The paper presents the demand and supply trends of livestock products. It provides the projections for the year 2020, 2025 and 2030 for both India and Nigeria and the future consequences on the future food security. The demand projections were computed using simple growth rate model under the assumptions of 6, 7 and 8 per cent GDP growth rate representing low, moderate and high income growth with 2013 as the base year. Supply projections were computed using Box-Jenkins forecasting Arima model. Findings reveal that the demand-supply gap in India for the year 2020 would be a surplus for milk, poultry, meat and a marginal deficit in eggs respectively. While in the subsequent years of 2025 and 2030 India would become a surplus nation in terms of milk, eggs, poultry and meat across the entire three scenarios; low, moderate and high income growth rates. Nigeria conversely, the demand-supply gap results indicated that across the three income growth rate scenarios there would be a staggering deficit in all the livestock products; milk, eggs, poultry and meat for the years 2020, 2025 and 2030 respectively. The main challenges of Nigeria are; need to improve the productivity of the local livestock breeds through artificial inseminations, improving grazing reserve with quality rich protein fodders, quality drinking water to reduce the menace of farmers/pastoral clashes that leads to the loss of thousands of livestock over the years in Nigeria which in turn reduces the availability of the livestock products. In addition, government needs to provide financial support, training and input to the local and small scale poultry farmers in order to enhance eggs and broiler production. The finding recommends that India should strengthen the local processing industries with financial support in ensuring a proper efficient processing and export of the surplus livestock products to avoid losses of these most perishable products; increasing farmers income, creating employment, export competitiveness and increasing the nation`s balance of payment.


Our knowledge of tropical old-growth grassland resilience (i.e. resistance to degradation and capacity for recovery) remains limited relative to our knowledge of temperate grasslands. Although highly resilient to endogenous disturbances such fires, the vegetation dynamics in old-growth fire-prone tropical grasslands seems hampered by anthropogenic disturbances, especially topsoil degradation. After topsoil disturbance, the internal species pool (i.e. remaining vegetation and the seed bank) is often depleted or even absent, and natural regeneration depends mainly on seed dispersal from surrounding sites via the seed rain. However, plant communities on areas disturbed by soil removal can remain very different from preserved sites many years after degradation, with almost no recovery of the natural vegetation. Despite extremely relevant, seed dispersal dynamics and resilience of tropical old-growth grasslands after soil disturbance remains much overlooked. In this thesis, I carried out a review and three experimental studies about seed rain and diaspore removal dynamics in grasslands. In CHAPTER1, I did a systematic literature survey about seed rain studies in global grasslands. I (1) assessed where, how and why research on seed rain has been carried out; (2) examined how methodological design and results have been reported; and (3) provided guidelines for future research on seed rain in grasslands. I found a remarkable unbalance in the numbers of studies between grassland types, which becomes even more dissimilar across global climatic ranges when the area covered by each grassland type is take into consideration. I identified significant knowledge gaps in grassland seed rain research. I also found a great disparity of methods and data being reported across studies. Additionally, I found that only a few attempts have been made to assess the seed trap efficiency and no studies to date have proposed any protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of seed sorting methods. Then, in CHAPTER 2, I ran a field experiment to propose a simple standard protocol to evaluate the efficiency of two seed trap types (sticky and funnel traps) and of a seed sorting method to assess the efficient of the methods prior to seed rain studies. As a case of study, in CHAPTER 3 and 4, I studied seed rain and secondary diaspore removal dynamics in preserved areas and in areas degraded by gravel exploitation for road construction in campo rupestre vegetation, a megadiverse edaphic grassland in southeastern Brazil. The small number of seeds captured in the seed rain, indicates seed limitation and suggests a close causal relationship between seed dispersal limitation and the low resilience after soil disturbance. The identification of some relatively abundant species in the seed rain places these species as good targets for reintroduction in future restoration projects. Topsoil removal changed the identity of ants interacting with diaspores, resulting in contrasting outcomes from ant-diaspore interactions. The lack of diaspore removal towards degraded areas indicates that establishment limitation is a factor hampering natural regeneration. Our findings help to explain, at least partially, why natural regeneration is compromised after soil removal, which strongly influences diaspore fate and interactions with potential ground-dwelling dispersers, resulting in different ecological outcomes and strong influencing vegetation dynamics and regeneration. I expect that these results will guide future research on seed dispersal and resilience in grasslands, underpinning decisions on restoration and conservation practices on these threatened environments.


The dynamics of a single spin embedded in the tunnel junction (quantum point contact) between ferromagnets is addressed. Using the Keldysh technique, we derive a quantum Langevin equation. As a consequence of the spin-polarization in the leads, the spin displays a rich and unusual dynamics. Parallel configured and equally strong magnetic moments in the leads yield an ordinary spin precession with a Larmor frequency given by the effective magnetic field. Unequal and/or non-parallel configured magnetization, however, causes nutation of the spin in addition to the precession. Our predictions may be directly tested for macroscopic spin clusters.


concerns (predominantly to individual privacy) are provided at the close of the chapter. However, this degree of focus appears somewhat lacking elsewhere. The editors posit in the introductory chapter that the Handbook of Internet Crime is the most ambitious book of cybercrime to date. Indeed, it may well be. However, in being (or attempting to be) so, it leaves many questions unanswered. It seeks to address so many seemingly disparate topics that it fails to provide full answers to many of them. Arguably, given the rapid growth of internet usage and technological advancement, coupled with the inevitable "reshaping of the contours and textures of everyday life" (p. 10), it is almost inevitable that clarity is unobtainable in this area currently. This theme reappears throughout the book. Overall, this book poses many key questions about the nature of internet criminality, is well structured and easy to read. As the editors themselves admit, cybercrime is largely impossible to quantify and difficult even to research (p. 11). The strength of this book is that it takes much of the legwork of doing so out of the hands of the reader. The stated aim of the book (p. 6) is to provide an essential reference for students, researchers and others whose work brings them in contact with managing, policing and regulating online behaviour. In such hands, this book will likely prove extremely useful, particularly in offering scholarly insight pertaining to key parameters. However, while this book absorbs much of the complexity of researching the topic, it tends to leave certain questions unanswered so as to warrant reexamination at a later stage. Thus, those seeking to explore topics in more detailed terms might be encouraged to examine more focused texts, where available. Happily, the contributors, no doubt in recognition of the shortcomings inherent in some of the materials, provide useful suggestions for further reading at the close of each chapter.


Edgar Lee Hewett, an amateur archaeologist and
pedagogue, came to the Southwestern United States in 1891 and was
immediately captured by the monumental prehistoric ruins nestled in
the winding canyons of the high desert. Concerned about their
destruction, over the next fifteen years Hewett worked to protect
these antiquities. In 1906, he successfully drafted federal
preservation legislation, the Antiquities Act, which protected the
ruins of America's deep past from looting and destruction; at the
same time, sites were made available to scientific teams and
curious citizens. Balancing scientific and popular interests,
Hewett's work as a promoter and advocate of America's prehistoric
period ignited an historical consciousness of North America's great
"civilizations" of the past, establishing a continuity between
pre-Columbian settlements and the present American nation. The
continuity was largely materially based, as the monumental
architecture of the "ancient ones" was considered on par with that
of Egypt. Contemporaneous Native Americans, the descendants of the
"ancient ones," however, were seen to have an inferior material
culture, and their lineage to the past race was questioned. Their
place in the historical continuum was cast in the shadow of
progress and it was widely thought Amerindians were destined to
fade away. Hewett, in crafting the Antiquities Act, facilitated
this historical interpretation through the regulation of access to
"prehistoric" ruins and the determination of the qualities worthy
of preservation, and laid the groundwork for subsequent "historic"
preservation in the United States. In the place of American Indians
would emerge a great civilization rising from a rich prehistoric
past, a United States with a deep history.


Climate change scenarios predict losses of cold-adapted species from insular locations, such as middle high mountains at temperate latitudes, where alpine habitats extend for a few hundred meters above the timberline. However, there are very few studies following the fates of such species in the currently warming climate. We compared transect monitoring data on an alpine butterfl y, Erebia epiphron (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from summit elevations of two such alpine islands (above 1300 m) in the Jeseník Mts and Krkonoše Mts, Czech Republic. We asked if population density, relative total population abundance and phenology recorded in the late 1990s (past) differs that recorded early in 2010s (present) and if the patterns are consistent in the two areas, which are separated by 150 km. We found that butterfl y numbers recorded per transect walk decreased between the past and the present, but relative population abundances remained unchanged. This contradictory observation is due to an extension in the adult fl ight period, which currently begins ca 10 days earlier and lasts for longer, resulting in the same total abundances with less prominent peaks in abundance. We interpret this development as desynchronization of annual cohort development, which might be caused by milder winters with less predictable snow cover and more variable timing of larval diapause termination. Although both the Jeseník and Krkonoše populations of E. epiphron are abundant enough to withstand such desynchronization, decreased synchronicity of annual cohort development may be detrimental for innumerable small populations of relic species in mountains across the globe.


This paper proposes an optimization method, based on information theoretic ideas, to a class of distributed control problems. As a particular test case, the well-known and numerically "over-mined" problem of decentralized control and implicit communication, commonly referred to as Witsenhausen's counterexample, is considered. The key idea is to randomize the zero-delay mappings. which become "soft", probabilistic mappings to be optimized in a deterministic annealing process, by incorporating a Shannon entropy constraint in the problem formulation. The entropy of the mapping is controlled and gradually lowered to zero to obtain deterministic mappings, while avoiding poor local minima. For the particular test case, our approach obtains new mappings that shed light on the structure of the optimal solution, as well as achieving a small improvement in total cost over the state of the art in numerical approaches to this problem. Proposed method is general and applicable to any problem of similar nature.


Objective To study the influences of thermoplastic film on skin doses when treating tumors at 6 MV photon beam and 16 MV photon beam. Methods The 2300CD the linear accelerator (Varian) and parallel-plate chamber of PTW3381 were used. The measuring conditions were 200 MU, 10 cm by 10 cm in the radiation field, and 100 cm source skin distance. The doses were measured in the surface of the film, and 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm under the film respectively with thermoplastic film and without it. The doses in the same depth but under different conditions were compared. Results The absorbed dose in the surface of the thermoplastic film was obviously higher than that without thermoplastic one, which increased by 36.2% at 6 MV photon beam and 47.7% at 16 MV photon beam (P 0.001). The absorbed doses, 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm under the film, were remarkably increased, but with increasing depth, the incremental range gradually slowed down. Conclusion Application of thermoplastic film can significantly increase the dose in the surface of the skin. Therefore, radiotherapy doctor should take into account the influences and the biological effects of thermoplastic film on patient's skin dose and endeavor to take a variety of measures to alleviate radiation-induced skin damage when making a plan of radiotherapy.


An important aspect of the corporate responsibility towards the customers is to ensure the correct value transfer, through the quality and price of the product/service. By using customer satisfaction in order to measure value and the quality provided to customers, this paper proposes a methodology of assisting management decisions in improving business processes. The proposed techniques and tools, specific to quality management, are used for determining the processes which need to be improved or innovated in order to increase customer satisfaction. Thus, the methodology contributes to the creation of a decision-making framework for an efficient orientation of the resources for maximising the generated value and minimising the costs.


In this article the authors describe ideas from European educationalists that developed ideas for handicraft as a pedagogical approach towards general education. Then they describe the introduction of Sloyd pedagogy in Iceland. This became a reason for the establishment of the specific Icelandic Craft subject around 1900. At this time Iceland was under the Danish Crown. Subsequently Danish influences were impacting the Icelandic culture and Icelanders commonly gained their higher education in Denmark. Therefore the Danish model for Sloyd education was adopted in Iceland. The first Icelandic educational director Jon Thorarenssen went to a course in Aksel Mikkelsens Handicraft School in Copenhagen. Subsequently he introduced Sloyd pedagogy to Icelandic educators 1890. Later craft was established as a specific subject aimed at general education. In the beginning craft was called "school industry," to distinguish it from "home industry" whose aim was to help homes to be self-sufficient or commercial purposes.


Applying the analytical method proposed by Maria do Rosario Longo Mortatti, it is presented an study of the textual configuration of the book O texto sedutor na literature infantile ,from Edmir Perrotti, allowing to understand: a) author´s concepts about the children's literature; b) thematic contents and structural-formal textual options; c) the speech's determination according to its relationship with the author's place in society, the historical moment; the needs and goals established to reach the reader. This study also presents Perrotti´s thoughts about several other Brazilian researchers of children's literature


The effects of natural traditional energy sources which is called biomass, mainly cowdung, on pulmonary function was investigated. In rural regions of Sivas City, pulmonary function tests of 112 cow-dung users and 153 modern energy source users were compared. When comparing the mean values of spirometric measurements of two groups' males and females seperately, all the spirometric parameters of the cow-dung users' group were found to be decreased (P < 0.05) and this decrement was in obstructive type. As a result, cow-dung which is a special type of biomass, was seen to effect pulmonary function tests negatively both in males and females.


Introduction Head and neck cancer includes malignancies usually originated in upper aerodigestive tract mucosa. Despite hypopharyngeal cancer has a low incidence, patients have poor prognosis, advanced stage and distant metastization. A low overall survival of these cancer might be explained by the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC). Identification of a CSCs markers panel could help to overcome this barrier allowing to develop target drugs. This study aims to evaluate and characterise the expression of proliferation, adhesion and CSC markers in a hypopharyngeal cell line (FaDu) before and after ionising radiation exposure. Material and methods Paraffin cell blocks were performed in order to evaluate by immunohistochemistry (IHC), epithelial characterisation (cytokeratin CAM 5.2, leukocyte common antigen (LCA), vimentin), tumoral aggressiveness (P16, P53, OCT4 and SALL4), proliferation (Ki-67) and CSC markers (EpCAM, CD10, CD44, CD117, CD133, beta-catenin). Also, 14 subtypes of high-risk HPV (31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 16, and 18), EBV, Akt and Wnt expressions were analysed. Radiotherapy was performed with 0.5 × 106 cells/mL, exposed to increasing doses of X-ray (0.5 to 10 Gy), except for control cells. Clonogenic assay and IHC were realised. Treated cells for IHC were fixed with alcohol 96%, 48 hour after treatment and posteriorly analysed the following antigens Ki-67, EpCAM, CD133, CD44, beta-catenin, CD117, CD10, Akt, Wnt, OCT4 and P53. Results and discussions FaDu cell line showed positive immunostaining for cytokeratin, vimentin and negative to LCA. Relatively to tumoral aggressiveness, cells only expressed positively P16, while P53, OCT4 and SALL4 were negative. About proliferation it was observed Ki-67+. Between analysed stemness markers just CD44, CD133 and beta-catenin were expressed. Among HPV subtypes analysed only HPV18 was stained positive and EBV-. Adding, control cells expressed Akt +and Wnt +in normal conditions. Preliminary results related to ionising radiation effects showed that cell survival is X-ray dose dependent. Moreover, it was observed Wnt expression alterations with X-ray exposure. Conclusion These results demonstrate that FaDu survival is affected by ionising radiation exposure. This may be associated with Wnt expression which is altered after irradiation, highlighting that this molecule is involved in cell fate determination, cell polarity, migration and cell proliferation.


In this modernised world, everything is done within a tap of a mobile phone. Each service is offering online services for their customers. Actually saying we became much lazier due to these technologies that's where it comes the 'digital-world'. Contacting a dhobi, waiting for his arrival and paying him, all these costs valuable time of a working people. And in this pandemic situation physical contact is dangerous. There are laundry services and they do not provide its service online. To avoid this problem we have created a dhobi service app called "Superdry". One of our motive of building this Laundry Application is to provide employment to those washer-men who are unemployed. Through this app a customer can place order for various laundry services. The dhobi will collect the clothes from the customer house and after washing, will deliver it back. And the customer can make an online payment or even can pay on delivery. Here the time is saved and the contactless service is achieved. Here both the customer and the dhobi are benefited.


Camelostrongylus mentulatus is a trichostrongylid parasite which is endemic in the Middle East, North Africa and South America, where it is the dominant gastric nematode in native camelids (Abdul-Salam and Farah 1988) and frequently infects other ruminants (El-Azazy 1995). This short communication reports the finding of C mentulatus in a roe deer in Italy. A seven-month-old female roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) was found killed on a road near Oulx, in the Susa Valley (Cozie Alps, north-west Italy), in December 1996. At necropsy, no macroscopic lesions were observed apart from traumatic ones. The animal was in good condition, as shown by the presence of omental, pericardial and kidney fat, and the solid consistency of tibial bone marrow. The alimentary tract was removed and the contents of the abomasum and small intestine washed separately and sieved on wire mesh screens to a final aperture of 0-055 mm. Scrapings of the mucosae were added to the material remaining on the sieve and the resultant fluids were fixed with formaldehyde to make a 5 per cent concentration. Some fixed male parasites were observed in the fluids, and further examined in non-permanent preparations in tap water and subsequently clarified in lactophenol at 60°C for 24 hours. They were were identified according to the keys in Skrjabin and others (1952) and Gibbons and Khalil (1982). A total of 38 males of the subfamily Ostertagiinae were found in the abomasum and were all classified as C mentulatus according to the following main criteria (mean [sd] of five males measured): total length 11-845 (772) pIm; maximum width 121-2 (4.6) [m; a 2-1-2 type arrangement of rays in the lateral lobe of the bursa; rays 5 and 6 longer than rays 2 and 3; dorsal ray with one pair of short branches from the main trunk, each of which divided again; genital cone with a pair of dorsal raylets which were separate along their length; unique ornamented spicules 584 (24-5) Mm long (Fig 1). The synlophe, studied in tranverse sections of the mid-body region in five specimens, was consistent with the description in Beveridge and Durette-Desset (1994), in that it was frontal type, with the fluid layer absent and the presence of 26 small ridges oriented perpendicular to the body. C mentulatus was not found in any of the other 222 roe deer collected from the same alpine valley between 1992 and 1997 (Rossi and others 1997). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first record ofC mentulatus in a roe deer and more generally in a free-ranging cervid host. Animals belonging to a small circus which visited Oulx during the summer of 1996 were the most likely source of infection. Local people reported that an unspecified number of llamas and a camel were allowed to graze the meadows around the circus camp, just a few hundred metres from where the infected roe deer was subsequently recovered. Following the movement of infected animals, C mentulatus has become endemic in sheep and goats in arid zones in Australia and the Canary Islands (Beveridge and Ford 1982, Molina and others 1997) and is now signalled in other ruminant hosts in zoos and exotic game farms in temperate zones of the northern Hemisphere (Thornton and others 1973, Hernandez and others 1980). At the beginning of the last FIG 1: Distal tip of typically ornamented spicules of Camelostrongylus mentulatus from a roe deer. Bar = 50 ipm


Aims: The objective of the study was to optimize the submerged culture conditions for the production of exopolysaccharide from Paecilomyces sinclairii.


Objective:  The prevalence of asthma among children has been increasing in the United States and it is estimated that there are approximately 5 million children with asthma. This cross‐sectional survey sought to estimate the prevalence of asthma and asthma symptoms and potential risk factors among children aged 16 and younger, in a largely rural population in the USA.


We conduct a report on the fish in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in terms of their fauna, ecotypes, resource groups and the composition of the catch during April and May in 1997, thus providing a valuable reference for fish classification, geography, fish management department as well as local leaders at all levels.


Problem: How has Nordea been adapted and influenced by the change of Basel II and how have the employees reacted on the new change?
Purpose: This essay has a purpose to study how Basel II has influ ...


With the development of exactitude and minisize of PCB products, micro-holes provide enough zone for layout to ensure high density layout. Via holes have difficulty in HASL process because of the smaller via dimension and high thickness-diameter ratio. This issue makes analysis on the mechanisms of the influence on pretreatment of HASL to Tin in via holes, research the improving methods of Tin in vias by experiment on pretreatment.


Increasing amounts of spatial-temporal building deformation data now can be derived from SAR satellite image stacks using tomographic inversion techniques. Such huge amounts of 4-D information are crucial for monitoring building behavior as well as detecting potential damage. Building deformation data, characterized by directional dependences, large differences in scale, and anisotropic uncertainties, pose a great challenge for visualization and analysis. Existing visualization techniques are anchored in point clouds, resulting in clusters of points which are often difficult to understand and analyze for the public. In this paper, we propose a visual analytical method to handle the 4-D building deformation data, which allows the immediate perception of the overall deformation pattern and exploration of interesting areas based on a 3-D building model. The workflow mainly consists of the co-registration of the deformation data with 3-D fine building models, the aggregation and classification of deformation data and the user interface design process. We evaluate our method on the deformation data of the Bellagio hotel area in Las Vegas derived from TerraSARX data and 3-D building models from 3D warehouse. The preliminary case study demonstrates the feasibility of our approach.


In this paper, we propose a new approach to squid fishing that makes use of shared information. A typical squid fishing vessel is outfitted with 10 or more automatic squid jiggers lined along both sides of the vessel and controlled from the wheelhouse via a single control panel. All of the jiggers are centrally controlled from this panel, which typically has a monitor that provides the operator with real-time data on the operating mode and motor load of each jigger. In addition to determining the cumulative tonnage of a catch, such information can be overlapped upon vertical water temperature profiles to graphically depict a fishing ground and support highly detailed inferences of its location and extent. A squid jigger is comprised of a drum, around which is wrapped a wire that strings together a series of lures and sinkers. The drum is swiveled to move the lures up and down. Based on the idea that this commonly used device should be utilizable for the automatic measurement of water temperature profiles, we aimed to develop a ubiquitous sensor that can meet this criterion while also being easily used by fishermen at sea. Through 32 field trials, we confirmed that our device can repeatedly measure the water temperature distribution down to a depth of 300 m. Also, through direct comparison with oceanographic instruments mounted on actual research vessels, we were able to verify that the measurements produced by our device at thermoclines varied by no more than 1.3 °C from the values produced by such instruments. We are currently working to improve the response rate of our ubiquitous sensor with an eye toward real-world application.


The first order rate constant (kD) at the oarly phase of freeze inactivation of carp myofib-rillar Ca-ATPase was determined in the presence of varied concentration of several carboxylic acid. From the linear relation between log kD and the morality (M) of carboxylic acid, the protective effect (denoted as E) was estimated as a decrease in log kD/M of each carboxylic acid. The effect was thus found to become stronger in the order of formate, acetate, glycine, succinate, tartrate, gluconate, glutamate. The rank in protective effect of carboxylic acid against freeze denaturation, fairly coincided with that of the same acid against thermal denaturation of myofibrils. The joint protective effect of carboxylic acid with sugar and amino acid was also studied by the same manner. The variation in log kD showed that the cooperative effects were nearly additional for all pair combinations from sucrose, acetate, and glutamate and for those of sucrose, acetate, and glutamate. A discussion followed on a possible mechanism for cooperative protection by carboxylic acids with sugar and amino acid against freeze denaturation on myofibrillar protein.


Aiming at the security issues of the new style campus network,this paper proposes a multi-level and stereoscopic systems scheme of collaborative defense for campus network security.Based on the scheme,in combination with the latest distributed firewall and intrusion detection systems,actually built the corresponding coordinated defense model.After the integration of Agent technology,the communication protocol between the various security subsystems are respecification and redesign.Studies show that the model is feasible,and thereby the safety of the campus network is ensured to the maximum.


In 1973, Allenby and Gregoras proved the following statement. Let G be a split extension of a finitely generated group A by the group B. 1) If in groups A and B all subgroups (all cyclic subgroups) are finitely separable, then in group G all subgroups (all cyclic subgroups) are finitely separable; 2) if in group A all subgroups are finitely separable, and in group B all finitely generated subgroups are finitely separable, then in group G all finitely generated subgroups are finitely separable. Recall that a group G is said to be a split extension of a group A by a group B, if the group A is a normal subgroup of G, B is a subgroup of G, G = AB and A ∩ B = 1. Recall also that the subgroup H of a group G is called finitely separable if for every element g of G, which does not belong to the subgroup H, there exists a homomorphism of G on a finite group in which the image of an element g does not belong to the image of the subgroup H. In this paper we obtained a generalization of the Allenby and Gregoras theorem by replacing the condition of the finitely generated group A by a more general one: for any natural number n the number of all subgroups of the group A of index n is finite. In fact, under this condition we managed to obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for finite separability of all subgroups (of all cyclic subgroups, of all finitely generated subgroups) in the group G.


【objective】 The analysis of salt absorbing effect on Atyiplex canescens to six types of saline alkali soils,was studied to provide rational utilize resource of saline-sodic soil and to guide the improvements of environments of alkaline saline soils.【Method】 The experiments were conducted from Apr.to Sep.in 2008.The plant materials were one-year-old American A.canescens,been potted in 6 types of saline soil,namely soda saline moisture soils,alkalized moisture soil,saline soil,mixture saline moisture soils,sulphate saline moisture soil and chloride saline moisture soil.The improved impacts of A.canescens on these 6 types of saline soils,including salt quantity in different soils,pH,quantitative change of water in leaves and net photosynthesis ratio change in leaves were studied.【Result】 To 5 types of saline soils A.canescens had obvious difference yet remarkable effect in absorbency of diverse salt.In various development periods the absorbency of diverse salt was different.A.canescens couldn't change the pH in Alkaline moisture soil,but had significant effects on pH in other soils.There was no influence in quantitative change of water in leaves.The trends of net photosynthesis ratio change in leaves on different saline soil were the same.The maximum value of Pn in leaves appeared in the A.canescens growing on sulphate saline moisture soil,the minimum Pn in leaves in the A.canescens growing on saline soil.【Conclusion】 Best effects of A.canescens growing on soda saline moisture soil,sulphate saline moisture soil and mixture saline moisture soil were shown.The A.canescens still had some good influences on chloride saline moisture soil and saline soil,but it can not grow in alkalized moisture soil.


Introduction: Costal cartilage calcification (CCC) is an evident yet usually neglected finding in calcium scoring CT scans. Although CAC score is a well-known predictive marker for CVD, little is k...


Studies of temperature dependences of linear permittivity and third harmonic generation were carried out for ferroelectric thiourea, SС(NH2)2, particles embedded into molecular sieves SBA-15 and МСМ-41 with pore sizes of 7.5 nm and 4.0 nm, respectively. Temperatures of the ferroelectric phase transition and transition from the incommensurate phase into paraphase were shown to be higher than in bulk thiourea. The shifts of the transitions increased with decreasing pore size. Both phase transitions were strongly diffused. The obtained data evidenced that the third harmonic generation can be used to find temperatures of the diffused ferroelectric transition.


Despite the great advances and excellent outcomes of liver transplantation (LT), small‐for‐size (SFS) graft syndrome is a life‐threatening complication that remains to be overcome. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of combined treatment with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV) inhibitor on SFS liver graft syndrome.


A hot plate assembly for a semiconductor substrate support in a plasma processing apparatus, which comprises a plurality of independently controllable heater zones in plane layout expandable multiplexer and arranged to independently control the plane of the hot zone and planar heater zone of the electronic device powered. Each plane of the hot zone using at least one Peltier element as a thermoelectric device. Incorporating a substrate support assembly comprising an electrostatic clamping hot plate temperature control electrode layer and the substrate. A method for manufacturing a hot plate comprises a plane having a hot zone, the positive line, a negative line, and the common lines and vias ceramic or polymeric sheets bonded together.


This paper discusses the modelling of single piles and pile groups in the centrifuge and considers the extent to which modelling attempts reflect field conditions. Tests are described in which model piles were installed in flight in the centrifuge. Measurements were made to assess the effect of the acceleration level at the time of installation on the load-deflection behaviour and pile capacity determined in the centrifuge. It is concluded that in sand, single pile installation should, wherever possible, be performed in flight in order to establish a stress regime around the pile which is as nearly as possible similar to that of a field prototype. The effect of lack of simularity in installation can lead to serious errors in predictions of axial capacity, with lesser effects under lateral loading whether static or cyclic. It may currently not be feasible to simulate pile group installation in the centrifuge and this must cast some doubt on all studies where significant group interactions are anticipated in sand beds. Single in flight pile installation in clay is possible but simulation of various time effects can lead to serious conflicts between the several requirements. The rate effects observed on installation have significance in the analysis of in flight cone penetration tests used for determining the strength properties of model beds. The number of the covering abstract of the symposium is IRRD 286058. (TRRL)


Molecular Therapy 1 In quiescent tissues, minicircle DNA vectors provide at least 10 times higher sustained levels of transgene expression compared to that achieved with a canonical plasmid containing the same expression cassette. It is not known if there is a specific DNA sequence or structure that is needed for DNA silencing. To directly address this question, we substituted the bacterial plasmid DNA with various lengths of extragenic spacer DNAs between the 5′ and 3′ ends of the transgene expression cassette and determined the expression profiles using two different reporter expression cassettes. Both the human alphoid repeat (AR) and randomly generated DNA sequences of ≥1 kb in length resulted in transgene silencing while shorter spacers, ≤500 bp exhibited similar transgene expression patterns to conventional minicircle DNA vectors. In contrast, when the ≥1 kb random DNA (RD) sequences were expressed as part of the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) transgene silencing was not observed. These data suggest that the length and not the sequence or origin of the extragenic DNA flanking the expression cassette is responsible for plasmid-mediated transgene silencing. This has implications for the design of nonviral vectors for gene transfer applications as well as providing insights into how genes are regulated.


Citation: Fraser, M. W. (1997). Risk and resilience in childhood: An ecological perspective. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers Press. 293 pp.


Invention not only comes from inspiration but also from methodology. Facing the competition of global economics, to earn a place in industries, invention and improvement are needed. The invention of service or products also called as creation means to improve or design a new look, structure or color of products. Since the need for invention is so urgent, how a company invents new products becomes a significant factor in long-term development.This paper applies TRIZ to improving heat-proof paint used on colored roof plates and also builds up boxes to test heat insulation of the paint. These tests efficiently demonstrate improvement of solar reflectance and heat resistance of the paint and proved total heat insulation of paint on roof plates are ungraded, which decreases indoor temperature and avoids the overload of air conditioning. This product achieves the goal of saving energy by decreasing amount of carbon dioxide released from air conditioning.


Introduction 1. Freedom of Expression 2.Official Secrecy and Freedom of Information 3. Freedom of Assembly and Association 4. Privacy 5. Police Powers and Counter Terrorist Measures: The Rights of Suspects 6. Prisoners' Rights 7. Freedom of Movement 8. Freedom From Discrimination 9. The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights


Optical levitation using single mode fibers has been experimentally demonstrated. The use of fibers in levitation experiments presents obvious advantages, in particular, concerning the case with which complicated optical paths can be realized without additional optical components. In addition the microsphere can be accurately deposited on the fiber end by simply controlling the optical guided power. This technique has been used to position microlenses self‐centered on the guided mode to improve the coupling efficiency between a semiconductor laser and a single mode fiber.


The primacy effect, remembering the first items of a list better than the middle ones, "maintains its reputation as the Chinese puzzle of verbal learning" (Tulving & Madigan, 1970, p.4'4). To this day, there is little concrete evidence as to the cause, although many theories have been proposed to account for it: interference theory by way of a lack of proactive interference (Foucault, 1928; Postman & Phillips, 1965), endpoint distinctiveness (Bower, 1971; Ebenholtz, 1972; Murdock, 1960), and rehearsal (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968; Waugh & Norman 1965), just to name a few. Recently, we (Sands &. Wright, 1980a) showed the first primacy effect for an animal, a rhesus monkey working in a serial-probe recognition (SPR) task. At about the same time, Roberts and Kraemer (1981), using a different species of monkey in a slightly different task, demonstrated a primacy effect too. Thus, we, along with Roberts and Kraemer, felt that the primacy effect in memory processing is characteristic (or at least possible) in primates generally. More recently, we have demonstrated it with pigeons (unpublished as yet), which indicates even wider generality within the animal kingdom. Gaffan (1983) has made a somewhat different interpretation. He suggested that our monkey primacy effects resulted from a procedural artifact of requiring the monkeys to respond to initiate the list items. Implicit in his suggestion is that our primacy effects are not produced by the same memory processes that produce the primacy effect in human memory experiments. ~lso implied is that the findings of primacy effects m our monkeys can be dismissed as inconsequential because such effects result from an uninteresting procedural artifact.


India has largest proportion of young population as one-fifth of world's child and adolescent population resides in India and two-fifth of Indian population is child and adolescent. Good mental health is a prerequisite for the complete development of a child as well as the global development of nation. As per WHO, child and adolescent mental health (CAMH) is defined as 'the capacity to achieve and maintain optimal psychological functioning and well-being. It is directly related to the level reached and competence achieved in psychological and social functioning during childhood and adolescence'


A previous study demonstrated that the two-row fuel assembly has much more favorable neutron-physical and thermalhydraulic behavior than the conventional one-row fuel assemblies. Based on the newly developed two-row fuel assembly, an SCWR core is proposed and analyzed. The performance of the proposed core is investigated with 3-D coupled neutron-physical and thermal-hydraulic calculations. During the coupling procedure, the thermal-hydraulic behavior is analyzed using a sub-channel analysis code and the neutron-physical performance is computed with a 3-D diffusion code. This paper presents the main results achieved thus far related to the distribution of some neutronic and thermal-hydraulic parameters. It shows that with adjustment of the coolant and moderator mass flow in different assemblies, promising neutron-physical and thermal-hydraulic behavior of the SCWR core is achieved. A sensitivity study of the heat transfer correlation is also performed. Since the pin power in fuel assemblies can be non-uniform, a sub-channel analysis is necessary in order to investigate the detailed distribution of thermal-hydraulic parameters in the hottest fuel assembly. The sub-channel analysis is performed based on the bundle averaged parameters obtained with the core analysis. With the sub-channel analysis approach, more precise evaluation of the hot channel factor and maximum cladding surface temperature can be achieved. The difference in the results obtained with both the sub-channel analysis and the fuel assembly homogenized method confirms the importance of the sub-channel analysis.


The paper focuses on modeling of binary alloy solid ification process with using Finite Element Method (FEM). The process is characterized by liquidus and solidus temperatures which are constant because solutal segregation is n eglected. Analysed region is threedimensional and consists of casting and riser. Math ematical and numerical models of solidification pro cess are presented in the paper. The main focus is put on the algorithm of shrinkage cav ity creation process. On the base of mathematical a nd numerical model computer program has been made. It is capable to simulate sh rinkage cavity formation. Two examples show the results of different calculations performed by the program. The first example shows shrinkage cavity created during fast cooling of the top part of the riser while the second one was performed by significantly slower co oling. The shape and localization of shrinkage cavi ty obtained from simulation is compared to defect which was created during experiment.


After a decades-long increasing trend, the recent results of the National Forest Inventory (NFI) reported a decline of forest growth in North Finland. The aim of this study was to assess climatic and reproduction influences behind the growth decline. We used tree-ring data that had been collected by NFI using systematic sampling. The tree-ring width series were detrended using the regional curve standardisation (RCS) removing age-related trends. The resulting tree-ring indices of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) showed decadal variations with low increment in the 1990s, and high increment in the 1980s and the early years of the current century. Thereafter, a prolonged growth reduction for pine started both on the mineral soil sites and peatlands. The tree-ring indices of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) had less pronounced decadal variations and no trend-like reduction over the last 15 years. High spring and summer temperatures were found to enhance radial growth, but high winter temperatures were related to low growth for pine and spruce in the following summer. Temperature variation, accompanied by variables indicating years of drought and intensive flowering, accounted for 34% annual growth variance of pine and 21–44% for spruce. Thus, the results imply that climatic factors may have to some extent contributed to the recent growth reduction of pine. Due to its ecological and economic consequences growth decline needs to be further monitored and investigated. Moreover, analyses of stand and age structure, potentially affecting the growth decline, were beyond the scope of this paper, but also warrant further investigation.


Various T-joints of composite sandwich panels were investigated. The corresponding modes of failure at the joint were identified. The key modes of failure include debonding between the two sandwich components to be joined, debonding between the attachment and the sandwich panel, and cracking in the core of the sandwich. A new type of T-joint incorporating an aluminum U-channel in the web sandwich was found to provide much improvement over the conventional circular fillet T-joint. Two types of bolted joints were also studied to investigate the effectiveness of using bolts for suppressing debonding at the joint. It was shown that using bolts in a circular fillet joint could cause early failure in the core and would not help much to increase the ultimate joint strength. The experimental failure modes of the tested joints were explained with the help of FE analysis.


The marine phytoplankton genus Phaeocystis has a world-wide distribution and is able to form almost uni-algal blooms in coastal areas and in polar regions. Notwithstanding its successfulness in plankton communities, only little is know about its physiological ability to adapt to multiple stress regimes as prevailing in the Southern Ocean: fluctuating light as a result of strong vertical mixing and iron limitation. Under such conditions, cells are jeopardised by photoinhibition. Previous experiments under iron-limitation have shown that, besides a shift in the ratio of diatoxanthin to diadinoxanthin, Phaeocystis exhibits shifts in the pool of butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin and fucoxanthin. It was hypothesised that a possible fucoxanthin cycle is an additional means of dissipating excess light energy under iron limitation. Here we present data on photoacclimation, as measured by fluorescence parameters, in vivo absorption and pigmentation, in lab experiments with Phaeocystis antarctica. Experiments were performed with iron-deplete and iron-replete cultures under conditions of fluctuating light, mimicking vertical mixing.


By introducing multiple levels quadrature amplitude modulation and matrix transform method; we develop a multiple amplitudes differential space-time coding (DSTC) scheme in the case of non-square code matrix. The scheme can avoid the performance loss of conventional DSTC schemes based on MPSK modulation in high spectrum efficiency, and it can be applied to non-square code matrix, thus it overcomes the shortcoming that some DSTC schemes only suit square code matrix. Compared with MPSK based single amplitude DSTC schemes, the developed scheme have higher spectrum efficiency by carrying information not only on phases but also on amplitudes. Moreover, the scheme has linear decoding complexity, and higher code rate in the case of more than two transmit antennas. The simulation results show that our scheme has lower BER when compared with the existing single amplitude differential space-time block coding schemes.


The political, economic, healthcare and demographic situation in our time is not easy. In this regard the need for regular physical activity to maintain people's health, regardless of age, is becoming an increasingly urgent issue. In today's realities, there is a growing need to create new and further develop existing areas of recreational gymnastics for different age groups. Historically formed systems of gymnastics and long-term practice of their application prove their effectiveness in preserving physical and mental health of people, which has now become significant. Based on this, the purpose of our article was to determine the impact of training in non-traditional types of gymnastics on the emotional state of older women, which is especially important during military operations. The objectives of the study are to determine the emotional state caused by practicing non-traditional types of gymnastics, and even to form a stable desire to perform gymnastic exercises regularly. The study was conducted in groups of elderly women aged from 55 to 72. The survey method was used to determine the correctness of the chosen direction of training in non-traditional types of gymnastics. Based on the data obtained during the surveys, it can be concluded that training in non-traditional types of health-improving gymnastics has a positive effect on the emotional state of older women and can be used as a means of helping to maintain health in difficult times. This seems to be extremely necessary, especially in the current difficult political situation, to preserve the health and improve the quality of life of older women.


Abstract The mechanisms of signal peptide cleavage has not been fully elucidated yet. In previous investigation, we have examined the effect of chicken lysozyme signal peptide mutations on the secretion of human lysozyme. During this study, we determined that the hydrophobic bulky amino acid Val at position ‐1 inhibited the function of signal peptide. To determine why the ‐1Val suppressed the function of signal peptide, turn‐promoting amino acids Pro and Gly were introduced after ‐lVal to prevent the signal peptide from forming α‐helix and induce β‐turn around the cleavage site. This mutation resulted in no processing of signal peptide and no secretion of human lysozyme. However, the replacement of ‐1Val with Ala permitted a functional signal. Based on these results, three dimensional models around the cleavage site of each signal peptide were made, which show that bulky side chain at ‐1 residue of signal peptide limits the reaction space for signal peptidase and suppresses cleavage by steric hindrance. W...


Secondary school teachers generally agreed that continuing education is necessary,but its efficiency is low.The main reasons include: the teachers do not have strong willingness to participate in continuing education;they have not developed a keen awareness of professional development;and too many programs are offered to train simple content in simple forms with simple methods of assessment.They wished to change this situation but failed to make sensible suggestions.In addition,those already on training programs wished continuing education to be concentrated on classroom teaching techniques,which betrays their understanding of the role of a teacher was limited to knowledge only and the essence of education,to educate the man and to pass on culture,is weakened.


Embedded technology has been developing rapidly.How to train students with practical capability and creative thinking is always a topic to be discussed.This paper explores how to reform the embedded technology teaching through electronic design contests for students.


Abstract : This paper describes a research and development effort to automate and improve data collection associated with USAF occupational surveys. Specifically the effort involves: (a) research and development of a PC-based procedure for self-administration of occupational surveys as a replacement for the existing paper-and-pencil process, (b) research and development of automated scaling procedures of optimal validity and reliability for obtaining measures of time spent on job-related tasks, (c) incorporation of feedback and branching techniques into the automated survey technology that will permit administration of large and complex occupational surveys, and (d) development of implementation guidelines for use in base-level computer systems and AF-wide electronic data transmission networks.


The corpus callosum (CC) comprises axons connecting the cortices of the two cerebral hemispheres and is the principal white matter fiber bundle in the brain. As recently as the mid 20th century, the CC was thought to serve no other purpose than preventing the two hemispheres from collapsing on one


The utility model discloses a guard rail for an orbit traffic station, particularly a lifting type guard rail used for the edges of the orbit traffic station, which is composed of fixing guard rail plates, movable doors, a foot pedal guard plate and drive devices, wherein the fixing guard rail plates are fixed on steps of a platform, the movable doors are positioned between two fixing guard rail plates and each movable door is matched with a set of drive device. Each of the drive devices is composed of two multistage oil cylinders, a one-way valve, a counterbalance valve, a variable vane pump, an overflow valve, a synchronous valve, an overload protective valve, a reversing valve and a throttle valve. During use, the movable doors can be controlled to lift through the drive devices. The utility model has the advantages that a safety barrier is built between an orbit and the platform, and gaps between a carriage and the platform are filled when a train pulls in.


A sensor network is issued in this paper, which is used to monitor the enviroment parameters of greenhouse. Each sensor node of the system, which is composed of sensors and a microchip, could measure temperature, humidity, pH value of soil, air pressure etc. A GPRS module is used to complete data exchanging between remote monitoring platform and the wireless sensor network. This system is an application in agriculture field.


Synopsis Hvorslev's equation for the shear strength of clay is shown to define a surface in a space of three variables σ′, e and τ. The progressive yielding of a sample defines a loading path in this space, and the paths taken by samples in differing tests can be correlated if a boundary energy correction is applied. The final portions of all paths then lie in a unique surface, and the paths end at a unique critical voids ratio line. At the critical voids ratio state unlimited deformation can take place while σ′, e and τ remain constant. The two concepts of the existence of such a surface and such a critical voids ratio line are verified by an analysis of results of triaxial tests on a clay. Similar tests on silt and sand also confirm the concepts, although some inaccuracy is inherent in these tests. Finally results of tests on granular media in a simple shear apparatus are presented which confirm closely the applicability of both concepts to the yielding of granular media. On montre que l'equation de Hvo...


Learning Arabic was part of the pesantren development program in Indonesia. The success of a study depends on the method used. The purpose of this research was to find out how far the mubasyarah congregation can be used for higher education. This research conducted through a literature review, collecting several empirical documents. The result indicated that the tarekat mubasyarah was a method of learning Arabic that did not use the mother tongue, Tariqah mubasyarah was a demonstration of language learning through tutukata, with an emphasis on mastery of mufrodat in everyday life. The active participation of teachers and students was an indication of successful learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using Tariqoh Mubasyarah to overcome the low maharoh al Kalam in learning Arabic.
Keywords: Direct Method, Higher Education, Learning Arabic


Power actuated fasteners in sort of mechanical methods have appeared to be an alternative to metallurgical methods in the connection of H-beam and shear connector. Power actuated fasteners can be driven by power actuated tools or by pneumatically driven tools. This mechanical connection method has many advantages over metallurgical connection methods. First of all, a power supply is unnecessary and there are no concerns about an electrical accident. However, the handling of the mechanical connection method takes severs caution. Since the sound at the time of installation is loud, discretion is needed in a quiet place. Four specimens were tested so as to compare the structural behavior of the proposed composite beams with that of the classical composite beam in condition of vertical load. In the results, the proposed composite beam proposed in this paper, having shear connector using driving pins, showed sufficient plastic ductility and strength. And, yielding and maximum strength specimens in suggested composite beams using suggested shear connectors are 1.05~1.06 times than those of CB-SB specimen, which is composite beams using stud bolts.


Subscripts A rational and straight-forward method is introduced for developing equivalent continuum models of large beam-like periodic lattice structures based on energy equivalence. Extended Timoshenko bean model is chosen to take account of the effects due to couplings between extension, transverse shear and bending deformations. The procedure for developing continuum models involves utilizing well-defined existing finite element matrices directly in caluclating strain and kinetic energies from which equivalent continuum structural and dynamic properties are induced. The numerical results of free vibration analysis show that the method developed in this paper gives very reliable dynamic characteristics compared to other methods. Nomenclature


With cuphea,poplar and salix as the planting stuffs on floating beds,the studies on their growth status and the purification effect on the waste water in constructed wetland indicate that the three woody plants could grow in the waste water normally.During their growing season,their removal rates of COD per month were 45.02%,46.41% and 62.44%,removal rates of TN were 40.27%,48.27%,63.29%,and removal rates of TP 40.27%,48.27% and 63.29% respectively.Particularly,the removal rates of TN,TP with plants of poplar and Salix were much higher than that of water hyacinth plant.Meanwhile,the three plants have great enrichment capacity of heavy metal Mn,Zn and Pb.


The two studies under review, appearing so close together, offer conflicting portrayals of contemporary Japanese behavior and attitudes. They continue a near outworn but still fascinating debate: Does Japan have a unique social structure? Whether unique or not, has the Japanese social structure undergone change, and, if so, in what direction? What is the relationship between social structure, fixed or variable, and rapid industrialization, political transformation, demographic transition, largescale bureaucratization, and the like in present-day Japan? What may be learned from these relationships in Japan to gain insight about other national societies, advanced or less-developed? In their own distinctive ways, Nakane and Cole treat these questions brilliantly and convincingly-perhaps the most lucid presentations of these problems yet to appear in English. Their divergence lies primarily in disciplinary approach, analytical concept, and observational method. Together they sharpen the dilemmas in understanding Japan. More generally, their disagreement points up the difficulties of assessing the role of tradition in moder societies. For fullest benefit, one should be read only with the other.


Testimony is the central point of the criminal case cross-examination process in court assembly in intention to find the substantial truth. Hence the testimony process is closely related to someone's problem of life and death who is being accused to have conducted a crime, a judge that is cross-examining the case is deeply expected to be careful on appraising and determining all the prove elements in order to make decision that determines whether a person is guilty or not. Kata kunci ; alat bukti, pembuktian, hakim, kesalahan, kebenaran


User experience (UX) is an established practice in industry and is taught as a necessary skill for future technical and professional communicators. However, its use in technical and professional communication (TPC) pedagogy and program development is notably absent in TPC literature. This chapter contextualizes and situates UX in TPC, documenting its evolution from user advocacy to usability, to user-centered design, and then to UX. UX is a broadly used term that, at its core, values design processes that are focused on the user experience (notably, user-centered design, human-centered design, participatory design, and design thinking). Further, UX promotes the collection of user data to understand how the user experiences products and processes in a way that promotes iterative design and assessment. UX is contextually bound, non-linear, and often not generalizable; yet, to build and assess programs and curricula, TPC needs to take a UX approach to our work to best serve our student users and our field.


A numerical approach for evaluating the behaviour of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCCs) for reinforced-concrete (RC) seismic strengthening is presented. The method takes account of the seismic tensile strain capacity of SHCCs for RC strengthening, which is affected by the presence of cracks within the RC and varying layer thickness of the SHCC, the shear transfer behaviour of SHCC layers on the crack surface, which is contributed to by both the contact effect and the fibre bridging effect on the crack surface, and the seismic compressive constitutive law of SHCCs. In the numerical approach, a zero-span tensile model is adopted for reflecting the tensile strain capacity of SHCCs for RC strengthening, and a shear stress transfer model is applied for reflecting the respective contributions of both contact stress and fibre bridging stress for shear stress transfer behaviour of the SHCC on the crack surface. The effectiveness of the numerical approach is confirmed through the comparison between t...


Independent, quantitative models for free energy associated with crosslinked seed latices, and monomer and surfactant at the polymer/water interface have been integrated into a predictive model for latex particle morphology. It has been found that very low levels of crosslinking are predicted to influence the particle morphology in a dramatic fashion. Free energy calculation also highlight the often critical role played by surfactant. Highly active surfactants tend to equalize the two polymer/water interfacial tensions and allow the polymer/water interfacial energy to significantly influence the particle morphology.


The results of the development of an automobile interior lighting canopy with the possibility of manual and automatic control of the lighting mode are presented. The issues of designing the electronic and optical scheme of the lampshade are considered.


By-catches of young or undersized fish and unwanted species have been being the obvious problems in many fisheries,and much efforts have been put into improving the selectivity of fishing.Improving the selective characteristics of fishing gear was based on the assumption that fish escaping was not seriously damaged and able to make a complete recovery.However,in many cases,escape occured only after the fish have been subjected to a wide variety of capture stressors and possible damage due to contact with other fish or the gear itself.If fish escape and die as a direct result of stress and injuries or indirectly due to disease and predation associated with gear damage,then increasing the opportunity for escape by improving selectivity may result in an increased level of unaccounted fishing mortality.This paper consists of three parts:(1)Summarized the primary factors affected the survival of escape,including fishing gear characteristics,fishing time,fishing depth,fish species and size,volume and composition of the catch,and environmental conditions;(2)Estimated the magnitude of escape mortality and its impact on fisheries management;(3) Reviewed on recent research status of improvement relating to escape survival by gear modifications such as escape panels,grid and by-catch reduction device and application of new material.It came to the conclusion that measures to protect immatured fish and non-target species have need to be designed to increase the opportunities of the fish escaped from fishing gears,rather than preventing or reducing their chance of encountering the fishing gear.Active avoidance of areas with high densities when juveniles bloom is an alternative approach to reducing unaccounted mortality.


In view of medical development,the necessity of building modern medical professional personality and the phenomenon which lack of professional personality are analyzed.The approach of building medical professional personality,that is,enriching hospital continuing education content,strengthening the consciousness of building professional personality,establishing professional personality assessment system,paying attention to hospital culture construction and making good environment for doctors to building professional personality is discussed.


This paper describes the development of a portable electronic panel that helps in teaching the visually impaired to learn and read Al-Quran; named Electronic Braille (eBraille) Al-Quran Teaching Aid. The eBraille Panel comprises of an outer case, Braille cell, jacks, Perkin keys, functionality keys, navigation keys and sound keys. The panel has an ergonomic characteristic that gives comfort to the user while using the panel. The panel is portable and it can be connected to a computer and the teaching process can be done by controlling on the computer or the panel itself. As the teacher types the character, it will be displayed to the student's panel via wireless connection. The main advantage of this research is to allow teaching the visually impaired in more effective ways. The delivery of lesson will be more efficient and the teaching and learning process can be done in just a short time.


We introduce the concept of a bidirectional, compact single-element Fano nanoantenna that allows for directional coupling of light in opposite directions of a high-index dielectric waveguide for two different operation wavelengths. We utilize a Fano resonance to tailor the radiation phases of a gold nanodisk and a nanoslit that is inscribed into the nanodisk to realize bidirectional scattering. We show that this Fano nanoantenna operates as a bidirectional waveguide coupler at telecommunication wavelengths and, thus, is ideally suitable for integrated wavelength-selective light demultiplexing.


An in situ instrumentation bundle was designed for inclusion in monitoring wells that were installed at the Wasatch Trailer Sales site in Layton, Utah, to evaluate in situ air sparging (IAS) and in‐well aeration (IWA). Sensors for the bundle were selected based on laboratory evaluation of accuracy and precision, as well as consideration of size and cost. SenSym pressure transducers, Campbell Scientific Inc. (CSI) T‐type thermocouples, and dissolved oxygen (DO) probes manufactured by Technalithics Inc. (Waco, Texas), were selected for each of the 27 saturated zone bundles. Each saturated zone bundle also included a stirring blade to mix water near the DO probe. A Figaro oxygen sensor was included in the vadose zone bundle. The monitoring wells were installed by direct push technique to minimize soil disruption and to ensure intimate contact between the 18 inch (46 cm) long screens and the soil. A data acquisition system, comprised of a CSI 21X data logger and four CSI AM416 multiplexers, was used to control the stirring blades and record signals from more than 70 in situ sensors. The instrumentation performed well during evaluation of IAS and IWA at the site. However, the SenSym pressure transducers were not adequately temperature compensated and will need to be replaced.


Multi-Resolution Methods for High Fidelity Modeling and Control Allocation in Large-Scale Dynamical Systems. (May 2006) Puneet Singla, B.Tech, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India; M.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. John L. Junkins This dissertation introduces novel methods for solving highly challenging modeling and control problems, motivated by advanced aerospace systems. Adaptable, robust and computationally efficient, multi-resolution approximation algorithms based on Radial Basis Function Network and Global-Local Orthogonal Mapping approaches are developed to address various problems associated with the design of large scale dynamical systems. The main feature of the Radial Basis Function Network approach is the unique direction dependent scaling and rotation of the radial basis function via a novel Directed Connectivity Graph approach. The learning of shaping and rotation parameters for the Radial Basis Functions led to a broadly useful approximation approach that leads to global approximations capable of good local approximation for many moderate dimensioned applications. However, even with these refinements, many applications with many high frequency local input/output variations and a high dimensional input space remain a challenge and motivate us to investigate an entirely new approach. The Global-Local Orthogonal Mapping method is based upon a novel averaging process that allows construction of a piecewise continuous global family of local least-squares approximations, while retaining the freedom to vary in a general way the resolution (e.g., degrees of freedom) of the local approximations. These approximation methodologies are compatible with a wide variety of disciplines such as continuous function approximation, dynamic system modeling, nonlinear sig-


In low seismicity areas such as Tehran, quantitative statements on strong ground motion, suffer from the lack of instrumental strong motion data although the historic catalogue indicates that events of moment magnitudes up to Mw=7 are conceivable in this area. Therefore, the existence of strong historic seismic events leads to the widely accepted conclusion that Tehran is located in very dangerous seismic area. The purpose of this study is to predict acceleration time-history and a range of engineering parameters and pseudo acceleration spectra in the frequency range of 0.3-25 Hz for future near field earthquake in Tehran. The prediction methodology used in this paper, involves developing a set of rupture scenarios derived from bounds on rupture parameters and then calculation of synthetic strong motions for each rupture scenario. The bounds on rupture parameters are limited to what is known about the earthquake, its tectonic and geological environment. Our results encourage the application of this approach as a powerful supplementary tool for site-specific strong ground motion prediction in lowseismicity regions such as Tehran.


Many studies have investigated the issue of time stationarity of an asset's systematic risk. While there is considerable evidence to suggest that an asset's systematic risk is best described by some stochastic parameter model, little work has been conducted in determining the most appropriate stochastic parameter model. This paper addresses this issue. We extend the study conducted by Faff et al. to investigate which varying-coefficient model best describes the systematic risk of assets in the Australian equity market for those assets for which a constant-coefficient model is found to be inadequate. The testing strategy is point-optimal (see King, M. L. (1987a)) given that this approach to testing is designed to have good small-sample properties. Our results suggest that, generally, in cases where a stochastic parameter is appropriate, a Hildreth–Houck random-coefficient model is the preferred model


Catalase and NR activity and soluble sugar content was analyzed in leaves of tobacco plants grown for 10 days in a nutrient solution containing heavy metal pollutants (Cd2+ , Pb2+ and Cd2++Pb2+ ). Cadmium and lead induced changes in the ultra-structure of tobacco leaf cells, particularly in the structure of the chloroplast, mitochondrion and nucleus, were observed using electron microscopy. This showed that: 1) The activity of catalase was heavily inhibited by Cd, and first stimulated then inhibited with increasing concentrations of Pb; 2) The activity of NR was first stimulated and then inhibited with increasing concentration of Cd, but was inhibited by lead, with a small resistant peak at 1000mg· L-1; 3) Soluble sugar content was reduced by Cd, Pb and Cd + Pb; 4) Cadmium destroyed the cell membrane system. It is suggested that this may result from cadmium combining with, and denaturing, proteins. This would lead to change in structure and loss of function in the membrane and to disorder in the protoplasm;5) Massive lead deposits were observed in the outer cell membrane, and lead deposits were found in the cytoplasm and chloroplast. The cell membrane was found to be a major barrier to lead migrating into the protoplasm. Lead also had a strong effect on the ultra-structure of chloroplasts, mltochondrla and nuclel.


In view of the specific effect of mountain side disasters on the sustainable development of a city is not frequently seen in loess region.The main types and distribution features of mountain side disaster are given according to comprehensive analysis of mountain side disaster in Tongchuan city.The direct and indirect of mountain side disasters are analyzed in details.The principles of mountain side disaster control and corresponding countermeasures are proposed.The research result is typically meaningful for preventing and reducing the occurrences of mountain side disasters.


Qiqiao Festival along the Han River in Gansu is a typical traditional Female Festival which plays an important role in girls'mind.The author will analyze this festival in a new model and try to explore the significance and function of the rites for girls and even the society, and to find out the connotation of the carnival image.


The Impact of the Format of Covariation Information on Causal Inferences Teresa Payton and Frederic Vallee-Tourangeau Psychology Research Unit, Kingston University Kingston-upon-Thames UNITED KINGDOM KT1 2EE t.payton / email@example.com variations between the regions as well as (possibly) by the seeding. Information was presented either on-line, where the results of individual trials (seeding/no seeding, leading to rain or no rain) were presented one trial at a time, or the information was presented off-line, that is as static frequency summaries (participants received frequency summaries of the days clouds were and were not seeded, and on how many days in each case it rained and did not rain). Only 17% of the participants receiving the covariation information one trial at a time appeared to formulate judgments in line with the ∆P rule compared to 75% of the participants who received summary information. Abstract Representational effects in a fictitious virus-disease causal induction task were examined in three studies. In all three studies, six different judgment conditions were created by crossing two levels of virus-disease covariation (0, .5) with three levels of disease base rate (.25, .5, .75). In Study 1, the covariation information was presented as four propositions summarising the frequencies of the four patient types, namely patients with or without the virus who either did have or did not have the disease. In Study 2 the same information was presented in a 2 x 2 table with the cell frequencies represented iconistically (the presence/absence of virus/disease was shown as schematic faces that varied in expression and colour). In Study 3 the covariation information was presented in terms of a branching tree with the two main branches representing the frequencies of patients with and without the disease from which sprouted smaller branches showing the frequency of those with and without the virus. Causal judgments were poorest in Study 1, reflected significantly improved covariation discrimination in Study 2, but were most normative in Study 3. These results signal the presence of important representational effects in causal induction tasks. ∆ P = Introduction In formulating a judgment of the causal link between a candidate cause and a target effect, information about the frequency of the pairing of four types of events should be considered. These four types of events refer to the pairings of (a) the cause and the effect, (b) the cause with the absence of the effect, (c) the effect in the absence of the cause, and (d) the absence of both the effect and the cause. These event frequencies are often represented in a 2 x 2 table with the columns referring to the presence or absence of the effect and the rows the presence or absence of the cause (see Fig. 1). The contrast between the probability of the effect in the presence of the cause, P(E|C), and the probability of the effect in the absence of the cause, P(E|~C) is taken as a measure of the covariation between the candidate cause and the effect (also referred to as ∆P). Early research on reasoners' appreciation of covariation in formulating causal judgments examined how the manner with which the covariation information was presented influenced judgments. For example, in Ward and Jenkins (1965), participants were asked to gauge the relationship between seeding clouds and the occurrence of rain in different regions. The instructions made clear that confirming evidence (i.e., rain) was influenced by climatic E ~ E C a b ~ C c d a c = P ( E | C ) − P ( E |~ C ) a + b c + d Figure 1: A 2x2 contingency table. a, b,c, d are cell frequencies; C = candidate cause, E = target effect. Based on the information available from a 2x2 table, Wasserman, Dorner and Kao (1990) explored the relationship between the information participants deemed important in order to formulate a causal judgment and the information they actually used. Using a drug/disease scenario, their participants either decided which of the four categories of information would be necessary for a causal judgement or rated the importance of each category of information. Cell importance was ranked as cell a > cell b > cell c > cell d in both conditions. In a second experiment, using the same causal scenario, problems were structured in quartets of pairs, giving the opportunity to vary the numerical content of one cell while holding constant the contents of the other three. This allowed Wasserman et al. to measure the impact that increasing the frequency in a single cell had on participants' causal judgements. The numerical information from a 2 x 2 table for each problem was presented as a set of four statements. For each problem participants ranked the value of the drug for treatment of the disease on a scale of -10 (drug worsens disease) to +10 (drug helps cure). The importance ratings of each cell


The utility model provides a combined and assembled battery case against the problems of inconvenience in packaging and complex operation for installing a protective cover caused by unreasonable design of the structure of an existing valve-controlled lead-acid battery. The combined and assembled battery case comprises a battery upper cover and a lower groove, wherein a convex structure and a groove structure are respectively arranged at the joint of the lower groove and the battery upper cover, the surface of the convex structure is matched with the concave surface of the groove structure, and the concave surface of the periphery of the convex surface on the convex structure is matched with the convex surface of the periphery of the concave surface of the groove structure for forming a sealing surface. As an improvement, the convex structure which is in adaptation with the shape of a cavity of the assembled protective cover is further arranged on one side of the battery upper cover, which is far away from the lower groove. The combined and assembled battery case provided by the utility model has the characteristics that positioning and assembly can be rapidly performed, the assembly of the protective cover of the battery is facilitated, chamfering is performed for construing a positioning bulge and an upper cover bulge on the premise of not affecting the mechanical strength, the weight of the battery case can be also reduced, and the production cost of a product is lowered.


This article has two purposes. First, it aims to present a detailed analysis of the argument of "recognition" or even of the "fight for recognition", which Hegel uses in his fragments from Jena treating of the system of philosophy, especially of the philosophy of spirit. It will be necessary to determine precedently by means of an exact interpretation the content of that expressions, in order to criticize and to compare, his original significance in Hegel with the theoretical application made by Honneth. The special aim hereby is to correct and to explain the function of the "fight for recognition", even in its sharpening significance as a "fight for life and death", with relation to the genesis of the state of right. Second, the figure of "recognition" is related to Hegel's Philosophy of right in the version of 1820. In this work, recognition participates in the theory of "institutions" which is analyzed by Honneth as well. Apart from the merits gained through the endeavour to introduce a classic philosophical theory into a conception of justice in society, we feel obliged to state an error in Honneth's interpretation in so far as he understands an institution as a simple social community of communication (or as intersubjective community). For that reason, a conclusion based on a critical commentary can only include a negative recommendation, that means, not to follow those traces of interpretation but rather to defend and to consult the texts originally composed by Hegel.


A pilot project in the field teaching of biology at all levels in an inner-city area is described. Conclusions are drawn based on evidence from the first two years of operation.


The embodiments of the technology relates to a contact lens having a core and a method of manufacturing such a lens, the core is covalently coated hydrogel layer. In one aspect, the coating embodiment provides a contact lens, comprising a core comprising an outer surface of the lens; hydrogel layer and at least a portion covalently connected with said outer surface of said hydrogel layer adapted to contact the surface of the eye wherein the hydrogel layer comprises a polymer having a hydrophilic substance and a second group of a first PEG PEG substance, the first substance and the second PEG PEG species at least partially crosslinked.


In this paper we discussed delay-dependent feedback stabilization of linear uncertain state-delayed systems. Based on the status feedback of system, the control regularity for the feedback stability of system is offered. Using the linear matrix inequality (LMI), we got the sufficient condition for the feedback stability of system. Finally an illustrative example verified the effectiveness and rationality of the conclusion.


Arousal status of patient in correlation with anaesthetic effect is the vital consideration for an anaesthesiologist. Recent anaesthesia has proposed hi-tech solutions to deal with it. This review throws a light on practical and realistic approaches prior equipping the O.T. with sophisticated depth of anaesthesia monitors. This review includes information from literature on health technology assessment, Bi-spectral Index (BIS) and anaesthesia's current practice. It also portrays Indian and UK anaesthesiologist's perspectives on deployment of BIS and other similar modalities .It is expected that this article will help to save significant amount of overuse of healthcare resources in low resource settings by providing insight on ethical and economical aspects on use of such technology.


Thailand and many countries in the Southeast Asia have long been suffered from the regional smoke-haze incidences. Smoke-haze is a kind of air pollution event frequently occurred from forest fires that had been intentionally set for vegetation purpose. The smoke-haze can cause serious health problem from high concentrations of small particulate matters that can retain in the lung or even spread through the whole body to cause obstruction in major organs. In the northern part of Thailand, smoke-haze normally occurs during the dry season from late January to early April with the peak polluted air around March. Controlling burning activity is an obvious solution but impractical when burning areas are in remotely high mountains that are hard to reach by ground officers. Monitoring incidences as well as estimating pollution level are more or less efficient and practical ways to handle the smoke-haze situation. We thus propose the application of machine learning technology to learn smoke-haze patterns from historical events. The specific approach used in our work is the cluster analysis with the k-means and Kohonen self-organizing map algorithms. The cluster with serious pollution effect is then further analysed to induce the predictive regression model using the meteorological factors. The built model can serve as a predictive pattern useful for invoking an early warning sign for air pollution awareness.


Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is the fourth major cereal crop in Nepal, cultivated in 274,350 hectare with an annual production of 305,588 metric tons. The crop has a wide ecological and geographical adaptability and resilience to various agro-climatic adversities, hence it is highly suited to marginal and low external input agriculture. Finger millet grains are used to brew local alcoholic beverages, owing its significance in the local culture of some ethnic communities. It has the potential to improve food security, health, income, livestock production and overall development of smallholders living in marginal lands. Despite having multiple uses, challenges of cultivation and promotion of finger millet abound due to the constraints associated with labour intensive agronomic cultivation practices including post harvest handling and negative socio-cultural beliefs.


Introduction: Tedopi is a neoepitope vaccine restricted to HLA-A2 positive patients targeting five tumor-associated antigens frequently expressed in lung cancer cells. Potential enhanced efficacy of cancer vaccines after ICI treatment remains unexploited and its biological basis is poorly understood. The integrity of the antigen presentation pathway is crucial in vaccine activity and genetic alterations such as beta-2-microglobulin inactivating mutation may explain lack of efficacy. Tedopi is currently being tested in the phase III ATALANTE-1 trial compared with chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients (pts.) who relapse after ICI. We report early signs of safety and efficacy with Tedopi in the first step of the open-label study. Methods: 18 pts have been enrolled in the experimental arm and received at least one dose of Tedopi. These pts have been assessed every 6 weeks for radiological response according to RECIST 1.1 criteria as well as toxicity according to CTCAE criteria. Tedopi dose was 5 mg injected subcutaneously every 3 weeks for 6 doses, then every 2 months completing 1 year of treatment and thereafter every 3 months until progression or toxicity. Description of three patients with significant clinical benefit with third-line treatment with Tedopi is presented. Results: Patients' clinical characteristics are reported in table 1. Treatment duration with Tedopi ranges from 4.9 to more than 12 months, including one patient with brain metastases. One patient achieved a partial response and two patients achieved stable disease by RECIST 1.1 criteria. Safety profile was manageable and no patient withdrawn for toxicity. Conclusions: Tedopi after failure to previous ICI therapy as third-line treatment has shown long-term clinical benefit and good safety profile. Baseline genomic molecular profile assessment, as well as, immunophenotype searching evidence of vaccination are ongoing. Citation Format: Santiago Viteri, Francois-Roger Vanel, Werner Hilgers, Jordi Remon, Guillermo Viteri-Ramirez, Elisabeth Quoix. Early signs of activity of Tedopi OSE2101, a multiple neoepitope vaccine, in a phase 3 trial in advanced lung cancer patients after failure to previous immune checkpoint inhibitors ATALANTE-1 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 946.


In order to maintain the integrity of a shape memory coupling or fastener, it is essential that the installed parts remain austenitic throughout their service life. If they become martensitic, the recovery stresses will be reduced to the martensitic yield stress, or even worse, the two-way effect will cause the joint to physically separate. In the past, this has mandated the use of cryogenic alloys which remain austenitic at all normal service temperature, but must be expanded, stored, inventoried and assembled in liquid nitrogen to prevent premature recovery.


The present study highlights the traditional knowledge of Tharu tribe related with the use of plants as ethnomedicine. Extensive field trips were conducted in order to collect the ethnobotanical information. Questionnaire was made to gather data for local name, part used, disease treated, mode of administration and methods of preparation. The present article gives a brief account of 53 plant species belonging to 52 genera and 34 families used as herbal remedies by Tharu tribe of Udham Singh Nagar.


Probable limitations of existing cost methods: > Cost Estimating Relationships (CERs) based on technical factors rather than programmatic "soft" factors > Not dynamically updated as a program evolves, making the original estimate outdated as soon as the climate changes > Manifestation of a few decision makers, under tremendous time pressure, working with limited and perhaps biased information. Possible value propositions of Prediction Markets: > Shift of focus from estimating by individuals to groups > Provide way to leverage information from diverse sources > Mitigate biases stemming from pressure to "price to win" or hide damaging information > Enable frequent sampling of information > Incentivize traders to seek out quality information that will help them do better What are Prediction Markets? Prediction markets are speculative markets that provide an environment for traders to buy and sell contracts whose values are tied to uncertain future events. An effective way to capture knowledge and utilize collective intelligence of all team members


'Beersheva' suaeda (Suaeda vera Forssk.), Chenopodiaceae, was released by the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station to provide a salt-tolerant, drought-tolerant, bright green, perennial groundcover adapted to the arid southwestern United States and similar regions of the world.


Antenna arrays encompass a very vital job in processing and detecting signals received from diverse directions. They are preferred over single element antennas owing to the limitations that exist in the latter in directivity and bandwidth. These limitations are avoided by using the array antennas which associates every element of antenna to different geometrical and electrical configurations to facilitate its beam pattern to be modified with phase and/or amplitude distribution which are called the array weights. The most significant problems to be dealt with in an array antenna design are the control of nulls and the SLL reduction. Lots of researches have used the evolutionary algorithms for obtaining these two objectives. The approaches that were designed for this purpose tackle the objectives simultaneously by creating single objective functions and then taking weighted sum for the objective functions. In this paper, to evade the problems associated with the use of the weighted sum approach, a MO formulation of the problem and a recent approach called Roulette Wheel Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization are used. The goal is to obtain the "least standard side lobe level" and a "null reduce" at specific directions. These two goals are contradicting that's why using the multiobjective optimization is suitable for solving this problem. To test the performance level of the applied method of the multi-objective approach, it is very important to get Pareto optimal which is the way of solving the multi-objective problems. In this paper, the MOPSO is introduced to obtain the Pareto optimal fronts for the two contradicting objectives to show the effectiveness of planned algorithm showing effective results. Improved results for reduced SLLs and null depth are obtained. Key-words: PSO, MOPSO, SLL, Null reduction, RP, Roulette Wheel Selection.


This study investigates a newly designed DC-DC converter with reduced reverse-recovery current and switch voltage stress. A high-efficiency clamped-voltage DC-DC converter is designed by way of the combination of inductor and transformer to increase the voltage gain. Moreover, one additional inductor provides the reverse current path of the transformer to enhance the utility rate of magnetic core. In addition, the voltage-clamped technology is used to reduce the switch voltage stress so that it can select the Schottky diode in the output terminal for alleviating the reverse-recovery current and decreasing the switching and conduction losses. Furthermore, the closed-loop control methodology is utilized in the proposed scheme to overcome the voltage drift problem of the power source under the variation of loads. Thus, the proposed converter topology has favorable voltage-clamped effect and superior conversion efficiency. Some experimental results via an example of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power source with 250 watts nominal rating are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed power conversion strategy.


This paper presents the structure and principle of the image dynamic recognition of photo-electricity collimation system. The arithmetic of the template matching on base of connected area disposal and the subdivision are emphatically analyzed. These proficiency arithmetic process rapidly, possess high ratio of right recognition and high precision, and have well effect on the auto-recognition of the azimuth reading image of the photo-electricity collimation simulation system.


In this article, we will address the debates about the sense of sight and the techniques of observation in the register of modern science, with allusions to the impact they had in the field of geographical knowledge as well as in the ways of registering the geographical space. The main argument is that the techniques of observation went from being predominantly thought through the study of the functioning of the eye, perspective, optics and instruments that modify the natural vision, to the study of the techniques of interpretation of images produced with devices and techniques of communication of senses, of knowledge about geographic space and of geographic imaginaries. These issues will be addressed on three axes: a) the relationship between natural observation and the perspective development; b) the role of instruments in the observation and recording of the sensitive world, including ideas that postulate that the human eye is also an instrument, and c) the place of the technique in the problematization of the act of seeing and the cultural construction of the gaze.


Abstract Akinlade, J.A., Smith, J.W., Larbi, A., Adekunle, I.O., Taiwo, A.A. and Busari, A.A. 2003. Impact of forage legume hays derived from intercrop as dry season feed supplements for lactating Bunaji cows and N'dama beef cattle. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 24: 185–191. Two experiments were conducted concurrently to study the influence of three forage legume, hays (Stylosanthes guianensis, Centrosema pubescens and Cajanus cajan) obtained from maize—based intercropping system, as supplements to mature guinea grass (Panicum maximum). The legume hays were fed to lactating Bunaji cows (Experiment 1) and N'dama calves (experiment 2) for a period of 30 and 60 days, respectively using a completely randomized design with 4 animals per treatment in both trials. The dry matter degradation characteristics of the forage legumes were also assessed in three rumen—fistulated Bunaji castrates. Cows supplemented with C. pubescens and C. cajan produced higher milk (P<0.05) than those offered S. guianensis. Calves supplemented with C. pubescens and S. guianensis gained more weight (P<0.05) than those fed on C. cajan—supplement. Degradable fraction (b) were 338, 334 and 470g/kg for S. guianensis, C. pubesces and C. cajan, respectively. Additional benefits in terms of higher milk and body weight increase could be derived from the use of cereal-based inter-cropped forage legumes as supplements especially by poor resource African smallholder mixed farmers in the dry season.