Nowadays, going out and participating in group activities is an indispensable part of human life, and group recommendation systems are needed to provide suggestions. In practice, group recommendation faces serious sparsity issues due to the lack of group-item interaction data, and the key challenge is to aggregate group member preference for group decision making. Conventional group recommendations applied a predefined strategy to aggregate the preferences of group members, which cannot model the group decision making process and do not address the data sparsity problem well. In this paper, we introduce knowledge graph into group recommendation as side information, and propose a novel end-to-end method named knowledge graph-based attentive group recommendation (KGAG) to solve the data sparsity and preference aggregation problems. Specifically, a graph convolution network (GCN) is employed to capture abundant structure information of items and users in knowledge graph to overcome the sparsity problem. Besides, to learn knowledge-aware group representation for inferring the group decision better, we capture the user-item connectivity and user-user connectivity in knowledge graph, and then adopt attention mechanism to learn the influence of each member according to user-user interaction in group and the candidate item, for member preference aggregation. Additionally, the attention mechanism can provide interpretability to group recommendation. Moreover, we extend the margin loss to our KGAG which forces the prediction score of positive item to be a distance larger than that of negative item. Experimental results show the superiority of the proposed KGAG and verify the efficacy of each component of KGAG.


Insurance enterprises provide services, called insurance services, to policyholders. The values of such services are seldom, if ever, directly apparent; rather these values are implicitly entwined within the payment of premiums. This paper discusses the treatment of insurance services, and related transactions, in the balance of payments. A simple measure, based on a number of assumptions, of nonlife insurance services is considered. The assumptions underlying this measure are then relaxed. The treatment of life insurance, which has many of the characteristics of nonlife insurance, is then addressed. The paper concludes with a discussion on the practical aspects of measuring insurance transactions in the balance of payments.


Data modelling and functional modelling are two main activities of the analysis process. Traditional development methodologies usually emphasize functional modelling via dataflow diagrams (DFDs), while object-oriented (OO) methodologies emphasize data modelling via class diagrams. UML includes various techniques for both data (structure) and functional (behavior) modelling which can be utilized in various ways. In fact, different methodologies utilize data modelling and process modelling techniques in different ways and orders. We concerned with the ordering of modelling activities in the analysis stage. Our main question is if it is better to create first a functional model and then a data model, or vice versa? We conduct a comparative experiment in which the two opposing orders are examined. We use the FOOM methodology as a platform for the experiment as it enables the production of both a functional model (hierarchical OO-DFDs) and a data model (an initial class diagram), which are synchronized. The results of the experiment reveal that an analysis process that begins with data modelling provides better products than one that begins with functional modelling.


Clitopilus argentinus is reported for the first time from North America. A full description and illustrations of the basidiomata and microscopic structures are provided. An X-ray elemental analysis of the diagnostic 'hyaline' incrustations of the pileus surface shows these extracellular structures to be composed mainly of calcium and magnesium. In addition, a multispore culture of this collection produces basidiomata in vitro. Clitopilus incrustatus Singer and C. fuscogelatinosus Redhead & Baroni are also discussed.


Biomedical Waste Management is not only an important aspect in medical curriculum but it's effective implementation into routine clinical practice is of paramount importance. Medical students are going to be crucial component of health care delivery system; therefore they should be well versed with basic aspects of biomedical waste management. Unfortunately several studies reported poor level of knowledge and practices about biomedical waste management among medical students in India.


We investigate the Gnedenko system with multiple delay vacations of a repairman. By analysing the spectral distribution of the system operator and taking into account the irreducibility of the semigroup generated by the system operator we prove that the dynamic solution of the system converges strongly to its steady state solution. Thus we prove asymptotic stability of the dynamic solution of the system. Introduction The Gnedenko system is an important system in reliability theory. Since the strong practical background of The Gnedenko system, many researchers have studied it extensively under varying assumptions on the failures and repairs, see [1-5]. The repairman leaves for a vacation or does other work when there are no failed components for repair in system, which can have important influence to performance of system. In [5], the authors studied the Gnedenko system with multiple delay vacations of a repairman and obtained some reliability expressions such as the Laplace transform of the reliability, the mean time to the first failure, the availability and the failure frequency of the system. In [5], the authors used the dynamic solution of the system and asymptotic stability of the dynamic solution in calculating the availability and the reliability. But they did not discuss the existence of the positive dynamic solution of the system and the asymptotic stability of the dynamic solution. In [6], the authors proved the existence of a unique positive dynamic solution of the system by using C_0 -semigroup theory of linear operators. In this paper, we further study this system and prove that the dynamic solution converges strongly to the steady state solution. Thus we prove asymptotic stability of the dynamic solution of the system. Gnedenko system with multiple delay vacations of a repairman can be described by the following equations (see [5]).


Mining machinery and equipment belong to the group of special machines working in extreme conditions. Mining machines are used in difficult conditions such as limited supplies of fresh air, heat from the rock, in places with high humidity and heavy dust. In other specifics related to the extraction process is brine, harmful compounds such as sulphur dioxide, or rock debris raining down. The machines are operated in continuous mode, the clock. Working in mining conditions machines are exposed to frequent breakdowns and malfunctions. Identifying of failure diesel engines can be cumbersome in these conditions and time-consuming, leading to longer downtime, thereby reducing operating efficiency and increased cost. Therefore, in the paper was a review and analysis methods for the diagnosis of internal combustion diesel engines used in machines built and used to power machines in underground mining. On the basis of diagnostic testing was performed analysis of cases occurring malfunctions and failures.


A sliding control hip compression screw is provided to prevent threads from being excessively slid by disposing an adjuster at a thread body and a metal plate groove inlet. A sliding control hip compression screw and a metal plate tool for treatment of proximal femur fracture comprise a sliding compression screw nail and a metal plate. A sliding compression metal plate body(12) formed in a polygon has threads with height deviations formed at a lag screw of the sliding compression screw nail. The height of a lag thread body is changed in a stair type of 5mm, 10mm, 15mm, or 20mm. Threads installed in the middle of a sliding compression screw nail body are formed at the sliding hip compression screw and the metal plate. Sliding degree is controlled by installing a nut inserted corresponding to the threads.


The recent development of information and communication technologies brings new changes to automobile traffic systems. The most typical example is the advancement of dedicated short range communication(DSRC). DSRC mainly consists of an intelligent transportation system(ITS), an electronic toll collection system(ETCS) and an advanced traveler information system(ATIS). These wireless communications often cause unnecessary electromagnetic waves, and these electromagnetic waves, in turn, cause frequent system malfunction. To solve this problem, an absorber of electromagnetic waves is suggested. In this research, various materials, such as powdered metal and iron oxides, are used to test the possibility for an effective absorption of the unnecessary electromagnetic waves. The various metal powders are made into a thin sheet form by compositing through processing. The electromagnetic characteristics(complex permittivity, complex permeability) of the fabricated sheet are measured. As a result, we achieve –6.5 dB at 940 MHz(77.6 % absorption rate) with a 1.0 mm-thickness electromagnet wave absorber, and –9.5 dB at 940 MHz(88.8 % absorption rate) with a 2.0 mm-thickness absorber.


The authors report on a quarter-long work produced together with colleague Abby Bankson for CRP s graduate seminar Principles of City Design in Spring 2004. The discussion of urban design concepts led to the study of some of its dimensions in the Cal Poly campus, leading to a better understanding of its role as a generator of livable places within the larger context of city planning. Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/focus This Faculty and Student Work is brought to you for free and open access by the City and Regional Planning at DigitalCommons@CalPoly. It has been accepted for inclusion in Focus by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CalPoly. For more information, please contact email@example.com. Recommended Citation FitzZaland, Elizabeth and Wyatt, Anne (2005) "Urban Design: An Investigation into the Visual, Perceptual, and Social Dimensions of Public Space," Focus: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 14. DOI: 10.15368/focus.2005v2n1.9 Available at: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/focus/vol2/iss1/14 Urban Design: An Investigation into the Visual, Perceptual, and Social Dimensions of Public Space Elizabeth FitzZaland MCRP Student Anne Wyatt MCRP Student City and Regional Planning Department Cal Poly San Luis Obispo The authors report on a quarter-long work produced together with colleague Abby Bankson for CRP s graduate seminar Principles of City Design in Spring 2004. The discussion of urban design concepts led to the study of some of its dimensions in the Cal Poly campus, leading to a better understanding of its role as a generator of livable places within the larger context of city planning. Urban design is an all-embracing term used for describing the urban environment. While those who work in the design and development professions may have a more acute understanding of what urban design specifically describes, the term itself remains largely ambiguous. For a group of first year graduate students in the City and Regional Planning Department, the journey to discover a more profound understanding of urban design began with an exploration of the subtleties that differentiate one urban environment from another.


The objective of this work is to estimate the capital stock invested in the Spanish freezer trawler fleet dedicated to the capture of crustaceans on the African coast, for the period from 1964 to 2019. The importance of having methods for the correct measurement of the capital invested in a fishing fleet is to be able to express in monetary terms the excess catch capacity, which is a signal of overexploitation of a fishery, that is, the fleet operates at a level of effort or capacity higher than the minimum amount required to capture the desired quantity at the lowest possible cost. Following a methodology based on the permanent inventory method, we obtained a model that explains the construction value of a fishing vessel as a function of its technical characteristics. The market value in successive sales was estimated as a function of the construction value, the age of vessel and other variables. In this way, we estimated the value that the market assigns to the possible increases in individual fishing capacity and the decrease in value derived from the technical obsolescence of the vessels. Finally, we calculated the gross and net investment series and net capital stock.


Indocyanine green combats pathogenic bacteria simply, effectively and without side effects. Until now, systematic periodontal treatments have often required the additional use of systemic antibiotic medication as well as the normal manual treatment involving cleaning, curettage and after-care in order to eliminate treatment-resistant pathogens more effectively and to achieve a long-lasting therapeutic effect.


The computed bremsstrahlung spectrum emitted by laser-heated electrons is slightly modified if the exact Gaunt factors are included. A numerical example shows a shift of 20--30% in the predicted number and energy of fast electrons. (AIP)


While collective redress mechanisms continue to develop in much of Europe and in pockets around the world, the oldest class action regimes are undergoing reform. This contribution explores the state of reform in the first and second generation class action jurisdictions: the United States, Australia, Israel and Canada. Their respective class action procedures are outlined in Sect. 2. Section 3 discusses the reform initiatives of the past 3 years in each of the four countries. In Sect. 4, common areas of concern as well as areas of divergence are explored. Comparing and contrasting these reform efforts illustrates the evolution of class actions in these countries and provides useful insights for those studying and contributing to the development of newer collective redress systems.


This paper presents the design of an ontology to support the assessment process in the technical-scientific subjects (Differential Calculus, Physical, Chemical, among others) which are taught in the firsts years of bachelor's degree at Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba (ITO). E-learning is one of the current strategies that facilitates the process of evaluation through the use of Web environments or digital platforms, which share pedagogical strategies similar to the usually applied in classroom courses. The questions that are applied in the evaluation of technical-scientific subjects usually have a single result, mostly of the time represented by a number, so it is convenient to generate answers that act as distractors when applying a quiz to a student. The ontology presented here pretends to specify the appropriate domain for the evaluation of the technicalscientific subjects at ITO. It was developed following the Methontology method and codified with Protégé.


The effect of ion beam bombardment on the optical and mechanical properties of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was investigated. UHMWPE polymer samples were bombarded with 150 keV N2 ions under vacuum at room temperature to high fluences ranging from 1x1016 to 2x1017 ions cm-2. The untreated as well as treated samples were investigated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer and Vickers micro-hardness techniques. The direct and indirect optical band gap decreased from 2.9 and 1.65 eV for pristine sample to 1.7 and 1 eV for those bombarded with N2 ion beam at the highest fluence, respectively. With increasing ion fluence, an increase in the number of carbon atoms per conjugation length, N and number of carbon atoms per cluster, M in a formed cluster were observed. A significant improvement in surface hardness was obtained by increasing the ion fluence.


We consider stochastic nonaffine nonlinear control systems x/sub t/=x/sub 0/+/spl int//sub 0//sup t/ f(x/sub s/,u) ds+/spl int//sub 0//sup t/ g(x/sub s/,u) d/spl omega//sub s/ (written in the sense of Ito), /spl omega/ being a standard Wiener process, for which we give a sufficient condition for global stabilization by a bounded smooth state feedback that is explicitly given. This condition generalizes the well-known Jurdjevic-Quinn result for deterministic affine control systems.


Currently, search and study of new environmentally friendly polymeric components of drilling fluids is important. On the basis of preliminary experimental studies have shown that drilling fluids with the addition of filler into the polymeric reagent as stiromalya have high rheological properties as well as low toxicity. Stiromal is a substance used in paint production, formed by radical copolymerization of styrene with maleic anhydride in dried benzene, is a white, crystalline powder with a density of 1.2 g/cm3 aim of this work was the formation of a mathematical model describing the effect of doses of applying clay stiromalya givpana and received on a specific viscosity of drilling fluids. Preparation of the mathematical model by the method of mathematical planning of the experiment. In accordance with a full factorial experiment (PPE) 24 prepared 16 samples in which exhausted all possible combinations of the studied factors on two levels. The drilling fluid was prepared by pre-mixing the mud spolimerami. The resulting solutions were stirred for 30 minutes. Performance characteristics evaluated by the change in specific viscosity. The resulting re-


In the title compound, C24H20O9, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 2.32 (13)°. The molecular conformation is stabilized by some weak C—H⋯O interactions.


In this article, we aim to put forward the notion of adjustive Liu-type estimator (ALTE) in the linear regression model. First, the explicit expression of the optimal selection of the adjustive factors is derived under the PRESS criterion through matrix techniques. Then, the results are applied to the dataset on Portland cement. Moreover, to select biasing parameters from the theoretical point of view, we extend ALTE to the generalized version (GALTE) and obtained the optimal ones. The results of the Portland cement data show that ALTE's and GALTE's can substantially improve the ordinary least squares estimator and Liu-type estimators.


This paper describes a substructure-based, decentralized approach to designing local output feedback controllers for flexible structures. By local output feedback, we mean that control loops are closed only between sensors and actuators that are spatially close to each other. The method is a decentralized one because the structure model is decomposed into subsystems for which output feedback controllers are designed. These subsystems are substructure models whose boundaries have been loaded with generalized degrees of freedom representing the static modes of adjacent substructures. The approach represents a synthesis of decentralized controller design methods with well-known component mode synthesis concepts and describes a unique approach to vibration suppression in flexible structures with local feedback control.


Objective
To investigate the sleep quality of cancer patients before and after cancer so as to take effective measures to improve sleep quality of cancer patients.

Methods
In Xinjiang autonomous region, 72 cancer patients in the Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy were surveyed for the study group and 61 benign patients as control group. The instruments including self-made general status and sleep status survey before cancer, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale were used respectively.

Results
In the study group, 40 people had sleep disorders (55.5%) before the cancer, significantly higher than control group people in 15 (24.5%), and the total Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scores on average (14.00±2.39) were significantly higher than the control group (11.19±2.45). The PSQI had seven sleep quality factors, with the statistical differences between two groups (P<0.05).

Conclusions
Chronic insomnia patients are more prone to cancer, cancer patients sleep quality is poorer, and the adjustment of the sleep disorders has more importance. Paying more attention to the regulation of cancer patients to sleep helps to improve the patient's quality of life.

Key words:
Neoplasms/CO; Sleep disorders/CO


India has an age-old tradition of plant based health-care in the form of Ayush-Ayurveda, and Unani Systems of medicine. Nearly eighty percent of the formulations under these systems are plant based. Almost ninety percent of the raw materials of medicinal plants used by the Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani (ASU) manufacturing units are sourced from the natural resources. Correct identification of a plant species is the most critical task, which demands application of knowledge and skill. The events of misidentification of the plant species, involuntary use of totally dissimilar species or by closely related inferior quality species can deter the therapeutic values and efficacy of the botanical drugs. Historically, the physician or the traditional healer was known to manage the whole supply chain, right from collection of herbs up to the preparation and dispensing of the medicine. The supply chain of crude drugs obtained from the medicinal plants has, however, become a multi-stakeholders activity, often lacks the botanical expertise to provide adequate documentation of the identification of plant materials whether wild-harvested or cultivated. The importance and different needs of plant collectors (WHO and NMPB guidelines) and manufacturers in regard to authentic botanical identification and its role in quality considerations; Quality Assurance (QA) are outlined and discussed. This review places emphasis on the importance of botanical identification, nomenclature, including its historical development and botany as a basic established discipline for valid identification of the plant origin drugs used in pharmacognostical research and quality control of the plant product.


Apodization influences the intensity of rays passing through various portions of the pupil aperture. In a ray-tracing computation of the point spread, each ray at the image plane is weighted by the apodizing factor of the portion of the pupil through which it passed. In computing the variance, or second moment, of the point spread, for example, the squares of the distances of the rays from the center of the point spread are weighted by the apodizing factor associated with the portion of the pupil through which they passed, e.g, Stiles-Crawford apodization (1,2): Here we seek to find an attenuation of the wave aberration at the pupil, using a function of the apodizing factor that would result in a point spread of variance equivalent to that of the apodized unattenuated aberrated wave.


The Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are rising research domain relate to several subjects and applications which consist of a large number of sensor nodes. Because of the universality of sensor network technology, it is difficult to teach students. To analyze pivotal technologies and didactical specialties and has explored functions, the system structure and experiments of sensor network synthetically laboratory. In the end, the article has given an example to illustrate the actuality and the tendency of sensor network synthetically laboratory.


Basketball is one of the favorite sports among high school student.The imparting of knowledge about offensive skills is among the main tasks in the teaching of basketball skills.The result of the survey reveals various problems in the teaching of basketball skills in Henan high schools.The research concerning the problems helps to promote the students' interest in basketball.


Currently, information education in China is lacking in efficiency especially in rural place due to government-centered governance system. As an integrated hybrid governance system, PPPs enjoys high efficiency of governance via collective efforts of multi-agents involved. In order to promote the governance quality of information education, it is of importance to harness the advantages of integration of PPPs Governance in Information Education. This essay firstly briefly outlines the profile of PPPs, which illustrates the essentials of good PPPs governance in information education. Finally, it draws the conclusion that how to ensure the efficiency of PPPs in collective governance of information education.


This paper argues that one forgotten group that played a significant part in the development of child care in Victoria is the Union of Australian Women (UAW). As a working class organisation the UAW fought to represent the interests of working women during the 1950s and 1960s. This included a commitment to child care. Because of the dominance of the traditional maternalist groups in the 1950s and 1960s, the UAW was unable to have much influence. However, the conjunction of historical forces at the beginning of the 1970s gave the UAW an opportunity to form new coalitions that challenged the dominance of the traditional children's services groups. The paper begins by outlining the position adopted by the traditional maternalist groups that dominated child care issues in Victoria in the 1950s and 1960s. The paper then explores the early work of the UAW in child care and finally discusses the role of the UAW in the development of community child care. The paper concludes that by using the experience gained over the previous decades, the members of the UAW were well placed to take a leading role in the community child care movement.


This study is focused on studying the employee perceptions of female leadership effectiveness in the service sector in Japan. Specifically the research objectives are focused on finding out the relationship between leadership skills, demographic factors and leadership effectiveness based on employee perceptions. The results show that the employees strongly believe that female leaders are effective in terms of their communication skills, decision making skills, personal character and the organizational performances. Moreover the study reveals that Gender, Age, specified Education or Service Length is having no impact over the perceived leadership effectiveness of female leaders.


Nurses are feeling increasingly disillusioned about electronic patient records, with growing numbers questioning whether they make any difference to patient care.


Summary Saline suspensions of stools obtained from both normal and poliomyelitis patients showed hemagglutination of group "O" human, chick, rabbit, guinea pig and sheep erythrocytes. The rabbit cells were agglutinated in highest titers. No significant difference in hemagglutination titer was noted with the normal and poliomyelitis stools. Normal human, rabbit and monkey serum and 20%percnt; bovine albumin inhibited hemagglutination. The hemagglutinin was thermolabile and absorbed by group "O" human, chick and rabbit erythrocytes. Stool suspension Seitz nitrates failed to show hemagglutination, but the titer could be partially restored by methanol precipitation. Various species of bacteria isolated from stool suspensions failed to agglutinate chick, group "O" human and guinea pig erythrocytes but showed some agglutination of rabbit cells in low titer. Mouse brain and cord suspensions infected with the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus also failed to agglutinate chick, human group "O" and rabbit erythrocytes.


The analysis of facilities and methods of the skilled providing of sphere of management sport is conducted for all in modern terms. To that end experience of foreign countries is considered on forming of the systems of professional preparation of specialists on the management of physical education and sport. The special attention is spared the study of maintenance of educational process in institutes of higher of Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Germany, Russia.


Backtracking search is frequently applied to solve a constraint-based search problem but it often suuers from exponential growth of computing time. We present an alternative to backtracking search: local search based on connict minimization. We have applied this general search framework to study a benchmark constraint-based search problem, the n-queens problem. An eecient local search algorithm for the n-queens problem was implemented. This algorithm, running in linear time, does not backtrack at all. It is capable of nding a solution for extremely large size n-queens problems. For example, on a workstation computer, it can nd a solution for 3,000,000 queens in less than 55 seconds.


In recent years, due to continuous increase of load, grid components overload problem caused by weak regional connection is emerging. However, most regional grids have no load shedding solution and related application experience. This paper proposed the strategy, the Principle of Effective Load Shedding and De-sequencing Lines, and overall requirements for load shedding (i.e., N-2 thermal stability overload problem must have 3 rounds of repeated logic judgment independently with different value for each round.) Taking into account the principles of effectiveness and fairness, the first two rounds shedding load alternately according to different faults. In order to prevent ineffective load shedding, the third round of system splitting is designed based on power flow drop ranking in each power grid section as a backup strategy for first two round. Fixed round order and load priority ranking of load shedding are given.


With the brief review of former works on hydrologic process of rainfall landslide mechanism,an Automatic Monitoring system is designed to monitor the hydrological rainfall-induced landslide in Shen Zhen.Characteristic of rainfall,saturated-unsaturated infiltration process,free water infiltration process and semi-confined water infiltration process are monitored.This design express a way of monitoring design based on hydrologic mechanism of rainfall induced landslide.The way of monitoring design not only helps the research of rainfall landslide hydrological mechanism,but also can give some helps to the relevant works.


Getting control over the valency of colloids is not trivial and has been a long-desired goal for the colloidal domain. Typically, tuning the preferred number of neighbors for colloidal particles requires directional bonding, as in the case of patchy particles, which is difficult to realize experimentally. Here, we demonstrate a general method for creating the colloidal analogs of molecules and other new regular colloidal clusters without using patchiness or complex bonding schemes (e.g., DNA coating) by using a combination of long-ranged attractive and repulsive interactions between oppositely charged particles that also enable regular clusters of particles not all in close contact. We show that, due to the interplay between their attractions and repulsions, oppositely charged particles dispersed in an intermediate dielectric constant (4 <epsilon <10) provide a viable approach for the formation of binary colloidal clusters. Tuning the size ratio and interactions of the particles enables control of the type and shape of the resulting regular colloidal clusters. Finally, we present an example of clusters made up of negatively charged large and positively charged small satellite particles, for which the electrostatic properties and interactions can be changed with an electric field. It appears that for sufficiently strong fields the satellite particles can move over the surface of the host particles and polarize the clusters. For even stronger fields, the satellite particles can be completely pulled off, reversing the net charge on the cluster. With computer simulations, we investigate how charged particles distribute on an oppositely charged sphere to minimize their energy and compare the results with the solutions to the well-known Thomson problem. We also use the simulations to explore the dependence of such clusters on Debye screening length kappa(-1) and the ratio of charges on the particles, showing good agreement with experimental observations.


Canine prostatic fluid was fractionated into three fractions by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The pools of fractions were referred to as fractions A, S and F. Antigenic analysis by gel diffusion precipitation of fractions S and F revealed a reaction of identity between their major components, which were shown to be prostatic fluid-specific. An interesting immunologic interaction of these fractions was observed in the shortening of the main line of fraction S by the nearness of fraction F.
 Fractions S and F were further purified by recycling through a column of Sephadex G-100. The purified fractions were designated S1 and F2. The antigenic components of fractions S1 and F2 also showed a reaction of identity in gel diffusion precipitation suggesting an antigenic similarity between the tissue-specific components of these fractions. That the components are not totally identical was shown by their different points of elution and by the immunoelectrophoretic analyses. Fraction F2 also inhibited the line of precipitation of fraction S1. The reason for this inhibition is not yet clear. However, some postulations have been made to explain the inhibition phenomenon.


The present paper considers the foreign trade of the German state Saxony with 38 countries combine over 10 years to explain the export volume in these countries using a generalized gravity approach. As one of Germany's "new federal states", Saxony had been part of the Eastern Bloc until it became part of the European Union by the reunification of Germany in 1990. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of the accession to the European Union on Saxony's trade structure. By analyzing Saxony's trade relations with the Central and Eastern European countries, which became part of the European Union between 2004 and 2007, it can be shown that the Saxon exports to these countries were higher than average during the observed time. The results indicate that there are positive effects for China and Russia as well.


this paper will detail recent improvements with the procedure the New York City Department of Transportation utilizes when conducting Pedestrian Gap Studies. These improvements were made possible by technological advancements in the field of hand held computers. In addition to interesting departmental productivity, the revised methodology allows traffic engineer to enhance their knowledge of gap occurrence within the conflicting traffic stream.


To gain insight into the function and organization of proteins assembled on the DNA in response to genotoxic insult we investigated the phosphorylation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe PCNA-like checkpoint protein Rad9. C-terminal T412/S423 phosphorylation of Rad9 by Rad3(ATR) occurs in S phase without replication stress. Rad3(ATR) and Tel1(ATM) phosphorylate these same residues, plus additional ones, in response to DNA damage. In S phase and after damage, only Rad9 phosphorylated on T412/S423, but not unphosphorylated Rad9, associates with a two-BRCT-domain region of the essential Rad4(TOPBP1) protein. Rad9-Rad4(TOPBP1) interaction is required to activate the Chk1 damage checkpoint but not the Cds1 replication checkpoint. When the Rad9-T412/S423 are phosphorylated, Rad4(TOPBP1) coprecipitates with Rad3(ATR), suggesting that phosphorylation coordinates formation of an active checkpoint complex.


The Earth's plasma mantle is one of the major suppliers of particles for the plasma sheet. To understand its plasma characteristics, spatial distributions, and dependencies on interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction, we statistically analyzed the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) observations in the low‐latitude magnetotail (~10 RE above and below the current sheet) and investigated the predictions from global Block Adaptive Tree Solar wind‐Roe‐Upwind Scheme MHD simulations. The mantle plasma flows tailward along magnetic field lines (~50–200 km/s) and at the same time drifts toward midnight and toward the current sheet. The mantle plasma has similar temperature (~0.05–0.2 keV) to the magnetosheath plasma but has lower density (~0.1–1 cm−3). The mantle appearance is dawn‐dusk asymmetric depending mainly on the IMF By direction. The occurrence rates, density, and V|| all decrease with decreasing |Y|. This density cross‐tail profile suggests that the low‐latitude mantle plasma mainly comes from the magnetosheath entering through the tail magnetopause along the open field lines. Density is highly and positively correlated with V||. These observations are qualitatively consistent with the MHD results. The simulations indicate that as IMF By becomes dominant, the source locations at the magnetopause for the mantle move to lower latitudes and become dawn‐dusk asymmetric, and the tail cross section also becomes distorted with the magnetopause shape elongating and the current sheet tilting significantly. Degrees of these changes also vary with the downtail distances and IMF Bz direction. The source location change leads to the dawn‐dusk asymmetric mantle appearance. The tail cross‐section change alters the distance from the sources to the current sheet and thus the resulting mantle density distributions just outside the plasma sheet.


Sponges are sessile aquatic metazoans, bounded by pinacoderm and containing choanocyte chambers. Choanocytes generate a waterflow from small ostia, through an incurrent and excurrenl aquiferous system to larger oscula. Most sponges are massive (crust-, cushion-, fan-, treeor cup-shape) without distinct symmetry. The mesohyle (between pinacodcrm and choanodcrm) contains a variety of cell types, collagen and related products and, usually, an inorganic skeleton of silicon dioxide or calcium carbonate. Sexually produced larvae are mostly free-swimming and fundamental (0 lhe distribution of the adults. All sponges are active filter feeders, and some use symbioses with bacteria and algae to supplement their energy requirements. Many species are tolerant to epiand endobiotic organisms (for recent summaries on sponge biology see: Fry, 1970 and Brien el a.L. 1973; for terminology see: Borojevic el al.• 1968). Sponges are an important component of all coral reef communities. Their biomass and range of ecological tolerance frequently exceeds that of the reefbuilding coral species (Fig. lao Ib). They cause considerable impact on tbeir environment by effectively filtering large quantities ofwater (Reiswig, 1917a, b), by destroying the reef framework (Goreau and Hartman, 1963; Riitzler, 1975), by competition for space (Goreau and Hartman, 1966; Riitzler, 1970, 1975; Sara, 1970; Glynn, 1973}and by serving as food source and shelter for numerous fishes and invertebrates (Randall and Hartman, 1968; Tyler and Bohlke, 1972; Rutzler. 1976). Nevertheless, due to taxonomical problems and to difficulties in quantitative assessment, quantitative studies of reef sponges are rare. Although many ecological sponge studies have been made in non-reef environments most of the techniques for collecting, processing for systematic study, biomass determination and quantitative evaluation can be applied to coral reefs.


Objective To investigate the effects of sodium ferulate(SF) on rat isolated thoracic aortas.Methods Isometric tension was recorded the reaction that rat aorta and endothelium-denuded aorta response to phenylephrine and high potassium,and the effect of sodium ferulate on rat aorta and de-endothelialized rat aortic diastolic function.Results SF(0.1-30 mmol/L) relaxed the isolated aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine(PE) and high-K+ in a concentration-dependent manner with respective pD2 of 2.73±0.02 and 2.57±0.06(P 0.05).Mechanical removal of endotheliumdid not significantly modify the SF-induced relaxation.Conclusion These results indicate that SF acts directly as a non-selective relaxant to vascular smoothmuscle.


Thin film method was used to detect the number concentration,number percentage,size,acidity and the regular pattern of ordinary alternation of methane sulfonic acid (MSA) particles collected from marine atmosphere of Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. Results of samples collected between January 2005 and December 2005 indicated that the number concentration of MSA particles varied from 8.6×10-11nmol/m3 to 26.6×10-11nmol/m3,number percentage of MSA particles in total particles varied from 11.4% to 34.8%,equivalent diameter varied from 1.0964μm to 1.5171μm and acidity varied from 1.86 to 2.71. Obvious correlation between the change of number concentration,number percentage,equivalent diameter and acidity of MSA particles and change of season was demonstrated. Number concentration,number percentage of MSA particles increased with ascending of air temperature and exuberance of marine organisms growing,which was up to the maximal value in summer. With falling of air temperature and increase of air moisture,equivalent diameter of MSA particles increased and its acidity enhanced,and when in spring and higher air moisture,equivalent diameter was up to the maximal and pH value up to its minimum. Highest MSA particle concentration appeared in the afternoon and lowest in the morning during a day.


This study aimed to investigate the differences among four medium breeds of rabbits (Rex, New Zealand White, California and Baladi Red) in productive performance and semen characteristics. Hundred twenty does, 7–9 months of age and 3–3.5 kg body weight from Rex, NZW, California, and Baladi Red. The numbers of 360 parities were analyzed to evaluate breeds effects. Traits studed were litter size and litter weight at birth, at14 days and at weaning. Mortality percentage from birth to weaning was calculated. Also, the analysis concerned 5120 ejaculates from 80 bucks from the 4 breeds of rabbits. The recorded traits were: pH, ejaculate volume, sperm motility, concentration, total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate, percentage of sperm normalcy and percentage of sperm abnormalities. The volume of each ejaculate was registered and an aliquot was separated for further analyses. Breed effect led to significant (P≤ 0.05) effect on litter size and litter weight at birth, 14 days and at weaning. Parities had significant (P≤ 0.05) effect on litter size and on litter weight at birth, 14 days and at weaning. California does recorded largest litter size and heaves litter weight at birth, at 14 days and at weaning. California does recorded significant higher conception rate (%), lower number of services per conception and lower mortality rate compared to the other breeds. Mean values of total ejaculate didn't differ (P>0.05) among breeds. California Bucks tended to have larger ejaculate volume, higher motility percentage, lower abnormal percentage and higher total live sperm compared to the other breeds. Key Word: Rabbits breed, parity, birth and weaning traits, semen characteristics, in hot climates.


Lexogen QuantSeq 3' mRNA kits use oligo-dT primers to capture short fragments at the 3' end of poly-adenylated RNA, allowing for accurate expression profiling from various sample types, including formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. The kits have options for low (0.1 to 10 ng total RNA) or standard (10 to 2,000 ng total RNA) input as well as dual or single indexing. QuantSeq was automated on the Agilent NGS Workstation. The various protocol options have been implemented in a single user interface for flexibility and ease of use. The NGS Workstation reduces hands-on time and maintains final library metrics such as concentration, mappability, and input-output correlation. Here, sequencing data generated from the automated protocol are analyzed. Universal Human Reference RNA (UHRR) with External RNA Control Consortium (ERCC) spike-ins was used to prepare eight libraries each of 100 ng and 250 ng input. The results show that libraries prepared on the NGS Workstation produce high-quality libraries with consistent size and concentration, high mappability, low percentage of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and high input-output correlation, as calculated from ERCC spike-ins. Automation of the Lexogen QuantSeq 3' mRNA Kit on the Agilent NGS Workstation Produces High-Quality Sequencing Libraries Authors Kyoko E. Yuki1, Theresa Ten Eyck2, Stephanie Bannister3, Lianna Kyriakopoulou1,4, Adam Shlien1,4, and Michael D. Wilson1,4 1 The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada 2 Agilent Technologies, Inc. 3 Lexogen GmbH, Vienna, Austria 4 University of Toronto, ON, Canada


Although the Book of Judith has been thought to reflect a historical situation, this is not necessarily the case, and more recent literary critical studies have provided greater access to its intricacies. Judith contains a number of direct speeches, and direct speech in Hebrew literature in general, influences both plot development and characterization. This thesis is a discussion of how the direct speeches in Judith influence both its plot development and characterization. Since a number of the speeches contain irony, special attention has been given to this literary device. I, Wendy Pauline Giles, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 50,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree, date 251Z signature of candidate I I I I was admitted as a research student under Ordinance No. 12 in October 1990 and as a candidate for the degree of Master of Philosophy in October 1991; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St. Andrews between 1990 and 1994. date ^ p (cHj, signature of candidate I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the University of St. Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree, date XGI ^(7) Y signature of supervisor In submitting this thesis to the University of St. Andrews I ' understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, date signature of candidate


In 2006, the first wave of the baby boom generation will reach 60 years of age. Some may have already retired while others are nearing Canada's median retirement age of 61 (Mackenzie & Dryburgh, 2003). According to the 2001 Census of Canada, 54% of librarians were between the ages of 45 and 64, with the majority of these in the 45-54 age cohort (Statistics Canada, 2001). Canadian academic libraries should expect to see a large wave of retirements in the next 5 to10 years.


Experiments demonstrate for the first time the deposition of subsurface ice directly from atmospheric water vapor under Mars surface conditions. Deposition occurs at pressures below the triple point of water and therefore in the absence of a bulk liquid phase. Significant quantities of ice are observed to deposit in porous medium interstices; the maximum filling fraction observed in our experiments is ~90%, but the evidence is consistent with ice density in pore spaces asymptotically approaching 100% filling. The micromorphology of the deposited ice reveals several noteworthy characteristics including preferential early deposition at grain contact points, complete pore filling between some grains, and captured atmospheric gas bubbles. The boundary between ice-bearing and ice-free soil, the "ice table," is a sharp interface, consistent with theoretical investigations of subsurface ice dynamics. Changes of surface radiative properties are shown to affect ice table morphology through their modulation of the local temperature profile. Accumulation of ice is shown to reduce the diffusive flux and thus reduce the rate of further ice deposition. Numerical models of the experiments based on diffusion physics are able to reproduce experimental ice contents if the parameterization of growth rate reduction has expected contributions in addition to reduced porosity. Several phenomena related to the evolution of subsurface ice are discussed in light of these results, and interpretations are given for a range of potential observations being made by the Phoenix Scout Lander.


On the basis of new material, observations in the field, and data from living specimens, we redescribe Mabuya cochabambae Dunn and discuss its distribution and biogeography. Morphological and molecular evidence strongly suggests that M. cochabambae and M. dorsivittata are sister taxa. In addition to M. cochabambae, we tabulate morphological data for three other Mabuya occurring in Bolivia: M. dorsivittata Cope, M. frenata (Cope), and M. guaporicola Dunn. Mabuya altamazonica Miralles et al. and M. nigropunctata (Spix) both occur in Bolivia, specimens of the former coming from the western lowlands and of the latter from the eastern lowlands of central Santa Cruz. Finally, we propose a new key to the eight species of Mabuya occurring in Bolivia.


A major scientific assessment of global climate science found a much stronger connection between climate change and extreme weather than ever before.


Much of the Annals online discussion during the past 2 months addresses how scientific information can be implemented in real-world practice, communities, and systems. There is a larger context for this discussion. Recent research program announcements from the US National Institutes of Health distinguish between dissemination and implementation.1 Dissemination is the targeted distribution of information and intervention materials to a specific public health or clinical practice audience. The intent is to spread knowledge and the associated evidence-based interventions. Implementation is the use of strategies to introduce or change evidence-based health interventions within specific settings. In January, the oversubscribed 2nd Annual NIH Conference on the Science of Dissemination and Implementation: Building Research Capacity to Bridge the Gap From Science to Service (http://conferences.thehillgroup.com/obssr/di2008/about.html) provided a forum for researchers in this emerging and important field. Importantly, the Annals discussion represents both the generators and users of implementation knowledge and provides frontline experience. Discussants raise the following observations and hypotheses about effective implementation: • Asthma medication prescription2 may be less likely among physicians with greater experience of the benign course of much of the bronchospastic disease seen among children in primary care.3 • A reductionist approach that emphasizes biologically observable events,4 while useful, is an impoverished framework for understanding spirituality.5 • The phenomenon of healing6 may have much in common with identity development.7 • Understanding of chronic fatigue8 is enhanced by clustering patients into patterns. Earlier recognition of chronic fatigue syndrome may be important because of the helpfulness of early treatment.9 • "The providers are not the only element in the implementation process10; the interaction of the practices' culture, leadership, prior change history, and any external influences need consideration."11 • An alternative to trying to find "the needle in a haystack" of the suicidal adolescent12 is to help depressed adolescents develop protective factors to diminish the likelihood of suicide.13 • The utility of a screening tool for impaired glucose tolerance14 would be helped by validated thresholds for useful action.15,16 • Colorectal cancer testing17-19 is enhanced by:


To reduce product quality problem caused by color measuring deviation and have a better control of product quality in dyeing and printing sectors,it is necessary to evaluate color measuring result.Color measuring result′s uncertainty is evaluated on the basis of analyzing evaluation methods of measuring uncertainty,taking into consideration the characteristics of color measurement at the same time.Firstly,according to evaluation method of uncertainty of ISO,calculation of spectral reflectance′s uncertainty is analyzed based on uncertainty′s sources and correlation coefficient between different spectral reflectance;then chromatic value′s uncertainty is calculated based on spectral reflectance′s uncertainty.Finally,practical application of color measuring result′s uncertainty is analyzed by examples.The present work has laid a theoretical basis for further study.


We present an IC design strategy capable of achieving 8 kV contact/15 kV air gap ESD robustness in-system according to the IEC 61000-4-2 standard without the need of additional suppressors on board. This result has been achieved with a LVTSCR, developed via wafer level TLP/HBM/HMM testing and verified in system using gun testing.


lion recipients were reported; the next day, after noting that only 200,000 additional persons had received vaccine, the total swelled to 4.4 million (9). These data reflect the difficulties intrinsic to managing such a massive program. The discrepancy may simply be a case of not adding columns of numbers in a systematic way; however, the fuzzy numbers do have a certain appeal to the modern, more cynical reader. Whatever occurred, understanding the specifics of "the great vaccination miracle" of 1947 is important for maintaining equilibrium during our current smallpox vaccination program and any future programs directed at now-unanticipated infections. Not just New York City's, but the entire country's sense of confidence that it can handle a major rapid vaccination or pill distribution campaign leans very heavily on the apocryphal vaccine campaign of April 1947. Yet, as described above, there may be much less to the miracle than meets the eye.


The PHIS(Public Health Information System) has been developed, and installed in public health centers nationwide since 1994. Ironically, however, even though infrastructures have been modernized, there is scant published material that has investigated the determinants of success of the PHIS. Therefore, these were evaluated in relation to the concern of user satisfaction, which was composed of overall satisfaction, usability, convenience and satisfaction for the supportive system. These satisfaction factors were also compared according to general user characteristics. The questionnaire response rate was 81.5%. The overall satisfaction and total Likert's scores, 3.0780.634 and 3.0050.563, respectively, showed that the end-users were relatively satisfied with the PHIS. Also, the overall satisfaction correlated most strongly with the convenience attribute. However, dissatisfaction strongly correlated with the supportive system, i.e. education and training facilities. This article describes our progress, and reports on the lessons learned, which will guide future work in this field. (Journal of Korean Society of Medical Informatics 10-1,69-78, 2004)


On the basis of the literature data, the peculiarities are shown that condition development and existence of the discharge on solid dielectrics surface. The fields are shown where surface discharge is applied due to the possibility to obtain it in multi-channel form. The second part will present the experimental results which concern studying operation modes of a high-current surface discharge switch.


Prism light guides are hollow structures which pipe light by means of total internal reflection (TIR). These devices are unique in their ability to combine the efficiency of TIR with the relatively low cost of a hollow structure. An important application stems from their ability to transform a point source of light such as an incandescent or discharge lamp into a linear or area source of light or illumination. We report the development of an economical, flexible prismatic film for fabricating the light guide wall. This film is adaptable to a wide variety of applications, some of which are described. Other guide geometries and films are currently under development.


Yellow leaf syndrome (YLS) is a recently reported disease of sugarcane, characterized by yellowing of the leaves. Two pathogens: a virus, Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV); and a phytoplasma, sugarcane yellows phytoplasma (SCYP), are associated with the disease. The use of tissue culture was investigated as a means to eliminate both SCYLV and SCYP from exotic varieties undergoing quarantine in Mauritius. Of 43 varieties in quarantine, 28 were infected with SCYLV and 19 with SCYP when checked by RT–PCR and nested PCR, respectively. Seventeen varieties were coinfected with both pathogens. Thirty infected varieties were induced to form callus in vitro using leaf rolls as explants. After two subcultures, 19 varieties were successfully regenerated and tested for SCYLV and SCYP. No pathogen could be detected in any regenerated plantlets. All the regenerated plants remained free from both SCYLV and SCYP over a period of 1 year in the glasshouse, confirming that the pathogens had been eliminated by tissue culture.


The article studies the state of the world banking system recovery after the global crisis. It is stated that by the indicators of financial depth, capital adequacy and profitability of the biggest banks the world banking system is nowadays the most stable and profitable for the entire post-crisis period of its development. It is noted that the structure of the modern world banking system corresponds to the spatial structure of the world economy, which consists of different taxonomic levels of regions and where the role and importance of global regions is being enhanced against the background of the globalization processes deepening. Based on the study of changes in the distribution of bank assets and banks' profits between global regions, the rankings of the biggest banks in the world, indicators of return on assets and return on equity of banks from different regions, regional peculiarities of mergers and acquisitions in the banking sector, progress in the implementation of the requirements of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, regional features of the post-crisis recovery of the world banking industry are identified. It is proved that there is an increasing degree of unevenness in distribution of bank assets between global regions, and a tendency of increasing bank assets concentration in three main regions – Asia Pacific, American and European regions – is found out. On the basis of assessment of the transformational shifts in the regional structure of the world banking industry changes of the global regions role in the world banking system in the process of its post-crisis recovery are identified.


AIM: To observe the localization of TRAIL/TRAIR (DR4, DR5,DcR1, DcR2) in the fetal pancreas.METHODS: Fetal pancreas of 32 weeks of pregnancy wereobtained from induced abortions, embedded in paraffin, and4-μm sections were prepared. The localization of TRAIL/TRAILR in fetal pancreas was investigated by fluorescenceimmunohistochemical method combined with laser scanningconfocal microscopy.RESULTS: TRAIL immunoreactive cells were mainly locatedon the periphery of the pancreas islets. There were a fewDcR1 and DcR2 positive cells whereas there were noimmunoreactive cells of DR4 and DR5 in the pancreas islets.In the acini and the ducts of the exocrine pancreas therewere no TRAIL/TRAILR immunoreactive cells.CONCLUSION: This study not only describes thedistribution of TRAIL/TRAILR in the fetal pancreas, but alsoprovides a morphological basis for deducing the functionof TRAIL/TRAILR in pancreas, suggesting that in normalpancreatic islets, the pancreatic cells are resistant towardsapoptosis too.


Abstract : The study's primary objective was to accurately identify the maintenance generated by operational requirements, both in the amount of work and the time at which it was required. Such an identification is necessary in order to evaluate flying schedules, estimate the resulting workloads, and plan work schedules to minimize overtime. It was hoped that use of improved information would also improve the organization's alert posture, assist in establishing and justifying personnel requirements, and improve the accuracy and completeness of the data. This report (prepared as a briefing for presentation at several ADC locations as well as Hq. USAF) reviews the results and efforts to date. It demonstrates the feasibility of the data acquisition and processing; answers key questions posed by Oxnard management personnel; and explains and demonstrates several of the graphic displays developed to assist in base management action. (Author)


RF emissions' detection, classification, and spectro-temporal localization are crucial not only for tasks relating to understanding, managing, and protecting the RF spectrum, but also for safety and security applications such as detecting intruding drones or jammers. Achieving this goal for wideband spectrum and in real-time is a challenging problem. Existing methods are limited to a small bandwidth, and lack the capability to detect and classify multiple RF emissions in every part of a wide spectrum with a unified detection and classification solution. We present WRIST, a Wideband, Real-time RF Identification system with Spectro-Temporal detection,framework and system. Our resulting deep learning (DL) model is capable to detect, classify, and precisely locate RF emissions in time and frequency using RF samples of 100 MHz spectrum in real-time(over 6Gbps incoming I&Q streams). Such capabilities are made feasible by leveraging a deep learning-based one-stage object detection framework, and transfer learning to a multi-channel visual-based RF signals representation. We also introduce an iterative training approach which leverages synthesized and augmented RF data to efficiently build large labelled datasets of RF emissions. WRIST's detector achieves 90 mean Average Precision even in extremely congested environment in the wild. WRIST model classifies five technologies (Bluetooth, Lightbridge, Wi-Fi, XPD, and ZigBee) and is easily extendable to others.


The computer is becoming an instrument that facilitates learning, because it seems more adapted to education than previous technologies (books, radio, slides, television, etc.), making it equally or even easier to use. In addition, it has communication skills. The focus of attention should be on the pedagogical methods that ensure their best use. In general, there has been no rigorous research that clearly shows that students assimilate a greater volume of knowledge than with the usual pedagogical procedures. On the other hand, the use of new technologies with different objectives seems to be learning that is becoming increasingly useful for everyday life outside of school.


Village Government is the lowest administrative unit in the state governments that have given theright of indigenous autonomy with certain limits as a unified community law (adat) are entitled toregulate and manage the affairs of the local community in the implementation of the rule of origin.The success of an organization to meet the challenges set by people who do the work on it, so thecapacity of the individual must be considered. Considering there is a budget increase for the village,the village is required to develop the capacity to manage these budgets to the maximum. Thepurpose of this study is essentially to Know the capacity of Teluk Bakau manage Village FundAllocation. According to Law No. 6 Tahun2014 about the village in Article 72 paragraph (1) itemd, explained that the allocation of village funds that are part of the balance funds received byRegency / City. This study uses the theory Riyadi Soeprapto (Novita Sari, et al., 2014: 635) whosuggested that capacity building should be implemented in an effective and sustainable in three (3)levels: Level Individual, Organizational Levels, and Level System. Data analysis techniques usedin this research is qualitative descriptive analysis technique. After doing research, the final resultsof the study suggested that the Irish village of Teluk Bakau manage Village Allocation Fund, takinginto account the dimensions of capacity development are taken from the individual level, the level oforganization, as well as the systems level, overall there are no constraints or problem- a bigproblem that can inhibit the allocation of these funds. General Allocation Fund budget absorption,both in Shopping Indirect and direct expenditure amounted Rp.334.072.480, and absorbedamounted Rp.302.828.130 or approximately 90.6%. The problem that occurs is contained by thevillage which still provides maximum performance in carrying out its duties and functions as themanager of the Village Fund Allocation, this is because the device is that Village take office in thegovernment of Teluk Bakau, so mastery of tasks and functions are still not optimal.


When red tourism operators reach the Nash equilibrium under the control of rationality,the supply quality of red tourism intellectual property rights infringement relief is less than the supply quality when they reach Pareto optimal under the control of overall rational.But if we add the factor of right infringement relief that means building relief protection mechanism,operator's individual behavior will gradually turn to collective rationality.


- To develop valid software measures we must know what attribute of the software entities is measured. However, in software engineering few attributes are really formally defined. This paper presents a measurement framework that defines and measures attributes as conceptual distances between software entities. Software entities are formally modelled as object types and conceptual schemes, and a number of measures of conceptual distance are proposed. These measures satisfy the metric properties of measure theory. It is further argued that this framework is the fonndation of a new scientific software measuremeut approach.


In organizations today, abusive supervision holds significant importance for their overall performance. However, the antecedents of abusive supervision have not been empirically addressed by prior researches. This study aims to empirically illustrate and clarify how, why and when abusive behavior is displayed and sustained by the supervisors. Keeping status enhancement motive as a mediator, the status related social dominance orientation and its translation into abusive behavior has been discussed. This study overall tests the moderated mediated relationship between social dominance orientation, status enhancement motive and abusive behavior through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using a sample size of 208 doctors from public and private health care organizations. Snow ball sampling technique was employed for the said purpose. The results revealed that this mediated relationship is stronger when supervisors have low perceived internal respect, high positional instability and the organization has a mechanistic structure.


An analysis model of wear coupling with mechanical dynamics behavior was established,and the numerical simulation scheme of the model was proposed to investigate interaction between dynamics and wear of machine.A sliding wear simulation approach based on Archard′s wear law and finite element methods was proposed,in which progressive accumulation of wear in metal hinge was simulated with ANSYS.Removal of material caused by wear was implemented by moving boundary nodes.Possible mesh distortion due to repositioning boundary nodes was settled using boundary displacement method from structural shape optimization.Clearance joint was modeled by replacing the kinematical constraint with force constraint,which was applied as external forces into multi-body dynamics equations.Sequential coupling mode was used chatacterize wear and dynamic during different life stage.The proposed method is an efficient tool to predict the life of mechanical components considering the effect of wear,the method improves design efficiency.


Abstract Electro-adhesive mechanism (EAM) has recently been considered for research studies to be used in a wall-climbing robot. The EAM has the advantage over other adhesion mechanisms due to its suitability to work on various wall surface materials. The main challenges associated with the electro-adhesion are achieving high payload, precise fabrication and integration with the robot locomotion. In the present work, electro-adhesive mechanisms have been considered for analysis, simulation and experimental validation under different design parameters for their suitability in the wall-climbing robot. Design parameters such as shape of the electrode, insulating material and high input voltage for the EAM have been evaluated from the analytical model and finite element model using EMWorks software. These studies show that the different design parameters have a major influence on the generated adhesion force. Simulation and experimental studies have been done for the comparison of two cases, namely simple and comb shape electrode pair design with different insulating materials. The results show that the comb shape electrode pair design of the electro-adhesion mechanism exhibits more adhesion force as compared to the simple electrode pair design. The study also suggests low thickness with high relative permittivity material of the insulating layer can be preferred for the design of the mechanism. An analytical study has been carried out for the suitability of EAM application for wall-climbing robots.


Within the framework of tight-binding theory the author has found a class of superlattices that possess a narrow band of electronic states localized at interfaces. He suggests that, if the electron-phonon interaction is small enough, it could preserve the existence of the narrow band and lead to a superconducting state formed by Cooper pairs of heavy electrons localized at interfaces.


From analysis of the feature of library's computer network,the factors of the threat to library's network security as well as protective measures are pointed out.


This article shows that T cell activation-induced expression of the cytokines IL-2 and -4 is determined by an oxidative signal originating from mitochondrial respiratory complex I. We also report that ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exerts immunosuppressive effects on human T cells suppressing this novel mechanism. Sustained treatment of preactivated primary human T cells with ciprofloxacin results in a dose-dependent inhibition of TCR-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and IL-2 and -4 expression. This is accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial DNA and a resulting decrease in activity of the complex I. Consequently, using a complex I inhibitor or small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of the complex I chaperone NDUFAF1, we demonstrate that TCR-triggered ROS generation by complex I is indispensable for activation-induced IL-2 and -4 expression and secretion in resting and preactivated human T cells. This oxidative signal (H 2 O 2 ) synergizes with Ca 2+ influx for IL-2/IL-4 expression and facilitates induction of the transcription factors NF- k B and AP-1. Moreover, using T cells isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis, we show that inhibition of complex I-mediated ROS generation blocks disease-associated spontaneous hyperexpression and TCR-induced expression of IL-4. Prolonged ciprofloxacin treatment of T cells from patients with atopic dermatitis also blocks activation-induced expression and secretion of IL-4. Thus, our work shows that the activation phenotype of T cells is controlled by a mitochondrial complex I-originated oxidative signal. The Journal of Immunology , 2010, 184: 000–000.


language and if the Filipino people were to support such a commitment. However, Gonzalez makes no predictions about when or whether the national language (or some other indigenous language) will be used to carry out national development. For the foreseeable future, he sees the Philippines' indigenous and non-indigenous languages as functionally complementary. That is, English will continue as the language of national development; Philippines' vernaculars will continue to be used for conducting the day-to-day business of living with people from one's own ethnolinguistic group; and those vernaculars, which have become languages of wider communication, will continued to be used for dealing with people from other ethnolinguistic groups. And, the new national language, Filipino, will function only as a symbol of national unity. Language and Nationalism should be of interest to both language policy-makers and scholars who study the process of language policy-making. The book's treatment of national language before the American occupation covers a broader time frame than Ernest Frei's The Historical Development of the Philippine National Language (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1959), the other major work to discuss the national language question in the Philippines in a historical context. It is well-written and provides a thorough examination of historical, legal, biographical, and census data. Minor problems — occasional typos and missing bibliographical references — can be overlooked. Perhaps more serious is the book's somewhat dated picture of the current language situation. Although published in 1980, the book ends its account in 1973 and does not cover the implementation of the bilingual educational policy during the 1970s. And of course, significant language policy events after 1980 will not be found — for example, the language provision in the 1986 Constitution and the current interest to make Pilipino the principal medium of instruction at tertiary level. Nevertheless Gonzalez's triangulated model of nation, region, and class is still the most descriptively adequate model for explaining the continual opposition to the development and selection of a national language in the Philippines. Language and Nationalism provides a clear historical overview of the national language question and remains worth reading despite having fallen slightly out of date.


Two cases of the rare condition of tracheobronchomegaly are reported. They occurred in people of completely different racial origin and residence. They showed the characteristic features of this condition—loud, rasping, prolonged, remarkably ineffective cough, abnormally wide trachea and major bronchi, laxity of the cartilaginous rings and membranous part of these airways demonstrable on straight chest radiographs and bronchoscopy and confirmed at bronchography. Evidence is submitted of congenital aetiology.


Abstract Thermal burn injuries are a known complication of forced-air warming devices but rarely occur when the device is used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Here we present a case of a 3-year-old girl who in the immediate postoperative period was found to have prominent linear, evenly spaced vesicles and bullae in a pattern that distinctly matched the air-exit perforations of the Bair Hugger device. Clinicians should be aware of potential complications arising from even proper use of a medical device and take all necessary precautions to prevent such incidents.


In emerging applications such as blockchains and collaborative data analytics, there are strong demands for data immutability, multi-version accesses, and tamper-evident controls. To provide efficient support for lookup and merge operations, three new index structures for immutable data, namely Merkle Patricia Trie (MPT), Merkle Bucket Tree(MBT), and Pattern-Oriented-Split Tree (POS-Tree), have been proposed. Although these structures have been adopted in real applications, there is no systematic evaluation of their pros and cons in the literature, making it difficult for practitioners to choose the right index structure for their applications. To alleviate the above problem, we present a comprehensive analysis of the existing index structures for immutable data, and evaluate both their asymptotic and empirical performance. Specifically, we show that MPT, MBT, and POS-Tree are all instances of a recently proposed framework, dubbed Structurally Invariant and Reusable Indexes (SIRI). We propose to evaluate the SIRI instances on their index performance and deduplication capability. We establish the worst-case guarantees of each index, and experimentally evaluate all indexes in a wide variety of settings. Based on our theoretical and empirical analysis, we conclude that POS-Tree is a favorable choice for indexing immutable data.


Essay submitted in conjunction with author's remarks at Creighton Law School's Fifth Annual Symposium addressing the crisis in legal education and proposing that Jesuit law schools might help lead curricular reform through infusion of the Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm's emphasis on experiential learning.


For 0 < � < 1 and a Banach algebra element a, this thesis aims to establish
the results related to continuity of condition spectrum and its level set correspondence
at (�; a). Here we propose a method of study to achieve the continuity. We
first identify the Banach algebras at which the interior of the level set of condition
spectrum is empty and then we obtain the continuity results.
This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 contains all the prerequisites
which are crucial for the development of the thesis. In particular, this chapter
has a quick review of the basic properties of spectrum, condition spectrum, upper
and lower hemicontiuous correspondences. We also concentrate on analytic vector
valued maps and generalized maximum modulus theorem for them.
For an element a in A, Chapter 2 has the results related to interior of the level of
set of the condition spectrum of a. At first, we focus on 1


Rockwell International's Solid State Photomultiplier (SSPM) is an impurity-band avalanche device which can count individual photons with wavelengths between 0.4 and 28 micrometers. Its response to a photon is a pulse of between 10(exp 4) and 10(exp 5) conduction electrons, making it an important device for use in phenomenology. The characteristics of the SSPM make it a potentially important device for use in astronomical applications. Contract NAS2-12400 was initiated in June 1986 to conduct modeling and characterization studies of the SSPM to provide a basis for assessing its use in astronomical systems. Some SSPM models and results of measurements which characterize the group of SSPMs recently fabricated on this contract are discussed.


To determine whether the iliac angle of second‐trimester fetuses is a useful sonographic marker for the detection of fetuses with Down's syndrome.


Interest in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has increased due to their role in poverty reduction, conservation, and food security. However, data on the current environmental and socio-economic aspects of NTFPs harvests are sparse. Using secondary data from literature review as well as participatory rural appraisal tools, information was gathered on NTFPs collectors, and on the relative socio-economic importance of the main NTFPs collected, collectors' access to NTFPs and sustainability of collection in major collection sites in the South West and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. An estimated 5500 collectors of NTFPs operate in the South West and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. The study revealed that NTFPs are important in the livelihoods of the village communities in the study area constituting 33% to their household income after agriculture (50.6%). The most important NTFPs collected in the study area were Gnetum spp., Irvingia spp., and Ricinodendron heudelotii. In important harvest divisions like the Manyu and Mungo divisions, the contribution of Gnetum spp. and Irvingia spp. to collectors NTFP related income is statistically significant (chi squared-test X2; p<0.05). Increasing harvests, combined with insufficient regulatory and customary control have led to a situation of long-term unsustainable collection. While NTFP collection is essential in providing income to collectors, their exploitation is failing to contribute in meeting environmental sustainability goals. This study concludes that domestication and awareness raising programs could lessen the pressure on the forest resource base and effective regulatory and customary control measures, if implemented and enforced, could limit over-exploitation and enhance sustainable collection and trade in NTFPs.


Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the major cause of death in developing countries. It is more prevalent in males as compared to females. Various cytogenetic detection methods are currently available, but their results are varied due to chromosomal changes. To overcome this, multiple microarray studies have been conducted on transcriptional profiling of AML patients. In depth reanalysis of microarray studies was performed. It was found that 21 genes involved in the seven pathways. The most significant pathway is antigen presentation and processing and genes are CD4, CD8a, and CD8b. On the basis of this result, we suggested that genes CD4, Neuraminidase (NA), Androgen-dependent TFPI-regulating (ADTRP) are helpful in discovering novel biomarkers and also as a therapeutic target of AML.


In this work, the classification of pulmonary function into normal and abnormal conditions is attempted using neural networks and spirometric measurements. The pulmonary function data (N = 229) for this study were obtained from volunteers using commercially available spirometers by adopting standard data acquisition protocol and recording conditions. The data were then subjected to neural network–based training (N = 159) and analysis (N = 70). The classification was carried out using standard feed-forward neural network and backpropagation algorithm. The outputs were then validated through sensitivity and specificity measurements together with clinical observation. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the neural network–based classification of spirometric data into normal and abnormal conditions. The sensitivity and specificity were found to be 89.25% and 82.25%, respectively. Furthermore, it seems that this method is useful in assessing the pulmonary function dynamics in cases with incomplete data and data with poor recordings. In this paper, the methodology, data collection procedure, and neural network–based analysis and results are described in detail.


The infra‐red spectrum of gaseous dimethyl sulfide has been studied from 1.6 to 26μ, as well as the Raman spectrum of the liquid. A tentative vibrational analysis is given.


High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) has been applied as an acceptable therapeutic
technique and various HIFU systems have achieved clinical approval for general use in
numerous countries. To ensure that an HIFU system is used in a safe and reliable
application, its acoustic field needs to be characterized accurately. However, the traditional
methods mostly are based on hydrophones, these sensors are found short of sufficient
temporal and spatial resolutions, especially, they can only tolerate small acoustic
pressures. This work is concerned with the feasibility of optical interferometry in measuring focused
acoustic fields and in predicting HIFU fields. [Continues.]


In the precise displacement measurement based on laser interferometry, the measurement technology for the refractive index of air is widely used to improve the measurement accuracy. However, the existing measurement method of the refractive index of air based on direct measurement is not easy to realize in practical work because of its complex measurement principle and the huge volume of the measurement device; while the measurement accuracy and speed based on the indirect method cannot adapt to the real-time, fast and accurate measurement requirements of industrially changing environments, resulting in distortion of the results. In this study, a measurement method of the refractive index of air based on a special material etalon is proposed. The method enables rapid and direct measurement of the air refractive index when the environment changes and it is given the realization process. Finally, the experimental results show that the deviation between this method and the modified Edlen formula is about 2.5 × 10−7, and that this method can quickly reflect the changes of the environment, which prove the correctness of this method and its ability manage rapid environmental responses. This method is worth popularizing in industrial measurement.


I'm not saying that healthcare services are a commodity in the classic widget sense, but I have grown to concede that the service we as doctors provide is a commodity.


Research and scholarship regarding the nature and site(s) of the so-called public sphere have held the attention of compositionists for quite a while, and Nancy Welch's Living Room: Teaching Public Writing in a Privatized World makes an important and provocative contribution to this ongoing conversation. As an inquiry into the way the public sphere actually exists, Living Room, at its core, brackets any normative or theoretical paradigms and seeks instead to describe the rhetorical ecology of teaching public writing. Rather than spring from the premise that a public sphere does exist*as something distinct from the private and personal realm where the individual reigns supreme*Welch's work questions the assumption that anything we can accurately call public exists in the first place. Specifically, Welch argues that in order to teach public writing in our composition classrooms, we must understand the ways in which neoliberalism pervades our lives and makes private those issues that have public significance. Neoliberalism represents both the exigence and the constraints facing any writer wishing to go public, and Welch's book ultimately demonstrates why and how public space must be created rather than found. Chapter by chapter, Welch recasts the terms and conditions upon which many compositionists build their pedagogies. In Chapter 1, ''A Public World is Possible,'' Welch challenges the conceptualization of publicness upon which public sphere scholarship rests; rather than a location one can physically occupy, ''public'' represents a relationship to an individual's world(s). Consequently, as her chapter title reveals, teaching public writing requires that we shift our perceptions from a focus on location to orientation. As her title also unveils, however, such a shift is just the beginning, and


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045 1. Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: Experimental Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046 2. Mechanisms of Increased Free Radical Production with Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051 3. Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: Health and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives – Think Positive! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056 Although assays for the most popular markers of exercise-induced oxidative Abstract stress may experience methodological flaws, there is sufficient credible evidence to suggest that exercise is accompanied by an increased generation of free radicals, resulting in a measurable degree of oxidative modifications to various molecules. However, the mechanisms responsible are unclear. A common assumption that increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption leads per se to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is not supported by in vitro and in vivo data. The specific contributions of other systems (xanthine oxidase, inflammation, haem protein auto-oxidation) are poorly characterised. It has been demonstrated that ROS have the capacity to contribute to the development of muscle fatigue in situ, but there is still a lack of convincing direct evidence that ROS impair exercise performance in vivo in humans. It remains unclear whether exercise-induced oxidative modifications have little significance, induce harmful oxidative damage, or are an integral part of redox regulation. It is clear that ROS play important roles in numerous physiological processes at rest; however, the detailed physiological functions of ROS in exercise remain to be elucidated. In the last two decades or so there has been an Thus, ROS and RNS are clearly essential for normal increasing awareness of the range of physiological functioning. However, as with everything else in processes involving free radicals. Reactive oxygen life, 'too much' is always a bad thing and the high species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) reactivity of certain ROS makes it relatively easy for such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide the intracellular redox status to slip into a state less (O2•–), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and nitric oxide compatible with optimal functioning. Oxidative (NO•) play important roles in, for example, the stress is implicated in virtually every known disbody's immune response,[1] redox regulation of gene ease[5] and there is an increasing body of evidence transcription,[2] cell signalling,[3] and enzymology.[4] linking free radical production to the process of 1046 Vollaard et al. aging.[6] These negative aspects of free radicals have polyunsaturated fatty acids). Similar results were given them a bad reputation that is hard to overobtained in a further study in which it was also come. Consequently, after the emergence of evishown that pre-exercise ascorbic acid (vitamin C) dence in the late 1970s indicating an increase in supplementation attenuates the exercise-induced inradical production with exercise, studies into excrease in free radicals.[10] By determining venoercise-induced oxidative stress predominantly seem arterial differences in spin adducts, Bailey et al.[11,12] to have focused on the perceived negative impact of were able to demonstrate that the active muscle bed ROS on exercise performance, and ways to counteris a source of increased free radical production duract it. This article summarises the available evidence ing exercise. Furthermore, Groussard et al.[13] obsupporting the occurrence of exercise-induced oxiserved that free radical production peaked 20 mindative stress, examines the proposed mechanisms utes after a Wingate test for anaerobic power, which for increased ROS generation with exercise, and led them to suggest that the increase in post-exercise discusses the relevance of exercise-induced ROS free radical production was mediated by xanthine formation to health and performance. oxidase. Because of the difficulties in measuring free radi1. Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: cal production directly, most human studies have Experimental Evidence used indirect markers to demonstrate exercise-induced oxidative stress. The majority of these have In 1978, Dillard et al.[7] were the first to demonlooked at markers of lipid peroxidation. A substanstrate that physical exercise can lead to increased tial amount of alleged support for the theory that lipid peroxidation by showing a 1.8-fold increase in exercise induces oxidative stress comes from data exhaled pentane levels after 60 minutes of cycling at on the effects of exercise on TBARS. Although 25–75% of maximum oxygen consumption several studies have been unable to demonstrate an (V̇O2max). A few years later, Davies et al.[8] conincrease in TBARS levels,[14-31] and decreases have firmed this finding of exercise-induced oxidative also been reported,[13,32,33] a large number of studies stress by demonstrating a 2to 3-fold increase in have found significant increases, some by as much free radical production during exhaustive exercise in as 220% (table I). However, there are some reservarats, as detected by electron paramagnetic resonance tions about the validity of the TBARS assay in (EPR) spectroscopy of intact or homogenised musdetecting lipid peroxidation in vivo. It is common cle and liver tissue. The short lifespan of free radiknowledge, but largely ignored, that the TBARS cals prevents direct detection in vivo in humans, but assay is not specific to MDA, nor is lipid peroxidaEPR spectroscopy (particularly in combination with tion the exclusive source of MDA.[34,35] Moreover, spin traps) seems a promising method to allow the the various available assays experience methodologdetection of free radical species in biological samical problems.[36] Although numerous authors have ples ex vivo.[9,10] However, only few studies have reported resting TBARS levels in plasma or serum used this method to establish the relationship beof healthy human volunteers of up to several tween exercise and oxidative stress. The first exermicromolar,[14,15,18,20,24,28,31,33,37-41] others have recise study to use EPR in combination with spin ported that TBARS levels are very low,[26,35,42] or trapping examined the effect of exhaustive, increout of the analytical range of the assay.[17,43] In our mental cycling on free radical levels in venous blood laboratory, we have submitted plasma of healthy of untrained men.[9] A 350% increase in what were human volunteers to a range of assay conditions speculated to be lipid-derived oxygen-centered alsimilar to those described in the literature[44-46] withkoxyl radicals was accompanied by a 42% rise in out detecting measurable amounts of TBARS (unlipid peroxides and a 14% increase in thiobarbituric published data). Recovery of added MDA is excelacid (TBARS; a measure of malondialdehyde lent, however, suggesting that although the TBARS [MDA], which is a by-product of the peroxidation of  2005 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved. Sports Med 2005; 35 (12) Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress 1047 Table I. Effects of exercise on thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) Studya Assay Exercise protocolb Subjects Resting TBARS ± SD ∆ Exercise (μmol/L) (%)c Viinikka et al.[14] Fluoro Max-test cycle 10 T M 2.0 ± 0.4 +10 Lovlin et al.[32] Spec 5 min cycle 40% 6 UT M 2.26 ± 0.10 mmol/L –12d


Ureteral obstruction after radiotherapy for cancer of the uterine cervix can be due to cancer recurrence and radiation scarring strictures. Isotope renography is a reliable method that evidences disorders in the urine passage along the ureter, but nevertheless to recognize the cause of ureteral occlusion patients should undergo gynecological and urological investigation. The authors have observed 38 patients suffering postradiation strictures of the ureters. Seventeen patients showed bilateral ureteral strictures, twenty one patients, unilateral. Recognition of radiation scarring strictures of the ureter in due course would enable more frequently to perform operations on the ureters, contributing to restoration of the urinary passage. (auth)


When water resource systems investments are made there is little assurance that the predicted performance will coincide with the actual performance. Robustness is proposed as a measure of the likelihood that the actual cost of a proposed project will not exceed some fraction of the minimum possible cost of a system designed for the actual conditions that occur in the future. The robustness criterion is illustrated by its application to the planning of water supply systems in southwestern Sweden.


Si0 3 =64:, Als 0 3 =27, CaO=8, and FeIl 0 3 =2. Total 101. Vauquelin' fused 100 parts of finely pulverized beryl with 800 parts of caustic potassa, and separated the silica (69 p. c.) in the usual way. He then precipitated the earths by carbonate of potassa, and digested the precipitate in caustic potassa, by which a portion, amounting to nine per cent, was again thrown down. This property of re·precipitation from caustic potassa, in one portion of the beryl, attracted his attention, and the fact that be could not obtain an alum with it, when its sulphate was mixed with the sulphate of potassa., lead to the final discovery of glu. cina. Vauquelin did not give a name to the new earth, but left it to his colleagues to propose one. In consequence of its forming salts of a sweetish taste, they called it glucina, from r"vlC6., sweet, r1vlCl'I, sweet wine, r"vlCulJ'Cd, to render sweet. The German chemists, however, have preferred the name berylla, from the mineral in which it was first found. Since the days of Vauquelin, a number of minerals containing glucina have been added to the list. The following catalogue of these minerals, together with the literature of the subject, is believed to be tolerably complete.


it had included an engagement with the variety of environmental philosophers, ecocritics, and environmental justice literature that criticizes the very idea of an autonomous, self-sufficient "nature," oftentimes using the American literary and philosophical tradition to develop an environmental aesthetics that shies away from the metaphysics of "nature. Many would worry that the romantic roots of the transcendentalist concept of "nature" show how it emerges out of an attempt to escape from human society and culture to find a place of regeneration and renewal, creating a place for the privileged few who were able to "experience" it in its pristine shape, whether through study and travel, or by viewing its artistic representations. Regarding representations of nature, Timothy Morton writes: "Putting something called Nature on a pedestal and admiring it from afar does for the environment what patriarchy does for the figure of Woman. It is a paradoxical act of sadistic admiration."1 I believe that aesthetic transcendentalism can be attentive to these critiques, but it would have to be clearer about the places of friction between the human and the natural in its synechism, especially in artistic representation, and the various attempts, especially within the transcendentalism of Emerson and Thoreau, to attend to how human intellect is shaped within a world of human powers.