Unexplained oyster deaths may relate to changes in salinity, temperature, and pesticides contaminating the seawater environment. The oyster's defense response to foreign material (i.e. bacteria, pesticides) is dependent on hemocytes (oyster blood cells). This research investigates the effects of temperature, salinity, and pesticides on oyster hemocyte function. Flow cytometry was used for monitoring in vivo hemocyte mortality and phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and Vibrio vulnificus in oysters acclimated at either 4 o C, 25 o C, or 37 o C in 1 0 /oo, 15 0 /oo or 32 0 /oo salinity at days 0, 3, 5, and 7; and in oysters challenged in vivo for 7 days with a mixture of pesticides, Imidacloprid, Permethrin, and Fipronil. Regardless of temperature, % hemocyte phagocytosis was 2-fold higher in 15 o /oo than in the 1 or 32 o /oo salinity groups. Pesticides in vivo and in vitro decreased (p< 0.01) oyster hemocyte phagocytosis of E. coli and pesticides in vitro increased (p< 0.01) hemocyte mortality. These results indicate that changes in salinity or exposure to pesticides in estuaries can impair hemocyte function and increase susceptibility to bacterial infection and contaminants consumed, thus increasing the mortality of oysters.


Abstract Sera from 659 Black-headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) in Dianchi Lake, China were assayed for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (MAT). Specific T. gondii antibodies were detected in 131 (19.9%) Black-headed Gulls (MAT titer≥1∶5). These results indicate that T. gondii infection is common in Black-headed Gulls.


Plot structures in Hein's two collections of short stories are examined in the context of GDR historiography and in relation to the notion of 'Chronist' as developed by Hein himself and also by Hayden White, Jorn Rusen, Frederic Jameson and Walter Benjamin. The open, chronicle-like structure found especially in the 'Berliner Stadtansichten' in the earlier collection is seen as a corrective to the GDR's teleological view of history. By contrast, the later collection of stories is marked by repeated use of a plot structure of ironic circularity, similar to that of Der Tangospieler, in which the present is confronted with the past in a kind of 'poetic justice', a quasi-narrative irony present in history itself; it is seen at its clearest in the story 'Die Vergewaltigung', which makes explicit allusion to J.P.Hebel's story 'Unverhofftes Wiedersehen'. This change in narrative paradigm is interpreted as resulting from the pressures of history, comparable to the change in Benjamin's view of historiography between 'Der Erzahler' and Uberden Begriff der Geschichte, and anticipating, or indicating the necessity of, the 'Wende'. The final story of Exekution eines Kalbes, 'Ein alterer Herr, federleicht', sees Hein reverting, in the light of post-'Wende' proclamations of 'the end of history', to the corrective openness of the chronicle.


Speech and swallowing functioning was assessed in 10 patients diagnosed as having the degenerative disease multisystem atrophy (MSA). Swallowing was assessed using clinical and radiographic examinations. The results showed that three of the 10 subjects were aspirating. The aspiration was silent and therefore not evident on clinical swallowing assessment, although there were indications of laryngeal dysfunction. The remaining subjects all had some degree of swallowing dysfunction and presented with at least a mild dysarthria. This suggests that any MSA patient presenting with even mild dysarthria should have a detailed swallowing assessment. The role of the speech therapist in the multidisciplinary management of patients with MSA is discussed.


..................................................................................................................................xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................1 1.1 Background of the Study..................................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Problem.................................................................................................3 1.3 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................................4 1.4 Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................................4 1.5 Research Questions ..........................................................................................................5 1.6 Significance of the Study .................................................................................................5 1.8 Limitations of the Study...................................................................................................6 1.9 Delimitations of the Study ...............................................................................................6 1.11 Organization of the Study ................................................................................................7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................9 2.


The following work considers an application of a synchronous reluctance machine with an integer-slot double-layer concentrated stator winding to the large-scale 2MW wind energy conversion system as an electrical generator. General advantages and drawbacks of the abovementioned machine type and possible optimization methods are mentioned. Proposed winding topology is characterized by a low winding factor of the fundamental wave in the magnetomotive force which made it to an unconventional and not often used arrangement. Despite having this issue, there are also certain benefits which are shown by opposing with another concentrated winding design that has a higher fundamental winding factor. Performance analysis in terms of produced torque, efficiency, power factor, field weakening performance and active weight is made.


In this text, we present the development of a pedagogical residency project developed at a state university in Bahia, with the objective of identifying the potential and limits of the program for the evaluation of supervised traineeship in the Letters - Portuguese Language. For this, the theoretical and methodological assumptions of pedagogical research developed by Altet (2000) are used to develop a education model consistent with the normative provisions established by Capes for the development of the pedagogical residency. It was concluded that the program provides important elements to foster debates about the reformulation of the supervised traineeship.


The goal of the article is to present the Omnichannel strategy in e-commerce. The article discusses the characteristic features of the e-commerce market in Poland and the influence the society has on e-trade, as well as the major challenges and problems for the logistics in the Omnichannel strategy.


Pupil reports of home and school use of computers were obtained from questionnaires completed by Y4 -Y6 pupils in seven schools. Most pupils had access to a home computer and used it much more than school computers. Boys and girls did not differ in overall home use or in their overall positive attitude towards computers, but there were some significant differences in their patterns of usage, and in certain specific views and attitudes associated with differing levels of performance in maths and reading. Total home use of computers had virtually zero correlation with attainment and value-added in maths and reading, while total school use was inversely related to performance in maths. A number of potentially positive and negative aspects of using computers in particular ways were identified, especially the possibly harmful effect of allowing children to play computer games in school.


Significantly improved performance in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry is possible using an internal standardisation technique. A Perkin-Elmer SIMAA 6000 simultaneous multielement spectrometer was used to study the correlation between two integrated absorbance signals. The behaviour of Pb (analyte) in different urine, blood and placenta samples was compared to that of Bi or Tl used as the internal standards. All samples were spiked with known amounts of Pb and Bi or Tl. A satisfactory signal correlation (r = 0.94) between the integrated absorbances for spikes of the analyte and internal standard was observed with Bi as the internal standard. After signal correction, the relative standard deviation of the integrated absorbance for Pb spikes reduced from 29 to 7% for urine, from 19 to 2% for blood and from 22 to 4% for placenta. The mean difference between Pb concentration found in analysed samples by the method of additions and using an internal standard was 10%.


ObjectiveAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are an effective therapy for all stages of heart failure due to reduced systolic left ventricular function. Because sufficient data on intravenous angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors following coronary artery bypass surgery complicated by postoperative left ventricular dysfunction are unavailable, the efficacy and safety of intravenously administered enalaprilat were evaluated. DesignA placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind protocol. SettingPostoperative intensive care unit at the German Heart Institute Berlin. PatientsForty patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction <35% following coronary artery bypass surgery on the second postoperative day or after weaning from intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. InterventionsA loading dose of enalaprilat 0.625 mg infused over 1 hr was followed by 5 mg/24 hrs administered continuously for up to 72 hrs. Measurements and Main ResultsSystemic and pulmonary hemodynamic variables, blood gases, hormonal variables, renal function, and electrolytes were measured before and repeatedly during therapy. Acute effects were as follows: At 1 hr, enalaprilat increased the cardiac index (p < .001), stroke volume index (p < .001), and right ventricular stroke work index (p < .03) compared with placebo, whereas mean arterial pressure (p < .008) and both systemic (p < .001) and pulmonary (p < .02) vascular resistance decreased. Continuous effects were as follows: Over 72 hrs, enalaprilat decreased diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (p < .019), pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (p < .02), and central venous pressure (p < .02). The cardiac and stroke volume indexes were consistently higher in the enalaprilat group, whereas systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances were lower. The arterial blood-pressure lowering effect was blunted and heart rate remained unchanged. Mixed venous oxygenation (p < .02) was higher and arterial oxygenation was not modified. Finally, enalaprilat increased creatinine clearance (p < .002) and decreased creatinine (p < .02) and urea (p < .03). ConclusionsIntravenous enalaprilat safely and effectively improves cardiac and renal function following coronary artery bypass surgery complicated by postoperative left ventricular dysfunction.


The Internet has experienced a phenomenal growth in attracting people and commerce activities over the last decade—from a few thousand people in 1993 to 150+ million in 1999, and about one billion by 2004 (Bingi et al., 2000). This growth has attracted a variety of organizations initially to provide marketing information about their products and services and, customer support, and later to conduct business transactions with customers or business partners on the Web. These electronic business (EB) initiatives could be the implementation of intranet and/or extranet applications like B2C, B2B, Web-CRM, Webmarketing, and others, to take advantage of the Webbased economic model, which offers opportunities for internal efficiencies and external growth. It has been recognized that the Internet economic model is more efficient at the transaction cost level and elimination of the middleman in the distribution channel, and also can have a big impact on the market efficiency. Web-enabling business processes are particularly attractive in the new economy, where product life cycles are short and efficient, while the market for products and services is global. Similarly, management of these companies expects a much better financial performance than their counterparts in the industry, which had not adopted these EB initiatives (Hoffman et. al., 1995; Wigand & Benjamin, 1995). EB allows organizations to expand their business reach. One of the key benefits of the Web is access to and from global markets. The Web eliminates several geographical barriers for a corporation that wants to conduct global commerce. While traditional commerce relied on value-added networks (VANs) or private networks, which were expensive and provided limited connectivity (Pyle, 1996), the Web makes electronic commerce cheaper with extensive global connectivity. Corporations have been able to produce goods anywhere and deliver electronically or physically via couriers. This enables organizations the flexibility to expand into different product lines and markets quickly, with low investments. Secondly, 24x7 availability, better communication with customers, and sharing of the organizational knowledge base allows organizations to provide better customer service. This can translate to better customer retention rates as well as repeat orders. Finally, the rich interactive media and database technology of the Web allows for unconstrained awareness, visibility, and opportunity for an organization to promote its products and services. This enhances organizations' abilities to attract new customers, thereby increasing their overall markets and profitability. Despite the recent dot-com failures, EB has made tremendous inroads in traditional corporations. Forrester Research in its survey found 90% of the firms plan to conduct some ecommerce, business-to-consumer (B2C), or business-tobusiness (B2B), and predicts EB transactions to rise to about $6.9 trillion by 2004. As a result, the management has started to believe in the Internet because of its ability to attract and retain more customers, reduce sales and distribution overheads, and global access to markets with an expectation of an increase in sales revenues, higher profits, and better returns for the stockholders (Choi & Winston, 2000; Motiwalla & Khan, 2002; Steinfield & Whitten, 1999; White, 1999).


Recently, owing to the rapid increase of wireless traffic, higher capacity and spectral efficiency wireless communication system have been developed. The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme has been studied as one of the potential solutions. In addition to the need of higher capacity and spectral efficiency, the demand for secure communication has grown. To satisfy these requirements, a novel chaos scrambling NOMA (CSMA) scheme is proposed in this paper. Each user's scrambling sequence is generated by specific chaotic equation. In the transmitter, each user's modulated symbols are scrambled by chaotic sequence and then sent on the same frequency spectrum. Simulation results indicate that CSMA is much superior to the current orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and two promising NOMA schemes, multi-user shared access (MUSA) and sparse code multiple access (SCMA).


A microstrip patch antenna sensor was studied for shear sensing with a targeted application of measuring plantar shear distribution on a diabetic foot. The antenna shear sensor consists of three components, namely an antenna patch, a soft foam substrate and a slotted ground plane. The resonant frequency of the antenna sensor is sensitive to the overlapping length between the slot in the ground plane and the antenna patch. A shear force applied along the direction of the slot deforms the foam substrate and causes a change in the overlapping length, which can be detected from the antenna frequency shift. The antenna shear sensor was designed based on simulated antenna frequency response and validated by experiments. Experimental results indicated that the antenna sensor exhibits high sensitivity to shear deformation and responds to the applied shear loads with excellent linearity and repeatability.


Accumulating epidemiological and molecular evidence suggests that inflammation is an important component in the etiology of PCa. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays an important role in the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory response to infection. This study is aimed at investigating the potential association between MIF‐173 G>C polymorphism, Gleason score, clinical stage, and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) value with respect to PCa incidence among the Han nationality in Southern China.


Credit scoring is a method used to estimate the prob ability that a loan applicant or existing borrower will def ault or become delinquent. There are two types of methods use d for scoring: Traditional statistics models like Probit and Logistic regression and Data Mining models such as Classifica tion nd Regression Trees (CART), Multivariate Adaptive Regress ion Splines (MARS) and Bagging. In this paper, we have ex amined the performance of different models in credit scoring on real data of a bank and compared two approaches abo ve. We found out that Bootstrap Aggregating (Bagging) model in Data Mining approach and the Logit regression in tr adi ional statistical methods performs better than other meth ods in credit scoring application. We also present an empiric al study on the machine learning feature selection methods, whi ch provide an automatic technique for reducing the featur e space. The study illustrates how these methods help to imp rove the performance of scoring models.


On the basis of analyzing the present situation of clean vehicles in Beijing,the basic principles,strategies and counter measures for the sustainable development are put forward.


Biogen has two of the best legacy manufacture facilities in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina and Hillerod, Denmark, and are able to maintain many well-established partnerships with different companies, who utilize these facilities and work collaboratively to bring many products to market. Biogen not only delivers extraordinary performance in technology transfer, engineering instrumentation, and manufacturing operation, but also has a very strong technical development platform that can generate high biologics titer in the internal and biosimilar programs.


Recent years have seen an escalating expansion in home involvement in schooling and school-community linkages. Much of the impetus for change stems from educational reforms and initiatives for restructuring community health and social service agencies. The hope is to better meet the needs of children, families, and society by improving the effectiveness of schools and service agencies and hopefully strengthening neighborhoods. A key strategy is to establish collaborations. Properly done, enhanced connections among schools, families, and communities should lead to a marked reduction in young people's problems. Poorly done, these connections can end up as another effort that promised much but delivered little and even did some harm. Our goal here is to provide a perspective on efforts to enhance connections among schools, homes, and communities and suggest some major implications for the changing role of school counselors. Collaboration for What? Schools are located in communities, but often are islands with no bridges to the mainland. Families live in neighborhoods, often with little connection to each other or to the schools their youngsters attend. Nevertheless, all the entities affect each other, for good or bad. Because of this and because they share goals related to education and socialization of the young, schools, homes, and communities must collaborate with each other if they are to minimize problems and maximize results. Dealing with multiple and interrelated factors such as those arising from poverty, violence, developmental anomalies, crime, inadequate housing, and unemployment requires multiple and interrelated solutions (Shorr,1997). Interrelated solutions require collaboration. Why Should Schools Be Interested in Working with Others? Schools can better address barriers to learning and teaching and promote positive development when they are an integral and positive part of the community. Reciprocally, families and other community entities can better address barriers to development, learning, and parenting, and strengthen the fabric of family and community life by working in partnership with schools. Safety provides a major example of why schools need to collaborate. Concern about violence at schools provides opportunities for further isolation from the surrounding community or for enhancing connections with families and other neighborhood resources. In many cases, those responsible for school safety act as if violence on the campus had little to do with violence in the home and community. Youngsters generally do not experience such a separation. For them violence is a fact of life. And, it is not just about guns and killing. As Curcio and First (1993) noted: Violence in schools is a complex issue. Students assault teachers, strangers harm children, students hurt each other, and any one of the parties may come to school already damaged and violated [e.g., physically, sexually, emotionally, or negligently at home or on their way to or from school]. The kind of violence an individual encounters varies also, ranging from mere bullying to rape or murder (p. 4). Clearly, the problem goes well beyond the widely reported incidents that capture media attention. There isn't good data on how many youngsters are affected by all the forms of violence or how many are debilitated by such experiences. But of persons who have good reason to know, few would deny that the numbers are large. Far too many youngsters are caught up in cycles where they are the recipient or perpetrator (and sometimes both) of physical and sexual harassment ranging from excessive teasing and bullying to mayhem and major criminal acts. Given the scope of the problem-and its linkage with other problems that are significant barriers to development, learning, parenting, and teaching-- simplistic and single factor solutions cannot work. The need is for a full continuum of interventions, ranging from primary prevention through early-after-onset interventions to treatment of individuals with severe, pervasive, and chronic problems. …


To illustrate seamlessly and without offset each other method for adjusting a device for imaging printing plates (2), with at least two in an X-direction from each other spaced Bebilderungsorganen (4), which are provided parts of the image (6) of a print image, for which purpose the Bebilderungsorganen (4) are target positions associated and actual positions of the Bebilderungsorgane (4) are checked at least relative to one another, wherein to verify the actual positions in the X-direction of each Bebilderungsorgan (4) a pressure plate (2) having at least a first pattern ( 11) extending each having a first pattern (11) of at least one adjacent Bebilderungsorgans (4) overlaps, imaged, the first pattern (11) of at least one left in the X direction (11b) and a right in the X direction subpattern ( 11a) is established, the right-hand part pattern (11a) of a staircase with steps (20) and the left sub-pattern (11b) at least one extending in the Y-direction beam with e iner width sufficient to cover a plurality of steps (20) wherein the beam in the left part pattern at an offset in X-direction (11b) comprises, or the left and right sub-pattern (11b, 11a) are reversed constructed to each other, the steps of right part of the pattern (11a) overlap varies depending on the size of the offset and thereby a different number of steps (20) are covered by the beam and unwanted effects are prevented detected Miss positions or compensated.


This paper shows that the spatially homogeneous Balescu-Guernsey-Lenard kinetic equation is associated, at least formally, with a stochastic process that arises naturally as the N →∞ limit of a certain N-particle Hamiltonian system. The process describes the long-time motion of a particle traveling in a Vlasov fluctuation field. The Fokker-Planck equation for the process coincides with the
Balescu-Guernsey-Lenard equation whenever the solution is analytic in the velocity variables, but should also be considered as a model in its own right.


...................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iv PREFACE........................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Importance and Relevance of Climate Justice ........................................................ 1 Project Description.................................................................................................. 5 METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 8 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 9 Social Justice and Environmentalism ..................................................................... 9 The Science of Global Warming........................................................................... 12 Research and Data..................................................................................... 12 Anthropogenic Warming .......................................................................... 16 Disproportionate Impacts and Responsibility....................................................... 19 Regional Impacts ...................................................................................... 19 Responsibility ........................................................................................... 24 International Climate Change Policy Negotiations............................................... 25 Initial Negotiations.................................................................................... 25 The Kyoto Protocol................................................................................... 27 Developing Countries and Policy Negotiations........................................ 30 Recent Social Movements and Anti-Neoliberal Globalization......................................... 34 Recent Social Movements......................................................................... 34


0 Elementary Facts.- 1 Homomorphisms, Prime Subgroups, Values and Structure Theorems.- 2 Lattice-Ordered Permutation Groups.- 3 Model Theory of Abelian l-Groups.- 4 Groups of Divisibility: A Unifying Concept for Integral Domains and Partially Ordered Groups.- 5 The Lattice of Convex l-Subgroups of a Lattice-Ordered Group.- 6 Torsion Theory of l-Groups.- 7 Completions of l-Groups.- 8 Characterization of Epimorphisms in Archimedean Lattice-Ordered Groups and Vector Lattices.- 9 Free Lattice-Ordered Groups.- 10 Varieties of Lattice-Ordered Groups Norman.- 11 Free Products in Varieties of Lattice-Ordered Groups.- 12 Amalgamations of Lattice-Ordered Groups.- 13 Generators and Relations in Lattice-Ordered Groups: Decision Problems and Embedding Theorems.


Copyright© 2016 The Korean Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Society This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Retroperitoneal Hematoma after Transforaminal Selective Epidural Block: A Case Report


The use of traditional medicine in Mexico is a fact. The lack of access to health systems, sociocultural aspects and lack of trust in allopath medicine of communities with ancestral knowledge on the topics, makes very relevant the study of these non-allopath medicines. This work is the systematic and scientific observation of an attention model by Congregación Mariana Trinitaria (CMT) in two periods of attention: Oaxaca and Sonora. The aim is to register the intervention in order to determine whether there is a model or protocol of attention, as well as to identify defined therapeutic techniques. The relevance of this study lies in the direct observation by an allopath physician of 60 interventions with an instrument that include both the acceptance of the patients as well as entry and exit interviews with the purpose of considering the impact of the intervention in the feeling of wellbeing of the participant. The sample is made up of patients attending for the first time, which allows to identify if there is an existing acting protocol and thus a model per se. The results


The optimal issue on turn-on and turn-off angle of switched reluctance motor was researched with the maximum torque/ampere ratio as the optimal index.Firstly,on the basis of analyzing the principle of obtaining the optimal turn-off angle,put forward a heuristic search algorithm to look for the mapping relationship between speed(n) together with torque(T) and the optimal turn-off angle(θoptoff).Secondly,established BP neural network model to express this relationship.Finally,developed a experimental system based on the model,which shows that: the torque/ampere ratio optimized by neural network is much bigger than that of not optimized,thus verifies the feasibility and superiority of this method.


In today's modern world, students are subjected to stress. Students are unable to concentrate on their studies. The importance of memory in human existence, and therefore in the life of a student, cannot be overstated. Memory and education are intertwined and interdependent. The students who were exposed to yoga showed improved memory and self-confidence, as well as a reduction in stress levels afterward. Yoga not only helps you relax, but it also has been shown to help with the symptoms of mental illness. Yoga has been shown to improve students' capacity to concentrate and focus, as well as their memory. It is critical for students' health and well-being that they engage in physical activity on a regular basis in their daily life. Yoga is a mind-body practice that combines physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation practices. A growing body of evidence shows that regular yoga practice aids in the development of the body as well as the mind and soul, resulting in a healthier and happier existence. Students with high intelligence outperformed those with low intelligence, indicating that there is a relationship between yoga treatment and intelligence in terms of memory, selfconfidence, and stress scores. Yoga has no statistically significant effect on memory, stress, or selfconfidence, regardless of the gender of the practitioner.


This article presents and discusses the results of a small-scale survey into the opinions of engineering employer on the education of graduate engineers. Basic engineering knowledge, mathematics and communication skills emerge as the essential pillars of degree courses, and the future direction of electrical and electronic engineering degree courses is considered.


FIELD: transport. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to space engineering, particularly, to space rockets with liquid-propellant engines. Gas rocket engine is intended for driving separable unit from payload orbit. Said engine makes separable unit spin about length axis and stabilises angular position of rocket carrier separable unit. Rocket gas engine runs on the principle of releasing supercharging gas before gasification of liquid components of rocket fuel components that increases efflux rate of combustion products from nozzle. Extra pneumoelectric valves are mounted ahead of mixing manifold to support rocket gas engine operation. EFFECT: higher efficiency of liquid-propellant engines at cutoff of sustainer rocket liquid-propellant engine. 3 cl, 1 dwg


Chinese Jujube has long been used for human consumption and medicinal purposes in China. The objective of this study was to extract active substance from the powder of fermented Chinese Jujube and to detect their antioxidant capacities. Macroreticular resin was used to separate FJ-1 from 60% ethanol extract, and silica gel column was used for further separation of FJ-2. Precipitation of CPJ was conducted by addition of 95% ethanol to the water extract. The ability to eliminate DPPH•, O2• and •OH of this component was analyzed. Their activities show dose dependence character. FJ-1, FJ-2 show excellent antioxidant capacity on eliminating DPPH• and •OH, but CPJ shows lower capacity. The capacity on eliminating O2• of CPJ is higher than FJ-1, FJ-2 at the same concentration.


Objective To compare the affection of propofol,sevoflurane and propofol combined sevoflurane on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mitral valve replacement surgery patients with cardiopulmonary bypass.Methods 45 patients were randomly assigned to propofol group(P),sevoflurane group(S),and propofol combined with sevoflurane group(PS),with 15 cases each group.Propofol,sevoflurane and propofol combined with sevoflurane were used throughout anesthesia,respectively.The patient's heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP),central venous pressure(CVP) were recorded before surgery,before CPB,after CPB and at the end of surgery.Determination of Arterial blood cardiac troponin I(cTnI) plasma creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK-MB) before surgery 2 h(T2),4 h(T4),8 h(T8),24 h(T24),48 h(T48) after the ascending aorta open was performed.Results HR,MAP and CVP of three groups at each time point were not significantly different(P0.05).cTnI,CK-MB significantly increased at T2,T4,T8,T24,T48 and reached the peak at T8 in group PS and group P while at T4 in group S.Compared with group P and group PS,cTnI of group S at T2,T4,T8,T24,T48,was significantly lower(P0.05) and with CK-MB significantly lower(P0.05) at T2,T4,T8,T24,T48.Conclusion Compared with propofol group and propofol combined with sevoflurane group,the whole use of sevoflurane anesthesia was beneficial to myocardial protection for patients with mitral valve replacement surgery in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.


As design rules shrink and process windows become smaller, it is increasingly important to monitor exposure tool focus and exposure in order to maximize device yield. Economic considerations are forcing us to consider nearly all methods to improve yield across the wafer. For example, it is not uncommon in the industry that chips around the edge of the wafer have lower yield or device speed. These effects are typically due to process and exposure tool errors at the edge of the wafer. In order to improve yield and chip performance, we must characterize and correct for changes in the effective focus and exposure at the edge. Monitoring focus and exposure on product wafers is the most effective means for correction, since product wafers provide the most realistic view of exposure tool interactions with the process. In this work, on-product monitoring and correction is based on optical measurement using a compact line end shortening (LES) target that provides a unique separation of exposure and focus on product wafers. Our ultimate objective is indirect CD control, with maximum yield and little or no impact on productivity.


We describe a case of Philadelphia‐positive chronic myeloid leukaemia occurring simultaneously with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in a 69‐yr‐old male. Gene probe analysis of DNA from both peripheral blood and bone marrow provided evidence for the independent evolution of 2 clones in this case, with a predominant population showing immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement and a smaller population showing a rearrangement within the breakpoint cluster region of chromosome 22.


This paper explores some intrinsic characteristics of accuracy and stability for the truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) and the Tikhonov regularization (TR), which can be applied to numerical solutions of partial differential equations (numerical PDE). The ill‐conditioning is a severe issue for numerical methods, in particular when the minimal singular value sigmamin of the stiffness matrix is close to zero, and when the singular vector umin of σmin is highly oscillating. TSVD and TR can be used as numerical techniques for seeking stable solutions of linear algebraic equations. In this paper, new bounds are derived for the condition number and the effective condition number which can be used to improve ill‐conditioning by TSVD and TR. A brief error analysis of TSVD and TR is also made, since both errors and condition number are essential for the numerical solution of PDE. Numerical experiments are reported for the discrete Laplace operator by the method of fundamental solutions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Low temperature cofiring ceramic (LTCC) combines hybrid technology, biocompatibility, chemical resistance and ease of fabrication to serve as a construction material for microfluidics. Due to the lack of CAD tools for MEMS this paper applies a model for the description of stationary flow in LTCC channels of non circular cross sections. Sample devices for validation are fabricated by laser structuring and standard LTCC process. The substrates consist of 130 mum thick layers and are connected horizontally to a tubing system. Characteristic length scales range between 131 mum and 159 mum. Deviations stay within the assumed uncertainty and confirm the theory. Results show that applying solutions of geometry description in accepted fluid mechanics models gives an appropriate tool for flow description. Implementing the model as a network description in the describing language MOSILAB can allow dimensioning and optimization under functional restrictions, e.g. pressure drop or geometry as well as communication with other modeling tools


This paper proposed a new topology of a symmetric single-phase multilevel inverter with the smaller number of semiconductor switches and optimized low-frequency control methods to optimize the Total Harmonic Distortion. A nine-level single phase output is obtained by eight number of active semiconductor switches, four diodes and four capacitors from two asymmetrical dc sources. The selected harmonic order in the output voltage is eliminated by the PWM (SHE-PWM) based on selective harmonic elimination. To optimize the switching angles, an ant colony optimization is introduced. The proposed SHE-PWM and ant optimization are implemented and tested for THD on the SIMULINK platform. The proposed approach offers less THD and is best suited to high-power applications with medium voltage.


Multiple Kinects are frequently used for seamless object tracking and for a wide FOV (field of view). However, the IR (infrared) light emitted from multiple Kinects can interfere with each other, causing holes in the depth images. In this paper, we propose a hole filling algorithm for depth images in dual-Kinect environment. KeywordsKinect; Field of View; Hole-filling;


Background: Epoetin alfa (EPO) and darbepoetin alfa (DARB) are commonly used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA). To date, three randomized head-to-head studies have compared EPO dosed 40,000 Units once weekly (QW) and DARB dosed 200mcg once every two weeks (Q2W). As transfusion results across these studies were inconsistent a meta-analysis was undertaken to provide a pooled estimate of the comparative difference in red blood cell transfusion rates between DARB and EPO treatment groups. Methods: Demographic and transfusion rate data were extracted from the three publicly available head-to-head comparison studies (pooled N=940 for DARB and N=933 for EPO). Odds ratios, risk ratios and risk differences of transfusion rates from week 1 to the end of treatment between DARB and EPO groups were analyzed using both fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis methods; the latter incorporated between-study variation in addition to within-study variation. A multivariate logistic regression model weighted by the number of patients in each study arm and including population-level characteristics from each study arm, was conducted to isolate the treatment effect on the risk of transfusion after controlling for differences in baseline characteristics between DARB and EPO patients. Results: Fixed- and random-effects models generated similar results (p>0.42 for homogeneity test across studies), both demonstrating that the DARB Q2W group had a statistically significantly higher transfusion rate than the EPO QW group. Using the random-effects model, the odds ratio of transfusion in the DARB group was 1.28 of that in the EPO group (95%CI: 1.03– 1.59). The corresponding risk ratio and risk difference were 1.21 (95%CI: 1.02–1.43) and 4% (95%CI: 0.3%–8%), respectively. Multivariate regression analysis further confirmed DARB Q2W had a higher transfusion rate compared to EPO QW, after controlling for age, baseline hemoglobin and the proportion of breast cancer patients (adjusted odds ratio=1.45, 95%CI: 1.10–1.91). Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrates that, in patients with CIA, EPO 40,000 units QW is more effective at reducing RBC transfusion requirements than DARB 200 mcg Q2W.


With the consideration of the magnetic saturation , nonlinearity and magnetic field's distribution of the switched reluctance generator(SRG),the paper, by the software of ANSYS, makes the magnetic field of the SRG with arbitrary rotor's position angle and phase current value be analyzed and calculated by finite element method. On the basis of this, we can obtain the motor's parameters and performance, and prepare for realizing the motor's further optimal design.


A renal transplant patient developed a lymphocele soon after an episode of acute rejection (AR). The lymphocele rapidly increased in size causing transplant ureteric and venous obstruction, leading to acute graft dysfunction and swelling of the ipsilateral leg. We appraise the complex relationship that exists between AR, lymphangiogenesis and lymphocele formation to determine whether a case for a causal connection between AR and development of lymphocele can be made in our patient.


Debates over models of professional training have occurred in several health disciplines, including psychology. Currently, clinical competencies form the backbone of training in clinical psychology and in standards for the accreditation of such training programs, with sample domains including ethical and legal issues, assessment, intervention, and experience with a diversity of clients across cultures and the lifespan. We review a range of models for clinical competencies that have been put forth in the international literature and report on results of a survey of students undertaking clinical training as to the methods of assessment used in their training programs. Results showed that direct competency assessment was less commonly used than expected from the stated accreditation standards. One factor behind the results may be that ways to assess such competencies remain elusive. In this article, several models of clinical competencies are put forward, along with a method of assessing such competencies within an Australian context.


A light-emitting diode (LED) intelligent controller based on voice and illumination detection comprises a power source module, a voice module, an illumination collection module, a control module, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) adjustment module and an LED unit, wherein the power source module supplies power to the controller, the voice module is capable of collecting voice signals of a person to generate digital signals and outputs voice warning signals, the illumination collection module collects ambient illumination and converts the illumination into digital signals, the control module receives the digital signals and generates control signals; the PWM adjustment module generates PWM signals to adjust the LED unit after receiving the control signals of the control module, and the LED unit is connected with the PWM adjustment module and is controlled by the PWM signals. The LED intelligent controller based on voice and illumination detection has the advantages of automatically controlling the LED unit through illumination collection, being capable of actively controlling the LED unit according to voice control orders, and improving flexibility of control.


Mode fabric is washed and dried by immersing the fabric in an acid or acid donor such as magnesium chloride and heat-treated in a gas atmosphere, the immersed tissue to activate the action of an acid or acid donor, and then jet-dyeing, or by using a vigorous condition to rotary tumbling It can be achieved by a clean, smooth surface finish. The method is used to obtain a finish, especially peaches finish feel of clean, soft to the touch with a high wet modulus mode or polynosic fibers.


The incidence of breast cancer in India is on the rise. This was indicated by the recent report from Indian Council of Medical Research wherein it was reported that 1 in 22 women in India was likely to suffer from breast cancer in their life time. About 40 to 50% of hereditary breast cancers and most of hereditary breast and ovarian syndromes are thought to be due to mutation in the breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA1).

 Key words: Familial Breast Cancer, BRCA1, Q-PCR, India.


As regards the nervous system I saw a few cases only of typical "dry " beriberi, but in the oedematous cases-i.e., the vast majoritynervous symptoms were not at all common. Most cases complained of " numbness " in the feet and legs, but by this they usually meant the altered sensation due to the skin being stretched by oedema. Anaesthesia to pin-prick, paraesthesias, and paralyses were conspicuously uncommon.


Coremia formation by Ceratocystis ulmi (Buis.) ist triggered by certain terpenes and unsaturated fatty acids, of which linoleic acid and its esters are the most active.


By drawing on the concept of Circular Economy (CE), this paper explores the implementation of the CE by the fashion industry by introducing a Circular Fashion Framework (CFF). The term CE has a long history, multiple definitions, and distinctive developments in different global contexts.


The characteristics of traffic flow are divided into 3 parts, namely volume (flow), speed (speed), and density (density) where the three have a fundamental relationship that is used as a guide to determine the mathematical value of road capacity for ideal conditions. By using the relationship between volume, speed, and traffic density, it can be seen the results of the flow and speed on the road section if congestion occurs. The location is on the Abepura – Sentani highway where on this road there is a phenomenon of narrowing of the road lane which is right in front of JNE Padang Bulan. There are 2 types of roads in the study location, namely 4 lanes 2 directions and 2 lanes 2 directions. A model of the relationship between speed and distance before and after the bottle neck point was obtained at the study location, namely on the Waena - Abepuea road section, Jayapura City in three conditions


The Large Binocular Camera Image Simulator (LBCImSim) is a package for generating artificial images in the typical FITS format. It operates on real or artificial images, simulating the expected performances of real instruments by including several observing conditions (filters, air mass, flat field, and exposure time) and creating images with the LBC instrumental artifacts (optical deformations, noise, and CCD architectures). This simulator can also be used to produce artificial images for other existing and future telescopes, since its structure is very flexible. The primary aim of LBCImSim is to support the development of a pipeline and data analysis procedure that is able to handle wide‐field imaging and the fast reduction of huge amounts of photometric data. The software consists of three stand‐alone programs written in C that use IRAF and run on Linux OS. In this paper, we first describe the software, its performance in several tests carried out prior to public release, and some examples for users. In particular, we compare the Hubble Deep Field–South (HDF‐S) as seen by FORS1 with a simulated image and found that the agreement is good. We then use this software to predict the expected performances of the LBC instrument by means of realistic simulations of deep‐field observations with the Large Binocular Telescope.


In the context of the Belt and Road, Guangxi is an important gateway to Southeast Asian countries. Thailand is an important country along the Belt and Road, while Guangxi has many ethnic minorities and a rich historical and cultural heritage. To date, there are 49 national intangible cultural heritage items in Guangxi, which cover a wide range of cultural contents and have a strong ethnic and cultural flavour of Guangxi. The translation of these items will help Thailand to better understand Guangxi's culture and help "Chinese culture to go out". This paper discusses the principles and methods of Thai translation of the list of intangible cultural heritage of Guangxi to help the research of Thai translation of intangible cultural heritage and the foreign promotion of Chinese intangible heritage.


Interview with Larry Aldrich, a U.S. Air Force veteran who served in England during the Iraqi war. Aldrich describes his experiences when he enlisted including his training and work as a guard at a nuclear weapons storage facility and later, overseas at RAF Lakenheath.


A power efficient hardware architecture implementing the Split-Radix Fast Fourier Transform (SRFFT) is developed through pruning unnecessary computations. SRFFT is known to offer a performance that is better than conventional FFT in terms of reduced number of required complex multiplications and hence, can lead to reduced power consumption. Leveraging this potential, a new architecture of a configurable SRFFT processor is first devised and then the architecture is developed further so that unnecessary computations, which yield zeros at the output, are pruned. This is done through stalling butterfly computations with appropriate use of a pruning matrix. The proposed processor may find applications in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication transceivers, where transmitted signals may occupy only a small portion of the whole operational spectrum. The processor is implemented on a field-programmable gate array and simulations show that maximum power saving of around 20% is achieved when computing 1024 point Fourier transform of signals with very sparse spectrum.


There is surely something not quite right about the way it so confidently seems to propound a thesis or rather to know the thesis (and what else can it be but a 'thesis'?) implicitly propounded by another, and not just by any other but by a writer, Kafka. Such a claim seems to sit oddly with so much of what Blanchot says about writing, literature, and literary language. No caution, no apology. This is what Kafka brings us. This is what he teaches. How could one ever know such a thing and know, without the evidence of a direct attribution, that one was entitled to claim it? Although the essay from which the sentence is taken, 'The Narrative Voice (The ''he'', The neuter)', and the book in which the essay is collected, L'Entretien infini, in their respective introductions of the word neutre, go to the most intricate lengths to insist that it is never straightforwardly proffered and written and so, from the beginning, radically problematize our reading of what it is that Kafka is said to teach us, they seem to provide no such service for the first part of the sentence. The apparent assertiveness of the claim that the thought of the necessary coming into play of the neuter is 'taught' and that it is Kafka who can be said to teach it seems to be neither expanded upon nor qualified. And if, as its excessively careful introductions would suggest, the neuter frustrates each and any attempt to present it in the form of a thesis, then the second part of the sentence cannot be contained or determined by the first. Indeed, it must surely be read against it.


All spatially and temporally coordinated behaviors are organized as action systems involving the coupling of perception and action. Some action systems are present at birth, but most will develop in the months and years to come; all of them will become better coordinated and tuned as a function of both neural development and experience. A number of key principles for explaining how perception and action are coupled are presented with specific examples from infant development, and followed by a discussion of specific change mechanisms responsible for the development of action systems.


Passive hollow tubes consist of a light pipe transport section with, at the upper end, some device for capturing natural light and, at the lower end, a means of distribution of light within the interior. The wider use of the systems is currently limited by the lack of quantitative design methods other than those based on empirical data. This paper presents results of laboratory and field measurement of luminous flux output and luminous intensity distribution for various configurations of passive solar light pipes. The results indicate quantitative performance and form the basis of a number of methods of performance prediction for a wide range of passive light pipe system configurations.


7 p. transcript of an interview with Morley Twoyoungmen and Lazarus Wesley, conducted by an unknown interviewer on an unknown date, probably between 1972-1976. Tape number IH-242.1, transcript disc 15A.


We develop the theory behind the Expectation Maximization algorithm and an exact inversion formula for the attenuated Radon transform, two reconstruction methods used in SPECT. We also implement both methods and present a few numerical experiments.


ABSTRACT Purpose: Many academic and technical studies have explored information and communications technology (ICT) applications in the agri-food sector from the farmers' perspective. However, the technology supplier perspective on the ICT application has been largely overlooked. This paper aims to analyze how digital technologies are used within the agri-food value chain and their benefits and advantages from the technology supplier perspective. Originality/value: First, the study analyzed the benefits of ICT for the agri-food sector from the technology supplier perspective. Second, it comprised the integrated analysis of the complete set of ICT applied to the entire agri-food value chain. Third, we guaranteed the study's replicability by using a straightforward methodological approach. Design/methodology/approach: Exploratory study with a descriptive approach was employed to map the complete set of digital technologies commercialized by 131 agri-food technology companies. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) (2018) typology for ICT solutions was used to identify technology types. The NVIVO software cluster analysis was applied to the data related to the benefits and advantages of the firms' ICT solutions. Findings: We identified that cost reduction and rapid decision-making are the essential benefits of ICT. It was found that the ICT field in the agri-food sector is composed of different companies' generations, and many are not startups. We identified two new phenomena: agricultural servitization, which comprehends the increasing importance of services as crucial input for agricultural production, and agricultural manufacturing, which refers to increasing control over production factors in agriculture.


ABSTRACT: This article examines a topic which has received little attention from the media or other scholarly publications: The due process concerns that arise when engaging in comprehensive federal health care reform and regulation. First, the article provides a background discussion detailing the factors necessitating health care reform in the United States. Second, it analyzes whether a constitutionally protected right to make personal health care decisions exists under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments' Due Process Clauses. Finally, the article analyzes the susceptibility of government-sponsored health care--specifically proposals which include a public option--to due process challenges and makes suggestions to avoid any potential fundamental rights violations. I. Introduction Dissatisfaction with the American health care system is widespread and growing? Health care costs are rapidly on the rise, dramatically reducing the spending power of families, private and public companies, and the United States government. Due to these rising costs, an increasing number of Americans are finding themselves uninsured. Ironically, as the number of uninsured increases, so does the cost of health care as providers seek to shift costs of treating the uninsured to the insured. (2) Together, rising costs and decreasing accessibility create a perpetual cycle that is quickly accelerating. This problem has caused both American citizens and American businesses to carry the burden of absorbing mounting health care costs while trying to remain competitive in a global marketplace. With these problems weighing on the American population, it is difficult to seriously contend that the health care system does not need an overhaul. According to Federal Reserve Chair, Ben Bernanke, "[i]mproving the performance of our health care system is without a doubt one of the most important challenges that our nation faces." (3) While there may be a consensus that change is needed, (4) widespread disagreement exists about the avenue for realizing that change? In fact, government health care reform has been attempted, and failed, "regularly since the presidential incumbencies of Presidents Roosevelt, Truman, and Clinton." (6) One major obstacle facing lawmakers seeking to repair the current health care model is that, economically speaking, addressing the problems of accessibility inevitably leads to either higher costs or decreasing quality. Conversely, reducing costs without reducing accessibility theoretically requires a reduction in quality or some other form of rationing. (7) This catch-22 has created a dichotomy as to the best means to achieve an acceptable solution. As of the date of this comment, Congress has suggested and voted on several health care reform bills. (8) Each of these proposals seek to embark on the monumental but necessary task of expanding coverage to more citizens while also reining in health care's rising costs. (9) This comment, however, is not intended to be an exhaustive exploration of every health care issue that needs to be addressed when overhauling the current system. In fact, such an examination would be largely superfluous considering the abundance of media coverage already directed at the topic. Nor is the purpose of this comment to examine and analyze the effectiveness of the various proposals currently before Congress. Rather, this comment will examine a topic which has, to date, received little attention from the media or other scholarly publications: The due process concerns that arise when engaging in comprehensive federal health care reform and regulation. First, this comment will provide a background discussion detailing the factors necessitating health care reform in the United States. Second, this comment will analyze whether a constitutionally protected right to make personal health care decisions exists under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments' Due Process Clauses. Finally, this comment will analyze the susceptibility of government-sponsored health care--specifically proposals which include a public option--to due process challenges and make suggestions to avoid any potential fundamental rights violations. …


Localized surface plasmons (LSPs) have played a significant role in improving the light emission efficiency of light emitting diodes (LEDs). In this report, polygonal nanoholes have been fabricated in the p-GaN layer of InGaN-based LEDs by using Ni nanoporous film as the etching mask, and then Au/Al metal nanoparticles are embedded in the nanoholes to form the LSP structure. The coupling between the LSP and the LED has been clearly observed. The results show that the light output of the LEDs has been increased by 46% at higher current injection condition, and together with a shift of the gain peak position to the LSP peak resonance energy. As the coupling distance is decreased from 60 nm to 30 nm, the maximum enhancement factor increases to 2.38. The above results indicate that the LSP from the polygonal metal nanoparticles is a kind of very promising structure to enhance the lighting performance of the InGaN-based LEDs.


We present DefeXtiles, a rapid and low-cost technique to produce tulle-like fabrics on unmodified fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers. The under-extrusion of filament is a common cause of print failure, resulting in objects with periodic gap defects. In this paper, we demonstrate that these defects can be finely controlled to quickly print thinner, more flexible textiles than previous approaches allow. Our approach allows hierarchical control from micrometer structure to decameter form and is compatible with all common 3D printing materials. In this paper, we introduce the mechanism of DefeXtiles, establish the design space through a set of primitives with detailed workflows, and characterize the mechanical properties of DefeXtiles printed with multiple materials and parameters. Finally, we demonstrate the interactive features and new use cases of our approach through a variety of applications, such as fashion design prototyping, interactive objects, aesthetic patterning, and single-print actuators.


This study examined the performance of the centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber's (CPVA) under the influence of centrifugal force and gravity fields. The focus was on identifying the factor that influenced noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) problems that originate owing to the centrifugal pendulum absorber being at low engine speed such as engine start-stop or idle. Consequently, mathematical models were established employing Lagrange equation of the second kind, analytical solutions were obtained using the method of multiple scales, and several simple elementary mathematical equations describing the movement of the absorber were derived. Further, the analytical solutions were compared with the numerical simulation results of the complete non-linear equation of motion, which indicated that the former were suitable for studying the performance of CPVA. The theoretical analysis of the application with four absorbers and two absorbers under gravity field was conducted. The absorbers were found to be not always synchronized in the gravity field in certain special conditions such as lower engine speed range or small viscous damping. It was concluded that larger viscous damping coefficient can result in an improvement in the synchronization or reduce the range of nonlinear jumps caused by changes in excitation torque. Further, super-harmonic resonance of CPVA under the gravity field was determined and exact response was calculated, wherein the term "2nd order response gravity impact factor" was defined. In addition, the effects of CPVA installation angle relative to engine ignition angle were analyzed, and a set of tautochronic epicycloid CPVA was tested to verify the findings. The analytical solutions were consistent with the test results, thereby proving the applicability of the research method and results in a vehicle.


A seventeen-year-old girl with no prior history of diabetes was admitted to a local hospital on March 8, 1963, in coma. She did not appear to be dehydrated. Blood pressure was 112/68 mm. Hg, and blood sugar was 724 mg. per 100 ml. Urinalysis revealed a 4 plus glycosuria and acetonuria. The CO2 combining power was 2.5 mEq./L. During the next 20 hrs. she received intravenously 5,000 ml. of 5 per cent dextrose mostly in saline, and 660 U. Regular Insulin but no sodium lactate or sodium bicarbonate. Blood sugar level decreased to 144 mg. per 100 ml., whereas the CO2 increased only to 8.5 mEq./L. Although somewhat improved, she remained mentally confused and became oliguric. On the third day after admission, blood urea nitrogen content was 58.9 mg. per 100 ml. Because of the persistence of the confusion, and a stiff neck, a lumbar puncture was performed; the opening pressure was 600 mm. H2O. The spinal fluid was slightly blood tinged, and a diagnosis of a subarachnoid hemorrhage was considered. She was transferred to the Cleveland Clinic Hospital on March 11, 1963, for further therapy. She was confused and overhydrated. Blood pressure was 150/60 mm. Hg. Initial laboratory studies revealed: blood hemoglobin, 10.6 gm. per 100 ml.; cell volume, 32; blood sugar, 245 mg. per 100 ml.; blood urea, 204 mg. per 100 ml.; serum sodium, 115; serum potassium, 2.7, and serum CO2 content, 8.2 mEq./L.; and venous blood pH, 7.25. The urine was dear; analysis revealed 1-plus glycosuria, 4-plus proteinuria, and a trace of acetone. Salicylate could not be detected in the blood. In view of the possible presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, the use of peritoneal dialysis was elected rather than hemodialysis, since even with regional heparinization, a rise in clotting time may occur during hemodialysis. A peritoneal dialysis was performed for approximately 12 hrs. The dextrose concentration was 2.5 per cent. There was a considerable clinical improvement after correction of overhydration, removing 5,750 ml. of fluid. However, during the next seven days her condition deteriorated, and the blood urea increased to 246 mg. per 100 ml. A ten-hour peritoneal dialysis was performed, and the blood urea was 210 mg. per 100 ml., with CO2 content of 13.8 mEq./L. at the termination of dialysis. A renal biopsy showed acute tubular necrosis. It was decided not to continue


In recent years, the localization of a vehicle has become an important task in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). It is well known that sensor fusion helps to create more robust and accurate systems for autonomous vehicles. This paper presents a sensor fusion framework that combines trajectories built using global coordinates from Global Positioning System (GPS) and relative coordinates from Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) from a cell phone to produce a vehicle's trajectory in an unknown environment. This trajectory is corrected by applying the probabilistic Bayesian framework that uses crowdsourced data of the traffic signs sightings in the past. We demonstrate our approach using the data gathered from a vehicle with GPS and IMU in an urban environment and on the simulated data based on the real traffic sign observations. The results show that the Bayesian approach helps with the trajectory correction and gives better estimations with the increase of the amount of the prior information.


Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust has been fined £200 000 (€243 000; $336 000) and ordered to pay more than £27 000 in costs after it was prosecuted by the Health and Safety Executive over the "wholly avoidable" death of Gillian Astbury, a diabetic patient who died after nurses failed to give her insulin.

Sentencing the trust at Stafford Crown Court Mr Justice Haddon-Cave said, "This was a wholly avoidable and tragic death of a vulnerable patient who was admitted to hospital for care, but who …


Living Library as a new way of information exchange was introduced to China,it is spreading rapidly,and the scale is constantly expanding.In this activity,Living book as the main activities plays a vital role in.This article from the advertising and content proceed with,summed up the "Living Book" a few effects,and how to establish and perfect the "Living Book "borrowing mechanism offers a few view.


The article analyzes three 17th century documents from the Aleppo Ottoman archives on the use of ǧizyah, the classic Islamic tax to be levied on Christians and Jews.


no part of this whitepaper may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by no means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. The TClouds project has received funding from the european union's seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number iCT-257243.


By using the radioactive nuclear beam with relativistic high energy of short-lived positron emitting nuclei, such as C10 and C11, a verification system for the precise radiotherapy has been developed. It is possible to determine the precise particle range and the three-dimensional irradiated area in the human body by a positron camera detector and a positron emission tomography system, respectively. The biological and chemical process of the metabolism is an important parameter for the precise measurement. The biological lifetimes of the C10 and C11 injected into the rabbit's organs have been observed for the study of metabolism. The microscopic process around the cell is also of interest in the study of biological effectiveness. The observation of the difference between radiological effectiveness of C9 and that of C12 is in progress.By using the radioactive nuclear beam with relativistic high energy of short-lived positron emitting nuclei, such as C10 and C11, a verification system for the precise radiotherapy has been developed. It is possible to determine the precise particle range and the three-dimensional irradiated area in the human body by a positron camera detector and a positron emission tomography system, respectively. The biological and chemical process of the metabolism is an important parameter for the precise measurement. The biological lifetimes of the C10 and C11 injected into the rabbit's organs have been observed for the study of metabolism. The microscopic process around the cell is also of interest in the study of biological effectiveness. The observation of the difference between radiological effectiveness of C9 and that of C12 is in progress.


The utility model relates to an electric push rod type manipulator. The electric push rod type manipulator mainly solves the technical problems of unreasonable mechanism, large occupation space, high difficulty of machining manufacture, inconvenient installation and adjustment of a current motor-driven joint type manipulator, and the technical scheme aiming at solving the problems is characterized in that, the electric push rod type manipulator is adopted, motion of big arm pitching, small arm pitching, and wrist pitching of the manipulator are driven by electric push rods. The electric push rod type manipulator comprises six parts of a base, a chassis, a big arm, a small arm, a wrist, and a paw, is provided with four degrees of freedom including chassis revolution, big arm pitching, small arm pitching, and wrist arm pitching, and can realize point position integrated control in a predetermined motion range, the electric push rods driving motion of big arm pitching, small arm pitching, and wrist arm pitching are all provided with mechanical limiting and position feedback devices, and displacement control of motion of big arm pitching, small arm pitching, and wrist arm pitching can be performed through PLC via the method of time control.


The flow in the upper Niagara River is affected by weed growth in the summer and by ice formation and accumulation in the winter. Changes in flow resistance tend to occur abruptly with time and space during ice-affected flows and make it difficult to forecast flows for power generation. Since 1988, the New York Power Authority and Ontario Hydro have collaborated on the development of a computer-based system for forecasting flows and optimizing power generation from the Niagara River. A hydraulic routing model has been developed for forecasting the flow in the upper Niagara River under uncertainties due to ice consisting of: (1) A steady-flow model; (2) an unsteady-flow routing model; (3) a linear, time-varying reservoir model for forecasting the flow into the Grass Island Pool; (4) a time-varying, stochastic model for the stage-discharge relation at Fort Erie, the upstream boundary of the reach; and (5) Kalman filtering schemes to be coupled with these components models, to reduce uncertainties in parameters and variables to be estimated. This paper presents components (2)–(5) and related concepts and modeling techniques.


thirty printings of the collection of Merton's essays entitled Social Theory and Social Structure.35 Science, Technology and Society remained unavailable until 1970, when both a hardback and a paperback reprint, with a new preface by Merton, appeared. So from 1949 to 1970 the monograph was out of print, while the essays were reprinted again and again. Although since 1970 Science, Technology and Society has at long last been translated into Italian and Spanish, and most recently into Portuguese, Japanese, and Chinese, Social Theory and Social Structure has appeared not only in these languages, but in Hebrew, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, and Czech (samizdat) as well.36 These bare facts indicate which of Merton's publications were most widely read until 1970 (and even later) and why the "Merton thesis" generally came to allude to topics that Merton explored in those articles-primarily the relationship between radical Protestantism or Puritanism and the rise of science in seventeenth-century England, and the economic factors in science in that same period-rather than the other challenging "theses" explored in Science, Technology and Society.37


A new simulation method has been developed for evaluating the performance of a monochromator whose grating is exposed to intense undulator radiation. Analytic expressions for the thermally deformed surface figure and distorted groove pattern of the grating are determined first by a finite element method and then they are incorporated into a ray tracing procedure. The method is applied to a simple beamline optics consisting of a U3.9 undulator of the Advanced Light Source and a water-cooled metal grating to see whether this objective monochromator can stand for heat load without degrading its designed performance. The results show that the simulation method is capable of evaluating the performance of a thermally distorted grating and that the heat load would not cause any significant degradation in the spectral resolution and throughput.


When a patient visits the Emergency Department (ED), the reason the patient is seeking care is recorded as the Chief Complaint (CC). Beyond its role in the patient's care, there is interest in the CC for secondary uses. Clinicians and epidemiologists can use CC for research. ED clinicians and administrators incorporate CC data into quality monitoring and improvement efforts. Public health officials can use it as data for health surveillance. But there is no controlled vocabulary for recording CC, or standard for a CC component in the patient record. Travers (2003) completed a crucial first step toward the creation of a thesaurus for CC by analyzing a corpus of CCs to determine the nature of the language used by triage nurses, and the concepts that were expressed. Her analysis also illuminated many issues concerning the content and structure of a CC thesaurus that must be discussed before the thesaurus can be developed. Using Cimino's 1998 article, "Desiderata for Controlled Medical Vocabularies in the Twenty-First Century", as a framework, we discuss these issues and the resulting decisions that the thesaurus development team, along with other stakeholders, will encounter.


Surveys of marine invertebrate larvae are a powerful tool for the detection of hidden diversity (Barber & Boyce, 2006; Collin, et al., 2019; Collin et al., 2019a, 2019b; Mahon et al., 2010). They may be particularly effective at capturing deep-water, small, or infaunal species that are difficult to collect as adults by use of standard sampling techniques, and thus provide an independent assessment of diversity that complements species lists based solely on studies of adults (Collin, et al., 2020; Mahon et al., 2010; Sewell & Jury, 2011). In some cases, larval sampling can uncover unexpectedly high diversity (Collin, et al., 2019; Mahon et al., 2010). Here we apply this approach to compare the diversity of adult and larval asteroids from the coastal waters of Panama. A review of Caribbean biodiversity from the Census of Marine Life documented 116 species of adult asteroids in the wider Caribbean (Miloslavich et al., 2010: supplemental data table S8). Twenty-five species were reported for the Caribbean coast of Panama, less Received: 21 April 2020 | Accepted: 31 August 2020 DOI: 10.1111/ivb.12303


Background and objective: Post-menopausal bleeding due to endometrial abnormalities is a common diagnostic challenge facing the ultrasonogists and referring gynecologists. This study aimed to detect the validity of transvaginal ultrasound to detect endometrial pathologies and its sensitivity and specificity for determining endometrial carcinoma in women with postmenopausal bleeding.
Methods: A diagnostic accuracy study of transvaginal ultrasound and diagnostic curettage was conducted for evaluation of endometrial pathology in the College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University from October2016to January 2018. The sample size included 55 women with post-menopausal vaginal bleeding. The ultrasound findings were compared with histopathological results of endometrial biopsy.
Results: Out of 55 women, 49.09% had endometrial atrophy, 29.09% had endometrial hyperplasia, 16.36% had endometrial polyp, 3.64% had endometrial carcinoma, and 1.82% had hyperplasia with atypia according to histopathological findings. The sensitivity of ultrasound in detecting cancer was 66.7%, the specificity was 100%, the positive predictive value (PV) was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 98.1%. The total agreement rate was 98.2%.
Conclusion: Transvaginal ultrasound is an excellent diagnostic tool to determine whether further investigation with histopathological examination of endometrial biopsy is necessary for postmenopausal vaginal bleeding.


Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a life-threatening disease affecting the lungs. TRALI can develop within 6 hours after transfusion and almost all patients with TRALI require mechanical ventilation at the intensive care department. Nevertheless up to 40% of patients do not recover from TRALI. Of all transfused patients, 0.05-15.1% develop TRALI. The majority of these cases is caused by antibodies in the transfusion product. However, in 20-50% of TRALI-cases it is unknown which factor in the transfusion product is responsible for this complication. This study investigated whether the storage time of red blood cell transfusion products is related to onset of TRALI. Healthy volunteers were injected with a parts of killed bacteria to induce symptoms of a mild blood poisoning. Thus the volunteers mimicked real intensive care patients. While the volunteers suffered from the flu-like symptoms, they received a transfusion of their own red blood cells. This blood had been stored for 2 or 35 days. After transfusion it was investigated whether the infusion of stored red blood cells had caused a decrease in pulmonary function. It was also studied whether the volunteers developed (mild) pulmonary inflammation. After transfusion it can be established whether a fresh or stored product was infused. However, transfusion of 35 days stored red blood cells was safe and had no adverse effect on the lungs. It was concluded that transfusion of stored red blood cells has no role in the onset of TRALI.


License plate number is the unique character of the vehicle identification. In the case of hit and run, the license plate recognition is the key measure. The snapshot of the license plate captured by the surveillance cameras are suffering from the blurring effect and it cannot be easily recognized by the human eye. Such license plates have low resolution and have lost the edge information hence it is difficult to recognize and it becomes the challenging task for the researcher to deblurring the images. In this work, the novel kernel parameter estimation algorithm has been proposed for deblurring the license plate of the fast moving vehicle. Firstly, the image is estimated by sparse representation. On the sparse representation, the angle is calculated based on the genuine motion angle and length of the motion kernel is calculated by Radon transform in the frequency domain. Finally, the image is deblurred by NBID algorithm. The proposed approach achieves the promising results and this algorithm can handle the large motion blurred license plate which is unidentified by the naked human eyes.


This paper concerns the synchronization phenomena in the system consisting of two metronomes hanging from a plate, by using describing function (DF) approach, which deals with the driving torque as a discontinuous function of the angle and angular velocity of each metronome. This paper presents a DF solution of the system and shows that there exist two types of synchronization with the first harmonic of the angle of each metronome having the same amplitude. One is the anti-phase synchronization; that is, the phase shift of two metronomes is π. The other is the in-phase synchronization; that is, the phase shift of two metronomes is zero. This paper shows analytically the phase shifts of two types of synchronization of two metronomes rather than showing via numerical simulation in a previous result. Moreover, this paper demonstrates numerically that there are two subtypes of in-phase synchronization for some mechanical parameters of the systems. The numerical investigation indicates that the obtained frequencies and amplitudes are close to those obtained by solving numerically the nonlinear differential equations.


The zoea and megalopa of Portunus trituberculatus in the South Sea of China was artificially reared.The result shows that the zoea can develop to megalopa with average survival rate of 15.3%,when Z1 and Z2 were fed on Brachionus plicatilis and Platymonas subcordiformis.Later the zoeas of Z2 were fed on Brachionus plicatilis and larvae of Artemia salina together,and the zoeas of Z3 were fed on larvae of Artemia salina.The periods when Z2 moults to Z3 and Z4 moults to M are two sensitive stages of larvae development because the survival rate is lower than in other stages.The megalopa can develop to juvenile when megalopa were fed on larvae of Artemia salina,freezing adult Artemia salina and live adult Artemia salina.The food of live adult Artemia is more efficient than other food for megalopa developing to juvenile because the survival rate can till remain 80%.Putting the net to rearing tank to increase the refuge can increase the survival rate of megalopa when moulting to juvenile.


A method for separation and purification of capsaicin with marcroporous was studied.The results arefollows:D201type macroporous resin is feasible for purification.The optimum condition is:the flow rate ondynamic absorption 1.5 BV/h, the loaded amount of capsaicin 3 BV, elute rate 2 BV/h, 70 % ethanol as elution.The D201 type resin can be used 3 times repeatedly.


Acid hydrolysis of Cowpea seed husk was carried out using sulphuric acid with the concentrations of 0.1 M and 0.5 M at a reaction time of 10 to 90 minutes and temperatures of 130oC to 170oC. The substrates were characterised using proximate analysis. The effects of process parameters that were studied on glucose yield were; time, temperature, substrate concentration, and acid concentration. The experimental data obtained for glucose yield were fitted into the Saeman's model and Two –fraction models. The result obtained from the proximate analysis shows that cowpea seed husk has a cellulose content of 31.7%, hemicelluloses of 26.7% and lignin 6.1%. The maximum glucose yield of 27.1% was obtained at temperature of 150oC, a reaction time of 50 minutes, 0.02 g/ml substrate concentration, and 0.5 M acid concentration. The two-fraction model gave a better fit of the experimental data over saeman's model. From the study it is concluded that cowpea seed husk can be a good source for glucose production. Original Research Article Okechukwu et al.; JMSRR, 4(4): 1-10, 2019; Article no.JMSRR.53665 2


Introduction In our approach a specific computationally-expensive CFD simulation or computer code, referred to as FullOrder Model (FOM) [1, 2], is treated as a black box that generates a certain output y (e.g. the temperature field) given a set of input parameters x (e.g. the equivalence ratio) and indicated by y = F (x). After enough observations of the FOM's output are available, y(xi) ∀i = 1, ...,M, a Surrogate Model (SM) can be trained and the output y∗ for a particular set of unexplored inputs x∗ can be predicted without the need to evaluate F (x∗) and, thus, no simulation is run. This is very important in the context of optimization problems with expensive objective functions, e.g. design optimization in industrial applications. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [3] can be used to find a new, smaller set of uncorrelated variables, often referred to as PCA scores, which is representative of the original variables of interest. Once these PCA scores are found, a SM can be built for each one of them, hence Reduced-Order (Surrogate) Models (ROMs). The Kriging interpolation method [4, 5] was chosen to find a response surface for these scores. The Kriging interpolation method was chosen over other regression techniques because of the encouraging results shown in [2, 6–8]. In the present work, the Kriging-PCA approach is extended to combustion applications. PCA For a data-set Y(M × N), containing M observations of N original variables, PCA finds a set of Principal Components (PCs), collected into a matrix A = {a1, a2, ...} [3, 11–14]. The PCs are the eigenvectors of the data correlation matrix. Their eigenvalues represent the portion of the data variance that they account for. Thus, the PCs can be sorted in descent order of importance. Only the first few q < N PCs can be retained if


In this paper, the problems of automating the retail sales management process are considered, in particular, the problem of presenting data of a large dimension (data described by a large number of characteristics). A review of other studies of methods for reducing the dimension of feature space has been made: from correlation analysis to t-SNE (t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding) and PCA (principal component analysis) algorithms. Random projection methods are investigated to reduce the dimension of the characteristics space: a random Gaussian projection and a sparse random projection. The results of the above-mentioned algorithms are illustrated after the data is clusterized by the DBSCAN method and are difficult to interpret. The calculated quality metric indicates high saturation (density) of clusters. The results will serve as a starting point for a critical review of the formulation of the problem and further research.


The present study was carried out in Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad during November, 2016-March, 2017 to investigate the antifungal activity of the three solvent extracts of seaweed Sargassum wightii against silkworm fungal pathogens. The crude seaweed compounds extracted with ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and diethyl ether solvents were tested at 1000, 2000 and 3000 μg mL for their antifungal efficacy in vitro and at 3000 μg mL against silkworm pathogens Aspergillus flavus, Nomuraea rileyi, Aspergillus oryzae and Beauveria bassiana in vivo. The data obtained was recorded for each trail in a one way ANOVA and was subjected with the Graph pad prism software analysis for its significance. Among the tested extracts maximum zone of inhibition of 20mm was observed in diethyl ether treated batches at 3mg/mL against Aspergillus flavus and 19.66 mm against Beauveria bassiana. In vivo results revealed maximum effective rearing rate of 84% in batch treated with diethyl ether against Aspergillus flavus followed by Nomuraea rileyi of 82 % and found to be significant at p<0.01. Sargassum wightii proved that the diethyl ether extract and ethyl acetate extract at 3000 μg mL, showed varied degree of antifungal activity against silkworm fungal pathogens. Based on the results both diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extract of Sargassum wightii can be used as antifungal agents in preparing eco-friendly disinfectant in sericulture industry.


Bupropion is a novel antidepressant, distinct from tricyclic antidepressants both neurochemically and behaviorally. Bupropion forms several metabolites in both rodents and humans. Three chemically different molecules BW 306, BW 494, and BW 287 were selected. Comparative assessment of antidepressant activity of bupropion and its metabolites in mice, and pharmacological analysis of possible mechanisms of action of the parent drug and its metabolites (using interaction studies with pimozide, D,L-propranolol, and prazosin) were carried out.


Objective:Take the imipramine as the probe medicine,uses in vivo metabolism the method study monkshood,licorice Shan Yong and the five after separately to imipramine metabolism speed influence.Methods:Will test the big mouse to divide into the blank group,to attach the sub-group,the licorice group,the monkshood licorice stochastically to gather fries the group,the traditional Chinese medicine extracts induces 6d,in the 7th day of tail intravenous injection imipramine solution,the fixed point draws blood,by HPLC law determination imipramine in vivo metabolism change.Results:The monkshood uses to suppress the imipramine only metabolism,the licorice uses the induction imipramine only metabolism,with time licorice induction leading role.The experiment prompts:The traditional Chinese medicine compound prescription's research,may obtain from the medicine generation of dynamics angle;The inferring monkshood blends when the licorice its in vivo metabolism speed speeds up,verified the licorice from the medicine metabolism′s angle to be possible to relax nature of the monkshood scientific nature and the rationality.


The global impact of climate change remains a grave concern to every nation, from severe droughts in East Africa to wildfires in Australia and extreme floods and landslides in India, Nepal and Bangladesh, and, recently, the devastating floods witnessed in Nigeria, climate change challenges continue to escalate. Climate change is driving people out of their homes and ushering in a world of poverty. Extant literature avers that at the centre of mitigating the adverse effects of climate change and stimulating the desired action is communication. Consequently, this paper seeks to interrogate the centrality of communication as a tool in the hands of policymakers, the media and international donor agencies in stimulating public consciousness in Nigeria towards climate change challenges and adaptation. Leveraging a quantitative and exploratory approach and using surveys with structured and unstructured questionnaire questions, the study exposed gaps in citizens' knowledge of the causes of climate change and revealed the level of awareness of climate change challenges, people's attitudes to climate change, sources of information, and desired medium of communication among the Nigerian public. The study highlights the interplay between the contents of climate change communication and actionable steps that are easy to be understood and relatively simple to be followed by the citizens. Finally, the paper contends that much more needs to be done in sensitising citizens on climate change while suggesting a combination of alternative communication strategies that promise to stimulate citizens' awareness of climate change challenges and adaptation in Nigeria.


ABSTRACT Detailed real-time road data are an important prerequisite for navigation and intelligent transportation systems. As accident-prone areas, road intersections play a critical role in route guidance and traffic management. Ubiquitous trajectory data have led to a recent surge in road map reconstruction. However, it is still challenging to automatically generate detailed structural models for road intersections, especially from low-frequency trajectory data. We propose a novel three-step approach to extract the structural and semantic information of road intersections from low-frequency trajectories. The spatial coverage of road intersections is first detected based on hotspot analysis and triangulation-based point clustering. Next, an improved hierarchical trajectory clustering algorithm is designed to adaptively extract the turning modes and traffic rules of road intersections. Finally, structural models are generated via K-segment fitting and common subsequence merging. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can efficiently handle low-frequency, unstable trajectory data and accurately extract the structural and semantic features of road intersections. Therefore, the proposed method provides a promising solution for enriching and updating routable road data.


Localized Surface Plasmon (LSP) in nanostructure excited by Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) corresponds to stronger near-field enhancement and special spectral and dynamic responses that provides a new path to explore the interaction between light and matter. Meanwhile, this scheme can also release the signal background noise and structural thermal effect, and improve the performance of plasmonic components and sensing detectors based on LSP. However, the current research on this aspect is still insufficient. In this paper, we investigated the near-field characteristics of a plasmon composite structure composed of plasmon focusing lens and gold nanorod under the excitation of dual-beam using Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The result shows that the near-field intensity control on the upper surface and in the gap position of the nanorod can be achieved by adjusting the relative time delay between the first light beam (used to excite SPP) and the second light beam (used to excite LSP). Specifically, the maximum adjustment range of the near-field intensity corresponding to 770 nm resonant mode in the gap position is about 23, and the adjustment period is about 2.4 fs. In a resonant mode dominated by SPP at a wavelength of 999 nm, the near-field intensity adjustment range is as small as 6, and the adjustment period is about 4 fs. On the upper surface of the structure, the adjustment range of the near-field intensity of the two resonant modes (719 nm and 802 nm) is basically the same (about 15), and the adjustment period is 2.4 fs and 2.8 fs. The achievement of the near field control is attributed to the coherent superposition of SPP-excited LSP with light-excited LSP. In addition, the dephasing time of the coupling field was investigated using quasi- normal mode. It is found that the nanorod structure will correspond to different dephasing time under different relative time delay between two excitation light beams. Specifically, for the time delay of 0.72 fs (Δt=0.72 fs), the corresponding dephasing time for both modes is the same of 6.0 fs. For Δt=1.92 fs, the dephasing time of the longer-wavelength mode is 7.1 fs, and the one of the shorter-wavelength mode is 5.8 fs. We attribute the variation of the dephasing time to different coupling strength between the two modes at different delay times. This study may further promote the application of plasmons in the fields of surface-enhanced Raman scattering and plasmon assisted catalysis.


Changing citizenship is a topical book, which discusses the changing role and definition of citizenship within an increasingly globalized world. It explores three interrelated aspects: the processes of globalization and their implications for citizenship and human rights education; issues surrounding inclusion and citizenship learning in schools; and the change process required in schools in order that an effective education for citizenship and democracy might be achieved. The authors elaborate on the difficulty, yet importance, of achieving an education for citizenship within the context of rapid globalization, where many people feel powerless to make a difference. Within this context, they propose a revised understanding of citizenship, which moves on from the three traditions identified by Beiner in 1995: liberal, communitarian and civil republican, to a new model of cosmopolitan citizenship, underpinned by human rights. This notion lies at the heart of the book. The authors argue that there is need to change the current discourse surrounding citizenship education and that the nation state should no longer be regarded as the sole locus for democracy. Citizenship should be viewed as local, national and global—'cosmopolitan'. In making their case, Osler and Starkey are critical of the 1998 recommendations of the Advisory Group on the Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools in England, chaired by Professor, now Sir, Bernard Crick. They argue that the Crick Report (Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, 1998), as it is commonly known, shied away from advocating human rights as the basis for democracy, and favoured a model for citizenship education of responsibilities over rights. They also claim that the 'three strands' of citizenship identified in the report (social and moral responsibility, community involvement and political literacy) failed to acknowledge globalization or to recognize an international dimension to citizenship education. It should, of course, be remembered that the report's recommendations were designed to aid the implementation of a new 'light touch' National Curriculum Citizenship Order, which would provide schools with the opportunity to design programmes with a reasonable degree of autonomy. It is perhaps not surprising, therefore, that the Report can be read as lacking in substance or detail on particular topics. Educational Research, Vol. 49, No. 1, March 2007, pp. 99 – 101