Emerging infectious diseases due to coronavirus (CoV) infections have received significant global attention in the past decade and have been linked to bats as the original source. The diversity, distribution, and host associations of bat CoVs were investigated to assess their potential for zoonotic transmission. Phylogenetic, network, and principal coordinate analysis confirmed the classification of betacoronaviruses (BetaCoVs) into five groups (2A to 2E) and a potentially novel group, with further division of 2D into five subgroups. The genetic co-clustering of BetaCoVs among closely related bats reflects host taxon-specificity with each bat family as the host for a specific BetaCoV group, potentially a natural barrier against random transmission. The divergent pathway of BetaCoV and host evolution suggests that the viruses were introduced just prior to bat dispersal and speciation. As such, deviant patterns were observed such as for 2D-IV, wherein cross-taxon transmission due to overlap in bat habitats and geographic range among genetically divergent African bat hosts could have played a strong role on their shared CoV lineages. In fact, a few bat taxa especially the subfamily Pteropodinae were shown to host diverse groups of BetaCoVs. Therefore, ecological imbalances that disturb bat distribution may lead to loss of host specificity through cross-taxon transmission and multi-CoV infection. Hence, initiatives that minimize the destruction of wildlife habitats and limit wildlife-livestock-human interfaces are encouraged to help maintain the natural state of bat BetaCoVs in the wild. Importance Bat Betacoronaviruses (BetaCoVs) pose a significant threat to global public health and have been implicated in several epidemics such as the recent pandemic by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Here, we show that bat BetaCoVs are predominantly host-specific, which could be a natural barrier against infection of other host types. However, a strong overlap in bat habitat and geographic range may facilitate viral transmission to unrelated hosts, and a few bat families have already been shown to host multi-CoV variants. We predict that continued disturbances on the ecological balance may eventually lead to loss of host specificity. When combined with enhanced wildlife-livestock-human interfaces, spillover to humans may be further facilitated. We should therefore start to define the ecological mechanisms surrounding zoonotic events. Global surveillance should be expanded and strengthened to assess the complete picture of bat coronavirus diversity and distribution and their potential to cause spillover infections.


A method of collecting information from the cache of proxy server is introduced so that the Internet information can be highly shared in Internet, with the lowest cost and light traffic.Valuable data from the information collected are found for network managements. It is easy to fulfill and suitable to campus network with proxy server.


On the international markets, the European Union (EU) is the first commercial partner of the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP's). During more than four decades, the EU granted to ACP's countries a not mutual commercial preferences regime which facilitated the entrance and the competitiveness of ACP's products on the European market. The trade relations between the EU and the ACP, rarely taken into account in empirical works, offer an executive convenient to the analysis of prices transmission. By means of co-integration and error-correction models and the Granger causality test, this thesis analyzes in which measure the European or international prices are passed on on banana, cocoa, coffee, sugar and vanilla export market and producer markets of the ACP's countries. It also verifies the hypothesis of transitivity on the vanilla international market and its leadership by Madagascar. It tests finally the law of one price between the cocoa producer market of Ivory Coast and the world market. The analysis brings to light a cointegration relation between the European or international market and most of the ACP's markets concerned. The market of traditional export products, as the cocoa and the coffee, are better integrated into European market or the world market than banana, sugar or vanilla markets. The European or international prices cause most of the ACP prices and not the opposite. On the vanilla international market, the hypothesis of transitivity was rejected. The export market of Madagascar is perfectly integrated into the French market of import, but, it is not integrated into the American market. Although Madagascar represents approximately 70 % of the world exports of vanilla, the Malagasy export market does not exercise the leadership towards the French market. The integration of the ivorian cocoa producer market to the world market improved after the liberalization of the cacao tree sector of 1999, in Ivory Coast. There is a bilateral causality between the producer prices of Ivory Coast and the world courses. The law of one price holds between both markets. These results indicate that the mechanisms of markets transparency contribute to the transmission of the international prices on the internal markets of developing countries. The results show that there is a symmetry or a negative asymmetry in the transmission of the European or international prices on ACP's markets. These results indicate that the not mutual commercial preferences regime was favourable to the economic operators of ACP's countries.


On the most disadvantaged position,a rail will be fractured due to lack of strength,and then contract at the fracture,which will bring about a bigger displacement.There will be a strong impact when the trains pass the seam,and the impact can endanger traffic safety.So,the rupture force on the seamless turnout on a continuous beam bridge must be considered when calculating the turnout.An integral calculation model for the seamless turnout-beam-pier was established with the finite element method.Taking a size 18 swing nose turnout of 60 kg/m rail as an example,the forces and the characteristics of the deformation of the bridge and rail were analyzed.It turned out that the longitudinal force on the piers will be bigger when the seam appears behind the turnout than that ahead it,and the contraction of the rail plays a major role in the forces on piers.Seam which appears at different places of the turnout will lead to various results at different degrees,so the most disadvantaged result should be adopted.


After the 1920s , when the exhaustion of the fishing grounds in the north forced the deep-sea fleet to search for better fishing grounds off the coast of Africa, Cadiz became one of the most important fishing ports in Spain. Its consolidation stems not only from its location near the fishing grounds and consumer markets, but also from the strategies displayed by the shipowners to ensure a series of services which allowed them to compete with the northern ports. The "Asociacion de Armadores de buques de pesca" – on whose documentation this paper is based - played an important part in this process. This shipowners' organisation would bring together and organise a network of family business and would become the most suitable frame to implement the owners' strategies: introduction of key inputs, reduction of the costs of the transactions, developing complementary activities, etc.


Different vegetation indices from satellite images have been used for monitoring drought damages, and this study aimed to develop a drought index using NOAA/AVHRR NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of spring drought severity in North Korea from 1998 to 2001. A new drought index, DevNDVI(Deviation of NDVI), was defined as the difference between a monthly NDVI and average monthly NDVI at the same cover area, and the DevNDVI images at all years except for 2001 demonstrated the drought-damaged areas referred from various domestic and foreign publications. The vegetation of 2001 showed high vitality despite the least amount of rainfall among the target years, and the reason was investigated that higher temperature above normal average would shift the growing stages of plants ahead. Therefore, complementary methods like plant growth models or ground survey data should be adopted in order to evaluate drought-induced plant stress using satellite-based NDVI and to make up far the distortion induced by other environments than lack of precipitation.


Snapshot Isolation (SI) level is extensively used in commercial database systems. We developed a simple SI implementation protocol for distributed DBMS and implemented it in the Apache HBase. The work presents the performance evaluation of the protocol. We have measured the performance of a single-node system and modeled the performance of a distributed HBase cluster.


Sir Richard Owen (1804-1892) was one of the leading comparative anatomists and paleontologists of his day. He was commonly referred to as "The Cuvier of England," and he served as head of the Natural History Department at the British Museum. He was known for his independent interpretations and conclusions in his study of vertebrate zoology. Often he held unpopular beliefs, but refused to give them up. Notable was his opposition to Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection. In my study of the papers of Frederic Ward Putnam, I found a letter written by Owen which would be of interest to students of fishes as well as to those interested in the history of science. Frederic Ward Putnam (1839-1915) was an ichthyologist during his early career. He was for eight years a student and an assistant of Louis Agassiz at Harvard University, and one of Putnam's special interests was the study of cave fishes. He published several reports on the "Blind Fishes of Mammoth Cave and Their Allies" in the Bulletin of the Essex Institute (3: 165-178. 1871), American Naturalist (6: 6-30. 1872), and Nature (6: 415-417. 1872). These were later reprinted in a joint report on the Mammoth Cave and Its Inhabitants by A. S. Packard and F. W. Putnam (1872). In 1875 Putnam left the directorship of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem to become Curator of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard, turning his attention at that time to anthropology, but he still remained active for a period of time in his study of fishes. He served as part-time Curator of Ichthyology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology between 1876-78. Owen differed from Jeffries Wyman, comparative anatomist at Harvard, and Putnam on interpretation of the optic lobes in blind fishes. Putnam, as one of the founders and editors of The American Naturalist, received the following letter from Owen:


Abstract : This Memoradum is an outgrowth of continuing research on Soviet national income during the Seven Year Plan period. It is concerned with the growth of total Soviet military expenditures since 1955. Limitations of the data make it impossible to obtain an unambiguous, comprehensive series of estimates of Soviet military outlays. The major goal of this study is to survey and interpret the information available in the open literature. Thus this Memorandum is a critical review of what is and is not known from open sources about Soviet military outlays, the first detailed exposition of this kind. As such, the study may also contribute to the periodic discussion on budgetary disarmament.


........................................................................................................................................ 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................. 4 CONFLICT OF INTEREST ................................................................................................................. 5 CLEARANCE ISSUED BY THE ETHICS COMMITTEE .................................................... 6 ABBREVATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 7


This paper proposes Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform (RDWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based an imperceptible and robust image watermarking in YCbCr color space. Luminance and chrominance components are extracted from colored cover image and watermark is embedded into its luminance component. Cover image is break down into four sub-bands by applying 1-level RDWT. LL sub-band singular values are modified using singular values of colored watermark. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) and Normalized Correlation coefficient (NC) parameters are used to evaluate the proposed method's performance. Utilizing numerous test images, the suggested scheme's effectiveness is assessed. Comparison of results with existing techniques is also performed and it is clear from results that performance of proposed scheme is better in terms of PSNR, SSIM and NC.


Chapter 5 deals with the jurisdiction of the criminal courts and the applicable criminal law (the ambit of the criminal law) and contrasts the English common law with German law in cybercrime cases, highlighting the similarity of the challenges and the differences in approach of both countries. As a broad rule of thumb, English common law (largely) restricts criminal jurisdiction to the territoriality principle, whereas German law recognizes the active and the passive personality principle, sometimes coupled with the double criminality rule, meaning that the act must be a criminal offence in the place where it was carried out. Notably, German law has codified the universality principle for certain offences, and by so doing exceeds its obligations under international treaties; for example, in respect of child sexual exploitation and abuse materials. Both countries face the same challenges in applying the territoriality principle and connecting cybercrime offences to their respective territories (eg in respect of the question where illegal content online was published). Criminal jurisdiction (subject to specific statutory exceptions) in England has long been confined by the terminatory approach, but has now been reformed by a substantial measure test. Finally, the chapter examines inchoate offences and the specific provisions on jurisdiction contained in the Computer Misuse Act.


Current data on eubiosis and dysbiosis of gastrointestinal tract are discussed along with the role of its microfl ora in human body under normal and pathological conditions. Certain debatable problems are discussed. Classi fi cation of colonic dysbiosis is presented with reference to its stages, functions of normal fl ora, «myths» related to the science of eubiosis and dysbiosis, the authors views of the problem. Diagnostic methods and their informative value are described. The main diseases and syndromes associated with intestinal dysbiosis are discussed. In conjunction with approaches to its correction.Key words: eubiosis and dysbiosis of gastrointestinal tract, diagnostics, treatment, terminology, debatable problems


Home healthcare system is one of the most promising technologies from which more and more people begin to benefit. Different from the traditional paper-based information record, almost all of the patients' information is nowadays stored and transferred via digital system. Merely by accessing to the system, home healthcare users can obtain their information and receive remote treatment. However, this quick and easy access results in information security risks which has received great attention from many researchers. In this paper, we propose a fingerprint-based remote user authentication scheme that allows home healthcare system users to execute identity authentication by using smartphone alone. Simultaneously, our proposed scheme is secure against common vulnerabilities and can be used practically.


We designed the InGaP/GaAs dual-junction solar cells by optimizing short-circuit current matching between top and bottom cells using a Silvaco ATLAS. The relatively thick base layer of top cell exhibited a larger short-circuit current density (J<inf>sc</inf>) while the thicker base layer of bottom cell allowed for a smaller J<inf>sc</inf>. A maximum J<inf>sc</inf> of 11.86 mA/cm2was obtained, leading to the increased conversion efficiency. The base thicknesses of top InGaP and bottom GaAs cells were optimized at 650 nm and 2 μm, respectively. For the optimized solar cell structure, the J<inf>sc</inf> = 11.86 mA/cm2, V<inf>oc</inf> = 2.32 V, and fill factor = 88.42% were obtained under AM0 illumination, exhibiting a conversion efficiency of 24.27%. The effect of tunnel diode structure, i.e, GaAs, AlGaAs, and InGaP, on the characteristics of solar cells was investigated.


The influence of environmental conditions on the activity of antioxidative enzymes peroxidase and catalase and on the content of total protein in leaves of medicinal herbs: jointweed (Polygonum alpinum All.), hellebore (Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.), St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), valerian (Valeriana tiliifolia Troitzki), and sorrel (Rumex crispis L.), growing at different altitudes of the Minor Caucasus (1750 m a. s. l. - lower forest zone, and 2450 m a. s. l. - alpine zone), and in Kazbegi region (Central Caucasus, 1750 m a. s. l.), has been investigated. In extreme conditions of high mountains the change of enzymatic activity was revealed as a specific peculiarity of plants. In the alpine zone of the Minor Caucasus the activity of peroxidase was higher in comparison with the lower timber zone species, and the tendency of protein accumulation in leaves was evident. In all tested plants high activity of enzyme catalase was revealed. The comparatively dry climate and heightened UV radiation of Kazbegi region caused an increase of the content of total proteins in plants, in comparison with lower forest and alpine zone species of the minor Caucasus. The activation of protein synthesis in plants, in combination with the antioxidative system, plays a protective role under the stressful conditions of high mountains. © 2011 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci.


Ingot growth apparatus according to this embodiment, the crucible placing a silicon melt, and pulling device pulling the silicon single crystal ingot is grown from the silicon melt, is disposed adjacent to the pulling device, when the ingot growth It includes a dopant providing unit for providing a dopant, a. The neck portion via the dopant-section is doped at a higher concentration than the ingot. Therefore, there is an advantage that the propagation velocity of the dislocation (dislocation) is shortened has been propagated length decreases. .FIELD 1


On the basis of the investigation of the managers and consumers of the body-building clubs in the central area of Shantou city,this paper proposes that the demand and supply of the body-building clubs in the central area of Shantou city are balanced and the clubs are profitable.There are also problems in the operation of the clubs,such as low service price of the clubs,severe competition between clubs,unclear definition of major customers and weak awareness of pay-for-exercise among the public.Consumers have various participation motives and favorable sport exercises.They are generally satisfied with their experience in the clubs.Consumers don't have sufficient faith and sense of belonging to the clubs and they don't have regular physical exercises.What's more,the consumption ability for their exercises in the body-building clubs is not enough.This paper proposes five ways for the balance between the demand and supply of the body-building clubs.


The efficiency and sustainability of a cellular manufacturing system (CMS) in batch type manufacturing is highly valued. This is done using a systematic method of equipment into machine cells, and components into part families, based on the suitable similar criteria. The present work discusses the cell formation problem, with the objective of minimizing the cumulative cell load variation and cumulative intercellular moves. The quantity of parts, operation sequences, processing time, capacity of machines, and workload of machineries were considered as parameters. For the grouping of equipment, the modified artificial bee colony (MABC) algorithm is considered. The computational procedure of this approach is explained by using up to 40 machines and 100 part types. The result obtained from MABC is compared with the findings acquired from the genetic algorithm (GA) and ant colony system (ACS) in the literature.


This paper proposes two original measures of socioeconomic polarization, in order to quantify phenomena that are not always taken into account by social inequality measures. Our approach is inspired by the literature on bivariate inequality (the concentration index) and univariate polarization. Like the concentration index, our social polarization measures can be easily computed thanks to a "convenient" regression and decomposed into their determinants. Moreover changes in polarization can also be decomposed into their causes. The paper also provides an empirical illustration of our methods for the probability of reporting excellent or very good health, using cross-sectional data on French women. The findings suggest that after 65 years of age, social polarization in this probability decreases whereas social inequality remains stable. Consequently social polarization conveys additional information to that contained in the concentration index.


Spatial variability in contents of active constituents,scutellarin and caffeates,from 3 10 samples in 94 natural populations of Erigeron breviscapus,a medicine herb,was analyzed in nested ANOVA within the producing areas of this medicine herb,based on the sampling regime designed following the nested design principle.Results indicated that there were variations in caffeates and scutellarin content of E.breviscapus growing in different producing areas,average contents of caffeates and scutellarin in the lowest content producing areas were 52.1% and 4 1.8% of that in the highest content producing area respectively.The difference of contents was not related to the spatial distance between producing areas.The content of caffeates or scutellarin varied annually in the same producing area,but the location of the highest or lowest content producing area did not change.The natural division was better to delimit the units of high content producing area than administrativ division.The content of caffeates or scutellarin was negatively correlated with the content of nitrogen in plants growing in different areas,as predicted as carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis.The variation in nitrogen content explained about 30% of the variation in the content of caffeates or scutellarin of plant from different areas.The spatial variability in active constituent content of medicine herbs was resulted from their genetic and environmental variation.Delimiting the producing area of medicine herbs is a scientific management way to keep efficiency of medicine herb.


A trio of essays on how current U.S. trade policies and the management of R&D in high technology are providing an edge to Japan in international competition. Specific policy actions are necessary to control Japan9s current ability to block capital formation in the U.S. and get the upper hand in international trade at the expense of American high tech industries.


The importance of nanomaterials,especially the one-dimensional array s represented by the aligned carbon nanotubes,has enhanced the researc h interest of template-synthesis me thod.In this paper,we have briefly r e-viewed the development of the preparation and applications of porous alu mina template in recent years.In com bi-nation with our own work,the importa nce of porous alumina template for th e synthesis and fabrication of one-dimensional novel nanomateria ls has been exhibited.


Historians of the nineteenth century have argued for decades now over the effectiveness and influence of the revolutions of 1848 throughout Europe. That year saw mobs in Paris, Vienna, and other European capitals rise up against their political leaders. Although Ireland was largely spared the wave of revolutionary activity that swept the continent, scholars have also looked at the ways in which the 1848 revolutions affected political developments on that island. During the nineteenth century Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the culmination of centuries of British rule and influence that continued to upset the traditional culture of the Irish people. In addition, the nineteenth century brought with it extreme economic unrest, including the famous Great Potato Famine in the 1840s and early 1850s. In the face of political oppression and economic troubles, radical political organizations like Young Ireland began to agitate for change. Examining the spread of nationalistic and romantic thought from the continent reveals clear links between developments in Ireland and across the rest of Europe, and although some scholars have dismissed these as insignificant, their significance should not be ignored: as was the case in the rest of Europe, the ideas behind the failed Young Irelanders Rebellion of 1848 fed the flame of revolution well into the twentieth century, lighting the way to independence.


A study of the laser-assisted and field-free ionization cross sections of the He/sup */(2 /sup 1/S,2 /sup 3/S)+He(1 /sup 1/S) collision system is presented as a function of the kinetic energy of the collision. The work of Evans et al. (Phys. Rev. A 4, 2235 (1971)) and Cohen (Phys. Rev. A 13, 86 (1976)) on the He/sub 2/ /sup */ molecular system is used to calculate the value sigma/sub d/ of the field-free ionization cross section and then to normalize our experimental results. Knowing sigma/sub d/, we deduce the assisted-ionization cross section sigma/sub a/. These data show that within our energy range, the main process below E/sub c.m./ = 50 eV is laser-assisted ionization, whereas above this kinetic energy, it is a two-step reaction: collisional excitation followed by the photoionization of the level reached.


Hypoglycaemia is common in clinical practice for people with diabetes. However, the symptoms can vary between individuals and at different stages of their condition. Moreover, several factors influence symptoms experienced by people with diabetes, and many are amenable to intervention. Symptoms are commonly neuroglycopenic or neurogenic in aetiology, and these lead to different clusters of symptoms. Certain patient groups such as the elderly and pregnant women are particularly susceptible to hypoglycaemia. In this chapter, we describe the physiology and pathophysiology behind the symptoms of hypoglycaemia, with reference to current knowledge from neuroimaging studies, and outline potential interventions to modify or restore hypoglycaemia symptoms.


Research on digital communication systems has been greatly developed in the past few years and offers a high quality of transmission in both wired and wireless communication environments. Coupled with advances in new modulation techniques, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a well-known digital multicarrier communication technique and one of the best methods of digital data transmission over a limited bandwidth.
The main aim of this research is to design an OFDM modem for powerline-based communication in order to propose and examine a novel approach in comparing the different modulation order, different modulation type, application of Forward Error Correction (FEC) scheme and also application of different noise types and applying them to the two modelled channels, Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Powerline modelled channel. This is an attempt to understand and recognise the most suitable technique for the transmission of message or image within a communication system. In doing so, MATLAB and embedded Digital Signal Processing (DSP) systems are used to simulate the operation of virtual transmitter and receiver.
The simulation results presented in this project suggest that lower order modulation formats (Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and 4-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)), are the most preferred modulation techniques (in both type and order) for their considerable performance. The results also indicated that, Convolutional Channel Encoding (CCE)-Soft and Block Channel Encoding (BCE)-Soft are by far the best encoding techniques (in FEC type) for their best performance in error detection and correction. Indeed, applying these techniques to the two modelled channels has proven very successful and will be accounted as a novel approach for the transmission of message or image within a powerline based communication system.


Abstract.The main objective of this paper is to propose a mixed Hellinger-Reissner variational formulation to deal with problems in which viscous phenomena take place beyond the elastic range, that is, the phenomena denoted in literature as elasto/viscoplasticity. The constitutive relation consider the von Mises yield criterion and Perzyna-like viscoplastic model. The paper shows that the solution of the equation system, defined by the equilibrium, kinematics and constitutive equation, are optimality conditions of an inf-sup mixed variational principle. Based on space discretization generated by the finite element method, by adopting a triangular finite element with quadratic and continuous interpolations for velocities and geometry and linear discontinuous interpolations for stress rate, a discrete version for the proposed mixed principle is also proposed. A numerical application is presented to validate the formulation.


The paper studies a second order nonlinear differential equation whose right hand side is a piecewise linear function. It proves the coexistence of a countably set of periodic solutions and an uncountable set of bounded non-periodic solutions. The Weierstrass approximation theorem is applied so that the piecewise linear function can be approximated by a polynomial on the finite interval. The result can be also used to explain the chaos on some smooth nonlinear dynamical systems.


Online discussion boards provide opportunities for students to share experiences, consolidate knowledge, explore new ideas, and feel connected to other students and faculty. Despite the benefits, many students do not voluntarily engage in discussion board activities. Mandating participation is a contentious issue, but after reviewing the literature, a summative assessment task and a rubric were developed and trialed in a fully online, Australian postgraduate course. An audit of the discussion board posts from two semesters without the assessment task, and two semesters using the assessment task, found the quality and quantity of posts increased. There were significant improvements in regularity, discussion of course concepts, translation to relevant experiences, and support and encouragement for other learners. The initiative successfully created a learning environment and is being implemented in other subjects.


Objective: To observe the effect of Huatan Tongluo decoction on aquaporin-4( AQP-4) protein expression of different brain tissues and S100β of blood serum in rats which use rt-PA thrombolysis after the acute cerebral infarction. Method: SD rats 240 were randomly divided into six groups,sham operation group, model group,rt-PA group,rt-PA Huatan Tongluo of Chinese medicine low dose group( 3. 6 g·kg- 1),rt-PA Huatan Tongluo of Chinese medicine middle dose group( 7. 2 g ·kg- 1),rt-PA Huatan Tongluo of Chinese medicine high dose group( 14. 4 g·kg- 1). Using the embolus method prepares the MCAO rat model. rt-PA group and rt-PA Huatan Tongluo group use rt-PA thrombolytic therapy after thrombosis. In 6 hours group the Chinese medicine were given one time,after making mode successfully. In 24 hours group,given two times,after making mode successfully and 2 hours were killed. In 72 hours,given six times,from making mode successfully,two times one day,lasting three days. In 7 day group; given fourteen times,from making mode successfully,two times one day,lasting seven days. Then respectively observe the AQP-4 protein expression in rat cortex and hippocampus by Western blot method,and S100β of blood serum by ELISA method at 6,24,72 h,7 days. Result: Every experimental group in different phases,the AQP-4 protein expression in different brain tissue and S100β of blood serum were highest at 6,24 h maximum,72 h,7 d increased gradually to the level of 6 h. Compared with the model group at the same time the AQP-4 protein expression of middle dose group and high dose group of Chinese traditional medicine were significantly decreased at 24 h or 72 h or 7 d( P 0. 05). There was no obvious concentration,but the overall trend showed that Chinese medicine middle dose group and high dose group can obviously decrease the expression of AQP-4. The S100β protein expression didn't show any significant differences in any group,but all have reduced in different degree,and the downward trend is more obvious in Chinese traditional medicine groups. Conclusion: The blood brain barrier structure and function was damaged most seriously at 24 h phase after thrombolysis treatment. Huatan Tongluo combined with rt-PA therapy can reduce AQP-4 expression of different brain tissues and S100β content of serum. So that it can protect the hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic treatment of acute cerebral infarction.


(1989). Strategy Formulation: Arabian Gulf Style. International Studies of Management & Organization: Vol. 19, Management and Its Environment in the Arab Gulf States, pp. 6-21.


Foreign observers are often surprised when they encounter episodes of backwardness and social disorganization which, in our country, may accompany situations characterized by innovation and advanced civic development (PUTNAM; LOENARDI; NANETTI, 1993). It will be easier to understand this contradiction if we stop thinking of Italy as a nation-state in the true sense of the term, looking at it instead for what it is: a vast agglomeration of strong city-states. Each of these cities is in fact the capital of the area in which it is located, its "territory"; has a history that may go back a thousand years, or even longer; and represents an experiment of complex, advanced social organization from many points of view. The nation is instead far younger and since its inception has encountered problems of coordination (still unresolved), which have conditioned its authority and ability to function. Its cultural policies have been seriously affected by these limitations. Immediately after 1861, the year Italy was founded, deposing the sovereigns of the country's many ministates was accompanied by intentional fragmentation of regional heritages, a true diaspora of local culture1.This process of repressing the bases of individual regional identities was supposed to have been followed by the re-composition of a new, more ample national identity. The second phase was not, however, as effective as the first, in part because the new nation found itself facing enormous difficulties. It was a country which was not even completely unified in terms of language, in which the only doctrines with nationwide influence that were deeply rooted in both urban and rural contexts – Catholicism and socialism – were viewed with suspicion and existed in a state of latent conflict with the culture of the liberal state. During the twenty years of fascist rule (1925-1945), the state in effect sought to conclude the operation of reconstructing a national culture. But fascist ideology was not favorable to increasing regional autonomy and in the cultural sphere (as in others), policies whose objective was to centralize power were actually reinforced. A great deal of attention was paid to local specificity, considered however, in terms of folklore, and valued principally so that it could be used to counter modernist urban culture (CLEMENTE, 1996). As far as local culture is concerned, little changed during the postwar years: communist ideology, which heavily influenced the world of culture during the Sixties and Seventies, although favorable to political decentralization and regionalism, was suspicious of local differences in culture, seeing them as politically ambiguous and anti-progressive.


A study was undertaken to investigate the microbiological quality of raw milk samples from some of the villages and the surrounding areas of Coimbatore district. Among the 80 raw milk samples used for the study, bacteriological identification revealed a definite dominance of Lactobacillus sp. Besides it, the other genera Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Bacillus, Salmonella and Pseudomonas were isolated on selective agar and broth.


Dr. Bedrossian: We report a case in which cytologic study of pleural fluid established a diagnosis of unsuspected systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A 16-year-old girl was referred from the medical inpatient department to the cytology section for a cervical lymph node aspiration. At the time of aspiration, she gave a history of intermittent high-grade fever for the previous 4 wk, with marked weakness and loss of weight. On examination, the patient was extremely thin, pale, and weak and had bilateral, multiple, discrete cervical lymph nodes that measured from 0.5 to 1 cm in size. No sternal tenderness, hepatosplenomegaly, or any other lymphadenopathy was present. Lymph node aspiration smears showed a cytologic picture of reactive hyperplasia with a predominance of immunoblasts. Chest x-rays showed bilateral pleural effusion. The pleural fluid was tapped, and cytospin preparations were stained with May-Griinewald-Giemsa (MGG), which showed mesothelial cells, lymphocytes, polymorphs, and typical lupus erythematosus (LE) cells (Fig. l) , suggesting the possibility of SLE. An urgent LE cell preparation was made from the peripheral blood and showed occasional typical LE


This paper describes and explores a racial conflict that occurred in a mixed race, sexual abuse survivors' group. Curiosity and productive dialogue surrounding race faces inherent difficulties and evokes powerful feelings that are often defended against through unconscious dissociative processes. This does not only lead to the denial of the traumatic impact of racism and racist acts, the denial in and of itself is traumatizing. I emphasize both the challenges and benefits that occurred in the processing of a group enactment around a racial conflict. The analysis of the group process is supported by psychoanalytic ideas surrounding the impact of racism and prejudice, contemporary relational theories of dissociation, the significance of witnessing and repair, and intersectional theory as it relates to race and gender. A discussion of the parallel processes between the group process and systemic racism in our society is interwoven as an important theme in the paper. This discussion demonstrates how the psychoanalytic process, whether group or individual, can be applied to our understanding of unconscious dynamics underlying the current divisiveness in our socio-political environment.


The invention discloses a method for quickly marking a target in a three-dimensional image so as to solve the above task. The method comprises steps: data of a CT (Computed Tomography) image in a scene are acquired; ray casting is used for rendering a three-dimensional image of the scene on the basis of the CT image data; a transparent region in the three-dimensional image is rejected on the basis of a fixed two-dimensional transfer function; and a target is marked in the three-dimensional image.


This paper presents a novel active-source-pump (ASP) circuit technique to significantly lower the ESD sensitivity of ultrathin gate inputs in advanced sub-90nm CMOS technologies. As demonstrated by detailed experimental analysis, an ESD design window expansion of more than 100% can be achieved. This revives conventional ESD solutions for ultrasensitive input protection also enabling low-capacitance RF protection schemes with a high ESD design flexibility at IC-level. ASP IC application examples, and the impact of ASP on normal RF operation performance, are discussed.


This bachelor thesis deals with conflicts between Prussia and Austria (Later Austria-Hungary) since the Thirty Years War until the unification of Germany in 1871. We take a closer look at leaders of that time, mainly Frederick the Great, Maria Theresa and Otto von Bismarck. The main topics are the Seven Years War and the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. A part is dedicated to the battle at Koniggratz by studying the various battle stages, the equipment and armament of both fighting sides. The main goal of this work is to recapitulate the relations between the two German states, constantly competing with each other for the superiority in central Europe and to situate the events in Bohemia and Moravia within the historical context of Europe.


There are established mean value inequalities for multifunctions with values in metric spaces, and moreover, there are investigated Dini derivatives of multifunctions with values in normed spaces.


Of course there was and is all the Arthurian world, but power ful as it is, it is imperfectly naturalized, associated with the soil of Britain but not with En glish; and does not replace what I felt to be missing. For one thing its "faerie" is too lavish, and fantastical, incoherent and repetitive. For another and more impor tant thing: it is involved in, and explic itly contains the Christian religion. For reasons which I will not elaborate, that seems to me fatal. Myth and fairystory must, as all art, reflect and contain in solution ele ments of moral and religious truth (or error), but not explicit, not in the known form of the primary "real" world. — J.R.R. Tolkien (Letters 144)


Abstract : Model branched polymers have been prepared by the reaction of relatively monodisperse polystyryl lithium with silicon tetrachloride. The branched molecules have been carefully characterized by light scattering and osmotic pressure measurements. A study of the dilute solution properties of the branched molecules has confirmed the theoretical development of the branching coefficient, g., by Zimm and Kilb. The second vi rial coefficient, Az , has been found to decrease with increased branching. In addition, the Huggins constant, k', has been found to be a poor measure of branching in molecules.


Juice extracts from clean, fresh cane stalks from nineteen runs of the 1999 South African Sugar Association Experiment Station varietal trial program have been used. Twenty-six varieties from seven geographical locations in South Africa were involved. In addition, factors such as cane age, ratoon number, burnt or trashed, rainfed or irrigated were available. The extracts were analysed for brix, colour, phosphates, silica, gums, calcium , potassium and sulphated ash. The paper presents these results and discusses the impact of the factors, particularly variety and location. The concentration of gums, which influences processing and sugar quality, is shown to be highly dependent on location and on variety, while colour is predominantly a varietal effect.


Multi-wheel mobile robotic vehicles require speed and torque measurements, which are constrained within practical error bounds. The paper systematically analyses the multiple sensor uncertainty and guarantees bounded input signals for the general case of a PMDC actuator within the context of wheel electrically actuated vehicles. For such vehicles often complex sensors and feedback systems are required to continuously monitor changes on the state variables, speed and torque and compensate accordingly. The paper proposes a bounded sensor error inclusion in the model analysis. The resulting mathematical formulation results in the derivation of the actuation signals with guaranteed intervals. The analyses also extend to the power converter operating at Q1-mode and clearly shows the duty-cycle variations and how this can affect the actuator system and consequently the robotic vehicle


words,' ea latifundia sunt ut prouinciarum nominibus appellari possint,' and is rightly explained also by K. Busche, Philol., LXXVIII., 1923, pp. 415-416; II. g. 2 ( = Ovid, Met. I. 148) inquirit means not ' arraigns' but ' seeks to know'; II. 35. 5 odio laborantem means only ' afflicted with hatred' not ' in travail with i t ' ; II. 36. 3 ' such as they are they wish also to appear' misses a point by translating sunt instead of esse; III. 4. 4 sit is ignored; III. 12. 6 saeuituri means ' on the point of venting his passion' not ' in the act' of doing so; III. 25. 1 filium shows that acerba before funera means not ' piteous' but ' untimely,' and cp. De Rent. Fort. 13. 2 ; III. 38. 2 omnibus is not the antecedent of qui; III. 41. 2 a point is lost in representing esse by ' seek' instead of 'have ' ; De Clem. I. 6. 2 quaesitoribus means not ' prosecutors' but ' presiding commissioners.' In De Const. 11. 3, De Ira II. 28. 7 and III. 32. 1 value is not given to the diminutive seruulus, though it is given in De Ira III. 12. 6; in De Ira II. 7. 3 bona is probably nominative not ablative; II. 9. 1 coercitione means ' chastisement' rather than 'restraint,' as in De Breu. Vit. 3. 2 and De Ira I. 16. 1 and II. 28. 1, where it is rightly translated; De Const. 10. 4 euincit probably comes from euincere not euincire; and De Ira III. 17 3 pauit probably comes from pascere not pauere. In De Ira I. 16. 4 there is no sense in ' I should not have prescribed the same treatment to all, though their diseases differed,' and ' though ' must be changed to ' if.' Mr. Basore is sparing with his explanatory notes, but he might have given one on talaribus in De Iralll. 19.1, which he translates 'knotted bones,' especially as A. Stewart gives ' boots' and Bourgery ' brodequins.' On p. 380 Mr. Basore says ' Dio gives correctly the praenomen Gaius'; he gives it correctly (LV. 14. 1) as Gnaeus. There are misprints on p. 152, dedicatior for delicatior; p. 432, Shelly's; and p. 442, proportione for pro portione. G. B. A. FLETCHER.


Selection of a diverse set of solvents is important for systematic investigation of polymorph landscape and quick identification of the stable polymorph. The diversity of selected solvents is usual...


Post retention in root canal is an important factor on the success of restorations in endodontically treated teeth that received intra-radicular retainers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the type of post, cement and relief depth on the tensile strength of nonmetallic posts in bovine incisor roots. Ninety bovine incisors had their coronary portion sectioned, resulting in 15.0mm roots, that received endodontic therapy. The roots were randomly divided into two groups (n=45): PFVL smooth fiber glass posts; PFVS serrated fiber glass posts. A new division was made for different relief into 3 groups (n=15): P55.0 mm relief; P7, 5 7.5 mm relief; P1010.0 mm relief. Sequentially these groups were subdivided into another 3 (n=5): CRQchemical resin cement; CRDdual resin cement; CIVglass ionomer cement. Tensile strength test (N) was performed in a mechanical testing machine, in a speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data collected were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test (p = 0.05). Comparing the posts, the smooth (192.04±8.35) showed higher tensile strength than the serrated (154.889±8.37). The extent of 5.0mm (138.33±10.23) and 7.5mm (146.19±10.26) presented similar statistical values, and lower than 10.0mm (235.50±10.20). In relation to the cement type, Rely X ARC showed higher statistical values than Cement Post, and this presented higher values than Rely X luting. It was concluded that as high is the cementation depth, high will be the post retention. The resin cements showed higher tensile strength values than the ionomeric cement.


In the article the research of the influence of the auxiliary power supply on a power line by the imitating models created in the program MatLab complex are executed. Oscillograms of currents and voltages on elements of the scheme, the chart of spectral structure of network current are received.


Abstract : The current conduction mechanisms of 4H-SiC p+n mesa diodes were studied using current-voltage-temperature (I-V-T), capacitance-voltage-temperature (C-V-T), deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), optical observations, and reverse breakdown measurements. Temperature and voltage dependencies of diffusion, recombination, and tunneling current processes are shown to be consistent with Sah-Noyce-Shockley theory. Recombination currents having an ideality factor of A=1.85-2.1 yielded an activation energy of E sub A=1.56 eV, whereas for ideal recombination, A=2 and E sub A=1.6 eV. Forward I-V curves of poor diodes dominated by tunneling and recombination processes, showing low reverse breakdown voltages of approx. 100 V, can be correlated to DLTS results which show large defect concentrations, and spectral observations indicating radiative recombination via defect sites. On the other hand, well-behaved diodes exhibited a breakdown voltage at approx. 450 V, a spectral output centered at 385 nm, and recombination-to-diffusion current ratios of 10(exp 12)-10(exp 29) that agree with theory. C-V-T, DLTS, and reverse I-V-T data revealed several defect centers. C-V-T and reverse I-V-T measurements yielded an energy level at approx. 70 and approx. 62 meV, respectively, which is possibly attributable to nitrogen donor levels. Reverse I-V-T and DLTS results, in approximately half of the diodes tested, yielded a second trap level at 173 + or -19 and 150 + or -34 meV, respectively. Approximately 20% of the well-behaved diodes tested were found to breakdown unexpectedly at reverse biases as low as 95 V. It is believed that this unexpected breakdown is due to nanopipe defects in the diodes.


Introduction Recently, the magneto-optical Kerr effects(MOKE) have been attracting much attention due to applications of the effect as a tool in probing magnetism as well as a readout mechanism in highdensity magneto-optical recording. Furthermore, magnetic thin films have been attracting much attention due to a wealth of interesting physical properties and their applications. To understand their novel magnetic properties, the MOKE has been widely used because of its high sensitivity to the spinpolarized electronic band structure which causes magnetism. The quantitative analysis of the MOKE for the special and simple cases, where the incident angle of light is normal and the direction of the magnetization is in-plane or perpendicular to the film plane, has been widely studied by many researchers. The quantitative analysis of the MOKE signal on the general cases, where the direction of the magnetization is arbitrary and the direction of the incident beam is not normal, is quite important for the wide applications of the MOKE methods to investigate magnetic thin films. However, it is not simple because of their complicated relations[ 1-3]. Due to their complicated relations, the studies about the MOKE have been limited by their analytic analyses. However, quite recently[ 4], we have derived simplified analytic formulae for the MOKE of an optically thick magnetic film. In this study, we extend these formulae for the ultrathin magnetic films which exhibit a novel interesting physical properties.


An enormous amount of energy is generated by railway cars when applying regenerative braking in train stations. This article discusses the methods for absorbing, storing, and using the energy produced by regenerative braking. Two methods are proposed: 1) regenerative energy is fed back to the distribution grid for supplying stationary loads at train stations and 2) regenerative energy is used to charge railway car-mounted storage containers, which can also supply stationary loads or be transported elsewhere for supplying remote loads. The working principles and topological structures of the two methods are introduced. In addition, main circuits and corresponding control systems are simulated, and analyses are conducted to validate the proposed methods for train stations in China.


Objective We aimed to develop a nomogram to predict cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) treated with primary surgery to provide more accurate risk stratification for patients. Methods We retrospectively collected data of 1144 eligible patients with HSCC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2004 and 2015. Patients were randomly divided into training and validation groups (ratio 6:4) and we used univariate and multivariate Cox analysis. We developed and validated a nomogram using calibration plots and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic, Kaplan–Meier, and decision curves. Results Age; marital status; T, N, and M stage; and postoperative adjuvant therapy were independent factors associated with CSS, which were included in the nomogram. The nomogram's C-index was 0.705 to 0.723 in the training group and 0.681 to 0.736 in the validation group, which were significantly higher than conventional American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging. Calibration curves showed good agreement between prediction and observation in both groups. Kaplan–Meier and decision curves suggested the nomogram had better risk stratification and net benefit than conventional AJCC staging. Conclusions We established a nomogram that was superior to conventional AJCC staging in predicting CSS for HSCC.


Objective: To study the rates of lower genital tract infections (Candida spp., bacterial vaginosis (BV), Trichomonas vaginalis), during pregnancy. Material and methods: Two hundred and twenty three vaginal swab specimens from pregnant women who attended the Obstetrics Section at the Hospital of Clinics from August 1, 2005 to January 15, 2006, were prospectively and consecutively examined. The diagnosis of Candida spp. was made by microscopic wet smear examination with saline solution and potassium hydroxide at 10% and culture (Sabouraud agar and blood agar). The diagnosis of BV was made using the Nugent ́s score (≥ 7) and the presence of three or more of the following criteria described by Amsel: presence of clue-cells in the microscopic examination, pH ≥ 4.5, fishy odor test positive and thin, homogeneous vaginal discharge. The investigation of T. vaginalis was made by Artemisa medigraphic en línea


The above article, published online on 17 July 2020 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief, Kevin Ryan and John Wiley and Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed following an investigation into concerns raised by a third party, which revealed inappropriate duplications of image panels within the article (multiple panels of fig. 2G and 3C), as well as inappropriate duplications of panels in figs 1D, 2G, and 3C with another study [1], which shares two of the authors. Compelling raw data was not available. Thus, the editors consider the conclusions of this manuscript substantially compromised.


Background: To explain the vastly different phenotypes exhibited by the same organism under different conditions, it is essential that we understand how the organism's genes are coordinately regulated. While there are many excellent tools for predicting sequences encoding proteins or RNA genes, few algorithms exist to predict regulatory sequences on a genome wide scale with no prior information. Results: To identify motifs involved in the control of transcription, an algorithm was developed that searches upstream of operons for improbably frequent dimers. The algorithm was applied to the B. subtilis genome, which is predicted to encode for approximately 200 DNA binding proteins. The dimers found to be over-represented could be clustered into 317 distinct groups, each thought to represent a class of motifs uniquely recognized by some transcription factor. For each cluster of dimers, a representative weight matrix was derived and scored over the regions upstream of the operons to predict the sites recognized by the cluster's factor, and a putative regulon of the operons immediately downstream of the sites was inferred. The distribution in number of operons per predicted regulon is comparable to that for well characterized transcription factors. The most highly over-represented dimers matched σ, the T-box, and σ sites. We have evidence to suggest that at least 52 of our clusters of dimers represent actual regulatory motifs, based on the groups' weight matrix matches to experimentally characterized sites, the functional similarity of the component operons of the groups' ∗To whom correspondence should be addressed, E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com


We investigate a class of models with a massless fermion and a self-interacting scalar field with the Yukawa interaction between these two fields. The models considered are formulated in two and four spacetime dimensions and possess a discrete symmetry. We calculate the chiral condensates which are calculated in the one-loop approximation. We show that the models have phase transitions as a function of the coupling constants.


The IEEE 802.15.4-based low-data rate wireless personal area network (LoWPAN) is a basic building block of the Internet of Things. When the sensor devices are deployed on the LoWPAN, each of the devices should first join the LoWPAN, allowing for the binding of two or more devices with each other for cooperation; therefore, the join-and-binding protocol should be secured against malicious effects as part of the normal operation of the LoWPAN. Security bootstrapping for the join and binding involves the establishment of a trust relationship so that the devices are joined or bound securely. In this paper, a new, secure join-and-binding protocol is proposed for the IEEE 802.15.4-based LoWPAN. The proposed protocol is different from the previous works in terms of security and efficiency, as it is based on a new security bootstrapping scheme for which device identifiers that are constructed from an elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman public key and a media access control address are used. The proposed protocol is extensively analyzed and compared with previous schemes in terms of security and performance.


This is a theoretical and numerical study of fully developed forced convection in various rectangular ducts. Each duct is filled with porous materials and the Brinkman model describes the laminar fluid flow inside this fully saturated porous passage. A Fourier series solution provides the exact solution for the velocity field. Also, a Fourier series solution can produce the temperature profile for a condition of constant energy input per unit length. This includes two different wall condition: a uniform wall temperature at any axial location and a locally uniform heat flux over the boundary. The case of constant wall temperature over the entire passage is also accommodated using a special analytical/numerical solution.


We revisit the well-known weekend anomaly (Gibbons and Hess, 1981; Harris, 1986; Smirlock and Straks, 1986; Connolly, 1989; Giovanis, 2010) using an established macroeconometric technique known as spectral analysis (Granger, 1964; Sargent, 1987). Our findings show that using regression analysis with dichotomous variables, spectral analysis helps establishing the robustness of the estimated parameters based on a sample of the SP Grune and Semmler, 2008; Semmler et al., 2009). We suggest investment practitioners to consider using spectral analysis for establishing the 'stylized facts' of the financial time series under scrutiny and for regression models validation purposes.


Kalman filtering algorithm can be used not only in state estimation,but also in online parameter estimation of dynamic system,especially in the time-varying parameter estimation.The traditional Kalman filtering algorithm can not be used directly when the system parameters are not precisely known or change with time.Based on the interval analysis,this paper analyzes a kind of interval Kalman filtering algorithm to deal with the uncertainty of system parameters under the precondition of other assumptive conditions being the same as that of standard Kalman filtering through establishing the interval model of the uncertainty system,and discusses its application into the parameter estimation.


Abstract : In this article, a new method of analysis of the second order multivariable state-space and singular systems using Leapfrog method is presented. To illustrate the effectiveness of the Leapfrog method, an example of the second order multivariable state-space and singular systems has been considered and the solutions were obtained using methods taken from the literature [8] and Leapfrog method. The obtained discrete solutions are compared with the exact solutions of the second order multivariable state-space and singular systems. Error calculations for the second order multivariable state-space and singular systems have been presented in the Table form to show the efficiency of this Leapfrog method. This Leapfrog method can be easily implemented in a digital computer and the solution can be obtained for any length of time.


Bistable mechanical systems having two local minima of potential energy can rest in either of the two stable equilibrium states in the absence of external loadings. A snap‐through action may occur under suitable stimuli and/or loading, during which such systems exhibit distinct properties from linear structures. Such kinds of structures have been widely exploited for designing advanced functional systems for a variety of applications. Here, the advances of bistable structures are summarized for novel advanced functional systems, including actuators, energy harvesters, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), robotics, energy absorbers, and programmable devices as well as metamaterials. The controllable snap‐through motions are highlighted in the nonlinear structures of bistability/multistability. Finally, the major principles, structures, pros and cons, and the future research directions along with its challenges are discussed.


The current experiment's purpose was to map the range of effective long conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-UCS) intervals in juveniles and to study the effects of extended intervals on long-term retention for both juveniles and adults. The time limit for effective CS-UCS intervals (the period between the introduction of the novel stimuli and experimentally induced illness) has not been established in juvenile rats. Gregg, et al. (1) found, howevec, that when 3 novel substance was injected directly into the oral cavity of 15-day-old rats, the subjects acquired aversions with delays of 2 hr. Because weanling rats are more mature than the 15-day-old an~mals, it follows that they should be capable of learning taste aversion when 2 hr. or longer delays are employed. Further, both juvenile ( 2 ) and 15-day-old rats ( 1 ) exhibit long-term retention (38 and 23 days, respectively) of aversions established with immediate CS-UCS pairings. Perhaps a more sensitive test for mamrational differences in retention lies in the unexplored relationship between extended CS-UCS delays and long-term retention. In this case, subjects would have to associate in one trial the novel flavor with illness over a long interval and then rerain the aversion for many weeks. Fifty-six juvenile and 30 adult Charles R~ver albino water-deprived rats were allowed 10 min. access to two bottles containing ,2596 W / V saccharin solution. Experimental subjects were then made ill with a 2% body we~ght LiCl solution intubated 5, 30, 60, 240, or 480 min. after drinking. Controls were ~ntubated with a 2% body weight NaCl solution 5 min. after saccharin exposure. Three days later all subjects were water deprived and given 10 min. access to saccharin solution and water simultaneously. Learning tasce aversion was measured by recording the amount of saccharin consumed at this test session (test Day 1 ) . Retention of learning was measured in the same manner at 43 days (test Day 2 ) after poisoning. Orthogonal comparisons between test Day 1 means showed the following: there was no difference between the means of the control groups and the 480min. conditions combined across age. The control and 480 means were significantly higher than 5-min., 30-min., 60-min., and 240-min. delays combined across age (&,la7 = 111.58, p < .001). Juveniles drank significantly less than adults only at the 240-min. delay (F1,im = 11.7, p < .01). Juveniles learned taste aversion at all the delays except for the longest interval, bur adults showed learning for the intervals up to 60 min. Orthogonal comparisons between test Day 1 and 2 means were used to assess juveniles' and adults' retention. The only significant comparison (FI.la7 = 9.125, p < ,005) indicated that the young rats did not retain the aversion at the 240-min. delay. All rats exposed to delay intervals of 60 min. or less retained aversions for 43 days. In summary, the study found that juvenile rats can learn aversions with CS-UCS delays as long as 4 hr., and both juveniles and adults can retain aversions for 43 days with CS-UCS intervals up to 1 hr. Consolidation of such learning appears to be limited by only extremely long CS-UCS intervals. These findings support the hypothesis that physiological mechanisms which underlie taste aversions are fully developed in the juvenile rat.


A theory-based integrated modelling work of plasma response to deuterium fuelling in the new Divertor Tokamak Test facility (DTT) is performed, using the 1.5D transport code JETTO with the quasi-linear anomalous transport model QuaLiKiz for the core region. The full power DTT scenario E1 is investigated. It is characterised by 28.8 MW of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating, 10 MW of Neutral Beam Injection and 6 MW of Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating to the plasma. Plasma density and temperature profile evolution is calculated up to the separatrix using two different fuelling methods, gas puffing and pellet injection, and two different seeding gases, argon and neon. To sustain the desired pedestal density level with gas puffing a big amount of neutral flux at the separatrix is needed. The feasibility limits of the pumping system are exceeded, regardless of the type of impurity introduced, thus making the use of pellets mandatory. The simulations performed with pellet injection as fuelling method predict that the pedestal density is well sustained with realistic parameters foreseen for the DTT pellet injector. Strong dependence of the core density on the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) power deposition profile is found. Trapped Electron Modes dominance, low outward flux and strongly hollow density in the inner core region are foreseen with central peaked ECR power deposition profile. Ion Temperature Gradient modes dominance, inward flux and robust density sustainment on the whole radial interval are predicted for spread ECR power deposition, though with central density close to the ECR cut-off limit and with peaked impurity densities. An intermediate deposition extension is found to sustain the whole density profile and to obtain flatter core densities, as previously predicted for the reference full power DTT scenario by fixed pedestal simulations. The ECR deposition is negligibly modified by refraction changes both during a single pellet cycle and after several pellet cycles, indicating full compatibility between the ECR system and the pellet injection system.


In his philosophy of history,Karl·Popper put forward his viewpoint of opposing historical determinism in order to combat the historical determinism of Karl·Marx.The thesis criticizes the nihilism of historical law and scientific determinism,which were two main arguments in Popper's viewpoint of opposing historical determinism.At last,the author analyses the source of Popper's erroneous viewpoint.


One of the major problems regarding to Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is related to the definition of its architecture. Self-Organizing Polynomial Neural Networks (SOPNN) can be used to alleviate this problem. However, it causes an increase in the computational cost and the addition of other parameters such as the number of entries in each neuron and the polynomial type. The first disadvantage of using SOPPNN can be mitigated by a technique of matrix inversion, while the second by Differential Evolution, a type of Evolutionary Algorithm. In this paper, it is proposed a combination of techniques in order to find the best SOPNN applied to the task of time series prediction. The developed method combines differential evolution, matrix inversion and SOPNN and simultaneously search for the best values of parameters, the network architecture and weights. Finally, it was noted that the errors obtained with the proposed method were very similar to those obtained with conventional techniques, but with the advantages of the architecture be structured without user interference and with very low computational cost.


Tax has an important component in a country to carry out national development. In each year the largest contribution in state revenue to meet the APBN posture in tax revenues is approximately 70%. Thus, taxes become one of the largest funds for routine expenditure and development expenditure in the receipt of government funds in the State. The Effect of Tax Justice, Taxation System, Discrimination, Technology and Tax Information on Tax Evasion becomes the objective to find out more about the influence of each variable. The number of samples used in this study were 100 corporate taxpayers. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire. This research uses multiple regression analysis method with technical data analysis using descriptive test, data instrument test, and classic assumption test. The results showed that Tax Justice has an influence on tax evasion (tvalue taxation) for the Tax Justice variable which is 2,366 and significant that is equal to 0.020 <0.05, Taxation system has an influence on tax evasion (tax evasion) t-value for the Taxation System variable is 2,287 and a significance of 0.024 <0.05, Tax Discrimination has an effect on tax evasion t-value for the Tax Discrimination variable which is 2,232 and significant is 0.035 <0.05, Technology and Information taxation has the influence of the tax evasion (tax evasion) value of the t-count for the variable Technology and tax information is 2,181 and significant that is equal to 0.036 <0.05.


The high-voltage DC adopts the simulation idea of a two-circuit system on the same convertor. The current DC system availability indicators were insufficient and proposed two reliability indicators, operating utilization and operating availability. At the same time, the active planned outage mode and the activities planned energy unavailability rate index was proposed, and the reliability evaluation program algorithm analysis based on programming developed to verify the feasibility of the power outage maintenance optimization mode, and at the same time provide certain guidance and reference significance for the subsequent design work of the same type of research. A calculation algorithm for evaluating the impact of the outage DC on the reliability of the system is proposed to calculate the value of the transmission system.


The objective of "Condition Monitoring" (CM) is to ensure smooth production operations. Traditional reactive and proactive CM processes are not enough. Horizontal and vertical IT integration form the basis for process optimization through predictive and prescriptive management. Digital concepts of industry 4.0 enable innovative business models and flexible business processes. APPLICATION POTENTIAL OF CONDITION


The goal of this study was to design Cefpodoxime Proxetil SMEDDS (self-microemulsifying drug delivery system), to improve solubility and permeability which could improve therapeutic performance and drug loading capacity. Castor oil, Tween 80, PEG 400 were used as the oil, surfactant, and, co-surfactant respectively. A ternary phase diagram was used to choose the best formulations. Selected formulations were evaluated for various parameters. According to the findings, all SMEDDS formulations had nano-sized globules, good stability, and rapid dispersibility of microemulsions, which were clear and slightly bluish in colour, and no symptoms of phase separation, creaming or, cracking Intestinal permeability studies of SMEDDS formulations show that the drug diffused through a biological membrane is more when given in form of SMEDDS. The present investigation has shown that it is possible to enhance the solubility and permeability of poorly soluble drugs.


Insulated metal substrates (IMS) constructed with three layers a metal base plate, a thin insulation layer and a copper conduction foil have been applied to power circuits of 100-400 V. In such IMS, the insulation layer is stressed under a high strength electric field of 1-3 kV/mm. This paper describes the results of enhanced thermal humidity bias tests (THB) (85/spl deg/C,70%RH,DC800V,1250 V) for the insulation layer. It was clarified that copper ion migration occurred in the insulation layer and that its occurrence was related to the amount of ionic impurity in insulation material. The new IMS which the authors have developed has increased resistance to such copper ion migration.


In global seafood industries, production and consumption of Indian white shrimps (Vannamei) have considerably increased due to its sense of taste and nutritive value. At the same time, monitoring its perishable quality and shelf life to meet export standards is proving to be a major concern and also preserving the shrimps is very hard. The freshness of shrimp is one of the important qualities that consumers care about because deteriorated shrimp have many spoilage microorganisms which are harmful to human well-known. Deep learning technology exactly tackles the problem of selecting the features manually. However, the deep learning technology requires a large number of training samples. To address this, we adopted Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) for data augmentation to enhance the original training set. We proposed a hybrid CNN and SVM model with application of GAN based augmentation and investigated with traditional method which was also trained under different setting for extensive comparison study. The qualitative results show that model trained under GAN augmentation shows better identity. Lastly, we conclude that the hybrid CNN and SVM presents lower complexity with higher accuracy of 98.1%, suitable for real time and automated technique in industrial-level applications.


The infection by Salmonella enterica results in the massive remodeling of the endosomal system of eukaryotic host cells. One unique consequence is the formation of long tubular endosomal compartments, so‐called Salmonella‐induced filaments (SIF). Formation of SIF requires the function of type III secretion system and is a requirement of efficient intracellular proliferation of Salmonella. Using high‐resolution live cell imaging approaches and electron microscopy, we report for the first time the highly dynamic characteristics of SIF and their ultrastructural properties. In the early phase of infection (4–5 h), SIF display highly dynamic properties in various types of host cells. SIF extend, branch and contract rapidly, and a stabilized network of SIF is formed later (≥8 h after infection). The velocities of SIF extension and contraction in the different phases of infection were quantified. Our observations lead to novel models for the modification of host cell transport processes by virulence factors of intracellular Salmonella.


The purpose of this article is to present reflections, from a theoretical point of view, on how the learning of additional languages (AL), seen as a right of all people, can contribute so that the student has more mobility and, therefore, can develop his/her autonomy and his/her agency. The teaching-learning of AL can be considered a focus on bi/multilingual education, seen as the student development in two or more languages. Such development is not restricted to school/academic aspects; it goes far beyond them, involving total student development, which implies social, cultural, cognitive, emotional aspects, among others.


In order to accurately predict the frame loss phenomenon, this study proposes a continuous frame loss test for CSD-ELM short-range wireless communication. First, the noise and trend direction of CSD-ELM are removed, the preprocessing of the data is completed, then, these data are injected into the BP neural network as a training sample, continuous frame loss tests are performed on the communication data, the results are output, and the calculation formula is obtained. The test results show that the method has higher accuracy, lower false alarm rate, and shorter test time and is suitable for the detection of continuous data frame loss in short-distance wireless communication. Then, this study proposes an integrated WELM algorithm, which combines the features of AdaBoost, which can generate strong classifiers through the integration of weak classifiers, so as to achieve the best performance for imbalanced data classification. The algorithm assigns different methods to update the weights of different types of samples, so as not to violate the skewness of the weight distribution. The sigmoid function uses error calculation technology, which can separately reflect the classification characteristics of the two samples, and improves the antinoise function of the algorithm. Finally, this study introduces how to analyze and design a college network English learning management system that can meet the requirements of "network system and classroom English teaching mode" in the internet environment. It solves the time limitation of existing English classrooms, expands college English courses to be student centered, creates interactive online classroom spaces, realizes English classrooms regardless of time and region, avoids teachers' duplication of work, improves teachers' teaching efficiency, and ultimately promotes the improvement of students' learning efficiency.


Supernova remnants emit over much of the electromagnetic spectrum, and by taking advantage of that fact, we can strive to understand their global characteristics in ways that are not always possible for other kinds of objects. Observations in the optical, ultraviolet, and especially over this combined range (when possible) can provide a wealth of information on chemical abundances, kinematics, and physical conditions and processes in the shock fronts and associated emission of young supernova remnants. I briefly review some of the historical and recent work in this spectral range as it pertains to young remnants of core collapse and Type Ia supernovae.


To reduce the horizontal vibration of a high-speed elevator car caused by the excitation of a guide rail more effectively, a differential magnetic suspension active guide shoe based on the principle of the differential magnetic suspension actuator is designed. Then the dynamic model of the active vibration damping system of the elevator car is established and an LQR controller is designed to reduce the horizontal vibration of the car. To search the weighting coefficient matrix of the LQR controller more efficiently, an algorithm named Jumping inertia Weight Particle Swarm Optimization (JWPSO) algorithm is proposed, and the frequently used fitness function verifies the optimization effect of the JWPSO algorithm. The weighting coefficient matrix of the LQR controller is optimized using the JWPSO algorithm. Finally, the impact of the JWPSO algorithm-optimized LQR controller is verified by MATLAB. The simulation result shows that the designed active vibration controller can effectively attenuate the horizontal vibration of the elevator car, and the control effect is significantly better than the LQR controller optimized by the GA algorithm and the H-inf controller optimized by LMI. This paper provided a new method for horizontal vibration reduction of the high-speed elevator car.


A manga (Japanese comic) illustrating a meeting between Pipo-kun, the mascot for the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, and Manko-chan, the famous anthropomorphized female genitalia.


The formation of well trained, organized, and supervised clinical staff working in collaboration with security officers, has resulted in a reduction of work-place violence injuries to staff, according to the authors. In addition, the rate of restraint deployment for disruptive patients has also been reduced.


The game of golf was linked to the first European tourist movement in the mid-nineteenth century. Following the
path marked by British travellers to warmer climates, encouraged by the hygienists and healthy trends and appreciation of landscape and Nature, the golf course was causing a disturbing transformation on the host territory.


The paper addresses the importance of proper modeling of boundary conditions in preparing a FEA model for topology optimization of load-carrying structural parts. More specifically, the focus is on possible variations of support conditions during the service life of a structural part. Such variations emerge from various reasons, for example, from a fixing screw becoming loose. Since such variations are not deterministic and may cause the structural part to operate within a wide range of various conditions, this paper aims to improve the insight into this problem and to suggest a way to mitigate it. For this purpose, a bracket intended to carry a hydraulic motor is used as a test example and the topology of its design is optimized under various support conditions. The results are then analyzed in order to evaluate the consequences, caused by variations of the supports. Furthermore, a novel optimization procedure scheme is proposed based on selective load cases activity. This procedure aims to reduce the computational effort that may otherwise increase by an order of magnitude due to addition of all possible support variations. It is shown that adequate preparation of load cases that include all possible support conditions is of extreme importance since otherwise the part may behave badly in practical application even if its design looks to be quite reasonable. The new proposed optimization procedure also proves to reduce the needed computational effort substantially.


This work demonstrates that Fully-Depleted Silicon On Insulator (FDSOI) transistors processed at low temperature (overall process temperature kept below 600°C) exhibit no strong degradation of the off current as compared to their conventional Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) counterparts. It is shown that tunnelling leakage is not the dominant mechanism of the leakage current and that the more abrupt junction achieved by Solid Phase Epitaxial Regrowth (SPER) is not problematic in terms of leakage current . Guidelines to achieve low access resistance within such a process are provided. Introduction Low temperature (LT) FDSOI processing -i.e. overall fabrication process temperature (T) below 600°Carouses interest to alleviate gate stack challenges in terms of EOT [1], work function control and to obtain shallow junctions [2]. Furthermore, it is an asset in the perspective of 3D monolithic integration as it preserves the integrity of the bottom layer [1]. It has been previously observed that SPER leads to small access resistance, compatible with high performance FDSOI devices [1]. In this work, we show that the off current shows no strong degradation in the SPER devices compared to conventional RTP devices. A temperature analysis of the off-state current is performed in order to identify the dominant leakage mechanism. Device fabrication P and N type FDSOI transistors with 25 nm thick SOI film, 3 nm HfO2 and TiN/Poly-Si gate stack were fabricated with a process where the fabrication T was kept below 600°C. The process is summarized in Fig.1. Special attention was paid to use LT oxide and nitride (for hardmask and spacers, respectively). The most challenging LT part i.e. dopant activation was realized thanks to the use of SPER. The SPER process is based on the LT recrystallization (occurring around 600°C) of pre-amorphized Si and results in a metastable electrical activation of the dopants above the solid solubility limit [3]. Reference devices with the conventional RTP activation were used for comparison. Results and discussion Ioff control SPER activation around 600°C has proven to be efficient from an on-current point of view but it also leads to an increase of the off-current [4-8]. The low thermal budget is indeed insufficient to heal the end-of-range defects which are located just beyond the amorphized layer [5-8]. The residual defects intensify SRH recombination and trap assisted tunnelling (TAT). Additionally, the abrupt doping profile obtained thanks to the diffusionless activation mechanism may increase tunnelling. Fig.2 compares Ion-Ioff values of the reference devices and SPER PFETs. It is observed that, with a FDSOI process, SPER devices can match the performance of their high T counterparts. Fig.3 displays the Id-Vg characteristics with SPER and RTP in linear and saturation regime respectively. A slight current increase in accumulation for both N and P-type devices is observed in the saturation regime. Fig.4 shows the evolution of Idmin, i.e. the minimum current reached in saturation: on average, SPER leads to a 1.5 decades increase of Idmin. The Id-Vg curves with Vd ramping up from 0.2V to 1.2 V are shown in Fig.5. It is observed that, with increasing Vd, Gate Induced Drain Leakage (GIDL) tends to occur at lower Vg. GIDL current can be caused by either trap induced leakage or tunnelling leakage. To investigate the dominant GIDL mechanisms, the Id-Vg characteristics were studied, both in linear saturation regime, as a function of temperature. The corresponding plots are shown in Figs. 5 and 6 for N and PFET respectively. To determine whether tunnelling is the dominant mechanism of the leakage, log[Id/(|Vdg|-1.2) 2 ] is plotted as a function of 1/(|Vdg|-1.2) (Figs. 7 and 8). A linear behaviour of this characteristic is the hallmark of tunnelling [9]. We observe that for RTP devices, both for N and P-type FETs, a linear behaviour is obtained at high |Vg|, indicating that tunnelling leakage is dominant under these biases [9]. At low |Vg|, the curves exhibit a plateau, whose length decreases with T, showing that defects assisted current is then the main mechanism involved. However the log[Id/(|Vdg|-1.2) 2 ] curves of SPER devices at 300K do not show a linear behavior neither at low nor at high |Vg|, which indicates that tunnelling leakage is not the dominant leakage mechanism. On current optimization SPER is a diffusionless activation technique and therefore allows achieving ultra-shallow junctions. However, it is reported that dopants outside the amorphized region are not activated or that their dose is too small to fit the value targeted for extensions [5]. Using SPER in SOI requires accurate process tuning. Indeed, amorphization of the whole film suppresses the crystalline seed required for regrowth. As shown in Fig. 9, lateral recrystallization is unable to promote S/D regrowth. In Fig.10, the sheet resistance Rsheet of As doped (3keV through 3nm SiO2) Si film is plotted as a function of Si thickness (TSi) for several doses. Rsheet follows the theoretical 1/TSi law up to a critical thickness (dependent on the dose) for which the film is fully amorphized during implantation, leading to a dramatic increase of Rsheet. From these data and atomistic simulations providing amorphization thickness [10], we can deduce that the minimum silicon thickness required for efficient recrystallization is around 1nm. Conclusion The off-state performance of SPER and RTP FDSOI transistors are compared. It is shown that for PFETs the same Ion-Ioff trade-off could be reached. Idmin is slightly larger in the case of SPER compared to RTP. The increase is not attributed to tunnelling leakage but to implantation defects. This offers the perspective of improving the leakage performance by implantation engineering in SPER. Also, it is shown that lateral recrystallization is insufficient to induce regrowth in the extension region. However, a 1 nm thick crystalline seed is shown to be sufficient for the extension vertical regrowth. -1014Extended Abstracts of the 2010 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials, Tokyo, 2010, pp1014-1015 C-6-4


Lipid metabolism disorders, such as Gaucher disease and Tay-
Sachs disease, involve lipids. Lipids are fats or fat-like substances.
They include oils, fatty acids, waxes, and cholesterol...


Distraction Osteogenesis is a technique of inducing de novo bone formation by utilising bone's ability to regenerate by controlled and gradual callus traction that forms between surgically osteotomized bone segments. One of its major advantages is simultaneous soft tissue (skin, muscle, and neurovascular structures) formation, which stabilizes skeletal reconstruction. We present the treatment of an adult patient who had severe mandibular deficiency & obstructive sleep apnea secondary to TMJ Ankylosis release. Bilateral Biplanar Distraction was performed with extraoral Distractors which resulted in drastic improvement in patients profile ANB decreased from 22 to 11, Ramal length increased from 25mm to 32mm, Corpus was lengthened from 34mm to 52mm, Overjet was decreased from 14mm to 9mm. Also, the pharyngeal airway space was improved significantly which was attributed to the anterior growth of the mandible. Chin augmentation as a secondary surgery with PTFE chin implant was performed after 7 months to correct chin deficiency post-distraction. Results were extremely satisfactory and stable both aesthetically and functionally even at a follow-up of 2 years. KEYWORDS; Bilateral Biplanar Distraction Osteogenesis, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, PTFE chin implant, TMJ ankylosis, Mandibular retrognathia INTRODUCTION Distraction Osteogenesis is a technique of inducing de novo bone formation by utilising bone's ability to regenerate by controlled and gradual callus traction that forms between surgically osteotomized bone segments. One of its major advantages is simultaneous soft tissue (skin, muscle, and neurovascular structures) formation [2] , which stabilizes skeletal reconstruction. We present the treatment of an adult patient who had severe mandibular deficiency & obstructive sleep apnea secondary to TMJ Ankylosis release. Bilateral Biplanar Distraction was performed with extraoral Distractors which resulted in drastic improvement in patients profile ANB decreased from 22 ° to 11 ° , Ramal length increased from 25mm to 32mm, Corpus was lengthened from 34mm to 52mm, Overjet was decreased from 14mm to 9mm. Also, the pharyngeal airway space was improved significantly which was attributed to the anterior growth of the mandible. Chin augmentation as a secondary surgery with PTFE chin implant was performed after 7 months to correct chin deficiency post-distraction. Results were extremely satisfactory and stable both aesthetically and functionally even at a follow-up of 2 years. Journal of Government Dental College and Hospital, March 2018, Vol.-04, Issue02, P. 69-79 70 www.jgdch.com, PISSN: 23948701, E ISSN: 2394 – 871X BACKGROUND Distraction was first thought of by Codivilla [4] in 1905; after which Ilizarov established the foundation of Distraction Osteogenesis and its role in orthopaedic management. In 1973, Synder et al showed the application in craniofacial surgery. 20 years later, McCarthy and colleagues in 1992 reported the first case of mandibular lengthening in 4 children with congenital mandibular deficiency. Kaban et al [5] provided definitive guidelines for the management TMJ Ankylosis.However, issues pertaining to secondary facial deformities and reduced nocturnal oxygen saturation levels continue to haunt both, patients as well as surgeons. For resolving these, much work has been done till date and various protocols have been formed. Orthognathic Surgery, Distraction Osteogenesis and Transport Distraction have revolutionised the management of these morbid conditions.To lengthen severely hypoplastic mandible involving corpus as well as ramus, Biplanar devices are preferred over Uniplanar devices for better control over the vector, when three-dimensional vector control is required and gonial angle control is necessary.The case here is presented with proposed treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS) with severely deficient mandible by extraoralBiplanar distractors for the independent distraction of the osteotomized corpus and ramus bilaterally. Cephalometric analysis was done to measure the length of preoperative deficient and post chin implant after consolidation. Also, Pharyngeal airway space (PAS) was measured using cephalometry. CT scans were done to evaluate the amount of movement required and that achieved. CASE PRESENTATION A 15-year-old female patient reported to the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery at Government Dental College & Hospital, Ahmedabad with the chief complaint of difficulty in breathing during sleep, facial asymmetry, and retruded lower jaw.Thorough clinical history revealed the patient had a fall 10 years back. No definitive treatment was sought. Gradually she noticed a decrease in mouth opening, which ultimately led to complete trismus. As she grew up, mandibular growth was hampered and facial asymmetry in the form of micrognathia and microgenia started getting evident. She had undergone surgery to release TMJ Ankylosis 7 months back in another unit when the ankylotic mass was resected and bilateral gap arthroplasty was done. Adequate mouth opening was achieved and function of mastication was restored. However, the micrognathia was not addressed. Moreover, the bilateral gap arthroplasty led to a bilateral decrease of ramal length and the mandible falling back and hence, further compromise in pharyngeal airway space that was already scant by virtue of micrognathia secondary to TMJ ankylosis. Soon after the surgery, she started having episodes of nocturnal sleep apnoea leading to marked fall in oxygen saturation levels. This led to the poor quality of life aggravated by lowered self-esteem due to facial deformity. At the time of presentation with OSAS, she had an extremely convex profile, with a severely retruded mandible and chin. Intraoral examination revealed arch length deficiency leading to palatoversion of left maxillary canine, mild rotation and labioversion of left maxillary central incisor, with proclined incisors. She had a full set of teeth in the maxilla and in the mandible on the right side she Journal of Government Dental College and Hospital, March 2018, Vol.-04, Issue02, P. 69-79 70 www.jgdch.com, PISSN: 23948701, E ISSN: 2394 – 871X was edentulous, posterior to the second premolar. On the left side of the mandible, all teeth except third molars were present. Overall it was a case of severe Skeletal Class 2 growth pattern, with soft tissue depression over the ramus, a very obtuse neck chin angle and a very deep lower labiomental sulcus. Functional occlusion was present with minimal overjet and minimal occlusal cant. Cephalometric analysis was done to analyse hard and soft tissue discrepancy, to measure the degree and amount of deficiency present and distraction needed. CT scan was done to aid in diagnosis,and to determine planned osteotomy site . Cephalometric results confirmed severe skeletal class 2 by ANB angle 22, and point A and pog ;10 mm and 43 mm posterior to NV.This showed a huge amount of mandibular discrepancy as well as mandibular retrognathism.Corpus and ramus measured 34mm & 25mm respectively indicating that were deficient.Y Axis 79 ° and increased Gonial angle and mandibular plane showed a posteriorly rotated mandible.Jarabacks ratio of 49.5% indicated a long face which was due to increase anterior facial height as well as decreased posterior facial height of 99mm& 49mm respectively. This all warranted the use of bilateral extraoralbiplanar distractors for increasing bilateral length of the corpus as well as ramus while maintaining gonial angle control.


Photolysis of arenesulfonates in alkaline DMSO under air gave the corresponding desulfonation products, arenes, presumably via the π-π* excited triplet state.


The Cathedral of Solomon is the negative of the traditional idea of a cathedral. It is not a majestic architectural mass, but rather a majestic cavity. Not the most panoramic spot on the island, but its most hidden cave, ideal for constructing its interior landscape. Lampedusa itself becomes architecture. Its interior is emptied and its rocky body opens to receive the barges which arrive from Africa. An enormous arc of safety awaiting alone in the middle of the Mediterranean. The project highlights three points: the singularity of the island, the singularity of the work, and the singularity of the soul.