Credit cards are very commonly used in making online payments. In recent years' frauds are reported which are accomplished using credit cards. It is very difficult to detect and prevent the fraud which is accomplished using credit card. Machine Learning(ML) is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique which is used to solve many problems in science and engineering. In this paper, machine learning algorithms are applied on a data set of credit cards frauds and the power of three machine learning algorithms is compared to detect the frauds accomplished using credit cards. The accuracy of Random Forest machine learning algorithm is best as compared to Decision Tree and XGBOOST algorithms.


Whereas in the 20th Century much of the wealth that was created went to those who controlled real estate and oil, many argue that in the twenty-first century it will go to those who control our attention. We find ourselves hooked on the variable rewards of messages, notifications and likes, subconsciously seeking the dopamine hit these intermittent electronic rewards give us. If we do not adequately arm ourselves in this battle for our attention, what will be the impact on our own performance and wellbeing?


A novel application and generalization of sigma-delta (/spl Sigma//spl Delta/) modulation has emerged in three-phase power-electronic converters. A conventional /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator with scalar signals and binary quantizer is generalized to a /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator with vector signals and a hexagonal quantizer. Indeed, power-electronic switching states may be thought of as determining the quantizer outputs. The output spectrum is a key performance measure for both communications and power electronics. This paper analytically derives the output spectrum of the hexagonal /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator with a constant input using ergodic theory and Fourier series on the hexagon. The switching rate of the modulator is important for power-electronic design and formulas for the average switching rate are derived for constant and slowly varying sinusoidal inputs.


Abstract This paper describes an empirical study (n = 699) of occupational stress in a Scottish police force. The self-perceived stress associated with a variety of organizational and opearational stressors was examined along with the associated distress in the police officers in terms of symptoms of anxiety, somatic complaint, severe depression and social dysfunction. The analysis revealed that in spite of the potential that police work offers for exposure to adverse opeational situations such as violence or death, the highest levels of associated stress lie in relation to organizational factors such as officers' perceptions of staff shortages, inadequate resources, time pressures, lack of communication and work overload. Differential rates of perceived stress are reported accordng to gender, rank and working location. This paper further validates previsous research on stress in British police and addresses the situation from a Scottish perspective.


A moving mirror control system of the Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) based on the feedforward inputs obtained by the intelligent algorithm is proposed in this paper. Feedforward control is an important part of the moving mirror speed control system of the FTS. And it is always difficult to quantitatively calculate the feedforward inputs through a precise mathematical model of the controlled object. Therefore, based on the expected motion law, an intelligent adaptive algorithm for obtaining feedforward inputs of the moving mirror system was designed. The algorithm decomposed the motion stroke into several position points, iteratively obtained the driving quantity of the moving mirror that met the expected instantaneous speed of each position point, and finally obtained the feedforward inputs of the whole motion stroke. The feedforward inputs obtained by the intelligent algorithm combined with the speed loop PID control constitute the complete moving mirror speed control system. Then, we applied the control system to the moving mirror of the FTS and acquired the velocity of the moving mirror. The experimental results show that the control system is feasible, the error of the peak-to-peak velocity is 0.047, and the error of the root mean square (RMS) velocity is 0.003. Compared with the single-speed-loop control system without feedforward inputs, the error of the peak-to-peak velocity is reduced by 43.3%, and the error of the RMS velocity is reduced by 67.7%, realizing a more accurate control of the moving mirror. Therefore, the control system based on the feedforward inputs obtained by the intelligent algorithm is a feasible and effective moving mirror speed control scheme of the FTS.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an assessment model for process management maturity focussed on business process management (BPM) governance practices. Design/methodology/approach – This investigation uses case studies. Findings – The BPM governance elements identified and analysis of the BPM maturity models previously used gave rise to the assessment model for organizational maturity in BPM developed for this study. Originality/value – The model allowed the authors to diagnose organizations' current situation in terms of process management and provided a preliminary assessment of the next steps in the evolution of maturity for each of the factors analyzed.


Severe obesity in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is associated with higher levels of FMS symptoms and lower levels of quality of life, according to researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.


Although research and service contributions are important, it is a love for teaching that motivates many college faculty members. Excellent teachers often inspired faculty to pursue careers in higher education, and, for many, working with students is the major activity each day. While teaching remains the primary mission for most university faculty, the authors of this study argue that teaching, learning, and community outreach can be integrated in a more holistic sense. This is evident in a unique initiative of Western Carolina University's Public Policy Institute and the university's Pi Gamma Mu chapter, the local government youth assembly. This study first addresses the traditional teaching model and recent efforts to supplement traditional instruction approaches. It then highlights the planning and implementation of the youth assembly, an event that involves both faculty and students in teaching, learning, and community service. Traditional Instruction The protocol for teaching students from junior high school to graduate school often involves desks arrayed in columns and rows. Sitting at these desks are students who, just last night, read the next chapter of the textbook and who now listen to a teacher's lecture and take notes. This traditional approach is probably as effective as anything else for the memorization of large quantities of facts. Moreover, it is arguably much easier to tell students that water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit than it is to set up a stove and a thermometer and observe what happens when the temperature of the water on the stove reaches that temperature. Critics of the traditional instruction method complain that the facts that students memorize in this fashion usually do not remain in their memories for long. If students are lucky, the facts will stay in their memories until the examination is over. If not, they will be remembered as poor students. They also argue that the accomplishment of memorizing facts does not necessarily demonstrate any ability to do anything with those facts. The knowledge of facts may be substantially separate from what the implications of the facts look like. It is one thing to tell a medical student what a gangrenous liver looks like; it is quite another to direct the medical student to dissect an actual gangrenous liver and observe its appearance. Furthermore, traditional instruction trains students to be independent actors in the learning process. The notions of "working together" and "working cooperatively" have been denounced as methods of cheating. Accordingly, students are not trained to work with others and that can prove to be problematic when they enter an employment setting where cooperation is necessary for success. The authors of this study are particularly concerned about the efficacy of the methodology of reading the textbook, hearing a lecture, and taking notes for the purpose of teaching students about government, politics, and citizenship. It is entirely possible for students to earn a college degree in political science without ever having seen a state legislature or a city council meet for the purpose of enacting state laws or local ordinances. It is entirely possible for students to earn that degree without ever having seen a political party convention meet for the purpose of electing party officers or selecting the party's nominees in the next general election. It is also entirely possible for students to earn that degree without ever attending a political rally. The nuances of how actors in the political arena talk to one another, bargain with one another, and use rhetoric disingenuously to avert unwanted attention and controversy will almost never be explained in a book or a lecture--and, even if they are, would not move students to action--but are observable in a real political event. The reasons for sticking stubbornly to the traditional approach of instruction are heard frequently enough. …


Escaping from a submerged helicopter and then swimming to the surface would be too terrifying for most, but two nurses have completed the feat and raised more than £8,000 for charity.


Objective To evaluate the effects of fluorescent quantitative PCR(FQ-PCR) using self-quenched primer technology in detecting the Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA of clinical samples.Methods FQ-PCR basing on self-quenched primer technology was applied to detect 59 clinical specimens from patients with suspected Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection,and the result was compared with bacterial culturing.Results When standard concentration of FQ-PCR using self-quenched primer was 102~107 copes/μL,the method could maintain good linear relationship,the standard curve was:Y=-0.273X+10.781,the correlation coefficient was 0.9895.The positive rate of FQ-PCR and bacterial culture was 64.41% and 52.54% respectively(χ2=5.14,P0.05),specificity of both methods were 100%.Conclusion FQ-PCR basing on self-quenched primer assay is sensitive and specific,which is valuable for gene diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection.


bibliography of the immigration and ethnicity literature at this time is like taking a snapshot of an avalanche. It inevitably will be dated before it appears." The explosion of scholarship on ethnicity is reflected in Vecoli's own essays. In 1970 he called attention to "Ethnicity: A Neglected Dimension of American History," and in 1979 he published a survey of "The Resurgence of American Immigration History," in which he acknowledged the dramatic increase of "books, articles, and dissertations dealing with the roles of race, nationality, and religion in American history" (46).1


[1] We report on a study of type II radio bursts from the Wind/WAVES experiment in conjunction with white-light coronal mass ejections (CME) from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). The type II bursts considered here have emission components in all the spectral domains: metric, decameter-hectometric (DH) and kilometric (km), so we refer to them as m-to-km type II bursts. CMEs associated with the m-to-km type II bursts were more energetic than those associated with bursts in any single wavelength regime. CMEs associated with type II bursts confined to the metric domain were more energetic (wider and faster) than the general population of CMEs but less energetic than CMEs associated with DH type II bursts. Thus the CME kinetic energy seems to organize the life time of the type II bursts. Contrary to previous results, the starting frequency of metric type II bursts with interplanetary counterparts seems to be no different from that of type II bursts without interplanetary counterparts. We also verified this by showing that the average CME height at the onset time of the type II bursts is the same for the two metric populations. The majority (78%) of the m-to-km type II bursts were associated with solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The solar sources of the small fraction of m-to-km type II bursts without SEP association were poorly connected to the observer near Earth. Finally, we found that the m-to-km type II bursts were associated with bigger flares compared to the purely metric type II bursts.


Pollock and colleagues recently commented on governments that ignored the World Health Organization's advice on covid-19.1 Unwillingness by some politicians to heed expert medical and scientific advice is not unsurprising. History shows that it should be expected.

Playing the odds and downgrading risks one would rather not hear about is a phenomenon that goes back a long way. Numerous experts …


Charge-pumping measurements of the spectral distribution of interface states are performed on three SOS device structures. In contrast to bulk devices with similar channel geometries, there is significant bulk recombination in addition to the normally present interface-state recombination. The bulk recombination produces a sharp upturn in the interface-state density near the bandgap edges. This upturn is an artifact of the analysis method. While it has been observed at both edges of the bandgap, it is usually stronger near the conduction band for n-channel devices and near the valence band for p-channel devices. In the remainder of the bandgap, the interface-state density is accurately measured. Following X-ray exposure, the interface-state density increases, whereas the upturns near the band edges are virtually unchanged. Unlike the case for bulk devices, it is shown that geometric constraints on the motion of majority carriers play an important role in producing recombination at bulk traps. A model is presented that addresses the carrier motion and describes the dependence of the bulk recombination on the channel geometry. >


In the summer of 1929 one of us outlined a plan for a study of the degenerative types of cardiovascular disease. The idea was inspired by the familial study of tuberculosis made by Dr. Eugene L. Opie at the Phipps Institute, by the paper of Dr. John Wyckoff, entitled "A Consideration of the Possibility of the Prevention of Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease," and by the study on rheumatic fever in families, now being carried on in New Haven by Dr. John R. Paul. Among clinicians, it is conceded almost without question, that very little is definitely known of the origin of the degenerative diseases, viz., arterio-and arteriolar sclerosis, vascular hypertension, and myocardial degeneration. When these conditions are recognized clinically, the process is usually one of many years' standing, and relief measures are prescribed with meagre benefit. It is the purpose of the present study to follow the natural history of the so-called degenerative types of cardiovascular disease,that is, to find out the real etiological significance of such factors as heredity, environment, infections, toxins, metabolic disturbances, occupational stress, emotional upheavals, and age-the natural wear and tear of life. Is it not possible that in the degenerative types of disease the various members of a family, through the influence of heredity and environment, may suffer sooner or later from a form of the same disease which originally brought the sickest member to the physician or the cardiac clinic? In the accomplishment of our plans, it was first proposed to study the families of 200 active patients now enrolled in the Children's and Adults' Heart Clinics of the Pennsylvania Hospital; the families of 200 private patients; and the families of 200 supposedly normal individuals, as controls; of this latter group, 100 were to be from Hospital clinics and 100 from private life. After discussion with various physicians interested in our study, we have decided, however, that a smaller study well done will be more valuable than a large


In this paper, a low complexity algorithm for GPS signal acquisition is proposed. It is shown that the samples acquired by a bank of much fewer correlators suffice to detect the GPS signals in contrast to that in existing GPS acquisition algorithms. Our acquisition scheme is based on the recently developed analog compressed sensing framework and employs compressive multichannel correlators as the matched filters, which allows to identify the strongest satellite signals in the field of view and pinpoint the correct code-phase and Doppler shifts for acquisition.


The present study has the purpose of analyzing initially the proposal for the creation of the special value added tax for liqueurs, wines and snacks in Colombia, according to the object of Bill 135 of the chamber presented to the Congress of the Republic by the Representative To the Chamber Dr. Alejandro Carlos Chacon and that repeals the Laws 223 of 1995, 788 of 2002 and 1393 of 2010, subjects that are published in Gaceta of Congress No.799 of the year 2015.


A study was conducted during 2006–07 to assess the extent of genetic variability and qualitative characters of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.). The range, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, genetic advance and correlation among seven qualitative characters were estimated in 40 genotypes of clusterbean. The genotypes showed considerable amount of variability for all the traits. Irrespective of their place of collection the genotypes were grouped into seven different clusters. Cluster analysis revealed that genotypes 'HGS 884', 'HGS 26– 01' and 'HGS 02-20' will be useful for genetic resources. High magnitude of heritability and genetic advance for gum, fibre and protein contents suggested that the genotypic variation in the present material for these characters is due to high additive genetic effects. Carbohydrates were positively correlated with endosperm and gum contents. Endosperm exhibited significant positive association with gum content while the association of protein was negative with gum and endosperm contents.


This paper is the result of extensive research into the key profile characteristics of alliance managers. With the assistance of RMIT, Victoria University and their world-renowned researchers in this field we have laid the first stone of a tool to develop capable individuals into competent alliance professionals. Many people were involved in the study across many industry sectors and the results highlight the value not only of individual contribution but also the collaboration across industry which made this project possible. The aim of this paper is to increase the pool of talent available to an industry delivering project and program alliances across all sectors, including construction, health and education. Creating more skilled managers to lead major projects will not only create additional value to project owners, but will benefit end users and the community.


Methods of obtaining carbon sorbents modified with the compounds of antimony (V) were developed for the extraction of sodium and calcium admixtures from the solution of lithium chloride. The sorption capacity of the obtained modified carbon materials under static and dynamic conditions was estimated. It was shown that the most efficient sorbent NUMS-K-1 was obtained by the saturation with SbCl5 followed by its hydrolysis. With antimony content in the carbon sorbent up to 8 %, total dynamic capacity with respect to sodium is 2.2, with respect to calcium 4 mg/g. In the course of dynamic experiments, it was established that the residual concentration of sodium at the outlet of the sorption column reaches 0.25, calcium 2 mg/L. The obtained results meet the requirements to the purity of lithium products. The promising character of the use of carbon sorbents modified with antimony (V) compounds in the processes of lithium chloride purification from sodium and calcium admixtures was demonstrated.


The purposes of this research was to investigate and analyze the effect of fluid flow variation to the performances of tube and fins radiator type. The research was done experimentally to analyze the performances of radiator. The experiment research was carried out in a simulation system of dryer consist of reservoir water tank, a heater, pump to circulate hot water to the radiator and a cooling fan. The variation of mass flow rate of hot water fluids were 0.09 kg/s and 0.18 kg/s, and the cooling air velocity at a constant rate in 1 m/s. The results showed the temperature of air side radiators were tends to decrease over time. This was in line with the heat dissipation of radiator, where they also tend to decrease over time for both variation of mass flow rate. The average heat transfer rate was higher with the higher water flow rate, which were around 3971.65 Watt. The radiators effectiveness (ɛ) tends to increase with the increasing of time with an average of ɛ = 0.34 for hot water mas flow rate 0.09 kg/s, and 0.43 for the hot water mass flow rate 0.18 kg/s. The maximum effectiveness value for both mass flow rate variations were obtained at 30 minutes which is 0.32 and 0.45. Keywords—radiator, fluid flow variation, heat transfer, effectiveness


Included in this four part implementation work for the Small Wheel Circular Track Wear and Polishing Machine and the Variable Speed Friction Tests (VST) is a summary report, Part I; circular track plan and operating manual, Part II; VST operating instructions, Part III; and VST plans, Part IV. Parts I through III are completed at this time (Spring 1977), but Part IV will not be available until December 1977 as the prototype VST is being redesigned for ease of use and ease of construction in, a production model. Part I contains the objectives of the study, and the documentation of the highly successful field correlation between the VST and the ASTM Skid Trailer at 30, 40 and 50 mph test speeds. Also included are recommendations for additional study to complete translation of circular track results into predicted field performance of aggregates and mixture for pavements. Part II contains plans for construction of a circular track and operating instructions for use of the track. Part III contains operating instructions for the VST including the dead weight calibration method. Part IV, when completed, will contain the plans for construction of the VST. /Author/


In this study, electronic nose (zNoseTM) was introduced as a new potential real time and fast technique to analyze the aroma of raw meat and processed meat for halal authentication. The zNoseTM was successfully tested for its ability to provide individual fingerprints of the aroma
of pork and different types of sausages (beef sausage, chicken sausage and pork sausage). This is achieved using a visual odor pattern called VaporPrintTM, derived from the frequency of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) detector. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to structure the data matrix. The different meat samples were separated along the first PC. The first PC described 94% of the total variance and showed four well defined groups: chicken sausage, pork sausage, beef sausage and pork. This percentage seemed sufficient to define a good model, especially for qualitative purpose. The high negative score of pork was determined by the highest amount of C8, C13 and C16 among all samples.


In this study, the specific effects of Na+ and Ca2+ ions on natural hydrophobic Teflon particles and flat Teflon surfaces were investigated using zeta potential and contact angle measurements, respectively. The zeta potential measurements showed that the surface charge of Teflon was negative at all pH values in the absence of salt ions, and became the positive with the increased salt concentration, and obtained an iso electric point (iep) between pH 3 and 4. The results also indicated that Ca+2 ions more adsorbed on the Teflon surface compared to Na+ ions in the case of the compression of the electrical double layer. The contact angle measurements with Teflon sample showed that while the flat Teflon had a contact angle of 107° at pure water, and the contact angle considerably reduced as a function of salt concentration. This decrease was more effective in the presence of Ca2+ ions rather than Na+ ions. While calcium is a strong water structure maker cation, sodium is a weak structure maker cation, but the role of calcium is more effective at the Teflon-water interface according to zeta potential and contact angle measurements. It is revealed that the Ca+2 ions have a specific effect on Teflon surface due to low salt concentrations and ion charges. The different effects of these cations on Teflon-water interface can be attributed to use in mineral processing, especially in flotation enrichment.


In this essay, Nathan Flis identifies paintings by English artist Francis Barlow as the sources for illustrations of exotic birds in Ray and Willughby's Ornithology. The process of painting played a key role in establishing the likenesses of the birds, which involved the observation of live specimens and comparison with graphical and textual precedents. At the same time, popular prints by Barlow depicting the same birds cast the creatures as objects of wonder and cultural lore. Barlow's role in the Ornithology is unexpected because his popular works stood at odds with the Royal Society's mandate to describe nature objectively. The range of Barlow's productions highlights the plurality of—and tensions between—experiences of the natural world in the seventeenth century.


This study aims to explore the cognitive validity of a popular epistemological beliefs self-report instrument used in history education, namely the Beliefs about History Questionnaire (BHQ) developed by Maggioni (2010). The validity and reliability of this instrument were found to be problematic during the quantitative validation of both the original English questionnaire and its foreign language versions. Therefore, we conducted cognitive interviews with four students (all 17 years old) using a German version of the BHQ to gain a comprehensive insight into students' understanding of the questionnaire and the possible difficulties they experience in answering its items. The analysis of the interviews showed that the cognitive validity of the questionnaire was good. However, some items were found to be problematic because the students showed differences in understanding and difficulties in responding. Furthermore, four overarching problem areas were identified: the complexity of terms; epistemic ambiguity; length and comprehensibility; and irritating references to the school context. In this article, we address these and other difficulties in using the BHQ to assess students' thoughts about epistemology in history. Finally, possible improvements to the questionnaire and conclusions that can be applied to both research and practice are presented.


Summary 1. The physiological role of the adrenal glands in relation to blood potassium, hitherto attributed to function of the cortex or one of its steroid components, can be ascribed to a function of epinephrine secretion from the medulla. 2. The level of potassium in the blood Serum is diminished by intravenous administration of adrenalin in such amounts and rate of injection as correspond with the physiological rate of epinephrine secretion from the adrenal glands. 3. This effect is obtained in normal dogs and in animals with reduced or suppressed epinephrine secretion. The elevation of blood potassium, which occurs in adrenalectomized dogs, can be corrected by constant intravenous injection of physiological dosage of adrenalin. 4. Higher dosage may effect a rise in serum potassium. A moderate increase in dosage usually induces a preliminary rise followed by a more lasting reduction in the level of potassium. This can also result from too rapid injection of smaller doses. 5. Significant changes in sodium were not constant. The supposed dependence upon the adrenal cortex for maintenance of a physiological equilibrium between sodium and potassium is not supported by the results of our experiments.


High concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) have been observed in the enclosed composting facility at the Edmonton Waste Management Centre in Alberta, Canada. An elevated concentration of CO in the facility is a potential health threat to workers. Research was conducted to assess the temporal and spatial variability of CO emissions from the composting bays, using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Repeated gas measurements of CO, CO2, and CH4 were taken above and inside the compost bed using a metal gas probe. The probe was connected to the FTIR gas analyzer, which continuously collected gas concentration data. The data collected using the FTIR resulted in a continuous time series of gas measurements, where the peaks in the data signal corresponded to gas measurements taken inside the compost, and valleys represented the gas measurements taken above the compost bed. This article describes the algorithm that was devised to determine the gas concentrations at each sampling location using the MATLAB® programming environment. The algorithm was able to successfully identify the sampling locations from the continuous gas measurement data, and determine the average steady-state gas concentration above and inside of the composting bays for CO, CO2, and CH4.


The facula of He-Ne 632.8 nm laser is intercepted by CCD array and then analyzed by image processing software. The laser waist and the angle of divergence are calculated by numerical method. The experiment results accord with the theoretical data. The experiment could help the students enhance their comprehension of Gauss beam and also help to improve their experimenting abilities.


The utility model discloses a four-degree of freedom carrying robot palletizer used for carrying and stacking on a production line. The robot palletizer mainly comprises a support mechanism, a welding rack, an arm mechanism and wrists; the support mechanism is the base of the robot, and comprises a waist servo motor, a harmonic wave speed reducer, support legs, a waist base plate, and a rotary base plate; the arm mechanism comprises a front big arm, a rear big arm and a forearm; two translation degree of freedoms in a vertical direction are provided in a plane; the robot palletizer has motion capability in four-degree of freedom, can carry and stack with high speed in an end portion of a grain production line, is high in carrying efficiency, and stable in motions; the robot palletizer is combined with sensing technology so as to automatically determine whether to grab or not, and is an important component for setting up an unmanned production line in the future.


Transport container for transporting thermal activation material (14) (10) is a plurality of structural panels defining a container interior (18) (16), is configured to receive thermal activation material (14) that includes a plurality of structural panels. Container (10) also includes an external disposed adjacent to the environment in which the transport container (100) is disposed (E). Heat barrier member (24) may be disposed between the thermoactive material, and the environment in which the container is placed (E). Thermal barrier (10) includes a thermal barrier internal panel defining a gap (34) for receiving a heat-absorbing material (28) and thermal barrier outer panel (32). Flowable polymeric heat absorbing material is disposed the heat absorbing material-receiving gap (34). Thermal barrier (24), in order to reduce the transfer of thermal energy between the environment (E) of thermoactive material (14) and the transport container (100) is disposed, substantially thermoactive material (14) configured to surround the basis. .FIELD 6


A short review concerning new polar steroids isolated from starfish with 75 citations is given. This review covers the literature published from 2001 through 2007. The emphasis is on new structures, together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms, and localities of collections.


The hospital network requires the effective transmission of multimedia PCAS data for medical treatment. But the network traffic has happened frequently in consultation hours because of the limited resources of hospital network and high capacity of PACS data. This is major interruption for the medical treatment. This problem can be solved by the adaptive QoS. In this paper, we design the middleware based QoS architecture in hospital network for controlling the contribution system. Our virtual simulation verifies that our middleware assures QoS of the priority PACS data of audio and image compared with the conventional hospital network.


The problem of cross-region water pollution governance became a crux to pollution control at present,because of neglecting conditional difference in all parts of the country,adopting uniform standards which caused the maldistribution of benefit and produced regional protectionism and negative boycott.Only treat this difference of regional benefit seriously,unify planning so as to take into consideration every aspect of everyone's benefits,change the way of governance,establishment reasonable mechanism of compensation and encouragement,then can we attain expectation effect of the cross-regional water pollution governance.


Article is dedicated to the Soviet welfare politics with respect to maternity in late 1930-1950s. Article uses «oral history» approach and analyzes contradictions of the discourse on «social motherhood» influence on the everyday practices of «help» and «care» for mothers and children.


This paper discusses a derivative of FeOCl chemically prepared by ion exchanging Cl{sup {minus}} ions with OH{sup {minus}} ions. This modification was made in order to improve the discharge and charge characteristics of a secondary lithium battery made with this material as the cathode. The preparation was accomplished by using the intercalation compound of FeOCl and aniline as an intermediate which has a high reactivity with water. The x-ray diffraction patterns of the reactant and product indicate that a structural change occurred, and the product structure became amorphous. The FT-IR spectrum of the reaction product indicates that an organic compound, which is similar to a secondary phenyl amine, remains in the interlayer space of this product. The discharge and charge characteristics of a lithium battery using this cathode were examined using a coin-type cell. The small cell showed excellent cycleability.


The component acids of, four rape seed oils---Indian (Toria, Guzerat), Polish (Danzig), and Argentine (Plate)---and of ravison and Jamba rape seed oil have been studied in detail. Appropriate conditions (crystallization from ether at ---40°) for the preliminary separation of the mixed fatty acids prior to ester-fractionation have been selected which permit the approximate determination of the three unsaturated and five saturated minor component acids as well as of the four major components, crude, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. The average fatty acid composition of the four rape oil acids is palmitic 2·5, saturated Cm, C18, C20, C22 C24 (together) 5, hexadecenoic 2, oleic 15, linoleic 13·5, linolenic 8, eicosenoic 5, erucic 48, and docosadienoic I% (wt.). Ravison oil fatty acids contain less erucic acid (39%) and more linoleic acid (21%). Jamba rape oil fatty acids contain less erucic acid (37·5%) and apparently larger proportions of oleic (c. 20%) and eicosenoic (c. II%) acids.


Abstract In this paper, the distribution and percentage points of the likelihood ratio statistic for testing the hypothesis H : μ = μ e; Σ = Σ c , where e(p × p) = (1, …, 1)' and Σ c is a circular symmetry matrix, in a p-variate normal distribution are obtained. The distribution is derived in series form using the inverse Mellin transform and the residue theorem. Percentage points for p = 4, 5, 6 and 7 are computed using distributional results given in this article.


Micropatterned Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) have been used for several years in single photon counting and energy resolved imaging systems. This kind of detectors presents suitable characteristics for such purposes as: elimination of the electronic noise, good energy resolution and high counting rate capability, absence of dead areas and 2D intrinsic position discrimination capability. A Computed Tomography (CT) system using a Thick COBRA (THCOBRA) with energy resolution capability envisaging small animal imaging is being developed. By using this kind of single photon counting and energy resolved detector it is possible to retain the interaction position information and energy of each detected single photon, allowing the application of Energy Weighting Technique (EWT) and, therefore, improvement of image quality. Cross-sectional images of a Poly(methyl methacrylate) - PMMA - phantom and of a sea snail are presented.


Traditional moneylenders monitor farmers to ensure that their investment is not diverted. Modern farming contracts offered by supermarkets in developing countries often entail a loan component, and monitoring arises as well. However, unlike moneylenders, supermarkets do care about the attributes of the product. Whether such attributes are obtained is influenced largely by the advice and the extension services received by farmers. We build a financial contracting model where we show that supermarkets optimally undertake both the monitoring and the advisory missions. This contract is shown to potentially enhance credit access for small farmers but sometimes also involves excessive monitoring.


The efforts of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) to disseminate our smoking cessation guideline1 to a variety of populations has netted some very impressive payoffs. Our efforts are not without challenges in dissemination as well as implementation, however. The key challenge in dissemination is to be broad enough to capture a wide range of populations. The key challenge in implementation has been debunking the myths surrounding smoking cessation.

Depending on the desired outcome, dissemination can be a time-intensive and multi-layered process. This is necessary to get the right messages—the most appropriate products to reinforce those messages—to the right audiences at the right time.

AHCPR's dissemination strategy for the guideline was more extensive than for any previous AHCPR guideline. We developed seven separate products, almost twice as many as we typically do. This multi-faceted approach was dictated by the fact that the smoking variables are epidemiological, biological, psychological, and sociological.

AHCPR's dissemination strategy needs to be as broad as possible. We appreciate the challenges in the clinical arena faced by the guideline's panel of dedicated tobacco experts in dispelling commonly held beliefs. The guideline clearly proves that smoking cessation interventions:


The counter characteristics of a discharge tube using plane‐parallel electrodes have been investigated, particularly with regard to the short time lags inherent in the streamer type of spark which occur with such a geometry at near‐atmospheric pressure. Construction details for parallel‐plate counters with good counter characteristics are given. Spurious counts were minimized by an argonxylene filling mixture and the use of a univibrator quench circuit. The uncertainty in the reaction time of the counters is ±5×10−9 sec.


Motivated by the nonlinear phase measurements in rare-earth-doped fibers reported by Digonnet, et al (J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 299 (1997)), I provide theoretical evidence of passive synchronous phasing in ytterbium-doped multi-core fiber laser arrays of up-to 7 cores due to the existence of a negative resonant nonlinear index to which transitions at UV frequencies contribute. The effect appears to become more elusive with increasing array size, and confirmation for a 19-core array, for example, is still sought.


Systematic speleological exploration has been taking place in Belize since about 1960. Such exploration tends to be characterized by long term involvement by a small number of individuals, principally from the USA, but with significant contributions from other countries, especially the UK. An estimated total of 250 km of passage have now been mapped, ranging from low dry grovels to large, active river passage, and two of the largest underground chambers in the world. The author assigns caves to eight geographical areas and describes the history of recent exploration in each. Future exploration problems and priorities are also discussed. Belize is located in the southeastern section of the Yucatan Peninsula in Central America (see location map, page 68), bordered to the south and west by Guatemala, to the north by Mexico, and to the east by the Caribbean Sea. While the social geography and modern history of the country are very distinct from those of its neighbor countries, the physical geography is less of a contrast. The northern part of the country is flat and contains no known caves of significance, but the southern half of Belize has caves in great profusion throughout the limestone foothills and outliers of the Maya Mountain range. CAVE EXPLORATION BEFORE MODERN TIMES Caves are inextricably bound up with the history of Belize, having been fundamental to the religion of the Maya. Few do not already have some signs of human visitation. It rapidly becomes apparent to the modern cave explorer in Belize that, while virgin cave can still be discovered, evidence of the activities of the ancient Maya can be found almost everywhere, and often substantial distances inside the caves. Relics, principally in the form of smashed shards of pottery, are very common. In more recent times, however, the caves have held little significance for the average Belizean, except as a source of income for a few unscrupulous individuals who loot the artifacts to sell them abroad. Only in the last few years, with the development of Belize as a major tourist destination, have the caves started to be valued as potential sources of income in their own right, and it is now common for local landowners and international travel companies to mention caves in their promotional information about the country and to provide cave tours as part of the "Belize experience" (Hollings, pers. comm., 1994; O'Regan, 1991; McNatt, pers. comm., 1993). As a result of the looting problem, the Government of Belize has scheduled all caves as sites of archaeological interest and it is necessary for all visitors, be they explorers or tourists, to apply to the Department of Archaeology in Belmopan for a permit before going underground. Also, much of the cave-bearing land of Belize is located on private land and owners, understandably, will not take kindly to trespassers. The importance of requesting permission cannot be over stressed since failure to observe this simple courtesy can not only land the visitor in jail, but will also eventually hasten the destruction of many of these beautiful and exciting caves. In deference to the achievements of the Maya it has become standard practice among modern cavers in Belize to give the caves names taken from the Mayan language. Actun is the Mayan word for "cave" (ac- hollow, tun- stone). The choice of a noun to describe the cave is one of the more enjoyable aspects of the trip, and usually results in several interesting hours in the Department of Archaeology library in Belmopan leafing through their Mayan/Spanish dictionary. In common with cave culture everywhere in the world, names relating to life after death, sorcery, bats, and religious matters tend to predominate.


Humanitarian organisations promote the indisputable right to health, but this isn't always an easy bedfellow with advancing human rights. Edward John Lloyd Armstrong and Maria Kett explain


Objective To explore the role of mucosal immunity in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic rhinitis and to search for common materials for the two conditions,so as to reveal the relationship of asthma and allergic rhinitis.Methods A total of 82 patients with acute asthma,including 44 with asthma alone and 38 with asthma complicated with rhinitis,were included in this study.Another 30 patients with allergic rhinitis alone and 30 healthy controls were also included.The saliva,sputum,and nasal secretions(all 2 ml) were collected to observe the secretory immunoglobulin-A(sIgA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Flow cytometry was employed to observe CD4~+,CD8~ + lymphocytes in blood samples(2 ml) obtained from the elbow vein.The levels of eosinophil cationic protein(ECP) and serum total immunoglobulin E(T-IgE) were assessed by fluorescent enzyme immunoassay.Results Sputum sIgA levels in the asthmatic group,combination group,and rhinitis group were significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P0.01);saliva sIgA levels in the asthmatic group and combination group had a decreasing tendency but had no significant difference compared with that in the normal control group.sIgA levels in the nasal secretions in the asthma group and combination group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group(P0.05) and rhinitis group(P0.01),and there was no significant difference between the rhinitis group and the control group.Blood CD4~+ cells in the asthmatic group and combination group were decreased than that in the normal control group(P0.05).Blood CD8~+ cells were similar in all the groups.CD4~+/CD8~+ cells in the asthma group was significantly more than those in the normal control group and rhinitis group(P0.05).Serum T-IgE-levels in the combination group and rhinitis group were significantly higher than that in the normal control group(P0.01).Serum ECP was hardly detected in the normal control group;that in the asthma group was significantly higher than that in the rhinitis group(P0.05),and that in the combined group was not significantly different with those in the asthma group or the rhinitis group.ECP and T-IgE levels were positively correlated(r=0.467,P0.05) in the asthma group,and not correlated in other groups.Conclusion The asthma and allergic rhinitis are both closely related to mucosal immunity,which is the manifestation of asthma and rhinitis in different sites.The sIgA,CD4~+,CD8~+,ECP,and T-IgE may be the material bas for mucosal immunity.


The invention provides a three-dimensional lattice material based on an electron beam selective melting technology. The three-dimensional lattice material comprises a three-dimensional structure made of pure titanium or titanium alloy and formed by superposition of a plurality of basic units, every basic unit consists of a plurality of isosceles triangles with vertexes coinciding, solid rods serve as the waists of every isosceles triangle, the rest portions of the isosceles triangles are virtual, and every two adjacent isosceles triangles coincide by one of their own waists. The invention further provides a preparation method of the three-dimensional lattice material. The three-dimensional lattice material based on the electron beam selective melting technology is mainly formed by superposition of the basic units, attains stable compression performance after being subjected to electron beam selective melting molding, vacuum annealing and chemical corrosion and shows an obvious plastic yielding platform shape in compression curve, thereby providing stable and reliable computing bases for structure designers.


...................................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1. STIL activates PLK4 kinase activity ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 A chemical genetics system for controlling PLK4 activity in cells ..................................................................... 3 1.3 Human DLD-1 cells continue to proliferate in the absence of centrioles ........................................................... 4 1.4 The centriole localization of STIL requires PLK4 kinase activity ...................................................................... 5 1.5 PLK4 directly binds and facilitates the recruitment of STIL to the centriole...................................................... 6 1.6 STIL binding to PLK4 promotes kinase activity.................................................................................................. 7 1.7 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Figures and Legends ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2. PLK4 Phosphorylates STIL to promote SAS6 binding and recruitment to the procentriole .......... 21 2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 PLK4 phosphorylates the STIL STAN domain in vivo ...................................................................................... 22 2.3 PLK4 phosphorylates the STIL STAN domain to promote centriole duplication .............................................. 24 2.4 PLK4 phosphorylation of the STIL STAN domain is required for centriole recruitment of STIL ..................... 26 2.5 Stable centriole recruitment of STIL requires direct binding of SAS6 .............................................................. 27


The expectation value of an arbitrary operator O can be obtained via a universal measuring apparatus that is independent of O, by changing only the data-processing of the outcomes. Such a ``universal detector'' performs a joint measurement on the system and on a suitable ancilla prepared in a fixed state, and is equivalent to a positive operator valued measure (POVM) for the system that is ``informationally complete''. The data processing functions generally are not unique, and we pose the problem of their optimization, providing some examples for covariant POVM's, in particular for SU(d) covariance group.


This paper employs a more robust rescaled variance test to investigate the long-term memory effect in Shanghai and London gold market.Results show that:as for different values of q,the two markets exist strong evidence of long-term memory in daily gold market returns and the long-term memory in the daily return in London gold market is much stronger.The results can not be explained by the market efficiency,instead,they are closely related to the mechanism of the gold price in China which is under the government control.


Introduction A visit to most any technology education laboratory or classroom will reveal that computers, software, and multimedia software are rapidly becoming a mainstay in learning about technology and technological literacy. Almost all technology labs have at least several computers dedicated to specialized software or hardware such as CAD, CNC, design and desktop publishing, or video editing. There are also many multimedia software titles and packages that are used to provide instructional support in technology education programs. Some multimedia titles provide instruction relating to particular hardware or software as part of a learning activity, while others provide informational content with varying degrees of interactivity. Few technology teachers would argue the fact that almost all students are fascinated by computers, software, and hardware found in the technology laboratory. You need only to watch the expressions of students as they arrive on the first day of class and see even the simplest of hardware and software applications presented by teachers. Frequently we see that computers are using control devices for Computer Numerical Control (CNC) equipment such as lathes, mills, and routers or Computer-aided Design (CAD), or even rapid prototyping systems. Generally, instruction and learning directed toward these and similar technologies focus on learning how to use the equipment, followed by producing a product and related instruction. The related instruction content may include how the technology is used in business and industry, its impact on manufacturing, society, and culture. Testing and assessment may follow, with questions relating to materials, tools, processes, and impacts of the technology. As we examine the larger picture--our technology education programs in terms of student motivation and assessment--are we losing some real opportunities? Are we overlooking how we may capitalize on the use of technology and multimedia to provide assessment insights and motivational benefits? Can we use technology to conceptualize and synthesize what has been learned in creative and imaginative ways? How may the successful learner link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways? Defining Motivation It is generally thought that the technology education learning environment is inherently motivating because of tangible dimensions of the technology education environment. It is certainly much different in many respects from traditional classroom environments. Very simply, motivation may be defined as a student's willingness, desire, and need to participate in and be successful in the learning process. Student motivation is often divided into two categories. These categories include intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. At the same time it should be noted that some authorities argue that classifying motivation as intrinsic or extrinsic is too simple, and that motivation is affected by a number of complex and interrelated factors. As we look more closely at the concept of motivation, we see that there are many definitions. However, there are several prominent theories and definitions that have a particular significance to middle school students and teachers. These theories are the attribution theory, goal theory, and self-determination theory. The attribution theory provides the learner with a mechanism to explain success or failure of a given task or event. The success or failure may be because of internal or external factors. A student who is successful at a task or learning experience may attribute that success to hard work or ability (internal) or perhaps good instruction from the teacher (external). The central focus of the attribution theory is to explain why. It is notable that students' perceptions of their educational experience generally influence their motivation more than the objective reality of those perceptions. A student who, historically, is successful in a given subject area will generally continue persisting in that area with a high level of motivation. …


The influence of subglacial drainage dynamics on the flow of the Antarctic ice sheets is relatively unknown. Accumulation of water in large subglacial lakes complicates analysis by providing a temporally varying sink and source of water for the Antarctic basal catchments. We examine the impact of lake development and drainage on catchment-scale hydrology in various regions of the Antarctic. Our method employs the 2D glacial hydrology model GlaDS, which incorporates both efficient and inefficient drainage systems. We first apply the model to a synthetic system to examine general controls on lake growth and drainage and then to Recovery Ice Stream and the Aurora Subglacial Basin, both located in the East Antarctic. These two systems are major catchments, draining a significant portion of the East Antarctic, but have very different basal topographies and subglacial lake characteristics. Model outputs include lake volume change and catchment hydrology network development, such as temporally varying channels and regions of high water pressure. We discuss the implications of the modelled outputs for ice dynamics in the Recovery and Aurora Subglacial Basin catchments.


To establish rapid counting methods of living Salmonella in biological fluids, 4 different detection methods were evaluated. A new flow cytometer able to count particles bigger than 0.25 micromite4 was successfuIly applied. for rapicl viable bacterial counting. When cell numbers were bigger than 5000 cfu/mL, this method worked. The method was also able to dffirentiate living and clead bacterial population in fluid within 30 min. l-aser scanning microscopic counting method needetl high concentration of bacteria more than 106/mI to effectively find bacteria under a microscope. The laser scanning microscopy y,tas also used to analyze different popalation within a single culture. S. typhi cells were separated into two dffirent populations after 8 hr culture in LB broth but cells of S. typhimurium remained uniform even after 24 hr culture. This dffirence of cell population in a single strain was easily visualizerJ by this methocl. Photon counting VIM camera was most sensitive but reduction of background was biggest problems for actual application for clinical samples. Quantitative PCR was also applied for bacterial counting. Rapid cycling PCR preparecl from V, ftagella, and rJb sequences could detect organisms around 20-100 cfii'/ml. During amplification process, amplicon was sequentially monitoretl by fLuorescence and the result was obtained within 20 min.


Introduction: For many years, many athletes have reported to the Centre for Sports Cardiology in Pułtusk that during endurance training, mainly running and cycling, they found unexpected increases in heart rate (HR) values observed on sports heart rate monitors (HRMs), in the vast majority of cases without the accompanying clinical symptoms. The authors have attempted to answer the question of whether the "arrhythmia" observed on HRMs is a rhythm disturbance or a mere technical artefact. This article aimed to summarize the authors' observations in the field of the usefulness of HRMs for the assessment of cardiac arrhythmias in the situation of introducing new technological solutions in the modernized and enriched ones with new functions HRMs. Material and methods: Over ten years, numerous studies have been carried out and the world literature has been also analysed many times, finally describing the authors' study results and observations in numerous types of English-language articles published between 2017 and 2021. In this review article, the authors focused only on their publications from the Centre for Sports Cardiology in Pułtusk on the issues of heart rhythm disturbances observed on HRMs by endurance athletes, and on publications in which researchers from CKS participated and the articles themselves were related with the use of HRMs. Only a few references have been cited from other sources. Conclusions: The HRMs used in the past years were not significant for the treatment of asymptomatic exercise-stimulated arrhythmias. These HRMs, however, in a symptomatic arrhythmia situation, became an effective diagnostic tool confirming its occurrence. The analysis of cases and literature shows that modern sports heart rate monitors used by athletes of endurance disciplines (especially with the possibility of ECG recording) are becoming a useful, important and more and more effective diagnostic tool in the detection and final diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias stimulated by exercise, both symptomatic and asymptomatic athletes and can significantly contribute to the increase of safety during training. It can be assumed that future HRMs will have comparable diagnostic value in detecting cardiac arrhythmias as the Holter ECG, surpassing them with the possibility of constant data transmission, ease of use and affordable price. HRM during typical endurance training in which they had previously detected "arrhythmias", to verify the diagnosis. Average HRs during exercise were precisely recorded by all types of HRMs. No signs of arrhythmia were detected during exercise in approximately 39% of the athletes, and concordant HRs were recorded by the HRMs and Holter ECG. high short-term HRs were detected by HRMs in 45% of the athletes, but not by the Holter ECG and were considered artefacts. In the athletes, single ventricular/supraventricular


Community psychology branched from the discipline and field of psychology in the mid-1960's with development of a divergent world view and a variety of different themes. These new themes appear to be similar to themes present in indigenous cultures, and a comparison is made with the culture of the Maori of New Zealand or Aotearoa. The parallels draw attention to the prevailing divergent views that persist between psychology and community psychology. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


The development of the theory of nonlinear oscillating systems has given rise to some rather intractable nonlinear differential equations. The formerly used isoclyne method of solution is inadequate for the solution of the equation of the nonlinear system producing relaxation oscillations under the influence of an impressed periodic force. In this paper, using the specific example of a triode oscillator with impressed sinusoidal electromotive force, differential analyzer solutions of the governing diferential equation, are given. A brief study of the phenomena of automatic synchronization and frequency demultiplication is made on the basis of the nonlinear theory.


Let $p_n(x)$ be a polynomial of degree $n$ having $n$ distinct, real roots distributed according to a nice probability distribution $u(0,x)dx$ on $\mathbb{R}$. One natural problem is to understand the density $u(t,x)$ of the roots of the $(t\cdot n)-$th derivative of $p_n$ where $0 < t < 1$ as $n \rightarrow \infty$. We derive an \textit{infinite} number of conversation laws for the evolution of $u(t,x)$. The first three are \begin{align*}
\int_{\mathbb{R}}{ u(t,x) ~ dx} = 1-t, \qquad \qquad \int_{\mathbb{R}}{ u(t,x) x ~ dx} = \left(1-t\right)\int_{\mathbb{R}}{ u(0,x) x~ dx}, \qquad
\int_{\mathbb{R}} \int_{\mathbb{R}} u(t,x) (x-y)^2 u(t,y) ~ dx dy = (1-t)^3 \int_{\mathbb{R}} \int_{\mathbb{R}} u(0,x) (x-y)^2 u(0,y) ~ dx dy. \end{align*} The author suggested that $u(t,x)$ might evolve according to a nonlocal evolution equation involving the Hilbert transform; this has been verified for two special closed form solutions -- these conservation laws thus point to interesting identities for the Hilbert transform. We discuss many open problems.


India is the largest producer of chickpea in the world with annual production of 9.07 million tons from an area of 9.54 m ha. with productivity of 951.4 kgha -1 (FAO STAT, 2019). In India chickpea area is mainly contributed by six states viz., Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. In Andhra Pradesh, the area under chickpea has increased from less than one lakh ha (1993-94) to more than 6.0 lakh ha by 200708 registering the highest productivity of 1449 kg ha -1 . Introduction and widespread adaptation of short duration, wilt resistant varieties such as 'JG 11', 'JAKI 9218' and 'KAK 2' and mechanization of farming operations has contributed to witness the highest productivity. However, farmers are unable to go for machine harvesting operation, as the existing varieties have semi spreading growth habit and attain a short plant height of 35-40 cm in warm growing environments of Southern India. To enable complete mechanization (machine harvesting International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 11 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


The aims of this research was to reveal (1) the difference between economy learning outcomes of the students who were taught by using discussion method withM ind M apping media and those who were taught by using convensional discussion method , (2) the difference economy learning outcomes reviewed by students' prior knowledge, (3) the interaction between discussiona methodwith mind mapping media and prior knowledge toward economy students learning outcomes. This research is a quasi-experimental study. The population in this study were all students of class X SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Pua school year of 2014/2015. Samples were taken using purposive sampling technique, elected class X4 (control class) and class X7 (experimental class). Early knowledge of data collection techniques done by giving a test at the beginning of learning  while learning outcome data obtained from the results of the test at the end of learning data analysis technique is descriptive analysis, inductive and hypothesis testing using t-test analysis and Anova Two-Way . The result of data analysis showed that: (1) students who are taught by discussion method with  Mind Mapping media had significantly higher results than students taught through the convensional discussion method with Sig. = 0.025 less than the value of α = 0.05 (Sig. α). Based on these results it is suggested to economics teachers to use discussion method with Mind Mapping media to improve student learning outcomes. Keywords: Learning Method, Mind Mapping, Prior Knowledge, Outcomes, Economy


The energy and momentum spectra of the spin models constructed from the vector representation of the quantized affine algebras of types and are computed using the approach of Davies et al.1 The results are for the antiferromagnetic (massive) regime, and they agree with the mass spectrum found from the factorized S matrix theory by Ogievetsky et al.2 The other new result is the explicit realization of the fusion construction for the quantized affine algebras of types and .


Objective:To study and compare the effect of enteral immune nutrition and normal enteral nutrition on immune function of patients after surgery for stomach cancer.Methods:Thirty-six patients who underwent surgery for stomach cancer and need suppoart in nutrition were randomized into enteral immune nutrition group(n=18) or normal enteral nutrition group(n=18).From the 2~8 day after operation,the patients received enteral immune nutrition or normal enteral nutrition.The daily nutritional goal was 125 kJ·kg-1·d-1.Host immunity was evaluated by total lymphocytes,B-lymphocytes,CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8,IgG,IgM,IgA,IL-1α、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α,NK cell activity on preoperative l day,postoperative l day and 9 day.Results:After a week of nutritional support,in the enteral immune nutrition group CD3,IgM level,IL-2 were higher than those in the normal enteral nutrition group(P0.05),and total lymphocytes,IgA,CD4,CD4/CD8,IgG,IgA,IL-6 and NK cell activity recovered more obviously than those in the normal enteral nutrition group(P0.01).Conclusion:Compared with the normal enteral nutrition,enteral immune nutrition can improve the immunity function in patients undergoing surgery for stomach cancer.


Because of his skills as a medical illustrator, Frank Netter (1906 to 1991) became one of the best known medical doctors in the world. This interesting new textbook, written by his daughter and directed toward both a lay and medical audience, will be of interest to orthopaedic readers, particularly those involved in caring for children. Netter's work with Hugo Keim, Dean MacEwan, Bob Hensinger, and many other orthopaedic surgeons clarifies his great curiosity about and knowledge of the musculoskeletal system. Netter's forefathers resided in the Alsace (French-German border) with subsequent immigration to Jerusalem, a return to Europe (Vienna) with later immigration to the United States in the mid-1800s. His parents operated a stationery and cigar store in New York City, thus Frank was at heart a "New Yorker." Even in childhood, Netter was clearly a natural artist as noted in his drawings of family members and friends. At Dewitt Clinton High School, he produced most of the artwork for the monthly school magazine The Monthly Magpie. This was followed by studies at the National Academy School of Fine Arts in New York where he was quickly recognized as a talented young artist. His parents, concerned that art was not an adequate profession, convinced him that he should pursue university studies at the College of the City of New York (CCNY) followed by medical school at NYU where he quickly applied his extraordinary talent. His NYU medical school included classmate Albert Sabin, who subsequently developed the oral polio vaccine. This relationship was an early reflection of Netter's subsequent career in which he always managed to develop close associations with famous physicians and surgeons (including children's orthopaedic surgeons). After medical school, Frank married a fellow medical student from North Carolina (their daughter is the author of this book). Frank's artistic skills became widely recognized as part of his affiliation with the Society of Illustrators in New York City where he produced drawings used for medical advertising. The work that put him "on the map" was a plastic relief "sculpture" called "The Transparent Woman," used by the Schering Corporation to advertise their products at the 1939 World Fair in New York City. This new art form clearly illustrated female endocrine system function and how it affected the entire body. The art helped both physicians and the lay public to better understand the human body (and greatly improved Schering's sale of endocrinerelated products). Netter was then drafted in WWII, but fortunately was able to spend his time stateside serving as an illustrator for the military. His military artistic production included an illustrated manual for teaching recruits how to care for battlefield wounds. A subsequent series of booklets entitled Graphic Training Aides, was widely used throughout the military, included Survival in the Arctic, Survival in the Tropics, and Sanitation in the Field. Following WWII it became clear that Netter would no longer pursue activities as a medical doctor but instead would work closely with physicians and surgeons in his career as a medical artist. His MD degree served to great advantage allowing him easy access to doctors in important training centers when he quickly assimilated the nature of diseases and their treatments. His resulting illustrations were accurate and realistic. His medical access provided associations with many famous surgeons including DeBakey, Lillehei, and many other renowned surgeons. Netter's next major effort began in the 1950s when the Pfizer Company asked him to design a series of anatomic and pathologic transparencies to be incorporated into short educational booklets. That would be used to help promote their new drug Terramycin. Subsequently Ciba, the European pharmaceutical firm, decided to sponsor a series of atlases depicting the entire anatomy and pathology of the human organism. This led to his famous series on which he spent much of his career called The Ciba Collection of Medical Illustrations. These booklets eventually described every area of the human body and led to his close involvement with the orthopaedic specialty. Netter's first orthopaedic work was with Dr Hugo Keim of Columbia University regarding the treatment of scoliosis. As with most of his clients, he visited Dr Keim many times to observe his clinical and operative treatment of scoliosis. In addition, they developed a social friendship and often played golf together (a pattern that followed with many other surgeon collaborators). Dr Netter's daughter, Francine (the author of this book) had a hip click in childhood which led Netter to contact Dr Bob Hensinger regarding the condition which led to a discussion about a possible series of booklets describing orthopaedic conditions. Netter then met with Hensinger and Dean MacEwan (of the DuPont Institute) in Palm Beach in 1978 where they outlined a strategy for the varying orthopaedic conditions that would be of interest in their orthopaedic series. An early result was a booklet on congenital limb abnormalities by Charley Frantz, Grand Rapids, Michigan followed by one describing developmental dysplasia of the hip (with Hensinger) as well as booklets on hand abnormalities (Swanson, Grand Rapids) and hand reimplantaion (Kleinert, Louisville). Netter then reengaged Hensinger to develop an expanded series on orthopaedics. This including works by Carl Brighton and Fred Kaplan (Philadelphia) on bone biology and development, George Thompson (Cleveland) The author declares no conflicts of interest. BOOK REVIEW


Vertebrate sex ratios are notorious for their lack of fit to theoretical models, both with respect to the direction and the magnitude of the sex ratio adjustment. The reasons for this are likely to be linked to simplifying assumptions regarding vertebrate life histories. More specifically, if the sex ratio adjustment itself influences offspring fitness, due to sex‐specific interactions among offspring, this could affect optimal sex ratios. A review of the literature suggests that sex‐specific sibling interactions in vertebrates result from three major causes: (i) sex asymmetries in competitive ability, for example due to sexual dimorphism, (ii) sex‐specific cooperation or helping, and (iii) sex asymmetries in non‐competitive interactions, for example steroid leakage between fetuses. Incorporating sex‐specific sibling interactions into a sex ratio model shows that they will affect maternal sex ratio strategies and, under some conditions, can repress other selection pressures for sex ratio adjustment. Furthermore, sex‐specific interactions could also explain patterns of within‐brood sex ratio (e.g. in relation to laying order). Failure to take sex‐specific sibling interactions into account could partly explain the lack of sex ratio adjustment in accordance with theoretical expectations in vertebrates, and differences among taxa in sex‐specific sibling interactions generate predictions for comparative and experimental studies.


If philosophy and poetry are to illuminate each other, we should first understand their tendencies to mutual antipathy. Examining (and, where possible, correcting) mutual misapprehension is part of this task. J. L. Austin's remarks on poetry offer one such point of entry: they are often cited by poets and critics as an example of philosophy's blindness to poetry (I). These remarks are complex and their purpose obscure—more so than those who take exception to them usually allow or admit (II). But it is reasonable to think that, for all his levity at their expense, what Austin offers poets is exemption from forms of commitment. Since such exemption is precisely what poets and critics have sought, this diagnosis is eirenic (III). This exemption has a price, but it may be affordable (IV).


In response to the call made by Sarah Ryan for some form of commonality in clinical nurse specialist (CNS) education, 'Defining the role of the specialist nurse,' (Clinical January 17), an attempt was made in 1990 in Chichester, with the development of the ENB A05.


As clarified in our previous paper, the formation of nickel carbonyls is affected by various factors, such as reaction temperature, reaction pressure, reaction time, molar concentration of ammonium chloride in the raw materials, and so forth.The reaction is effected through the carbonylation reaction between nickel complexes and carbon monoxide at high temperatures and high pressures. However, due to the extremely poor solubility of Ni(NH3)6Cl2 complex in water, the continuous synthesis is not quite efficient.Additional studies were therefore made in a more systematic manner, and some of the findings have been reported.


We propose an experiment to measure the Lamb shift and fine structure (the intervals 2s{sub 1/2}{minus}2p{sub 1/2} and 2p{sub 1/2}{minus}2p{sub 3/2}) in antihydrogen. A sample of 10000 antihydrogen atoms at a momentum of 8.85GeV/c suffices to measure the Lamb shift to 5{percent} and the fine structure to 1{percent}. Atomic collisions excite antihydrogen atoms to states with n=2; field ionization in a Lorentz-transformed laboratory magnetic field then prepares a particular n=2 state, and is used again to analyze that state after it is allowed to oscillate in a region of zero field. This experiment is feasible at Fermilab. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}


The pyrolysis of wood pellets was carried out by using 2 450 MHz/12 kW microwave pyrolysis equipment,then gas and liquid products from different pyrolysis conditions were analyzed.The results show the microwave pyrolysis of wood pellets produces several products with great value,such as bio-oil and syngas;pyrolysis power has effects on yield of the liquid product and types of main components;pyrolysis temperature has effects on relative content of different components in the liquid product and constitution of the gaseous product.


Robotic gastrectomy is increasingly used in gastric cancer patients. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of full robotic gastrectomy with intracorporeal robot‐sewn anastomosis for gastric cancer.


Objective To investigate the effect of infection on very low birth weight preterm infants associated cholestasis.Methods To retrospectively review the clinical data of the106 extremely low birth weight infants admitted in neonatal intensive care unit of Zhengzhou Children Hospital from August 2008 to July 2010.To compare to the clinical data of 22 of the infants with cholestasis and 84 of the infants with no cholestasis.Results The morbidity of cholestasis in the total of 106 very low birth weight preterm infants is 20.8%(22/106).There were significant difference in duration of using antibioyics,duration of using ventilation,prominent abnormal in leukocyte,prominent decrease in platelet,associated NEC,positive in blood culture and positive in sputum culture between the infants with cholestasis and the infants with no cholestasis(P0.05).Conclusion Infection is a dangerous factor in very low birth weight preterm infants associated cholestasis.


In this paper, we propose a speech rate estimation approach using a convolutional dense neural network (CDNN). The CDNN based approach uses the acoustic and articulatory features for speech rate estimation. The Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) are used as acoustic features and the articulograms representing time-varying vocal tract profile are used as articulatory features. The articulogram is computed from a real-time magnetic resonance imaging (rtMRI) video in the midsagittal plane of a subject while speaking. However, in practice, the articulogram features are not directly available, unlike acoustic features from speech recording. Thus, we use an Acoustic-to-Articulatory Inversion method using a bidirectional long-short-term memory network which estimates the articulogram features from the acoustics. The proposed CDNN based approach using estimated articulatory features requires both acoustic and articulatory features during training but it requires only acoustic data during testing. Experiments are conducted using rtMRI videos from four subjects each speaking 460 sentences. The Pearson correlation coefficient is used to evaluate the speech rate estimation. It is found that the CDNN based approach gives a better correlation coefficient than the temporal and selected sub-band correlation (TCSSBC) based baseline scheme by 81.58% and 73.68% (relative) in seen and unseen subject conditions respectively.


Photonics products often require enhanced optical functionality, which cannot be provided by state of the art optics. This is the case when high-end optical systems as for example holographic 3D displays are developed. Implementation of Bragg diffraction based volume gratings enables small form factor and high definition (HD) natural viewing experience of 3D objects. This is important for modeling 3D data, prototyping, CAD-CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), global 3D teleconferencing and mobile infotainment.


(1963). The Tactile Sensibility of the Parodontium to Slight Axial Loadings of the Teeth. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica: Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 415-429.


Based on the historical forest fire datum of Fangshan district from 1986 to 2004,and the map and the forest management inventory data of the Fangshan district,with the geographic information system tool- ArcView GIS,the relationship between the forest fire extension and the environment factors were analyzed. The results show that the forest fire intensity was affected by many factors directly. There is a liner relationship between the fire risk and the slope,with elevation conic. The fire intension is greater in the eastern slope and the southeastern slope than that in other slopes. Tree species affects forest fire intensity, and the fire intensity of the conifer is greater than that of the broadleaf.


A 67-yr-old woman presented to the emergency room of our hospital complaining of dizziness in the last 2 wks. Physical examination was not helpful. Unenhanced T1weighted sagittal and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted axial magnetic resonance images showed a huge right frontal mass (Fig. 1A) that completely removed permitted to make a diagnosis of IgG-k plasmacytoma. (Immunohistochemistry analysis showed a diffuse infiltration of monoclonal plasmacells CD20, CD38, CD138, and IgG k). Diagnostic work-up ruled out a multiple myeloma (MM) (no monoclonal proteins were found on electrophoresis or immunofixation of the serum or urine, normal bone marrow biopsy, and normal skeletal survey). MRI after 1 (Fig. 1B), 4 (Fig. 1C), and 5 (Fig. 1D) yrs showed a subtle local relapse (white arrow) and the appearance of low signal intensity on unenhanced T1-weighted images (black arrows) of the right arch of the atlas. The patient developed a systemic IgG ⁄k MM (62 months after the diagnosis of solitary plasmacytoma). She was treated with eight cycles of bortezomib, melfhalan, and prednisone regimen (VMP) followed by radiotherapy of the cranial lesion, achieving a complete remission still maintained 3 yrs after. Intracranial involvement in multiple myeloma (IC-MM) is a rare extramedullary presentation and ⁄or complication of MM. This generally results from osteodural or primary dural multiple myeloma. Extramedullary tumor masses most frequently arise from bone lesions in the cranial vault, skull base, nose, or paranasal sinuses. Neuroradiological findings in IC-MM generally lack of specificity, as they generally are no different from meningioma, plasma cells granuloma, metastasis, lymphoma, dural sarcoma, infectious meningitis, and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. The diagnosis is usually made when the lesions appear in the context of a previous MM or after pathological tissue is obtained after surgery. Although median survivals are reported to be of 1 yr or less, our case report illustrates that combined therapy can be very efficacious.


This study specializes in analyzing the short story Kairos kopi by Putu Ayub using an objective approach to obtain the structure in the short story in the form of intrinsic elements namely theme, point of view, plot, setting, character, characterization, style of language, and message in the short story. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. As for descriptive qualitative is a study devoted to research thoroughly, broadly, and deeply. The results are in the quality of words, sentences and their meanings without comparing the results of this study with the results of other studies. The source of the data obtained is by reading carefully, critically the short story Kairos Kopi by Putu Ayub. Based on the results of the theme used in the short story, which is about struggle, that if we want to start something new we must not be pessimistic. This is consistent with the character in the short story, namely (I) who has a pessimistic character


Recent studies have investigated how a team of mobile sensors can cope with real world constraints, such as uncertainty in the reward functions, dynamically appearing and disappearing targets, technology failures end changes in the environment conditions.

In this study we consider an additional element, deception by an adversary, which is relevant in many (military) applications. The adversary is expected to use deception to prevent the sensor team from performing its tasks. We employ a game theoretic model to analyze the expected strategy of the adversary and find the best response. More specifically we consider that the adversary deceptively changes the importance that agents give to targets in the area. The opponent is expected to use camouflage in order to create confusion among the sensors regarding the importance of targets, and reduce the team's efficiency in target coverage. We represent a Mobile Sensor Team problem using the Distributed Constraint Optimization Problem (DCOP) framework. We propose an optimal method for the selection of a position of a single agent facing a deceptive adversary. This method serves as a heuristic for agents to select their position in a full scale problem with multiple agents in a large area. Our empirical study demonstrates the success of our model as compared with existing models in the presence of deceptions.


Elimination of antimony and arsenic impurities is one of the major difficulties encountered in copper metallurgy. This is because the pure copper ore reserves are becoming exhausted and the resour ...


Bursts of harmonics are a concern as they contribute to thermal heating of equipment and can trip sensitive devices. The time based index Tmaximum is recommended within the latest supplemental guide to IEEE Std. 519-1992 as an effective method to quantify harmonic bursts. However, the practical application of Tmaximum yields challenges. To address these challenges a replacement metric is proposed that is (i) more robust to input signal noise, and (ii) offers a computationally efficient implementation when considering large harmonic data sets. Efficacy of the proposed metric is proven through a case study where harmonic emissions from a multi-megawatt wind farm are assessed against steady-state distortion limits.


An experimental study of transient latchup is conducted. Measurements are performed on test structures fabricated in 90-nm and 130-nm CMOS technologies. The worst case testing conditions differ for static and transient latchup. Device simulation is used to understand the measurement results. P-well and N-well guard rings are evaluated under transient test conditions.


This paper researches the problem of mining compressed sequential patterns in a static database.By ranging the closed sequential patterns and using the δ-dominant detecting technique,this paper propose a algorithm which can decrease number of closed sequential patterns,and mining compressed sequential patterns efficiently.The experimental results show that the algorithm has higher accuracy.


The present invention discloses a liquid concentration detection apparatus comprising a first substrate, a first temperature sensing element and the concentration sensor. A first substrate having opposite first and second surface. A first temperature sensing element is disposed outside a liquid concentration sensing the liquid temperature detecting means on the first surface. A concentration sensor disposed on the second surface including a second substrate, a hole element, a heating element and a second temperature sensing element. A second substrate disposed on the second surface, the liquid portion into the aperture element providing a concentration sensor, the heating element into the heated portion of the liquid to a concentration sensor, a second temperature sensing element senses the concentration sensor to enter portion of the liquid temperature change amount. Ratio of the concentration of the tested liquid obtained according to the measured temperature and the temperature variation.


Early in the season, postharvest applications of 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine (CPTA) had little effect on carotenoid synthesis in 'Bearss' lemon (Citrus limon Burm. f.), 'Robinson' tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco × (C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata)), 'Marsh' grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.), and 'Hamlin' orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. The responses increased as the fruit matured, but greater CPTA responses were induced by storage of the fruit at 16°C before treatment or by exposing treated fruit to ethylene. Observations suggested that cultivars with low natural carotenoid levels (lemon and grapefruit) are more responsive to CPTA applications than are those with higher levels (tangerine). Improved color of 'Hamlin' orange was obtained with CPTA applications made before or after a 3-day degreening treatment. This response did not appear to be prevented by waxing. However, the practical use of CPTA to improve the color of oranges appears limited, although it may be useful in research on carotenoid synthesis.


ABSTRACT During the late modern period, the English language went through serious attempts at grammar codification and prescription, not seen before at this level. Even if during 1700–59 English grammars were published discreetly, the number of works from the 1760s onwards boomed significantly. Among the extra material that grammars offered the potential users of the book, quality paratextual constituents and subsidiary contents were much appreciated. This paper presents a corpus-based study of abbreviations in eighteenth-century English grammars, one aspect that has traditionally been briefly outlined in these reference books and has received little scholarly attention, possibly on account of its subsidiary nature. However, and although not directly related to the ongoing process of codification of the English language, my corpus-based analysis suggests that abbreviations were indeed relevant in the written language of that historical period, either as jargonistic shorthand or as indicators of (in-)formal register and respect for the addressee in epistolary contexts.


The biblical exhortation to give and not to count the cost is individually delightful but collectively obtuse. Almost all countries are counting costs at present and going through a period of retrenchment, retreating behind their battlements and preparing for the full economic storm. No matter what airy promises are given, health services cannot be immune from these buffetings. Mental health is in danger of suffering more than most from the often arbitrary decisions of politicians and managers, and this can happen even when times are good. So it behoves us to take even more notice of our balance sheets than usual and, wherever possible, to employ strategies that really are efficiency savings rather than convert the meaning to the universal bottom line, 'cuts'. Much of our recent research now focuses less on greater efficacy and more on cost savings and this may influence our decision makers more than other evidence of greater efficacy but at more cost. Ideally, we want the virtuous double-plus of both less cost and greater efficacy that has recently been enthusiastically promulgated by Andrews; but in today's weary world innovation is more of a spectator than a player and much of our activity is taken up by initiatives such as the energetic one of the Royal College of Nursing (http://frontlinefirst.rcn.org.uk/) (also open to doctors) where cuts and waste in services are identified and solutions found that really are efficiency savings, and which can be genuinely novel. Some years ago in developing the principles of nidotherapy we were treating a patient whose flat needed redecorating. He had unusual colour requirements, with a penchant for dark pink walls and grey doors and skirting boards, and these were not considered entirely proper by the council responsible for the flat. In the end our team agreed to redecorate the flat exactly to his requirements. After some official resistance we completed this task to the patient's satisfaction at less than one tenth of the cost of the proposed council redecoration, a true example of efficiency savings whose real importance was its manifest triumph of patient autonomy. So how do the papers in this issue stack up in the Efficiency Savings Stakes. Petrou et al (pp. 395–404) make a good start by showing that child psychiatric disorders are expensive, with cognitive impairment and autistic disorders showing the greatest excess costs. They also present the salutary data that the total costs of any psychiatric disorder exceed those of childhood asthma. These data can act as templates for 'cost-effectiveness models of preventive and treatment interventions' and it does not take much thought to realise that even a small advance here will carry great economic gain. Many of our other papers hint at how the loss of efficiency due to psychiatric disorder might be corrected, including those concerned with war theatres (Mulligan et al, pp. 405–410), the choice of treatment for depression in NICE guidelines, where computerised interventions are hovering at the edge but still remain to be incorporated (Kendrick & Peveler, pp. 345–347), early intervention and psychological treatments for psychosis (Bird et al, pp. 350–356) where a full economic study of the long-term benefits still needs to be completed, and, perhaps strongest of all, the effect of childhood adversity, where Kessler et al (pp. 378–385; see p. 383) imply that the screening of children in routine medical settings could lead to cost-effective interventions before (highly expensive) adult pathology has developed. But someone has to put up the prize money for the Efficiency Savings Stakes to take place and it will need bold and far-sighted decisions to get them galloping forward.


During two research projects to identify the difficulties associated with information systems planning (ISP), it became apparent that IS managers and users often do not apply a number of commonly accepted guidelines for successful ISP. This paper reports some instances in which the guidelines were not applied. It also explains the neglect of the guidelines and the incentives ISP participants had for not applying them. The findings suggest further research and also have practical implications for IS managers. INTRODUCTION some of the reasons why ISP is not as effective as managers would like. Information systems management has become increasingly complex in recent years (McFarlan and McKenney, 1982). At operational levels, the growing sophistication of hardware and softBENEFITS OF IS PLANNING ware enables more and more intricate systems to be implemented. This places severe demands on scheduling and resource deployment skills. At The need for ISP was recognized as early as strategic levels, firms are attempting to use in1969 and the benefits of formalized ISP have formation to gain an advantage over their combeen documented (Blumenthal, 1969). For expetitors (Benjamin, et al. 1984; Ives and Learample, a study showed that 16 of 18 successful month, 1984). Thus top management must concomputer users (out of a sample of 36 users) had sider the impact of information on the organizformalized plans for their data processing activation as a whole during the strategic planning ities (McKinsey and Co., 1968). In addition, an process. In addition, some firms have become A.T. Kearney study reported that companies so dependent upon their automated systems that with integrated business and IS strategic plans they cannot operate when their computers fail financially outperformed those without these (Gifford and Spector, 1984). plans by a factor of six to one (Ball, 1982). Given this increased complexity and depenThe benefits of ISP are clear. A 1982 study furdence, the urgency to successfully perform inther substantiated the importance of ISP by formation systems planning (ISP) has grown finding that the MIS long range plan itself, dramatically for all levels of the organization. together with its integration into the business However, as shown later, ISP remains a critical plan, was a top priority with both professionals ssue with IS managers. This paper explores and academics (Ball and Harris, 1982). Two


The present PhD thesis focuses on the potential impacts of human-induced environmental changes on the early life history of clupeoid species in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. In addition to the more direct effects of fisheries, other anthropogenic impacts like eutrophication, habitat degradation or global warming directly and indirectly influence all six respectively four clupeoid species which inhabit the temperate waters of northern Europe. Allis shad (Alosa alosa), Twait shad (Alosa fallax), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), herring (Clupea harengus) are found in the North and Baltic Sea while European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) only occur in the North Sea and to bsome extent in the western Baltic Sea. It is projected bthat some of the anthropogenic impacts will increase in the future (e.g. warming) while others will remain at high level (e.g. habitat degradation, eutrophication) for a longer period of time. How these factors actually lead to stock changes, for example in abundance and distribution, is often not resolved in sufficient detail. The present dissertation aims to investigate the impacts of spawning habitat degradation in one of the key spawning areas of Atlantic herring in the Baltic Sea and to analyze the influence of warmer water temperatures on early life stages of this species. Additionally, the situation in the southern North Sea is investigated, where nowadays larvae of two "new" clupeoid species (anchovy and sardine) can be found within catches of sprat and herring.