A broad overview of immigration to America Perhaps a million immigrants came to America between 1565 and 1800, about 20 million in the nineteenth century, and at least 55 million in the twentieth century. During the twentieth century, particularly after World War II, as American immigration laws and regulations became more complex, the phenomenon of illegal immigration became increasingly significant. The numbers above include some 10 million illegal twentieth-century immigrants. Even these approximate numbers are, in a sense, illusory, as they seem to record a permanent move from one nation to another. Yet, from the earliest colonial times, many who came either returned or went somewhere else, and many of those came back again. Specialists estimate that perhaps one immigrant in three later left. Many of these, often called sojourners, always intended to return: but many who came as sojourners - usually to make money - actually stayed, while others, who came intending to remain, eventually left. Almost certainly the most reliable statistic about American immigration is the incidence of immigrants - that is persons who were born somewhere else - in the total population.


INTRODUCTION Unstable subtrochanteric femur fractures are difficult to repair secondary to the multitude and strength of the forces that act in the area of the hip. The proximal segment is flexed, abducted and externally rotated by the ileopsoas and the gluteus muscles. Also, extensive comminution is often seen, complicating internal fixation. The forces acting on the bone in the area are enormous; an 890 Newton man can generate 8.3 megapascals of compressive stress along the medial aspect of the proximal femur, 2.5 – 7.5 cm distal to the lesser trochanter. Lateral femur forces in this region are tensile in nature and are almost the same magnitude as the compressive forces on the medial femur. Hip reaction forces can reach three times actual body weight simply by muscle contraction. Many methods of repair have been tried, each with their own subset of complications. Non-operative management (traction) has unacceptable results with displacement, shortening of the femur, and varus malformation. Operative management has included the following: plating, AO angled blade, intramedullary (IM) nail, Enders nail, Zickel nail, hip screw, and most recently the reconstruction nail. Each of these operative methods has complications of varus malformation, shortening, lengthening, mechanical failure, protrusion of the various nails into the joint, non-union, malunion, among others. The superiority of intramedullary interlocking nails when used for fixation of subtrochanteric fractures has been demonstrated. Secondgeneration IM nails provide more stability than the first-generation nails in unstable subtrochanteric fractures. With the advent of the reconstruction nail, studies have now shown that the reconstruction nail provides additional stiffness and strength to subtrochanteric fracture repair. The purpose of this study was to assess two screw configurations that are possible when utilizing the DePuy Reconstruction Nail. This nail is a second-generation trochanteric nail that is placed into the intramedullary canal in an antegrade fashion. The first screw configuration that was tested was the traditional configuration with two cephalomedullary screws into the femoral neck. The comparative configuration was one cephalomedullary screw into the femoral neck, and a second screw placed antegrade into the lesser trochanter. This resulted in a crossed proximal screw configuration. Our hypothesis was that the crossed screw configuration in the reconstruction nail would be as strong in axial loading as the dual cephalomedullary screw configuration. MATERIALS AND METHODS The DePuy Reconstruction Nail is a trochanteric entry nail that allows the testing of two different proximal screw configurations. One option is to place two parallel 6.5 mm screws, angled at 125 degrees into the femoral neck. The other option is to place one screw into the femoral neck and another 6.5 mm screw antegrade into the lesser trochanter, creating a crossed configuration. This nail has the following specifications: 13 mm proximal diameter, 11 mm distal diameter 2.5 degree anterior bend 12 degrees anteversion 6 degrees lateral bend Two 6.5 mm, 125 degree angled femoral neck screws Two distal locking screws. Synthetic femurs (Pacific Research Labs, Inc., Vashon, WA) were used in order to decrease intra-sample variability found among cadaver femurs. Ten synthetic femurs measuring 455 mm in length with 11 mm canals were instrumented utilizing each screw configuration (twenty total femurs). Two distal locking screws (4.5 mm) were placed in each configuration. Uninstrumented femurs were potted in Cerrobend alloy to the levels of the condyles distally. The femoral head was then centered with a jig in order to mimic single leg stance. Lateral and medial strain gauges were applied to the femoral shaft 7 cm below the lesser trochanter. Prior to instrumentation, the femurs were tested five times at 10 N/s to a 1500 N axial load. A Materials Testing System (MTS 858, Eden Prairie, MN) with an acetabular cup attached to the vertical load actuator of the MTS to hold the proximal end of the synthetic femur was used for testing. The femurs were then reamed to 13.5 mm in order to accommodate the 11 mm diameter implant. The DePuy Reconstruction nail was placed, proximal screws placed, and distal locking screws placed. The unstable fracture was created by removing a 3 cm segment of the proximal femur extending from 1 cm to 4 cm below the lesser trochanter. Five loads at 10 Newtons per second (N/s) to 1500 Newtons (N) were repeated. Each femur was then tested to failure at a rate of 10 N/s. Failure was defined as screw cutout, plastic deformation of the implant or fracture of any part of the construct. If none of the failure criteria were directly observed, a sudden decrease in force, evidenced in the force-displacement diagram, was indicative of fracture of the construct.


An emergency shutdown system for high-temperature gas-cooled pebble-bed reactors is proposed in addition to the common absorber rod shutdown system. This system is based on the strongly absorbing effect of small boronated graphite spheres (called KLAK), which trickle in case of emergency by gravity from the top reflector into the reactor core. The inner reflector of the Siemens-Argonaut reactor was substituted by an assembly of spherical Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor fuel elements, and the shutdown effect was examined by installing well-defined KLAK nests inside this assembly. The purpose was to develop and prove a calculational procedure for determining criticality values for assemblies of large fuel spheres and small absorbing spheres.


Abstract. The prediction of precipitation patterns up to 2 h ahead, also known as precipitation nowcasting, at high spatiotemporal resolutions is of great relevance in weather-dependent decision-making and early warning systems.
In this study, we are aiming to provide an efficient and easy-to-understand deep neural network – CLGAN (convolutional long short-term memory generative adversarial network) – to improve the nowcasting skills of heavy precipitation events.
The model constitutes a generative adversarial network (GAN) architecture, whose generator is built upon a u-shaped encoder–decoder network (U-Net) and is equipped with recurrent long short-term memory (LSTM) cells to capture spatiotemporal features.
The optical flow model DenseRotation and the competitive video prediction models ConvLSTM (convolutional LSTM) and PredRNN-v2 (predictive recurrent neural network version 2) are used as the competitors.
A series of evaluation metrics, including the root mean square error, the critical success index, the fractions skill score, and object-based diagnostic evaluation, are utilized for a comprehensive comparison against competing baseline models. We show that CLGAN outperforms the competitors in terms of scores for dichotomous events and object-based diagnostics.
A sensitivity analysis on the weight of the GAN component indicates that the GAN-based architecture helps to capture heavy precipitation events. The results encourage future work based on the proposed CLGAN architecture to improve the precipitation nowcasting and early warning systems.


While considerable attention has been given to techniques for developing complex systems as collections of reliable and reusable modules, little is known about testing these modules. In the literature, the special problems of module testing have been largely ignored and few tools or techniques are available to the practicing tester. Without effective testing methods, the development and maintenance of reliable and reusable modules is difficult indeed.
We describe an approach for systematic module regression testing. Test cases are defined formally using a language based on module traces, and a software tool is used to automatically generate test programs that apply the cases. Techniques for test case generation in C and in Prolog are presented and illustrated in detail.


Although there is abundant information in the electroencephalogram (EEG), it's hard to analyze and extract it. To solve this problem, phase synchronization theory is researched and used to analyze hypoxia EEG in this paper. A spatial filter method is used to preprocess hypoxia EEG. Phase locking value (PLV) is used to evaluate the extent of phase synchronism among hypoxia EEG. Analysis results show that there is linear relationship between hypoxia extent and phase synchronization extent. Otherwise, phase synchronization among different brain zones varies differently with hypoxia extent.


The invention relates to an aircraft air source system, in particular to a reverse pressurization type air source system based on a turbine-gas compressor. The system comprises a turbine-gas compressor air circulation refrigerating system, an ejector and a precooler; high pressure gas of an engine is subject to turbine expanding acting through the turbine-gas compressor air circulation refrigerating system to achieve the cooling effect, and the cooled gas is exhausted out through the ejector; outside atmosphere is compressed through a compressor of the turbine-gas compressor air circulation refrigerating system to enter a downstream gas supply system after being precooled through the precooler; and the ejector is located on the downstream of an cold edge air outlet of the precooler.


This paper discovers that current variational principle and Noether theorem for different physics systems with (in)finite freedom systems have missed the double extremum processes of the general extremum functional that both is deduced by variational principle and is necessarily taken in deducing all the physics laws, but these have not been corrected for over a century since Noether's proposing her famous theorem, which result in the crisis deducing relevant mathematical laws and all physics laws. This paper discovers there is the hidden logic cycle that one assumes Euler-Lagrange equations, and then he finally deduces Euler-Lagrange equations via the equivalent relation in the whole processes in all relevant current references. This paper corrects the current key mistakes that when physics systems choose the variational extreme values, the appearing processes of the physics systems are real physics processes, otherwise, are virtual processes in all current articles, reviews and (text)books. The real physics should be after choosing the variational extreme values of physics systems, the general extremum functional of the physics systems needs to further choose the minimum absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional, otherwise, the appearing processes of physics systems are still virtual processes. Using the double extremum processes of the general extremum functionals, the crisis and the hidden logic cycle in current variational principle and current Noether theorem are solved. Furthermore, the new mathematical and physical double extremum processes and their new mathematical pictures and physics for (in)finite freedom systems are discovered. This paper gives both general variational principle and general Noether theorem as well as their classical and quantum new physics, which would rewrite all relevant current different branches of science, as key tools of studying and processing them.


Fieldwork in Australian prehistory began in the opening year of Australia's history; the first excavation was directed by the Colonial Governor. In an official despatch dated 15 May 1788, less than five months after the landing at Sydney Cove, Governor Arthur Phillip recorded the results of his excavation. 'The ground having been raised in several places, as is common in England, where poor people are buried, I had one of these graves opened, and from the ashes had no doubt but that they burn their dead. From the appearance of the ashes, the body must be laid at length only a few inches below the surface, and is, with the wood ashes made by burning the body, covered lightly over with mould, fern and a few stones.' Elsewhere, he remarked, that '… we frequently saw the figures of men, shields, and fish roughly cut on the rocks ….' Phillip's early despatches were 'compiled' for publication by J. Stockdale. The influence of 18th-century English Antiquarianism is evident in the 'rude' remains in Stockdale's revised version, and his comment that 'Phillip caused some of these barrows to be opened.' Despite this auspicious excursion into aboriginal prehistory, Australia remains the dark continent of prehistory even after the passage of 170 years: it will be many years before the publication of a Pelican Archaeology of Australia becomes a practicable possibility. This contribution is intended as a preliminary sketch of present problems and a résumé of existing evidence. If it were restricted to a study of archaeological stratigraphy, it would be little more than a brief note; as its scope is broader, limitations of time and space impose a selective approach to the literature.


The invention relates to the use of a particle-containing powdery coating material selected from the group consisting of cold spraying, flame spraying, high speed flame spraying, thermal plasma spraying and non-thermal plasma spraying in a coating process, wherein the particles have a relative Verformbarkeitsfaktor V where d is the thickness of the average smallest particles, measured vertically to and in the middle half of the longitudinal axis of the particle, and D The invention further relates to a process for coating.


This paper is concerned with the existence of solutions for initial value problems of functional and neutral functional Hadamard type fractional differential inclusions. We apply appropriate fixed point theorems for multivalued maps to obtain the existence results for the given problems covering convex as well as non-convex cases. Some illustrative examples are also presented. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 34A60; 34A08


ABSTRACT FROM: Correll CU, Skuban A, Ouyang J, et al . Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole for the treatment of acute schizophrenia: a 6-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry 2015;172:870–80.

Despite the availability of different antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia, in clinical practice it is somewhat of a struggle to identify an antipsychotic medication for individual patients that they are willing to adhere to. Brexpiprazole is a new molecular entity that is a dopamine receptor partial agonist that differs from aripiprazole in terms of greater potency at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and less intrinsic activity at dopamine D2 receptors.1 Brexpiprazole received approval in the USA for the treatment of schizophrenia in July 2015, based in part on two acute phase clinical trials,2 of which one is the subject of …


We study the phase distribution around a vortex in uniform motion. We consider both the cases of neutral and charged superfluids. The motion of the vortex causes the density of the system to fluctuate. This in turn produces a compensating current, thus ensuring current conservation locally. We explicitly calculate this current.


Decomposition kinetics of residual austenite in chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium alloyed steels, diffusion annealed at 1200 deg for 6 hours, were studied at 300 to 650 deg . Decomposition of super-cooled austenite in steels annealed at 1100 deg was also studied in melted tin at 300 to 700 deg . Comparative data are tabulated aud diagrams are plotted for residual and super- cooled austenite decomposition in various steels. (R.V.J.)


The formation of ridges induced by semihard scattering in nuclear collisions is included in the description of single-particle distributions for both pion and proton at low transverse momenta. The ridge component is characterized by an azimuthal dependent factor that is derived in the study of the ridge structure in two-particle correlation distributions involving triggers. It is shown that the inclusive ridge can reproduce the observed data on $v_2(p_T)$ if the base component underlying the ridge has no azimuthal dependence. A common description of pion and proton spectra is given in the recombination model that can smoothly join the low- and intermediate-$p_T$ regions. All the important properties of single-particle distributions in those regions can be satisfactorily described in this approach.


In a selective information dissemination (SDI) system, users submit profiles consisting of a number of long-standing queries to represent their information needs. The system then continuously collects new documents from underlying information sources, filters them against the user profiles, and delivers relevant information to corresponding users. SDI systems are very important nowadays due to the vast amount of information that flows in the World Wide Web, as they inform users for relevant information, without requiring them to spend time to locate it. This paper presents an SDI system, which takes into account the lexical, as well as the semantic relationships between terms of documents and user profiles. In particular, a user profile is considered relevant to a document, if its terms or their synonyms or hyponyms appear in the document. The paper also presents a profile index structure supporting both the Boolean and Vector Space models.


Objective To investigate the correlation between resistin and serum endothelin(ET-1),nitric oxide(NO),nitric oxide synthase(NOS),insulin resistance(IE) in patients with type 2 diabtes mellitus(DM) complicated by coronary heart disease,and to explore the effect of resistin in the pathogenesis and development of type 2 DM complicated by coronary heart disease(CHD).Methods The study included three groups,the 120 patients with DM were divided into two group,simple DM group(n=60) and DM with CHD group(n=60),and 60 healthy subjects in control group.The levels of fasting insulin were detected by chemical luminescence method,ET-1 by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),NO by nitrate reductase method,NOS by enzymatic colorimetric method for the patients and controls.The insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR) was calculated according to the numerical value of fasting blood glucose(FBG) and fasting insulin.Results The serum levels of resistin,ET-1,HOMA-IR in simple DM group were significantly higher than those in control group(P0.05),however,the levels of NO,NOS were significantly lower than those in control group(P0.05),furthermore,the levels of resistin,ET-1,HOMA-IR in DM with CHD group were significantly higher than those in simple DM group(P0.05),but the levels of NO,NOS were significantly lower than those in simple group(P0.05).The results of correlation analysis showed that the increase of resistin was positively related with the levels of ET-1,HOMA-IR(P0.05),however,which was negatively related with the levels of NO,NOS(P0.05).Conclusion The levels of serum resistin,ET-1,NO,NOS are correlated with the progression of disease(DM),so the detection for these parameters is helpful to monitoring the progression of disease(DM),which has important clinical significance in the prevention of complications of DM.


A breeding bird census and quantitative vegetation analysis was conducted in 1981 and 1982 on Douglas-fir/hardwood forest at the Northern California Coast Range Preserve in Mendocino County, California at sites representing an old-growth stand, a stand moderately logged in 1950 and a stand heavily logged in 1956. A select group of discriminating variables that best described the structure and floristic composition were very successful in distinguishing the three sites. The highest total volume of young hardwoods and conifers (DBH 10.2-12.6 cm) and highest volume of tanoak (DBH 27.9-91.3 cm) characterized the heavily logged site. The highest volume of madrone (DBH 12.7-27.8 cm) and greatest abundance of total hardwoods was found in the moderately logged site. The highest percentage canopy closure, large conifers (DBH>91.4 cm) and volume of Douglas-fir (DBH 53.3-91.3 cm) and lowest percentage ground cover of dead and down woody materialtype 1, distinguished the old-growth site. The number of bird species reported breeding for all three sites in 1981 and 1982 were 34 and 29 respectively. There was no significant difference between sites and years in the number of breeding species and individuals and the evenness and diversity indices of the breeding bird populations. There was a strong positive correlation (r=0.95) between the number of large snags (>27.8 cm) and the number of territories of cavity nesters present on the three sites. The Western Flycatcher, Wilson's Warbler, and Chestnut-Backed Chickadee


This article states college library carries out the administration innovation by the way of idea innovation,human administration innovation,service innovation,mechanism innovation,etc.and emphasizes the meanings of new administration and service to the development of college library.


Seismic imaging and inversion of complex geologies is driving the development of high precision wavefield modeling tools. Most of the attention in the literature relating to accurate wavefield representation is focused on propagation and relatively little on the source implementation. Source representations are needed in imaging and inversion algorithms for both forward propagating physical source wavefields and back-propagating data. This is especially true for multi-component receivers at or near interfaces in the propagation model. In this paper we describe a method to handle recorded seismograms with an injection scheme in time domain extrapolators that is an analytic exact solution of the wave equation. This method not only facilitates inversion studies for a refined characterization of subsurface targets, but also enables localized reproduction of wavefields in spatially confined sections of the subsurface model. The solution is derived for the general elastic wave equation and for specific applications in acoustic media.


Sir, The primary cutaneous CD30-positive large T-cell lymphoma is a rare entity. It is a morphologically distinct type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized phenotypically by expression of the CD30-antigen. Involvement of regional lymph node occurs in approximately 25% of patients. Recently recognized cytogenetic and immunophenotypic diVerences conŽ rm the clinical evidence that primary nodal and primary cutaneous CD30-positive T-cell lymhomas are distinct entities. We report here on a female patient suVering from a skin tumour of the left mandible with the characteristic histological Ž ndings of the above-mentioned disease. While conventional methods of staging, including bone marrow aspiration, showed no further progression of the lymphoma, histologic and immunophenotypic analyses of two removed sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) revealed a secondary lymph node microinvolvement.


The Nation of Islam was at the forefront of the struggle against policing and prisons so central to the postwar Black Freedom Struggle. Far from being the insular, apolitical, religiously heretical group that popular accounts have described, the Nation of Islam was an ambitious political force that sought to build all-black coalitions against police brutality and to fight for the constitutional rights of prisoners. Using prayer as a form of protest within Folsom Prison, and turning the trial of Ronald Stokes in Los Angeles into courtroom political theater, the Nation of Islam innovated new tactics over the course of their campaigns, turning prison yards and courtrooms into sites of protest. To combat the formidable challenge posed by this disciplined black nationalist organizing, the carceral state responded with new modes of surveillance, punishment, and ideological knowledge creation.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the median nerve mobilization on change of median nerve conduction velocity, grip strength and pain in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Twenty patients with carpal tunnel syndrome were recruited for this study, who gave written informed c...


A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device having a recessed channel of the present invention includes the steps of forming a device isolation film for defining an active region on a semiconductor substrate; Exposing the region to be formed with a bulb recess trench on a semiconductor substrate; The step of etching the exposed portion of the semiconductor substrate to form a top trench; The bottom surface of the upper side wall of the trench in the upper trench while exposing the side wall includes the steps of forming a silicon nitride film as an etch barrier film that blocks; Etching the barrier film to form a bulb recess trench including a trench top and bottom trench by etching the bottom surface of the upper exposed trench forming the bottom of the trench type bulb as an etch mask; A step of etching the element-isolating film have a lower than cotton bottom surface of the lower protruding portion of the trench to form a bottom fin (FIN) structure including a top surface and a side surface; And a bulb recess comprises a trench and forming a gate stack, which overlaps the floor projection. Bulb recess the trench, a silicon nitride film, a fin structure


Aim: The present review aimed to describe the rate of different infections, the rate of bacterial resistance and antibiotics use in Al-kharj.
Methodology: This was a narrative review that included searching Web of science for the keywords "infections" or "bacterial resistance" or "antibiotics use" and "Al-kharj" from 1st of January 2015 to 14th of October 2021.
Results: Searching Web of science for the keywords resulted in 29 papers that was conducted during the study period and investigate the rate of different infections, the rate of bacterial resistance or the use of antibiotics in Al-kharj. So, 29 articles were included in the present review.
Conclusion: Most of the studies about infections included only some types of infections and most of the conducted studies about the use of antibiotics focused only on the outpatient setting. More studies are needed to explore the rate of other infections and to describe the prescribing of antibiotics in other hospital settings.


C. asiatica cultivated using five types of composts namely (1) compost A; (2) compost B; (3) compost C; (4) commercial Biomart ; (5) control were extracted and asiaticoside content in the crude extract was analyzed. The highest crude extract yield was control with percentage yield of 42.80%. The identification and quantification analysis of asiaticoside was carried out using RP-HPLC. The RP-HPLC
analysis of standard asiaticoside showed the retention time ranged from 9.798 min to 9.806 min. The asiaticoside content in the sample ranged from 3.57 mg/g to 10.55 mg/g, in which the samples cultivated using commercial biosmart had the highest content while the sample cultivated using compost A had the lowest content This method can be used to investigate the asiaticoside content in various sample of C.
asiatica. The asiaticoside content has significant moderate correlation with the type of compost used (r= 0.692, p<0.05). This has led to a better way for C. asiatca
cultivation to enrich the asiaticoside content for pharmaceutical uses.


This submission to the open track of Task 8 at SemEval 2014 seeks to connect the Task to pre-existing, 'in-house' parsing systems for the same types of target semantic dependency graphs.


The present situation and market development trend of chlor-alkali industry in Shandong Province are analyzed.According to the challenge and opportunities brought by national macro-control policies,suggestions for sustainable development of chlor-alkali industry in Shandong Province are proposed.


This Dissertation addresses the signal acquisition problem using antenna arrays in the general framework of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers. The term GNSS classi es those navigation systems based on a constellation of satellites, which emit ranging signals useful for positioning. Although the American GPS is already available, which coexists with the renewed Russian Glonass, the forthcoming European contribution (Galileo) along with the Chinese Compass will be operative soon. Therefore, a variety of satellite constellations and signals will be available in the next years. GNSSs provide the necessary infrastructures for a myriad of applications and services that demand a robust and accurate positioning service. The positioning availability must be guaranteed all the time, specially in safety-critical and mission-critical services.
Examining the threats against the service availability, it is important to take into account that all the present and the forthcoming GNSSs make use of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) techniques. The ranging signals are received with very low precorrelation signal-to-noise ratio (in the order of 􀀀���22 dB for a receiver operating at the Earth surface). Despite that the GNSS CDMA processing gain o ers limited protection against Radio Frequency interferences (RFI), an interference with a interference-to-signal power ratio that exceeds the processing gain can easily degrade receivers' performance or even deny completely the GNSS service, specially conventional receivers equipped with minimal or basic level of protection towards RFIs. As a consequence, RFIs (either intentional or unintentional) remain as the most important cause of performance degradation. A growing concern of this problem has appeared in recent times.
Focusing our attention on the GNSS receiver, it is known that signal acquisition has the lowest sensitivity of the whole receiver operation, and, consequently, it becomes the performance bottleneck in the presence of interfering signals. A single-antenna receiver can make use of time and frequency diversity to mitigate interferences, even though the performance of these techniques is compromised in low SNR scenarios or in the presence
of wideband interferences. On the other hand, antenna arrays receivers can bene t from spatial-domain processing, and thus mitigate the e ects of interfering signals. Spatial diversity has been traditionally applied to the signal tracking operation of GNSS receivers. However, initial tracking conditions depend on signal acquisition, and there are a number of scenarios in which the acquisition process can fail as stated before. Surprisingly, to the best of our knowledge, the application of antenna arrays to GNSS signal acquisition has not received much attention.
This Thesis pursues a twofold objective: on the one hand, it proposes novel arraybased acquisition algorithms using a well-established statistical detection theory framework, and on the other hand demonstrates both their real-time implementation feasibility and their performance in realistic scenarios.
The Dissertation starts with a brief introduction to GNSS receivers fundamentals, providing some details about the navigation signals structure and the receiver's architecture of both GPS and Galileo systems. It follows with an analysis of GNSS signal acquisition as a detection problem, using the Neyman-Pearson (NP) detection theory framework and the single-antenna acquisition signal model. The NP approach is used here to derive both the optimum detector (known as clairvoyant detector ) and the sov called Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) detector, which is the basis of almost all of the current state-of-the-art acquisition algorithms. Going further, a novel detector test statistic intended to jointly acquire a set of GNSS satellites is obtained, thus reducing both the acquisition time and the required computational resources. The eff ects of the front-end bandwidth in the acquisition are also taken into account.
Then, the GLRT is extended to the array signal model to obtain an original detector which is able to mitigate temporally uncorrelated interferences even if the array is unstructured and moderately uncalibrated, thus becoming one of the main contributions of this Dissertation. The key statistical feature is the assumption of an arbitrary and unknown covariance noise matrix, which attempts to capture the statistical behavior of the interferences and other non-desirable signals, while exploiting the spatial dimension provided by antenna arrays. Closed form expressions for the detection and false alarm probabilities are provided. Performance and interference rejection capability are modeled and compared both to their theoretical bound. The proposed array-based acquisition algorithm is also compared to conventional acquisition techniques performed after blind null-steering beamformer approaches, such as the power minimization algorithm. Furthermore, the detector is analyzed under realistic conditions, accounting for the presence of errors in the covariance matrix estimation, residual Doppler and delay errors, and signal quantization e ects. Theoretical results are supported by Monte Carlo simulations.
As another main contribution of this Dissertation, the second part of the work deals with the design and the implementation of a novel Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based GNSS real-time antenna-array receiver platform. The platform is intended to be used as a research tool tightly coupled with software de ned GNSS receivers. A complete signal reception chain including the antenna array and the multichannel phase-coherent RF front-end for the GPS L1/ Galileo E1 was designed, implemented and tested. The details of the digital processing section of the platform, such as the array signal statistics extraction modules, are also provided. The design trade-o s and the implementation complexities were carefully analyzed and taken into account. As a
proof-of-concept, the problem of GNSS vulnerability to interferences was addressed using the presented platform. The array-based acquisition algorithms introduced in this Dissertation were implemented and tested under realistic conditions. The performance of the algorithms were compared to single antenna acquisition techniques, measured under strong in-band interference scenarios, including narrow/wide band interferers and
communication signals.
The platform was designed to demonstrate the implementation feasibility of novel array-based acquisition algorithms, leaving the rest of the receiver operations (mainly, tracking, navigation message decoding, code and phase observables, and basic Position, Velocity and Time (PVT) solution) to a Software De ned Radio (SDR) receiver running in a personal computer, processing in real-time the spatially- ltered signal sample stream coming from the platform using a Gigabit Ethernet bus data link. In the last part of this Dissertation, we close the loop by designing and implementing such software receiver. The proposed software receiver targets multi-constellation/multi-frequency architectures, pursuing the goals of e ciency, modularity, interoperability, and exibility demanded by user domains that require non-standard features, such as intermediate signals or data extraction and algorithms interchangeability. In this context, we introduce an open-source, real-time GNSS software de ned receiver (so-named GNSS-SDR) that contributes with several novel features such as the use of software design patterns and shared memory techniques to manage e ciently the data
ow between receiver blocks, the use of hardware-accelerated instructions for time-consuming vector operations like carrier wipe-o and code correlation, and the availability to compile and run on multiple software platforms and hardware architectures. At this time of writing (April 2012), the
receiver enjoys of a 2-dimensional Distance Root Mean Square (DRMS) error lower than 2 meters for a GPS L1 C/A scenario with 8 satellites in lock and a Horizontal Dilution Of Precision (HDOP) of 1.2.
 Esta tesis aborda el problema de la adquisición de la señal usando arrays de antenas en el marco general de los receptores de Sistemas Globales de Navegación por Satélite (GNSS). El término GNSS engloba aquellos sistemas de navegación basados en una constelación de satélites que emiten señales útiles para el posicionamiento. Aunque el GPS americano ya está disponible, coexistiendo con el renovado sistema ruso GLONASS, actualmente se está realizando un gran esfuerzo para que la contribución europea (Galileo), junto con el nuevo sistema chino Compass, estén operativos en breve. Por lo tanto, una gran variedad de constelaciones de satélites y señales estarán disponibles en los próximos años. Estos sistemas proporcionan las infraestructuras necesarias para una multitud de aplicaciones y servicios que demandan un servicio de posicionamiento confiable y preciso. La disponibilidad de posicionamiento se debe garantizar en todo momento, especialmente en los servicios críticos para la seguridad de las personas y los bienes.
Cuando examinamos las amenazas de la disponibilidad del servicio que ofrecen los GNSSs, es importante tener en cuenta que todos los sistemas presentes y los sistemas futuros ya planificados hacen uso de técnicas de multiplexación por división de código (CDMA). Las señales transmitidas por los satélites son recibidas con una relación señal-ruido (SNR) muy baja, medida antes de la correlación (del orden de -22 dB para un receptor ubicado en la superficie de la tierra). A pesar de que la ganancia de procesado CDMA ofrece una protección inherente contra las interferencias de radiofrecuencia (RFI), esta protección es limitada. Una interferencia con una relación de potencia de interferencia a potencia de la señal que excede la ganancia de procesado puede degradar el rendimiento de los receptores o incluso negar por com


This article analyses in detail a land register dating from the year 1733 (Sg. 1976) which was found recently in Rome, focusing on its contents and on the wider context of the contents. The manuscript brings furthermore a history of the convent in prose and in vers the translation of
which consitutes a part of the article.


The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), which had been impregnated with the water-based, copper-containing Korasit KS material from the Alkaline Copper Quaternary group, were investigated in this study. According to ASTM 1413-07el (2007) standard, the wood samples used in the investigation were impregnated with 3 % and 6 % aqueous solutions of Korasit KS. The modulus of rupture, thermal, and water absorption tests were performed on samples of Oriental beech after they had been impregnated. Oriental beech's modulus of rupture values decreased as a result of Korasit KS impregnation. Additionally, Oriental beech had lower modulus of rupture values at greater concentrations of Korasit KS. In every water absorption period, the water absorption values of the Oriental beech impregnated with Korasit KS were higher than those of the control group. Our results showed that Korasit KS impregnation enhanced thermal properties of Oriental beech. Moreover, higher concentration levels of Oriental beech yielded better thermal characteristics of Oriental beech.


The relationship between abnormal behavior and poor developmental test performance was analyzed in 68 6− to 24-month-old Guatemalan babies with and without mild iron deficiency anemia. Regardless of age, the 10 anemic infants with abnormal affective responses during developmental testing had very low mental scores (x = 65.7 ± 5.2 SEM), while the 18 with normal affect had mental scores (x = 97.1 ± 4.5 SEM) which were normal by U.S. standards and comparable to the nonanemic group's scores. Five anemic infants with pervasive behavioral disturbance, who showed abnormal orientation to tasks in addition to disturbed affect, did poorly on the motor test (x = 59.8 ± 6.2 SEM). Those anemic infants who were normal in task orientation achieved motor scores similar to those of the nonanemic control group. The observed behavioral disturbances are consistent with biochemical evidence concerning the role of iron in the metabolism of central nervous system neurotransmitters which influence affect and arousal. These results suggest that poor mental developmental test performance in infants with iron deficiency anemia may be mediated by disturbances in affective behavior.


We have developed the Suicide Crisis Inventory (SCI) to evaluate the intensity of the Suicidal Crisis Syndrome, an acute state hypothesized to precede suicide attempt. The psychometric properties of the SCI, including predictive validity for suicidal behavior (SB), were assessed.


A molecular level understanding of the processes taking place at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces during an electrodeposition reaction is very important in designing such a system. The earlier stage of the electrodeposition process is known to affect the mechanical properties of the finally electrodeposited products. In this context, a good understanding of the underpotential deposition process itself and the roles of organic molecules on it is very important as well. In this study, we present results of our recent studies of the effects of the organic additives such as benzoic acid (BA) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs) on the initial stages of zinc electrodeposition process at the iron electrode studied by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements and in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in an acidic zinc chloride solution. These additives are used widely in the industrial zinc plating baths. In situ STM experiments were carried out in this study using an Fe(110) single crystal whose surface is very well defined on an atomic scale. Figure 1 shows an STM image (a) of the Fe(110) surface obtained in a 0.1 M KCl solution at an open circuit potential of -0.31 V vs. Ag/AgCl (in saturated KCl) electrode and an atomic model (b) explaining the observation. We believe the topology of the Fe(110) surface is determined by the oxygen atoms covering on iron surfaces upon exposure to the electrolyte. Our subsequent results on adsorption of additive molecules (not shown here) studied using STM indicate that PEGs are adsorbed strongly in a selfassembled manner, while BA molecules are adsorbed randomly on the electrode surface, affecting the electrodeposition of zinc from the earlier stages. Thus, PEGs control the access of zinc ions, while BA molecules appear to suppress the growth of dendrites in their adsorbed states. Also, protons are shown to compete with zinc ions during the electrodeposition of zinc by various other experiments independently run, and organic additives such as BA, PEGs, or their mixtures induce a change in the movement of these ions near the substrate electrode surface. During the zinc electro-deposition, the presence of BA does not impose an extra overpotential owing to its weak or almost no interaction with zinc ions. However, it appears to determine the surface roughness by directing the incoming zinc ions. BA is adsorbed strongly at the dendritic sites of more negative potentials of the electrode although it is randomly adsorbed on the iron surface at around the open circuit potential (not shown). Its role seems to control the deposition rate at the dendritic sites by blocking the active surface via adsorption. On the other hand, PEGs are adsorbed more or less evenly with a well-ordered structure on the iron surface. However, PEGs appear to be desorbed from the iron surface in the underpotential deposition region of zinc ions. PEGs form a stronger complex with zinc ions and, thus, require a considerably large overpotential for its deposition. In addition, they interact effectively with incoming protons at the electrode surface and inhibit the hydrogen reduction during the initial zinc deposition step. BA and PEGs not appear to interact closely with each other and show an intermediate behavior between those of BA and PEGs when both are present. These conclusions were reached by obtaining the STM images as well as the EQCM data. A number of STM images obtained in situ during the electrodepositing experiments and EQCM data supporting our conclusion will be presented along with other electrochemical data.


Kotani and Sunada showed that hyperbolic maps exhibit exponential multiple mixing for Gibbs measures with respect to Hölder functions. In this note we explore the analogue of these results for hyperbolic flows. For geodesic flows on surfaces the multiple mixing is exponentially fast, and for hyperbolic flows with two closed orbits the ratios of whose periods is diophantine the multiple mixing is polynomially fast. As a preliminary to these results we consider the simpler case of the Manneville-Pomeau map of the interval. For flows that are multiply mixing with sufficient speed we can relate these results to third derivatives of the pressure.


Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes responsible for cancer‐associated death globally. The aim of this study was to illustrate the function of circular RNA_0020123 (circ_0020123) in NSCLC progression and its associated mechanism.


Introduction: Virtual Reality (VR) is an interface that exposes the user to different sensory channels, involving activities such as motor function, balance, gait and coordination. The Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF), through voluntary decisions, develops potential and promotes the reaction of neuromuscular mechanisms for irradiation. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of performing tasks in VR associated with patterns of PNF in the lower limbs of sedentary adults and healthy subjects, with analysis of muscle strength, reaction time and dynamic balance. Materials and methods: The sample included 18 participants randomly assigned to three groups (n = 6): G1 with FNP and RV association, G2 with PNF and G3 with VR. The trial took place for five weeks, twice a week, employing before and after each intervention the make test to assess the muscle strength (MS), the pedal reaction test Nelson, for visual reaction time (VRT), and the star excursion balance Test, for dynamic balance (DB). Results: When comparing subsequent time to the previous time there was a significant decrease in TRV for the three groups, particularly to G2; Significant decreases in the groups G1 and G2 for FM; however, there were no statistically significant changes to the ED in either group. Conclusion: The three groups, mainly in G2, showed efficacy in reducing TRV, however, it was not effective for significant gain of ED and FM in sedentary and healthy adults.


In the basic random walk link prediction method, the probability of a walking particle when selecting a neighbor node for a walk is determined only by the degree of the current node, and it is fixed and uniform, without considering the impact of degree of the neighboring nodes on the transition probability. In view of this, a link prediction algorithm is proposed in which the degrees of the current node and its neighbor nodes jointly determine the transition probability. First, using the transition probability model of Metropolis-Hasting Random Walk (MHRW) algorithm to redefine the transition probability of the walking particles between the neighbor nodes, then combining Random Walk with Restart (RWR) similarity index to propose the Metropolis-Hasting Random Walk with Restart (MHRWR) algorithm in this paper for link prediction. The link prediction comparison experiments been performed on 6 different scale real network datasets. Compared with the benchmark algorithm, the MHRWR algorithm not only improved the AUC index, but also improved the Precision and Ranking score; compared with the RWR algorithm, the AUC value has increased by an average of 2.10%, and the highest is 5.34%. Experimental results show that the MHRWR algorithm of our proposed leads to superior accuracy in link prediction.


The reactions 48Ti(α,p)51V at ten bombarding energies between 8.25 and 10.75 MeV and 50Ti(3He,d)51V at 10 MeV bombarding energy have been studied. Energy levels of 51V up to 4.85 and 6.17 MeV have been observed by (α,p) and (3He,d) reactions respectively. The (α,p) reaction yielded many new energy levels. The angular distributions for deuterons were measured at lab angles between 15° and 120°, and compared with predictions of DWBA calculations using the TSALLY code from which the transferred angular momenta and spectroscopic factors were deduced. These experimental results are examined from the viewpoint of shell model and strong coupling rotator model calculations. The effect of changing various optical model parameters is also discussed.


Key techniques on developing a new tracked vehicle for emergent irrigation and drainage are discussed.The vehicle is an integration of a horizontal mix-flow bump system and a tracked vehicle.The distinctive characteristic of the integration is that a diesel engine is shared by the bump system and the running system.Whole structure configuration is determined according to its function requirements.One of the most important devices in this vehicle is a new transmission which is designed to connect a diesel engine and bump or running system.The transmission can be used to share power between bump and running system through a clutch and an operating mechanism at different time.Other special functions of the vehicle,such as automatic filling the bump,automatic sucking diesel while the vehicle works continuously,illumination during working all through the night,a running system,a manipulation system,and vehicle body are analyzed and designed.Several digital design methods are applied for developing such a vehicle,such as 3-demensiona modeling method,finite element analysis method,motion simulation method,etc.The vehicle is with large flow capability,good flexibility,and good trafficability,and can be used for emergent irrigation and drainage.


Making a comprehensive district plan in the Jindai-minami district by inhabitants have been successfully implemented by using the "Kande method" as a planning method since 1996. And it has made the inhabitants encouragement and motivation of farmers optimal conservation of prime agricultural land and rural enviroment. And they decided to implement land consolidation project in order to mobilization of land for agricultural use and formation of land use order. This paper points the actual conditions of the applied examples of the "Kande method" and makes clear the issues of its applications.


Background of Research A mountainous area is defined as a sloping landform that rapidly stretches from a plain. Recently, a Master Plan for Unified North Korea has been established without consideration of mountainous areas of North Korea. To achieve a completely comprehensive strategy for a unified Korean peninsula, a plan for use and conservation of mountainous areas needs to be integrated. Therefore, a goal of this research is to provide basic directions for management of mountainous areas in North Korea. Method of Research Literature review was conducted to collect research materials: management systems for mountainous areas in South and North Korea, present conditions of mountainous areas including land use, and experiences in land development of South Korea"s government. To complement literature review, interviews with North Korean defectors and GIS analysis were applied. The validity of collected data was examined through experts meetings. Research Results and Implications The government of North Korea conserves mountainous areas by focusing on limited areas. It lacks a management system to control or prevent agricultural land use of mountainous areas. But it has just recognized the importance of afforestation as a way to prevent natural disaster. The administration does not base its mountainous area management on scientific backgrounds. It has difficulties controlling conservation and utilization of forest land by dividing purposes and agents of management. The North part of the Korean peninsula has unique geological characteristics that it has middle-high mountainous areas and highlands, which connect South and North parts of the Korean peninsula. It is needed to intensively protect these areas for biodiversity because they are central areas for a Korean peninsular eco-network. These areas, which are mainly used for agricultural purposes, have to be reforested to prevent natural disasters. The government of South Korea introduced a classification system for mountain areas and reversed forest, dealing with excessive agricultural land use of mountainous areas. However, continuous management for mountainous areas was adopted late after forest had been damaged thoughtlessly. Successful afforestation in South Korea is attributed not only to citizens" participation but also to provision of alternative fuel resources. According to an infrastructure plan, it is presumed that further deforestation or disconnection of forest would not happen. But afforestation plans might take in consideration a way that uses ranges of mountain, connecting cities and forests. Based on previous results, four basic directions are drawn for mountainous areas after Korean unification: first, land use after conservation of mountainous areas; second, delineation of mountainous areas; third, classification of mountainous areas; lastly, integration of management systems.


We investigate a macro‐element variant of the hybridized discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method, using patches of standard simplicial elements that can have non‐matching interfaces. Coupled via the HDG technique, our method enables local refinement by uniform simplicial subdivision of each macro‐element. By enforcing one spatial discretization for all macro‐elements, we arrive at local problems per macro‐element that are embarrassingly parallel, yet well balanced. Therefore, our macro‐element variant scales efficiently to n‐node clusters and can be tailored to available hardware by adjusting the local problem size to the capacity of a single node, while still using moderate polynomial orders such as quadratics or cubics. Increasing the local problem size means simultaneously decreasing, in relative terms, the global problem size, hence effectively limiting the proliferation of degrees of freedom. The global problem is solved via a matrix‐free iterative technique that also heavily relies on macro‐element local operations. We investigate and discuss the advantages and limitations of the macro‐element HDG method via an advection‐diffusion model problem.


This paper presents a miniaturized circular substrate integrated waveguide (CSIW) resonator sensor with the integration of defected ground structure (DGS) to characterize the dielectric properties of the aqueous solvent. The sensor is developed based on the resonant perturbation method for high sensitivity and accurate measurement. The proposed structure is employed using a substrate integrated waveguide topology at 4.4 GHz with microliter ( ) volume of sample at a time. The integration of DGS structure significantly reduces the overall size of the sensor with more than 50% geometrical reduction. The changes in resonant frequency shows an identical performance based on the relative permittivity of the sample. Implications of the results and future research directions are also presented. Finally, a comparison between the proposed sensors are performed in order to identify the best sensing approach for an advancement of material characterization industry.


Techniques for ingestible device function management device comprises computing based on the sensor data generated by computing ingestible device to determine whether to adjust the ingestible device function computing device. If it is determined the need for equipment adjustment function can be ingested to perform the computing device determines the new device functions, obtaining program code means for performing the function of a new device, the new and locally compiled program code to generate executable code modules . Ingestible computing device may execute the executable code to a computing device such ingestible begin a new device functions. Ingestible computing device may be obtained from the local function program database code modules, or authenticated by wireless communication.


Modern people have begun to have the nationwide interest in the rice wine called Makgeolri which is one of the traditional Korean alcoholic liquors. This study was performed to investigate the effects of Sansung Mak- geolri extract (SM) on antioxidation together with the determination of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the progress of fermentation in the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-treated rats. We examined the levels of SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase) in liver homogenates and the histopathological observations in liver tis- sue. LPS-treated group markedly decreased the levels of SOD, CAT and GPx. But SM + LPS-treated group signifi- cantly increased the levels of them. Furthermore, the antioxidative effects of SM were supported by the histopathological observations in liver tissue which showed severe inflammation and necrosis in LPS-treated group, compared to the attenuated inflammation and necrosis in SM + LPS-treated group. This results suggested that SM could be a candidate of antioxidative material in spite of alcoholic liquors.


The effects of ambient and dissolved oxygen concentration in ultrapure water (UPW) on native oxide growth were studied at room temperature using a silicon (100) surface. Studies focused on the initial stage of the surfaceoxidation immediately after the HF cleaning. The silicon surfaces were exposed at a fixed duration to the UPW with different dissolved oxygen concentrations, open air, and dry nitrogen, respectively. The SiO 2 equivalent thicknesses of the native oxides formed were then measured and compared. Results indicate that the ambient and the dissolved oxygen concentration in UPW dramatically affect the growth rate of the native oxide. Decreasing the dissolved oxygen concentration in UPW and using an inert and dry atmosphere for the ultracleaning is shown to reduce or eventually prevent the native oxide from growing on silicon surfaces. The SiO 2 equivalent thicknesses of the native oxide formed on these surfaces were characterized by a rapid acid extraction followed by a determination for extractable silicon. The extractable silicon was determined by a high-resolution magnetic-sector ICP mass spectrometer. This analytical method has been demonstrated for measurement of an oxide thickness on a silicon wafer surface down to a monolayer range with a possible 0.1 A resolution.


Abstract When Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data are combined, the time series of dual-polarized, multichannel, spaceborne passive microwave brightness temperatures extends from 1978 to the present. The Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) has developed operational snow water equivalent (SWE) retrieval algorithms for western Canada that have been applied to both SMMR and SSM/I data. Climatological research questions that demand a time series of significant length can now be addressed with passive microwave–derived datasets of this nature. Attention must be given, however, to the impact of the slightly different spatial, temporal, and radiometric characteristics between the SMMR and SSM/I data on SWE algorithm performance and, therefore, time series continuity and consistency. In this study, potential bias on SWE retrieval with the MSC algorithms caused by differences between the SMMR and SSM/I sensors is assessed with a series of comparativ...


In this project we built a hierarchical model of a human body out of a set of unorganized polygons. Necessary information was inferred from the original data to define the relationship among body parts and enable user manipulation. Special efforts were made to ensure correct modeling and rendering of joints. Animation was achieved by recording a sequence of frames and replay them. Although this is basically a modeling project, we did our best to refine the rendering. We implemented a surface normal calculation algorithm proposed by H. Hoppe[2] and precalculated surface normal. Using this information, we did a smooth shading rendering.


This two-part study is on the use of genetic algorithms (GAs) to design experiments and develop estimation methodologies for the determination of thermal properties; Part I is focused on the development of an improved GA and the implementation of this algorithm to optimize experimental designs for the estimation of thermal properties, while Part II is directed toward the use of this algorithm in the estimation of thermal properties. In Part I the methodology used in the improved GA, called the extended elitist genetic algorithm (EEGA), is presented, and results from two optimization test problems are compared with those obtained previously from a basic elitist genetic algorithm (BEGA) and a parametric study. GAs are based on the genetic and selection mechanisms of nature, and the EEGA improves on the BEGA by enhancing the Darwinian principle of the "survival of the fittest. " In the test problems, several key parameters in two experimental designs used for the simultaneous estimation of thermal properties...


Background Concern with the social dimension emerges when design is seen as an interactive process beyond activities to result in products. Actually, design is socio-technical process: designers use and result technical objects when they interact with others. The term 'socio-technical' is derived from Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to describe the mutual relations between human and technical objects. This study was conducted to understand design in a socio-technical perspective by reflecting a design work of 'creative alley' in Kampung Kreatif as project case.


The Strâmbu reservoir is located in ten strata caps of the Helvetian period, transgressively and unconformably overlying the Oligocene, with dips ranging from 400° on the West to 10° on the east.


This report proposes an analysis of the mutually reinforcing relationship between trade, investment and competition policies and how together they impact trade in developing countries. An index of pro-competitive reforms is provided for 82 countries over the period 2001-2005. The index synthesises 13 indicators of the policy stance of countries with regard to trade, investment and competition. It is then used in quantitative analysis to determine the impact of barriers to competitive markets on trade. The results shows that there are substantial gains for developing countries in market and regulatory reforms in terms of higher trade flows and higher income per capita. Moreover, the paper further examines pro-competitive reforms in key services sectors and the extent to which trade agreements can promote them through the experience of the WTO telecoms Reference Paper. The analysis highlights that countries achieved a high degree of liberalisation in the telecoms sector and that regulatory principles of the Reference Paper were useful in promoting sound policies under domestic regulatory reforms of the sector.


This paper introduces a new reactive power compensator utilizing a four switches PWM AC converter. The reactive power control is performed by switching a three phase reactor with the PWM AC controller, both in parallel with a capacitor bank. The advantages to be gained include sinusoidal input-output current/voltage waveforms and high switching frequency, therefore better transient response and substantially smaller input filter. The paper analyzes the conversion characteristic and the harmonic generation. A design procedure including the input filter is proposed and the theoretical results are verified experimentally on a 30 kVA prototype.<<ETX>>


We report our experience with self-expandable nitinol coil stents (InStent, Inc.) in the treatment of malignant biliary and esophageal obstruction. This coil stent, being made of a flat tightly wound wire, resists tissue ingrowth and, as it does not incorporate into the mucosa, it can be removed endo-scopically. The stent is inserted in a small diameter and after being located in the stricture area it self-expands while applying radial force till achieving its original configuration. 37 biliarystents were inserted endoscopicallythrough a jumbo endoscope for the treatment of inoperable pancreatic and choledochal tumors. Short term complications occurred in 3 patients: 2 stents were removed because of failure of expansion and one stent was removed because the patient had a severe pancreatitis and was operated. In a long term follow-up no tissue ingrowth were observed. 7 stents were plagued due to sludge or tissue over-growth and plastic stents were placed in them. 33 esophageal stents were inserted fluoroscopically in the treatment of proximal and distal esophageal tumors and gastric tumors. In a follow-up of 40 weeks (mean implant time - 14 weeks) stents remained fully opened, no tumor ingrowth or pain were observed. Complication occurred in 4 patients: 2 stents migrated into the stomach and were removed endoscopically without trauma, 2 stents broke after a period of 2-4 weeks leaving the main part of the stent still functioning in place. As a result of this last two cases a recall was done for the esophageal stents and a new design has been released recently, having a polymer coating. We conclude that the self-expandable nitinol coil stent, having a tightly wound coil, resist tissue ingrowth and allows easy endoscopic procedure to relieve inoperable malignant strictures.


In these studies the following tissues were examined: wet human heart and liver, wet and dry beef heart, liver, kidney, brain and muscle. Three main types of antigens were employed: Plain alcoholic extract. The wet tissues were extracted with 95% alcohol in the ratio 1:10 for 3 days at 37°C. and kept over night at room temperature. These extracts were then filtered. Dry tissues were extracted in the ratios 1:10, 1:25, 1:50, and 1:100 at 37°C, room and ice box temperature. The duration of extraction was the same as stated for the wet tissues. Tractional extracts. They were prepared from the above dry tissues. Ten grams of the powderized tissues were extracted with 150 cc. of acetone and likewise with ether, chloroform, benzol and xylol. These flasks were kept at 37°C. for one hour, the extracts were then filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue was re-dissolved in 50 cc. of 95% alcohol. Similarly extracts were prepared at ice box and at room temperature. Secondary extracts. As in the preceding method 10 gm. of the respective dry tissues were extracted with 150 cc. of acetone for one hour at 37°C. and likewise with ether, chloroform, benzol and xylol. The extracts were then filtered and discarded, while the tissue residue was dried at 37°C. for one hour or for a longer time if necessary. Each dried tissue was extracted with 50 cc. of 95% alcohol for 3 days at 37°C. and then over night at room temperature. These extracts were again filtered. Similar extracts were prepared at ice box and at room temperature. The usefulness of the above extracts with regard to the test can be summarized as follows: Beef heart appears to be the most suitable tissue for extraction of lipoids and is not exceeded in this respect by any other tissue.


The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) under development in the international community has been agreed to include both terrestrial and space segments as integral parts of the system. The purpose of the SINUS project is to demonstrate that UMTS services can be provided seamlessly via satellite, and to make recommendations concerning the interworking between space and terrestrial segments. The SINUS laboratory system demonstrator is being developed to illustrate the role of the Satellite-UMTS, including a real-time emulator with programmable perturbations in the link to the mobile user, representing all expected satellite constellation and mobile link characteristics. The Mobile Terminal and Fixed Earth Station (FES) consist of CDMA modulator/demodulators for satellite-specific communication functions, and also include software for more generic UMTS network functions (e.g., call management, mobility, handover). To demonstrate the realistic operation of the system, several examples of multimedia applications will be implemented from end to end.


In the early part of the nineteenth century, the American frontier typically was associated with male adventurers like James Fenimore Cooper's Natty Bumppo and the Davy Crockett of popular almanacs. In the national imagination, the West was closely tied to these lone white males' conquests of stock enemies such as mountain lions, bears, and Indians. However, the writing by white women who moved West as settlers brings different perspectives to bear on this region. As Annette Kolodny, Judith Fetterley, and others have argued, the rhetorical competition between male adventure stories and female domestic narratives in defining the meaning of the American West is at the heart of Caroline Kirkland's first book A New Home, Who'll Follow? Or Glimpses of Western Life. Written under the pen name, Mary Clavers, this book presents a thinly fictionalized chronicle of two of the years (1837-39) Kirkland spent with her husband and children in rural Michigan. In response to genteel fears that the West had to be yielded up as a breeding ground for social degeneration and extremist individualism, Kirkland insists on the reclamability of this region for domestic values. She aims to domesticate the West by making a case that the central drama of the region is the settlement of families and, in the words of her title, the construction of "new homes." Through her many books, articles, and sketches, Kirkland would go on to establish herself as a talented western writer and early realist. Indeed, her primary objective in A New Home is to challenge popular representations of the West as a kind of playground for white male adventure. As Elizabeth C. Barnes has shown, Kirkland thought of her writing as camera-like in its accuracy and as a corrective lens to replace the "magic glasses" used in the promotional material of real estate developers. Contemporary readers such as Edgar Allen Poe recognized Kirkland's portrait as being particularly "lifelike," detailed, and unique among western literature in its focus on the home. In "The Literati of New York," Poe writes, "to Mrs. Kirkland alone we were indebted for our acquaintance with the home and home-life of the backwoodsman" (460). Kirkland claims her "veracious history" of this region is intended to correct distortions. Nathaniel Lewis points out that her claim of authenticity is "not only unexceptional, but de rigueur" for western writers of the time. However, her emphasis on the details of western home life is strikingly innovative. Through detailed description and analysis of everyday events in western households, Kirkland insists on her adopted region's devotion to what, in the doctrine of separate spheres, were considered female values--domesticity, community, and morality. For Kirkland, a "realistic" western protagonist is someone like her book's narrator, Mary Clavers: a moralistic white woman engaged in reinventing her home life on her own terms in a new, developing town. In addition to attempting to re-dedicate the West to domestic, moral values in A New Home, Kirkland aims to unmask the romanticization of individualistic male adventure in the popular literature of her time. Kirkland argues that the primary form of male adventure in the western territories is not actually hunting or trapping, but the ignominious practice of land speculation, which is both rampant and anathema to the author's sense of morality and home. In the years preceding Kirkland's publication of A New Home, literary representations of the frontier abounded with male heroes: trappers, hunters, scouts, riverboat men, and explorers, whose primary characteristics are self-reliance, individualism, nomadic lifestyles, and scorn of social norms and traditions usually associated with women. In the 1830s, the western male hero was a recognized cultural type, understood to be "a man who was lawless, ignorant, rough mannered, strong, a heavy drinker, and a ferocious fighter" (Blair and Meine 23). This lone male figure has a long history in American literature, but, as Richard Slotkin asserts in Regeneration Through Violence, it seems to take particular form with John Filson's literary creation of the frontier hero Daniel Boone in 1784. …


Complications of portacaval-shunt procedure are many and varied. In two cases of a hitherto undescribed complication, massive "anoxic pseudolobular necrosis" of the hepatic parenchyma developed immediately following side-to-side procedures. Factors other than the anastomosis (gastrointestinal bleeding and shock) were operative in one of the cases, but no explanation other than hemodynamic alterations in the liver following the shunt procedure were found in the second case. Although previously unreported, earlier stages of this complication may be the basis for many of the immediate postoperative deaths labeled "hepatic coma" or "hepatic failure" by different authors.


The duality of nature determines that biodiversity will hinder community development. The article takes the example of peripheral community of Wuliangshan mountain natural conservation area, and analyzes the relations and contradiction between biodiversity protection and community development. At last it also gives us the suggestions and countermeasure to solve the contradiction.


We investigate nonlinear extensions of the holographic soft wall model proposed by Karch, Katz, Son and Stephanov [1] with a positive quadratic dilaton. We consider a Higgs potential for the tachyonic field that brings a more natural realisation of chiral symmetry breaking in the infrared regime. Utilising the AdS/CFT dictionary and holographic renormalisation we find the chiral condensate as a function of the quark mass. The nonlinearity of the Higgs potential leads to a nonlinear relation between the chiral condensate and the quark mass. Solving the effective Schrodinger equations for the field perturbations we estimate meson masses and decay constants and evaluate their dependence on the quark mass. In the axial and pseudoscalar sector we find an interesting behaviour for the decay constants as the quark mass increases. We also investigate the effect of a 5d running mass for the tachyonic field. We conclude that nonlinear soft wall models with a Higgs potential for the tachyon and a positive quadratic dilaton do not provide spontaneous symmetry breaking in the chiral limit.


This article addresses the issue of recent declines in the number and quality of marketing majors within business schools. These issues are discussed within the more general context of changing student enrollment patterns and alternative models of student choice of major The development of proactive marketing plans and strategic alliances between marketing departments and other departments and units, both on campus and outside the university, is discussed as a means of more effectively marketing the marketing major.


The paper expounds the professional qualities that the librarian should possess in the new period,and puts forward some ways for improving the professional qualities of the librarian.


Cell transistor and data retention time characteristics were studied in 90 nm design rule 512M-bit DRAM, for the first time. And, the characteristics of cell transistor are investigated for different STI gap-fill materials. HDP oxide with high compressive stress increases the threshold voltage of cell transistor, whereas the P-SOG oxide with small stress decreases the threshold voltage of cell transistor. Stress between silicon and gap-fill oxide material is found to be the major cause of the shift of the cell transistor threshold voltage. If high stress material is used for STI gap fill, channel-doping concentration can be reduced, so that cell junction leakage current is decreased and data retention time is increased.


The purpose of this paper is to highlight that Singaporeans are adopting the value of continuous effort and being resilient. Several explanations are put forth on why Singaporeans are resilient. That being the case, Singapore companies can also be said to be resilient. Design/methodology/approach – Interviewing method. Findings – Influenced by its geography, history and the value of achievement, Singaporeans and Singapore Companies are adopting ''continuous effort'' and ''are being resilient'' as the value they work and live by. Goal-oriented, they do their homework, plan their work before plunging and work their plan. Research limitations/implications – Limitation: time and costs constraints, otherwise more interviewing sessions could have been held. Future research, if a budget permits, can employ more interviewers. Practical implications – Being resilient is an advantage, it can also lead to strengthen the Republic's economy. In business, being resilient is vital since it gives the people the necessary fighting power. However, it is said that any culture is dynamic, and events may change perceptions and values, and hence, a highlight on whether Singaporeans are, in fact, ''becoming softer'' is also discussed. Originality/value – The article provides a new/continuing perspective on cultural value of resilience in Singapore.


The 2020 Personalized Voice Trigger Challenge (PVTC2020) addresses two different research problems a unified setup: joint wake-up word detection with speaker verification on close-talking single microphone data and far-field multi-channel microphone array data. Specially, the second task poses an additional cross-channel matching challenge on top of the far-field condition. To simulate the real-life application scenario, the enrollment utterances are recorded from close-talking cell-phone only, while the test utterances are recorded from both the close-talking cell-phone and the far-field microphone arrays. This paper introduces our challenge setup and the released database as well as the evaluation metrics. In addition, we present a joint end-to-end neural network baseline system trained with the proposed database for speaker-dependent wake-up word detection. Results show that the cost calculated from the miss rate and the false alarm rate, can reach 0.37 in the close-talking single microphone task and 0.31 in the far-field microphone array task. The official website and the open-source baseline system have been released.


Fashion merchandiser profession is a highly information-intensive job. In fact, a merchandiser is to acquire a variety of information mainly from external environment and to analyze it in order to come to an informed decision. Despite a significant amount of past studies on environment scanning, their main concern was of managerial work. And, some fashion design studies have only touched the issue of information source in a descriptive tone. Here, we attempt to analyze empirically fashion merchandisers' environmental scanning activities. Our results can be stated as follows:1) Though the quality of information source has a positive relationship with its use, the accessibility does not. 2) There is no significant difference between the use of relational source and the use of non-relational source. 3) Internet is being used more at the initial stage(opening) of information seeking than at the orientation and consolidation stage.


Through using the method of literature review,investigation and mathematical statistics,this paper makes investigation on physical education teaching condition and development in Jinan special school.The result shows that the majority of special school has funding shortage on physical education with a single way of resource,the sports facilities are serious lack and full-time sports teachers are shortages,the development of extra-curricular sports activities are poor.Many factors seriously affect physical education development in Jinan special school.Through analyzing and summarizing the development of physical education teaching in special school,this paper tries to put forward the measurements for concerned department in order to better implement the principles of special education and provide a theoretical basis.


The invention relates to a ventilation improvement device and a ventilation improvement method for a brushless exciter of a synchronous motor. The brushless exciter is an alternating-current exciter of a rotary rectifier, which is provided with an exciter and is coaxial to the synchronous motor. The ventilation improvement device comprises an exciter main shaft (1), a bearing (12), an exciter stator (5), an exciter rotor (3), a rotary rectifying disc (2), a stator engine base (4) and a exciter cover (6), wherein the rotary rectifying disc and the exciter rotor are installed on the exciter main shaft, the exciter stator is installed on the stator engine base, the exciter cover is provided with a exciter air inlet (7) and an exciter air outlet (8), a front air inlet (10) and a rear air inlet (9) are arranged at the two ends of the stator engine base, an air outlet is arranged at the upper part of the stator engine base, and the exciter air outlet is connected with the air outlet (11) at the upper part of the stator engine base. The ventilation improvement device is used for the brushless exciter.


Long-term research results have been a foundation of forestry practice on the Allegheny Plateau since the 1970s. This includes results from monitoring reference conditions in areas set aside for this purpose and from long-running manipulative studies, some dating back to the 1920s. The success of long-term research in this region reflects the commitment of a handful of individuals, the institutional support of the U.S. Forest Service, and the translation of the results into useable guidelines for forest management. For this paper, we will consider studies or monitoring programs that run for a decade or more to be long term. The values and benefits to be examined include humility, unexpected outcomes, environmental education resources, enhanced understanding of ecological interactions, quantification of trade-offs, and answers to unanticipated questions. We also discuss some of the key factors to sustaining a successful long-term research program in our region and emerging challenges to sustaining them in the future.


We developed a trapped-field magnet system using a bulk high-temperature superconducting (HTS) material (Sm-Ba-Cu-O; abbreviated as Sm123) and used it to observe a signal of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The compact magnet system can fit on a table and needs no conventional refrigerant such as liquid helium. The magnet has a c-axis-oriented single-domain Sm123 bulk superconductor containing 20 wt.% Ag and was synthesized in the melt-textured process. The magnet is constructed of two cylindrical pieces, 36-mm outer and 7-mm inner diameters, respectively, and 16-mm thickness. This configuration results in magnetic field stability and suitable homogeneity for observation of NMR signal. The magnet was magnetized to 3 T by an ordinary NMR superconducting magnet by using a field cooling (FC) method. The bulk magnet was magnetized at 60K and has been kept at the temperature under 58K by using a pulse tube refrigerator. We observed 1H NMR signal from the silicon rubber with the size of 1.2 mm diameter and 1.5 mm length at 2.89 Tesla (123 MHz) and 228 kHz peak width. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 31B: 65–70, 2007.


This study analyses the relationship between solving exploratory and investigation tasks involving functional relationships and the development of algebraic thinking in grade 8 students, giving special attention to the way they interpret and use the algebraic language. The methodology, qualitative and interpretative, is based in two case studies of students involved in a teaching unit of 16 classes which included the study of numerical sequences, functions and first degree equations. The data collection involved two interviews (one carried before and the other after the teaching unit), the participant observation of the classes by the teacher, registered in her diary, and gathering of students' written records. The results show that the emphasis in the study of functional relationships based on exploratory and investigation tasks promotes the development of meaning for the algebraic language and the construction of a wider vision regarding the use of symbols.


(1) In an F1 population of N. digluta [Female] x N. tabacum [male] a single haploid tabacum plant was secured in a population of 173 individuals. (2) It is suggested that the occasional pure sylvestris plants obtained in backcrosses of F1 sylvestris-tabacum [Female] x sylvestris [male] may arise from diploid merogony. (3) No detectable influence of maternal cytoplasm was discernible in the above described instances.


The boundary value problems of electromagnetic fields have been extensively studied but can't be considered completely solved. In this paper a new method is suggested using modern electromagnetic theory. This theory is a macro electrodynamics theory based on the modern mathematics and physics not classical mathematics and physics.


The first order Mel'nikov function of a class of Hamilton differential system is calculated,and the number of limit cycle which is bifurcated under the cubic polynomial perturbation is estimated by this method.


A 50-year-old man with sedentary lifestyle presented with history of New York Heart Association class II exertional dyspnoea for 1 year. The electrocardiogram suggested left ventricular hypertrophy with symmetric deep T inversions in lateral chest leads. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography revealed features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with mid-cavitary gradient of 38 mm Hg. The aortic valve and the left ventricular outflow tract were normal and there was no significant mitral regurgitation.

Cardiac MRI showed a mid-cavity diastolic interventricular septal thickness of 24 mm and a …


In this paper we propose contributing to deepening the knowledge on access to venture capital concerning the pre start-up phase of the innovative firms, identifying the reasons mentioned by nascent entrepreneurs as responsible for the lack of success in obtaining VC. The main reasons cited for not obtaining venture financing were small size of the VC market and limited public policies to support venture capital participation. The sub-sample of nascent entrepreneurs that based their financing proposals on more complete business plans included at the top of their list "lack of interest of the venture capitalists in pre start-up phase investments". The study of access to venture capital is a crucial issue in the entrepreneurial finance literature. Most of the studies carried out focus on the supply perspective with several authors highlighting the scarcity of the studies on venture capital which adopted a demand perspective. In this paper we propose contributing to deepening the knowledge on this topic concerning the pre start-up phase of the innovative firms, identifying the reasons mentioned by nascent entrepreneurs as responsible for the lack of success in obtaining venture capital. The empirical data in this paper comes from a survey administered to 63 Portuguese innovative nascent entrepreneurs who tried to obtain venture capital and were not successful. In this survey the nascent entrepreneurs were asked to assess the relative importance of 13 criteria that were identified in previous research. The sample was subsequently segmented according to the "quality of the business plan" criterion. The data were initially summarised using univariate statistics. The nonparametric MannWhitney U-test was used to identify differences between the categories relative to the "quality of the business plan" criterion.


In order to reduce the complexity of computation and improve the generalization of two binary-class support vector machines in images steganalysis,this paper brings forward a steganalysis method based on genetic algorithms and multiple one-class SVM.Genetic algorithm is applied to search and identify the potential informative features combinations for classification.The classification accuracy from the support vector machine classifier is used to determine the fitness in genetic algorithm.Experimental results show that the efficiency of detecting system is improved.


ABSTRACT Green tea (GT) derived epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a commonly used nutraceutical for its antioxidant activity. Caffeine is the second major component and interferes with extraction of EGCG. On-column decaffeination was optimized to enable selective enrichment of EGCG, though less retained than caffeine. EGCG recovery and loss in caffeine were determined using RP-HPLC. Results indicated a significant improvement in caffeine removal and EGCG recovery. The SPE-HPLC protocol represents a model for an efficient and economic approach for improving dynamic capacity, selectivity, and sensitivity towards less retained analytes. This is particularly important for analysis of inherently complex samples of nutraceutical products.


The growing interest in using woody biomass for energy offers a potential opportunity to commercially remove cohorts of small-diameter trees (<25 cm dbh) during thinning operations that otherwise have little or no economic value. However, there is little information about the quantity of biomass and the nutrients that would be removed during small-diameter harvests in oak stands of the Central Hardwood Region. The objectives of the study were to quantify biomass removals by component (foliage, twigs, bark, and stemwood) and the nutrient concentrations within components for estimating quantities of both wood and nutrients that would be removed under alternative harvest prescriptions. White oak was the most common species harvested; others included post oak, black oak, mockernut hickory, American elm, persimmon, white ash, and dogwood. Sampling indicated that heartwood and sapwood comprised most of the biomass (78 -79%) followed by bark (15%), twigs (4 - 5%), and leaves (about 2%). Estimated nutrient removals during a small-diameter harvest in this region were 1.3-3 times greater than during conventional sawlog harvests. The relatively high nutrient removals that can occur for biomass harvesting compared to traditional sawlog harvests underscore an ongoing need to ensure that nutrient removals during biomass harvesting do not exceed inputs from soil mineral weathering and the atmosphere.


Young people react most vividly to all events in life. New forms of social relations to a certain extent affect it, as the socially most promising stratum of society, whose linguistic competence and speech behavior largely determines the direction of development of other social subsystems of language, including the spoken and literary language. Youth slang as an everyday language of communication among young people is a kind of indicator of their level of development, interests, tastes and needs. Students' speech is most influenced and changed


Value-at-Risk (VaR), as a a risk measure, has been widely accepted all over the world. However, VaR is not the best risk measure. VaR is not sub-additive. Moreover, it doesnpsilat indicate the size of the potential loss. Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) is the most attractive coherent risk measure and has been studied by many authors. In this paper, we study on CVaR calculations. In addition, we study the issue of volatility forecasting for CVaR calculations by using weighted realized volatility. Weighted realized volatility is a non- parametric measure of volatility and can be modeled and forecasted with usual time series models. Furthermore, weighted realized volatility is based on high frequency financial data and can fully take advantage of the intraday information. Finally, we do empirical research in Chinese stock market.