The World Health Organization's proposals for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the 11 edition of the International Classification of Diseases, scheduled for release in 2018, involve a very brief set of symptoms and a distinction between two sibling disorders, PTSD and Complex PTSD. This review of studies conducted to test the validity and implications of the diagnostic proposals generally supports the proposed 3-factor structure of PTSD symptoms, the 6-factor structure of Complex PTSD symptoms, and the distinction between PTSD and Complex PTSD. Estimates derived from DSM-based items suggest the likely prevalence of ICD-11 PTSD in adults is lower than ICD-10 PTSD and lower than DSM-IV or DSM-5 PTSD, but this may change with the development of items that directly measure the ICD-11 re-experiencing requirement. Preliminary evidence suggests the prevalence of ICD11 PTSD in community samples of children and adolescents is similar to DSM-IV and DSM5. ICD-11 PTSD detects some individuals with significant impairment who would not receive a diagnosis under DSM-IV or DSM-5. ICD-11 CPSTD identifies a distinct group who have more often experienced multiple and sustained traumas and have greater functional impairment than those with PTSD. ICD-11 Proposals for PTSD and Complex PTSD 3 The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was first introduced in the 3 edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) (American Psychiatric Association, 1980), proving immediately influential and leading to decades of important and innovative research. Subsequent editions of the DSM in 1987 and 2000 refined and improved the diagnosis, culminating in the most recent version, DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Despite the popularity of the diagnosis, it has been controversial in some quarters and there have been persistent questions about whether its formulation in the DSM is optimal. The 11 revision of the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) is currently nearing completion (First, Reed, Hyman, & Saxena, 2015). ICD adopts a public health perspective and is organized around maximizing clinical utility for the use of diagnoses worldwide. ICD-11 has proposed a substantially different approach to diagnosing PTSD, primarily simplifying the conceptualization of disorder but also distinguishing between basic and complex forms of the condition (Maercker, Brewin, Bryant, Cloitre, van Ommeren, Jones et al., 2013). The dissemination of these proposals has led to important discussions in the field (Miller, Wolf, & Keane, 2014). ICD-11 is scheduled for release in 2018, and in this article we review emerging evidence about the new formulation of PTSD and CPTSD that speaks to whether the proposals are useful in principle and whether revisions of this formulation may be necessary. Most of this evidence concerns adults; there are some data on children and adolescents and developmental formulations of the proposals are underway but detailed consideration of them is beyond the scope of this article. By the time of DSM-III-R in 1987, PTSD was already one of the most complex diagnoses in the manual. It included 17 symptoms divided into three clusters, with different thresholds for each cluster, and two additional criteria concerning the nature of the stressor and the duration of symptoms. DSM-IV added another criterion, the presence of clinically ICD-11 Proposals for PTSD and Complex PTSD 4 significant distress or impairment. In DSM-5, the three symptom clusters were increased to four on the basis of factor analytic findings, three further symptoms were added, and a dissociative subtype was included for the first time. These successive changes resulted in a comprehensive description of the disorder, but have had several costs. One is that the diagnosis can now be based on over half a million different combinations of symptoms (Galatzer-Levy & Bryant, 2013). Another is that even with the more limited symptom combinations in DSM-IV it has proved difficult for non-specialists to confidently identify and diagnose it, which may partly account for the finding that levels of recognition among nonpsychiatric physicians are poor (Brewin, Fuchkan, Huntley, Robertson, Thompson, Scragg et al., 2010; de Bont, van den Berg, van der Vleugel, de Roos, de Jongh, van der Gaag et al., 2015; Ehlers, Gene-Cos, & Perrin, 2009; Liebschutz, Saitz, Brower, Keane, LloydTravaglini, Averbuch et al., 2007). Many of the symptoms included as criteria for PTSD in the DSM-IV and DSM-5 overlap with other disorders: Sleep disturbance, concentration problems, and irritability are characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD); depression is characterized by these same three symptoms but also by negative beliefs about oneself and the world, self-blame, diminished interest in activities, detachment from others, and emotional numbing. It is therefore unsurprising that rates of comorbidity are very high, particularly with depression (Brady, Killeen, Brewerton, & Lucerini, 2000). Studies investigating the correlates of different latent factors of PTSD have found that symptoms characteristic of anxiety and depression appear to be more strongly related to those factors reflecting general dysphoria rather than to the more specific aspects of PTSD reflecting re-experiencing, active avoidance, and hyperarousal (Byllesby, Durham, Forbes, Armour, & Elhai, 2016; Contractor, Durham, ICD-11 Proposals for PTSD and Complex PTSD 5 Brennan, Armour, Wutrick, Frueh et al., 2014; Durham, Elhai, Fine, Tamburrino, Cohen, Shirley et al., 2015; Gootzeit & Markon, 2011). Other evidence for non-specificity comes from studies that have examined whether PTSD symptoms are more common following events that, according to the successive definitions adopted by the DSM, are traumatic as opposed to distressing (but non-traumatic). The option of removing the requirement that one be exposed to a traumatic event was contemplated by the DSM-5 Work Group (Friedman, Resick, Bryant, & Brewin, 2011). Although this committee recognized that PTSD symptoms can develop following nontraumatic events, it decided to retain the traumatic event as a gatekeeper criterion for the diagnosis because "intrusion and avoidance symptoms are incomprehensible without prior exposure to a traumatic event" (p. 754). However, a recent meta-analysis (Larsen & Pacella, 2016) showed that PTSD symptoms were only slightly more common following events defined as traumatic versus non-traumatic according to the DSM, and this advantage disappeared if subjective ratings of fear, helplessness, and horror (required in DSM-IV but not in DSM-5) were omitted. Moreover, the structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms is essentially the same whether or not individuals have experienced events meeting the criteria for a trauma (Zelazny & Simms, 2015). One implication that has been drawn is that many of the PTSD symptoms included in the DSM are general reactions to adversity rather than specific reactions to trauma (Brewin, 2003). This non-specificity in the clinical picture painted by the DSM is possibly one of the reasons why, although much is known about the biological correlates of PTSD, there are as yet no specific biomarkers for the condition (Lehrner & Yehuda, 2014). For example, reductions in brain volume associated with PTSD have not been able to be distinguished from similar patterns associated with depression (Kroes, Rugg, Whalley, & Brewin, 2011). ICD-11 Proposals for PTSD and Complex PTSD 6 Such observations have led previous authors to question whether comorbidity would be reduced with a smaller symptom set consisting of those more specific to PTSD such as flashbacks, nightmares, startle, and hypervigilance (Davidson & Foa, 1991). Another proposal (Spitzer, First, & Wakefield, 2007) involved eliminating a symptom considered to be of doubtful validity (impaired recall of the trauma) as well as symptoms shared with depression and GAD (irritability, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, and markedly diminished interest). The effect of this suggested change on comorbidity with a variety of disorders was tested in three studies, two of which showed no significant differences relative to DSM-IV (Elhai, Grubaugh, Kashdan, & Frueh, 2008; Grubaugh, Long, Elhai, Frueh, & Magruder, 2010) whereas the third, conducted with an adolescent sample, suggested less comorbidity with depression associated with the Spitzer et al. symptom set (Ford, Elhai, Ruggiero, & Frueh, 2009). In these studies, however, the samples meeting the DSM-IV versus the Spitzer et al. criteria for PTSD overlapped to a considerable extent, with most of the PTSD cases appearing in both. A clearer picture would be given by comparing nonoverlapping samples who met the DSM-IV but not the Spitzer et al. criteria, or vice versa. A final suggestion to decrease the symptom set (Brewin, Lanius, Novac, Schnyder, & Galea, 2009) proposed requiring at least one of two symptoms specifically reflecting reexperiencing of the traumatic event in the present (corresponding to the DSM items assessing flashbacks or nightmares), at least one of two symptoms specifically reflecting active avoidance (corresponding to the DSM items assessing avoidance of internal thoughts or external reminders), and at least one of two symptoms (hypervigilance or exaggerated startle) reflecting the continuing sense of threat identified as characteristic of PTSD (Ehlers & Clark, 2000). Under this proposal there are only 27 combinations of qualifying symptoms. As with the Davidson and Foa (1991) proposal, the intention was to include those symptoms that best ICD-11 Proposals for PTSD and Complex PTSD 7 discriminated PTSD from other disorders. A more detailed rationale for the choice of symptoms can be found elsewhere (Brewin, 2013; Brewin et al., 2009). ICD-11 Proposals for PTSD and Complex PTSD A modified version of the Brewin et al. (2009) formulation, along with many other chan


Disorder-induced spectral correlations of mesoscopic quantum systems in the nondiffusive regime, and their effect on the magnetic susceptibility, are studied. We perform impurity averaging for nontranslational invariant systems by combining a diagrammatic perturbative approach with semiclassical techniques. This allows us to study the entire range from clean to diffusive systems. As an application we consider the magnetic response of noninteracting electrons in microstructures in the presence of weak disorder. We show that in the ballistic case (an elastic mean free path {\it l} larger than the system size) there exist two distinct regimes of behavior depending on the relative magnitudes of {\it l} and an inelastic scattering length {\it L$_{phi }$} . We present numerical results for square billiards, and derive approximate analytical results for generic chaotic geometries. The magnetic-field dependence and the {\it L$_{phi}$} dependence of the disorder- induced susceptibility are qualitatively similar in both types of geometry.


Two cases of papillary carcinoma arising in a side chain of a thyroglossal duct cyst Thyroglossal duct cysts are thought to originate from the epithelial remnants of the thyroglossal tract. The cysts may occur in the lingual or submental areas, but rarely occur in the lateral of the neck. We report two cases of papillary carcinoma arising in a side chain of a thyroglossal duct cyst. Most cases of cysts arising in the lateral of the neck are lateral cervical cysts, but there is a possibility of thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma. We should examine these cases sufficiently with neck CT, MRI, echo and FNA before the operation.


The resource-based theory states that some enterprises can acquire sustainable competitive advantage and excess profits because they have acquired valuable,rare,inimitable distinctive resources.Among the different kinds of resources an enterprise possesses,only part of the intangibles has the potential to acquire sustainable advantage and excess profits.So the information about these distinctive intangibles is the key of an enterprise to both the investors in capital market and the rivals in product market.Disclosing it externally will bring both positive and negative effects at the same time.A realistic choice is to disclose this kind of information in the form of internally generated goodwill.


population.'6 Sequential assays in one patient did not significantly alter the expected T and B cell temporal profiles. Factors that reactivate multiple sclerosis seem to be multiple, including stress, pregnancy, vaccinations, and viral or intercurrent illnesses, all factors which may alter host immunity and T and B cell reactivity. It remains to be shown that such factors can influence the T and B cell populations in CSF. Since multiple sclerosis patients usually recover to a certain extent from each relapse, we would expect the recovery period beyond the third week to reflect a continued suppression of myelinotoxic cells. It also remains to be shown that the percentage of T cells in the CSF of these patients remains low during this quiescent period, and that these T cells are potentially capable of attacking the myelin-producing cell of the central nervous system, the oligodendrogliocyte. Our study represents a preliminary report. Patients with longstanding, relatively inactive multiple sclerosis have a reduced proportion of T cells and an increased proportion of null cells in their CSF. Patients with acute relapsing disease have the highest proportion of T cells in their CSF. These observations document for the first time consistent alterations in the T and B lymphocyte populations within the central nervous system and further implicate cellular immune responses in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.


Schram, F. R. (Dept. of Zool., Eastern Ill. U., Charleston, lll. 61920) 1974. Convergences between Late Paleozoic and modern caridoid Malacostraca. Syst. Zool. 23:323-332.-Study of the Middle Pennsylvanian, Mazon Creek, Essex fauna Crustacea (Johnson and Richardson, 1966; and Richardson and Johnson, 1971) of northeastern Illinois has prompted an examination of the entire Late Paleozoic radiation of caridoid malacostracans. Members of this radiation bear several gross anatomical similarities to Mesozoic-Cenozoic eucarid forms, yet are totally and completely distinct taxonomically from them. This convergent phenomenon affords a rare look at the evolution of a major taxonomic category extending over a period of some 300 million years. The comparison also bears on general theoretical considerations of diversity and convergence in evolutionary theory. [Convergence; Malacostraca; Diversity models.] The malacostracan crustaceans have been present in the fossil record since Cambrian time. The earliest and more primitive forms have been the Phyllocarida, forms with seven segments in their abdomens. In Devonian time a more advanced array of malacostracans apparently evolved from the phyllocarids. These forms, the Hoplocarida and the Eumalacostraca, are characterized by having six segments in the abdomen and a great variety of tagmatic and appendicular specializations that enabled them to more effectively dominate their environments. The Late Paleozoic radiation of advanced malacostracans was composed of hoplocaridans, syncaridans, and primitive eumalacostracans variously termed Eocarida (Brooks, 1962), caridoids, or schizopods. The Hoplocarida almost completely died out at the close of the Paleozoic except for the specialized Stomatopoda or "mantis shrimp." The caridoids persisted and formed the basis of the modern malacostracan radiation. The caridoids are all characterized by an array of features first elucidated by Calman (1909): two flagella on the first antenna, two segments in the thoracic protopod, five segments in the thoracic endopod, annulate and natatory thoracic exopods, thoracic epipodite gills, thorax and abdomien subequal, thorax containing viscera and covered by a carapace, abdomen developed with a special musculature for the distinctive backward-swimming caridoid escape reaction. These primitive caridoids gave rise to the groups which are the dominant malacostracans today, the Eucarida and Peracarida. The Peracarids have developed a brooding habit for protecting the young, and morphologically have a tendency to lose the carapace and greatly modify the body regions so as to diverge markedly from the caridoid morphotype. The evolution of the peracarids proper must remain the subject of another paper. The Eucarida have more closely retained the caridoid facies and are the dominant caridoid types today. The only living peracarids that can be termed "caridoid" are the Mysidacea. PERIPATETIC TAXONOMY The taxonomic affiliations of the Late Paleozoic caridoid malacostracans have been realigned several times. Huxley (1857) termed Pygocephalus cooperi an early form of decapod (Brooks, 1969, has since assigned this species to the genus Crangopsis). Huxley's designation influenced subsequent workers to categorize their fossil species as "macrurous decapods" as in Etheridge's (1877) description of some specimens of Anthrapalaemon and Wood-


This paper presents the concepts and mesures of growth and poverty, and the complex interrelations between distribution and poverty reduction. Growth alone will not be able to eradicate poverty, and some specific actions must be directed toward some special groups of poors.


Instagram use affects individuals' wellbeing. Previously found that there is a significant and positive relationship between Instagram using and narcissism. Vulnerable narcissism (VN) is related to socially avoidant behaviors, sensitivity to failure and being criticized, the existence of high levels of anxiety, and feelings of emptiness and inadequacy (Casale, Fioravanti, & Rugai, 2016). Research suggested negative association among VN, life satisfaction (LS) (Ng, Cheung, & Tam, 2014) and perceived social support (PSS) (Dickinson, & Pincus, 2003). However, research on the relationship between Instagram use and VN is limited (Casale, Fioravanti, & Rugai, 2016).


When Phaedre was presented at the Opera de Paris in 1923 translated by Andre Doderet, D'Annunzio was already well-known by the francophone public through George Herelle's translations, his famous acquaintances, and the rising of the myth of his persona. Analyzing Phaedre's French reception, questions arise: how does D'Annunzio's theory on translation affect his choice to have Doderet translate his piece? Should we consider Doderet's role that of a cultural mediator or of a poet's alter ego? What factors, internal and external, have influenced the tragedy's French reception? This research takes a comparative approach to investigate the poet and his placement within the French culture, the translator and his methods, and the relationship between text, translation and receiving context. This study discusses why Andre Doderet epitomizes D'Annunzio's ideal translator. Furthermore, it shows the connection between the tragedy's reception, D'Annunzio's acknowledgement as a symbol of "Rinascimento Latino" and the presence of Racine's Phedre in the French cultural memory. These findings reveal that D'Annunzio's attempt to overcome «l'errore del tempo» comes with the intention of crossing national linguistic and cultural barriers as well: therefore, it is also possible to highlight the implications of the translation and circulation of D'Annunzio's theatre in France.


In this paper, we presented our latest measurement results of both channel attenuation and noise within the frequency range of 1-40 MHz. Results show both attenuation and noise characteristic are quite stable, not changing drastically with time. The attenuation increases with the increase of frequency while the noise level drops with the increase of frequency. This means the channel can naturally provide certain balance on signal-to-noise ratio to facilitate the system design. Theoretical channel capacity is calculated using water-filling algorithm, which is also helpful in the system design


A co-design method for the dual-band low noise amplifier (LNA) and band-pass filter (BPF) is presented in this paper. After the dual-band BPF and two single-band LNAs are designed separately by the traditional method, the two single-band matching networks (MNs) of the LNAs are transformed into one dual-band MN. Further, the dual-band MN and BPF are combined into the dual-band filtering MN, of which each element value can be obtained by the equations given in the paper. Also, the validity is verified by a sample of 1.57/2.4 GHz LNA-filter.


Introduction: A new MBBS curriculum was introduced in the Medical Faculty in 2004. In order to monitor the quality, feedback is obtained from students at regular intervals, both on completion of learning modules and at the end of longer learning phases and conveyed back to teachers through the Medical Education Centre. In this study, feedback from two consecutive batches, regarding their learning experiences in the 3rd and 4th years of study was analyzed in order to ascertain changes in student satisfaction. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to the 1st and 2nd batches of students to follow the new curriculum, at the end of their 4th year of study. Feedback was obtained on 10 learning modules; the clerkships conducted by the Faculty; and the Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, Mental Health & Ethics strands. Students were asked to indicate their satisfaction with the different learning activities in these course components and the proportion of responses indicating satisfaction were compared between batches. Findings: Completed questionnaires were returned by 158/168 students and 140/164 students in the 1st and 2nd batches respectively. The proportion of responses expressing satisfaction with specific learning activities ranged from a low of 24.3% for a 4th year module to a high of 96% for the Family Medicine Clerkship, both for the 1st batch. Comparison of the level of satisfaction with two 4th year modules where the 1st batch had expressed the lowest levels of satisfaction showed that student satisfaction with both modules increased significantly from one year to the next: from 221/909 responses (24.3%) to 451/853 (52.9%) for one module (chi-squared=152.1, P<0.001); and from 595/857 (69.4%) to 631/845 (75.7%) for the other module (chi-squared=5.81, P=0.016). Conclusions: Regular student feedback is useful in identifying course components that need improvement, and can be an effective means of initiating appropriate changes that improve the overall quality of the course.


The invention relates to a recovery purification method of cooling helium in an optical fiber production process. The method consists of: (1) installing helium recovery devices at both ends of an optical fiber cooling pipe; (2) connecting the helium recovery devices at both ends to negative pressure generators; (3) arranging a flow control adjustment device between the helium recovery devices and the negative pressure generators respectively, and ensuring that the pressure between the cooling helium, atmosphere and recovered helium maintain the relationship shown as the specification, and mounting analytical instruments between the helium recovery devices and a crude helium buffer tank; (4) concentrating the recovered helium into the crude helium buffer tank; and (5) pressurizing the crude helium in the crude helium buffer tank to a pressure required by purification, employing a process combining low temperature adsorption or pressure swing adsorption plus temperature swing adsorption and getter purification to perform purification to a high-purity helium standard. Through optimal design, the helium recovery device and the technological process give priority to the helium recovery rate, so that expensive helium can be fully recycled.


Heart failure is becoming increasingly common as the population ages. Ventricular assist devices are used as a bridge for patients whose heart failure can no longer be controlled by medication and require a heart transplant. This article examines the care, rehabilitation and education of these patients.


Electrochemical insertion/extraction reactions of spinel-type manganese oxide with Li{sup +} ions have been extensively studied from the standpoint of the development of alternative materials for secondary batteries. electrochromic properties of thin manganese oxide films have been examined for application to electrochromic materials. Electrochromism of spinel-type manganese oxide accompanying an Li{sup +}-insertion in an aqueous phase was examined by visual light spectrometry. An absorbance spectrum for lithiated manganese oxide gave lower absorbance in the wave-length range < 700 nm than did an Li{sup +}-extracted one. The greatest difference was observed at {approximately} 450 nm and is explained by the difference between the spectra for Mn{sup 3+} and Mn{sup 4+}. A reversible change in absorbance at 450 nm occurred with the Li{sup +}-insertion/extraction reaction. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that the absorbance change couples with the electrochemical response of the manganese oxide to Li{sup +} ions.


DOCTORS HAVE always guarded their professional territory, but a study presented to the conference showed some GPs take the concept literally.


The construction of elaborate courses is an important job in colleges and universities, spending a lot of money and effort. In order to make elaborate courses better realize resource sharing, the paper analyzes the problems existing in network resource construction of elaborate courses, and puts forwards the corresponding opinions and suggestions.


the parents of all the children. The parents of children with slower than average maturation did not, however, differ in their height and weight from the average levels. Morbidity in the material was caused mainly by infections. These did not have any demonstrable effect on bone maturation. Height and skeletal age were clearly correlated : both boys and girls of higher than average height also had a significantly higher skeletal age than children of below average height. I t is emphasized that national, genetical, environmental and individual variations in skeletal maturation must be accounted for when skeletal age is used in assessment of the influence of specific pathological factors, e.g. chronic diseases, on the development of children.


A soft-constrained deterministic least-squares (LS) method is presented which alleviates the signal nulling problem encountered in an adaptive beamformer with imperfect arrays. The approach uses an algorithm which is capable of solving deterministic LS minimization problems subject to multiple constraints in a recursive, adaptive manner by imposing soft constraints via the quadratic penalty function optimization method. The algorithm is implemented with a single triangular systolic array which provides a faster response by direct computation of the beamformer output with total independence of signal statistics. Computer simulations are used to assess the effectiveness of the method when used in a generalized sidelobe canceler with imperfect arrays.<<ETX>>


Key Points Question Is carotid artery stenting (CAS) during mechanical thrombectomy (MT) associated with improved functional outcome without an increase in hemorrhagic rates in patients with large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke with tandem lesions, defined as concomitant large vessel occlusion and stenosis or occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 685 patients with tandem lesions, compared with nonstenting, CAS of the cervical lesion during MT was associated with increased odds of achieving a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2, whereas the rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were similar at 90 days. Meaning These findings suggest that CAS of the cervical lesion during MT may represent an appropriate endovascular approach for patients with tandem lesions.


We have measured the energies, relative intensities, and spatial distribution of deep level defect transitions near GaN/InGaN/GaN quantum well structures using low-energy electron-excited nanoscale-luminescence (LEEN) spectroscopy. Results obtained with electron excitation energies as low as 100 eV provide evidence on an incremental, 10–20 nm scale for defects within the GaN confinement layer, their variation with distance from the quantum well, and their electronic quality relative to the GaN substrate. The InGaN quantum well and GaN near-band-edge luminescence intensities exhibit strong variations as a function of excitation depth. Combined with a model of energy-dependent penetration, diffusion, and recombination, these variations indicate a value of 25–28 nm for the minority carrier diffusion length within the GaN confinement layer. Depth-dependent spectra also reveal the presence of cubic GaN phase formation at the InGaN/GaN substrate interface of a relatively In-rich quantum well structure. The cont...


The monitoring results to show the effects of GIC on neutral harmonic currents in the Northwest of Russia power system autotransformers are presented. The analysis of the neutral current waveforms in some types of autotransformers shows a significant increase in the harmonic levels when quasi-DC current flows in the windings.


Abstract This paper investigates an alternative classification method that integrates class-based affinity propagation (CAP) clustering algorithm and maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) with the purpose of overcome the MLC limitations in the classification of high dimensionality data, and thus improve its accuracy. The new classifier was named CAP-MLC, and comprises two approaches, spectral feature selection and image classification. CAP clustering algorithm was used to perform the image dimensionality reduction and feature selection while the MLC was employed for image classification. The performance of MLC in terms of classification accuracy and processing time is determined as a function of the selection rate achieved in the CAP clustering stage. The performance of CAP-MLC has been evaluated and validated using two hyperspectral scenes from the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment (HYDICE). Classification results show that CAP-MLC observed an enormous improvement in accuracy, reaching 94.15% and 96.47% respectively for AVIRIS and HYDICE if compared with MLC, which had 85.42% and 81.50%. These values obtained by CAP-MLC improved the MLC classification accuracy in 8.73% and 14.97% for these images. The results also show that CAP-MLC performed well, even for classes with limited training samples, surpassing the limitations of MLC.


Seventy six genotypes were used to study the molecular diversity analysis for pod shattering in mungbean. The binary data of 76 mungbean germplasm used to generate dendrogram using 14 SSR markers and perform cluster analysis using the UPGMA clustering method. Microsatellite primer pairs used in the current study originated from mungbean, adzuki bean, soybean and cowpea. PIC value of 14 markers ranged from 0 (GMES4232 and CEDG012) to 0.97 (GMES0969) with average of 0.35. Among the SSR markers, marker originated from soybean showed the maximum PIC value among the genotypes studied.


Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication has been regarded as one of the most promising means to improve system throughput in the fifth-generation (5G) era. However, there exists signal blockage problem in mmWave network. We consider the combination of mmWave communication with ultradense network (UDN) and virtual cell structure. UDN allows multiple small base stations (SBSs) to be deployed within a limited area. user-centric virtual cell structure enables users to associate multiple mmWave SBSs simultaneously by using coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission technology. Therefore, we formulate user association problem for ultra-dense mmWave networks to maximize system throughput while guaranteeing quality of service (QoS) requirements of users. To solve this nonlinear binary integer programming optimization problem, a novel user association scheme based on the many - to-many two-sided matching game with externalities is proposed. To characterize the properties of proposed scheme, we prove that it converges to the two-sided exchange stability within a limited number of iterations. Simulation results show that proposed scheme significantly outperforms other schemes in improving user rate and system throughput while guaranteeing QoS requirements of users.


Turmeric sourced from six retailers was processed into a powder and adulterated with metanil yellow at concentrations of 0.0-30% w/w. A handheld near infrared (NIR) spectrometer was used to obtain spectral scans of the samples, which were preprocessed using Savitzky-Golay first derivative (SG1) approximation using 61 smoothing points and second order polynomial. The preprocessed spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) followed by classification by soft independent modeling class analogy (SIMCA) and used to group the adulterated turmeric powder samples according to the source (i.e., processor) of adulteration. Results showed the first principal component (PC1) of PCA models was sensitive to adulteration level, but when coupled with SIMCA, un-adulterated and adulterated samples could be classified according to their source despite having high levels of metanil yellow. At 5% level of significance, all of the samples were correctly classed for origin during validation. Some samples were classified under two groups, indicating possible inherent similarities. When PCA model was built using only un-adulterated samples, the PCA-SIMCA model could not classify the adulterated samples, but could classify those with very low levels [  2% (w/w)] of metanil yellow, allowing for segregation of adulterated samples but not identification of sources.The combination of NIR and PCA-SIMCA modeling is a great tool to detect not only adulterated turmeric powder but, potentially, deter it in the future as the source of adulterated food can be traced back to the source of adulteration.


This paper presents the stabilization of local peat soil from Matang, Sarawak using gypsum and fly ash. Pear soil has been identified as one of the major groups of soils found in Malaysia, which has high compressibility and low shear strength. Presence of soft or peaty soil is a major problem encountered by civil engineers in Sarawak.


In this paper, we extend the results concerning generalized derivations of prime rings in [2] and [8] for a nonzero Lie ideal of a prime ring R


We suggest the notion of perfect integrability for quantum spin chains and conjecture that quantum spin chains are perfectly integrable. We show the perfect integrability for Gaudin models associated to simple Lie algebras of all finite types, with periodic and regular quasi-periodic boundary conditions.


Technology is evolving as a new trend of its applicability in society, which is not limited only to computers, it has added connectivity with things, such as televisions, cameras, lamps, drones, robots, among others; and are close to our daily lives. Because this is a trend for the future, this article is not limited to bibliographical references. This research aims to conduct a study on the Evolution of Technology from the Industrial Revolution to Industry 4.0. Being that the technologies used in the present day are advanced of this the use of social networks in smarphone, intelligent houses and robotics with artificial intelligence. It presents the research as exploratory and explanatory about the objectives and techniques, brings bibliographic research, documentary research, websites and scientific articles. It exposes the concepts about Society in Networks, Artificial Intelligence and the definition of the Internet of Things, and a brief commentary on the changes that this technology has brought to our reality.
Key words: Tecnology. Artificial intelligence. Internet of Things. Evolution.


The "missing women" dilemma in India has sparked interest in investigating gender discrimination in the provision of health care in the country. No studies, however, have directly examined this discrimination in relation to household behavior in health care financing. We hypothesize that households who face tight budget constraints are more likely to spend their meager resources on hospitalization of boys rather than girls. We use the 60th Indian National Sample Survey and a multinomial logit model to test this hypothesis and to shed some light on this important but overlooked issue. The results reveal that while the gap in the probability of boys' and girls' hospitalization and usage of household income and savings is relatively small, the gender gap in the probability of hospitalization and usage of scarce resources is very high. Ceteris paribus, the probability of boys to be hospitalized by financing from relatively scarce sources such as borrowing, sale of assets, help from friends, etc., is much higher than that of girls. Moreover, the results indicate that the gender gap deepens as we move from the richest to poorest households.


I would like to mention an issue discussed constantly these days in the light of scientific data. It would be best to start by answering a question everyone is curious about before we start the main topic. Will this virus go away? The answer is simply "No". The virus will probably continue to exist together with us; however, one day, the pandemic will end. The only answer we can give to the question of how this pandemic will end is "scientific and social fight".
All countries throughout the entire world are fighting to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The most important among these global fights is proper medical treatment in addition to an early, rapid and accurate diagnosis. Besides, another aspect that will crown this fight is the vaccination programs. The success of this fight depends on people's accepting the vaccines.
A total of 10 of the vaccine candidates, which numbered more than 165 developed within a record time period, have achieved approval after their final stages of effectiveness tests on a large scale as of March when the whole world mobilized to produce vaccines to stop the pandemic. Unfortunately; however, a vaccine against COVID-19 is unlikely to provide full protection. Also, even if a safe and effective vaccine comes to be known, it will not be possible to reach adequate distribution worldwide within a short time period. It is estimated that the time for the distribution of a safe and effective vaccine to the population will be between the end of 2020 and early 2022. However, even in the presence of adequate vaccines, vaccination of a sufficient number of population cannot be guaranteed due to hesitations, indecisiveness, and oppositions to the vaccine.
Although vaccination is considered to be one of the most successful public health measures, an increasingly growing number of people perceive it as unsafe and unnecessary. The lack of trust in vaccines comes before us as a threat to the success of vaccination programs. Hesitation, indecision, and opposition to vaccines is an extremely important issue and requires to be dealt with. As a matter of fact, vaccines, which save approximately 2-3 million lives each year, are among the greatest achievements of the past two centuries. Vaccines, which eliminated the smallpox disease successfully, also reduced the prevalence of many important diseases greatly, such as polio and measles. Today, more than 30 infectious diseases can be controlled on a worldwide scale with the existing licensed vaccines; and it is prevented that the limited public healthcare resources are spent in vain by decreasing the burden of infectious diseases that are preventable with vaccines on the healthcare system.
The way to eliminate the detrimental effects of this pandemic depends on the implementation of effective and safe vaccines as soon as possible, and on maintaining this at high rates. An overall "herd immunity", which will be achieved with high vaccination rates, will also limit the ability of the virus to spread. Of course, how long the protective immunity to vaccines will last will determine our future regarding the virus; however, it must be kept in mind that the uncertainty we are experiencing now regarding the condition of the pandemic stems from our attitudes about vaccine rejection rather than the immune response.
In conclusion, the potential of vaccines to prevent diseases and save lives has never been more remarkable throughout history. However, the magnitude of the hesitations regarding the vaccines was not at such dimensions. As misinformation about vaccines spreads, public confusion also increases, and various hesitations occur against the vaccine. These hesitations prevent the success of scientists and the attempts to spread the vaccine. Attention should be paid not to spread misguiding information regarding the safety and effectiveness of immunization, explanations that may be misunderstood of especially those who do not know about the subject should be prevented, and necessary information should be provided regularly regarding the concerns of the public. In any case, the potential benefit of the existing effective vaccines depends on the adequate acceptance of them by society. For this reason, the most important task that stands out before us is to raise public awareness by informing society to eliminate hesitations regarding the vaccines to increase vaccine adaptation rates in the entire population.


Human-induced climate change is one of the most daunting challenges of the 21st century. Addressing climate change will require new sectors that create economically and ecologically sustainable pro...


Photographs of leaders of the Girl Guide Association, Girl Guides, Brownies and Rangers, and various activities throughout New Zealand. The first pages show the move from old headquarter buildings in Hastings to new buildings in Christchurch, in September 1961. They include the transfer of equipment by truck and by air freight, and views of different aspects of the new premises. Later views show visiting Girl Guide leaders attending conferences and training courses; ceremonial occasions attended by Lord Cobham in 1962, and by Sir Bernard and Lady Fergusson. Lady Fergusson was the Dominion President during their term in New Zealand.
One section of the album shows activities of Girl Guides and Brownies in the Cook Islands, and also in Western Samoa.
A number of the camps were attended by Girl Guides from Pacific countries, with many of the Guides named in the album.
Various activities undertaken by the Guides include the sale of Girl Guide biscuits, ANZAC Day commemorations, Thinking Day ceremonies, rallies, and the awards of special badges.
Quantity: 1 album(s) Album(s).
Physical Description: Album with blue cover, labelled in blue ink on front cover `Book 2. 1961-1967' with 1963-1968 crossed out; 38 x 52 cm


The distribution of unpaired spin in unsymmetrical aminotroponeimine complexes of divalent nickel is anomalous. It is suggested that the observations are most easily understood if the ground state of symmetrical complexes is doubly degenerate.


Abstract : Various methods of generating synthetic seismograms are reviewed and examples of recent applications of the methods are cited. Body waves, surface waves, and normal modes are considered. The analytical methods reviewed include geometric ray theory, generalized ray theory (Cagniard-de Hoop method), asymptotic ray theory, reflectivity method, full wave theory, and hybrid methods combining ray theory and mode theory. Two numerical methods, those of finite


One important pathway of the nitrogen cycle in aquatic environments is the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). In this study the composition of AOB communities was compared between fresh (lakes Plusssee and Schohsee) and brackish (Baltic Sea) water at two different levels: i) between environments and ii) within different depths in each environment. Changes in the community structure were studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone libraries of PCR products of 16S rRNA genes (rDNA) from AOB of the beta subclass of proteobacteria. Each environment displayed a particular DGGE band pattern. In Plusssee and the Baltic Sea, the differentiation of communities in epi- and metalimnion from those in hypolimnion coincided with a distinct stratification of the water column. In Schohsee with an aerobic hypolimnion, the communities at all depths were similar. AOB communities in sediments were different from those in the water column. The composition of clone libraries showed the presence of specific Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira-like sequences in each environment and habitat.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) particles and ceramic fillers on the density of PMMA denture base materials. The denture base was prepared based on the mixture of PMMA powder and MMA liquid. The density of the denture base has been modified by adding three different ratios of nitrile rubber (5, 7.5 and 10 wt %), three types of ceramic fillers (Al2O3, YSZ and SiO2, respectively) fixed at 5 wt %, 0.5% of benzoyl peroxide (PBO) and ethylene glycol dimethacryate (10 wt% EGDMA). The powder/liquid (P/L) was mixed by 2.5:1 g ratio. At 10 wt% of NBR the denture base density has reduced to 50%. Furthermore, the addition of ceramic fillers together with NBR particles has also reduced the denture base density. The density data was statistically analysed by on-way (ANOVA) and the values were significantly effect when addition of rubber particles in PMMA denture base composite (p < 0.05).Therefore, the density issue can be easily adjusted in retention and stability of denture base in the patient mouth.


New public management (NPM) has fitted public services into quasimarket models and introduced punishments and rewards to produce better services with lesser staff. Instead of having freed energies and creativity of the employees formerly shackled by their bureaucratic turfs, NPM reforms have bound energies into theatrical audit performances at the cost of work and killed creativity in centralizing resources and hollowing out the professional autonomy. Neglecting basic work has affected the sense of self-efficacy of the employees, thus thwarting the main reward of public calling. It cannot be compensated by money (and more money is not available). Fundamental deprivation of the legitimacy of public employees and the inability of the result and quality measurements to cover the contents of their work have traumatized many most-committed employees and driven others toward a Soviet-type double standard. Mutual trust is undermined and Western societies are sliding toward the failed states of Third World in lacking predictability. This tendency may be stopped and win–win situation between public employers, employees, and clients created, if employees could concentrate on the contents of their work (producing happiness) instead of changing organizations and defending themselves by numbers (producing malignant stress).


The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between intellectual capital (IC) and firms' financial leverage by exploring whether firm profitability mediates this relationship, using a dataset of Chinese agricultural listed companies during the period of 2014–2020. Financial leverage is measured by the debt-to-asset ratio, and IC is measured via the modified value-added intellectual coefficient (MVAIC) model. The results reveal that financial leverage is lower in firms with higher levels of IC, and IC positively affects firm profitability. In addition, firm profitability partially mediates the relationship between IC and financial leverage. When MVAIC is disaggregated into its four components, firm profitability has a partially mediating effect on the relationship between physical and human capitals and financial leverage. This paper might provide corporate managers with a clear understanding of IC's impact on firm indebtedness.


AIMS AND METHOD

We sought to determine the prevalence of long-term benzodiazepine prescribing in patients with schizophrenia occupying psychiatric rehabilitation beds. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 11 National Health Service trusts.

RESULTS

Almost 10% of patients occupying rehabilitation beds had a diagnosis of schizophrenia and received long-term benzodiazepines in combination with one or more antipsychotics.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Our results are consistent with those of other authors and show that benzodiazepines are frequently used in the long-term in patients with schizophrenia despite a lack of open acknowledgement of this practice and a paucity of objective data to support its efficacy.


Labour is a physiological process which is associated with most severe pain. Goal of labour analgesia should be to ensure painless labour without any side effect. Various methods have been used to alleviate pain during labour but the only consistently effective method is lumbar epidural analgesia. Since higher doses of local anaesthetics cause undesirable effects like motor block and hemodynamic changes, adjuvants like opioids are used.
The present study evaluates the clinical effectiveness of continuous lumbar epidural for vaginal delivery using 0.0625% bupivacaine with 2.5 mcg/ml of fentanyl.
Materials and Methods: 91 patients admitted to Lalladed hospital govt medical college Srinagar for vaginal delivery and who were in active labour were given first loading dose of 10ml 0.25% plain bupivacaine via epidural catheter followed by continuous epidural infusion of 0.0625% bupivacaine with 2.5 mcg/ml fentanyl @ 12ml/hr. the parturients were assessed for onset and duration of analgesia, hemodynamics, sensory block, mode of delivery, and APGAR(neonatal outcome).
Results: Onset of analgesia was significantly faster(10 min). The duration of analgesia was also longer. There were no significant hemodynamic changes. No motor block was seen. 1 min and 5 min APGAR scores were comparable.
Conclusion: It was concluded that epidural labour analgesia with low dose bupivacaine (0.0625%) with fentanyl (2.5mcg/ml) given through continuous infusion technique provides good pain relief to the parturient in labour with increased maternal satisfaction without significant maternal or fetal side effects.

Keywords: Labour analgesia, Bupivacaine, Fentanyl, Epidural analgesia.


Both four-wing saltbush and sweet clover have been shown in previous studies to accumulate moderate amounts of selenium when grown in seleniferous soils. Because these plants are used as forage by both wildlife and domestic livestock, and four-wing saltbush is a shrub used in reclamation plantings, knowledge of factors which influence the uptake of selenium by these plants would be useful. A greenhouse study was undertaken to measure the effect of root infection by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae 01 AM) on plant selenium uptake. Yellow sweet clover easily fonns associations with V AM fungi; four -wing saltbush has been shown to become mycorrhizal as well. Both plant species are capable of growing without V AM, so the effect of the V AM can be measured in a controlled setting. A greenhouse pot experiment used a seleniferous soil containing native mycorrhizal propagules obtained near Laramie, Wyoming. Additional selenium was added to the pots as sodium selenite or sodium seleriate. Fourwing saltbush and yellow sweet clover were grown in the soil, using steamed soil as a V AM control. Extent of · establishment of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations, levels of plant seleniwn, and levels of soil selenium were measured. The presence of mycorrhizal associations are expected to enhance plant uptake of selenium from seleniferous soils by the increased root absorption area created by the associated mycelia, and demonstration of the association of mycorrhizae with elevated plant selenium levels can then possibly elucidate some of the selenium bioaccumulation behavior of these plant species. Additional


Received: 27 March 2021 Accepted: 12 June 2021 Sodinokibi Ransomware virus becomes a severe threat by targeting data encryption on a server, and this virus infection continues to spread to encrypt data on other computers. This study aims to mitigate by experiment with building a prevention system through computer network management. The mitigation process is carried out through static, dynamic, and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) analysis to prevent the impact of attacks through programmatic network management. SDN consists of two main components in its implementation, the Ryu controller and Open Virtual Switch (OVS). Result testing mitigation system on infected networks by crippling TCP internet protocol access can reduce virus spread by 17.13% and suppress Sodinokibi traffic logs by up to 73.97%. Based on the percentage data, SDN-based mitigation in this study is per the objectives to make it possible to mitigate Ransomware attacks on computer network traffic.


With advances in the computer technology and the World Wide Web there has been an explosion in the amount and complexity of multimedia data that are generated, stored, transmitted, analyzed, and accessed. This ever increasing amount of multimedia data creates a need for new stylish methods to get back the information one is looking for (1). Thus content-based image retrieval attracted many researchers of various fields. Retrieval of Images from Image library using appropriate features extracted from the content of Image is currently an active research area. For the intention of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) an up-to-date comparison of state-of-the-art low-level color and texture feature extraction approach is discussed(1),(2). This Paper Elaborates Review of Content Based Image Retrieval Methods and Different Type of Features Used in This Retrieval and Their Properties Image Retrieval with interactive Relevance feedback improve retrieval performance. Our aim is to select the most informative images with respect to the query image by ranking the retrieved images.


Here is a summary of all responses as of 24 March 1985. The potentially most intriguing questions were those concerning the Industrial Advisory Committe e and the Executive Committee quotas. An intriguing lack of correlation among answers to questions 5 and 6 makes it interesting to examine the two questions together .


Regarding the special requirement of vertical upward hole pneumatic charge,some influencing factors were analyzed in the production of emulsion-ANFO in terms of its the parameters like the formulation of emulsion matrix,the temperature and quantity of mixed of emulsion matrix,the viscosity of emulsion matrix and the prill ammonium nitrate and so on.A good production technology of emulsion-ANFO,with some extent of cohesiveness and flowability was established.


In this paper we introduce new efficient method of light reflectance modulation that is the modulation of energy of hot electrons or holes by longitudinal current that flows along the structure. The experiment was performed with molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure with strained InGaAs quantum well. Thus the longitudinal current modulated light reflectance (LCMR) method introduced in this paper is evidently more efficient than traditional photoreflectance and photoluminescence methods.


The seven French agencies concerned by ocean research are developing together a strong capability in operational oceanography based on a triad including satellite altimetry (JASON), numerical modelling with assimilation (MERCATOR), and in-situ data (CORIOLIS).


Optical microresonators are of paramount importance in photonic circuits requiring fine spectral filtering or resonant light recirculation. Key performance metrics improve with increasing resonance quality factor (Q) across all applications. The performance of silicon photonic circuits is often hampered by the low-quality factor of planar silicon microresonators, typically of Q~104-5. On the other hand, bulk whispering gallery mode resonators provide a wide range of materials with intriguing optical properties and exceptionally high resonant quality factors Q>107. However, the efficient coupling between bulk resonators and planar Si photonic waveguides is considered challenging, if not impossible, due to remarkably large mismatch in size and refractive index. Here, we show an efficient method to couple bulk resonators and Si waveguides based on subwavelength metamaterial engineering of silicon. Based on this approach, we experimentally demonstrate coupling between 220-nm-thick Si waveguides and bulk microresonators made of silica, lithium niobate and calcium fluoride with diameters in the 0.3-3.5 mm range, achieving high coupling efficiency of 75-99% and exceptional Q of 106-107. These results open a new route for the heterogeneous integration of bulk resonators and silicon photonic circuits, with great potential for applications in sensing, microwave-photonics, and quantum photonics, to name a few.


The rugose spiralling whitefly is an invasive sucking pest on horticultural crops found in India. Elimination of endomicrobial communities harboured in hosts through antibiotic treatments adversely affects the fitness parameters of rugose spiralling whitefly. Keeping this in view, the present study aimed to evaluate the ovicidal action of antibiotics against rugose spiralling whiteflies reared on four host plants. Antibiotics with varied modes of action were erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, carbenicillin and cefotaxime and were applied to coconut, banana, sapota and guava leaves for whitefly oviposition. Antibiotic treatment, carbenicillin 100 μg/mL + ciprofloxazin 5 μg/mL significantly (p<0.05) reduced the oviposition and % egg hatchability of whiteflies reared in coconut (13 eggs/spiral and 61.54%), banana (15 eggs/spiral and 60.00%), sapota (15 eggs/spiral and 66.67%) and guava (16 eggs/spiral and 56.25%). The reduction in the number of eggs per spiral and hatchability percentage proved that antibiotic treatments significantly (P<0.05) reduced rugose spiralling whitefly fecundity. Antibiotic material affects the fitness parameters of whitefly by disrupting the endomicrobial communities associated with whitefly. Antibacterial materials have a potential plant protection role in the management of whiteflies by reducing population growth.


The main purpose of surface casing and the associated blowout preventer (BOP) system is to contain any well pressure that may be encountered while drilling to total depth or the next casing depth. Not only does this mean that the casing and BOP should be sufficient to withstand the pressure exerted upon them, but also the depth of the casing shoe should be such that the formation will not break down under the influence of this pressure. The latter condition could lead to an internal blowout and subsequent cratering to surface. Design consideration for surface casing must encompass fracture propagation theory, pore pressure and kick volume estimates, and associated casing pressure calculations. A worked example from the Bass Basin gives a safe and effective design when these are applied. These design considerations also have an impact on the procedures for pressure testing casing, BOP, and formation which are valid when compared with the existing statutory requirements of Australia, Norway and the USA. Although the operator is responsible for correct casing design, the various statutory bodies have a role to technically challenge and modify drilling and casing programs, and the procedures outlined give the foundations on which to build an acceptable casing scheme.


ABSTRACT Social media is a defining part of contemporary communication. College-aged students, as frequent users of these platforms, are often aware of their functionality but less knowledgeable about their additional impact beyond social networking. In sum, these platforms intersect with a vast legal landscape that can be difficult for even the most avid users to navigate. Thus, this course and its primary project are designed as a "Know Your Rights" primer, equipping students with the skills and knowledge necessary to use social media responsibly in both personal and professional contexts. Each student creates a primer that consist of three central chapters—(1) Social Media Self-Assessment, (2) In-Depth Platform Analysis, and (3) Legal Considerations—that train them to articulate, analyze, and apply their digital rights across the most commonly used social media platforms. Ultimately, students learn how to navigate an online world better that many believe they have already mastered and are empowered to think twice before they click once. Courses Media Studies, Digital Communication, Introduction to Mass Communication, Communication Ethics, Social Media. Objectives Through this course and its primary project, students will learn to: (1) explain their individual rights as they pertain specifically to social media and more broadly to the U.S. Constitution; (2) describe ways new and emerging communication technologies have reshaped, and continue to impact, issues related to law, justice, and social relations generally; (3) critique how social media, Internet television, and other communication technologies have affected their own understandings of privacy and law; (4) classify the differences among social media platforms' evolutions, as well as their terms of use and data privacy policies; and (5) recognize the potential positive and negative ramifications of their personal online media presence.


A successful TQM implementation requires employees' engagement in extra‐role behaviors. This study identified and examined the critical factors embedded in the organizational system that may enhance or hinder employees' participation in TQM activities. Factors including individual training and project involvement, job characteristics, organizational structure, social support, and employees' self‐efficacy were expected to influence employees' extra‐role behaviors, e.g. continuous quality improvement activities. A study model was tested with the empirical data collected from a city government in the USA. A total of 848 surveys were returned (overall response rate of 38 per cent). Three factors that most strongly predicted employees' practices of TQM were: a standardized organizational structure, interpersonal support of the organization, and employees' self‐efficacy. Individuals' project involvement and training had no direct effect on the practices of quality management, but had indirect positive effects through the impact of self‐efficacy. The suggestions for designing a TQM training program were discussed.


Watershed models are useful to assess and quantify stormwater runoff, upland and stream (bed and bank) erosion, sedimentation, and contamination of water. The models are useful to evaluate alternative solutions to flooding, erosion, sedimentation, and water quality problems. Many watershed models are available today and those are diverse with various complexities, strengths, and weaknesses. Selecting the most appropriate model to achieve the most accurate, efficient and economic solution possible is a challenging task, especially for the water resources managers who may not be specialized on modeling although they are the ultimate users of the models and responsible for the modeling results. Meeting the needs and concerns of these end-users is a key factor in the model selection process. The objective of the paper is to address the needs, concerns, issues and challenges of the managers while selecting a watershed model for stormwater management. From a manager's perspective, cost, need versus return on investment, integration with other program needs or invested systems, ease of model use and interpretation of results, range of model applicability, guarantee of better results with detailed information-data or model sophistication, comprehension of model and results for interpretation to stakeholders, and model limitations and intended uses are key factors. It is extremely important to know the models well to make the best choices for which complete and transparent documentation of the models and extensive education and training are critical.


ABSTRACT In this note we introduce a new class of boundary kernels for distribution function estimation which shows itself to be especially performing when the classical kernel distribution function estimator suffers from severe boundary problems.


F ractures of the clavicle and acromioclavicular (AC) separations are common injuries in adults and have fairly good individual prognoses. Isolated clavicular fractures account for 2.6--4% of all adult fractures and 35% of shoulder girdle injuries. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the fracture and the patient characteristics. The widely accepted dogma has been that most clavicular fractures can be treated nonoperatively, are associated with low nonunion rates, and achieve excellent functional recovery. Recent studies suggest that widely displaced or comminuted fractures resulting from high-energy trauma have a propensity for adverse outcomes with nonoperative treatment and that early operative fixation might lead to improved function and patient satisfaction. AC joint injuries also are common, often resulting from a direct superior blow to the shoulder. These injuries are most commonly classified according to the Rockwood system, with Types I through III usually being the result of lower energy, sports, or fall-related mechanisms. Higher grade Types IV and V AC dislocations cause complete disruption of the stabilizing AC and coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments and displacement of the distal clavicle through the deltotrapezius fascia. Operative fixation of these injuries currently is standard practice. Combined AC separation and clavicular fracture in the same shoulder is rare and has been reported in only a few patients. It is thought that this entity is the result of high-energy trauma to the shoulder with poor outcomes if treated nonoperatively. Various surgical techniques to treat this type of floating clavicle injury have been described in the literature, with no consensus on the best approach to stabilize this injury. We herein present a patient with combined AC separation and clavicular fracture treated with dual plating of the clavicle and AC joint, using a clavicular hook plate in addition to a conventional limited contact dynamic compression plate. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication.


The tumorigenesis is the result of the accumulation of multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes changes. Co-infection of avian leucosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), as two oncogenic retroviruses, showed synergistic pathogenic effects characterized by enhanced tumor initiation and progression. The molecular mechanism underlying synergistic effects of ALV-J and REV on the neoplasia remains unclear. Here, we found co-infection of ALV-J and REV enhanced the ability of virus infection, increased viral life cycle, maintained cell survival and enhanced tumor formation. We combined the high-throughput proteomic readout with a large-scale miRNA screening to identify which molecules are involved in the synergism. Our results revealed co-infection of ALV-J and REV activated a latent oncogene of KIAA1199 and inhibited the expression of tumor suppressor miR-147. Further, enhanced KIAA1199, down-regulated miR-147, activated NF-κB and EGFR were demonstrated in co-infected tissues and tumor. Mechanistically, we showed ALV-J and REV synergistically enhanced KIAA1199 by activation of NF-κB and EGFR signalling pathway, and the suppression of tumor suppressor miR-147 was contributed to maintain the NF-κB/KIAA1199/EGFR pathway crosstalk by targeting the 3'UTR region sequences of NF-κB p50 and KIAA1199. Our results contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of viral synergistic tumorgenesis, which provided the evidence that suggested the synergistic actions of two retroviruses could result in activation of latent pro-oncogenes. Author summary The tumorigenesis is the result of the accumulation of multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes changes. Co-infection with ALV-J and REV showed synergistic pathogenic effects characterized by enhanced tumor progression, however, the molecular mechanism on the neoplasia remains unclear. Our results revealed co-infection of ALV-J and REV promotes tumorigenesis by both induction of a latent oncogene of KIAA1199 and suppression of the expression of tumor suppressor miR-147. Mechanistic studies revealed that ALV-J and REV synergistically enhance KIAA1199 by activation of NF-κB and EGFR signalling pathway, and the suppression of tumor suppressor miR-147 was contributed to maintain the NF-κB/KIAA1199/EGFR pathway crosstalk by targeting the 3'UTR region sequences of NF-κB p50 and KIAA1199. These results provided the evidence that suggested the synergistic actions of two retroviruses could result in activation of latent pro-oncogenes, indicating the potential preventive target and predictive factor for ALV-J and REV induced tumorigenesis.


ABSTRACT The main aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of Institute of Geodesy at Graz University of Technology (ITSG) daily gravity field models in the determination of hydrological angular momentum (HAM) at nonseasonal time scales. We compared the equatorial components (χ1 and χ2) of HAM calculated with the ITSG daily gravity field models (ITSG-Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment [ITSG-GRACE] 2016 and ITSG-GRACE 2018) with HAM and sea-level angular momentum (SLAM) from hydrological land surface discharge model (LSDM) and the hydrological signal in the polar motion excitation (known as geodetic residuals [GAO]). Data from ITSG have a daily temporal resolution and allow us to determine oscillations with higher frequencies than the more commonly used monthly data. We limited our study to the period between 2004 and 2011 because of the gaps in GRACE observations before and after this period. We evaluated HAM obtained from ITSG GRACE models in spectral and time domains and determined the amplitude spectra of the analyzed series in the spectral range from 2 to 120 days. Our analyses confirm the existence of a sub-monthly signal in the HAM series determined from ITSG daily data. We observed a similar signal in LSDM-based HAM, but with notably weaker amplitudes. We also observed common peaks around 14 days in the amplitude spectra for the GAO- and ITSG-based series, which may be related to the Earth's tides. ITSG daily gravity field models can be useful to determine the equatorial components of HAM at nonseasonal time scales.


Macroalgae of the order Laminariales (kelps) are important marine coastal primary producers with prime significance for ecosystem function. Important factors influencing their distribution include light and temperature but the molecular basis of kelp responses to these factors is poorly understood. We therefore constructed a comprehensive cDNA library from RNA sampled under various light and temperature regimes, as a basis for future studies about the mechanisms and pathways involved in acclimation to light and temperature stress in Saccharina latissima. A total of 400 503 ESTs was assembled into 28 803 contigs. We were able to assign putative functions or orthology relationships to more than 10 000 contigs by BLASTx, Interpro protein-motif annotation, or Gene Ontology (GO). The most frequent Interpro protein domains found in the cDNA library were the protein kinase-like domain, serine/threonine-protein kinase-like domain, and NAD(P)-binding and thioredoxin-like fold domain. Enzyme code (EC) annotation yielded attributions for 480 contigs, providing a total of 625 ECs, which could be mapped to 85 biochemical pathways. Comparative genomics of S. latissima and Ectocarpus siliculosus indicated that our cDNA library gave a genome coverage of approximately 70%, assuming similar gene numbers in both species. GO term occurrence in S. latissima and E. siliculosus showed a similar distribution pattern among the root ontologies biological process, molecular function and cellular component. Comparative protein domain annotation of S. latissima und E. siliculosus showed that, probably due to the chosen stress conditions, the domains 'thioredoxin fold', 'thioredoxin-like fold', 'heat shock protein 70', and 'bromoperoxidase/chloroperoxidase C-terminal' are over-represented in the cDNA library.


and perceptive commentary, including appendixes listing the whereabouts of copies of the 1509, 1513 and 1515 editions, scriptural texts referred to, Zwingli's marginal notes, and a series of useful indexes. The volume of commentary deals, of course, with the texts, the sources of Lefevre's own commentary, which turns out to be largely independent of the Fathers, although there are verbal reminiscences of Athanasius, its firm setting in medieval theological debate, although here Lefevre is selective, and the theology underlying the commentary, which scores heavily for intelligence and sensitivity. Lefevre has suffered from interpreters who wished to make him Lutheran, Calvinist or counter-reformatory avant la Uttre, who regarded him as the last flowering of medieval exegesis or the glorious precursor of renaissance critical scholarship. Of course he was none of these things entirely, with wisps of all of them. His theology of the Psalms is clearly Christocentric, which is a surprise to anyone who knows the 1499 commentary on the Pseudo-Denys. The spirituality is that of the devotio modema. The theology of the names of God is Trinitarian. The treatment of the great theological questions is marked above all by Lefevre's sensitivity to his readers' problems, interests and religious experience rather than by any dogmatic parti pris. This is a remarkable and entirely welcome study on which its author is to be congratulated, not only for his considerable scholarship, but above all for his nuanced interpretation of Lefevre's work and his refusal to impose false perspectives on it.


A s it happened, I was not living with the students in the University of Washington study abroad program I was codirecting, but rather I was house-sitting in an all-white suburb of Cape Town, South Africa, during the week that I read the two books under review. Thus doubly displaced from my Seattle home, in a location at once both postcolonial and neocolonial, I read with keen interest Katherine Bassard's and Shirley Logan's well-researched and compelling studies of African Americans' performances of community and cultural productions. Spiritual Interrogations opens with Bassard's own account of standing in a Ghanaian slave port, meditating on the meaning of diaspora for American blacks. Similarly, We Are Coming traces in black women's public discourse "a strong sense of African origins and a prevailing respect for the power of the word to effect change among a displaced people who needed to recall a proud heritage" (24). An earnest commitment to the advancement of black women's writing permeates these exciting new contributions to diverse fields of study, among them (African) American and women's studies, history, rhetoric and composition, literature, and religion. Bassard's title refers to the "practice of reading black women's intertextuality" (5). This theoretical approach is more "a matrix of critical discursive interventions rather than a 'methodology'" (5), and Bassard applies it deftly to intelligent, original readings of works by four preemancipation authors. Conjoining her notion of a "spirituals matrix" to Houston Baker's blues


In this work we seek evidence for global torsional oscillations in alpha sunspots. We have used long time series of continuum intensity and magnetic field vector maps from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) spacecraft. The time series analysed here span the total disk passage of 25 isolated sunspots. We found no evidence of global long-term periodic oscillations in the azimuthal angle of the sunspot magnetic field within $\sim$ 1 degree. This study could help us to understand the sunspot dynamics and its internal structure.


This paper describes a method, with which the vector form of Chinese characters can be converted to dot-matrix form, and then contouring of that can be made. The contour line of Chinese character can not only be attained, but also be magnified smoothly in this way.


The issue of trying to reconstruct the initial conditions of the clustering process is a delicate one. Many attempts have been done in the past, with
approximation methods such as the Zel'dovich one. However this method has a main drawback: it fails to describe the dynamics after shell-crossing. Therefore
new methods have been developed, like the frozen-flow approximation, which overcomes the problems of caustic formation and can be implemented, following the idea behind
the adhesion model, in order to obtain the so called viscid-flow approximation.


Lately, there have been huge research interests in developing micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) for various biological and medical applications. These bioMEMS based devices are considered instrumental to develop many life-saving biomedical technologies. To this end, a number of studies have focused on the developments of bioMEMS in the field of molecular biology, biotechnology, medicine, biochemical and material sciences and also in microsystems technology. The applications of bioMEMS are extensive that include diagnostic research, drug delivery, therapeutics, tissue engineering, biosensors and lab-on-a-chip systems for regenerative medicine, to name a few. Here, we present a perspective on the important breakthroughs in bioMEMS including the advances in microfabrication, monitoring and modulating cellular activities along with notable applications of bioMEMS in the modern healthcare sector.


This study reports on the investigations of (1) the effectiveness of receptive and productive learning tasks in acquiring receptive and productive...


Variable-temperature 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra are reported for 1,3-diacylimidazolidines, 1,3-diacylhexahydropyrimidines, and 1,3,5-triacylhexahydro-sym-triazines. Peaks for the individual conformers found at low temperature were assigned by using model compounds, from relative intensities, and by internal consistencies. Conformer populations are deduced and compared with those calculated assuming energy differences arise only from dipole-dipole interactions and good agreement is noted.


An NMOS integrated circuit is described that provides all the modulation, demodulation-filtering, and data-buffering functions for a 1200-b/s full-duplex voice-band modem. This modem is compatible with the Bell 212A modem, the Racal-Vadic 2400 modem, and the CCITT V.22 recommendation. All of the modems, options, and alternatives supported by these modems are also supported by the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit uses switched-capacitor signal processing circuit technology. This technique uses charge storage on-ratioed capacitors and allows the design of filters, amplifiers, automatic gain control elements, voltage-controlled oscillators, Hilbert filters, phase-locked loops, and a fully adaptive equalizer to be implemented on the same integrated circuit as the digital functions, which include the clock generation circuits and the transmit and receive buffers. Performance measurements show that the IC meets the bit error rate standard at 12-dB signal-to-noise ratio.


Introduction Making health-related decisions can be difficult due to the amount and complexity of information available. Audio-visual information may improve memory for health information but whether audio-visual information can enhance health-related decisions has not been explored using quantitative methods. The objective of this systematic review is to understand how effective audio-visual information is for informing health-related decision-making compared with audio-only or visual-only information. Methods and analysis Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) will be included if they include audio-visual and either audio-only or visual-only information provision and decision-making in a health setting. Studies will be excluded if they are not reported in English. Twelve databases will be searched including: Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed and PsychINFO. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (V.7) will be used to assess risk of bias in included RCTs. Results will be synthesised primarily using a meta-analysis; where quantitative data are not reported, a narrative synthesis will be used. Ethics and dissemination No ethical issues are foreseen. Data will be disseminated via academic publication and conference presentations. Findings may also be published in scientific newsletters and magazines. This review is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021255725.


Many real-world problems not only have complicated nonconvex functional constraints but also use a large number of data points. This motivates the design of efficient stochastic methods on finite-sum or expectation constrained problems. In this paper, we design and analyze stochastic inexact augmented Lagrangian methods (Stoc-iALM) to solve problems involving a nonconvex composite (i.e. smooth+nonsmooth) objective and nonconvex smooth functional constraints. We adopt the standard iALM framework and design a subroutine by using the momentum-based variance-reduced proximal stochastic gradient method (PStorm) and a postprocessing step. Under certain regularity conditions (assumed also in existing works), to reach an $\varepsilon$-KKT point in expectation, we establish an oracle complexity result of $O(\varepsilon^{-5})$, which is better than the best-known $O(\varepsilon^{-6})$ result. Numerical experiments on the fairness constrained problem and the Neyman-Pearson classification problem with real data demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms an existing method with the previously best-known complexity result.


This paper explores the application of a wavelet neural network (WNN), whose hidden layer is comprised of neurons with adjustable wavelets as activation functions, to stock prediction. We discuss some basic rationales behind technical analysis, and based on which, inputs of the prediction system are carefully selected. This system is tested on Istanbul Stock Exchange National 100 Index and compared with traditional neural networks. The results show that the WNN can achieve very good prediction accuracy.


Objective  This study reports the results of injectable silicone PTQTM implants for faecal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter (IAS) dysfunction.


Korean distant water tuna longline fishery commenced in 1966 in the Atlantic Ocean. Since then, it has become one of the most important fisheries of Korea. By early of 1970s, total amount of tuna caught in the Atlantic Ocean was the highest among other Korean distant water tuna fisheries, but has be...


This paper has three goals. First, it responds to calls for additional research on subgroup differences in situational judgment tests. Second, it expands the cumulative knowledge on the incremental validity of situational judgment tests beyond cognitive ability and personality. Third, it examines the validity and incremental validity of various predictors for both task and contextual performance.


According to the current Slovene Orthography (Slovenski pravopis, 2001) and the Standard Slovene Dictionary (Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika, 1995), the Standard Slovene language is characterized not only by the dynamic but also by the so-called tonemic word accentuation (or intonation rather), also referred to as 'pitch accent'. Features of this 'tonemicity' of certain Slovene dialects were first discussed already in the 19th century (Skrabec, 1870, Valjavec, 1878-95), further analyzed in detail by Toporisic (1978, 2000) and discussed more recently also by Srebot Rejec (2000). The tonemic accent is very difficult to acquire in the process of education because it requires the capacity of distinguishing between different pitch levels and pitch movements. As a rule, tonemicity is only acquired by Slovene speakers spontaneously and unconsciously in the process of language acquisition, of course only in those Slovene dialectal areas in which this accent exists. The paper presents the results of three surveys testing Slovene native speakers' perception of tonemic and non-tonemic intonation, taking into account the subjects' dialectal origin. We tested the 'acceptability' of tonemic intonation as an element of spoken Slovene used in public presentations, in affirmative sentences (all three surveys) and in yes-no questions (two surveys only), because tonemic accent is necessarily influenced by sentence intonation. In addition to this, we tested the level of acceptability of intentionally incorrect intonation of individual lexical items within intonation units, in particular using the so-called 'low-pitched' accent in those lexical items that should be 'high-pitched' both in tonemic and non-tonemic dialects.


With the internationalization of economy and trade,international accounting work in our lives assume an increasingly important role,because of its growing importance,it also makes various vocational colleges pay more attention on "English Accounting" course,so this course also puts forward higher requirements."English Accounting" course content is based on U.S.GAAP-based accounting teaching,but it is implemented with the current Chinese accounting,so the standards are quite different,which allows "English Accounting" produced a great deal of difficulty in Chinese actual classroom teaching implementation process.Therefore,according to my past experience in teaching this lesson,considering the needs of students in vocational colleges,the author has done the following research and reform suggestions on the teaching system of this course.


110 gastric disease samples stored in liquid nitrogen,89 fresh gastric disease samples after operation and 80 fresh tissues obtained from gastroscope were investigated using mid-FTIR ATR method.At the same time,the spectra of gastric tumor of six patients were measured in vivo in the process of operation using mid-IR fiber optics technique.The detected indexes from IR were compared with the pathological biopsy and the results show that various indexes are in agreement with the results of pathological diagnosis more than 90%.The same consequences were observed for fresh tissues and samples in vivo detection.To investigate the difference of the incidence of this disease in south and north of China,80 fresh tissues from gastroscope,including various types of gastric diseases,for example,superficial gastritis,chronic gastritis,moderate atrophic gastritis and severe atrophic gastritis,and so on,obtained from Hangzhou First People's Hospital were measured.The spectroscopic measurements show that different stages of pathologic changes of stomach have corresponding spectroscopic characteristics.The results demonstrate that mid-IR ATR method is an effective way for detection of various gastritis diseases and carcinoma of stomach.


The experimental work has been carried out at the Department of Earth Science , University of Bergen. HS wishes to thank Prof. Reidar Lovlie at the Department of Earth Science for his generous support of the project and for providing a travel fund. Today's EMF can be described through satellite measurement derived field models (IGRF International Geomagnetic Reference Field, Figure 1.) The EMF is described by the magnetic elements, visualized in Figure 2. By choosing appropriate elements observed at a given locality, it is in principle possible to determine the geographic position of this locality by comparing these values with the IGRF (see Figure 1). By measuring and storing magnetic element-readings from a registration tag attached to a fish, recovering the tag will potentially enable tracking the migration pattern. The earth is immersed in its EMF – consequently the proposed concept may be applied globally.


Pulsed surface discharge on the surface of ceramics was investigated experimentally. Photon counting method was applied to clarify preceding phase of the discharges. The results indicated the effect of charge injection from electrodes. Pulsed surface discharge reactor for decomposition of nitrogen oxides utilizing honeycomb ceramics was proposed. Framing and streak observation was carried out with image converter cameras. Emission spectra from the discharge were investigated with spectrometer. Uniform surface discharges on honeycomb ceramics were successfully obtained utilizing pulsed power generator with a SI-thyristor.


It has been suggested that in the Dirichlet problem there is something essentially antagonistic between the utmost degree of generality attainable as regards the geometrical character of the boundary and the utmost of generality attainable as regards the boundary values assumed over this boundary. The purpose of this paper is to show that the solution of the Dirichlet problem merely for continuous boundary conditions at once entrains the unique determination of a harmonic function correlated with discontinuous boundary conditions of a very general sort. The logical tool employed to this end is the Daniell intégrait In the stress laid on generalized types of integration this paper is closely akin to one of G. C. Evans,t but it appears to the author that though the theory of Evans gives more detailed information concerning the character of the solutions of the Dirichlet problem in the neighborhood of the boundary, it is less direct than the present theory, and less extensible to regions of infinite connectivity or higher dimensionality.


Abstract In Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall Anne Brontë calls into question the conventional rearing of boys in the middle and upper classes in Victorian England. She exposes how many fathers fail to instil the prerequisite values of Victorian manliness in their sons. Instead of producing chivalric young gentleman, they create future tyrants, who abuse their masculine privilege and primogeniture. These fathers often laud their sons' unmanly behaviour towards women and girls, as a means of separating their sons from 'petticoat government'. Anne Brontë also offers an alternative model of fatherhood through Gilbert Markham whose paternal affection for young Arthur eventually wins over Helen Huntingdon's affections.


An edge preserving image reconstruction approach for emission tomography is presented, in which the image x is modeled by a space-variant prior distribution P(x) based on anisotropic diffusion. By adaptively smoothing pixels in regions with small intensity fluctuations while preserving sharp edges, anisotropic diffusion works well in extracting boundaries for images which comprise smooth regions separated by discontinuities. This boundary information is incorporated into the reconstruction algorithm by means of space-variant simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) processes. To further reduce the noise effect and to improve boundary extraction, P(a) is defined in the wavelet domain. Wavelet transform (WT) decomposes x into subbands with distinctive characteristics, and each subband is modeled by a SAR process whose coefficients are determined according to the spatial features of the subband for a more accurate prior description. An iterative algorithm similar to the EM algorithm is proposed to solve the formulated image reconstruction problem. This algorithm is stable and converges in all the experiments performed so far, and its convergence has been proven for the case where the SAR coefficients are fixed.<<ETX>>


SUBTITLE: COSTS HAVE DROPPED AND PRODUCTIVITY HAS IMPROVED, BUT MUCH REMAINS TO BE DONE: NEW PORT PROJECTS ON THE HORIZON.


It is considered the peculiarities of the transport properties of a nonideal plasma of underwater discharges at pressure range from 1 up to 200 bar. The transport coefficient set based on the Grad's method is compared with the data obtained by using of the Lorentzian plasma theory at the same plasma composition. Also, the calculation data are considered to be in reference with transport coefficients obtained by using the Chapman-Enskog' method. It is pointed that the nonideality effects are needed to take into consideration under calculation of properties of underwater discharge. PACS: 52.25.Fi ,52.25.Qt, 52.27.Fg, 52.27.Gr, 52.50.Nr, 52.70.Kz,52.77.Fv, 52.80.Wq


In this study, the identification of major ontogenetic events and the duration of the fresh water and estuarine phases before the seaward exit of young allis shad Alosa alosa were investigated retrospectively, using the otoliths of spawners. Daily growth increment periodicity in the otoliths was validated with an accuracy of 4 days (9·4%) for fish >30 days. The specific limits of the Sr:Ca ratios in the otoliths, indicating fish movements between salinity 'compartments', were up to 1·1 ×10−3 for the freshwater phase, 1·1 to 1·9 × 10−3 for the estuarine phase and 1·9 × 10−3 for the marine phase. In early life history, a major event occured at 22 days, which was marked on the otoliths by a change in the direction of the otolith growth axis. This event was related to a change in larval swimming behaviour. Juvenile freshwater residence time was between 58 and 123 days, with a median duration of 88 days. Contrary to what has been estimated in previous studies, the present study showed that the estuarine phase lasted from 4 to 36 days, with a median value of 11 days. Seaward exit occurred in fish aged from 63 to 150 days, with a median age of 99 days. These results have important implications for the sustainable management of this species.


The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America and the Third World. 2004. By ROBERT WILLLIAM FOGEL. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xx + 191. £16.99 paperback. IS...


The charge collection efficiency (CCE) of high resistivity silicon detectors, previously neutron irradiated up to 2/spl times/10/sup 15/ n/cm/sup 2/, was measured at different cryogenic temperatures and different bias voltages. In order to study reverse annealing (RA) effects, a few samples were heated to 80/spl deg/C and kept at room temperature for several months after irradiation. For comparison other samples (NRA) where kept at -10 C after irradiation. The RA and NRA samples, measured at 250 V forward and reverse bias voltage, present a common temperature threshold at 150 K. Below 120 K the CCE is constant and ranges between 55% and 65% for the RA and NRA sample respectively. Similar CCE was measured for a device processed with low resistivity contacts (OHMIC), opening the prospect for a consistent reduction of the cost of large area particle tracking.


A delayed excitation ultrasonic imaging method includes: generating a regulating clock, and performing, according to the regulating clock, delayed excitation on an ultrasonic transducer once or multiple times; performing data collection on an ultrasonic echo signal of the ultrasonic transducer and signals after each time of performing delayed excitation; synthesizing and superimposing data collected to obtain high sampling rate data; and performing ultrasonic imaging according to the high sampling rate data. A delayed excitation ultrasonic imaging apparatus and system are also provided. By performing delayed excitation on the ultrasonic transducer, the high-frequency ultrasonic imaging is realized by low-frequency sampling and delayed excitation, which can greatly reduce the cost of the ultrasonic imaging system.


Mahler's Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD filter), proposed in 2000, addresses the challenges of the multipletarget detection and tracking problem by propagating a mean density of the targets in any region of the state space. However, when retrieving some local evidence on the target presence becomes a critical component of a larger process - e.g. for sensor management purposes - the local target number is insufficient unless some confidence on the estimation of the number of targets can be provided as well. In this paper, we propose a first implementation of a PHD filter that also includes an estimation of localised variance in the target number following each update step; we then illustrate the advantage of the PHD filter + variance on simulated data from a multiple-target scenario.