The core-outrigger structure is an efficient structural style,which has been widely used in the high-rise buildings,and the equipment story and the asylum story can be used as a rigid arm by arranging outriggers and belts.Exterior columns could provide axial forces by the outrigger connected with the core,then the ability of anti-overturning moment is improved remarkably,so the moment shared by the core is reduced.This type of structure has large lateral stiffness,however,the stiffness and internal forces break along the building are inevitable because of the arrangement of the outrigger,which will be hidden troubles in the rare earthquake.In addition,the location of multi-defense line for the core-outrigger structure is rather difficult.This paper summarizes several kinds of analysis method and models for core-outrigger structures,and relevant problems when designing such types of structures.Some current research progress of energy dissipation technology used in this structure is also introduced.


To determine the best time for egg stripping after ovulation and over-ripened oocyte in the Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius), the eggs were retained in the
parental abdominal cavity for 40 days post-ovulation (DPO) at 7±0.6°C. Eggs were stripped every 10-day interval in 4 treatment and were fertilized with a pool of semen obtained from 8 males. Also, the physiology and biochemistry of the eggs and ovarian fluids were studied. Results showed that the level of eyed eggs and hatched alevins declined with over-ripening time: that is, the expected amounts (90.65 ± 6.28% for eyeing and 86.33 ± 6.82% for hatching) in newly ovulated eggs (0–10 DPO) decreased to 0.67 ± 1.34% and 0.49 ± 0.98%, respectively, in over-ripened eggs (30–40 DPO). However, larval abnormalities remained constant for 30-days after ovulation. During the course of oocyte over-ripening, the pH of the ovarian fluid significantly decreased and the concentration of glucose, protein, calcium, iron, and aspartate aminotransferase activity significantly increased. Moreover, the concentration of protein, triglycerides, and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the eggs also changed. In the newly ovulated egg, the yolk consisted of homogenous tissue and its perivitelline space diameter had no considerable differences. With over-ripening, the yolk became heterogeneous, while chorion diameter and micropyle did not change. The perivitelline space diameter varied among different areas. The present study demonstrated that the best time to take Caspian brown trout eggs after ovulation at 7± 0.6°C was up to 10 DPO. Among the studied parameters of the egg and ovarian fluid, egg quality was related to both ovarian fluid parameters (e.g., pH, protein, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, iron) and egg parameters (e.g., cholesterol, triglycerides, iron, aspartate aminotransferase). Thus, these parameters can be used as a egg quality markers in this species.


In this paper we report on how two Swedish mathematics teacher guides communicate with teachers. We have analysed the guides from the theoretical stance that curriculum resources can support teache ...


The invention discloses an anti-blocking sieving mesh by utilizing a vibrating source, which and belongs to sieving meshes of industrial graded vibrating sieves. The anti-blocking sieving mesh structurally comprises a plurality of horizontal sieving rods and a plurality of longitudinal sieving rods which are vertical with each otherly arranged, wherein the each horizontal sieving rods comprises a horizontal thin sieving rods and a horizontal thick sieving rods, and; one horizontal thick sieving rod is arranged at the longitudinal middle part of every two parallel horizontal thin sieving rods; and the horizontal thin sieving rods, the horizontal thick sieving rods and the longitudinal sieving rods are mutually staggered and inserted in a bending manner, and are made of a same materials. Compared with the prior art, the anti-blocking sieving mesh disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of low manufacturing cost, simple structure, easy high possibility of damage, fewer fault points, and convenience in use and maintenance and the like, thus having high so that the promotion and application values are good.


Nicotine holds a unique fascination not only for the smoker but even more for the physiologist. If it had not been for nicotine, many of the basic discoveries in the field of the autonomic nervous system might have been delayed by decades. It is doubtful whether the extensive knowledge of nicotine itself would ever have materialized if this substance had not lent itself, as it did, to use as an outstanding experimental tool for the biologist. Another motivation of the inquiry into the action of nicotine arises from the use of tobacco of which nicotine is a highly potent ingredient. I t is clear that the two ways of inquiry are by no means exclusive but are, on the contrary, mutually profitable. But nicotine presents still another challenge. Through its very nature as a physiological tool, a wealth of information has accumulated consisting of highly specialized data on electrical and neurohumoral events a t cellular and subcellular levels. The gross descriptive side of nicotine pharmacology has also been thoroughly investigated. It is now up to us to try to relate the two separate harvests of our inquiry. In other words, we must attempt to elucidate the various phenomena of nicotine activity, such as autonomic, motor and behavioral changes, in terms of the observations made a t cellular levels. This presentation is in three parts. The first is a short survey of the peripheral pharmacology of nicotine, with the aim of formulating some general concepts rather than trying to be exhaustive. The second part attempts to synthesize the present knowledge surrounding the phenomenon of knee jerk inhibition by nicotine. Lastly, a piece of new research is presented concerning the nicotine-induced blood pressure fall and bradycardia in the nonanesthetized cat.


Objective To study the relationship between chemoresistance and the expression of survivin,induced by gemcitabine,in pancreatic carcinoma cell line PANC-1.Methods The pancreatic carcinoma cell line PANC-1 was cultured by RPMI 1640 and gemcitabine with the concentration of 1 μg /ml and 10 μg /mL respectively,and survivin expression was examined by RT-PCR and Western blot.The relationship of the survivin level of the cell and its chemoresistance to gemcitabine was analyzed.Results Tweenty-four and 48 hours after culture with gemcitabine concentration of 1 μg /ml and 10 μg /mL respectively,survivinmRNA level was increased(1.34±0.12),(2.40±0.17),and(3.33±0.20),(4.41±0.18) folds,and the protein expression was enhanced(1.20±0.07),(1.48±0.19),and(2.90±0.04),(4.50±0.20) folds respectively.There was a significant difference between the two groups(P0.05).Conclusions The intensity of pancreatic carcinoma cell lines chemoresistance could be enhanced by the action of gemcitabine on the up-regulated expression of survivin.


This paper makes an empirical study on member counties in Eurozone for the correlation between long-term sovereign debt percentage in total debt and macroeconomic index,the main finding shows that,current financing ability based on tax income of GDP radio and debt of GDP ratio has significant negative correlation to long-term debt,every country within Eurozone embodies in different features because of asymmetric shock effect.This paper also builds a governmental debt utility function model in order to indicate that sovereign debt maturity structure arrangement could be intertemporal smoothing by macro-regulatory in preventing debt crisis.


We propose a new method for detecting errors in "gold-standard" part-of-speech annotation. The approach locates errors with high precision based on n-grams occurring in the corpus with multiple taggings. Two further techniques, closed-class analysis and finite-state tagging guide patterns, are discussed. The success of the three approaches is illustrated for the Wall Street Journal corpus as part of the Penn Tree-bank.


An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes that dynamically form a temporary network. It operates without the use of existing infrastructure. One of the principal routing protocols used in ad hoc networks is AODV (ad hoc on demand distance vector) protocol. This is anticipated to offer a range of flexible services to mobile and nomadic users by means of integrated homogeneous architecture. Energy constrained node, low channel bandwidth, node mobility, high channel error rates, channel variability and packet loss are some of the limitations of MANETs. The security of the AODV protocol is compromised by a particular type of attack called 'Black Hole attack'. Black hole attack is one of the security threat in which the traffic is redirected to such a node that actually does not exist in the network. In this attack a malicious node advertises itself as having the shortest path to the node whose packets it wants to intercept. This paper shows simulation results, provides fast message verification, identifies black hole and discovers the safe routing and avoiding the black hole attack.


A fully-integrated 18.5 kHz RC time-constant-based oscillator is designed in 65 nm CMOS for sleep-mode timers in wireless sensors. A comparator offset cancellation scheme achieves 4× to 25× temperature stability improvement, leading to an accuracy of ±0.18% to ±0.55% over -40 to 90 °C. Sub-threshold operation and low-swing oscillations result in ultra-low power consumption of 130 nW. The architecture also provides timing noise suppression, leading to 10× reduction in long-term Allan deviation. It is measured to have a stability of 20 ppm or better for measurement intervals over 0.5 s. The oscillator also has a fast startup-time, with the period settling in 4 cycles.


A DISCUSSION OF THE KINDS OF WATER THAT MAY BE PRESENT IN POROUS MATERIALS, AND THEIR IMPORTANCE TO VARIOUS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, IS FOLLOWED BY A DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL INSTRUMENTS SUGGESTED FOR MEASURING WATER CONTENT. THE PRINCIPLE OF EACH METHOD OF MEASUREMENT IS OUTLINED AND SOME FACTORS OF IMPORTANCE IN THE APPLICATION OF THE METHODS TO HIGHWAY MATERIALS ARE MENTIONED. FURTHER INFORMATION ON DETAILS OF THE INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USE MAY BE FOUND IN THE REFERENCES CITED IN THE TEXT. /AUTHOR/


Dentistry has become an essential component of today's selfhygiene. Along with its numerous benefits, dentistry is considered to be a physically demanding profession.1 Dental activities such as oral surgery, endodontic, and fixed prosthodontics are responsible for the physical demand.1 This physical demand can lead to several complications. Musculoskeletal pain is a prevalent symptom among dental professionals.2 Several factors can contribute to musculoskeletal symptoms experienced by dental professionals. For example, working in ergonomically inappropriate positions can be the leading cause.2 Another factor leading to musculoskeletal symptoms is the duration of work. More extended working hours can be associated with a higher incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms.2−4 Additionally, the number of patients treated by a dental professional has the potential to increase or decrease the incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms.3−6


Increasing oxygen (O2) content and down‐regulating the concentration of glutathione (GSH) in tumor microenvironment (TME) by multiple approaches remain critical factors for the promotion of phototherapeutic effect, especially for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, indocyanine green (ICG) laden dendritic mesoporous manganese‐silicon nanocomposite (NC) is designed and subsequently managed with calcification through in situ growth of calcium phosphate (IDMMS@CaP NC). As specific response behavior of the mildly acidic and GSH overexpressed TME, the IDMMS@CaP NC can rapidly collapse when accumulated at the tumor site, liberate Mn2+, Ca2+, and ICG, simultaneously reduce the concentration of GSH. Mn2+ can catalyze endogenous hydrogen peroxide to produce O2. Overloaded Ca2+ induces mitochondrial injury, and reduces cellular metabolism and O2 consumption. The photothermal effect from ICG with 808 nm laser irradiation can not only cause tumor cells necrosis but also accelerate blood flow to further improve the O2 content at the tumor site. Consequently, owing to effective GSH depletion and multiple O2 compensation, the PDT efficiency of ICG can be significantly increased. As proof of concept, the designed multifunctional nanocomposite will provide a general strategy for enhancing the role of phototherapy in cancer therapeutic area.


Social and economic transformations in the world and changes in educational paradigm open an opportunity for future specialists to academic mobility and possible integration into the world labor market. Consequently, the problem of teaching students how to write such employment documents as a cover letter and a resume in English is the focus of this article. The need for acquiring writing skills by students of economic specialties enhances the teachers of ESP to find and elaborate effective tasks and approaches to teaching writing. The overview of the pedagogical literature and practice analyzed in the article helps to define theoretical prerequisites of writing and suggest ways for mastering writing skills by students in accordance with the latest trends in the methodology of teaching ESP.


Internal migration is the movement of population within the administrative boundary of a country which includes both in-migration and out-migration. Flows and stocks of internal migration differ considerably due to differential characteristics of the moving population as well as conditions prevailing in the areas under migration. In-migration in Lucknow district has greatly increased in the last few decades due to high urbanisation, administrative convenience, abundant economic opportunities, improved residential amenities and the presence of higher-order services. In-migration is accounting for nearly 40 per cent of the total population of Lucknow district. The present paper aims to study the volume, growth, types and causes of internal in-migration in Lucknow district for the period 2001-11, taking migration types and rural-urban differentials into account. The paper also shows the spatial distribution of inter-state migrants in the Lucknow district. Secondary data is obtained from the Census of India's Migration D-series table. Census only provides in-migration data at the district level. The paper uses the place of last residence data to study the demographic aspects of in-migrants. The states of India are taken as study units to show the spatial patterns of inter-state in-migrants. Percentage and decadal change of in-migrants are used as a statistical measure. It was found that in-migration in the district is primarily driven by urbanisation. Intra-district migration is rapidly increasing and distance remains the determining factor in the distribution of inter-state migrants. The study also reflects the variations of in-migrants in terms of migration types and rural-urban differentials thereby facilitating comparative analysis. It is believed that the present study will enhance the concept and significance of internal in-migration in the district.


A guide for new mothers. Information about breastfeeding, child care, and more! Taking care of your relationship with your partner


This paper expounds the problem of the digitalized input and inher it ance of the printed holdings in the course of the digitalization construction of the libraries, including the principles that must be followed in the input and inheritance of the printed holdings and several effective methods for the digita lized input and inheritance of the printed holdings, which possesses the guiding function for the database creation with back tracking in medium and small-size d libraries.


Based on the DCS system of methane sensors, the system's communication net was changed to CAN net. It is advantageous for control center to keep fluent communication with far excavate coal spot; it enhances the safety factor and solves the problem of telecommunication. The catalytic burning technique to inspect the concentration of methane is introduced. It is also illuminated how to use MCU and SJA1000CAN controller to construct the communication node of CAN.


This research was started when doing observation and interview with teachers that the use of learning media was still so lack when teachers taught in class so that students were found that they have less interested in learning participating. One of the media that can attract attention and provide entertainment is comics, this is because comics display stories that are closely related to images so that they attract students to read. The purpose of this research is to see the feasibility of the product in the form of comic media with grade II students. The research type is research and development (R&D). This research applied some steps that must be carried out in accordance with the instructions systematically are cinsist of (1) Collection (needs analysis)  (2) Comic product design (3) Material and design validation (4) Product revision (5) Feedback /Teacher's Responses (6) Field trials (small groups and large groups (7) Product data analyzer. The instrument used is questionnaire which are validated by a team of material experts and a team of design experts and the product response will be carried out by 2 teachers and 30 students of the 2nd grade. The results on the validation and the response describe the feasibility of the comic product developed. The results obtained (1) Design expert validation got 4.12 scores included as "Eligible" category (2) Material expert validation got 4.17 score included as "Eligible" category (3) The second grade homeroom teacher's response got 4.87 score included as "very appropriate" category (4) The third grade elementary school student's response got 4.46  score included as "Very decent" category. Based on the results of the validation and response results, it was concluded that the material that the researchers developed was the comics media for grade II students at SDS 012 Maitreyawira Karimun. The average score is 4.40 included as "Very feasible" category.


Taylor's formula is a very important one in higher mathematics.In this paper,the author is to talk about the application of Taylor's mean value theorem in four aspects: the proving of the inequality,calculation of function Limit,the proving of the integral equality and Maclaurin expandable formula of function.


It is agreed that the boundary conditions at spatial infinity do not affect the renormalization of the Wess-Zumino model in anti--de Sitter space.


We present the first results from the X-SHOOTER Lyman-α survey at z = 2 (XLS-z2). XLS-z2 is a deep spectroscopic survey of 35 Lyman-α emitters (LAEs) utilising ≈ 90 hours of exposure time with VLT/X-SHOOTER and covers rest-frame Lyα to Hα emission with R≈ 4000. We present the sample selection, the observations and the data reduction. Systemic redshifts are measured from rest-frame optical lines for 33/35 sources. In the stacked spectrum, our LAEs are characterised by an interstellar medium with little dust, a low metallicity and a high ionisation state. The ionising sources are young hot stars that power strong emission-lines in the optical and high ionisation lines in the UV. The LAEs exhibit clumpy UV morphologies and have outflowing kinematics with blue-shifted Siii absorption, a broad [Oiii] component and a red-skewed Lyα line. Typically 30 % of the Lyα photons escape, of which one quarter on the blue side of the systemic velocity. A fraction of Lyα photons escapes directly at the systemic suggesting clear channels enabling a ≈ 10 % escape of ionising photons, consistent with an inference based on Mgii. A combination of a low effective Hi column density, a low dust content and young star-burst determine whether a star forming galaxy is observed as a LAE. The first is possibly related to outflows and/or a fortunate viewing angle, while we find that the latter two in LAEs are typical for their stellar mass of 109 M .


We present multi-wavelength observations of a fan-spine dome in the active region NOAA 11996 with the \textit{Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph} (IRIS) and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the \textit{Solar Dynamics Observatory} (SDO) on March 9, 2014. The destruction of the fan-spine topology owing to the interaction between its magnetic fields and an nearby emerging flux region (EFR) is firstly observed. The line-of-sight magnetograms from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the SDO reveal that the dome is located on the mixed magnetic fields, with its rim rooted in the redundant positive polarity surrounding the minority parasitic negative fields. The fan surface of the dome consists of a filament system and recurring jets are observed along its spine. The jet occurring around 13:54 UT is accompanied with a quasi-circular ribbon that brightens in the clockwise direction along the bottom rim of the dome, which may indicate an occurrence of slipping reconnection in the fan-spine topology. The EFR emerges continuously and meets with the magnetic fields of the dome. Magnetic cancellations take place between the emerging negative polarity and the outer positive polarity of the dome's fields, which lead to the rise of the loop connecting the EFR and brightenings related to the dome. A single Gaussian fit to the profiles of the IRIS SI IV 1394 \AA\ line is used in the analysis. It appears that there are two rising components along the slit, except for the rise in the line-of-sight direction. The cancellation process repeats again and again. Eventually the fan-spine dome is destroyed and a new connectivity is formed. We suggest that magnetic reconnection between the EFR and the magnetic fields of the fan-spine dome in the process is responsible for the destruction of the dome.


Ti/Al/p-SiC and Ni/n-SiC ohmic contacts with improved electrical and thermal properties in respect to their application in high power and high temperature SiC devices are reported in this work. Contact resistivity as a function of annealing was investigated over the temperature range of 700/spl deg/C -950/spl deg/C. The lowest resistivity of 1.42/spl times/10/sup -5/ /spl Omega/.cm/sup 2/ for the Ti/Al contact was obtained after annealing at 900/spl deg/C while for the Ni contact the lowest resistivity of 4.9/spl times/10/sup -6/ /spl Omega/ cm/sup 2/ was achieved at 950/spl deg/C. The contact stability during prolonged ageing and at high operating temperatures and current density was studied as a criterion for their reliability. It was found that both contacts were thermally stable during ageing in an inert ambient (N/sub 2/) at high temperature of 600/spl deg/C for 100 hours as well as at operating temperatures up to 450/spl deg/C in air and at current density of 10/sup 3/ A/cm/sup 2/ passed through the contacts during the heating. The improved electrical and thermal properties of the Ti/Al/p-SiC and Ni/n-SiC ohmic contacts were demonstrated in the power p-n SiC diode developed.


The word "relativism" has been applied to many different positions in philosophy. This chapter focuses on a contemporary version of relativism. According to this version of relativism, truth is relative, and not just in the familiar sense that sentences that contain indexicals can have different truth-values relative to different contexts. The chapter describes some ways in which this idea has been developed. For instance, it matters what the relevant bearers of truth are and what truth is taken to be relative to. It also compares this version of relativism with other views that have been labeled "relativist." Contemporary relativism has generally been developed in order to make sense of particular areas of discourse, such as discourse about matters of taste. In addition to describing some of the proposed applications, the chapter describes some of the motivations and problems for the view. Considerations involving disagreement play an important role here.


This paper presents a novel automatic indoor three-dimensional (3D) scene reconstruction approach which is guided by a beforehand two-dimensional (2D) grid map. The proposed system collects only a few images with a RGB-D sensor (Kinect v2) at poses precalculated by the grid map to reconstruct a complete model of the indoor environment. To remove noises result from mirror reflection, a wall detection based cloud filtering method is proposed as preprocessing for the point clouds. Then, robot location information provided by a laser scanner is utilized as an initial guess of the point cloud registration which uses Iterative Closest Point (ICP). Finally, to maintain global consistency and improve the overall accuracy, a graph optimization strategy is applied. Experimental results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


The present paper is devoted to study the flow of an incompressible viscous, electrically conducting fluid (blood) in a rigid inclined circular tube in the presence of transverse magnetic field. The blood is considered to be Newtonian fluid. The analytical expression for velocity profile and flow rate are obtained. The velocity profile and flow rate for various values of Hartmann number and inclination angle have been shown graphically. The bluntness appears in velocity profile and this bluntness decrease by increasing magnetic field.


We consider a model for vapor-liquid-solid growth of nanowires proposed in the physical literature. Liquid drops are described as local or global volume-constrained minimizers of the capillarity energy outside a semi-infinite convex obstacle modeling the nanowire. We first address the existence of global minimizers and then, in the case of rotationally symmetric nanowires, we investigate how the presence of a sharp edge affects the shape of local minimizers and the validity of Young's law. π 2 > θ λ , and max { π 2 , θ λ } < θ < π . In the first two cases, we show that S θ is a strict local minimizer. For a precise formulation we refer to the statements of Theorems 4.4 and 4.8 below. The case max { π 2 , θ λ } < θ < π is more delicate, and we are only able to show strict local minimimality of S θ with respect to admissible sets that coincide with S θ in a neighborhood of the north pole (see Theorem 4.9). The proofs of these theorems rely on calibration techniques and on the construction of foliating families of rotationally symmetric surfaces with constant mean curvature.


Molecular and hydrodynamic characteristics of poly(dimethylsilyldiacetylene), synthesized in the presence of the VOCl 3 -Al(i-C 4 H 9 ) 3 system, were estimated, and the parameters of the Mark-Kuhn-Houwink equation were established. The thermomechanical properties were studied, and data pertinent to the shape of the macromolecules was obtained


The invention relates to a bearing with lubrication and its manufacturing method. The bearing with lubrication comprises a base and multiple lubricating blocks. The base comprises: an inner and a outer ring wall surface arranged round its central axis, and a sleeve hole bounded by the inner ring wall surface, on the base, multiple concave parts are arranged on the inner ring wall surface, the lubricating blocks is embedded in the concave parts by painting and lapped finishing, on each lubricating block, a radial inner ring surface is arranged along the inner ring wall surface radian of the base; The invention can reduce the volume of the lubricating block and reach the better lubricating effect.


Abstract Objective This paper aims to report our experience with a minimally invasive surgical procedure for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, performed in a day-surgery setting under local anaesthesia. Methods A retrospective study of 30 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps was conducted. Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 and modified Lund–Kennedy scores were collected. Intra- and post-operative pain was evaluated using a 10-point visual analogue scale. Results The mean Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 score decreased from 41.8 ± 15.8 pre-operatively to 13.3 ± 9.5 post-operatively (p < 0.001). Accordingly, the mean endoscopic score decreased from 6.8 ± 1.8 to 0.2 ± 0.7 (p < 0.001). The mean intra-operative pain score was 2.9 ± 3.2, and 29 patients (96.7 per cent) reported no pain in the post-operative period (visual analogue scale score = 0). Conclusion Our study confirms that minimally invasive surgery represents a safe, repeatable procedure that results in remarkable subjective and objective improvement, without intra- and post-operative pain or discomfort.


Recently, the quality of sinter feed ore used in sintering process has deteriorated. In particular, T.Fe has decreased and gangue component, e.g. SiO2 and Al2O3 has increased in the sinter feed ore. It was reported that the reducibility of CaO·FeO·SiO2 is lower than 2CaO·Fe2O3, CaO·Fe2O3 and CaO·2Fe2O3 in the mineral texture of self-fluxing sintered ore.1) Moreover, increase of Al2O3 in iron ore decreases fluidity of melts generated during sintering reaction and disturbs the bonding between particles and rearrangement of pores, as a results sinter strength decreases.2) Therefore, to cope with the deterioration of iron ore qualities, usage of high grade iron fine instead of low grade iron ore is studied. But, fine ore usage for sintering process decreases sinter productivity by decreasing permeability in the sintering bed. Sakamoto et al. predicted particle size reduction of iron ore in the future and offered the new process characterized by disk pelletizer (HPS: Hybrid Pelletized Sinter process).3) There are urgent issue to enhance the readiness of iron resources like studying on alternative iron ore resources and development of its utilizaImprovement of Sinter Productivity by Control of Magnetite Ore Segregation in Sintering Bed


The. diffusion equation is solved for isotropic diffusion in the absence of external forces. The asymmetry due to an external magnetic field is introduced and solutions of the diffusion equation are given for the two cases of magnetic field parallel and erpendicular to the diffusing coluIIlI!-'


We investigate and define dark and semi-dark states for multiple qudit systems. For two-level systems, semi-dark and dark states are equivalent. We show that the semi-dark states are equivalent to the singlet states of the rotation group. They exist for many multiple qudit systems, whereas dark states are quite rare. We then show that when a dark state is collapsed onto another dark state of fewer parties, the resulting state is again dark. Furthermore, one can use two orthogonal multi-qudit dark states to construct a decoherence-free qudit.


Optimal training design for wireless multicarrier communication systems has recently become an active research area. However, the existing solutions are not applicable to dynamic spectrum access systems as they do not take into account the restrictions on pilot subcarrier placement or the interference impact on the channel estimation performance. In such a case the problem of optimal pilot-assisted multicarrier transmission has to be reformulated, taking into account deactivated subcarriers and second-order interference statistics. In this paper, we propose an adaptive algorithm to construct a suboptimal pilot pattern, which minimises channel estimation error variance and can incorporate any restrictions on the transmit subcarriers.


On the basis of the literature, the following risk factors for drug abuse by adolescents were identified: biological predisposition to drug abuse; personality traits that reflect a lack of social bonding; a history of low quality and consistency of family management, family communication, family relationships and parental role-modelling, a history of being abused or neglected; low socioeconomic status; emotional or psychiatric problems; significant stressors and/or inadequate coping skills and social supports; inadequate social skills; history of associating with drug-using peers, rejection by prosocial peers due to poor social skills; a history of low commitment to education, failure at school; a history of anti-social behaviour and delinquency and early initiation to drug use. Models for conceptualizing the aetiology of drug abuse are discussed, namely Jessor's problem behaviour syndrome and Rhodes & Jason's Social Stress Model. It is clear that the path to drug abuse is complex, so simple solutions to ...


This paper presents a theoretical model and a simul ation analysis of bolted joint deformations. The bolt pretension force, friction coefficient and contact stiffness factor are considered as paramet ers which are influencing the joint deformation. The bo lted joint is modeled using CATIA software and imported in ANSYS WORKBENCH. The finite element analy sis procedure required in ANSYS WORKBENCH simulation is presented as a predefined p rocess to obtain accurate results.


Recently, gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line (GNLTL) technology has been commonly focused on and developed rapidly as a new type of solid-state wide-spectrum high-power microwave (HPM) generation method. However, because of the lack of an efficient simulation method, its investigation and design basically rely on experiment which increases the cost and complexity. Under this situation, a simulation method based on coupled solutions of Maxwell and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equations is proposed. It can realize 2-D/3-D simulation of GNLTLs. The results of this simulation method agree well with COMSOL Multiphysics software under an uncommonly weakly nonlinear situation. This verified the validity of this method to some extent. Finally, experiments are conducted to be directly contrasted with and further verify the simulation method.


In 2016, UNICEF estimated that at least 200 million girls
and women had experienced genital mutilation in
30 countries: 27 in Africa, along with Yemen, Iraq, and
Indonesia. Migration currents have carried these practices
to other continents. While they are decreasing in the
countries where they are least prevalent, no change has
been observed in those where they are highly frequent,
although the proportion of persons who support their
continuation is falling. Under the pretext that it reduces
the health risks of the procedure, some health professionals
have begun to perform genital mutilation, although this is
firmly condemned by the WHO and other international
organizations.


Learning achievement is very important in the process of improving the quality of education today. Given the declining quality of education in Indonesia today, the role of parent and teacher collaboration is very important in supporting the improvement of student learning achievement.


1-Ethoxyvinylbenzocyclobutene is a substituted benzocyclobutene that undergoes radical polymerization to produce polymers that can be crosslinked at 100–150 °C. The 4- and 5-vinyl isomers are synthesized in a 1:4 ratio via a halogenated benzyne intermediate produced from anthranilic acid, followed by cycloaddition with ethyl vinyl ether and replacement of the halogen atom with a vinyl group.


The radio frequency (RF) signal generation method using an external modulator is widely used in microwave photonics applications because it has the advantage of being able to generate coherent and stable RF signals with a higher resolution performance compared to the conventional method. A Mach–Zehnder modulator is widely used as an external modulator due to its high electro-optic coefficients and low attenuation characteristics but has a critical problem in that its electrical characteristics are changed by external environments such as temperature. In this paper, we considered the stabilization configuration to overcome this problem and propose an automatic bias control technique based on the simulated annealing algorithm of a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPMZM) for quadruple signal generation. The proposed technique searches for the bias voltages of the modulator in real-time through the temperature test. In addition, the output of the quadrupled signal of the DPMZM is constantly controlled throughout the temperature range. Finally, it is confirmed that signals of a 10 GHz and 22 GHz frequency are generated using the intermediate frequency signals of a 2.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz frequency with the proposed automatic bias control technique, respectively.


This work studies the implementation of an Operational Research method named Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in a stage of a benchmarking process, in order to identify and evaluate the operational best practices of a representative model of productive units system and, through these analysis, to suggest an action plan to reach the maximum efficiency. The Benchmarking-DEA association behaviour is observed in a case study applied in a set of refineries of a multinational petroleum company.


The flow behavior in rib-roughened ducts is influenced by the inclination of ribs and the effect is investigated in the present study by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The local flow structures between two adjacent ribs were measured. The Reynolds number was fixed at 5800. The flow field description was based on the PIV results in planes both parallel and perpendicular to the ribbed walls at various locations. The rib angle to the main flow direction was varied as 30 deg, 45 deg, 60 deg and 90 deg. The ribs induce three dimensional flow fields. The flow separation and reattachment between adjacent ribs are clearly observed. In addition, the inclined ribs are found to alter the spanwise distribution of the streamwise velocity component. The streamwise velocity component has its highest values at the upstream end of the ribs, and decreases continuously to its lowest values at the downstream end. Strong secondary flow motion occurs over the entire duct cross section for the inclined ribs. The flow structures between two consecutive ribs show that the fluid flows along the ribs from one end of the ribs to the other end, and then turns back at the transverse center Downwash and upwash flows are observed at the upstream end and downstream end of the ribs, respectively. (Less)


At present time, there is a lot of pressure on the organizations dealing in software development from the customers to give attention on dependability factor during the design and development of software. The attributes of dependability perform a vital role to design dependable software. To improve the software dependability at design phase, this study evaluates weightage of dependability factors and sub-factors (attributes). The establishment of relationship between dependability factors and sub-factors and their priorities is the main aim of this work. Here the analytical hierarchal process is used by the authors to calculate the weightage and identification of the priorities of dependability factors and sub-factors. The results can be helpful for developers and can guide them for the development of a dependable software system. The priorities based on weights of dependability attributes, generated by this process may be used to find out the most important software dependability attributes.


In this thesis, we study the one parameter point transformations which leave invariant the differential equations. In particular we study the Lie and the Noether point symmetries of second order differential equations. We establish a new geometric method which relates the point symmetries of the differential equations with the collineations of the underlying manifold where the motion occurs. This geometric method is applied in order the two and three dimensional Newtonian dynamical systems to be classified in relation to the point symmetries; to generalize the Newtonian Kepler-Ermakov system in Riemannian spaces; to study the symmetries between classical and quantum systems and to investigate the geometric origin of the Type II hidden symmetries for the homogeneous heat equation and for the Laplace equation in Riemannian spaces. At last but not least, we apply this geometric approach in order to determine the dark energy models by use the Noether symmetries as a geometric criterion in modified theories of gravity.


The main aim of this paper is to show the suitability of the geometrical optics and uniform theory of diffraction (GO/UTD) approach for modelling microwave propagation in indoor environments. Implementation details for an efficient method based on a combination of image theory and the binary space partitioning (BSP) algorithm to perform ray tracing are presented. The efficiency of the method allows a full three‐dimensional implementation of the GO/UTD approach. An extensive measurement champaign has been carried out in order to analyse the degree of accuracy achievable by the method. Some of these comparisons between measured and simulated data are presented, and a quantitative analysis of errors is made. The analysis reveals that the degree of precision in the calculation of the signal levels allows not only the signal mean level but also its statistics to be estimated accurately. The error in the mean level of the signal is less than 2 dB in the majority of cases, a maximum error of 3.6 dB having been obtained. The statistics of the signal fit Rice distributions very closely with different values of the rician parameter K. Finally, a brief study of the influence of the number of ray mechanisms considered (reflected, double reflected, etc.) on the accuracy and calculation times is also presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Promoting energy efficiency through policy mechanism will help to reduce India's dependence on fossil fuels and lead to energy saving. This cannot happen without industry participation. The Perform-Achieve-Trade (PAT) scheme started in 2012 is such a policy measure, that is specifically designed for the high energy consuming industries of India. Select plants from these industries are selected for every PAT Cycle for implementation of the scheme. Currently PAT is in its sixth phase. One of the industries under its purview is the cement industry. But the cement firms that were included under PAT-I and II were dropped from PAT-III and IV. Using a sample of 27 such firms for the period 2007-2021, the paper estimates efficiency scores using input-oriented BCC model to analyze if the scores were improving for the firms after they were excluded from the PAT Cycles. Results show that on an average, efficiency scores were higher when the firms were a part of PAT-I and II, and it declined thereafter. The top 10 cement producers recorded higher efficiency scores than the other firms. Tobit regression results show that royalty and degree of capitalization help to increase efficiency scores, while with age the scores decline for all firms.


Omnidirectional wireless power transfer (WPT) system has been studied recently due to its better user experience compared with directional WPT system. And this paper focus on resonant converter topologies study in omnidirectional WPT system. At first, three challenges of resonant converter design are identified: I. moving resonant frequency under variable coupling condition; II. voltage controllability under load change; III. complicated system control with coupling between multiple coils. CLCL-LC resonant converter is proposed to solve all the challenges and provide zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation for primary device at resonant frequency. A 6.78MHz CLCL-LC resonant converter for omnidirectional WPT system is built and tested.


Background: The authors describe the use of deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps in outpatient cosmetic breast augmentation. Methods: The authors reviewed patients who had undergone cosmetic breast augmentation with DIEP flaps over a 12-month period. Any patient who desired breast augmentation, implant exchange, or augmentation mastopexy with concomitant abdominoplasty was considered a candidate for the procedure. All patients underwent an early recovery protocol including microfascial incisions to harvest the DIEP flaps and rib preservation in addition to early recovery after surgery protocols with intraoperative anesthetic blocks. Results: Eleven consecutive patients underwent bilateral cosmetic breast augmentation with DIEP flaps and mastopexy. Overall, all patients reported preoperative dissatisfaction with their abdomen and breasts. Microfascial incisions for single perforator abdominal flaps (n = 17) averaged 1.7 cm (range, 1.3 to 2.4 cm) and flaps with multiple perforators (n = 5) averaged 2.4 cm (range, 2 to 2.5 cm). Dissection of recipient internal mammary artery vessels was performed without disruption of the rib. No fascia or muscle tissue was taken during flap dissection. All patients had strong Doppler signals before discharge within 23 hours. No partial or total flap losses, major complications, or take-backs were reported. Conclusions: Patients who desire abdominoplasty and augmentation are ideal candidates for this procedure. Breast augmentation with autologous tissue, particularly the DIEP flap, is an attractive option inherent to the additional abdominal tissue available to harvest. The early recovery protocol allows the surgeon to perform microsurgical breast reconstructions and augmentations in an outpatient setting, with excellent results and no total or partial flap losses, offsetting the high costs associated with the DIEP flap. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.


An objective of the present invention is to provide a method for creating a finite element model for a filler-containing rubber that can reduce the time and effort involved in creating the model. [Solution] Provided is a method of using a computer to create a finite element model for a filler-containing rubber wherein filler is dispersed in a rubber matrix, said method comprising: a first step of defining a filler model (4M) wherein filler is discretized using a finite number of elements; a second step of defining, separately from the filler model (4M), a rubber matrix model (3M) wherein at least the space occupied by the rubber matrix is discretized using a finite number of elements; and a model embedding step of overlaying the rubber matrix model (3M) and the filler model (4M) and imparting a constraint to at least a boundary part (9) between the filler model (4M) and the rubber matrix model (3M) to define a filler-containing rubber model (2M).


Speonomus ere n. sp. (Coleoptera, Cholevidae, Leptodirinae) is described from specimens found in 1998 in a cave in the Alanos-Pena Forca massif in the Pyrenees of Huesca, Spain. It belongs to the
Speonomus speluncarum (Delarouzee, 1857) group of which only Speonomus lopezsellesi Espanol, 1950 and Speonomus gaudini arivensis Dupre, 1995 are known on the lberian versant of the Pyrenees. S. ere n. sp. is similar to S. lopezsellesi but has a clearly distinct oedeagus.

Key words: S. ere n. sp., Pyrenees, Hecho, Huesca, Spain.


Delivering high Quality of Experience (QoE) is essential to the success of today's subscription for internet video streaming services. Quality of Service (QoS) metrics are considered by the research community as the most influential factor on video QoE. Therefore, establishing QoS-QoE correlation becomes critical for improving video QoE estimation. This paper presents experimental development of effective correlation between QoE and QoS for both 2D and 3D video streaming services. This is then used to build an objective QoE estimation model for real-time streaming of both 2D and 3D video contents over wireless networks. This model is based on using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to estimate the perceived video QoE. The proposed QoE model was trained with a set of media and packet layers' metrics, taking into account the effect of video content type, dimension, and different packet loss metrics. The performance of the proposed QoE estimation model shows a considerable estimation accuracy with a correlation coefficient of 92% and 0.167 RMSE.


Objective: To explore the clinical significances of total antioxidation (TAO) and nitric oxide aynthase (NOS) expression in patients with liver diseases.Methods: The concentrations of TAO, NOS and nitric oxide (NO) were invastigated and the machanism of their changes were analyzed in sera of patients with acute hepatitis (AH), chronic hepatitis (CH), liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the present study. Results: The abnormal rate of TAO was 80% in AH or in CH, and 50% in LC or in HCC, respectively. The NOS level over normal reference was 70% in patients with liver diseases. The abnormal rate of NO level was 70% in AH group, in CH group, in LC group, and 48% in HCC, respectively. The average level of serum TAO was significantly higher in AH group or in CH group but not in HCC group and in LC group than that in normal subjects. The average levels of NO and NOS were significantly higher in patients wth liver diseases than those in normal subjects, however, they were lower in HCC patients than those in AH group, CH group and LC group, respectively. Conclusions: The present data suggest that the level of NOS is closely positive relation to NO level in patients with liver diseases, the increase of NO concentration may play a role in protection of hepatocytes.[


Rapid growth of civil engineering leads to the significant deterioration of geological ground conditions. This process is mostly obvious for the strand terrains of the river valleys. Stratification of the valley terrains is characterized by diluvial and alluvial deposits. The existing situation is complicated by the development of a network of small river valleys, ravines and other relief features. This is influenced not only by natural processes but also under the processes activated by human factors. Such processes are: landslides (725 cities), earthquakes (103), avalanches and earthflows (14), ravine erosion (442), dolines (301) elutriation (958), loess slumping (563). During the last 15 years in urbanized territories these areas increased up to 50-60% due to the maintenance and preventive works refusal. Groundwater uplift has occurred because of the change in relief by grading and levelling, but the major causes are leakages from the underground pipes (water supply, sewage, drainage, heat supply, etc). For a large city the volume of leaks is estimated up to 10000 m3 per day. For the majority of investigated sites the phreatic line's uplift is 8-10m and groundwater level nowadays is not deeper then 2-4 m from the ground level. Another problem to consider is the soil's elutriation. It is determined by: a) old mines; b) pipes laid in insufficiently compacted soils; c) leakages from these pipes. The significant factor for risk assessment is presence of intensively fissured zones. It is problematic to determine exactly the depressed areas in diluvial and alluvial deposits. It is necessary to explore the tectonic structure of the bedrock and then to confront it to the geological conditions. Resume: Dans l'article propose les auteurs analysent la situation geotechnique et les perspectives de l'utilisation rationnelle des territoires urbains. En realisant le monitoring geotechnique au cours des observations de plusieurs annees, les auteurs amenent les facteurs principaux donnant l'influence essentielle sur la situation geoecologique, la condition de l'exploitation des bâtiments et les des constructions et proposent les directions de l'utilisation perspective des terrains urbains.


Thirty‐nine populations of Batrachospermum section Virescentia from North America were compared to eight type specimens and two historically important specimens using multivariate morphometrics and image analysis. From this analysis, two species are recognized: B. helminthosum Bory de Saint‐Vincent (syn. B. bruziense Sirodot, B. graibussoniense Sirodot, B. sirodotii Skuja ex Flint, B. testale Sirodot, B. virgatum Sirodot nom. illeg., and B. viride Sirodot) and B. elegans Sirodot (syn. B. coerulescens Sirodot nom. illeg.). In B. helminthosum trichogynes are cylindrical to slightly club‐shaped with few to no protuberances, whereas in B. elegans half to all of the trichogynes have one to three basal knobs or branches. None of the qualitative features previously used to separate species in this section were found to be of taxonomic value due to their universal presence; quantitative characteristics were highly variable and overlapped among specimens examined. Emended descriptions of both species are provided. Batrachospermum elegans was collected in northeastern U.S.A. and central Costa Rica, whereas B. helminthosum ranged from Nova Scotia to Louisiana and was collected in central Mexico, Costa Rica, and northwestern U.S.A. Batrachospermum julianum Arcangeli and B. transtaganum Reis, previously classified in section Virescentia, were observed to have twisted carpogonial branches and, therefore, should be placed in section Contorta. Sections Setacea and Virescentia of Batrachospermum differ in whorl size, ratio of carposporophyte height to whorl diameter, and trichogyne stalking; hence, we continue to recognize them as being distinct taxonomic entities as originally described.


Convergent and up welling circulation within the shelfbreak front in the Middle Atlantic Bight are detected using a dye tracer injected into the bottom boundary layer at the foot of the front. From the three day displacement and dispersion of two dye injections within the front we infer Lagrangian isopycnal (diapycnal) velocities and diffusivities of 2 × 10−2 m/s (4 × 10−6 m/s) and 9 m²/s (6 × 10−6 m²/s). These results substantiate model predictions of Chapman and Lentz [1994] and previous dye tracer observations by Houghton [1997].


We study the incompressible viscous fluid flows within a thin rotating atmospheric shell. The model uses the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations on a spherical surface and serves as a simple mathematical description of a general atmospheric circulation caused by the difference in temperature between the equator and the poles. Linearized stability of a particular stationary flow is considered. Under the assumption of no friction and a distribution of temperature dependent only upon latitude, the stationary flow models a zonal distribution of pressure corresponding to atmospheric currents parallel to the circles of latitude. We prove analytically that the stationary flow is asymptotically stable in the time evolution of the Navier–Stokes equations. When the spherical surface is truncated between two symmetrical rings near the North and South Poles, the asymptotic stability of the stationary flow is verified numerically.


Objective: To improve the limitation and stability of tissue processing on mucosa from small intestine transplantation and to provide better evidence of pathological diagnosis for the acute rejection on small intestine transplantation. Method:92 samples of mucosa from small intestine transplantation were reviewed.There were three methods of tissue processing (ultrasonic wave and microwave as well as routine) were adopted.The results were analyzed with statistical methods. Results: Among 18 samples processed by the method of ultrasonic wave,4 samples were A grade (22.22%). Among 50 samples processed by the method of microwave,30 samples were A grade (60.00%). Among 24 samples processed by the method of routine,13 samples were A grade (54.17%).The Chi Square Test suggested that there was statistic difference among three processing methods. Conclusions: Microwave is the best method of tissue processing on mucosa of small intestine transplantation and for the diagnosis acute rejection.


A six degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) model was developed to predict the dispense patterns of darts from air-delivered systems to clear mines in the surf and beach zones in support of an amphibious assault. The payload consists of small darts dispensed from a delivery vehicle above the target minefield. An aircraft or Naval gun delivers a parent vehicle which flies a guided trajectory that brings it into a vertical orientation above the target, at which point hundreds or thousands of darts are released at supersonic speeds several hundred feet above the target. The simulation terminates upon impact of all the darts with the ground or water surface. A major objective is to incorporate improved aerodynamic models into the 6-DOF. The effort uses a simplified multiple-store interference model and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations to develop the interference modeling terms. Comparison of 6-DOF predictions with flight test data shows that accurate prediction of the dart dispense pattern on the target requires knowledge of initial conditions at time of dispense and the aero interference forces during dispense when the darts are in close proximity.


The maternal mortality rate is one of the indicators that determine the prosperity level of society in a country. Most of the maternal mortality caused by pregnancy maternal mortality and postpartum maternal mortality. Central Java is one of the provinces with the biggest number of pregnancy maternal mortality and postpartum maternal mortality in Indonesia. The number of pregnancy maternal mortality and postpartum maternal mortality follow Poisson Distribution and it has a significant correlation. Therefore, the writer analyzed factor that influences the number of pregnancy maternal mortality and postpartum maternal mortality using Univariate and Bivariate Poisson Regression method. Results from this study obtained that in the Univariate Poisson Regression variables that significantly influence pregnancy maternal mortality and postpartum maternal mortality are the percentage of pregnant women implementing K1 (X1), percentage of childbirth women that has puerperal health service (X6) and percentage of household with clean and healthy behavior (X7). In the Bivariate Poisson, the best model is the second model which assuming that covariance is an equation.Keywords: Pregnancy of Maternal Mortality, Postpartum Maternal Mortality, Bivariate Poisson Regression.


In this paper are presented main features of the post ophiolitic fault tectonics and the reverse faults dynamics in the axial part of the Albanian ophiolite belt (Central Mirdita region). Fault tectonics is widespread in Central Mirdita and is represented with remnant of the rift-valley grabens, extensional faults expressed by normal faults, contraction faults expressed by reverse faults and thrust faults, among which the reverse faults of Munella, Kurbneshi and Perlati show particular dynamics. Analyses of the dynamics of the reverse faults is based on the ophiolite pseudostratigraphy, on the stratigraphy of the Tithonian and Cretaceous sedimentary cover, and on the data obtained by geological mapping and ore deposits explorations. The dynamics of the post ophiolitic reverse faults is characterized by three main stages of the relative movements of the hanging flanks: 1. Tithonian stage linked with early post ophiolitic tectogenesis, is characterized by reverse faults, caused by regional contraction conditions, resulted in the uplift of the eastern (hanging) flanks and their erosion. 2. Cretaceous stage linked with regional extension, is characterized by normal faults causing downward move of the eastern (hanging) flanks on which occur sedimentation mainly of the carbonate deposits starting with Berriasian levels in the eastern part of the northern sector of the ophiolite belt. 3. Tertiary (Eocene-Oligocene) late stage, linked with main collision in Albanides, is characterized by uplift of the eastern flanks; the amplitude of displacement based on the thickness of the ophiolite and overlying sedimentary sequences vary from several hundred meters up to 2-3 km.


Many ranking methods for fuzzy numbers have been proposed so far. However, there is yet no method that can always give a satisfactory solution to every situation. In this paper we propose a new method for ranking fuzzy numbers based on two different criteria, namely, the fuzzy mean and the fuzzy standard deviation. Finally we give some numerical examples to illustrate the proposed method and compare with other methods.


SUMMARY frequent bouts of oesophageal bulb contractions. Usually, there were several such bouts during feeding on each cell. The rate of bulb contraction declined between salivations: X. divsrsicaudatunz also had periods of apparent inactivity when feeding deep within either the root-tip or the piliferous region and these were also thought to be periods of a distinct type of salivation. This behaviour was associated with the formation of a spherical structure at the stylet tip and subsequent prolonged periods of ingestion without further salivation. Estimates were made from video recordings of the amounts ingested and these were found to be large, especially during periods of prolonged ingestion which occurred when nematodes were feeding deep within root-tip galls and the piliferous region.


Purpose – The potential of information and communication technology (ICT) in improving knowledge work productivity is well‐documented in the existing literature. However, prior research fails to provide means for analyzing whether the potential can be realized in a specific organizational context. Thus, this paper aims to focus on the context‐specific analysis of the impacts of ICT services on knowledge work.Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a literature review and a case study conducted in a medium‐sized European teleoperator company. The case study examines the measurement process for capturing the knowledge work productivity impacts produced by a new ICT service used by the company.Findings – ICT can be used to eliminate non‐value‐adding tasks or to make them more efficient. ICT can also improve employee welfare, for example, through transforming the content of work by deleting unimportant activities. The empirical study showed that, contrary to the view presented in the prior literature, i...


The compounds of formula (I) - wherein R1 jelentesehidroxil-, C1-4 alkoxy, or completely or partially fluorine-substituted 1-4C-alkoxy sub-; R2 is hydroxyl, 1-4C-alkoxy, or completely or partially fluorine-substituted 1-4C-alkoxy sub-; R3 is hydrogen; R31 is hydrogen; R4 is hydrogen; R5 is hydrogen; R51 is hydrogen, R6 is phenyl substituted by R 7; wherein R7 jelenteseCOOR71 or CON (R72) R73 group; wherein R71 is hydrogen, 1-7szenatomos alkyl, C3-7 cycloalkyl or C3-7 szenatomoscikloalkil grouping of methyl and R72 and R73 egymastolfuggetlenul represents hydrogen, C1-7 alkyl, C3-7 szenatomoscikloalkil- or 3 -7 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl-methyl group - esgyogyaszatilag salts valuable bronchial gyogyaszatihatoanyagok. ŕ


Occupational therapists, known for their ability to coach others through difficult changes, now find themselves in changing environments that include clients' desire for participation in service delivery, and the need for evidence of the outcome of occupational therapy intervention. This paper proposes a process model that is based on core concepts of occupation and client-centred practice, that incorporates theoretical approaches, and can be applied to all clients. The process model coaches the occupational therapist through a client-centred problemsolving process. It represents a description or plan for occupational therapy assessment and intervention that leads to a collaborative approach to client-identified occupational performance issues. Examples of the application of the process to occupational therapy practice are included. This model helps to articulate core concepts and values, and provides guidance for occupational therapy practice within changing environments and expectations.


Abstract A new thiospinel CuIr2S4 has been synthesized. We have discovered a metal-insulator transition at 230 K. The physical properties of this compound have been investigated with special emphasis on heat capacity measurements in the range 13·8 K < T < 300K using an adiabatic calorimeter. The metal-insulator transition is accompanied by a structural phase transition from tetragonal symmetry (at the lower temperature) to cubic symmetry (at the higher temperature). The phase transition has been observed to be first order. A sharp heat capacity anomaly is exhibited at 230·8 K. The enthalpy and entropy of the transition are 3·50 kJ mol−1 and 15·6 J K−1 mol−1 respectively. A hysteresis effect at the phase transition was detected clearly in the heat capacity measurements. The metallic phase of CuIr2S4 shows Pauli paramagnetism which indicates a rather high density of states at the Fermi level, D(∊F) = 0·67 states/eV atom. The insulating phase of CuIr2S4 reveals semiconductive behaviour with an activation ene...


We investigate performance deterioration in linear consensus networks subject to external stochastic disturbances. The expected value of the steady state dispersion of the states of the network is adopted as a performance measure. We develop a graph-theoretic methodology to relate structural specifications of the coupling graph of a linear consensus network to its performance measure. We explicitly quantify several inherent fundamental limits on the best achievable levels of performance and show that these limits of performance are emerged only due to the specific interconnection topology of the coupling graphs. Furthermore, we discover some of the inherent fundamental tradeoffs between notions of sparsity and performance in linear consensus networks.


How do persons with both a Black and a White parent racially identify in a society in which race is no longer supposed to matter? In a society in which Blackness is tied to poor Black culture, how do they identify if This article focuses on the influence of colorblindness, the interaction of class and culture, and the racialization of poor Black culture on the racial identity of Biracial Americans with both a Black and a White parent. In doing so, it makes the following points: 1) Despite the fact that almost all Biracial persons experience racism (particularly during adolescence), the ideology of colorblindness promotes a non-racial or "honorary white" racial identity among middle and upper-middle class Biracial persons who live in predominantly white settings, 2) Many middle and upper-middle class Biracial persons have more in common with their White neighbors than with poor Black Americans. 3) The common stereotype of "true" Blackness connects it to the culture of poor, marginalized Black Americans. These points are conceptually distinct, yet all promote the distance many middleand upper-class Biracial Americans feel from a Black racial identity. [Article copies available for a fee from The Transformative Studies Institute. E-mail address: email@example.com Website: http://www.transformativestudies.org ©2009 by The Transformative Studies Institute. All rights reserved.]


Two descriptions of quaternionic Kahler quotients by proper group actions are given: the first as a union of smooth manifolds, some of which come equipped with quaternionic Kahler or locally Kahler structures; the second as a union of quaternionic Kahler orbifolds. In particular the quotient always has an open set which is a smooth quaternionic Kahler manifold. When the original manifold and the group are compact, we describe a length space structure on the quotient. Similar descriptions of singular hyperKahler and 3-Sasakian quotients are given.


The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the microbiological quality of Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles collected from young Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White (PHF BW) bulls and stored for 7, 14, and 21 days under different modified atmospheres (MA) (vacuum, 80% O2 + 20% CO2, 60% O2 + 30% CO2 + 10% N2, 40% CO2 + 60% N2, 30% CO2 + 70% Ar). Before and after the specified storage periods, crosssectional samples of the LL muscle were collected under aseptic conditions to determine total microbial counts, and the total counts of psychrotrophic bacteria and mesophilic lactic acid bacteria. The effects of storage time and MA composition on changes in the parameters analyzed were evaluated, and the effectiveness of argon in delaying microbial growth in cold-stored beef was determined. Between days 7 and 14 of storage, total microbial counts were lowest in meat packaged under the MA composed of 30% CO2 + 70% Ar, whereas between days 14 and 21 they were lowest in both MA packages containing O2. The greatest increase in total microbial counts between days 7 and 14 of storage was noted in the MAs containing O2, and between days 14 and 21 of storage in the MA containing Ar. Beef stored for 7 days in the MA containing 60% O2 was characterized by the lowest total microbial counts, whereas the highest total microbial counts were noted in samples stored for 14 days in the MA containing 80% O2. Between days 7 and 14 of storage, the counts of psychrotrophic bacteria increased significantly in all MAs. Between days 14 and 21 of storage, the counts of psychrotrophic bacteria did not increase in meat samples packaged under vacuum or the MA composed of 80% O2 + 20% CO2. The counts of psychrotrophs were significantly lower in beef stored for 7 days in the oxygen-free MAs than they were in both MA packages containing O2. The counts of psychrotrophic bacteria were significantly lower in beef stored for 14 days in the MA containing Ar, compared with samples packaged under vacuum and the MA containing 80% O2. Gas composition in MA packaging had no significant effect on total microbial counts or the counts of psychrotrophic bacteria in meat stored for 21 days. Between days 14 and 21 of storage, the counts of lactic acid bacteria did not increase significantly only in meat packaged in the MAs composed of 60% O2 + 30% CO2 + 10% N2 and 40% CO2 + 60% N2. After 7 days of storage, the counts of lactic acid bacteria were higher in beef packaged in oxygen-free MAs than they were in both MA packages containing O2. After 14 days of storage, the counts of lactic acid bacteria were higher in meat packaged in the MA composed of 80% O2 + 20% CO2 than they were in the other MAs. Beef samples stored for 21 days under the MA composed of 80% O2 + 20% CO2 were characterized by significantly lower counts of lactic acid bacteria, compared with samples stored under the other MAs, except for the MA composed of 40% CO2 + 60% N2. It can be concluded that beef can be stored in the MA composed of 30% CO2 + 70% Ar for shorter periods of time (up to 14 days). The modified atmosphere composed of 30% CO2 + 70% Ar contributed to slower microbial growth in meat and resulted in lower counts of psychrotrophs and lactic acid bacteria, relative to the other samples. However, there is a need for further research on different concentrations of argon in MA packages to confirm that this gas can effectively delay microbial growth in beef. Meat stored for 14 days in the MA composed of 80% O2 + 20% CO2 was characterized by the lowest microbiological quality. The composition of MAs had a minor influence on the growth rates of the microbial groups analyzed in beef stored for 21 days; certain changes were observed only in the counts of lactic acid bacteria.


The implementation of an effective risk management framework is a key part of ensuring that ACIC is able to effectively achieve its mission. Risk can be defined as the chance that an event, trend or course of action will have either a positive or negative effect on ACIC's ability to meet its strategic or operational objectives. It is recognized that there are risks associated with all activities, and that risks can arise both from actions not taken, as well as through ongoing and new initiatives.


At most meetings and conferences it is claimed that internationally agreed standards for IUD design and evaluation would be beneficial. It is presumed that such a standard would be used to differentiate between those devices which reach the standards and those which fail to do so, with the objective of ensuring the rejection of inferior devices. This assumes that agreement can be reached on defining a standard, but there appears to be good reason to suppose that such agreement would be difficult to achieve. In order to obtain an agreed upon standard, it is usual to refer either to the physical properties of the product or to the effect the product is supposed to have when used. The problem with the IUD is that both these measures contain so much variation as to provide little or no predictive value on which a standard could be based. An examination of the materials used in the construction of an IUD reveals an almost limitless range. The variation in configuration between devices is again almost limitless. No useful standard is to be found by reference to the physical properties of the IUD which might assist individuals responsible for evaluating products that are presented as an IUD. Most experienced physicians who have fitted IUDs depend on intuition when assessing an IUD they are seeing for the 1st time. This intuition recognizes that the IUD's shape, size, and composition is important but most important is the perceived effect the IUD is likely to have at the time of fitting and during subsequent use. To suggest the IUD can be defined as an object or material placed in the uterus for the purpose of preventing conception, nidation or pregnancy is so general a description as to be meaningless for the purpose of standardization. Of more relevance is a standard that defines acceptable limits to the incidence of pregnancy, expulsion or removal of the IUD following a complaint of some sort. Yet, closer examination reveals that when the incidence of these events is carefully assessed their variation is very marked. This variation is due to the differences in IUD models and to the characteristics associated with the user of the IUD such as her age, parity, and future reproductive intention. The data suggest that successful IUD use depends as much on the environment surrounding the IUD fitting in terms of who is responsible for the fitting and the interplay between the IUD user and the person fitting the IUD as upon the IUD model itself. Thus, it is not possible to provide an international standard for the IUD based upon its effects.


This project aims to design and develop a Three Dimensional (3D) learning environment using desktop virtual reality (VR). The learning system was designed to allow dyslexic children to learn and practise simple mathematics such as addition and subtraction. The learning system was developed using web-based learning and 3D virtual environment. The user requirements, the Dyslexia Style Guide, and results :from user feedbacks were incorporated in designing and developing the system. The system had been presented to dyslexic children and assessed by experts to obtain feedbacks and opinions. In general, the result showed that the learning system is useful to the user.


We consider simple extensions of noncommutativity from flat to curved spacetime. One possibility is to have a generalization of the Moyal product with a covariantly constant noncommutative tensor θμν. In this case, the spacetime symmetry is restricted to volume-preserving diffeomorphisms which also preserve θμν. Another possibility is an extension of the Kontsevich product to curved spacetime. In both cases, the noncommutative product is nonassociative. We find the order θ2 noncommutative correction to the Newtonian potential in the case of a covariantly constant θμν. It is still of the form 1/r plus an angle-dependent piece. The coupling to matter gives rise to a propagator which is θ dependent.


The purpose of this study was to classify VR programs according to their characteristics and associations by the disaster management phase and firefighting school curriculum, and set priorities among VR fire training and training programs using AHP analysis., The relative priority is given considering its importance and urgency. As a result of the study, firefighting education and training classes showed the highest level of response. The relative priority of the subcategories was highest in the prevention stage. The simulation implementation for the evacuation experience was highest in closed spaces, such as a subway, and the simulation for the special firefighting vehicle was highest in the contrast phase. In the response phase, real fire simulation training was the highest. In the recovery phase, virtual reality training was the most effective in determining the fire situation based on the fire database.


Dietary supplements are intended to supplement normal nutrition and they are concentrated sources of vitamins, minerals and other substances with nutritional and physiological effects. Because of large use of dietary supplements, which often contain ethanol, we have to educate health workers, as well as consumers in this area, and hope that the use of dietary supplements will become safe, controlled and rational. Ethanol is used for extraction, and it is also important as a stabilizer in a significant number of dietary products in the form of syrup. Because of that, a lot of dietary products contain ethanol, and often it is not declared. One more problem is the fact that users who read the declaration cannot conclude that ethanol is present in these products. Also, some of these syrups can be ordered through the internet without information of percentage of ethanol, which is worrying. Besides that, some syrup contains concentrations of ethanol in the amount that is the same as is in spirit drinks. We used liquid chromatography with a refractometer detector and carbohydrate column, temperature 90◦C, for the detection of ethanol in a dietary supplements syrup-type between 2007 to 2016. Then we ordered concentration of ethanol by external standard method. Content of ethanol was from <0,05% to 28,35%. We analyzed 76 syrups and 67% of them did not have ethanol on a declaration. 8% of syrups with ethanol declaration did not have the same amount of ethanol as remarked on the declaration. Also, 66% of all tested syrups had alcohol higher than 1,2% [12]. Syrups are traditionally used in our country, and often used in combination with some drugs, and that can lead to different adverse reaction.


This article is an exploration of the tensions inherent in the interaction between ethics and methodological innovation. The authors focus on three cases of innovation in qualitative research methods in the social sciences: netnography, child-led research and creative research methods. Using thematic analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews with the innovators and commentators on the innovations, they discuss issues of ethical responsibility, democratisation of research, empowerment and the relationship between research and the academy. This article highlights the ways in which innovation is about reflexivity as well as new techniques. It shows how innovation may be about managing risk rather than taking risks: the innovators are cautious as much as creative, operating within a culture in which procedural ethical regulation acts to limit methodological development and in which they (and other users of their method/approach) communicate the safe qualities alongside the innovative qualities of their approach.


Abstract In order to investigate the dominant charge transport mechanisms of doped SrTiO3 thin films, high temperature measurements were performed under varying oxygen partial pressures. To meet specific demands of SrTiO3 thin films, a common 4-point measuring setup was improved profoundly by full triaxial shielding and the use of a solid state oxygen pump (made of YSZ). This allowed a precise analysis in the temperature range from 700°C to 1000°C and at oxygen partial pressures (pO2) between 10−20 bar and 1 bar. The conduction behavior of (doped) SrTiO3 thin films, as a function of pO2, revealed characteristics that substantially differ from those of bulk ceramics and cannot be explained by point defect chemistry. Additionally, segregation effects have been observed which lead to a restructuring of the film's morphology to a significant extent.


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Stimulated spines do not remain enlarged if the enlargement pool (colored) is quickly extruded through the spine neck.

KASAI/ELSEVIER

Tiny spines on dendrites harbor three separate pools of actin, say Naoki Honkura, Haruo Kasai (University of Tokyo, Japan), and colleagues.


An understanding of heat flux is a necessary component in reconstructing tectonic, seismic, and hydrologic models of the Dead Sea basin. Heat may be transferred by both conduction and advection by groundwater. Although the conductive heat flux in Israel has been extensively measured to be approximately 40 mW m )2 , there is still a debate about the total heat flux. Recently, the discharge of hot springs along the western Dead Sea shore has been determined to be 10 7 m 3 year )1 . Simple calculations show that the heat discharged by groundwater at these hot springs is of the same order of magnitude as the measured conductive heat flux in deep boreholes. Therefore the total heat flux could be significantly higher than 40 mW m )2 . However, results of numerical modeling show that the current hot-spring heat discharge is two orders of magnitude greater than that predicted for steady-state conditions and can be explained by the rapid recession of the Dead Sea.


The present study had as objective assess the coping styles of a group of 31 individuals of both genus w ith diagnostics of different types of cancer, for it used the instrument psychometric A.D.C the w hich helped determine the coping strategy adopted by each person. The Results show ed that the bigger percentage of individuals w ere placed in category O riented to the problem, show ing that employed strategies such as problem solving, search social support and changes in the level of aspirations, among others.


Skeletonema costatum one type of phytoplankton commonly cultivated in the shrimp hatchery ( Penaeus monodon Fabr.). Plankton S. costatum has a high nutrient content, small size is used as a natural feed of tiger shrimp larvae, especially in the zoea to mysis stadia. The aim of this research is to know the effect of inorganic fertilizer (NPK+Silicate) with dosage of 5 ppm, 15 ppm and 20 ppm to the density of S. costatum on tiger shrimp. The study was conducted for 2 weeks in July 2011 at UPTD Balai Benih Ikan Pantai Muna, Ghonebalano village, Duruka district, Muna regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The experiment used a 3-liter volume on stoples, a salinity water of 20 ppm. The study used Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with NPK and Silicate treated fertilizer with 5 ppm, 10 ppm (control), 15 ppm and 20 ppm with 3 replications. The initial density of S. costatum was 10,000 cells mL -1 per unit. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistic 22. The results showed that inorganic fertilizer application (NPK+Silicate) with different dose gave a very real effect on the density of S. costatum cells. Treatment of 15 ppm fertilizer dosage was significantly different with control and other treatment, average cell density was 121,000 cells mL -1 . Based on cell growth, the 15 ppm fertilizer dosage has the best growth with an average cell increase of 1,2705 cells mL -1 day -1 .


The development of textile finishing techniques and technologies outside of reports in world-wide publications is also very visible at subsequent fairs. At international fairs, such as ITMA, ATMA and FESPA, machine, equipment and dye manufacturers present new techniques and technologies. The development of chemical fibre processing nowadays goes mainly towards the "ecological optimisation" of technological processes as well as the economics of processes. In this article, the main development directions of the chemical treatment of textiles in the field of the pre-treatment, bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing of textile products are discussed.


A Set of devices to convert electric energy into mechanical energy and to regulate the converted energy flus according to a specific law. It is most common type drive .Electric drives may be classified to design characteristics into three types: Single Motor Group and Multi motor. Single Motor electric drives and used for power tools, Simple metal working and Wood working machine tools and Household Appliances. Group electric drives are almost never used in modern Industry. Multi motor electric drives used in multi operation metal working machine tools as individual electric traction drives for rail road transportation equipment. Electric drives may also be divided into reversible and non – reversible types and depending on possibility of controlling the flux of the converted mechanical energy, into uncontrolled and controlled velocity types. Interest in electric drive vehicle technologies is growing, and their development accelerating, in the Automotive industry. This growth represents a shift of focus from market entry and environmental drivers to mainstream, customer committed development. A number of different power train archirectures have been considered and introduced in the market for different applications. This architectures are usually classified into five categories: Series, Parallel, Power Spilt , Voltec and Plug in


Simple morphological data (dilatation, hypertrophy, presence or absence of neurons, etc.) and more recent histochemical methods have enabled a very satisfactory management of patients with Hirschsprung's disease to be achieved. However, a review of our own material (91 biopsies and 61 surgical specimens) prompts us to comment on the possibilities and limitations of the diagnosis and surgical management. The junction of aganglionic and ganglionic segments presents variable morphological and histochemical patterns and there is actually not enough information for positive diagnosis or fixing the limit of resection on this basis if the specimen is taken from the transitional zone. True hypoganglionism and disturbed maturation of intramural plexa may clinically simulate Hirschsprung's disease. Incorrect surgical treatment may be instigated by a false positive or negative histological diagnosis. No definitive histochemical data able to aid the differential diagnosis are available at present. Histochemical studies (mitochondria1 enzymes, fluorescence methods for adrenergic fibres and acetylcholinesterase activity) have been valuable to the modern concepts of Hirschsprung's disease; they will probably 20; 732872 Acra Pediat Scand 63 also be greatly helpful in establishing the different patterns at the junctional zone. The demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity has allowed the routine use of suction biopsies in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. However, in order to fix the limit of intestinal resection, some conceptual and technical limitations, set forth in this paper, should be borne in mind.


The effects of the chirp of the pump pulse in broadband terahertz (THz) pulse generation by optical rectification (OR) in GaP were systematically investigated. It was found that the pre-compensation for the dispersion of GaP is important for obtaining smooth and single-peaked THz spectra as well as high power-conversion efficiency. It was also found that an excessive amount of chirp leads to distortions in THz spectra, which can be quantitatively analyzed by using a simple model. Our results highlight the importance of accurate control over the chirp of the pump pulse for generating broadband THz pulses by OR.


Abstract A new species of Plagiomnium (Mniaceae), P. guizhouense Y.-J.Yi & S.He from Guizhou, China is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to P. affine in having spinosely serrate leaf margins with teeth consisting of up to 4 or more cells, a broadly elliptic leaf shape, and a decurrent leaf base, but is distinguished from the latter species by having a cuspidate leaf apex, broader marginal differentiation with borders consisting of 4–5 rows of linear, thick-walled cells, strongly ciliate marginal teeth that are sometimes branched and up to 7 cells long in upper fertile stem leaves and perichaetial leaves, and a much shorter leaf costa that ends just above mid-leaf in the lower leaves.


A new spread spectrum clock generator (SSCG) using two-point delta-sigma modulation is presented in this paper. Not only the divider is varied, but also the voltage controlled oscillator is modulated. This technique can enhance the modulation bandwidth so that the effect of EMI suppression is improved with lower order ΣΔ modulator and can simultaneously optimize the jitter and the modulation profile. In addition, the method of two-path is applied to the loop filter to reduce the capacitance value such that the total integration can be achieved. The proposed SSCG has been fabricated in a 0.35μm CMOS process. The clock of 400MHz with center spread ratios of 1.25% and 2.5% are verified. The peak EMI reduction is 19.73dB for the case of 2.5%. The size of chip area is 0.90×0.89mm2.


This invention discloses a mould with alterable brake bead resistance, comprising a punch, a matrix, a pressure plate, a brake bead, a brake bead bolster, an ejector rob and a nitrogen cylinder. The brake bead is separated from the matrix or the pressure plate, and the brake bead passes through the matrix or the pressure plate upwards, the lower end of the brake bead contact with the upper end of the ejector rob through the brake bead bolster. The ejector rob of the air cushion of the machine tool pushes the brake bead bolster and the brake bead bolster moves, the height of the brake bead is controlled by the air cushion through the ejector rob. In the entire drawing process, the brake bead resistance changes with the change of the stamping route. The brake bead resistance of this mould can be controlled easily and it is very useful to improve the quality of the product.


This paper presents a concept and implementation of modern smart monitoring and control system for building automatization. The system is designed to enable significant reduction of energy consumption and carbon footprint by increasing the energy efficiency of the building under control. The system consists of a Linux-based remotely accessible main embedded control unit, a custom designed programmable logic controller named littlePLC, and a propriatery low-power Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The energy flow is optimized by using a Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm that runs on the main control unit. The main control unit communicates with littlePLC, which serves as an interface that controls the parameters and state of HVAC systems in the building. The feedback information for MPC is gathered by means of the WSN, which consists of various sensor node types, such as temperature, air pressure, humidity, VOC and CO2. The WSN nodes are connected in a star type network topology, with a communication HUB connected to the main control unit. The information gathered by WSN are used in the MPC algorithm in order to calculate and estimate the requirements for heat corrections, with respect to ventilation and weather predictions.


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Five different accessions of an indigenous tribal pulse, Mucuna pruriens var. utilis (three white- coloured accessions and two black-coloured accessions), we...


Automatic text summarisation is the process of creating a summary from one or more documents by eliminating the details and preserving the worthwhile information. This article presents a single/multi-document summariser using a novel clustering method for creating summaries. First, a feature selection phase is employed. Then, FarsNet, the Persian WordNet, is utilised to extract the semantic information of words. Therefore, the input sentences are categorised into three main clusters: similarity, relatedness and coherency. Each similarity cluster contains similar sentences to its core, while each relatedness cluster contains sentences that are related (but not similar) to its core. The coherency clusters show the sentences that should be kept together to preserve the coherency of the summary. Finally, the centroid of each similarity cluster having the most feature score is added to an empty summary. The summary is enlarged by including related sentences from relatedness clusters and excluding similar sentences to its content iteratively. Coherency clusters are applied to the created summary in the last step. The proposed method has been compared with three known existing text summarisation systems and techniques for the Persian language: FarsiSum, Parsumist and Ijaz. Our proposed method leads to improvement in experimental results on different measurements including precision, recall, F-measure, ROUGE-N and ROUGE-L.


Some years ago, Robert Stevick admonished critics for failing to remove ambiguities from F. P. Magoun's analysis of oral poetic composition: "whether 'formulaic' is used in a substantive or attributive sense, whether 'performance' denotes an act or an object, whether 'composition' is process or product, of an individual or tradition or both, whether 'poem' is a text or abstraction." Stevick discusses the major contributions to date, finding those critics who stand apart from Magoun generally consistent: "Claes Schaar, for example, points out the error of equating the two propositions 'all oral poetry is formulaic' and 'all formulaic poetry is oral.' It may well be, he argues, that the surviving texts may be the product of a transitional period, when there were written texts, and lettered poets were using and modifying the oral-formulaic materials" (p. 383). As Stevick notes, the critics who express reservations about the strict applicability of Magoun's theory are not hostile to the oral-formulaic theory. They all, to one degree or another, perceive the import of Parry, Lord, and Magoun's discovery; nevertheless, they wish to reform the theory so that it fits a greater complex of data peculiar to Old English studies. Since Stevick's call for a more scientifically accurate methodology, objections have continued to be raised in the articles of Benson, Campbell, Greenfield, Lawrence, and Rogers.2 In 1966, Rogers restated Stevick's wish for a more succinct application of Parry and Lord's precepts, especially their use of such ill-defined terms as "idea" and "metrically useful," and the mental process from which they assume the poet must have created his poem-their vague "psychology of linguistics." In Rogers's words: "English language is full of [collocations], and it is only when they become habitual, conventional, and stylized that we call them formulas. Everything depends on the degree of stylization; for in a very general sense, language as a whole is 'formulaic,' in so far as 'the sentence consists of word groups rather than words"' (p. 100). Most of the critics who continue to oppose zealous adoption of Magoun's theses have formed an amorphous group which collectively posits the idea that our extant Old English poetic corpus represents a transitional period between a purely oral form of composition and a lettered tradition. For the most part, they agree that Anglo-Saxon poetry derived from an oral tradition. They do not deny the existence of formulae in surviving Old English poetry; however, they sense a more conscious and literary use of the old formulaic stock than strict Oral Formulaists are willing to admit. In order to substantiate their claim, a group of Transitionalists led by J. J. Campbell have


Among all kinds of reconstruction algorithms for 3D cone-beam CT,approximate algorithms are widely used in practice,because they have simple mathematics expressions,and can be easily implemented.The acquired reconstruction effect is good when cone angle is small.Among various approximate algorithms based in filtered back-projection,Feldkamp-type algorithms are the mainstream methods in practice all the time.The P-FDK(Rearrange the projection data then get reconstruction) is one algorithm of the extending FDK algorithms.To satisfy the voxel of the artificial division and considering the ralation between the defined voxel in real objects and others close to it,an improved technique for P-FDK algorithm was proposed,which is a 3D_6neighborhood P-FDK algorithm.The data used for reconstruction were also from the lab,the practical experiment indicated that the improved method would give a better result in the reconstructed image verge,and also the new method would restrain the noise to a certain extent.


According to general relativity, the trajectories of light rays can be bent by gravitational fields. Massive objects can therefore gravitationally "lens" the images of objects behind them. A cosmological examples of gravitational lensing is lensing of galaxies or quasars at redshifts z ∼ 1 by elliptical galaxies or galaxy clusters along the line of sight. If the lensing is "strong," then there will be multiple images of the source. If the lensing is "weak, " then there will be no extra images, but the images we see will be distorted by lensing. Weak lensing is now a common and powerful tool to measure the mass distribution in galaxy clusters. There is also "gravitational microlensing" of stars in the Galactic bulge or LMC by other stars along the line of sight. In gravitational microlensing, there are multiple images, but they are so close together that they cannot be resolved. Instead, the combined light from the two unresolved images makes the source star appear brighter than it would otherwise. There is also "cosmic shear," weak gravitational lensing of galaxies at z ∼ 1 by the large-scale distribution of mass in the Universe. Large-scale correlations in the mass induce large-scale correlations to distant-galaxy images.


Scientists are trying to find out why people laugh when they are tickled. The intriguing nature of tickling is made more complex by the fact that people almost always break into laughter when tickled by others but not when they tickle themselves. Psychologist G. Stanley Hall classified tickle into two types, namely, knismesis or light tickle and gargalesis or heavy tickle, thereby explaining in part why tickling does not always elicit laughter. One plausible theory suggests that tickle may be an evolutionary adaptation, evident as it is in the social interaction among primates. Thus, the discomfort and pleasure elicited by tickling might be adaptive and help a child develop skills that can be used in defense and combat.