Runoff in the Dongjiang River basin is mainly influenced by regional climatic factors such as precipitation,but is being modified by recently-accelerated human activities.To test the impacts of human activities on runoff,this paper analyzed trends in regional precipitation,surface runoff and the coupling relationship between them,through observed long-term rainfall and runoff data as well as evidences of human activities.Kriging interpolation was used to delineate precipitation isobars in upstream watershed beyond Boluo-a main flow gauging station near the final outlet of the basin.The moving average,linear regression,Mann-Kendall rank statistic test,and correlation analysis were used to examine trends and relationships between regional precipitation and runoff in Dongjiang River.We found that the runoff in the Dongjiang River Basin comes mainly from precipitation.Average annual precipitation and the quantity of runoff did not show a significant change in the past 50-year period.However,a trend of increasing runoff in the dry season(November to February)was found and thus the distribution of annual runoff within a year is growing.This was probably because of the construction of a number of dams and reservoirs in the upper-streams of the Dongjiang River basin from 1958-1985.Those reservoirs for irrigation,water supply and flood-control evened downstream runoff by filling in at the flood season while draining out at the dry season.At a monthly scale,the response of runoff to seasonal precipitation was more obvious than ever before in the monsoon rainy season,whereas the impacts of human activities on runoff are more prominent in the dry season.In summary,runoff in the Dongjiang River basin has undergone a rapid evolution propelled by increasing regional economic development,and is now regulated by artificial reservoirs,sluices,dams and other water supply systems.


WT5BZ] Nitric oxide synthase(NOS) catalyses amino acid L arginine under the existence of oxygen to form nitric oxide(NO) and L citrulline. NOS exists in three forms: neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS(iNOS)and endothelial NOS(eNOS). The nNOS and eNOS are called constitutive NOS(cNOS), which is calcium dependent, while iNOS is calcium independent. NO,an important multifunctional factor, involves in many physiological functions including reproductive processes, such as follicular development, ovulation, the maturation of oocyte meiosis, embryo implantation, the maintenance of pregnancy, the regulation of parturition and human menstruation. This paper has reviewed the relationship of NOS/NO and mammalian reproduction.


This paper presents an experimental investigation on influence of soil conditions on initial corrosion behavior of buried uncoated and coated steels at room temperature. Moisture contents and sodium chloride were varied in soil. The techniques used are electrochemical measurements i.e. open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization. The experimental results show that corrosion rate increases up to critical moisture content of 60 wt.% for each soil sample containing 0–10 wt.% sodium chloride. Maximum corrosion rate observed for carbon steel is 1.03 mm/yr for coupled action of 60 wt.% moisture and 5 wt.% sodium chloride. Corrosion rates of zinc-electroplated, and copper-electroplated samples are 0.45 and 0.057 mm/yr, respectively, under the same testing condition.


This article presents the Concept of Problem-Driven Inventing. It combines the application of condensed technical knowledge and special techniques for directed creativity and aims at strong solutions to inventive tasks. One core element of this concept is to work out the inherent contradiction of a company's problem and then take it as a challenge to overcome this contradiction instead of accepting a trade-off of contradictory requirements. To achieve this one should orientate oneself by the area of conflict between the metaphors of the ideal machine on the one hand and the fitting to economical, technological and social trends on the other hand. Several strong tools for overcoming technical and scientific contradictions complete this concept and can be supported by traditional creativity techniques. The Concept of Problem-Driven Inventing combines various approaches: It is inspired by Altshuller's empirical research work of the last six decades and uses the tools of his "Theory of Inventive Problem Solving" as well as other tools and techniques. Those tools are integrated into the modular structure of the "Five-Field-Analysis" by Muller-Merbach. Thus, this concept puts findings of different research fields in a form that is easy to understand and which is promising to be applicable to different types of enterprises in today's economic environment as well as to individuals. The article illustrates the Concept of Problem-Driven Inventing by a continuous example, gives advice for its application and outlines current projects.


What we know of hospitals – their location, size, the services they provide and the way they dominate the organizational landscape of the NHS, stems largely from the 1962 Hospital Plan for England and Wales. When the NHS was created in 1948 it inherited an uneven pattern of hospitals made up of a mix of voluntary and local authority provision. The aim of the Hospital Plan was to rationalize and modernize the existing hospital stock, and to better match the geographical distribution of services to apparent need. Problems identified in the Plan included obsolete buildings and a lack of investment in maintenance during Second World War. Moreover, the Emergency Medical Services hospitals built during the war were often of temporary construction and were not located with peace-time needs in mind. The intention was to use the opportunity provided by a rapid increase in capital funding to 'take a comprehensive view of hospital needs and to formulate a long-term national plan for meeting them'. The Hospital Plan is often portrayed as marking the high water mark of central planning in the NHS. Following the restructuring of the NHS in 1974, responsibility for planning services was delegated to Regional Health Authorities. The hospital plan is also significant in so far as it marks the beginning of arguably the most enduring and intractable issue in the NHS, the political contest over hospital closures. The Plan itself was a collection of regional plans for hospitals based on a centrally dictated norm of 3.3 beds per 1000 population. These regional plans were published alongside an over-arching framework, the centrepiece of which was the 'District General Hospital'. Comprising 600–800 beds and serving a population of 100,000–150,000, the Distinct General Hospital would provide, with a few exceptions, the full complement of specialist services. A smaller number of specialties that were considered to require a greater catchment area, such as neurosurgery, would only be provided at certain hospitals. The underlying assumption of the Plan was that rationalizing hospitals onto fewer sites would increase efficiency. Although the Plan anticipated that some smaller hospitals would be retained to provide a more limited range of services, such as care for the elderly, it proposed the closure of some 700 hospitals in 10 years. According to the political scientist Rudolf Klein, the publication of the Hospital Plan reflected a nascent 'ideology of rationality' in national health care policy. At the time the Plan was published there was an increasing concern with efficiency in public spending; economists were, for the first time, recruited to key posts in the Ministry of Health; and civil servants were beginning to use techniques such as cost-benefit analysis and operational research, a legacy of Second World War military planning. The Plan also represented an alliance between the State and the medical profession. At this time, as now, the medical profession advocated the rationalization of hospitals to concentrate specialist expertise and equipment. In devising norms for the size and distribution of hospitals, the Ministry deferred to the profession. As a consequence, the Plan embodied a professional vision for maximizing the quality of medical care delivered in hospitals. This vision did not take into account other considerations, such as accessibility for patients, their families and staff who needed to travel to and from the hospital at all hours of the day and night. The rationale for the introduction of the District General Hospital was not just economic and clinical but political, reflecting an ideological commitment to the provision of a comprehensive National Health Service and to geographical equity in access to services. In this way, the Hospital Plan might also be seen as representing a rare convergence of economic, medical and political interests. From the outset, there was considerable community resistance to hospital closures, a situation which has


To produce a book of this kind needed courage and could only have been undertaken by men whose reputations are established beyond question as are those of both authors. The authors are, or were, teachers on the staff of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and are used to teaching post-graduate students; they are therefore unlikely to underestimate the capacity of the student to learn this subject. Yet, parasitology has been reduced by them to a much simpler and more practical form than one finds in most textbooks designed for students. The question arises, ' Are the


This note investigates the stability properties of the Keynesian macro-model under the assumption of slow adjustment of nominal wages and expectations of inflation. First, the stability conditions of the 'flexible-interest-rate regime' are related to those derived by Cagan (1956) and Tobin (1975), emphasising the potentially destabilising effect of wage flexibility. Then, taking the restriction of a zero floor to the nominal interest rate into account it is shown that the model exhibits 'corridor stability'. From this follows the conjecture that increasing the rate of steady-state inflation makes it 'more probable' that the system returns to full-employment after a shock of given size.


The Gulf War, the last one In the Mechanical Age and the first one in the Information Age, started the rapid developingperiod of military reforms both in the U.S. and other major military big powers. In mid 90', China also started its ownmilitary reforms.


One of the most frequently represented phenotypic classes among the leaf morphological mutants available in Arabidopsis thaliana is that named Incurvata (Icu), whose members display curled, involute leaves. Here we describe ethyl methanesulfonate-induced alleles of the INCURVATA9 (ICU9) gene, which cause several leaf abnormalities, such as organ radialization and the presence of abaxial trichomes in juvenile leaves. These morphological aberrations can be interpreted as a consequence of a partial transformation of ventral into dorsal leaf identity, which makes the ICU9 gene a candidate for being involved in the specification and/or maintenance of leaf dorsoventrality. In order to identify genetic operations at work during leaf morphogenesis, we have obtained double mutants involving alleles of ten ICU loci, finding that ICU9is functionally related to other five ICU genes. All these six genes seem to be essential for the leaf to properly develop.


Abstract A randomised, open-label, single dose four-period crossover study was performed in healthy male human subjects to compare the pharmacokinetics of formoterol fumarate (CAS 43229-80-7) after inhalation from two different hydrofluoro -alkane (HFA) pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) formulations at two dose levels, 12 and 24 μg. This is the first stud which has evaluated two HFA formulations of formoterol. Fourteen subjects were randomised, of which 13 completed the study. Each subject received in separate periods a single dose of 12 μg or 24 μg of each formulation. Blood samples for determination of formoterol plasma concentrations were taken pre-administration of study treatments and subsequently at 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 min and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36 h post-administration of the study treatments. The pharmacokinetic profiles of both the formulations were similar in shape and dose-related increase in formoterol plasma concentration was seen at all time points for both the test and reference formoterol HFA formulations between the dose levels 12 μg and 24 μg. Overall the findings indicate that treatment with the test formoterol HFA preparation has lung absorption pattern and systemic exposure comparable to the already licensed reference formoterol HFA preparation.


The problem of the sampled-data (SD) based adaptive linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) optimal control of linear stochastic continuous-time systems with unknown parameters and stochastic disturbances is considered in this paper. For the case where the parameters belong to a known compact set and only sampled information of the system state is available, an SD-based LQG adaptive control is designed. It is shown that the control law is optimal for the corresponding discretized system, and sub-optimal for the original continuous-time system.


Objective To determine the haematological toxicity of craniospinal irradiation in medulloblastoma patients and evaluate its risk factors.Methods A retrospective study involving changes in hematology during craniospinal irradiation was conducted.Patients were divided into normal/mild suppression group(0/Ⅰ/Ⅱ) and severe suppression group(Ⅲ/Ⅳ) according to the decline in the degree.The correlation of gender,age,radiation and haematological toxicity was examined.Results The incidence of leucopenia was 96.7%(29/30) while that of thrombocytopenia was 63.3%(19/30).Leucopenia appeared with in 2 weeks from the beginning of radiotherapy.Radiation was correlated with haematological toxicity.Conclusion The majority of patients developed leukopenia in the first two weeks,A higher proportion of serious leucopenia occurred in(Dt) 0-18 Gy.It is important to investigate the changes in hematology in the first two weeks of radiotherapy.Hematologic toxicity should be treated in time.


A novel pyrolysis-gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS) method was developed to determine the mole ratio of lactide/ caprolactone copolymers and physical mixtures of the two polymers. The method employs a simple sample preparation. The copolymer sample is dissolved in dichloromethane and ten microliters of the solution transferred to a sample cup for analysis. The analytical results for lactide/ caprolactone copolymers samples of 5 to 30 mole % caprolactone compositional ratios were in good agreement with those obtained by H1-NMR spectrometry and gas chromatography using flame ionization detection with a chiral column.


The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the natural power response of voltage source inverters, defined as capacitive response, can be a potential solution to solve the lack of inertia in electrical grids with high proportions of sources connected through power electronics. The present work focuses on voltage control algorithms and reveals that ac current control loops may result in suppressing the capacitive response of inverters, even in grid-supporting algorithms. Two solutions are proposed to respectively "ignore" and "allow" capacitive response using single-loop and cascade-loop controls.


Nurses have historically faced a dilemma with mentally ill clients who smoke. Whilst some viewed cigarette smoking harmful for clients, others supported a prevailing culture that it was part of life for people with mental illness.


Kure and Sano ( '35) and Van Buskirk ('45) report that the nervus intermedius contains more nerve fibers distal than it does proximal to the geniculate ganglion. It is coiiceivable that the axom comprising this distal excess may be coming from postganglionic neurons whose cell bodies are situated in the geniculate ganglion. Support for this idea has recently been presented by Kure and Sano ( '35) who believe that the geniculate ganglion contains intercala 1-5cells for preganglionic visceral motor asons. If the above concept be true then, after the motor fibers which enter the nerve from the brain are eliminated, thew should be more cells in the geniculate ganglion than axons in the trunk of the nerve proximal to the ganglion. Accordingly, this hypothesis has been tested for the nervus intermedius of the cat by enumerating the cells in the geniculate ganglion and counting the axons which remain in nerves from which thc preganglionic motor axons had been deleted.


For over a decade, multilingual information access techniques have been developed in order to process the multilingual information in digital libraries. However, it is far from clear what the digital library users' multilingual information needs are. Through a survey on digital library users, this paper explores these users' multilingual information needs in the areas including their behaviors, motivations, frequently accessed information resources, required multilingual information services, effective multilingual information retrieval, and ideal interactive system interface, etc.


We present determinations of compressibility and vorticity in the magnetosheath and plasma sheet using moments from the four PEACE thermal electron instruments on CLUSTER. The methodology used assumes a linear variation of the moments throughout the volume defined by the four satellites, which allows spatially independent estimates of the divergence, curl, and gradient. Once the vorticity has been computed, it is possible to estimate directly the Taylor microscale. We have shown previously that the technique works well in the solar wind. Because the background flow speed in the magnetosheath and plasma sheet is usually less than the Alfven speed, the Taylor frozen-in-flow approximation cannot be used. Consequently, this four spacecraft approach is the only viable method for obtaining the wave number properties of the ambient fluctuations. Our results using electron velocity moments will be compared with previous work using magnetometer data from the FGM experiment on Cluster.


The comparison of statistics between the two atlases sheds interesting light on the capabilities of each to account for the global mesoscale ocean activity. This comparison is all the more relevant since the source of data is the same (sea-level topography), and the results differ almost exclusively in the methodological approach for the analysis of the coherent structures (Lagrangian in the present study; Eulerian for the atlas used for comparison).


We studied systematically the structural and electronic properties of binary $\mathrm{Cd}X$ $(X=\mathrm{S},$ Se, and Te) semiconductors in both zinc-blende (ZB) and wurtzite (WZ) structures, the band alignment on the ZB/WZ interfaces, and carrier localization induced by the band offsets. We show, by first-principles band-structure calculation that at low temperature, CdS is stable in the wurtzite structure, while CdSe and CdTe are stable in the zinc-blende structure. However, coherent substrate strain can change CdTe to be more stable in the wurtzite form. We find that $\mathrm{Cd}X$ in the wurtzite structure has a larger band gap than the one in the zinc-blende structure. The band alignment on the ZB/WZ interface is found to be type II with holes localized on the wurtzite side and electrons on the zinc-blende side.


After 25 years of normalisation, the Vietnam–US relation has developed and yet entered the new expectation to become the strategic partnership. Many motives and obstacles from both sides have had a strong impact on this development. In order to strengthen its presence in Asia and prevent the rise of China, the United States needs the support from the important partners like Vietnam. Likewise, Vietnam also pays high attention to the United States, which is a potential market for the country's exports, an investor, an advanced technology supplier and an important security supporter in the territorial disputes against China. Such reasons help both sides to be closer and to construct the scenario of new strategic partnership relations. However, the concretisation of this scenario has encountered many difficulties, mostly because Vietnam was not ready enough. Vietnam has not yet been persuaded to trust the United States on many issues; meanwhile, the differences among Vietnamese political groups about promoting the relations with the United States and especially the concern about China's response to upgrading Vietnam–US relations were the main obstacles for Vietnam to pursue the strategic partnership relations, especially in security and defence cooperation with the United States.


1. In 1928, W.H. Young [6] showed that an arbitrary real function of a real variable has a remarkable symmetry property. Let f:R-*R be arbitrary. A number y is a right limit off at xeR if there is a sequence x" > x, n = l,--such that lim x" = x and lim /(x") = y. A left limit is defined similarly. The theorem of Young asserts that for every / the set of right limits is the same as the set of left limits for every xeR — A, where A is a countable set. Young obtained an analogous result for functions of two variables. Here the role of right and left limits is assumed by limits within sectors with the point in question as vertex. Each sector yields a limit set. The result is that all the sectorial limit sets are the same at every peR2 — A, where A is of planar measure zero and first category, but not necessarily countable. In 1938, H. Blumberg [2] obtained a variety of results along the lines of those obtained by Young. He pointed out, for example, that in the planar case, if the angles of the sectors considered exceed 180°, then the countable character of the exceptional set A is restored. Returning to the original theorem of Young, Zahorski asked if the result still holds if sets of density zero are neglected. L. Belowska [1] has shown that this is false by constructing a function where in this case the exceptional set is uncountable. However, M. Kulbacka [4] has shown that the exceptional set is always of the first category and measure zero. A simple proof of these results was given by C. Goffman [3]. It is natural to ask whether there are theorems similar to the ones of Young and Blumberg in higher dimensions, but with sets of density zero neglected. This paper gives an affirmative answer to this question by showing that a theorem analogous to the two dimensional result of Young holds if one disregards sets of density zero. In this connection, various examples are given relating to the structure of the exceptional set.


A technique to scale preferences in relation to an externally derived stimulus configuration, called Successive Unfolding, is described. Four steps are involved: (1) computing a matrix of inter-stimulus distances; (2) using ALSCAL to obtain a stimulus configuration from the matrix of distances; (3) using Carroll's regression procedure to solve for subject ideal points; and (4) using this starting con figuration to scale preference rank orders in ALSCAL. The technique is used to analyze family preference data. Results suggest that a number preference, a sex preference, and a balance pref erence are the components contributing to overall family preferences. Race and sex differences are portrayed by locating subject ideal points along these dimensions. Finally, the relationship of Suc cessive Unfolding to previous techniques for mea suring family preferences is discussed, and the de cision-making process modeled by Successive Un folding is outlined.


In a planar transformer with a laminated winding, improved performance is achieved by providing bobbins with attachable insulation caps. In cooperation with the bobbin so are the creepage distances and clearances and the wiring and cable lengths and also the insulation distances by constructive measures, d. H. by the geometry of the bobbin and the insulation caps, set.


The use of 4.75mm asphalt mixtures is gaining popularity in the United States as an efficient paving alternative. These mixes are placed in thin lifts, thereby reducing the quantity and cost of materials, as well as construction time. Although there are many advantages associated with 4.75mm mixtures, there are some issues that must be considered prior to the placement of these mixes. 4.75mm mixtures are comprised primarily of fine aggregates that produce tight and smooth mixes, which could pose safety concerns related to surface friction. The primary goal of this research effort was to determine what actions could be taken during the design of a 4.75mm Superpave asphalt mixture to improve its frictional performance. Specific tasks included 1) an investigation of variations in 4.75mm mix design properties with respect to the microtexture and macrotexture of the mixes, 2) an evaluation of the characteristics of the constituent aggregate materials in order to determine fine aggregate properties that can be used during design to improve the skid resistance of the resulting mixes, and 3) a relative comparison of the skid resistance of 4.75mm mixes with that of typical 9.5mm and 12.5mm surface mixes. Three aggregate sources were used to develop the Superpave mixtures. The British Pendulum Tester was used to quantify the microtexture of the mixes, and a modified laboratory sand patch test was used to quantify the macrotexture. A number of aggregate properties, including source and consensus properties were used to describe fine aggregate characteristics. The results indicate that, in general, both the microtexture and macrotexture of the 4.75mm mixes were relatively unaffected by the various mixture parameters. Aggregate source did produce a significant effect. Aggregate gradation affected the microtexture and macrotexture of the mixes such that a gap-graded blend could be used to increase skid resistance. Aggregate source and consensus properties can also be used to improve the frictional performance of mixes. Skid resistance can be improved by limiting the percent loss for durability and soundness of the fine aggregate, and by increasing the angularity of the fine aggregate. When compared to mixes composed of larger aggregates, the microtexture of the 4.75mm mixes was superior to that of the 9.5mm and 12.5mm mixes; although the 4.75mm mixes possessed limited macrotexture. Overall, when fine aggregate properties are properly considered, 4.75mm Superpave mixes can be designed with adequate microtexture for use on low speed roadways, and in a manner that may partially compensate for the lesser macrotexture, thereby providing adequate skid resistance for high speed roadways. An Investigation of the Design Parameters Affecting the Microtexture and Macrotexture of 4.75mm Superpave Mixes Stacy G. Williams


Wave variables are a very popular approach for dealing with communication delay in bilateral teleoperation because of their effectiveness and of their simplicity. Nevertheless, the inherent dynamics of wave based communication channels is often deleterious for the transparency of the teleoperation system. Recently proposed architectures like TDPN, PSPM and two layers approach allow to achieve a high transparency at the price of a complex architecture, with some parameters to tune empirically. In this paper we propose a novel wave based architecture that blends the high performance that can be achieved by recently proposed architectures with the simplicity of wave based bilateral teleoperation.


The front of one fluid intruding into another along a horizontal boundary is generally analyzed by assuming that the interface far in the lee of the front is parallel if the effects of boundary and interfacial shear arc neglected. Depending on the conditions near the front and those near the intrusion source, hydraulic jumps or contraction waves can develop in the intermediate region, and the interface becomes nonhorizontal and unsteady. The conditions are established under which such disturbances can be maintained on the interface of air intrusions into a horizontal, water‐filled duct, and on gravity currents. In particular, it is shown that contraction waves and small jumps move towards the source of slender gravity currents that advance into an opposing flow of sufficient strength; experiments considered here suggest that the corresponding requirements remain satisfied over a wider range of flow conditions.


WHO designated the variant B.1.1.529 as a variant of concern on 26 November 2021 and since then there have been many speculations regarding its origin and control measures. It is not yet clear if the omicron variant is more transmissible compared to other variants.


Moringa oleifera is an abundant and economically important plant that is used for many purposes, and is a potential resource in many ways; charcoal production is one of them. The uptake for lead, chromium, and cadmium from aqueous solution using the Moringa oleifera seeds biomass (MOS) and Moringa oleifera seed charcoal (CMOS) was studied. CMOS was prepared from MOS in order to make better use of this biomass material. Batch experiments were conducted under varying MOS/CMOS adsorbent dosages (0.5-1.5g), contact time (30min–6hr) and metal ion concentrations (1-50ppm) for chromium, lead and cadmium. The data for MOS fit well with Langmuir isotherm model for lead (maximum metal uptake (Qm) = 1.281mg/g) and Cadmium (maximum metal uptake (Qm) = 0.168mg/g) whereas CMOS can be modelled by both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms for chromium (adsorption capacity = 0.2202 mg/g) and Lead (maximum metal uptake (Qm) = 0.552mg/g) respectively. However, the biomass of MOS was found to be more suitable than CMOS for the development of an efficient adsorbent for the removal of chromium, lead and cadmium from aqueous solutions. This study demonstrated that both the charcoal biomass could be used as adsorbents for the treatment of Cr, Pb and Cd from aqueous solution.


As the policy has been changed from land construction to land management and the construction CALS/EC has been improved, advanced information management is required in road construction works as well. The road administration information to be managed includes the information of the road at the stages of planning and design, the structure and configuration of the constructed road, the conditions and quality when undergoing construction, traffic services for the users, and the information of repair and improvement. These kinds of information should be shared and utilised throughout the life cycle and is to be more detailed as the road construction works progress. In this study, the road data model is discussed for utilising integrally the CAD data, which is the base of the road information management, and the corresponding attribute data.


Shortly after his discovery of the phenomenon of hygroscopic expansion, Scheul found that the exertion of force on the setting investment reduced the hygroscopic expansion. Skinner2 had found that force reduced normal setting expansion. The effect of restrictive forces on hygroscopic expansion has been considered by many investigators and emphasized especially by Docking3 and by Skinner and Degni.4 We attempted to measure the effect of horizontal longitudinal force on hygroscopic expansion and setting expansion of one gypsum investment in a direction against this force. Measurements were also made on the vertical expansion in a direction perpendicular to the force. The effect of longitudinal force on the rate of expansion in the early stages was also measured. An attempt to determine the hygroscopic expansion under vacuum was not successful.


Doctors debate whether men with elevated cholesterol who are otherwise healthy should still take statins, in a new series in JAMA, Dueling Viewpoints.


It is true that,in China,an amendment to the criminal law must be made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.But,in Law of Legislation,specifications and explanations should be given so that it is clear whether adding any new category of crime means "to legislate".It is not advisable that amendments,without exception,all go into effect only on the day when they are made public.Modifications should be allowed even after the criminal law has been amended,for law amendment is not a frequent but a rigorous and scientific procedure.Criminal judgment should invoke both amendment and articles of the criminal law.


Part of the Cambrian System in the S. Appalachians consists of six alternating limestone and shale formations (Conasauga Group). The shelf margin discussed here faced a shallower intracratonic shale basin to the west and northwest. Analysis of the Maryville Limestone along a depositional transect reveals that the shelf evolved from a carbonate ramp that sloped gently basinward to a flat-topped rimmed-platform fringed with steep slopes. The authors describe here the sequence stratigraphy of the ramp to platform transition. A process oriented approach has allowed them to define the sequences, sequence boundaries, and the stacking pattern of the Maryville Limestone, and also to develop a general model for ramp to a rimmed-platform development. The Maryville consists of a combination of aggradational, retrogradational, and progradational units. The stacking pattern is the result of variations in sedimentation rate, subsidence, and absolute sea-level change. Each of the dominantly carbonate units of the Conasauga represent a gradual transition from a ramp-like, shallow-water-to-basin transition into a rimmed-platform. The transition between the Maryville Limestone (M. Cambrian) and the overlying Nolichucky Shale (U. Cambrian) is a sequence boundary. This boundary is both an exposure surface and a drowning unconformity and represents a distinct shift in the pattern ofmore » sedimentation. It marks the termination of shallow-water carbonate deposition because of exposure, followed by drowning with continued subsidence during lag time slow sedimentation, and, finally, onlap of basinal siliciclastics onto the old rimmed-platform edge as the sedimentation surface gradually deepened. The model developed here can serve as a useful process analog to other lower Paleozoic and possibly younger passive-margin sequences.« less


THE APPLICATION of series capacitors to spot, projection, and seam welders no longer presents any difficult problems, and they have been used successfully with these types of welders for several years.


Objective: to identify the nursing academic's knowledge about the education in health. Method: this is about a descriptive and exploratory study from qualitative approach that had as subjects ten nursing students from 3rd to 8th period of the nursing course of a private university in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The choice was random and for the fact of the same ones have already lived the theoretical-practical teaching, where they had the opportunity to develop educational activities in health in the practical field. It was used as instrument for data collection an interview itinerary composed by open questions. The collection of data closed up after the saturation of the speeches and the interpretation of the same ones was accomplished through the Thematic Analysis. Results: after analysis of the data, two categories emerged: The nursing academics and the education in health; The approach of the education in health in the graduation. Conclusion: this study showed us that the education in health needs to be analyzed continually, discussed and understood in the graduation as an important practice in the nurse's assistance performance. Descriptors: health education; nursing care; nursing education.


Each circuit may be described at the algorithmic, behavioural or gate levels. Normally the tests are generated separately for each of the levels. We present here a technique of generating test patterns for faults by a simulation of descriptions of the circuits on the algorithmic level. The resultant tests are applicable for VHDL behavioural level as test bench. They give high fault coverage for the equivalent circuit on the gate level. The procedure of selecting the tests is based on the transmission of distorted signals to the outputs. Generation of the input stimuli is performed with respect to the distribution of the inputs. The application of test frames allows the sequential circuits to be treated as combinational ones. 1.Introduction Normally any design of an electronic circuit involves several stages. The first to be born is the idea, which is then checked by compiling an algorithmic model of the circuit. The prototype may be implemented by either a high level programming language, or by a special hardware description language, such as VHDL. An analysis of the prototype needs stimuli of input signals and demonstrates the behaviour of the circuit. This is in most cases the job of the circuit designer. Circuits with numerous inputs can suffer of a large number of input stimuli, and the task of the designer is to select the most important ones as specifications of the behaviour of the circuit under design. This is by no means a simple procedure, as it is never evident, that input stimuli selected reflect all behaviour modifications of the circuit. We recommend even at this early stage an automated generation of input stimuli, to have a possibility of checking the performance of the circuit designed in the presence of unexpected stimuli. In checking an algorithm, the role of Oracle is given to the circuit designer, as he is the one who decides upon a correct response of the algorithms to the given input stimuli. Making a decision demands certain efforts, therefore the designer is eager to have a possibly small number of input stimuli to be evaluated. Hence, it is always important to generate the smallest number of input stimuli for the evaluation of an algorithm. The next stage is to compile a description of the circuit in a language of the synthesis. Here an automated generation of input stimuli is even more important, as the adequacy between the model of the algorithm and the description intended for the synthesis must be checked. It is evident, that here input stimuli intended for the analysis of the model of the algorithm can be applied. The question is: is this sufficient? An adequacy between two descriptions is best proved in a formal approach but here the techniques are not quite reliable, yet. Certain inadequacies can be found by comparing the results of the input stimuli of the algorithmic description and the synthesis description. A dilemma arises here of insuring the sufficiency of the selected input stimuli in the evaluation of the descriptions. After the synthesis of the circuit has been completed, test stimuli should be generated to find the defects in the circuit manufactured. This is one more difficult solution. We face also a number of problems related to the model of the faults, and especially in integrated circuits, such as is it sufficient to use gate level models or switch level ones should be used. In any case test patterns for detecting defects are most efficient, when they have been generated on the lowest level. An assumption can be applied, that test patterns for faults on the gate level can be applied successfully in the analysis of the algorithmic description of the circuit, and in finding discrepancies between algorithmic and synthesis descriptions. The difficulty lies in that we have to perform an analysis of the algorithm, and to prove the adequacy between the algorithm and the synthesis description, before the circuit itself is synthesised . On the other hand, the situation can be exploited to evaluate the adaptability of the input stimuli in the analysis of the circuit algorithm, and in the comparison of the synthesis description with the algorithm as well as for test of the circuit synthesised. One of the modes of generating tests on the behavioural level is to use the models of behavioural faults [ 1 3]. So far, there are no popular fault models for behavioural descriptions that could insure proper testing of physical defects of a circuit. Also, there can be a large number of faults in descriptions on high levels abstraction. Our problem could be stated in the following way: generate test patterns according to a black box description of the circuit. The first thing to be asked is: if there exist any solutions. The algorithm description of the circuit gives no information on its structure, the solution must be based on input stimuli and output responses. We remind here, that each fault in a circuit can be tested by a number of input stimuli and can lead to different output responses. This is the basis of locating circuit faults by the observation of output responses only. The response of a diagnostic test gives suggestions on the type and location of the fault, and challenges the hopes of a possibility of judging about the coverage of internal faults from the test responses of the circuits. The disposition of only the description of the algorithm gives the possibility of operating only on the input faults, so that one more question must be answered: are they sufficient? The only way of finding this answer was the experiment. Therefore we have suggested an algorithm of evaluating the coverage of input stimuli that are generated for detecting inputs faults only[ 5]. We performed the experiment with selected 20 ISCAS85/89 circuits, and found the coverage of input stimuli just several per cent lower than a exhaustive testing of input. The selection evaluated only changes of the values of the inputs, and only responses of the outputs. The coverage of stimuli was evaluated after all internal stuck-at faults in a description at the gate level. The experiment included a generation of certain number of input stimuli, with not necessarily the largest coverage of the circuit by the tests. We present here a technique of generating the tests, based on the circuit description on the algorithmic level. What is the difference between a description on the algorithmic level and a behavioural VHDL description?. Algorithmic descriptions are implemented in some high level programming language, say, C. They carry no information either on synchronization or on the initialization of the circuit. The model reflects only the function of the circuit. This paper is organised as follows. In section 2 we present a test generation method based on a transmission model. In section 3 we introduce the techniques for generating test patterns for sequential circuits. In section 4 we show how to use the generated test patterns as test bench. In section 5 we give experimental results. And we conclude in section 6. 2. Generation of Tests for Transmission Faults of Circuits Let us have a model of a circuit in a high level programming language. We treat it as a black box and consider only its inputs and outputs. Let the circuit have a set of inputs X = {x1, x2, ... ,xi, ... ,xn} and a set of outputs Y = {y1, y2, ... ,yj, ... ,ym}. We consider a change of the signal of an input xi and write xi ( xi) for a zero-to-one( one-to-zero) change of an input signal. A change of one signal in the input stimulus may lead to changes of several output signal values. Then write yj (yj) for the zeroto-one ( one-to-zero) change of the output yj. Couple (xi, yj) implies , that a zero-toone change of the signal of the input xi leads to a one-to-zero change of the signal of the output yj . There are four modifications of the relation between input xi and output yj: (xi, yj), (xi, yj), (xi, yj), (xi, yj). We treat these couples (xi, yj), where t=0,1 , k=0,1 as models of circuit faults and call them transmission faults. We assume, that the test pattern detects, say, the transmission fault (xi, yj) , if a zero-to-one change of the signal of the input xi of the test pattern leads to a one-to-zero change of the signal of the output yj . Each fault of transmission (xi, yj) is related to real defects of the circuit. No changes occur in a faulty circuit. In a general case, n inputs of a circuit are related to m outputs, and the circuit may have 4 x (n x m) transmission faults. The list of transmission faults may be written as a set: F = { (xi, yj) | i = 1, n ; y = 1, m ; t = 0,1, k=0,1; }, There may be no electric connections between some of the inputs and the outputs, and their transmission faults will not be detected. These faults are undetectable. In this manner the number of generated test patterns will not exceed the number of transmission faults in the circuit. There may be several input-output transmission paths. In the fault model suggested, the paths will be activated by no more than four test patterns. On the first sight, one cannot be sure, that test patterns which detect the suggested model of the faults will cover sufficiently the stuck-at faults at the gate level. The applicability of the procedure to large circuits of long transmissions paths is equally doubtful. But the experimental checking [ 5 ] has proved that the test patterns, by detecting transmission faults, also detect the major part of stuck-at faults at the gate level, including the largest Benchmark circuits. The general strategy of generating the test is: find for each couple (xi, yj) a relevant test pattern. The same test patterns can fit to several couples. The search is performed by a technique of a simulation. We simulate separately for the input stimuli generated all changes, and select the ones causing changes at the outputs as test patterns. Two input stimuli with the opposite signals of one input detect symmetric transmission faults (xi, yj). This feature


Purpose – To offer a complexity‐informed framework for the design of an effective organizational crisis response system.Design/methodology/approach – A narrative analysis of the crisis response in a hotel chain facing a major food poisoning outbreak, seen from a complexity theory perspective. Data were collected through 17 in‐depth interviews of persons involved in the crisis response and through analysis of secondary data.Findings – The analysis identified weaknesses in the chain's crisis response and complexity theory provided a good theoretical foundation of the proposals to overcome them.Practical implications – Organizations should redefine the role of crisis management plans and crisis management teams. An effective crisis response should be viewed as a living (co‐evolving) system within the organization. By adopting complexity principles the organization can make this system far more effective.Originality/value – The paper is among the very few that deal with crisis management from a complexity per...


The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis is a common infestation of household pets and a source of revulsion, distress and irritation to pet owners. They can also transmit disease to both humans and pets...


Abstract Typically both breast and prostate cancer present as tissue with decreased elasticity. Palpation is the oldest technique of tumor detection in both organs and is based on this principle. Thus an operator can grade a palpable mass as suspicious for cancer. Strain elastography as modern ultrasound technique allows the visualization of tissue elasticity in a color coded elastogram and can be understood as technical finger. The following article shows similarities and differences of ultrasound strain elastography in the diagnosis of breast and prostate cancer. Key Points: • In prostata cancer elastography, in breast cancer B-mode is the primary sonographic search modality. • The diagnostic value of the search modalities change with increasing age. • A cut-off value for a strain ratio is hard to obtain in the elastography of the prostata, because there is no stabile reference tissue in the prostata. Citation Format: • Daniaux M, Auer T, De Zordo T et al. Strain Elastography of Breast and Prostata Cancer: Similarities and Differences. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2016; 188: 1 – 6


The article is aimed at modeling the energy market of Ukraine on the meso-level, identifying its features and development problems, forming a system of indicators for monitoring the development of electricity production at the regional level. It is determined that Ukraine produces electrical power mainly from non-renewable energy sources, namely fossil and mineral fuels, using nuclear power plants and thermal power plants, which comprises 54% of the total electricity production. Wind, solar sources of electrical power, biofuels and hydroelectric power plants make up a smaller part of production – 7%. It is noted that Ukraine annually consumes about 92 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) of energy, has a high level of energy intensity of the economy, therefore, in order to reach the world average level, it is necessary to reduce energy consumption by 50 million toe. The level of losses of the produced and imported energy during its transformation and transportation to the end user is 44%. The potential for reducing energy consumption during consumption in sectors such as housing, budget-based and energy supply is about 19 million toe. To assess the state of the energy sector in Ukraine in 2019, a grouping of regions of Ukraine was carried out using cluster analysis. The regions that have entered the 1st cluster, namely: Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk and Zaporizhzhia regions, have the best prospects for the rapid innovative development of the energy market. The regions that are included in the 3rd cluster have the lowest values of energy sector development indicators among other clusters and require special attention to the development of new, cost-effective energy technologies. The system of indicators for the analysis of the energy market development on meso-level is substantiated. The proposed indicators are adapted to the indicators of monitoring the achievement of sustainable development goals, namely: sustainable development goals 7 «Ensuring access to inexpensive, reliable, sustainable and modern energy sources for everyone».


Exclusive semileptonic decays based on $b\to s$ transitions have been attracting a lot of attention as some angular observables deviate significantly from the Standard Model (SM) predictions in specific $q^2$ bins. B meson decays induced by other Flavor changing neutral current (FCNC), $b\to d$, can also offer a probe to test new physics with an additional sensitivity to the weak phase in Cabibo-Kobayashi-Masakawa (CKM) matrix. We provide predictions for angular observables for $b\to d$ semileptonic transitions, namely $B\to \rho \ell^+\ell^-$, $B_s\to K^{\ast}\ell^+\ell^-$, and their CP-conjugated modes. Study of these decay modes will be useful to understand the deviations in $b\to s$ transitions.


Until up to the Ottoman defeat in 1402 at the Battle of Ankara, the course  of the relationships between the Byzantium and Ottoman Empire was defined by the  expansionist policies of Ottomans against the Byzantium. During the reign of  Beyazid I, the attempts for transforming the Ottoman state into a centralized empire  covering the Balkans had to be postponed until to the reign of Murad II. The policies  pursued after the Interregnum period had also important impacts on the ways of  relationships between Byzantium who was now confined within the city walls of  Istanbul and Ottomans who were trying to recover. The early 1420's was the  beginning of a new era for the Byzantines. Emperor Manuel Palaiologos II who had  managed to keep the state alive through his rational politics which gave direction to  the Ottoman-Byzantine relations for three decades died in 1425 after a long period  of illness. Ottoman Empire also entered a new period with the ascension of Murat II  to the throne in 1422. Therefore, it can be said that the first years of the 1420's was  a turning point for both Ottomans and Byzantine Empire and the ways of their  relationships. This article examines these changing relationships between the  Byzantine and Ottoman Empire and the new balance of politics emerged after the  Battle of Ankara primarily based on the contemporary sources of this period.


There is a considerable scope to mantain the quality and extend shelf-life of perishable and soft fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries by developing and evolving packaging strategies. In this work a study on the packaging of blueberries in plastic film for short-to-medium term storage was carried out. Blueberries cv Lateblue were hand-picked from a commercial plantation and packaged in different barrier films. Four commercially available films were used as packaging materials: two micro-perforated (0.3 mm and 1 mm in diameter), a non-perforated and a macro-perforated (6 mm in diameter). All the samples were stored at 4 °C for 15 days. The benefits of small packages (consumer packs), were evaluated through chemical (total soluble solid content (TSS), titratable acidity and pH), visual (color intensity, surface shine, firmness by touch, intensity of odor, and overall appearance) and sensory (crispness, sweet taste, acidic taste, total flavor, and overall appreciation) evaluation. The berries packaged in micro-perforated (1 mm in diameter) and non-perforated film maintained better quality attributes (high TSS content and titratble acidity) throughout the cold storage. The non-perforated film maintained also berry crispness and a good intensity of flavor. Non and micro-perforated packaging films gave the best results and appeared to be a feasible practice in order to ensure good quality during medium-term storage of blueberries. Moreover nonperforated film treatment was the only treatment that reduced in little or no significant pathogen-induced decay during cold storage.


Background and Aim: it has been observed that low levels of the blood glucose do not cause health issues in the neonates. This is due to the fact that the neonates are adjusting to the life outside the uterus. Present study was carried out to study incidence and risk factors of hypoglycemia among neonates in semi urban areas. Material and Methods: This was a hospital based prospective study performed at the Department of Pediatrics, Nootan general hospital NMCRC Visnagar, India January 2021 to June 2021. 150 neonates were included. Ballards score was used to divide them into four groups of gestational age. Standard glucometer was used to measure blood glucose in mothers and neonates. For mothers, it was measured at time of delivery. For neonates, it was measured at zero, three, six, twelve and twenty four hours of birth. Standard treatment protocol was followed for neonatal hypoglycemia Results: As the mother blood glucose increased the babies blood glucose decreased with r=-0.18 but this correlation was not found to be statistically significant ( p> 0.05). The differences in the blood glucose levels at different time points at different gestational ages were not found to be statistically significant. As maternal blood glucose increased, neonatal glucose decreased. Important risk factors found for hypoglycemia in neonates were being born by lower segment cesarean section (LSCS), low for gestational age (LGA) babies and small for gestational age (SGA) babies, pre-term and post term babies. But these risk factors were not found to be statistically significant ( p> 0.05). Conclusion: Hypoglycemia is surprisingly common among neonates in developing countries There was a wide variation of blood glucose levels in newborns. Preterm and post-term babies, babies delivered by LSCS, LGA and SGA babies were more prone for hypoglycemia requiring blood glucose monitoring.


Background. Suicide mortality increased in Greece after the 2008 financial crisis. This study aimed to explore the regional variation of suicide mortality before and after the economic crisis, and its correlation with socio-economic and mental health-related variables factors. Methods. This is a quasi-experimental ecological study. Data from the national mortality statistics were analyzed, and standardized death rates and age-specific mortality rates were calculated. The effect of economic crisis was explored by comparing mortality rates before and after crisis onset. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression were used to assess the impact of socioeconomic and mental health-related factors on suicide mortality. Results. Trends of suicide mortality showed a rise during 2011–2014, followed by a decline during 2015–2016. Significant differences were observed between regions, ranging from 27.6% lower to 54% higher than the national average. Unemployment, income, and change of gross domestic product were significantly correlated with regional variation. No association was found with mental disorder mortality rates and psychotropic drug consumption. Conclusions. Socio-economic factors explained only a part of the suicide mortality variation. Mental health-related factors were not significantly correlated with suicide mortality. More research is needed to investigate other possible determinants of suicides.


Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a common parasitic infestation in Iran. With recent advantages in digital imaging, we have devised a novel non-contact objective method of measuring lesions. Aim: The aim of the study was to design a software system that analyzes images of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions, objectively assess and monitor volume. Methods: A photographic technique along with an image processing algorithm was applied to extract a three-dimensional map of the lesion from a simple two-dimensional picture. This method recovers depth on the basis of blur estimation. A macro lens with a low depth of field was used to blur the objects out of focus. To assess and compare the results, a polymer mold of the corresponding lesion was made and filled with liquid. The volume of liquid corresponded to the volume of the lesion. A total of thirty-seven patients were enrolled, and 48 lesions were analyzed. Results: The mean volume measured by image processing was 159 μl (range: 8–685 μl), in comparison to an average of 170 μl (range: 6–800 μl) obtained from the molds. This was not significantly different. Statistical analysis by the Pearson correlation test showed a 'very good fit' correlation between these measured volumes (P < 0.001, r = 0.938). Limitation: The location and height of lesions were two important limitations in implementing this technique. If the lesion location is in the curvature region of body or the lesion height is less than 1 mm or more than 1 cm, this method will lose precision and accuracy. Conclusion: Image processing with blur estimation technique is an accurate and precise method to measure the volume of lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis.


Abstract : The electron beam fluorescence technique was used to measure the vibrational temperature and number density of molecular nitrogen and nitric oxide at the exit of the 7-inch conical nozzle of the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory 2-Foot Electrogasdynamics Facility. In addition, the vibrational temperature and species concentration of nitric oxide were measured at the exit of the 19-inch conical nozzle. Theoretical results assuming finite-rate chemical nonequilibrium were compared with the experimental data. The excitation- emission mechanisms for electron beam excitation of the NO gamma system in No- air and NO-nitrogen mixtures were investigated and it is shown that the excitation is dominated by secondary electrons resulting from beam-induced ionization of molecular nitrogen. Reasons for the discrepancies between the theoretical and experimental results were examined.


The thermal properties of β-lactoglobulins (β-lg) A and B at pH 3, 5, 7, and 8.6 were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor changes in the secondary structure of the proteins when heated from 25 to 95 °C. The microstructure of β-lg A and B gels made from 10% (w/v) protein solutions by heating at 90 °C for 30 min was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. β-Lg B had greater thermal stability and required more energy to denature than β-lg A; denaturation of β-lg B was also more cooperative. Infrared spectroscopy showed that β-lg B had a higher proportion of β-sheet than the A variant at pH 3 and 5. At pH 7 and 8.6 the secondary structures of the two variants were similar. At all four pH values, aggregation bands (1682 and ∼1622 cm-1) were observed when the proteins were heated. Electron microscopy showed that the gel matrix of β-lg B at both acid and alkaline pH was made up of larger aggregate structures than β-lg A. The ...


This paper offers a typology of social change efforts based on an analysis of their divergent root assumptions about values and the nature of reality rather than a categorization of their various activities. Analysis of change agents' images of society and of the individual, their diagnoses of contemporary society, and their priorities for action yields three perspectives of planned social change: the professional-technical, the political, and the countercultural, which the authors discuss in terms of such issues as their varying kinds of constituencies, resources, roles, and institutional bases.


This chapter examines the relationship between financial performance, regulatory reform, and management of community banks. The consequences of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) and Dodd–Frank Act (DFA) regulations are observed. Risk management responses to regulatory reforms, as observed in the loan loss provision, are examined in relation to these reforms. We also observe the consequences of compliance costs on product offerings and competitive condition. Empirical methods and results provided here show that sustained operations for community banks will require a commitment to developing management expertise that observes the consequences of regulatory objectives at the firm level.


During World War II and on, the greek-albanian relations were very tense, but as far as it concerns the situation of the greek minority in Albania the situation was quite different. This paper presents very shortly the situation faced by the Greek minority and the steps taken from the communist regime against the education of the greek minority in Albania, and it can be said that right after the war, Hoxha's government showed a special care and great attention to the education of the minority. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n7p232


Cancer is referred to as uncontrolled growth of normal cell mass. Bcl-2 and survivin are important regulatory protein molecules involved in cell cycle regulation. The protein ligand interaction plays a significant role in structure based drug designing. The present study was aimed to evaluate the interaction of Annona muricata compounds with target proteins (Bcl-2 and survivin) using in silico molecular docking approach. ArgusLab 4.0.1 docking software was performed and the compounds chosen were annonamuricin A, annonacin, coclaurine, coreximine, corosolone, and synephrine. Among the six compounds identified, A. muricata, coclaurine, coreximine and synephrine were found to effectively dock Bcl-2 and survivin. However, coclaurine showed the highest binding affinity -9.95 kcal/mol and -8.23 kcal/mol for Bcl-2 and survivin respectively. Further, the results need to be validated both by in vitro and in vivo study to prove proper elucidation of drugs for better treatment.


The following papers were presented at the seminar: What Progress has been Achieved in Victoria in Combatting the Alcohol Problem on the Road? What are the Statutes and Practices Relating to Drinking and Driving? How Many Drink Drivers are Proceeded Against and are Convicted Compared with the Number of Evidential Tests Taken? To What Extent Have Random Tests Controlled Drink/Driving in Victoria? Can Anything be Done to Dissuade Drink/Drivers from Driving While Disqualified? Sentencing Options--Where Do We Go from Here? What Facilities are Available for Drink/Driver Rehabilitation in Victoria? In Drink/Driving Programmes, What is the Value of Medical and Psychological Assessment Before Convicted Drivers Participate in a Programme? Do Rehabilitation Programmes Do Anything for Convicted Drink/Drivers? Can We Design a Road System to Cope With the Drinking Driver? (TRRL)


Abstract Background Patients with head injury are discharged from hospitals in a dependent state. In the home care settings, the caregivers have to take care of the patients. In India, there is scarcity of data on interventions of family caregivers of persons with head injuries. Objective To assess the efficacy of an instructional module for caregivers of patients with head injury on recovery of the patients. Method The study was performed at the Neuro-Surgery Department of Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. Total 82 patients with 41 each in experimental and control groups and their caregivers were included in the study. The caregivers of patients in experimental group were demonstrated procedures related to care of a dependent patient. An instructional module containing guidelines regarding personal hygiene, catheter care at home, prevention of bedsores, tracheostomy suctioning at home, range-of-motion exercises, care of surgical wound, and discharge instructions regarding medication and follow-up was given to the caregivers in experimental group. The efficacy of intervention was assessed on occurrence of fever, chest infection, eye infection, bedsores, wound infection, constipation, urinary tract infection, deep vein thrombosis, length of stay, and readmission in hospital in both the groups. Results Occurrence of fever, constipation, and length of stay were reduced significantly in experimental group. A reduction in the rates of chest infection, bedsore development, wound infection, and urinary tract infection were also noted in experimental group. Conclusion The study shows that training the caregivers of head injury patients enhances the recovery and prevents complications in the patients.


Embedded systems are today often self-sufficient systems with limited communication. However, this traditional view of an embedded system is changing rapidly. Embedded systems are nowadays evolving, e.g., an evolution pushed by the increased functional gain introduced with the concept of System of Systems (SoS) that is connecting multiple subsystems to achieve a combined functionality and/or information of a higher value. In such a SoS the subsystems will have to serve a dual purpose in a) the initial purpose that the subsystem was originally designed and deployed for, e.g., control and protection of the physical assets of a critical infrastructure system that could be up and running for 30-40 years, and b) at the same time provide information to a higher-level system for a potential future increase of system functionality as technology matures and/or new opportunities are provided by, e.g., greater analytics capabilities. In this paper, within the context of a "dual purpose use" of a) and b), we bring up three central challenges related to i) information gathering, ii) life-cycle management, and iii) data governance, and we propose directions for solutions to these challenges that need to be evaluated already at design time.


The corrosion resistance of the coating, obtained by HVOF spraying with the shroud mechanism by the N2 gas, was evaluated by the electrochemical techniques. This system could increase in flight velocity of spray particles and suppress their oxidation simultaneously, leading to attainment of both the smaller porosity and the lower oxide content of the resulting coating. The resistance of the HVOF sprayed coating against seawater corrosion was improved considerably by attachment of the gas shroud.


Zigmond & Snaith, 1983), the Impact ofEvent Scale (IES; Horowitz et a!, 1979), aquestionnaire concerned with backgroundinformation and dimensions of the burntrauma, and 0—8visual analogue scalesconcerning contentedness, perceived stressfulness and activities of daily life.The Clinician Administered PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale(CAPS; Blake et a!, 1990), HADS, IES anda questionnaire based on the late effects ofaccidental injury (Malt, 1988) were used atthe follow-up appointments.The interventionIndividuals were randomly allocated tointervention (PD) or control (no intervenlion) groups. The PDs took place 2—19days(mean (s.d.) 6.3 (3.6) days) after the burntrauma, lasted 30—120minutes (mean (s.d.)


Abstract The argument of the paper is that up to now, in South Asia, there has not been any successful model of land reform conducted legally and scientifically in the name of the state, whereas in East Asia, there has not been any unsuccessful case of land reform, whatever ideologies or institutions the governments claimed to be. The authors are of the view that although land reform acts had been promulgated in Nepal since 1957, and there were stipulations on government recovery of (...)


Injections of sows with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) prior to mating have been shown to improve endogenous secretions of pregnant hormones that improve and optimize the uterine environment and condition during pregnancy that eventually lead to give birth to superior piglets. This experiment was designed to study the effects of PMSG and hCG injections of sows prior to mating on prenatal growth as indicated by the conditions of the the neonate piglets. Thirty mature female Landrace pigs were divided into 2 groups i.e., 15 pigs were injected with PMSG and hCG prior to mating, and the other 15 pigs were injected with physiological NaCl solution as a control. Before mating, the estrus cycles of the experimental sows were synchronized by injecting prostaglandin two times with 14 days interval. The experimental pigs were injected with PMSG and hCG or 0.90% NaCl solution at the same time with the second prostaglandin injection and were further mated naturally. During pregnancy, the experimental sows were maintained with the normal management condition. The results showed that piglest born to sows injected with PMSG and hCG prior to mating had shorter and faster birth process with higher activities and survivals as compared to those born to control sows. Piglets born by sow that were injected with PMSG and hCG before mating had a more optimum birth weight accompanied by greater body length, limb height, and higher rear limb height. Piglest born to by sows that were injected with PMSG and hCG prior to mating showed superior conditions that would contribute to optimum and superior preweaning and postweaning growths until maturity.


The city, with its overwhelming physical presence, makes it easy to forget that it owes its origin, continuing existence, renovation, and personality to human speech-the myriad words of varying degrees of effectiveness uttered by public and semipublic officials, the media, poets, and ordinary citizens. THE extraordinary first verses of the Gospel according to St. John are familiar to many readers: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.... All things are made by (the Word), and without (the Word) was not any thing made that was made." Equally famous are the first lines of Genesis, in which God created heaven and earth by a succession of utterances: "Let there be light, and there was light." The Bible tells, moreover, that human beings are made in God's image, which implies that humans too are able to create or to call things into being by naming, as Adam was to do in the Garden of Eden. SPEECH AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION This emphasis on the creative power of speech is perhaps unique to the Judeo-Christian tradition, and one might think that Westerners, who are inheritors of this tradition, would be exceptionally conscious of the potency of words, would use them carefully, and would guard them as though they were sacred. Yet this is not quite the case. In the United States language is often held in disregard, as ineffectual. Real men act rather than speak. Action creates a material world, whereas speech merely describes it. My purpose is to show, through experiences we all share rather than through abstract argument, why this view is mistaken. Words are action; indeed they almost possess the sort of power that God had when He said, "Let there be light, and there was light." Above all, I wish to suggest how the city-its existence and quality-is closely linked to the quality of language, to the words we use to communicate with one another. Let me begin on a personal note. For fourteen years I lived in the Towers Condominium in downtown Minneapolis, and from my tenth-floor unit I felt, proudly, that I had the "world at my feet." One of my privileges was to see from my window all the construction work that went on in the city. My perch allowed me to witness the day-to-day procedures and hence every stage of a building's career, from the initial digging of a hole in the ground to the final topping. Yet, despite this close-range observation, when a building was finally completed and fully equipped with elevators, flush toilets, electric


The article presents issues related to the solutions with light clay and straw bale in the contemporary housing. Building using straw bale and light clay is simple, eco-friendly and accessible to all. It fits in with the idea of sustainable development, supporting local businesses and giving people the opportunity to integrate in the design and construction of the house. The article presents the thermal analysis for both walls made of straw bale and of light clay. The analysis showed a very good performance. All positive aspects allow treating straw and light clay as a viable alternative to the commonly used technologies for erecting buildings.


This article examines the training of ministers and interacts with the perspectives formulated by P.C. Potgieter. It considers Potgieter's monograph on the theological curriculum, Voorberei en toegerus, in which he outlines some characteristics of and conditions for theological training. In his opinion all theological training must be qualified by Scripture. Theological training should also create a sense for critical enquiry. Theological study is directed at the study of the Revelation of God and the church as the body of Christ. The article further discusses the literature on theological studies where attention is paid to the reasons for theological training, theology as a science and a priori assumptions in the study of theology. The article concludes with a discussion of Potgieter's view on theological training.
(Acta Theologica, Supplementum 3, 2002: 89-106)


This dataset accompanies our paper that presents the design and evaluation of the Temperature Calendar -- a visualization of temperature variation within a workplace over the course of the past week. This highlights deviation from organizational temperature policy, and aims to bring staff ``into the loop'' of understanding and managing heating, and so reduce energy waste. The dataset contains supplemental material detailing the carbon cost of the Temperature Calendar.


Mechanical characterization of plasma-sprayed coatings at microscopic level represents a major challenge due to the presence of numerous inherent microstructural features such as cracks, pores, or splat boundaries, which complicate coatings characterization by conventional testing methods. Need for reliable testing of structural integrity of newly developed multiphase plasma-sprayed coatings introduced even more complexity to the testing. In this study, applicability of indirect vibratory cavitation test (adapted from ASTM G32 standard) for such testing was evaluated. Three plasmasprayed coatings having distinctive microstructures were tested: i) conventional alumina coating deposited from coarse powder, ii) hybrid coating deposited by co-spraying of coarse alumina powder and fine yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) suspension, and iii) compact alumina coating deposited from fine ethanol-based suspension. Differences in the coatings internal cohesion were reflected in different failure mechanisms observed within the cavitation crater by scanning electron microscopy and mean erosion rates being i) 280 μm/hour, ii) 97 μm/hour and iii) 14 μm/hour, respectively.


A new theoretical method is presented for predicting osmotic equilibria and activities, wherea bulk liquid and its corresponding vapor phase are simulated by means of molecular dynamicsusing explicit polarization. Calculated time-averaged number density profiles provide thevapor phase densities. The activity of the solvent and the corresponding osmotic coecient aredetermined by the vapor density at dierent solute concentrations with respect to the referencevapor density of the pure solvent. With the extended Debye-Huckel equation for the activitycoecient and the corresponding Gibbs-Duhem relation in addition the activity coecientsof the solutes are calculated by fitting the osmotic coecients. A simple model based on thecombination of Poisson processes and Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distributions is introducedto interpret statistical phenomena observed during the simulations, which are related to evaporationand recondensation. This method is applied on various systems such as concentratedaqueous solutions of rare earth nitrates, mixtures of water and alcohols, and organic phases.The simulated activities, osmotic coecients, and activity coecients are in good agreementwith the experimental findings for the aqueous solutions of the rare earth nitrates.


A T-shaped equivalent circuit of an asynchronous phase motor with a deaf connection into the "star" of the stator winding phases is presented. The calculated and experimental frequency dependences of the quality factor of the "phase-phase" circuit as a function of the dielectric loss tangent of the cabinet insulation are given. It was found that at the resonant frequency in the inductance measurement mode, the characteristics of the electrically insulating system are significantly different in comparison with the measurement mode of the capacitance of the housing system of the electric machine. References 22, figures 4, table 1.


Because knowledge of this subject has expanded tremendously in the past several years, it is no longer possible to do more than outline it in a review of this length . The main objective, therefore, is to enumerate the aspects of the subject that are now recognized as important determinants; however, certain areas where concepts are currently undergoing change are reviewed in detail. The considerations presently known to be involved in determining whether a drug will be teratogenic areJisted in Table 1. Before discussing these individually it should be emphasized that the term teratogenicity is used here in the broad sense of developmental toxicity, encom passing all deviations in developmental processes originating between fertilization and postnatal maturity, including death, malformation, growth retardation, and functional deficiency.


We prove the existence of uniform limits for certain sequences of products of contractions and elements of a family of uniformly continuous propagators acting on a Hilbert or a Banach space. From the point of view of Quantum Physics, the considered sequences can represent the evolution of a system whose dynamics, described by a continuous propagator, is disturbed by a sequence of generic quantum operations (e.g., projective measurements or unitary pulses). This includes and also generalizes the so-called quantum Zeno dynamics. The time-evolution obtained from the limits of the considered sequences are described by propagators generated by ergodic means. The notion of such ergodic means is generalized in this paper to also include propagators of time-dependent generators, and thus our results can be used to develop new forms of active decoherence suppression. In a similar way, we also consider the effective time-evolution obtained from adding to the possibly time-dependent generator of the original propagator a generator of a uniformly continuous contraction semi-group with asymptotically increasing weight in the sum. By proving a generalized adiabatic theorem, it is shown that also for this set-up the resulting time-evolution is governed by a suitable ergodic mean.


Every year 9 million people are diagnosed with tuberculosis, every day more than 13,400 people are infected with AIDs, every 30 seconds malaria kills a child. Many people suffer and die young because they cannot access essential medicines. This book argues that people have a right to access these medicines and proposes some new Global Health Impact labeling, investment, and licensing strategies that encourage pharmaceutical companies to improve global health (global-health-impact.org/new). The idea is to rate these companies based on their medicines' impacts. Highly rated companies will get a Global Health Impact label to use on their products. Socially responsible investment companies and universities might also take the ratings into account in making investment or licensing decisions. After arguing that people do have a right to access essential medicines, this book explores this proposal, its philosophical justification, and its prospects for success.


A description is given of a K/Ka-band 3-bit GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) phase shifter that uses passive MESFET switching elements and is bidirectional. The phase shifter uses high-pass/low-pass filter circuits in which MESFET off-state capacitances are incorporated as filter elements. This technique allows high-performance, broadband phase shifter response to be achieved. The K/Ka-band phase shifter uses MESFETs with the same characteristics as those used in amplifiers operating in the same band, for ease of future integration. The phase shifter operates from 18 to 40 GHz, with an average insertion loss of 9 to 10 dB.<<ETX>>


Nature of Reality has been subject of investigations since historical times both in science and religion. The physical interpretation of Reality has experienced a dynamic change from Aristotle to Einstein. Relativity theory and Quantum mechanics have led to formulations of new concepts regarding space, time, matter and reality. Uncertainty Principle by Heisenberg and the concept of dual nature of matter and radiation by Louis de Broglie gave a serious blow to the philosophy of determinism based on Newtonian Mechanics and Cartesian world view. The great debates between Einstein and Bohr at Solvay Conferences about the inadequacy of quantum mechanics to describe physical aspect of Reality are a part of history of science now. EPR paradox and Bell's theorem have introduced the idea of connectedness and consciousness in Quantum Reality. Experience is the ultimate test of truth or Reality for the Indian philosopher. The Reality is trans-empirical, hence, it cannot be known through sense experience in the way in which empirical/scientific knowledge is gained. Reality is better understood or comprehended through intuitive experience for it transcends both the rational and the sensory aspects of human experience. Keywords: Reality, Newtonian World view, Copenhagen Interpretation, Uncertainty Principle, EPR Paradox, Metaphysics, Mysticism Cite this Article Hardev Singh Virk. Nature of Reality: Physical, Metaphysical and Mystical Aspects. Omniscience: A Multi-disciplinary Journal (OSMJ). 2015; 5(2): 10–15p.


AS PRICE INCREASES HOLD, AND production and demand improve, chemical industry executives are becoming more and more convinced that the economic recovery is for real. Evidence of this recovery is in sales and earnings, which in the second quarter turned in their third straight quarter of solid growth. Total second-quarter earnings from 28 companies surveyed by C&EN jumped 51.5% from the same period last year to $2.98 billion. Earnings are from continuing operations, excluding significant one-time items. Meanwhile, sales rose 13.6% to $39.1 billion. Profitability also improved, with the aggregate profit margin for the group rising to 7.6% from 57% in second-quarter 2003. As an added bonus, not one company among the 28 posted a loss for the 2004 period. For the first half of 2004, the companies chalked up a 69.5% increase in earnings to $5.56 billion on a 14.1% sales increase to $76.8 billion. Profitability rose to 7.2% ...


The combinatorial optimization, algorithmic graph theory, and approximate algorithm theory were not developed by one person, but through the joint efforts of several generations. By the early 1970s or so, the view had taken shape that the algorithms that would work in practice were usually those implemented in polynomial time. Searching for efficient algorithms for all kinds of problems inspired computer experts and some mathematicians of the time. We design a 3/2-approximation algorithm to solve the sorting problem of parallel machine parts with time Windows.


English has been taught by the teacher in Islamic Senior High School 2
Model Pekanbaru by some strategies to increase students' speaking ability such as
the teacher taught students by giving explanation about the materials and then the
teacher asked the students questions and responded them respectively. Sometimes
the teacher used group discussion, and drama. But in fact, the students remained
unable to speak English well. To provide solution to these problems, the
researcher proposed a method called Barrier Games Strategy. The main focus of
the research was to find out whether there is significant difference on students'
speaking ability of students who are taught and not by using Barrier Games
Strategy. In the research, the type of the research was a quasi-experimental
research. The researcher used two groups pretest-posttest design. The researcher
used one class as sample that consisted of 35 students. The researcher gave pretest
to students who were taught and not by applying barrier games strategy in order to
know students' speaking ability before taught by using barrier games strategy, and
then after taught by using barrier games strategy. The researcher gave posttest in
order to know students speaking ability after taught by using barrier games
strategy. The technique of data collecting was test. Test used was oral
presentation test in order to collect the data of students' speaking ability at the
first year students of Islamic Senior High School 2 Model Pekanbaru. The
technique of data analysis used T-test formula in order to find out the difference
of students' mean score between pretest and posttest by using SPSS 16th version.
The students' score was compared with T-table considered with degree of
freedom (df). Based on the data analysis, the researcher found that there is
significant difference between students' speaking ability of students who are
taught and not by using Barrier Games strategy with consideration to is higher
than tt either in significant 5% or in significant 1 %. It means that Ha is accepted
and Ho is rejected. So, it can be concluded that there is significant difference of
using barrier games strategy towards students' speaking ability at the first year of
Islamic Senior High School 2 Model Pekanbaru.


The Origin 2000 is a high performance computing platform produced jointly by Silico Graphics / Cray. This scalable shared memory processor (SSMP) may be configured with 128 processors in a single system image. The Origin is a scalable, cache coherent, non-un memory access (CC-NUMA), distributed shared memory (DSM) architecture based on a hypercube interconnection topology. Effectively exploiting the parallel processing capabiliti this computer, as well as other similar computers, is very much an emerging technology. T objective of this paper is to demonstrate how this parallelism may be employed on practica computing problems, using the C programming language. This paper is targeted towards so engineers who are moving from traditional single processor computers to a high performan parallel computing platform. Section 1 Background in Parallel Processing Parallel processing is a computing technique designed to improve the execution time application by distributing the computational work among a number of processing elements definition of parallel processing is sufficiently broad to encompass concurrent processing, distributed computing, as well as parallel computing with tightly coupled multiprocessors. T paper is designed to provide a general framework for how to employ multiple processing elements to work cooperatively on a computing task, using the Silicon Graphics / Cray Orig 2000 computer. Ideally, parallel processing applications and architectures would exhibit "linear speedup." In other words, if the number of processors applied towards a computing problem were dou then the execution time should be cut in half. Unfortunately, only a small set of parallel computing applications can achieve linear speedup. Figure 1 illustrates one limitation of pa processing for a fixed size calculation. Note four processors give a speedup of 2.3 over a s processing element. However, the structure of the problem limits speedup. Therefore, the u additional processors will not improve execution time.


In this paper,we conduct a careful and systematic understanding,combing and reflection for some physical education thoughts for example "Health First","enhancing physical fitness",training "three base","comprehensive development " and "Happy Sport".We found that there are more serious shortcomings in the operating teaching of physical practice because they are easy to change the extreme or alienation.Health teaching thinking should be oriented how to improve the student's "sports accomplishment";then,locating the target of physical education is "technical exercise";that is training students in the course of repeated exercise techniques to achieve physical fitness purposes.


An aquatic environmental monitor has been developed that will continuously monitor aqueous waste streams from coal processing plants. The monitor contains three different instruments: a continuous chemical oxygen demand monitor and two continuous-flow fluorometers with different excitation-emission characteristics. A prototype instrument was fabricated and evaluated for several different applications. The details of the instrument design and results of its evaluation are presented in this report.


Field emission current from synthesized diamond can be increased by hydrogen plasma treatment. On the other hand, oxygen or oxygen-contained plasma treatment drastically decreases the field emission current. These are applicable to diamond grown on various substrates. A relation between field emission and the electrical conducting layer at diamond surface is suggested.


Based on the nuclear magnetic resonance data extraction technology, this paper analyzes the changes in the flavor characteristics and moisture status of the apples during storage, and explores the correlation between related qualities. On this basis, nuclear magnetic resonance is used to construct a fruit and vegetable freshness and related quality detection model based on electronic nose and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and the applicability of the model is evaluated. The imaging model is designed and applied to the analysis of the collected data. The inspection system is implemented through the intelligent model. Correlation analysis results show that there are significant or extremely significant correlations between the sensory scores, quality indicators, flavor characteristics and moisture status of apple during storage. The proposed model is simulated under the real data sets to validate the performance.


Abstract Advances in learning approaches can enhance deeper levels of mathematical thinking and engagement through the use of new digital environments and technologies. The growing utilisation of portable digital devices in schools has meant there are enhanced tools to support mathematical learning and understandings. This article focused on those who work together to provide learning approaches in mathematics for 11- to 13-year-old students in New Zealand primary schools. The research study involved six schools, chosen to reflect a variety of school types and populations. We interviewed six principals and eight teachers about aspects of eLearning in their school mathematics programmes. The study found that the cost of some programmes and the lack of Internet connections and lack of computers in poorer homes did not allow for a level digital playing field for all children. Teachers considered eLearning as an opportunity to practice skills in a high interest and varietal way. However, in some cases, the teachers had little confidence to use information and communications technology (ICT) effectively. Only one school provided ongoing professional development on ICT use for mathematics learning. Even though many of the classrooms were well resourced, the teachers did not appear to have knowledge of learning approaches which encourage higher-order thinking skills to raise mathematics achievement.


The study on actuary model of life insurance under stochastic interest rate is becoming popular and important in actuarial studies.Based on the traditional actuarial science,the interest force is modeled with standard Brownian motion.The semi-continuous death insurance under the stochastic interest rate is built.Based on this model,the expression of net premium,annuity and reserve are calculated.Under the hypothesis of De Moive,the risk of insurance company is analyzed by numerical computing.


The research of urban tourism competitiveness conduces to reflect actuality and potential of urban tourism,thus achieves resource allocation optimization and sustainable development of tourism.In this paper,a three-grade indicator system is established to evaluate urban tourism competitiveness.The evaluation system includes 43 indicators from seven aspects,calculates indicator weight with principal components analysis and factor analysis.Based on the above model,demonstration analysis is carried out for Luoyang.Lastly,this paper makes promotion strategy including cultural factors,industrial cluster and pluralistic investment.


1900-14: the gathering storm? the First World War the inter-war years - an economy in decline? the general strike and industrial relations between the wars governments and the economy study guides.


We present a perturbative approach to the problem of estimating capacities of Gaussian quantum channels. It relies on the expansion of the von Neumann entropy of Gaussian states as a function of the symplectic eigenvalues of the quadratures covariance matrices. We apply this method to the classical capacity of a lossy bosonic channel for both the memory and memoryless cases.


From January 2011 to December 2013, we constructed a comprehensive pCO2 data set based on voluntary observing ship (VOS) measurements in the western English Channel (WEC). We subsequently estimated surface pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes in northwestern European continental shelf waters using multiple linear regressions (MLRs) from remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a), wind speed (WND), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and modeled mixed layer depth (MLD). We developed specific MLRs for the seasonally stratified northern WEC (nWEC) and the permanently well-mixed southern WEC (sWEC) and calculated surface pCO2 with uncertainties of 17 and 16 μatm, respectively. We extrapolated the relationships obtained for the WEC based on the 2011–2013 data set (1) temporally over a decade and (2) spatially in the adjacent Celtic and Irish seas (CS and IS), two regions which exhibit hydrographical and biogeochemical characteristics similar to those of WEC waters. We validated these extrapolations with pCO2 data from the SOCAT and LDEO databases and obtained good agreement between modeled and observed data. On an annual scale, seasonally stratified systems acted as a sink of CO2 from the atmosphere of −0.6± 0.3, −0.9± 0.3 and −0.5± 0.3 mol C m yr in the northern Celtic Sea, southern Celtic sea and nWEC, respectively, whereas permanently well-mixed systems acted as source of CO2 to the atmosphere of 0.2± 0.2 and 0.3± 0.2 mol C m yr in the sWEC and IS, respectively. Air–sea CO2 fluxes showed important inter-annual variability resulting in significant differences in the intensity and/or direction of annual fluxes. We scaled the mean annual fluxes over these provinces for the last decade and obtained the first annual average uptake of −1.11± 0.32 Tg C yr for this part of the northwestern European continental shelf. Our study showed that combining VOS data with satellite observations can be a powerful tool to estimate and extrapolate air–sea CO2 fluxes in sparsely sampled area.