United States. However, we also included studies from other countries for comparison. We identified 2115 articles in total: 784 from Science Direct, 687 from Pubmed and 644 from Google Scholar, using these keywords: Hypertension, Hospitalization, Emergency Department, Primary care, Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions. Based on the titles, we investigated abstracts of 198 potentially relevant articles. Abstracts were rated independently by each member of the pair of reviewers and scored for relevance (relevant/ non-relevant). The second step was to have the full text of the remaining studies (n = 146) reviewed by the same team to check whether papers met inclusion criteria. Through this process, 96 studies were excluded. A total of 50 studies remained and were included in our systematic review.

 Results:
 From 50 research articles that were included; 38 studies showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) finding that increased access to primary care and its continuity decreases hospitalizations and/or ED admissions in patients with hypertension, 8 studies did not find statistically significant association between these factors. 4 studies showed statistically significant conclusion that general or family physicians as PCPs decrease hospitalization and ED admission rate in comparison with specialist physicians as PCP.

 Conclusion:
 We concluded that increased primary care access and its continuity are associated with a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of hospitalizations and/or ED visits for patients with hypertension.


Cause of nodes high mobility in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), there are frequent link breakages exist which escort to frequent route discoveries and path failures. The route discovery procedure cannot be ignored. In a route finding, broad casting is a primary and efficient data broadcasting methodology, where a cell phone node sightless rebroadcasts the initial route request packets are received apart from it has a destination route, and thus it starts the broadcast storm crisis. In this, we explore a probabilistic rebroadcast protocol which is based on neighbor coverage decreasing routing placed in front in MANETs. In order to efficiently make the most of the neighbor coverage information, we recommend a work of fiction rebroadcast postponement to conclude the rebroadcast arrange and then we can gain the more correct added ratio of coverage with the help of sensing coverage of neighbor information. And also we describe a factor of connectivity to provide the node density altered copy. By merging the added connectivity factor and coverage ratio, we situated a practical rebroadcast possibility. Our methodology mingles the pros of the probabilistic mechanism and the neighbor coverage knowledge, which can considerably reduce the retransmissions count so as to decrease the routing above your head, and can also get better the routing routine.


Energy efficiency, industrial produc tivity, nextgeneration healthcare and intelligent infrastructure solutions – these are the topics that define our actions and are pioneering fields for the future. The four reports on the pre ceding pages provide concrete exam ples of what we're doing to make our vision a reality. They show how we're acting sustainably, leveraging busi ness opportunities and mastering the challenges we face.


The impact of type 2 diabetes continues to escalate in the United States. The estimated number of those diagnosed with the disease has more than doubled, from 5.8 million to 14.6 million in the past several years. Living well with diabetes and having maximum self-management requires multiple skill development, a positive expectation about outcomes, and self-confidence in one's own ability. The influence of select factors on diabetes control including self-efficacy and outcome expectation and their relationship to self-care is not well known. The purpose of this predictive study was to examine the relationships of selfefficacy, outcome expectation, and self-care behavior on glycosylated hemoglobin level in persons with type 2 diabetes. Identifying the predictive relationships of the study variables should enhance the patient's and the nurse's understanding about factors associated with diabetes control as measured by glycosylated hemoglobin level. Bandura's SelfEfficacy Model provides a structure for understanding the interrelated relevant variables of self-efficacy, outcome expectation, self-care behavior, and their impact on the outcome, glycosylated hemoglobin level. A convenience sample of 100 participants who met the inclusion criteria of (a) 25 to 75 years of age; (b) established diagnosis of type 2 diabetes greater than 6 months; (c) English speaking, literate adult; and (d) free of serious diabetes complications, was recruited for the study. All participants completed the self-report measures: the Demographic Western Journal of Nursing Research Volume 30 Number 8 December 2008 1028-1029 © 2008 Sage Publications 10.1177/0193945908323637 http://wjn.sagepub.com hosted at http://online.sagepub.com


Excerpt Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PADP) provides a good estimate of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. This study reports the clinical significance of the PADP, measured with the S...


This study aimed to examine the physical and chemical properties of 33 300 hm~2 saline-alkali soil in Aksu area,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomeus Region.Diagnostic layer and diagnostic characteristics were identified according to Chinese Soil Taxonomy(3rd edition).Results showed that the total salinity was greater than 20 g/kg in 0~15 cm layer,indicating a salic horizon.The pH of this layer was less than 8.5 and ESP was less than 30%,meaning that the layer was not alkaline.Mechanical composition showed differences in the distribution of sandy,slit and clay.Through the analysis of the soil profile,this soil should be characterized as a Typ-Ari-Orthic Halosols.


We discuss interaction between light and matter in optical structures that are at the wavelength scale illustrating this with recent results from pillar microcavities containing single quantum dots.


This paper deals with cyclic covers of a large family of rational normal surfaces that can also be described as quotients of a product, where the factors are cyclic covers of algebraic curves. We use a generalization of Esnault-Viehweg method to show that the action of the monodromy on the first Betti group of the covering (and its Hodge structure) splits as a direct sum of the same data for some specific cyclic covers over $\mathbb{P}^1$. This has applications to the study of L\^e-Yomdin surface singularities, in particular to the action of the monodromy on the Mixed Hodge Structure, as well as to isotrivial fibered surfaces.


Image of two men watching man standing on ladder outside of Keele and Flamborough Branch of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce.


This paper deals with economic efficiency of soybean fertilizing at the Right-bank Forest steppe, which has included plowing of predecessor straw, green mass of green manure, mineral fertilizers during the application of seed inoculation technology with nodulating bacteria and without it


The transportation model is a special case of linear programming models, widely used in the areas of inventory control, networks, employment scheduling aggregate planning, and personnal assignment, among others. This paper proposes a new approach, using ranking function to the fuzzy applied Linear Programming problem with transportation model(LPTP). The algorithm of this approach is presented, and explained briefly as the regular multi objective LP transportation using ranking function and largest cost entry method. Finally, a numerical example is described in the paper to show its efficiency.


With social progress and educational development,the meaning of work-study program is constantly enriching and developing.Work-study program is not the privilege of needy impoverished students;furthermore,it becomes an important approach and opportunity for all vocational students to improve their comprehensive quality and entrepreneur ability in the situation of market economy.Through researching the situation of Yiwu Industrial and Commercial College,this paper quantitatively analyzes students' cognition on work-study program and entrepreneur,and finds out that work-study program can help entrepreneur,i.e.entrepreneur-oriented work-study educational model can help the development of higher vocation and promote educational reform of higher vocational colleges and independent entrepreneur after graduation.


The subject matter of the invention is novel equipment constituted by a metallic structure in quadrangular format that internally receives a combination of various accessories that can be mounted and removed in accordance with need, such as a barrel or saddle with stirrups; a board; a quadrangular platform; a bicycle, or skis, inter alia; all the aforesaid are suspended by means of four springs or cords, said springs or cords being affixed to small supporting members arranged on the vertical profile sections of each diagonal or on small supporting members arranged on the front or rear movable horizontal profile sections, or pair of upper profile sections, that make up the metallic structure. Said equipment, used for strength work, physical conditioning, practicing physical exercises used in functional training and physiotherapeutic treatments, bringing the innovative concept of balance to accessories suspended by means of springs or cords, this being an evolutive solution, the achievement of which in practice is reflected in differentiated, effective use.


One part of the composition of the modernization of higher education is the colloge administrative mod-ernization, the core of which is the modernization of the administrative concept, the base of whieh is the absorp-tion and the use for riference of the cream of the administratiue ideas, past and present, at home and abroad.


The expression of functional GABAA‐receptors in glioma cells correlates with low malignancy of tumours and cell lines from glioma lack these receptors. Here we show that contact with neurons induces the expression of functional GABAA‐receptors. C6 and F98 glioma cell lines were labelled by recombinant expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein injected into rat brain and studied in acute slices after two to three weeks of tumour growth. The cells responded to GABA or the specific agonist, muscimol with a current typical for GABAA‐receptors, as studied with the patch‐clamp technique. To get insight into the mechanism of GABAA receptor induction, the C6 or F98 cells were co‐cultured with neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Glioma cells expressed functional GABAA receptors within 24 h only in cultures where physical contact to neurons occurred. Activation of GABAA‐receptors in the co‐cultures attenuated glioma cell metabolism while blockade of the receptors increased metabolism. We conclude that with this form of interaction, neurons can influence tumour behaviour in the brain.


This study focuses on assessing the value relevance of US-GAAP and IFRS. However, unlike the work of the formers who made their comparison on a single financial market, we base our study on two different institutional models, namely the American market and the French market. Aware of the potential bias due to the characteristics of each of these two markets (Barth and Clinch, 1996), our problems will aim to compare the usefulness of accounting figures by the association between them and the stock price. Our research question will be to find out in what combination [US GAAP American market] or [IFRS, French Market], the association between accounting figures and stock prices is the more important?


(57) The invention provides a channel access method capable of minimizing the channel assignments and access collision probability in consideration of QoS. A and generating a broadcast channel frame including status information representing whether to use the channel codes to change real time, the steps of the base station transmits the broadcast channel frame at a predetermined time period, the mobile station channel assignment request message but after generating the selection to the channel assignment request message to channel code available from the broadcast channel frame information received; and transmitting the channel assignment request message over a random access channel, through the random access channel There when received, wherein the base station is composed of a process of transmitting over a forward access channel by setting the channel assignment and transmission rate.


Fusarium solani FSSC 11 and F. tricinctum are important root rot pathogens of soybean in North Dakota. The roles of soil type, temperature and moisture in disease development by both species are poorly documented. To assess the effect of soil type on disease, three types of soil (Glyndon sandy loam, La prairie silt loam and Fargo clay) which represent soils of the soybean production region in the Red River Valley were examined in greenhouse and field studies. Disease incidence and lesion length on roots were evaluated at growth stages V3 and R6. Soil type significantly affected disease development, with higher severity in the lighter soils of Glyndon sandy loam and La Prairie silt loam compared to Fargo clay. Soil type also interacted with Fusarium species, in which the maximum severity was observed in Glyndon sandy loam for F. solani, and in La Prairie silt loam for F. tricinctum. The cumulative effects of soil type, temperature and soil moisture were tested in a growth chamber. Emergence and disease on seedling were evaluated at growth stage V3. Significant reductions in emergence occurred at 10°C in treatments with F. solani and F. tricinctum, but there was no significant difference among the three soils. Infection was visible at temperatures of 10-20°C for F. solani and15-20°C for F. tricinctum. Fusarium solani caused the greatest infection at 20°C in Glyndon sandy loam, while it was at 15°C in La Prairie silt loam for F. tricinctum. The two Fusarium species were able to cause root rot in soil moisture ranging from 20% to 100% water holding capacity (WHC). The greatest reduction of emergence caused by the Fusarium spp. was observed at 80% WHC in silt loam and clay soils and 40% WHC in sandy loam soil, when compared to the same WHC in the non-infested soils. Ranges of soil moisture causing infection were negatively correlated with temperature. At the lower temperature there was a broader range of soil moistures resulting in infection compared to higher temperatures. At 18oC, most infection occurred at soil moistures of 20-80% WHC, while it was 40-80% WHC at 28oC. Disease caused by F. solani was favored by low temperature (18oC) with high soil moisture (60-80% WHC) or high temperature (28oC) with low soil moisture (20-40% WHC) while F. tricinctum was favored by cooler temperature and lower soil moisture.


By exploiting the monotone property of the gradient dynamics of the Frenkel–Kontorova model, we are able to locate the ordered and unordered stationary states in the space of (p, q)-configurations, as well as forbidden regions for such states. Moreover, we will show that some generalized Frenkel–Kontorova models (which are associated with multiharmonic standard maps) can have ordered (p, q)-configurations that are neither action minimizing nor mini-maximizing, and we give their location with respect to the set of (p, q)-minimizers and mini-maximizers.


A descriptive analysis of reverberation statistics is presented for data taken during the 2001 Acoustic Clutter Reconnaissance Experiment, which was conducted on the Office of Naval Research (ONR) STRATAFORM area off the coast of New Jersey. Large area plots of reverberation versus topography are presented as a lead-in to describe the statistics of the reverberation and clutter that were observed during this experiment. A comparison of polar plot appearance of spikiness with a measure of non-Rayleigh behavior seems to correlate reasonably well and suggests that the polar plots may be useful as such an indicator of non-Rayleighness. Statistical analysis of the reverberation showed that a moderate-to-large portion of the data examined were nearly Rayleigh and that most of the data (Rayleigh-like and non-Rayleigh) were well fit by the K distribution. The bistatic data were seen to be uniformly and significantly more non-Rayleigh than the monostatic data. This disparity is believed to be mostly accounted for by the lower reverberation-to-ambient noise power levels in the monostatic data and the smaller vertical beamwidth of the bistatic source, rather than having arisen from the bistatic geometry. Analysis of the shape parameter of the K distribution as a function of bandwidth illustrated the "bandwidth" effect where the shape parameter first decreases inversely proportional to bandwidth, but then increases in a trend back toward the Rayleigh distribution at higher bandwidths. The shape-parameter estimates are seen to be well fit by the elongated patch model of Abraham and Lyons. The monostatic data were observed to have a minimum occurring at a smaller bandwidth than for the bistatic data, a result explained by the larger time spread of the multipath expected for the monostatic source owing to its larger vertical beamwidth. Analysis of a small amount of data from the 2003 Acoustic Clutter Experiment, recently conducted on the New Jersey Shelf, predicts a smaller bandwidth for the minimum of the shape-parameter curve compared to the 2001 data. It is believed that the sound-speed profiles in 2003 lead to more bottom interaction than in 2001 and, therefore, produced a larger time spread in the multipath, leading to a minimum occurring at a lower bandwidth. The results of this paper indicate that many of the phenomena observed in the analysis of reverberation-envelope statistics may be explained by appropriately considering the effects of propagation in conjunction with the sonar system with which the environment is probed.


In this paper a new method is defined that encapsulates the geometric information contained in a molecular structure in an alignment-free way within a hash-key fingerprint. A review of fingerprinting technologies is provided followed by a thorough definition of the method by which geometry may be encoded. The paper concludes with comparative QSAR studies to test the efficacy of this new descriptor in comparison with a number of published methods and results with two datasets: 38 D 2 receptor antagonists and 58 estrogen receptors.


Introduction:
 Cardiomyopathy is a common complication in muscular dystrophy (MD) patients, though the mechanism is not clear. Retrospective data from adults with Duchenne muscular dystrophy suggest they have reduced LV mass compared to adults with other forms of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. This raises the question whether pathologic hypertrophy contributes to the development of neuromuscular-associated cardiomyopathies. In this study, we hypothesized that MD patients have lower LV mass and associated changes in cardiac function as compared to healthy individuals.

 Methods:
 Utilizing cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) data, a retrospective study was undertaken to compare LV mass, structure, and function between adults with MD and healthy age-, sex-, weight-matched controls from the Dallas Heart Study (DHS). Types of MD included dystrophinopathies, facioscapulohumeral MD, Freidreich ataxia, limb-girdle MD, myotonic dystrophy, and other rare MD. Approximately 50% of the MD patients were able to ambulate. MD patients were stratified into normal and reduced LVEF, defined as < 62% on cMRI, for further comparison. Statistical analysis was done using a two-sample, two-tailed t-test.

 Results:
 There were 339 MD patients (221 male) of mean age 40 and 417 DHS patients (187 male) of mean age 42. MD patients had a significantly lower LV mass, LV mass index, and LVEF than DHS adults. They also had significantly higher absolute and indexed volumes. In those with normal LVEF, all variables except LVESVi were significantly different from DHS. In those with reduced LVEF, all variables were significantly different from DHS. The results are summarized in Table 1.

 Conclusions:
 Collectively, MD patients have a reduced LV mass compared to healthy adults. In addition, MD patients with normal LVEF have lower LV mass than those patients with reduced LV function. Whether this observed decrease in LV mass represents cardiac hypoplasia or atrophy warrants further investigation.


Warner-Bratzler peak shear-force values have been obtained for fresh and aged veal muscles cooked at 50 and 60°C. The results have shown that the magnitude of the difference between the shear-force values obtained for veal samples cooked at these temperatures was significantly increased by aging treatment. This suggested that changes in connective tissue alone would not account for the observed effect.


In this article the central concepts of the new Zapatista movement in Mexico are analyzed: dignity, politics, the government, democracy, power, autonomy, law and rights, justice, freedom, the land, community, the "dead" (history), the prophecies of the upheaval, and the "army." This is done from the point of view of a feminist theory of society that is based on the analysis of the "housewifeization" of labor, the "colonization" of life and nature, the "continuing" process of "primitive accumulation," and "patriarchy" in the capitalist world system. In this analysis, formulated as "questions to Ramona," the Zapatistan leader, I ask about a possible "subsistence perspective" of the movement and an attitude of "dissidence" of the people that would correspond to the "deep Mexico," newly emerging as a possibly "matriarchal" civilization.


The interconnection between physical and mental health and the way in which communities can influence them took center stage during APHA's 139th Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C., this fall.


The autoignition temperatures(AIT) of solvent mixture is important index for the safe handling of flammable liquids which constitute the solvent mixtures. Therefore, the AITs of common pure chemical substances are widely reported, but very limited data are available for mixtures. This study, the toluene and 2-butnaol system which used mixture solution solvent was measured the AIT and ignition delay time by using ASTM E659 apparatus. The AITs of toluene and 2-butanol constituted binary system were 547℃ and 400℃, respectively. The experimental AIT of toluene and 2-butanol were a good agreement with the calculated AIT by the proposed equations with a few average absolute deviation(A.A.D.).


Atopic dermatitis (AD) is driven by the interplay between a dysfunctional epidermal barrier and a skewed cutaneous immune dysregulation. As part of the complex skin barrier dysfunction, abnormalities in lipid organization and microbiome composition have been described. We set out to systematically investigate the composition of the stratum corneum lipidome, skin microbiome and skin physiology parameters at three different body sites in patients with AD and healthy volunteers.


The natural history of Crohn's disease is one of remission and recurrence. Until recently there has been no evidence that medical therapy can alter the pattern of recurrence. Recent large multicenter trials have demonstrated that the aminosalicylates may be effective in maintaining remission. Preliminary studies have also suggested that biochemical investigations may identify patients at high risk for recurrence. Additional studies that combine such predictive models with double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials are warranted.


Abstract: This classroom action research was aimed to find out if the application of information gap activities technique could improve the speking skill of the second year students of SMA Tri Bhakti Pekanbaru.. The participants were 28 students. The procedures applied were: (a) giving explanation about the activity or the way of what students should do in the class, (b) reviewing vocabularies used based on the context, (c) giving the texts that consisted of information gap that had been prepared for the students, (d) asking the students to work in pair to complete the task and communicate with other students to get the complete information, (e) asking the students to describe the results of their discussion with their partners. The data was collected by using of observations, tests, and field notes. The research finding showed that the implementation of applying information gap as the teaching technique could improve students' speaking ability both at the first cycle and second cycle. The finding also proved that in the pre-test students' average score was only 45.05 and it improved to 73.31 in the post-test 1, and finally improved to 81.33 in the post-test 2. It was also proved that applying the procedures of information gap technique in teaching speaking could raise students' interest and motivation to speak and share ideas with their partnersin pairs or groups since the core of information gap was a collaboration between groups or pairs. In addition, applying information gap as a teaching technique in English language teaching and learning could also improve students' ability to speak English in terms of grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, fluency, and comprehension. Keywords: Information gap activities , Students' speaking Ability, Spoof Text


Standard evaluation metrics such as the Inception score and Fr\'echet Audio Distance provide a general audio quality distance metric between the synthesized audio and reference clean audio. However, the sensitivity of these metrics to variations in the statistical parameters that define an audio texture is not well studied. In this work, we provide a systematic study of the sensitivity of some of the existing audio quality evaluation metrics to parameter variations in audio textures. Furthermore, we also study three more potentially parameter-sensitive metrics for audio texture synthesis, (a) a Gram matrix based distance, (b) an Accumulated Gram metric using a summarized version of the Gram matrices, and (c) a cochlear-model based statistical features metric. These metrics use deep features that summarize the statistics of any given audio texture, thus being inherently sensitive to variations in the statistical parameters that define an audio texture. We study and evaluate the sensitivity of existing standard metrics as well as Gram matrix and cochlear-model based metrics to control-parameter variations in audio textures across a wide range of texture and parameter types, and validate with subjective evaluation. We find that each of the metrics is sensitive to different sets of texture-parameter types. This is the first step towards investigating objective metrics for assessing parameter sensitivity in audio textures.


ABSTRACT The analysis of the magnetic circuit of an axial air-gap, battery-excited reluctance motor is presented. Permeance coefficients from which machine inductance can be calculated are derived. Inductance values calculated from these permeance coefficients are compared with values determined by magnetic analogs and by studies of air gap magnetic potential distribution using relaxation techniques and the Finite Element technique.


Construction of a new bench-scale methanation reactor is in progress. This system will provide the capability of adding steam to the feed gas. A bench-scale activity test, employing four samples of a Ni/Mo catalyst, was conducted using the existing life test system. Results showed that a spent catalyst sample containing 18 percent carbon was still as active as the fresh, as-received catalyst, thus confirming an earlier observation based on the results of PEDU Test No. 37. The activity of one sample that was previously heated at 450 C to remove the carbon seemed abnormally low. However, the results were inconclusive, and this sample will be tested further. No PEDU tests were scheduled. Some planned modifications to the PEDU reactor system are being delayed due to late delivery of a water injection pump and malfunctioning of new ball valves intended for installation on the catalyst sampling system. Arrangements have been made with Dr. Calvin Bartholomew of Brigham Young University to undertake continued studies on carbon deposition and catalyst regeneration. A research proposal submitted by Dr. Bartholomew has been reviewed and approved, and the BYU work is expected to commence early in January 1980.


Studied the preparation process of PP/SMS non-woven,with glutaraldehyde as corsslinking agent,by means of microwave irradiaton,Pb2+ and chitosan.The structure of the synthesized PP/SMS non-woven was characterized by IR,DSC and TGA.Results showed that when the usage of crosslinking agent was 0.02 mL·L-1 in the finishing agent which content was 0.7%,the weight of sample could increase to the max and get saturated.When the usage of crosslinking agent was 0.03 mL/L,the weight of PP/SMS non-woven could increase to the max and get saturated both in finishing agent of 0.4% and 1.0% mass fraction.The more the weight increased,the better the absorption ablity was.


Deep convolutional neural network (CNN) plays an important role in the field of computer vision and image processing. In order to further improve the performance of CNN, scholars have conducted a series of new explorations, such as the improvement of activation functions, the construction of new loss functions, the regularization of parameters and the development of new network structures. However, every breakthrough of CNN comes from the innovation of network structure, whose design can be inspired by exploring the cognitive process of human brain. As one of the important features of human visual system, visual attention mechanism is essential in image generation, scene classification, target detection and tracking when applied in the field of computer vision. Focusing on the models of attention mechanisms commonly used in computer vision, their categorizations, principles, and outlook are summarized in this overview.


. A magnetohydrodynamic simulation in a 2.5D approxima tion is performed for the quadrupole source model for arcade flares treated years ago by Uchida (1980), and recently supported by the observations from Yohkoh. It is shown that this model can explain several key char acteristic features of arcade flares found by Yohkoh, and can avoid some of the paradoxes existing in the "classical model".


With an interest in their later lifestyles, middle-aged have prepared for successful aging based on their economic capabilities. In fact, they have spent a lot of time and money in taking care of their appearance, envisioning successful aging. In particular, since a hairstyle accounts for a large portion of a person's outer look, middle-aged have also used hairstyling services often. In other words, these middle-aged, having an interest in making themselves look better with decent economic capabilities, have emerged as a new consumer group. This study attempted to investigate the influence of successful aging on hair service consumption propensity against middle-aged even explore marketing strategies by gender for the purpose of providing basic data which can make a contribution to the growth of hair industry. For this, an offline self-administered questionnaire survey was performed. Among a total of 720 questionnaires distributed, 655 copies excluding poorly answered ones were used and analyzed, using SPSS 22.0. Specifically, subjects' general characteristics, successful aging and hair service consumption propensity were analyzed through factor analysis and reliability analysis. In addition, the effects of successful aging on hair service consumption propensity were examined through regression analysis, and the results found the followings. The influence of successful aging on hair service consumption propensity differed by gender. Therefore, differentiated marketing strategies were suggested accordingly. In conclusion, this study confirmed that in middle-aged, successful aging and hair service consumption propensity are related to each other and that the study results are useful in analyzing differentiated marketing strategies by gender.


Finite field GF(2n) is an indispensable mathematical tool for some research fields such as information coding, cryptology and theory and application of network coding. Its arithmetic operation is the foundation of encoding information. Based on its formation, this paper discusses the principle and method of arithmetic operation of finite field GF(2n), and focuses on the inverse operation and division operation, then presents the concrete realization algorithm of arithmetic operation. This paper also analyzes the mechanism of implementing inverse operation with extended Euclidean algorithm. Based on Gauss elimination, an algorithm to implement division operation is proposed, the implementing process of arithmetic operation and the results of simulation calculations are provided.


Over the past year much work has been done to the journal including forming a revised Focus and Scope. The African Journal for Transformational Scholarship (AJTS) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal published in Africa. Thus, AJTS focuses on developing biblically grounded gospel transformation knowledge, reflection and practice which crosses languages, cultures, social status, professions, and disciplines. The aim is to encourage high quality academic scholarship focused on topics relevant to the African situation, however, realizing the globalization of human life this means that these are commonly also global issues.


One of the most important features of our modern era is the competition between individuals and countries aiming at the development and advancement of all aspects of life. Physical education and sports is one of the areas where many scholars and researches have conducted a lot of researches and studies to find solutions for the problems facing humanity. Sports injuries" are injuries that happen when playing sports or exercising. Some are from accidents. Others can result from poor training practices or improper gear. Some people get injured when they are not in proper condition. Not warming up or stretching enough before one plays or exercises can also lead to injuries. Many injuries are caused by weak muscle which simple are not ready to handle the specific of your sport, some times the causes comes from accident ,also when the students are not in well prepared condition , or not warming up. Some of them are causes favoring the Occurrence of the injury, and others are direct causes to the occurrence of the injury. Whether this injuries can be by contact with other bodies, the floor or ground, or Sporting equipment. The students' programme in colleges and different departments of Physical Education Colleges during the years of study, including many physical and sport programmer which are part of the general programmed that qualifies the students to obtain their Bachelor degree or high Diploma in Physical Education are the studied topic. While trying to apply the curriculum and the practical part of it, many students suffer from different injuries in different parts of the body e.g. bones, muscles etc. and these injuries differ according to the physical practice and nature of the programmer. The researcher intends to compare these types of injuries and the reasons behind them


Authors have suggested floating wave-energy pumps which convert wave-energy to reciprocating motion of float and pump up sea water. A suction pipe connects the piston to the float which serves as a wave energy absorber. The pump operates in double-action that water is sucked in and pumped up during both up-and-down reciprocating motions of the float-piston. As a first stage to establish a performance analysis model for floating wave-energy pumps, a simple analysis model for stationary caisson pump is proposed. The equation of vertical motion for the float-piston in regular water waves was solved by a personal computer. In-cylinder pressure was concerned with an external force acting to the float-piston and caisson, and was calculated by the equation for conservation of mass and the Bernoulli`s equation for unsteady flow. The calculated performance of the stationary pump is compared well with that of the experimental results, and the applicability of the performance analysis model is clarified.


The purpose of the article is to analyze the development trends of niche crops in the agro-industrial complex and the possibility of stimulating their production based on the use of innovative fastplant technologies. Research methods. Dialectical methods of cognition of processes and phenomena, monographic (analysis of production of niche crops in agro-industrial complex), abstract-logical (theoretical generalizations and formation of conclusions), comparative analysis (causes and differences of production of niche crops in agro-industrial complex), empirical (complex estimation and analysis of research object). Research results. The state of the niche segment of the agricultural market and groups of niche crops and their impact on the agricultural sector of the economy, considered the problems of science and industry problems of niche crops, studied market trends and their impact on agricultural development, proposed to use fast plant technology for niche business. Scientific novelty. Theoretical and practical provisions on the development of niche production in the agro-industrial complex were further developed; new directions of development of fast development of production of niche cultures on the basis of flexible market-oriented system of selection, cultivation, processing and realization of production in the closed research and production complex are substantiated. Practical significance. The main provisions and conclusions set out in the article contain certain methodological and practical recommendations for stimulating the production of niche crops using fast plant technologies, the practice of developing a niche segment of the agricultural market based on methods and tools of innovative bioeconomy. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 4. Refs.: 13.


Abstract Hydrogen involvement in the process of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pipelines in a dilute bicarbonate solution was studied. Hydrogen distributions in the steels were determined using...


The broad-spectrum sensitivity of cell-based biosensors offers the capability for detecting known and unknown chemical/biological agents. One cellular parameter that is often measured is the extracellular potential of electrically active cells. Membrane excitability in osteoblasts plays a key role in modulating the electrical activity in the presence of chemical agents. However, the complexity of this signal makes interpretation of the cellular response to a chemical agent difficult to determine. By analyzing shifts in the signal's power spectrum, it is possible to determine a frequency spectrum also known as the signature pattern vector (SPV) which is specific to a chemical. It is also essential to characterize single cell sensitivity and response time for specific chemical agents for developing detect-to-warn biosensors. To determine the real time sensing capability of single osteoblast sensors, multichemical sensing, also termed cascaded sensing, is performed and the performance of the sensor is evaluated. A system is described for the measurement of extracellular potentials from cells isolated onto planar microelectrode arrays. We used a 4x4 multiple microelectrode array system to spatially position osteoblast cells, by using a gradient AC field. Fast fourier transformation (FFT) and wavelet transformation (WT) analyses were used to extract information pertaining to the frequency of firing from the extracellular potential. Quantitative dose response curves and response times were also obtained with the cultured single cell systems using local time domain characterization techniques. Future applications of this technique are also discussed.


The absorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride and methanol into fresh vegetable and lubricant oils, waste vegetable and lubricant oils and water was studied experimentally in a bubble column. Stripping of the VOCs from the saturated oils was also conducted. More than 90% removal efficiency was obtained for benzene and toluene whereas the removal efficiencies for carbon tetrachloride and methanol when oils were used as aborbent where around 80% and 70%, respectively. Water can be used as an absorbent for moderate concentrations (≤2500 ppmv) of methanol. Removal efficiencies of VOCs decreased by the increase of feed gas flow rate and VOC concentration in the feed gas stream. Regeneration and reuse of the absorbent oils are possible, but prolonged times are necessary for the complete removal of VOCs from the saturated oils. Using the waste oils as VOC absorbents has some advantages such as resuse the waste oil, economy in water consumption and reduction in the amount of waste oils enter the wastewater treatment plant.


Learning Mahalanobis metric spaces is an important problem that has found numerous applications. Several algorithms have been designed for this problem, including Information Theoretic Metric Learning (ITML) by [Davis et al. 2007] and Large Margin Nearest Neighbor (LMNN) classification by [Weinberger and Saul 2009]. We consider a formulation of Mahalanobis metric learning as an optimization problem, where the objective is to minimize the number of violated similarity/dissimilarity constraints. We show that for any fixed ambient dimension, there exists a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS) with nearlylinear running time. This result is obtained using tools from the theory of linear programming in low dimensions. We also discuss improvements of the algorithm in practice, and present experimental results on synthetic and real-world data sets.


We propose a model-based approach to identifying clusters of objects based on subsets of attributes, so that the attributes that distinguish a cluster from the rest of the population, called an attribute ensemble, may depend on the cluster being considered. The model is based on a P olya urn cluster model, which is equivalent to a Dirichlet process mixture of multivariate normal distributions. This model-based approach allows for the incorporation of applicationspecic data features into the clustering scheme. For example, in an analysis of genetic CGH array data we account for spatial correlation of genetic abnormalities along the genome.


In the present study, a new technique of using the free-free beam method coupled with a circle-fit approach is used to determine the damping of monolithic and SiC reinforced magnesium. This technique is based on the classical vibration theory which relates the geometry and material properties to the resonant frequency and the structural damping of the test specimen. Using the fact that, for each resonant frequency of the test specimen, the ratio between the vibration response and the applied force fits to a circle in the Argand plane, the damping factor and the natural frequency is predicted accurately for the test specimen. An attempt is made to explain the increase in damping capability of the composite specimen compared to the monolithic specimen in terms of an increase in the dislocation density and by the presence of a plastic zone at the matrix-particulate interface.


33.3 Theories on Social Change 33.3.1 The Evolutionary Perspective 33.3.2 Cyclical Theories 33.3.3 Structural Functionalist Perspective 33.3.4 Conflict Perspective 33.4 Factors in Social Change 33.4.1 Three Basic Sources of Social Change 33.4.2 Exogenous and Endogenous Origin of Change 33.4.3 Acceptance of and Resistance to Social Change 33.4.4 Some Factors that Affect Direction and Rate of Change


It is known that charge/discharge properties of positive active-materials of the lithium ion batteries reflect the solid-state phase-transitions occurring inside the electrode particles under unequilibrium conditions. Understanding the phase transitions of the positive active-materials is considered to be one of the important subjects in the electrochemistry. From that point of view, olivine-type lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4, which is characterized with a first-order phase-transition between lithiated and delithiated phases, is an intriguing target. When extraction/insertion of lithium ions proceeds under twophase coexistence, kinetics is essentially dependent on the solid-state reaction at the phase boundary, because the mobility of the lithium ion is expected to be low in the fully lithiated and fully delithiated phases. In an experimental investigation being carried out by using scanning electron microscopy, comparatively disordered transition zones are observed on the ac crystal surface[1]. Also, an electron energy-loss spectroscopy study by using platelet particles lying on the ac-plane shows that the interface is the juxtaposition of the two endmember phases [2]. By using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy, Delmas et al. states that the reaction mechanism is described by a domino-cascade model in which the phase boundary displacement takes place along a-axis[3]. While the experiments revealed the existence of the interface region, the formation mechanism in an atomic scale has not been clarified yet. In the present work, we theoretically investigated the interface region in LiFePO4 compounds. That material is characterized with the three-dimensional framework composed of the covalent bond of PO4 tetrahedral polyanions and ionic bond of FeO6 octahedra. In order to describe the complicated electronic and ionic structure within a high numerical accuracy, we employed the firstprinciples density functional theory (DFT). The crystal and the electronic structures are determined by using spinpolarized generalized gradient approximation with shortrange Coulomb interactions (GGA+U). In this work, we employed selfconsistently obtained value of U = 4.3 eV[4] which is sufficient to reproduce localized electronic structure. The wavefunction is expanded by planewaves with a kinetic-energy cutoff of 500 eV. On the assumption of the quasi two-dimensional interface region parallel to the bc plane, we constructed the interface model like the inset in Fig. 1. The interface model is composed of three regions: fully lithiated, fully delithiated, and interface region. We calculated formation energies of solid-solution structures in each region by considering possible configurations of lithium ions and localized electrons. The formation energy of the solidsolution structure, F, is defined as


Information systems success is one of the most widely used dependent variables in information systems research, but research on Free/Libré and Open Source software (FLOSS) often fails to appropriately conceptualize this important concept. In this paper, we reconsider what success means within a FLOSS context. We first review existing models of IS success and success variables used in FLOSS research and assess them for their usefulness, practicality and fit to the FLOSS context. Then, drawing on a model of group effectiveness in the FLOSS development process, we present a series of additional measures that might be used as part of a portfolio, to assess success in FLOSS. We assess these measures for face validity by comparing them to the opinions of FLOSS developers gathered through interviews and on an on-line discussion group. We then further empirically test several measures using data from SourceForge: the project's effectiveness in team building, the speed of the project at responding to bug reports and its popularity. We conclude by discussing possibilities for improving measurement of FLOSS project success.


After deliberating on various factors connected with soiling and soil-release in fabrics in the last two installments[1,2J Dr. G.P. Nair commences his own studies, aimed at preparing a suitable soil-release agent in this installment. The first step in the multi-step preparation of such an agent, viz., a tailor-made sulphomethylated polyacrylamide is described.


Based on the current analysis status of main nozzle in air-jet loom, the idea of CFD application are put forward. The software of NUMECA is applied to simulate the flow inside of the main nozzle. The airflow velocity distribution in different cross-section of thread tube is also revealed, and the axial dynamic pressure and Mach number of air current inside of the main nozzle are analyzed. The result shows that the method of numerical simulation applied to research flow field inside of the main nozzles is convenient, rapid and high-accuracy.


We proposed and demonstrated tunable Kerr frequency combs based on an ultrahigh-Q hybrid microsphere cavity. An ultralow parametric threshold of 0.42 mW and a tuning range of 0.8 nm are realized.


Floquet-Lyapunov theory plays a ubiquitous role in the analysis and control of time-periodic systems. A real linear system with T -periodic coe cients will generally lead to a complex Floquet factorization. However, it is well known that by regarding the system as having 2T -periodic coe cients, it is possible to obtain real factors. In this paper, we show that there exists a simple way to de ne real factors using known results for the real matrix logarithm and the knowledge of the state transition matrix of the system on a single period. The proposed procedure also determines whether the real Lyapunov transformation is T -periodic, T -antiperiodic, or generally 2T -periodic. Key-Words: Floquet theory, time-periodic systems, Lyapunov transformation, real matrix logarithm


. The aim is to carry out experimental studies of deepening the ripper's tooth in an array with different rates of deepening. Improving the process of the ripper by increasing the efficiency of deepening and deepening of the tooth from the array, which in turn will have a positive effect on the effectiveness of preparatory work. Methodolo-gy/approach. Experimental studies carried out the deepening of the ripper's tooth into the ground with different rates of deepening. Findings. Theoreti-cally and experimentally proved rationality of us-ing on the ripper of the developed design equip-ment, allowing to increase the speed of deepening of the ripper tooth. deepening.


In the tetranuclear centrosymmetric title compound, [Pb4(NO3)8(C11H10N2)4], irregular PbN2O5 and PbN2O4 coordination polyhedra occur. The heptacoordinated lead(II) ion is bonded to two bidentate and one monodentate nitrate ion and one bidentate 6-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine (mbpy) ligand. The six-coordinate lead(II) ion is bonded to one bidentate and two monodentate nitrate anions and one mbpy ligand. In the crystal, bridging nitrate anions lead to infinite chains propagating in [111]. A number of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds may stabilize the structure.


The SST provides a parallel framework to perform system simulation of computer architectures to determine their performance and power consumption. Additionally, the SST contains basic models of a computer processor, and interconnect and can connect to an external memory simulator (DRAMSim II). The SST framework provides a simple interface by which other computer simulation models can be combined under a common parallel discrete event-based simulation environment. This allows design exploration of future architectures, analysis of how current computer programs will function on future architectures. The SST provides a parallel discrete event simulation framework, including partitioning and object distribution over MPI. It also provides a mechanism by which components can report their power consumption for analysis.


Abstract The microstructure, mechanical, and high-stress abrasive wear of as-cast and heat-treated LM25-SiC composites were compared with those of a matrix alloy and a low-cost hypereutectic alloy (LM30). The microstructure of the composite exhibits uniformly dispersed SiC particles and good interfacial bonding between the SiC particles and the matrix. Heat treatment caused the needle-shaped silicon to become spherical and improved the homogeneity of its dispersion in the matrix. The hardness, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and wear resistance of the materials were improved, but the elongation was reduced as a result of the heat treatment. The wear rate and friction coefficient of the materials decreased as the sliding distance increased for both the as-cast and heat-treated samples. The wear surface morphology and wear debris analyses were performed by using high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy.


We explore the effects of continuous number density measurement on atoms in an optical lattice. By integrating a master equation for quantum observables, we calculate how single particle correlations decay. We consider weakly- and strongly- interacting bosons and noninteracting fermions. Even in the Mott regime, such measurements destroy correlations and increase the average energy, as long as some hopping is allowed. We explore the role of spatial resolution, and find that the heating rate is proportional to the amount of information gained from such measurements.


This paper ties technologies used in education to purposes of education by correlating technologies with structures and structures with purposes. The paper begins with an exploration of the history of higher education structures, showing how technological innovation is a key component of major improvements in access to education. Next, the debate between advocates and critics of online education is considered against the backdrop of the three purposes of education: creating of an educated citizenry; resolving social inequities; and making educational systems more efficient. Finally, a vision of using online technology as a unifying influence is presented, bringing the three purposes of education into accord to support individual learners. Highlights include individualization of instruction and guidance, interactions among students and teachers, improvements in pedagogy, issues of equity, and a new model, called "Education for One," that includes five components: expanding access to education; the realization that one-size-fits-all curricula limit the effectiveness of education; the individualized nature of instruction; time and place independence of students and teachers; and cultivation of an academic community that is parallel to and integrated with the parent institution. Contains 17 references. (MES) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Conflicting Purposes of Education: Will Improving Access to Higher Education Undermine Quality ? PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


Labor market regulation is a high-profile, and often contentious, area of public policy. Although these regulations have been studied most extensively in developed countries, there is a growing body of literature on their effects in developing countries. This paper reviews that literature and focuses on the impacts of two important types of labor market regulation, minimum wages and employment protection legislation (EPL), on employment, earnings, and productivity. Strong and opposing views exist regarding the costs and benefits of these regulations, but the results of this review suggest that their impacts are generally smaller than the heat of the debates would suggest. Efficiency effects are found sometimes, but not always, and the effects can be in either direction and are usually modest. The distributional impacts of both minimum wage and employment protection legislation are clearer, with two effects predominating: an equalizing effect among covered workers, but with groups such as youth, women, and the less skilled disproportionately outside the coverage and its benefits. Although the overall conclusion is one of modest effects in most cases, the policy implication is not that these regulations do not matter. On the one hand, both minimum wages and EPL can affect distributional objectives. On the other hand, these regulations can generate undesirable economic or social impacts if they are established or operate in ways that exacerbate the labor market imperfections that they were designed to address.


Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most important grape pathogen in Europe and North America. Although the control is traditionally performed with fungicides, the appearance of resistant pathogen populations and the possible adverse effects on human and environment health are spurring the search for alternative means. In the present investigation, two protein hydrolysates of soybean (soy) and casein (cas) origin were successfully tested against P. viticola. On Vitis vinifera cv. Marselan plants, the application of Soy and cas reduced the infected leaf surface by 76 And 63%, as compared to the untreated control, respectively. Since both hydrolysates seemed to trigger the plant immunity, we investigated their effect on selected grapevine defence responses. On treated grapevine cell suspensions, a different free cytosolic calcium signature was recorded for each hydrolysate, whereas a similar transient phosphorylation of two MAP kinases of 45 and 49kDa was observed. These signalling events were followed by transcriptome reprogramming, including the up-regulation of genes encoding pathogenesis-Related (PR) proteins and the enzyme stilbene synthase responsible for the biosynthesis of resveratrol, the main grapevine phytoalexin. Liquid chromatography analyses confirmed the production of resveratrol and its dimer metabolites, δ- and e-viniferins. Overall, soy effect was more pronounced than cas one. Both hydrolysates proved to be able to enhance grapevine immunity against pathogen attack.


The direct overwrite characteristics by light power modulation on a magnetooptical disk with exchange coupled rare-earth-transition-metal (RE-TM) quadrilayers film are described. In this system, it is important to investigate the relationship between the laser power and the bias field margins. These margins are defined by the Curie temperature and the temperature dependence of the reversal field of each layer. Good recording characteristics were obtained, such as a carrier-to-noise ratio >49 dB on a bit length of 0.76 mu m. A fairly wide power margin of +or-20% was obtained, and a wide tolerance on the bias magnet construction was allowed. For achieving a read cycle of more than 10/sup 8/, it was necessary to keep the read power smaller than 1.5 mW at 2400 rpm. >


Objective To explore the signifance of cognitive impairment of migraineurs detected by event-related potential(ERP) -auditory P300.Methods Thirty-five migraineurs without aura in interval period and 32 healthy controls were examined with auditory P300.Migraineurs were examined with auditory P300 again after treatment.Results The N2 peak-baseline amplitude(P-B Amp) and P3 peak-peak amplitude(P-P Amp) in migraineurs were significantly lower than those in controls.No changes of peak latency(PL) were found.There was no significant difference of all P300 parameters before and after treatment.Conclusion Migraineurs had mild cognitive impairment and P300 could be the sensitive and objective method for analyzing the cognitive function of migraineurs.The cognitive impairment could not be improved along with the improvement of headache.


Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) is highly flowable, non-segregating concrete that can be placed with no mechanical consolidation. SCC has the potential for numerous advantages over conventional concrete (CC) which include, but are not limited to: -Reduced labor, equipment, and associated cost -Is cast with desired mechanical properties, independent of placement crew skill -Accelerated construction -Enables filling of complex formwork or members with congested reinforcement -Decrease employee injuries -Permits more flexible reinforcement detailing and design -Creates smooth, aesthetically appealing surfaces. Many SCC mixes use a reduced content of course aggregate with smaller MAS gradations to obtain the flowability requirements. Concerns related to the shear contribution from aggregate interlock have therefore emerged particularly for mixes that may be used for long-span bridge elements. This paper introduces an imaging process to estimate the aggregate content within a failure shear zone using an aggregate interlock push off test. The concept of the high resolution imaging and processing procedure is to provide a less subjective means to estimate aggregate within a shear failure zone.


Via questionnaire investigation on express users in Wuhan colleges and universities, it is found that client satisfaction plays partial mediator role between service quality of express industry and client loyalty. Moreover, correlation regression analysis of data is conducted by SPSS17.0 software. It is found that communication quality, order quality, delivery quality and remedy quality have significantly positive impacts on client satisfaction, while personalized service quality does not have significant impact on client satisfaction; communication quality, order quality, personalized service quality and remedy quality have significantly positive impacts on client loyalty, while communication quality does not have significant impact on client loyalty. Finally, countermeasures and suggestions are proposed according to the above conclusions.


The paper emphasizes the importance of Integration of weld joint fatigue design based on foreign standard and process. Creating the database of BS/IIW/DIN6700 standard, in the BS and IIW, it includes a lot of joint in different grade; in the DIN6700 it includes a lot of weld process request. In the BS and IIW, one can confirm the grade of weld joint, then calculate fatigue life of the weld joint base on the loading spectrum, applying the Miner fatigue accumulation theoretic. Applying DIN6700 and the process of weld data of the factory, one can get the process, in this way it realizes the Integration of fatigue life prediction of weld joint and weld process. The example testifies important value in engineering.


Provision of safe drinking water, devoid of aetiologies, is an all-time challenge due to the usage of unsafe chemicals in most of the water treatment processes. The main objective of the present paper is to evaluate the use of Moringa oleifera (MO) as a natural coagulant in coagulation/flocculation (C/F) followed by the ultrafiltration (UF) of Final Effluent Treatment Plant wastewater treatment which can also be employed as an alternative to the present conventional methods of treatment. Process efficiency was evaluated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, ammoniacal nitrogen, and zeta potential along with permeability and fouling behaviour of the membrane. A significant improvement in both the physical and chemical characteristics of the effluent quality is showing a clearer colour and a greater reduction in BOD (89.74%) and COD (63.80%) values, while pH was in the acceptable range for effluent disposal. The results indicate a lower membrane fouling rate (49%), an increase in permeate flow, and better quality of the permeate, proving that the C/F-UF treatment is an effective and efficient technique for wastewater treatment. Eventually, the treated wastewater obtained with this process generates better quality water and preserves the aquatic ecosystem.


In this article, I focus on class and gender domina tion in the rural Galician parishes of Mourisca and Beba during the first half of the 20th century. My ethnographic and archival data demonstrate that the broader socio-economic context that affected women's and men's lives is similar in both parishes but that there are also significant personal, familial and regional dif ferences that must be considered with respect to both the two field sites and the lives of distinct individuals in each locale. The two life stories that are incorporated into my discussion of the two parishes illustrate only two possible life trajectories for rural Galician women born during the first half of this century: Pepita's effort to earn day wages and to be a labradora (landed peasant agriculturalist) in Mourisca and Maria's failed attempt to marry a main heir in Beba. mittently about gender and power in rural Galicia for more than 10 years. Sharon's second period of residence in Galicia coincided with the beginning of my field work in the parish of Beba. I also had the opportunity to meet and be a student of Heidi Kelley's when she gave a semi nar on the Anthropology of Europe at the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela during the academic year of 1985-86. At that time, Heidi was doing her field work in Ezaro while I was planning to initiate my own prelimi nary experience of rural Galicia during my summer vaca


A novel method of intuitive simulation for creative computation is proposed based on intuition which plays an important role in creativity. The relationship among intuition, experience, association and stimuli is described in a quantitative way. The experience is achieved by Hebb's law. On the basis of definition of mutation association, the process of intuition is modeled by Hopfield neural networks, crossover and mutation operators. The cognitive and computational models for simulating intuition are established. Finally, an example for rendering fractal graphs is given to show the efficiency of the methods presented here.


Although estimation of breath alcohol was first introduced 35 years ago (Bogen, 1927), only in the last five has its value and validity begun to be fully recognized, mainly as a result of the invention of the "breathalyser" (Borkenstein, 1956), which is the only apparatus to gain general acceptance. In this instrument a 50-ml. sample of breath is collected in a heated reservoir and then bubbled through an ampoule containing a dilute solution of K2Cr207 in 50% 12S04. The reduction of the bichromate by the alcohol is measured photometrically, using a null-point photo-cell system and galvanometer. The breathalyser has been found by several workers to give quite reliable and accurate results (Monnier, 1956; Coldwell and Ward Smith, 1959; Drew et al., 1959), and we ourselves can confirm this. Monnier has claimed that the agreement between the breathalyser reading and the mean of two independent analyses of the blood by different methods is closer than the agreement between the blood results. It thus seems that not only is the breathalyser capable of measuring breath-alcohol concentration with sufficient accuracy but also that estimation of breath alcohol is at least as good a measure of the tissue-alcohol concentration as blood analysis. Unfortunately, although capable of giving excellent results in skilled and experienced hands, the breathalyser has a number of practical defects which have hitherto prevented its general adoption in this country. In the first place, although it is normally simple to operate, it still remains a piece of laboratory equipment not really suitable for use in a police station. The liquid reagent is particularly troublesome, as it is highly corrosive, and great care must be used in handling the ampoules and disposing of them after use. In addition, some care and vigilance on the part of the operator, and co-operation by the subject, are needed to ensure that a true alveolar sample of breath is obtained in a standard way. An attempt has therefore been made to develop a simpler apparatus based on the use of a detector tube. These tubes, in which a granular reagent in a glass tube changes colour in the presence of alcohol, are in use in


Fama and French (1996) conjectured that their HML factor represents financial distress risk. In contrast, Vassalou and Xing (2004) find that the return on a portfolio of stocks with high default risk is too high to be explained by the HML factor loading. We reconcile the Vassalou and Xing finding with the Fama and French conjecture. We show that the HML factor does represent financial distress risk; the large positive return on the high default risk portfolio in Vassalou and Xing is related to the first month reversal phenomenon documented in the momentum literature and liquidity risk.


The main aim of this paper is to present a detailed description of the research related to the modeling of heat conduction in modern electronic structures including special consideration of numerical aspects of analyzed algorithms. The motivation to undertake the research and some most important results of experiments and simulations are also included. Moreover, the numerical appoximation of the problem as well as the methodology and the sample solution of mentioned problem are presented. In the main part, the discretisation techniques, Ordinary Differential Equation algorithms and simulation results for Runge-Kutta and Gear's algorithms are analysed and discussed. Additionally, a new effective approach to modelling of heat transfer in electronic nanostructures is demonstrated.


The Turing Test has been introduced as a measure of a machine's ability to exhibit human-like intelligent behavior (Turing, 1950). However, the standard Turing Test, which involves a human evaluator engaging in a natural language conversation with a machine and attempting to distinguish its responses from those of a human, has been criticized for being too easy to pass as it may rely on the machine's ability to mimic human conversation. Thus, a machine could potentially pass the test without demonstrating any true cognitive abilities or language understanding (Weizenbaum, 1966). In response to this, Levesque et al. (2012) proposed the use of sentences in the Winograd Schema as an alternative Turing Test which require machines to understand and reason about natural language statements that involve common sense knowledge and the ability to resolve ambiguous pronouns. The idea is that the Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC) can be used as a more challenging and reliable measure of a machine's ability to exhibit human-like intelligence than a conversational Turing test. Winograd Schema sentences come in pairs which differ only by a discriminatory segment that flips the correct referent of an ambiguous pronoun. Examples are given in (1) and (2):


Introduction:
 Severe coronary calcification is a known factor for worse clinical and angiographic outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the association between lesion characteristics and post-stent findings and worse clinical outcomes in patients with severely calcified lesions remains to be elucidated.

 Hypothesis:
 Among patients with severely calcified lesions, pre and post stent findings assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) are associated with future adverse events.

 Methods:
 A total of 241 consecutive patients with severely calcified lesions, who underwent OCT imaging of the culprit lesion were included. Severely calcified lesion was defined as a lesion with a maximum calcium angle >180°, maximum thickness >0.5 mm and calcium length >5 mm, which were assessed by OCT. The device-oriented clinical endpoint (DoCE) was defined as a composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction, ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization, and stent thrombosis.

 Results:
 The presence of eruptive calcified nodule (eCN) (41% vs. 18%,
 p
 =0.003) in the culprit lesion and medial dissection with calcified flaps (59% vs. 26%,
 p
 <0.001) after stenting was significantly higher in patients with DoCE than in those without. Among the four groups classified by the presence of eCN and medial dissection with calcified flap, incidence of DoCE was the highest in lesions with both eCN and medial dissection with calcified flap (
 p
 <0.001) (Figure).

 Conclusions:
 An increased incidence of DoCE was demonstrated in lesions with the combined presence of eCN and medial dissection with calcified flap. The present results may explain the importance of the careful assessment of severely calcified lesions using OCT for the risk stratification of future adverse events.


The digital signal processing course has well-known characteristics,i.e.complex theory,difficulty to study,boring,etc.The innovation of teaching in contents and methods has been done in recent years.During the lecture,updatingness and application in contents,and interest,participaition and inition have methodologically been emphasized,and the better effect has been achieved.


Safety is an important element in an organization. A safe work space makes safety a priority throughout the organization. Improved safety will minimize job accidents, injuries, medical illnesses and death. Occupational safety and health (OSH) training that is provided by the top management of universities will create a safe and comfortable environment for both the staff and students. It also guarantees that every employee is safe in the workplace. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of safety training towards personal compliance. A total of 234 questionnaires were distributed to 20 higher educational institutions in Selangor, Malaysia. A conclusion was reached once the data were analyzed using SPSS; that safety training (B = 0.364, t = 11.90, p <.01) significantly has a positive effect on Personal Compliance.


This important book presents a new original study of the German and UK financial markets. It addresses the relationship between corporate governance, ownership and financial performance in German and UK firms floated during the 1980s.


A practical system of metals-(2,4-pentanedionate) (M(acac)n (M= Fe, Zn, Co and V)) and P2O5 in the pres- ence of HNO3 catalyzes regioselective nitration of ar-himachalene 1 to mono-nitro-ar-himachalene 2 in mod- erate to high yields. Under mild conditions, the selectivity of nitration of 1 to 2 is excellent compared to the classical method using the nitro-sulphuric mixture HNO3/H2SO4, both mono- and di-nitro-ar-himachalene 2 and 3 are obtained. The reaction offers a very good method for the preparation of nitro-aromatic compounds and provides a useful entry to new functionalized terpenic products.


This study was intended to find out the different effect of CSR and MCSR for students' reading comprehension, to investigate which reading aspects that increased better after being taught by using MCSR and to examine the students' perceptions to the process of teaching through MCSR on students' reading comprehension.

This study used both quantitative and qualitative design. Two groups pre test – post test design was employed in this study.The sample consisted of class X3 (36 students) and class X7 (36 students), both of two classes were experimental class. There were three instruments administered by the researcher, namely: Reading Comprehension Test, Interview and Questionnaire. Meanwhile, interview and questionnaire were analyzed after the treatment. The researcher analyzed the data through Independent Group T-test to compare the mean score from the result of pre test and post test and Paired sample T-test.

The findings of this current study indicated that the average gain of students' reading comprehension in CSR class was 0.1931 meanwhile the average gain of students' reading comprehension in MCSR class was 0.4903. The analysis of the collected data showed that there was improvement in reading comprehension both in CSR and MCSR however the improvement was not statistically significant. The paired sample t-test indicated that reading comprehension aspect which increase significantly was determining inference. Based on the interview, it was revealed that MCSR facilitates the students comprehend the text easily. Related to the result of the interview it was revealed that MCSR facilitates the students comprehend the text easily and questionnaire mean score was 3.47, it meant that students agreed that MCSR was good reading narrative text.

The MCSR can improve students' reading comprehesion better rahter than CSR. MCSR provide learners with activities as strategy to carry out learning goals. Beside that, the MCSR can improve students reading comprehension especially in determining inference aspect. Additionnaly, the students' perception about the MCSR for reading comprehension was positive.


Most studies on migration focus on migrants and the effects migration has on the host society. But for every migrant that leaves his or her origin country, there are also family members and loved ones that he/she 'leaves behind'. This geographic separation has well-being consequences on both sides and involves complex transnational caring arrangements when it concerns dependent children or elderly. Yet, only in the past decade has research turned its attention to the 'left behind' or stayers. This chapter provides an overview of this recent literature and discusses the effects migration has for stayer children and elderly. The chapter focuses on the main topic investigated by these studies, namely, the effect of migration on the well-being of those who stay in the origin country. Well-being is broadly defined as mental and physical health, education, social behaviour, household labour and economic security. Qualitative anthropological and sociological in-depth studies are reviewed, as are larger-scale quantitative sociological, demographic and psychological studies.


One of the most common health problems that correlated to serious complications is chronic kidney disease. Early detection and treatment can save it from progression. Machine learning is one tool that used historical data to improve future decision about prediction of chronic kidney disease. The aim of this work is to compare the performance of six different models based on accuracy, sensitivity, precision, recall. In this study, the experiments were conducted on 158 records downloaded from UCI repository. Six algorithms ( K-Nearest Neighbor, Naïve Bayes, Support Vector machine, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, and Random Forest ) were implemented on data after preprocessing stage. Evaluation of models resulted in Naïve Bayes and Random Forest accuracy 100%, Sensitivity 100%, Specificity 100%, precision 100 %, Recall 100% respectively. It is concluded that Naïve Bayes and Random Forest are better than other models.


The title materials are quite versatile porous nanomaterials for hetero-photocatalysis. Indeed, they are capable of catalysing photoinduced CO2 and metal reduction, contaminant degradation, H2 and O2 evolutions, photodynamic therapy, and...


Events with tagged photons in the process of electron-positron annihilation into hadrons are considered. The initial state radiation is suggested to scan the hadronic cross section with the energy. QED radiative corrections are taken into account. The results for the total and exclusive cross sections are given in an analytic form. Some numerical estimates are presented.


As they are expected to occupy a large portion of the lattice, wiggler insert ions will introduce significant linear and nonlinear perturbations to the single-particle dynamics in the NLC Main Damping Rings (MDR). The nonlinearities are of particular concern as a sufficiently large Dynamic Aperture (DA) is required for high injection efficiency. The main content of this report is a study of the wigglers impact on the DA of the NLC-MDR latest lattice design. The particle dynamics is modeled by transfer maps calculated by integration through the wiggler fields. For field representation we employed a 3D multipole expansion derived from the field data that were obtained with the aid of a magnet design code. Additional contents of this paper include an investigation of a simplified model of wiggler consisting of a sequence of standard magnet elements (where thin octupoles are used to represent the dominant nonlinearities) and the suggestion of a possible correction scheme to compensate the wiggler nonlinearities.


Gum arabic (GA) from Acacia senegal var. senegal was orally administered to patients suffering from gout. Out of fifty randomly selected patients, twenty-five patients were given a GA dose of 50 g/day for 120 days, and the remaining twenty-five patients represented the control group. Blood samples were collected from all patients on the first day of administering GA, and once every two weeks. Uric acid, urea, creatinine, haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), were determined using standard methods. After a 60 day depletion period, the same parameters were determined using doses of 75 and 25 g/day of GA. The results indicate that GA consumption reduces average serum uric acid levels in both male and female gout patients in a dose dependent manner, higher doses (50 and 75 g/day) causing uric acid levels to fall below normal levels. Urea and creatinine levels, which were initially within the normal range, also decreased significantly in a GA dose dependent manner. Hb and PCV levels, which were initially decreased (compared to the control group), increased significantly in a GA dose dependent manner back towards normal (control group) levels, and at the highest GA dose (75 g/day) increased beyond normal levels. ESR levels, which were initially elevated (compared to the control group), decreased significantly in a GA dose dependent manner back towards normal (control group) levels, and at the higher GA doses (50 and 75 g/day) decreased below normal levels.


The fabrication and characterisation details of novel distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) diode lasers emitting around 1064 nm are presented here. The AlGaAs epitaxial layer stack used here allows the removal of the active quantum wells in passive sections where no current is injected. The DBR lasers fabricated with a two-step epitaxial approach without an active layer in the grating sections show improved performance in terms of power, efficiency, and linewidth in comparison to its all-active DBR counterparts.


We used the large binocular camera (LBC) mounted on the large binocular telescope (LBT) to observe the Lockman Hole in the U, B, and V bands. Our observations cover an area of 900 arcmin2. We reached depths of 26.7, 26.3, and 26.3mag(AB) in the three bands, respectively, in terms of 50% source detection efficiency. We extracted a large number of sources (∼ 89000), detected in all three bands and examined their surface density, comparing it with models of galaxy evolution. We find good agreement with previous claims of a steep faint-end slope of the luminosity functions, caused by late-type and irregular galaxies at z > 1.5. A population of dwarf star-forming galaxies at 1.5 < z < 2.5 is needed to explain the U-band number counts. We also find evidence of strong supernova feedback at high redshift.


A process for preparing the tert-butylamino ethoxyethanol as the selective desulfurizing solvent with sterical hindering effect includes such steps as putting tert-butylamine, 2-chloroethyoxy ethanol and reaction medium in reactor, heating while reaction, alkali neutralizing, condensing to recover excessive tert-butylamine, filtering, distilling, and rectifying. Its advantages are high selectivity and absorptivity to H2S, high boilding point and high purification.


Nowadays, most of the numerical simulations are carried out by successively performing the following steps: CAD model definition or modification, conversion to a mesh model and enrichment with semantic data relative to the simulation (e.g. material behaviour laws, boundary conditions), Finite Element simulation and analysis of the results. Classically, the semantic data are attached to the mesh through the use of groups of geometric entities sharing the same characteristics. Thus, any modification of the CAD model always implies an update of the mesh as well as an update of the attached semantic data. This is time-consuming and not adapted to the context of industrial maintenance. Moreover, the CAD models do not always exist and should therefore be reconstructed starting from scratch or from the physical object. In this paper, we set up a framework towards the definition of CAD-less Finite Element analyses wherein enriched meshes are manipulated directly. The geometric manipulations are constrained with information extracted from the group definition. Actually, the boundaries of those groups are exploited to constrain the modifications. The concept of Virtual Group Boundaries is introduced to focus on the extension of the attached semantic information instead of the actual tessellation while generalising the approach to groups of any dimension going from 0D (vertex) to 3D (e.g. tetrahedron). The notion of Elementary Group is also introduced as a mean to ease the forthcoming transfer of the semantics from the initial to the modified models. Such a framework also finds interest in the preliminary design phases where alternative solutions have to be evaluated.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


TFP growth in South Gujarat by crops has developed a strong perception that technological gains occurred in paddy, wheat, tur, cotton, sugarcane, and banana. Cotton has enjoyed the highest benefit of technological innovations during the past twenty-four years with its TFP growth more than 3per cent. The impact of research on different crops has indicated high payoffs to research in all crops. The results revealed that investment of rupee one in research stock has generated, on an average, an additional income of Rs 7, indicating high rates of returns to public investments. The marginal internal rates of return to agricultural research are estimated to be between 35 and 54 per cent showing that investment in agricultural research during the past 24 years has resulted in attractive returns. The study has clearly indicated that investment in agriculture is a highly paying proposition and presents strong case for allocation of additional resources to research for the development of agriculture in South Gujarat.


While Australia is a multicultural country, the linguistic landscape that surrounds learners is decidedly monolingual. This requires careful consideration by primary school teachers when designing their language programs. For classroom teachers the starting point for English literacy programs is phonemic awareness followed by mapping sounds to symbols: activities that lie below the sentence level. This contrasts with languages programs that often begin with vocabulary lists, text analysis and interculturality. These differing approaches mean that primary languages programs can be isolated within the curriculum and lacking in measurable literacy outcomes. It is suggested applied linguistics research has provided two fundamental clues that can be employed in the creation of literacy meeting places for teachers to redress this situation: integrating languages programs using the notions of universality and transfer. Evidence from the Flinders University-DECS multilingual literacy project (2010-11) will show that integrated languages programs can achieve measurable literacy outcomes. Melby-Lervag and Lervag's (2011) article on language transfer will be introduced as a framework for understanding and evaluating this notion of literacy as a meeting place. Teachers who intend to use literacy as a meeting place for the development of integrated languages programs will need to share common understandings, have an established metalanguage for collaboration, and have access to similar resources for teaching and learning both within and across languages.  References: ACARA (2011) www.theaustraliancurriculum.edu.au Cummins, J. (1979) Linguistic interdependence and educational development of bilingual children. Review of Educational Research, 49, 222-51. Melby-Lervag & Lervag. (2011) Cross-linguistic transfer of oral language, decoding, phonological awareness and reading comprehension: a meta-analysis of the correlational evidence. Journal of Research in Reading, 34(1), pp.114-135. Sparks, R., Patton, J., Ganschow, L., & Humbach, N. (2009) Long-Term Crosslinguistic Transfer of Skills from L1 to L2. Language Learning, 59(1), pp.203-243.


China has made remarkable progress in reforming its social security systems during the 10th Five-Year Plan period.In urban areas,a basic social security system than combines social pooling account and individual account was basically set up.In the 11th five-year plan,China will make effor to reform its health and medical systems,and start to establish a social security system in rural area.In order to speed up this process,a package of policy measures that include extending social security coverage,increasing financial investment,enhancing monitoring and management of social security systems and making out a blueprint for rural social security system,should be taken to solve several intrinsic issues and maintain its sustainability.


: Aim: Pain is the most common symptom for which patients seeks help and can reflect either physical or emotional discomfort. Therefore; the aim of this study is to assess physician attitude and knowledge about pain management in cancer patients and the most common barrier for optimal cancer pain management. Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive hospital based study; it included Physicians working in Radio and Isotopes Centre Khartoum (RICK), Sudan. The data was collected using questionnaire in the period between March and May, 2012. Results: This study revealed that most physicians showed negative attitude toward optimal analgesic use in cancer patients; more than half of physicians (66.7%)thought that patients will depend on drugs if it is prescribed as their wishes. (60%) of the physicians fearing from drug addiction. Also ( 76%) did not know that opioid have no ceiling effect and can be increased without restriction.(65 %) of the physicians did not know that one sixth of total daily dosage of opioids can be used for breakthrough pain additionally. This study also revealed that about (62 %) of the physicians did not heard or even heard but not used WHO analgesic ladder for the management of cancer patients. Conclusion : An educational policy to provide support for the training of health-care professionals, volunteers and the public, and the development of the undergraduate medical curriculum in palliative care at the school of medicine is necessary. The pharmacists must become more integral members of palliative care teams because they provide more information about drugs using in pain management.


In this paper, we study the dynamical behavior of a prey-dependent digestive model with a state-dependent impulsive effect. Using the Poincare map and the Lambert W-function, we find the analytical expression of discrete mapping. Sufficient conditions are established for transcritical bifurcation and period-doubling bifurcation through an analytical method. Exact locations of these bifurcations are explored. Numerical simulations of an example are illustrated which agree well with our theoretical results.


Though reading habits among Nigerian students seem to be dwindling, it is still obvious that effective use of the libraries remain a strong factor in enhancing good study habits among the students. This paper examined the impact of effective use of the library on students' study habits in the University of Lagos and Lagos State University, both in Lagos. The research design employed was survey descriptive method. Convenience sampling technique was used to select 393 participants. Data were collected using a self-developed, structured questionnaire from the study areas. The instrument was designed using 5-point Likert Scale and all questions were in close-ended form. To establish the pilot study, experts in library management and educational planning and management validated the instrument for content, clarity, relevance, correctness and appropriateness of the sub-variables in paper title. Data gathered were analysed with Pearson correlation coefficient inferential statistical tool. The results obtained indicate a significant relationship between the effective use of library and study habits of university students with a correlation value of 0.820. Also, the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.819 indicating that there was a significant relationship in the academic performance of students who have developed study habits through the effective use of the library and those who have not. The paper, therefore, recommends that apart from making available library resources, the facilities should also appeal to users by making sure that there are current materials which must as well be arranged in a manner that will facilitate reading and of course, must be given access to.


The purpose of the research is conducted to examine the effect of Scaffolding-based  (CC) learning models on the ability of scientific reasoning physics of high school students. The research population was MAN Bondowoso 2019/2020 students and the research sample was the students of class XI IPA 1 and XI IPA 2. The research techniques used were observation, tests and documentation. There are two stages of data analysis technique, they are normality test and independent sample t-test using SPSS version 23. The result shows that the experimental class and control class data are normally distributed, that is the sig value. > 0.05. Independent test sample t-test using SPSS 23 on the scientific reasoningphysics capability obtained sig. (2-tailed) by 0,038 and the result of sig. (1-tailed) for 0,019 meaning that the test is <0.05. The results showed that the  model based on Scaffolding had a significant effect on the ability of scientific reasoning physics of high school students of high school students.


Structural abnormalities in the development and embryogenesis of the iridocorenal angle are etiopatogenetic factors for appearance of congenital glaucoma which, because of the high interocular pressure, results with a damage of the opticus and early loss of vision. Infant glaucoma which manifests immediately after birth is indicate with characteristic clinical picture of big "oxen eyes" and the high pressure quickly leads to suffering of the cornea and the optical nerve. The detection of the disease gives possibilities for beginning of the treatment with a conservative or urgent surgical operation. Unfortunately, more surgical operations usually follow at the early infant age in order to keep the eye pressure in normal state. The forecast of the disease is very bad according to the world statistics the blindness appears till the age of 30 at last. In our clinic, 5-8 new cases with advanced damages appeared yearly for the last 10 years. Because the treatment of the disease is longitudinal it needs cooperation with an expert-team of pediatricians, especially with  ophtolmologists whose human and ethic approach will prevent the unavoidable blindness.


Sign language recognition is a promising application that breaks the barrier between the deaf and normal people. However, to make it a practical application it needs to exist in a free environment. Previous developed systems suffer from the "controlled-environment" constraint, if one of the control assumptions is violated, the recognition accuracy dramatically decreases. In this paper, a post processing module based on Natural Language Processing rules is proposed to detect and correct expected errors resulting from recognition system. We suggest a semantic-oriented approach which can correct semantic level errors as well as lexical errors, and is more accurate especially for domain-specific sign language recognition error detection and correction. Through experiments, it will demonstrate the better performance of the proposed post processing approach. The experiments were done on Arabic sign language recognition and it can be generalized to other sign languages.


Objective To evaluate the capability of 64 multidetector CT in the differentiation between mucinous and nonmucinous gastric cancer. MethodsFrom June 2006 to June 2007, 68 patients diagnosed as gastric cancer (18 mucinous and 50 nonmucinous cancer) underwent preoperative scan with a 64-slice helical CT scanner at West China Hospital. The CT images were analyzed retrospectively on tumor location (proximal/distal stomach), diameter of tumor, appearance of thickened gastric wall, contrast enhancement pattern (layered/nonlayered), degree of enhancement and serosal invasion. ResultsThe primarily thickened layer (94% of patients) was the low attenuation middle layer in mucinous cancer and the rate was 72% with high attenuating inner layer or entire layer in nonmucinous cancer. The most common contrast enhancement pattern and degree was layered (83% of patients) and non-enhanced (89% of patients) in mucinous cancer and nonlayered (76% of patients) with enhanced (60%of patients) in nonmucinous cancer. The more common serosal invasion was shown in mucinous cancer than in nonmucinous cancer (89% vs 64%). These findings were statistically significant (P0.05). Tumor location and size of gastric cancer were not correlated with operative pathologic classification. ConclusionSixty-four multidetector CT is effective in distinguishing mucinous from nonmucinous gastric cancer, predominantly on the basis of thickened and layered gastric wall, enhancement pattern of low-attenuating middle layer.