This is the third in a series of edited collections based on events held at the University of Wales Conference Centre at Gregynog, organized by scholars from the Centre for Intelligence and International Security Studies (CIISS) in the Department of International Politics at Aberystwyth University. A fourth conference will be held in the spring of 2009. The introduction to the second collection contains this statement from the first:


The present invention discloses apparatus, systems and methods for power consumption during standby operation of the mobile device for reduction. During the wait paging decoding algorithm may be stored in the nonvolatile memory. When the mobile device wakes up from a sleep state, the paging may be performed from the nonvolatile memory, the decoding algorithm to determine if there are any activities such incoming calls. The non-volatile memory does not require power to maintain storage of the algorithm, so reducing the power requirements of the mobile device during waiting.


Announcing Australia's 'new aid paradigm' in June 2014, Foreign Minister, Julie Bishop, said: 'We will focus in particular on women's economic empowerment — on promoting women's leadership in politics, business, communities and families and on eliminating violence against women and children'. The link between women's economic empowerment and the elimination of violence is pertinent in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Significant and persistent gender disparities limit the capacity of all Papua New Guineans to benefit from the country's wealth of natural and human resources. This In Brief highlights the importance of workplace support for women's economic participation. Highlighting the costs of not supporting women, including those who are living with violence and those who are prevented from progressing in their careers, we confirm the potentially transformative possibilities of gender-sensitive and affirmative action policies within the formal employment sector. We then discuss the Business Coalition for Women (BCFW) — a group recently established in PNG to address some of the problems to which we point toward here.


Spontaneous emission noise power, although small in magnitude, affects many aspects of the semiconductor laser's operation. An accurate model has been developed for it for use in the transmission-line laser model (TLLM), which is a time-domain, wideband, dynamic, non-adiabatic semiconductor laser model. The effects of approximations used in other dynamic laser models are then investigated by comparison with the results from the TLLM. The study shows that the representation of this noise power has an important bearing on the damping of modelled transient oscillations.


Increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in energy systems has had an impressive impact on the design and scheduling of future energy networks and the transition from traditional networks. Sizing and placement of these resources has important technical and economic impacts on the network. However, utilization of these resources in Active Distribution Network (ADN) has several advantages and so, the undesirable effects of these resources on ADN need to be investigated and improved. In this paper, a hybrid ADN includes wind/ PV/ESS, which has been located in 33 IEEE standard bus, is investigated. Optimal energy management and sizing of the RES and ESS are the purposes. Demand Response (DR) is another good option in active networks for regulating production and demand. In this paper, an incentive-based DR program is used. However, this method has uncertainty because it is dependent on customer consumption patterns and the use of inappropriate incentives will not be able to stimulate customers to reduce their consumption at peak times. The optimization problem, which is formulated as optimal programming, is solved to calculate size and placement of each RES as well as ESS condition considering with power losses, voltage profile and cost optimization. The results show the effectiveness of energy management and cost reduction in the studied grid.


ABSTRACT In this article we report two studies: a detailed longitudinal analysis of errors in wh-questions from six German-learning children (age 2 ; 0–3 ; 0) and an analysis of the prosodic characteristics of wh-questions in German child-directed speech. The results of the first study demonstrate that German-learning children frequently omit the initial wh-word. A lexical analysis of wh-less questions revealed that children are more likely to omit the wh-word was ('what') than other wh-words (e.g. wo 'where'). In the second study, we performed an acoustic analysis of sixty wh-questions that one mother produced during her child's third year of life. The results show that the wh-word was is much less likely to be accented than the wh-word wo, indicating a relationship between children's omission of wh-words and the stress patterns associated with wh-questions. The findings are discussed in the light of discourse–pragmatic and metrical accounts of omission errors.


To meet the practical requirements in using the MOEMS scanning mirror with angle sensor,the maximal angle,drive voltage,resonance frequency and sensor's output signal of the MOEMS scanning mirror are tested based on its structure and working principle.To improve the reliability of the calibration results,the geometrical optics theory and the error theory are adopted in this paper to analyze the test system in detail,based on which the system testing error and the randomized testing error are synthesized.The result shows that when the mirror is driven at 0.7 V,the maximum scanning angle is ±8.704 15° and the error is ±0.045 605°.The phenomenon that vibration frequency changes with scanning mode is observed and analyzed,which will provide some reference when the scanning mirror is controlled by close divider circuit.Meanwhile,output signal is analyzed,and the result shows that the output signal of sensor can be used for supervising the angle of the scanning mirror even though the output signal consists of two parts.


Herein we report on the thermal expansions and temperature-dependent crystal structures of select ternary carbide Mn+1AXn (MAX) phases in the Ti–Al–C phase diagram in the 100−1000 °C temperature range. A bulk sample containing 38(±1) wt. % Ti5Al2C3 ("523"), 32(±1) wt. % Ti2AlC ("211"), 18(±1) wt. % Ti3AlC2 ("312"), and 12(±1) wt. % (Ti0.5Al0.5)Al is studied by Rietveld analysis of high-temperature neutron diffraction data. We also report on the same for a single-phase sample of Ti3AlC2 for comparison. The thermal expansions of all the MAX phases studied are higher in the c direction than in the a direction. The bulk expansion coefficients—9.3(±0.1)×10−6 K−1 for Ti5Al2C3, 9.2(±0.1) ×10−6 K−1 for Ti2AlC, and 9.0(±0.1)×10−6 K−1 for Ti3AlC2—are comparable within one standard deviation of each other. In Ti5Al2C3, the dimensions of the Ti–C octahedra for the 211-like and 312-like regions are comparable to the Ti–C octahedra in Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2, respectively. The isotropic mean-squared atomic displacement para...


The purpose of this study was to determine the objectivity of news in the
newspaper Jawa Pos in the news Wishnu Wardhana ouster attempt. Theoretical
basis used in this study is Newspaper, Newspapers Characteristics, Definition And
Function Press, theory of press freedom, news objectivity. The method used in
this study is a quantitative research method, which uses content analysis of
Rachma Ida. The population is all the news on the front page section of
Metropolis newspaper Jawa Pos on Wishnu Wardhana ouster attempt on 22, 23
and 24 April 2013.
The results of this study are in the Java Post news about the ouster effort
Wishnu Wardhana is not objective, there is only one element of objectivity that is
unmet fairness dimension, whereas it can only be stated that the news accurately
and objectively as valid but not aligned to any of the parties of the two warring
factions.
Keywords: content analysis of news, objectivity, Rachma Ida, Wishnu
Wardhana, Jawa Pos


We propose the concept of intrinsic spatial distance (ISD) for the study of a spatial relationship between any two points in space. ISD is a distance measure that takes into account the separation of two points with respect to their physical and attribute closeness. We construct an algorithm to implement this concept as an ISD measurement. Based on the ISD concept, two points in space are related through a transitional path linking one to the other. As an ISD measurement decreases, the spatial relationship between two points becomes increasingly stronger. We argue theoretically and demonstrate empirically that the ISD concept is not predisposed in favor of the first law of geography, but directly considers variance of nearness in physical distance and attribute distance to derive the extent to which two points are spatially associated. Specifically, in single attribute cases, the information uncovered by an ISD measurement is more elaborate than that revealed by Moran's I, local Moran's I, and a semivariogram, giving a meticulous account of relatedness in both local and global contexts. The ISD concept is also sufficiently general to be used to study multiple attributes of relationships.

Proponemos el concepto de distancia espacial intrinseca (intrinsic spatial distance -ISD) para el estudio de la relacion espacial entre dos puntos en el espacio. La ISD es una medicion de distancia que tiene en cuenta la separacion de dos puntos con respecto a su cercania fisica y de atributo. Construimos un algoritmo para aplicar este concepto y crear una medicion ISD. De acuerdo con en el concepto ISD, dos puntos en el espacio estan relacionadas a traves de un camino de transicion que los vincula uno al otro. A medida que la medicion ISD disminuye, la relacion espacial entre dos puntos se refuerza. Argumentamos teoricamente y demostramos empiricamente que el concepto ISD no esta predispuesto a favor de la primera ley de la geografia (de Tobler), pero considera directamente la varianza de la cercania de la distancia fisica y la distancia del valor del atributo para derivar una medicion que cuantifica el grado en el que dos puntos estan asociados espacialmente. En concreto, en los casos de atributos individuales, la informacion revelada por una medicion ISD es mas sofisticada que la que proporcionada por el indice de Moran, el indice de Moran local, y el semivariograma, pues da cuanta minuciosa de la relacion espacial y de atributo en contextos locales y globales. El concepto de ISD tambien es lo suficientemente general para ser usado en el estudio de relaciones entre multiples atributos.

本文提出了内蕴空间距离(ISD)来研究空间中任意两点之间的空间关系。ISD是考虑空间上分离的两点各自物理和属性接近度的一种距离度量。通过构造一个算法将该概念转变为ISD可度量方式。基于ISD概念,空间上的两点通过连接两者迁移路径相关联。当ISD度量减小时,两点之间空间关系变得越来越强。理论论证和实例演示表明ISD概念并不倾向于符合地理学第一定律,但直接考虑两点间物理距离和属性距离临近性的变化可以推导两点在空间上的联系程度。特别是在单一属性案例中,相比于Moran's I,局部Moran's I和半方差图,ISD度量揭示了全局与局部环境中详尽的空间相关信息。同时,ISD概念在研究多属性的空间关系中也是足够通用的。


It is well recognised that field measurements of stress-dependent soil–water characteristic curves (SDSWCCs) and the permeability function (coefficient of permeability with respect to the water phase) are vital for assessing transient seepage, pore water pressure changes and the stability of unsaturated soil slopes. In this study, SDSWCCs and the permeability function were measured by using the instantaneous profile method on a saprolitic hillside in Tung Chung, Hong Kong. The ground profile comprises colluvium and completely decomposed tuff (CDT). A 3 m diameter circular plot was instrumented and subjected to two wetting–drying cycles. Throughout a 48-day monitoring period, variations of volumetric water content and matrix suction in the uppermost 3 m of soil were measured continuously using time-domain reflectometry moisture probes and jet-fill tensiometers, respectively. The field observations reveal that there is a clear trend of decreasing sizes of hysteretic loops of SDSWCCs with depth. In a compari...


An easily assembled setup employing diamond anvil cell, stainless steel gasket and leads, and mylar embedded Al2O3 (alumina) pressure medium for the measurement of electrical resistance of materials under pressure is described. The use of a mylar sheet prevents the alumina layer from sticking to the anvil in the precompacting stage of Al2O3 and also reduces the pressure gradients in the final assembly. The technique is used to reproduce the known transition in Si, Ge, and Fe. The results of measurements of electrical resistance of ytterbium up to 40 GPa are reported. In the hcp phase of ytterbium the electrical resistance increases with pressure. Efforts are made to explain the variation of resistance with pressure from known band structure calculations.


Literary consumption is a new concept, brought about by reform and opening up and socialist market economy. As a cultural market has come into being, the readers' position has been greatly changed. They are no longer treated as retarded children who were deprived of their rights of choice and of reading in the era of planned economy. Instead they are respected as "God". Literary consumption will certainly give impetus to literary prosperity.


Abstract Mass transfer data have been collected on stripping of bromine from aqueous solution at different flow rates of liquid and steam using Rasching and Pall Ring packings randomly packed in glass columns (6.25 to 90 cm diameter) and tower constructed by using granite slabs having square cross-section (25 cm × 25 cm). In the present study, the model proposed by Wagner et al. [1] for distillation considering gas phase resistance as the controlling resistance is modified wherein liquid phase resistance is considered as the controlling resistance for mass-transfer. The modified model and model proposed by Castillo et al. [2] for stripping of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water have been successfully applied to the experimental data on debromination of sea brine. Average deviation between observed and calculated value of height of transfer unit based on the modified model of Wagner et al. [1] is 20.9 and 10.7% for bromide-bromate solution and bittern, respectively. The average deviation between observed and calculated overall volumetric liquid phase mass transfer coefficient is 16.62, 15.13 and 84.19% for debromination of bittern using pilot plant data, commercial bromine plants, and sodium bromide-bromate solution, respectively, based on correlations given by Wagner et al. [1]. Similar results based on Castillo et al. [2] model are 34.43, 49.69 and 26.80%, respectively. Volumetric liquid phase mass transfer coefficient for stripping of VOCs from water is in the range of 0.001-0.008 (1/s) whereas in the present study it varies from 0.001 to 0.017 (1/s). In other words, steam stripping of bromine from aqueous systems appears comparatively easier than stripping of VOCs from water.


Abstract : This program investigated durability and potential critical fundamental aging mechanisms of the high temperature polymer matrix carbon fiber composites, especially crosslinked bismaleimide(BMI) thermosets and thermoplastic polyimide(PI) for the future applications in commercial and military aircraft. The studies involved combined stress, temperature, thermal cycling or thermal spike, moisture, time and oxygen service environment exposure which could lead to complex synergistic environmental-induced degradation mechanisms of composite performance and their critical physical and chemical aging mechanisms in terms of damage initiation and propagation on the molecular, microscopic and macroscopic structural levels in order to develop structural-performance phase diagrams for mechanics model-structural design analyses and associated materials structural optimization at all dimensional levels. Extensive and systematic studies involved two fundamental aging mechanisms, namely (i) the characterization of cure of BMI<carbon fiber composites in service environment with associated microcracking and deterioration of composite mechanical properties and (ii) the effects of thermal-moisture-time environments on the matrix physical damage mechanisms, such as enhanced oxygen diffusion and, also, potential ice formation, in BMI and PI carbon fiber composites.


Stable derivatives of 2H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoquinolinium chloride are obtained in good yields from the cascade reaction between isoquinoline, chloroformamidines (=carbamimidoyl chlorides), and isocyanides in dry MeCN (Scheme 1).


To study interaction between ice and sloping structures, numerical models are required that can predict failure of the ice based on physical ice properties, deformations and structural shape and size. An important element of these models is the set of failure criteria that is applied, as failure limits the loading of the ice on the structure. Failure in interaction with a sloping structure can occur in multi-directional tension, compression, bending, splitting or a combination of these, making it important to capture and combine all failure conditions in a single model. In this thesis, a lattice model is developed to simulate an ice plate and failure criteria are derived for the model, linked to field measurements and failure envelopes. Fracture patterns generated with the lattice model compare well with those observed in basin tests. Lattice models are successfully used in modelling of fracture of brittle materials. To date, most of the lattice multi-dimensional (2D and 3D) models describe either in-plane or three dimensional mechanics of the materials. Only a few lattice models are available in the literature for the description of the out-of-plane mechanics of plates. However, the parameters of those lattice models have not been linked to those of the classical plate models, such as Mindlin-Reissner plate theory, which is based on the classical continuum theory. To be able to simulate out-of-plane deformations of a plate, thereby enabling physically correct simulation of ice-structure interaction, a 2-dimensional lattice model is developed that reproduces the out-of-plane dynamics of a shear-deformable plate in the low frequency band. The developed model is composed of masses and springs whose morphology and properties were derived to match the out-of-plane deformations of thick plates as described by the Mindlin-Reissner theory. Bending, shear and torsion are taken into account. The eigen frequencies and the steady-state response of the model to a sinusoidal-in-time point load are computed and compared to those of a corresponding continuum plate. It is proven that the developed lattice predicts the same dynamic behaviour as the corresponding continuum plate at relatively low frequencies, which are dominant in ice-structure interaction processes. At higher frequencies deviations occur. These are discussed in terms of the dispersion, anisotropy and specific boundary effects of the lattice model. A lattice model for in-plane vibrations of a plate in plane strain conditions is described in literature and is adjusted in the current work to plane stress conditions and to reproduce the Poisson effect. Combined with the lattice model for out-of-plane deformations a single model is formed, which captures in- and out-of-plane deformation of a shear deformable plate under the assumption of small deformations. Failure criteria were developed for the lattice model which are linked to field measurement data of ice. The deformation and failure criteria in the lattice model are based on first principles, enabling physically sound simulation of deformation and fracture processes of the ice plate material. Failure in compression, tension, bending and splitting are simulated with the lattice model, providing a complete set of failure scenarios relevant to study interaction between ice and sloping structures. It is shown that the criteria have minimal dependence on cell size and orientation and are applicable for multi-directional loading conditions. By means of numerical assessment, a multitude of structures and loading conditions can be analysed and structural shapes can be optimized for interaction with ice at reasonable costs. Validation of the model against field measurements for ice in complex loading conditions of combined bending, shear and torsion as well as basin tests show that fracture location and fracture patterns can be predicted well with the lattice model. A 3-dimensional model, which would reduce computational efficiency, is required to accurately simulate out-of plane shear and spalling failure of the ice, however in engineering applications these are often not governing over bending and tensile failure. Inclusion of ice rubbling and clearance processes as well as improving the simulation of the contact with a structure would further improve the model and ice load predictions.


The first case of Corona virus was reported in Wuhan, China (Huang et al., 2020) in the mid of December 2019. Within short time the virus spread to most of the countries of the world with surprise of doctors, scientists, public health personnel as well as the government functionaries. The unprecedented spread with a very high fatality rate in some countries has resulted in extreme public health measures including a total lockdown being adopted in many countries. Looking at the outbreak and rapid spread in numerous countries, World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a public health emergency of international concern on 30 th January 2020 (WHO, 2020b, WHO, 2020c). The lock-down in countries which contribute largely to the global economy lead to the halting of services and production, which resulted in a standstill in various supply chains and thus, affected the global economy brutally (Ebrahim et al., 2020). Educational institutions have been shut down. The uncertainty and postponement of examinations also stressed young minds (Roy et al., 2020). People who were quarantined had to deal with separation from family and sense of uncertainty (Chaterji and Chauhan, 2020). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 11 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Marginal accuracy and retention of all-ceramic crowns are crucial prerequisites for their long-term survival. Meanwhile, the innovative revolution of adhesive cementation has led to uncountable number of recent brands through which the dentist has to choose. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two different tapering angles [10°& 26°] and two different luting cements [Self-etching adhesive & Self adhesive resin cement] on the retention and marginal accuracy of single unit crowns, constructed from three types of ceramics: IPS e-max Press, IPS e-max CAD and Zirconia CAD/CAM. Seventy two recently extracted sound human molars were used in this study. The teeth were mounted on acrylic blocks and randomly divided into two equal main groups (n = 36) according to the degree of tapering angles10 ̊ and 26 ̊. Every group was subdivided into three subgroups according to the type of ceramic used (n= 12) IPS e-max Press, IPS e-max CAD and Zirconia CAD/CAM. The occlusal surface of each specimen was reduced to a flat plane perpendicular to the Long axis and all the resulting preparations had the same coronal height 4mm. The crowns of each subgroup were fabricated according to the manufacturer's instruction. The crowns of each subgroup were further subdivided into two subdivisions (n=6) according to the type of luting cement used; Multilink N and Multilink Speed. Marginal accuracy was detected before and after cementation of all specimens by stereomicroscope. All samples were subjected to retention testing using the universal testing machine. Data was collected and statistically analyzed. Heat Press fabrication technique resulted in a superior marginal fit, and higher retention of crowns as compared to the CAD/CAM technique. The self etch resin cement improved the marginal fit and retention of single unit crowns more than the self adhesive resin cement. Codex : 10/1607 firstname.lastname@example.com


Viral hepatitis infections can produce various dermatologic findings in patients who are known to have been infected or are unaware they have been exposed to these viruses. The following is a review of the literature to give the dermatologist a survey of cutaneous findings and syndromes that may necessitate serologic testing to seek out a hepatitis virus as an etiologic agent for the dermatologic pathology.


Faced with the challenge of addressing Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) issues, the City of Saco, Maine, adopted an approach which involved improving the transport and management of excess wet-weather flows by implementing a scheme that applied advanced vortex technologies for both flow control and water qualit y improvement. The application of vortex technology at Saco utiliz es vortex flow regulators in the upstream diversion chambers to regulate maximum flows to the existing wastewater treatment plant in order to avoid hydraulic overloading and the divers ion of excess combined sewer flows to the new CSO treatment facility. The new facility utiliz es an advanced hydrodynamic vortex separator (HDVS) that incorporates a novel non-powered, self-activating and self-cleansing CSO floatables control screening system and accomplishes primary treatment equivalency, disinfection, floatables capture and grit removal a ll in one vessel. The underflow from the CSO facility comprising sewer debris and solids inc luding grit, sediments, settleable organic solids and floatables, is returned to the headworks at the treatment plant and the clarified, screened and disinfected overflow is discharged to the receiving environment (Saco River) after de-chlorination. The ability to perform several essential unit proce sses (i.e. Sedimentation, Screening, Disinfection and Grit Removal) all in one vessel re sulted in significant savings in the overall project scheme costs on account of the more compact design of the advanced HDVS system coupled with the elimination of additional tanks an d vessels that would have been required with the conventional approach. Analytical results from post-construction compliance monitoring have confirmed the efficacy of the syste m.


It is a fact of history that songs have appeared in Tamil art culture from time to time and have enriched the arts. Language and art are generally interdependent within the cultural elements of a community. In this way, it is possible to know through the histories that the genres of songs have changed without any change in the cultural changes that have taken place in the history of music and dance in Tamil Nadu from time to time. This article is intended as a historical overview of the genre of Padam, an item that is considered important in the Carnatic music and Bharatanatyam tradition. This article will annualize about what we mean by term, the source, content, usage of this term and other aspects in Padam.


Lifestyle Disorder (LSD) is a common problem among higher society. It affects both genders. Prevalence of LSD is more common among older age. The incidence of lifestyle diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and overweight/obesity associated with cardiovascular diseases is high on the rise. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to be the major cause of mortality representing about 30 per cent of all deaths worldwide. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially cardiovascular diseases, cancers and type 2 diabetes mellitus, account for 53 and 44% of all deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) respectively. Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya (six obligatory factors) are the proficient causes which are either directly or indirectly responsible for the preservation or transition of existing health.


Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy represent a leading cause of maternal mortality and are responsible for 12% to 22% of maternal deaths in the United States.1, 2 The Maternal Quality Indicators Working Group, under contract with the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), found that hypertension of pregnancy increased 14% in the state from 1995 to 2005. What is particularly concerning is that hypertension increased the most among American Indian/Alaska Native (49%) and black (23%) women. These findings reinforce that certain population groups disproportionately experience hypertension and related comorbidities andmortality.3 Enhanced review of death certificates, fetal/neonatal death certificates, and medical records has led to a greater understanding of the contribution of hypertension tomaternalmortality in the state.4 The CDPH Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health (MCAH) Division, California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative (CMQCC), and the Public Health Institute have been working collaboratively since 2004 to provide enhanced surveillance of maternal deaths in the state through the creation of the California Pregnancy-Associated Mortality ReviewCommittee (CA-PAMR). Committeemembers represent the many disciplines providing health services to childbearing women, including representatives from obstetrics, emergencymedicine, cardiology, obstetric anesthesia, neonatology, nursing, and midwifery. The committee reflects diversity in geographic location of practice, type of facility, and diversity of patient population. An essential component of thework of theCA-PAMR is to go beyond the collection and analysis of data in order to identify contributing factors to the outcome of each case and identify whether there was strong, good, fair, or no chance to improve the outcome. The CA-PAMR reviews of data for 2002 to 2004 suggest that all deaths related to preeclampsia had some chance for improving the outcome of the pregnancy, and 48% had a strong or good chance. Patient factors, health provider factors, and health facility factors were identified in order to explore possible interventions to improve provision of care in the state. For example, analysis of the preeclampsia deaths found that health provider factors included delay in diagnosis (92%) and use of ineffective treatment (79%). The final step in each review was to determine the quality improvement opportunities found in the case in order to develop a database for further analysis. These qualitative data provide a foundation for the development of recommendations for provision of care at provider and institutional levels.


The problem of optimization of the adaptive optical system using local curvature sensor is discussed. Computer simulations of the sensor including closed-loop operation are based on ray-tracing technique and numerical solution of Poisson equation by FEM method. Wavefront restoration for both axial symmetric and non-axial symmetric phase distortions is examined. It is shown, that choosing appropriate geometry of the actuator external electrodes one can improve wavefront restoration for the case of non- circularly symmetric Zernike aberrations.


In this paper, we report a promising approach for fabricating large-scale flexible and stretchable electronics using a semiconductor-enriched carbon nanotube solution. Uniform semi- conducting nanotube networks with superb electrical properties (mobility of ∼20 cm 2 V � 1 s � 1 and ION/IOFF of ∼10 4 ) are obtained on polyimide substrates. The substrate is made stretchable by laser cuttingahoneycombmeshstructure,whichcombinedwithnanotube- networktransistorsenableshighlyrobustconformalelectronicdevices with minimal device-to-device stochastic variations. The utility of this device concept is demonstrated by fabricating an active-matrix back- plane (12 � 8 pixels, physical size of 6 � 4c m 2 ) for pressure mapping using a pressure sensitive rubber as the sensor element.


Data security concerns are one of obstacles to adopt cloud computing on a large scale. Especially users cannot control the behavior of SaaS applications how to use their data in SaaS cloud. It is hard to verify whether the security protocols have been performed or not. In addition, the service model of single instance multi-tenant causes the threat of data leakage between tenants who share the same application instance. A universality dynamic data protection scheme in SaaS cloud services is proposed in the paper. This scheme focus on how to use decentralized information flow control (DIFC) model to prevent cloud programs revealing users' private data and stop the data leakage between tenants. A project application example is given, and its security is analyzed. The scheme has the advantage that the security policy can be set by the user independent. It can realize distributed authorization, and can be made of a small number of trusted codes to implement the strategy execution. This made the code monitoring easier.


Abstract : The project began in 1993 as a effort to design and construct an Arctic capable low frequency acoustic source at 20 Hertz with acoustic power of 195-200 dB. The objective of the effort was to test the feasibility of acoustic monitoring of the Arctic Ocean and ice cap using long range low frequency acoustic propagation, by answering the fundamental questions: (1) What source level would be required to reliably propagate at 20 Hertz across the Arctic Basin?, (2) Will the Arctic acoustic channel be stable enough to permit precise phase and/or travel time measurements?, and (3) Will modes/rays be stable, identifiable and predictable? The design study of Arctic capable acoustic sources was completed in December 1993 and a decision was made to go forward with the manufacture of an acoustic source by the Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. The results of the design study by the Institute of Applied Physics are included in this report. It was also decided to support a experiment in the Arctic in April 1994 to be known as the Transarctic Acoustic Propagation (TAP) Experiment. The objectives of the experiment would be to test the acoustic source and the hypotheses of acoustic monitoring of the Arctic Ocean.


Preface. Introduction. Part 1: Organization. 1. Business Organization. 2. Tax Year and Accounting Methods. 3. Recordkeeping for Business Income and Deductions. Part 2: Business Income and Losses. 4. Income or Loss from Business Operations. 5. Capital Gains and Losses. 6. Gains and Losses from Sales of Business Property. Part 3: Business Deductions and Credits. 7. Employee Compensation: Salary, Wages, and Employee Benefits. 8. Travel and Entertainment Expenses. 9. Car Expenses. 10. Repairs and Maintenance. 11. Bad Debts. 12. Rents. 13. Taxes and Interest. 14. First--Year Expensing and Depreciation, Amortization, and Depletion. 15. Advertising Expenses. 16. Retirement Plans. 17. Casualty and Theft Losses. 18. Home Office Deductions. 19. Medical Coverage. 20. Deductions for Farmers. 21. Miscellaneous Business Deductions. 22. Deductions for Alternative Minimum Tax. 23. Roundup of Tax Credits. Part 4: Tax Planning for Your Small Business. 24. Income and Deduction Strategies. 25. Other Taxes. 26. Online Filing and Information. Appendix: Information Returns. Index.


Background Adequate pain control allows early rehabilitation and improves outcome after shoulder arthroscopic procedures. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the interscalene nerve block (ISB) with shoulder block (ShB) (suprascapular and axillary nerve blocks) for postoperative pain relief after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Design This was a prospective, randomized, comparative study. Patients and methods A total of 75 patients of ASA grade I or II scheduled for shoulder arthroscopic surgery were equally divided into three groups (25 patients each): the general anesthesia (GA)-only group; the GA with ISB group; and the GA with ShB group. The nerve block was guided by both ultrasound and nerve stimulator. Visual analogue scale score was evaluated at the recovery room and 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h postoperatively. The time to first call for analgesia, total analgesic requirement for 24 h postoperatively, patient satisfaction, and any complications were recorded. Results The visual analogue scale score was significantly less in the GA + ISB and GA + ShB groups compared with the GA-only group (P < 0.001). The time to first analgesic request was significantly longer in the GA + ISB group [10 (9-10 h)] and GA + ShB group [9 (9-10 h)] compared with the GA-only group [1 (1 h)] (P < 0.001). The total dose of morphine consumption was significantly higher in the GA-only group [10 (9-10 mg)] compared with the GA + ISB group [6 (5-6 mg)] and the GA + ShB group [6 (6-7 mg)] (P < 0.001). Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the GA + ISB group [9 (9-10)] and in the GA + ShB group [8 (8-9)] compared with the GA-only group [1 (1-2)] (P < 0.001). The incidence of complications was significantly higher in the GA + ISB group compared with the other two groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion ShB was as effective as ISB for postoperative pain relief but with fewer complications. Thus, ShB is a good alternative for patients at high risk for adverse events with ISB.


With the progression of investigations on the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), neurological complications have emerged as a critical aspect of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) pandemic. Besides the well‐known respiratory symptoms, many neurological manifestations such as anosmia/ageusia, headaches, dizziness, seizures, and strokes have been documented in hospitalised patients. The neurotropism background of coronaviruses has led to speculation that the neurological complications are caused by the direct invasion of SARS‐CoV‐2 into the nervous system. This invasion is proposed to occur through the infection of peripheral nerves or via systemic blood circulation, termed neuronal and haematogenous routes of invasion, respectively. On the other hand, aberrant immune responses and respiratory insufficiency associated with Covid‐19 are suggested to affect the nervous system indirectly. Deleterious roles of cytokine storm and hypoxic conditions in blood‐brain barrier disruption, coagulation abnormalities, and autoimmune neuropathies are well investigated in coronavirus infections, as well as Covid‐19. Here, we review the latest discoveries focussing on possible molecular mechanisms of direct and indirect impacts of SARS‐CoV‐2 on the nervous system and try to elucidate the link between some potential therapeutic strategies and the molecular pathways.


The article is devoted to obtaining a porous filler from the slag of the Thermal Power Plant and investigation of the filtration method for the drying of slag and clay as main raw materials for preparing the charge for porous filler production. The possibility of using TPP slag as the raw material for the production of porous filler has been proved. The main benefits of using such wastes in the production process are environmental protection, conservation of raw resources for the production of finished products. According to the results of the research, insignificant values of the pressure drop confirm the application feasibility of the filtration drying as an energy-saving method of the drying of slag and clay for preparing the charge for porous filler production. The influence of the temperature of the drying agent in the range from 313 to 373K on kinetic during filtration drying of slag and clay has been established. Obtained results are useful for the organization and intensification of the filtration drying process of slag and clay as the preliminary stage at the porous fillers production line. The qualitative new porous filler with the bulk density of 230 kg/m3, the specific heat of 0,82 kJ/kg∙K, the thermal conductivity of 0,067 W/m∙K and compressive strength of 27,7 MPa has been obtained which can be used for the production of lightweight concretes.


The postlarval of Priacanthus have hitherto not been described from Indian waters. An advanced postlarva of the same measuring 14 mm in total length was collected from Krishna Estuary in June, 1979. The morphometric data and the diagnostic features relating to the specimen are given


Ground microphones from static engine testing of a Honeywell Tech 977 turbofan engine were used for phased array beamforming. Two arrays were included: the polar array and the "h igh frequency " array. The polar array consisted of the standard 32 5° microphones covering inlet angles from 5 ° through 160°, and the "h igh frequency " array comprised 23 microphones nonuniformly spaced over 60° through 90°. All of the microphones were spaced 100 feet from a point below the engine inlet highlight on the tarmac. The primary objectives were to separa te source components and to determine the feasibility of beamforming with the standard microphones. An unexpected case -radiation source was identified and characterized. Conventional beamforming as well as DAMAS and CLEAN -SC were applied. It was found that CLEAN -SC is a powerful tool for reducing sidelobes, dealing w ith coherent sources, and mitigating the effects of turbulent decorrelation, all of which are important in this application.


Simulation of unsteady (transient) operation especially in the case of automotive engines becomes more and more important. The standard solution is based on 1-D approach, which enables us to predict the reaction of an engine and a turbocharger to changed demands on load and speed and to optimize engine control unit. The main goal is to employ 3-D code in parallel to 1-D simulation of an engine transient in an iterative loop. The final result of 3-D code in steady state is used with non-linear regression to generate parameters of three-term Wiebe function for ROHR. The interpolation of parameterized ROHRs is used for every next 1-D simulation of transient regime.


Promoting Marxism popularization is one of the basic experiences of Communist Party of China when leading the mass to build socialism.In the background of network era,Marxism popularization exhibits some new features,which mainly shows that the parallel development of network popularization and Marxism popularization,the new demands proposed by network culture to Marxism popularization,and the carrier innovation of Marxism popularization realized by network media.Understanding these new features will benefit the Communist Party of China to promote modern Marxism popularization in network situation in new era.


Based on the biaxial test by PFC2D,the behavior of sand with different densities under monotonic loading is simulated by discrete element method.The evolution law of macromechanism behaviors and mesofabric parameters is studied during sand soil progressive failure process.A statistic code is developed by fish language in PFC to study the evolution of microscopic fabric parameters including coordination number distribution,contact normal,normal contact force and shear contact force.The relationship between mesoparameters and macromechanical response can be achieved.The mechanism of induced anisotropy,compaction of loose sand and dilatancy of dense sand are discussed by using the mesofabric parameters.The results are valuable for the studying of mesomechanism of sand deformation and the construction of mesomodel for sand.


The Paddington Alcohol Test (PAT) confers considerable advantage over the CAGE as the accident and emergency (A&E) screen for alcohol misuse.

Hadida et al's commendable study1 identified 28% (out of 413) A&E attendees as having an alcohol related problem. A pilot study using the CAGE, run in our department a decade ago,2 had a very low pick up rate, which was one of the reasons behind the development of the PAT. Our recent study,3 using the PAT, had an overall detection rate of 6.4% rising to 9.8% in the third month after intensive audit and feedback.

Four features could explain the discrepancy:

1. in the PAT study only 61.1% of patients had presenting complaints mandating the test. The detection rate for this group (in month 3) was 14.3%.

2. in this group, 62 patients (of 286) were missed—that is, did not have the test …


ABSTRACT Paenibacillus polymyxa CF05 is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium isolated from the interior of an ancient tree, Cryptomeria fortunei, in China. This bacterium displays potent biocontrol effects against certain soil-borne diseases and the elicitation of induced systemic resistance in tomatoes. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of P. polymyxa CF05.


This paper presents how to solve a nurse rostering problem over the real datasets of Centre hospitalier régional de Trois-Rivières hospital in Canada. Due to the complexity of this problem with plenty of hard constraints, we propose an advanced Iterated Local Search, combining Tabu Search with 2 moves: Single Shift Move and Worst-Scheduled Nurse Swap. Greedy Shuffling with Steepest Descent is also used to improve the solution. Experimental results of our proposed algorithm on 5 real datasets improve the current schedules provided by the hospital. Our experimental results satisfy all of the hard constraints and objectives.


The IoT is allowing the use of devices to collect new types of data about the physical world, but the increase of these devices has also increased the attacks and vulnerabilities to which they are exposed. This paper presents the implementation of a Blockchain with high computing capacity external to the devices and a validation mechanism of authenticity with the aim of providing security to IoT devices. Thus, a fully decentralized architecture was presented and an analysis focused on energy consumption of these very restricted device was made.


Based on the result of observation at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Taman and the results of interview with teacher class in learning, teacher was still seen to dominate the teaching and learning process. Students only received information and teacher who can cause lack of enthusiasm and attention of students in following the learning so it made the atmosphere of learning that took place looks still passive. It caused the value of student's speaking that still have not reached the maximum due to lack of student confidence in responding to explanation from teacher. Learning by using comic strip media expected in order to make the result of student's speaking value can be increased in their speaking skill in material narrative text. The purpose of this research was to know whether comic strip media have effect in speaking skill of the students of 10th graders at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Taman. This research was a quantitative research with Pre Experimental Design research method with One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design type. The data collection technique used was a test data of student's speaking. Based on the data analysis result obtained that the mean pretest value of students was 45 while the mean posttest score of students was 61. So, it can be stated that the value of pretest < posttest or 45 < 61 which means Ha accepted and H0 rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that there was the effect of learning by using comic strip as a media in speaking skill of English class of tenth graders at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Taman.


The demands for higher serializer-deserializer (SerDes) data rates dictate the need for more accurate channel models. Assuming that component models are supplied by the vendor, then the printed wiring board (PWB) pin fields are frequently by far the most challenging models for a designer to generate. To greatly reduce the effort required for pin field modeling, automation of the model build process was undertaken. A useful automation script was realized by following a comprehensive set of requirements. Several examples illustrate the utility of this pin field modeling script.


Exudative age-related macular degeneration is defined as a condition in which lesions originating from choroidal neovascularization (CNV) develop in the macular area in association with aging. The symptoms include centralscotoma, metamorphopsia, and irreversible and advanced visual impairment. Serous or hemorrhagic retinal pigment epithelial detachment or retinal detachment, subretinal hemorrhage, subretinal connective tissue formation, and scar lesions are observed in the macular area. Fluorescein and indocyanine green can be used as fluorescent dyes for angiography, and photocoagulation is performed when CNV outside the fovea is visible on angiograms obtained with either dye. When the CNV involves the fovea, photocoagulation of the entire subfoveal CNV, photocoagulation of the feeder vessel of the CNV, low-dose radiotherapy, extraction of CNV, translocation of the macula, transpupillary thermotherapy, and photodynamic therapy can be attempted.


This paper investigates under which circumstances negotiating simultaneously over multiple issues or assets helps reduce inefficiencies due to the presence of asymmetric information. We find that a simultaneous negotiation over multiple assets that are substitutes reduces inefficiencies. The effect is stronger if goods are heterogeneous, and in this case the inefficiency can be eliminated altogether. When assets are not substitutes inefficiencies always prevail. We also study cases where co-ownership is possible (partnerships), allowing for asymmetric distributions, general valuation functions and for multiple assets. We show that efficient dissolution is possible if all agents valuations at their types where gains of trade are minimal are equal. For this to hold, the agent that most likely has the highest valuation for a given asset should initially own a bigger share of that asset. We discuss implications of these findings for the design of partnerships and joint ventures. Many important economic and political decisions are determined through negotiations: They determine the terms of firm acquisitions; 1 of mergers; and of labor contracts. They also play a key role in international treaties, in constitutional reforms, and in dispute resolutions. There are usually multiple issues at stake and often money also changes hands, as in the cases of M&A's and of labor contracts. We present a general model of negotiations under incomplete information between individuals who are risk-neutral and bargain over multiple issues. An agent's payoff from a given settlement is a function of his own valuation which is private information and can be multidimensional. Our main objective is to identify forces that result in the possibility (or impossibility) of designing ex-post efficient mechanisms, that are incentive-feasible, * We are grateful to Mariagiovanna Baccara, Heski Bar-Isaac, Phil Reny and Balazs Szentes for useful discussions and comments. We also benefited from comments of the 1 Recent empirical work by Boone and Mulherin (2007) suggests that about half of company sales are performed via negotiations. 1 satisfy voluntary participation and balance the budget. In particular, we concentrate on the relevance of complementarities and substitutabilities between the different issues, and on the initial property rights that allow for an efficient dissolution of a partnership. An important economic insight is that the presence of asymmetric information seriously hinders the ability of negotiating parties to achieve mutually beneficial agreements. For this reason, asymmetric information is viewed as a serious form of transaction costs in Coase's tradition. In a bilateral trading …


Thank you for downloading bioelectrical signal processing in cardiac and neurological applications. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their chosen books like this bioelectrical signal processing in cardiac and neurological applications, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious bugs inside their computer.


This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on nutritive value of safflower forage and silage by in situ and in vitro methods. The safflower forage was harvested at flowering stage, chopped to 3-5 cm particles and then ensiled in the laboratory silos for 60 days. The experimental treatments included: 1. Unfertilized forage (control), 2. Phosphorus fertilized forage (100 kg per ha), 3. Nitrogen fertilized forage (300 kg per ha), and 4. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilized forage (300 kg N and 100 kg P per ha). The effect of Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on reduction of Dry mater, Neutral detergent fiber and Acid detergent fiber and increasing of ash, Calcium and Phosphorus of forage and silage was significant. The Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased Crude protein, Non-protein nitrogen and Buffer soluble protein and decreased the Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen content of silage. The Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers caused the significant increase of the degradability of both safflower forage and silage. The highest production of gas after 96 h of incubation belonged to treatment 4 and the lowest was for treatment 1 (for both forage and silage). The effect of Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on gas production of forage and silage was significant. Applying the Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers caused the significant increase of the gas production parameters including b and c fractions and also Metabolism energy content of forage and silage. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers application caused the production of the higher quality forage for making silage and also improving the Dry mater digestibility of silage.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to address the relationship between organizations and their communication agencies. The paper argues that the relationship is symbiotic; both parties have to understand the importance of adapting their engagement with one another, especially if they hope to produce brand work that is impactful for target audiences and highlights the value of good communications and marketing to leadership.

Design/methodology/approach
The views expressed in this practice paper are based on the author's extensive experience in the communications sector in the Middle East.

Findings
The paper highlights the importance of human creativity in communication campaigns, the need for bravery in marketing communications, and the need to adapt to technology. The best client/agency relationships combine the right degree of closeness and distance that allows agencies to be passionate advocates for the client while also being honest on stakeholder reactions. But, honesty requires courage. Telling a client what they need to hear and putting aside the fear of upsetting those who pay the bills in the search for the most effective creative idea takes nerve. Finally, the greatest change to the practice of communication is technology.

Originality/value
Although the relationship between clients and their communications agencies has been a topic of interest, much of the focus has been on the bottom line. This has been attributed to multiple reasons such as increased digital focus, or a belief among many brands that developing in-house capabilities provides better returns on investment. This practice paper addresses the agency–client relationship from a different perspective arguing for a symbiotic relationship built on creativity, honesty, bravery and the need to adapt to technology.


A known method for determining the probability of the results of the batch test of electronic equipment often does not allow to obtain acceptable accuracy due to the limited volume of similar test specimens. The addition of the results of the tests of a priori information about the characteristics of the reliability of the complex in the solution of practical problems gives only a point estimate of the desired probability. It is shown that the calculation of reliability of objects with a limited amount of full-scale tests may be supplemented by the method of estimating the probability of failure-free operation and uptime, as well as evaluating the parameters of the distribution law uptime taking into account a priori information about the estimated parameters, the reliability of the complex avionics of the aircraft. Received the proof of the hypothesis that the a posteriori estimation of probability of failure-free operation of the rather complex experimental evaluation. Calculation formulas for the a posteriori estimates of the probability of failure-free operation and uptime, for the value of the estimate of the expectation of the output signal of the complex equipment and its variance. A Bayesian approach to estimating the unknown characteristics is shown that the a posteriori density distribution of the estimate of the expectation of the signal at the output of the radio-electronic equipment of the aircraft coincides with the density of the normal distribution. It is concluded that the calculation of reliability of objects limiting the size of full-scale tests may be supplemented by the method of estimating the probability of failure-free operation and uptime, as well as evaluating the parameters of the distribution law uptime taking into account a priori information about the estimated parameters, the reliability of the complex avionics of the aircraft.


A finite family of R I polynomials is introduced and studied. It consists in a set of polynomials of 3 F 2 form whose biorthogonality to an ensemble of rational functions is spelled out. These polynomials are shown to satisfy two generalized eigenvalue problems: in addition to their recurrence relation of R I type, they are also found to obey a difference equation. Underscoring this bispectrality is a triplet of operators with tridiagonal actions.


Based on the comprehensive analysis of geology background and gold mineralization of QinlingBashan region, orecontrolling factors were selected from three created database, geology database?geochemistry database and ore deposits (occurrence) database. According to the analysis of the orecontrolling factors in the region, 15 orecausing evidences layers were selected. Extracting the evidence data from the three databases, the author calculated its weight value and created an evidence weight prediction map. From the map, seven potential area were circled and some assessments done.


The cool season overseeding in a Tifton 85 area, associate to irrigation, is a very important alternative to increase forage production, nutritive value and distribution during the winter. The winter species introduction in a tropical forage area can increase forage production and quality, reducing the supplement utilization by the animals during the dry season. The overseeding technique resulted in an uniform forage distribution, with in the main objective of the farmers. The utilization of the several annual species has an objective to combine the maximum forage production at different time of the year, according to the species potential, resulting in better available forage quality. It was observed weed incidence reduction on the tropical forage areas, overseeding with annual winter forage and faster regrowth during the spring, due to the forage management, irrigation, and fertilizing application during the winter.


This article analyzes the digital service model of public library in China and studies some questions which exist in the digital service of public library in China compared with foreign public libraries.Then,the article puts forward some suggestions on the development of public library cause and digital service level of public library in China.


The performance of graph algorithms can vary greatly depending on the data structure used to store the graph. This is happen due to the fact that the graph is an inherently irregular data structure, which makes it hard to deal with. In particular, such operations like checking nodes connectivity and adding or deleting nodes and edges, in some cases, can be computationally expensive and require iterating over most of the structure elements in the graph. This paper proposes a new data structure that allows many of such operations to be performed with approximately linear computational complexity. The new data structure is based on hash maps and linked list which makes it operates better when need to arbitrary navigates through the graph and modify it. Performance comparison of max flow algorithm and construction of random graph when using the proposed data structure, as well as using general data structures such as compressed sparse rows and adjacency matrix is presented. The new data structure in both cases shows better performance over its counterparts.


A simple model is constructed to examine the dispersion and settling of wastes such as sewage sludge or dredge spoils discharged from barges into the ocean. Several example cases are analyzed using the model; it is found that the proper choice of disposal depends strongly on the local environmental conditions and the characteristics of the waste.


This paper proposes an Extended State Observer (ESO) based predictive direct power control strategy for three-phase two-level grid connected power converters. The proposed control is in cascade structure which consists of two control loops, instantaneous power tracking loop (inner loop) and voltage regulation loop (outer loop). A proportional integral (PI) controller integrated with an ESO is designed for the outer loop. In the inner loop, the finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) strategy is employed to directly force the active and reactive powers of the system to track their desired values. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy.


The main interest of this study is to analyze the problems of leadership and productivity improvement in Nigeria Public Service using Rivers State Civil Service as case study. Productivity and good service delivery cannot be achieved where the administrators' leadership style do not encourage staff morale and job satisfaction of workers; since it is the quality of the administrator's leadership that differentiates effective organization from ineffective organization. To achieve the aims of this study, we raised the following questions, in what ways do leadership styles influence civil servants productivity in Rivers State? In what ways does human relation influence civil servants productivity in Rivers State? In what ways do rewards influence civil servant productivity in Rivers State? In what ways do staff training and development influence civil servant productivity in Rivers State? To authenticate the hypothesis which was raised based on the above, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to support the mean standard statistics that analyzed the research questions. We anchored our analysis on contingency theory and McGregor theory X and Y and relied on primary and secondary data. The study found that there can only be high productivity and good service delivery in Rivers State civil service through an effective leader who practise effective communication, motivation and Human Relation to avoid systemic collapse


Whether society still finds itself in the sort of peril that Weaver postulated over forty years ago is not a question I wish to debate in this essay; my purpose is, instead, to take a closer look at the word equality as it is used in current scholarship in composition studies. Not only is equality a term that occurs frequently, particularly in reference to the "new" collaborative classroom, but, far from standing alone, it is often accompanied by a host of related termsequity, egalitarian, peer, and even democracy-that depend on it in part for definition and that are often used interchangeably with it. In "The Idea of Community in the Study of Writing," Joseph Harris examines the uses and abuses of that ubiquitous term, community, concluding that while it packs a powerful rhetorical punch, its practical application is so vague as to be ultimately meaningless. Do equality and its satellites fall into the same category? I will argue here that indeed they do.


Shallow groundwater might be contaminated by original production activity. Thus, it is necessary to investigate groundwater contamination and assess environmental risk, to estimate whether to remedy groundwater. In the paper, groundwater contamination in some certain area of Shougang Group was investigated by physical-chemical analysis. Groundwater environmental risk was assessed by Nemerow pollution index. Contaminated resource was analyzed. Groundwater contamination treatment based on environmental risk and cost-effectiveness analysis was brought forward. Key words: Brown field, Shallow groundwater, Environmental risk assessment, Nemerow pollution index, Environmental risk treatment pattern In order to fulfill the promise of "2008 Green Olympics", it was decided to remove Shougang Group and finish the task by the end of 2010 by the State Council. For the original site of Shougang Group, that is brown field, reuse is the only certain choice to fulfill sustainable development. Lots of smoke and waste residue would be produced during the production of steel enterprise. These materials would enter into soil by rain infiltration, and then to contaminate phreatic aquifer. Besides, there are many underground pipes of steel enterprises. Once leakage occurs for pipes are corroded and damaged, groundwater would be threatened by contamination. Thus, it is necessary to study the contamination prevention shallow groundwater affected by steel enterprise.


Advance wide field sensor (AWiFS) data of RESOURCESAT-1 and 2 satellites of IRS series were used to produce snow cover products at 10-day interval from 2004 to 2012 covering October to June of consecutive years for Alaknanda, Bhagirathi and Yamuna sub-basins of Ganga basin in the Himalayan region. The snow products were generated using Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) at a spatial resolution of 56 m using green (B2) and SWIR (B5) channels of AWiFS sensor. Minimum and maximum snow cover was found to be 998, 669, 141 sq. km, and 7874, 5876, 3068 sq. km for Alaknanda, Bhagirathi and Yamuna sub-basins respectively. The areal extent of snow was higher than the mean during the years 2004-2005, 2007-2008 and 2011-2012 for all sub-basins. Mean of monthly fluctuations between maximum and minimum snow cover were recorded as 3105, 2305, 1235 sq. km corresponding to variation in snow line altitude of 1613, 1770, 1440 m respectively. A subtle increase in the snow cover has been observed in these three sub-basins during 2004-2012. The results matched well with the variations in temperature taken from nearby ground weather stations. Snow cover products were analysed to understand spatio-temporal variability of accumulation and ablation of snow in the three sub-basins. Monthly fluctuations in snow cover were high during accumulation period than in ablation. This work also attributes in generation of long-term database which will be useful for understanding climatic variations over Himalayan region.


One hundred years after the arrival of Christianity in Calabar, translating the bible and the liturgical rites into the Efik language still remains an unfinished and an unsolved task. The early translations that were made appear inadequate especially from the stand point of unavailability of sufficient vocabulary from the local language. Thus one finds within the local language texts, repetition of the English words from where the primary translations were made. Some of these include, "Spirit," "Heaven," "Eucharist" and "Angel." This work assesses why these English words have not been replaced with local words. It studies some translation theories and the principles guiding Catholic translations of liturgical rites and in the light of these considers the possibilities of finding an Efik word for the term "spirit." The conclusion is that it is possible to find Efik words for some of the retained English words. Where equivalent words exist in the Efik language, the connotation associated with the words tends to discourage attempts at using them in Christian settings. The dominance of the familiar and the fear of, or reluctance towards the new are however, acknowledged as challenges. As features of language, "signification" and "resignification" can help overcome the fear of giving words new significance.


: The myoelectric signals are electrical potentials that represent the dynamics of muscle contrac-tion and its study has shown to be relevant in applications in physiotherapy and rehabilitation engine for the improvement of the quality of life of amputated individuals or with some type of motor deficiency. The article proposes a neural classifier that consists of two feedforward neural networks in parallel, con-structed with the aid of the MATLAB ® computational tool to identify the movement of the arm and fore-arm, being able to be used as a command source for myoelectric prostheses and robotic arms. Numerical simulations from real data prove the efficacy of the developed neural classifier. a partir de dados reais comprovam a efi-cácia do classificador desenvolvido.


Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. However, the majority of cancer mortalities can be attributed to cancer cell metastasis to distal organs/tissues rather than the primary tumor mass itself. The microenvironment surrounding the main tumor mass, as well as its final migration destination, plays a crucial role in the survival, growth, proliferation, and progression of BC. Intercellular stromal cells and components of the microenvironment surrounding a tumor comprise a nurturing cubicle that provides a communication network of cross-talk and signaling between the tumor cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) and interstitial cells. This network connection enables the tumor cells to engage in metastatic-associated activities such as cell adhesion, invasiveness, mobility, migration, cell shape change, cell-to-cell contact, and basement membrane degradation. An untapped therapeutic approach that might disable the communication network between cancer and stromal cells could possibly aid in providing this unmet need in treating metastatic disease. The intravenous administration of select protein-derived peptides to patients might have the potential to occupy, saturate, and block receptors and binding proteins at the interstitial/ECM communication interface with tumors.


To review the available literature on the application of botulinum toxin in the urinary tract, with particular reference to its use in treating detrusor overactivity (DO).


Habitat assessment and mapping are major functional keys in the need species conservation concern. The study aimed to understand the possible distribution of Asiatic Black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in the Khangchendzonga National Park. Sign survey, camera trapping, and trail monitoring were used to collect the presence-only data. In this analysis, we used Maximum Entropy Modeling and ArcGIS to determine the variable's contribution to the species distribution and presence. In total, 63 presence data were obtained, and out of 23 environmental variables we used only 15 different environmental variables due to multicollinearity. The ROC results show that variable consistency was excellent (mean AUC=0.941). The variables like Bio-14(Precipitation of driest month), Bio-2(Mean diurnal range (mean of monthly max temp - min temp)), Bio-13(Precipitation of wettest month), aspect and LULC were the critical factors for the distribution of U.thibetanus. The major distribution of U.thibetanus was found in the broadleaved, coniferous forest and grassland patches in the core area. The temperate zone is most preferred as compared to the sub-alpine and alpine zone by U.thibetanus. The distributional area accounts for 360.32km2, representing 20.19% of the whole core area of Khangchendzonga National Park. Large areas of distribution were predicted outside of the core areas, i.e. buffer and transition areas of Khangchendzonga National Park. This study offers valuable findings and data which can be used in future research and conservation management plans in and around Khangchendzonga National Park to mitigate human-bear interaction.


Query rewriting is an important technique for answering queries over data described using ontologies. In query rewriting the input, a conjunctive query (CQ) q and an ontology O, is transformed into a new datalog query that captures all answers of q over O and any dataset D. This process can be time-consuming as it is of high computational complexity. In many real-world applications, this can be particularly problematic as they involve frequent and relatively small modifications on quite large ontologies. Hence, a drawback of most of modern query rewriting systems is that every time the initial ontology is modified, e.g. when new axioms are added or existing ones removed, they compute a new rewriting from scratch. In this paper, we study the problem of computing a rewriting for a CQ over an ontology that has been modified. We do this by reusing the information obtained by the extraction of some previous rewriting with the goal of performing the least possible computations. We study the problem theoretically, present detailed algorithms for both ontology revision and ontology contraction and finally, present an extensive experimental evaluation using the well-known query rewriting systems Requiem and Rapid.


Disputes and even conflicts regarding the legal situation of the fetus (unborn child) justify the need for debate also among lawyers. Apart from the areas of extreme controversy, there are also such areas where research cooperation seems possible. The fate of children affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorders is one that should be of concern to all. The paper outlines the medical, economic and social context of FASDs. Against this background, the legal aspects of these damages are presented through the prism of Polish criminal, civil and administrative law, including draft legal solutions. The author justifies the thesis on the need to use non-penal legal instruments to counteract the causes of FASDs, in order to complement educational, informational and support activities undertaken for the same purpose.


The results from three recent types of experiment investigating the interaction potential between a hydrogen atom and a carbon monoxide molecule are summarized and compared to theoretical predictions based on an ab initio HCO potential energy surface. In the first experiment, energetic hydrogen atoms generated in the photolysis of H2S collisionally excite CO molecules to high rotational levels of v = 0, 1, and 2. The product state distributions are compared with the predictions of classical trajectory calculations. In the second experiment, HCO is excited to an upper RennerTeller component that is degenerate with the ground potential energy surface in the linear configuration. Coupling between the states leads to dissociation, and the CO product distribution is again measured and compared to the predictions of classical trajectory calculations. In the third experiment, HCO is prepared by stimulated emission pumping (SEP) in highly excited vibrational levels above the dissociation limit on the ground state potential energy surface. The SEP linewidths provide information about the rate of dissociation, and a measurement of the CO product distribution provides information about the dynamics. Both experimental observations are compared to results from recent wave packet calculations. The HCO Potential Energy Surface Page 2 Figure 1 Contour plot of the BBH potential energy surface of HCO for a fixed C-O bond length of 2.25 a.u. The contours are spaced every 0.25 eV with the dashed contours indicating energy below the energy of the H+CO asymptote.


We study the problem of sub-trajectory nearest-neighbor queries on polygonal curves under the continuous Fréchet distance. Given an n vertex trajectory P and an m vertex query trajectory Q, we seek to report a vertex-aligned sub-trajectory P′ of P that is closest to Q, i.e., P′ must start and end on contiguous vertices of P. Since in real data P typically contains a very large number of vertices, we focus on answering queries, without restrictions on P or Q, using only precomputed structures of 𝒪(n) size. We use three baseline algorithms from straightforward extensions of known work; however, they have impractical performance on realistic inputs. Therefore, we propose a new Hierarchical Simplification Tree (HST) data structure and an adaptive clustering-based query algorithm that efficiently explores relevant parts of P. The core of our query methods is a novel greedy-backtracking algorithm that solves the Fréchet decision problem using 𝒪(n+m) space and 𝒪O(nm) time in the worst case. Experiments on real and synthetic data show that our heuristic effectively prunes the search space and greatly reduces computations compared to baseline approaches.


The introduction into North America of a chemical specifically designed to retard setting of cement and lime mortars has led the way to the introduction of ready-mixed mortars for the masonry industry. Such mortar is delivered to the job site ready for use in containers; it can be kept up to 48 h and used at any time during this period. Once the mortar is placed between masonry units, it sets like an ordinary mortar. In this paper, the properties of Type S ready-mixed mortar are experimentally evaluated. The effect of elapsed time from production to use on compressive strength and tensile and shear bond are studied. Tensile and shear bond are established by using a centrifugal force testing apparatus developed by the authors.


The expansion of enrolments in South African higher education institutions has not been accompanied by a proportional increase in the percentage of students who graduate. This is an ongoing problem faced by the Department of Higher Education and Training in South Africa (DHET). In their 2020 undergraduate cohort studies, DHET reported that the percentage of first time entering students graduating in minimum allocated time from 3 year degrees has remained low, ranging between 25.7% and 32.2%, for the academic years 2000 to 2017. This indicates students are struggling in higher education, as more than 60% of students being admitted by the system are consistently not completing their chosen field of study in the allotted time. In this study, we introduce an approach that involves prediction of student performance at each year of study until qualifying, for students at a South African higher education institution. The present study applies various classification techniques to a synthetic data-set, generated by a Bayesian network, with the aim to show that these classifiers can be used to predict student performance in advance with the aim to promote student success and avoid the negative consequences of students struggling to complete their studies or dropping-out altogether.


In a recent past, face recognition was one of the most popular methods and successful application of image processing field which is widely used in security and biometric applications. The innovation of new approaches to face identification technologies is continuously subject to building much strong face recognition algorithms. Face recognition in real-time applications has been fast-growing challenging and interesting. The human face identification process is not trivial task especially different face lighting and poses are captured to be matched. In this study, the proposed method is tested using a benchmark ORL database that contains 400 images of 40 persons as the variant posse, lighting, etc. Discrete avelet Transform technique is applied on the ORL database to enhance the accuracy and the recognition rate. The best recognition rate result obtained is 99.25%, when tested using 9 training images and 1 testing image with cosine distance measurement. The recognition rate Increased when applying 2-level of DWT with the bior5.5 filter on training image database and the test image. For feature extraction and dimension reduction, PCA is used. Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, and Cosine distance are Distance measures used for the matching process.


Summary Ten adult male mice were injected with tritium-labelled leucine and sacrificed in pairs at various time intervals there-after. Thyroid gland sections were radio-autographed by the coating technic and photographic grains counted over epithelium and colloid. The leucine label is incorporated into protein by every cell of every thyroid follicle at 30 minutes after injection, but its concentration in the cells decreases thereafter. Concentration of labelled protein in the colloid was insignificant at 1/2 hour, increased and reached a maximum at 35 hours or soon thereafter, and subsequently diminished. The appearance of the leucine label in colloid of all follicles examined between 1/2 hour and 35 hours could be accounted for by simultaneous loss of label from the epithelial cells. Since leucine is the most prominent aminoacid in thyrcglobulin(3), the results are interpreted to represent the synthesis of this protein in the epithelium and its secretion into the colloid.


Various aspects of propeller blade dynamics are considered including those factors which are exciting the blades and the dynamic response of the blades to the excitations. Methods for treating this dynamic system are described and problems are discussed which may arise with advanced turboprop designs employing thin, swept blades.


Abstract Pakistan is a flood prone country and suffers from medium to high floods almost every year. The structural countermeasures have been taken time and again but due to destabilized economic condition of the country it is not possible to invest bulk amount of money for the flood control. In this study, an attempt is made to develop the nonstructural countermeasures for the downstream reach of the Indus River so that the losses and damages due to flooding could be minimized to the lowest level. The precise and timely flood forecast and warning play vital role in saving the lives and movable properties of the community. An early flood forecast provides sufficient lead time to rescue team and flood fighting agencies for necessary action to protect the embankment. A number of structural and non-structural measures including the Delft Hydraulic flood forecasting model (FEWS) have been adopted for the flood forecasting of the Indus River but the flood 2010 has washed away all of these efforts and demanded for the concrete solution-oriented flood forecasting model. Considering all the previous devastating floods and nonstructural measures adopted to mitigate the damages, an attempt has been made to implement the Integrate Flood Analysis System (IFAS) for the flood forecasting of the Indus River. The discharge data of different locations of the Indus River and the corresponding rainfall data of the upper catchment areas have been analyzed especially for the devastating flood 2010 carefully to check the feasibility of IFAS for the flood forecasting of the Indus River. In this study the IFAS has been regionally parameterized for the flood forecasting of the Indus River. This regionally parameterized IFAS has the capability to generate sufficient lead time forecast for the local population of the Indus River. This model is practically helpful for the flood early warning and to save the lives and properties of the community.


The 800 years spanning the fifth-century fall of the Roman Empire and the end of the thirteenth century saw the elaboration (CP) Richard Kieckhefer, Forbidden Rites: A. Necromancer's Manual of the Fifteenth Century. (University Park, PA:. Forbidden Rites: A Necromancer's Manual of the Fifteenth Century (1997), Theology in Stone: Church Architecture From Byzantium to Berkeley (2004), There. their value as entertainments, and a sixteenth-century fascination with fairies. example of a late medieval conjuring manual, see Richard Kieckhefer, Forbidden. Rites: A Necromancer's Manual of the Fifteenth Century (Stroud: Sutton, 1997).


BACKGROUND

The effect of the combination of acetic acid, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural on 2, 3-butanediol fermentation of Klebsiella oxytoca was studied by statistical analysis. The compounds were selected taking into account their concentration in the hydrolysate from the acid pretreatment of biomass and their toxicity. A central composite design was used to investigate the influences of these compounds on 2, 3-butanediol yield and biomass formation.

RESULTS

Two models were developed to describe the effect of the combination of acetic acid, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural on biomass and product yield in 2, 3-butanediol fermentation. The proposed model is suited to fit experimental data and to simulate cell growth and 2, 3-butanediol yield, which was confirmed by 2, 3-butanediol production using real hydrolysate as substrate.

CONCLUSION

Biomass yield was affected mainly by the 'main effects' of the tested compounds and no interaction relationship among acetic acid, furfural and HMF was found. 2, 3-butanediol yield was more sensitive to acetic acid concentration. Selective removal of furfural in hydrolysate would contribute to the simultaneous improvement of 2, 3-butanediol yield and cell growth. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry


Study of Resistivity Characteristic x-Sn y-Al Alloy
As An Alternative of Friendly Solder Materials to Environment
Written by
Fredi Yuastiarso
M0298035
Physics Department of Mathematics and Sciences Faculty
of Sebelas Maret University in Surakarta
It has been made x-Sn y-Al alloys with 11 variations of x and y value. The
electrical characteristic of these alloy compositions was used to obtain the
resistivity characteristic by means of macroscopically resistivity calculation with
involving the dimension and resistance of those samples. The resistance of a
sample was obtained by using the Ohm's law. From those various compositions,
the composition with lowest resistivity was determined. The resistivity related to
the changing of composition of alloys indicating that from pure Sn to Sn % 80
resistivity was increasing then decreasing irregularly to pure Al composition.
These nine x-Sn y-Al alloy compositions had higher resistivity than pure Sn and
pure Al.
Hints: x-Sn y-Al Alloy, composition, electrical characteristic, dimension,
resistance, resistivity, Ohm's law.


Introduction and objectives: We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of morphological criteria for the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma in consecutive, prostate needle biopsies specimens with emphasis on the location and number of nucleoli. Methods: The morphological features of 387 consecutive prostate needle biopsies specimens, in 2013, were systematically examined and stratified according to the final diagnosis of benign, suspicious and malignant lesions. We also tested how well each criterion predicted the final diagnosis after the immunohistochemical evaluation for expression of the basal cell markers (p63 and high molecular weight cytokeratin) and racemase. Results: A prominent nucleoli is the most common feature of carcinoma; however it is also relatively common in benign cases. The frequencies of prominent central nucleoli in malignant, suspicious and benign cases were 99%, 89% and 27%, respectively. Marginated nucleoli (85%, 60% and 7%), double nucleoli (86%, 53% and 10%), and multiple nucleoli (47%, 14% and 2%) were less common in benign cases, with significant difference among the groups. From the 36 cases initially diagnosed as suspicious, the presence of marginated nucleoli and mitoses were associated with the final diagnosis of malignancy. Prominent central nucleoli were more associated with cases which the final diagnosis after immunohistochemistry was benign. Conclusion: The location and number of nucleoli may be valuable morphological markers to identify suspicious lesions, since these features are more specific for malignancy than nucleolar prominence. The presence of prominent nucleoli commonly leads to the initial diagnosis of suspicious lesion that, subsequently, will be resulted in benignity confirmed by immunohistochemistry.


Chalcogenide perovskites, such as BaZrS$_3$, are emerging semiconductors with potential for high photovoltaic power conversion efficiency. The role of defects in the efficiency of the generation and collection of photo-excited carriers has not been experimentally investigated extensively. We study the effect of processing-induced defects on the photoconductive properties of single crystals of BaZrS$_3$. We achieved ohmic contacts to single crystals of BaZrS$_3$ and observed positive surface photovoltage, which is typically observed in p-type semiconductors. However, mechanical polishing of BaZrS$_3$ to remove the surface oxide leads to dense deformation grain boundaries and leads to trap-dominated photoconductive response. In comparison, ohmic contacts achieved in cleaved crystals leave fewer deformation defects and greatly improve optoelectronic properties. Defect-controlled crystal growth and contact fabrication are potentially limiting factors for achieving high photon-to-excited electron conversion efficiency in BaZrS$_3$.


Automatic emotion recognition is an emerging application in the field of artificial intelligence. Where the use of technology helps to curb various mental illnesses like anxiety, depression, schizophrenia etc. So, there is a need to create efficient artificial intelligent devices. In this experimental project, we developed a multimodal system using neural networks (CNN) for recognizing emotions from facial expressions and voice. We used an RGB images dataset for facial expression recognition. For voice emotion recognition, an audio recorded files dataset was used. We presented phases of automatic emotion recognition in the form of data acquisition, data analysis and data visualization. Comparative analysis among recent papers, features affecting the performance and proposed model in terms of accuracy have also been given in tabular form. The proposed model shows accuracy of 73% and 90.91% for face and voice features respectively. It's observed that variations in the factors of the feature-training phase of neural networks like epochs, batch sizes, training datasets, also affect the results.


In a Confined Plunging Liquid Jet Contactor (CPLJC) a jet of liquid is introduced into an enclosed cylindrical column (downcomer) that generates fine gas bubbles that are contacted with the bulk liquid flow. The region where the liquid jet impinges the receiving liquid and expands to the wall of the downcomer is called the Mixing Zone (MZ). In the MZ, the energy of the liquid jet is dissipated by the breakup of the entrained gas into fine bubbles, and the intense recirculation of the two-phase mixture. The study presented here was undertaken to quantify the ozone-water mass transfer performance of the MZ through the determination of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, kLa (s−1), and to produce a model for predicting kLa based on the specific energy dissipation rate. It was found experimentally that kLa in the MZ increased with increasing superficial gas velocity. A maximum experimental kLa value of 0.84 s−1 was achieved which compares well to other contactors used in water treatment. Such a large kLa value combined with the small volume of the reactor, favorable energy requirements and safety features of the system, suggests that the CPLJC provides an attractive alternative to conventional ozone contactors. The relatively large mass transfer rates were found to be a function of the high gas holdup and fine bubble size generated in the MZ, which results in an almost froth-like consistency. A model based on the specific energy dissipation rate of the water jet, E (kg · m−1· s−3), and MZ bubble size was used to predict kLa in the MZ. Using E, the number average bubble size was predicted which was then used to calculate the liquid phase mass transfer coefficient kL. The bubble size was also used with the predicted mixing zone gas holdup to calculate the specific interfacial area, a (m−1), which was then combined with kL to determine a predicted value of kLa. The average deviation between experimental and predicted kLa was 6.2%.


Careful titration of Vent polymerase activity allows efficient amplification of full-length plasmids (12 kb). The high processivity and fidelity of this enzyme made oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis of plasmids a straight-forward process. Using only two primers, a mutagenic and a complementary, single-base mutants of recombinant plasmids were obtained consistently with > 90% efficiency from a single round of PCR. This procedure also made site-specific deletion, insertion, and several bases mutagenesis facile and efficient.


The histological events associated with shoot primordium formation in cultured excised cotyledons from germinated seed of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were examined. Cytological changes in the explants were observed by day 1 in culture. Mitotic activity, initially random, became restricted to the epidermal and subepidermal cell layers closest to the medium. This led to the formation of meristematic tissue along the entire length of the cotyledon during the first 3 wk in culture. Within this meristematic zone, meristemoids, shoot primordia, and finally shoots with well-developed apical meristems, needles, and needle primordia were formed.


The spinodal decomposition (SD) of a critical mixture of deuterated and protonated polybutadiene of nearly equal chain lengths was investigated. This mixture has an upper critical solution temperature type phase diagram and the spinodal temperature at the critical point is 99.2 °C. Phase separation was induced by quenching a single‐phase specimen at an initial temperature, Ti (=102.3, 123.9, and 171.6 °C), to a final temperature, Tf (=−7.5, 1.1, and 10.5 °C). The subsequent SD was followed by time‐resolved small‐angle neutron scattering. The Onsager coefficient, Λ(q;Tf), as a function of wave number q and Tf, derived from experimental growth rates, R(q;Tf), of the Fourier mode of concentration fluctuations and estimation of ST(q;Tf), was compared to the reptation model theories of Pincus and Binder. Experimental Λ(q;Tf) was found to give a q‐dependence greater than that given by the theories. Here, ST(q;Tf) denotes the virtual structure factor at Tf inside the spinodal region. The reduced wave number Qm(τ...


THE TOWN CHILD: A CRITICAL SURVEY The lessons of the great social experiment of evacuation will take a long time to learn. They will be reflected, we hope, in future housing policy and especially in a new outlook on education. Evacuation threw a grim light on some aspects of town life never dreamed of by those whose acquaintance was only with the exterior aspect of the slums. No sooner had the children been bundled off to their country hosts at the beginning of the war than an outcry arose that many of them were dirty and verminous, deplorable in their habits, ill clad and ill shod, defiant and destructive. Allowance must be made for some exaggeration. Even had the children been little angels, they would not have been welcome guests to some of those on whom they were compulsorily billeted. But the complaints were by no means without substance, nor did they relate only to a very small proportion of the children. A group of professional women, acting upon a resolution from the National F'ederation of Women's Institutes, set themselves to find out the truth about these accusations, and Our Towns. A Close Up' is the horrifying result. The report is addressed to readers who have stout stomachs and an appetite for facts, however disagreeable the facts may be. It takes refuge in no polite euphemisms. It does not refer to scabies as " shelter rash " or to lousiness as " uncleanliness." Evacuation proved to be a window through which town life in its more squalid aspects was revealed. What it showed was poverty, but a poverty which was not so much lack of means as lack of personal discipline and social standard. One town clerk in a reception area states that as the children defiled on arrival " the heads of some of them could be seen crawling with vermin." In another area some of the children arrived in garments so verminous that these had to be immediately burned. In another, 23% of the evacuated children were found to have head lice, and, what is worse, the cleansers found many of them reinfested after every visit from relatives and friends. Dr. Kenneth Mellanby had previously given some idea of the extent of the infestation with head lice.2 He had shown that in a sample of children from ten industrial cities over 50% of the girls between the ages of seven and eleven were infested. In the country infestation is regarded as a disgrace: in the towns it is treated as a lighter matter. Other evidence which startled the people concerned out of their customary modesty related to insanitary habits among the children, testifying to a low standard of behaviour in the places from which they had come. Enuresis was found to be common at all ages up to fifteen years. Among the younger children this might be an infantile reversion due to a new sense of insecurity, but there were a substantial number of other cases of a more difficult type, without any detectable medical origin. A school medical officer in Surrey says that the problem of enuresis was much eased by the return to London of the worst cases of the slothful or untrained type; another in Essex attributes the condition to lack of early training. Faecal incontinence was also a great difficulty. " Some of the younger [children]," say the compilers of this volume,