This paper considers if the gender of architects, as one aspect of their cultural indoctrination, impacts their colour use. In other words, it considers if colour use in architectural design is gendered via a process of cultural indoctrination that is influenced by the attitudes towards gender, principally in relation to the biological sex binary, that are prevalent in the cultural contexts that shape us. A survey of 274 designers asked: does gender affect an architect's general attitude towards three dependant variables: 1) colour use; 2) colour preferences; 3) use of colour when designing? It was found that while female architects perceived colour to be more important to architecture than males did, females' portfolios are significantly less colourful. Gender differences were also found for hue preference, dominant colour use and the use of colours for building exteriors. The findings provide the design community with more information about the relationship between culture and colour responses and highlight how gender values may, via colour use, impact architectural design. The authors argue for an approach to design education that acknowledges the potency of architects' subjective tendencies in relation to objective design influences such as the brief or the physical context of a building.


: Gold mining plays an essential role on the social and economic development. However, mining activities leads to destructive changes in ground structure and biodiversity, triggering considerable environmental problems. This study proposed a field observation to evaluate the short-term efforts of the artificial restoration measures taken by the Two-River Source Nature Reserve Administration from 2010 to 2015 in an abandoned gold mining area in Altai Mountain, Northwest China. The effects of different ecological restoration measures on soil and vegetation recovery were examined by calculating the richness index, dominance index, diversity index, evenness index, aboveground biomass, vegetation coverage, species number and soil-rock ratio index of the recovered area. Further, a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compare the efficiency of each artificial measure. The results showed that gold mining activities cause serious environmental degradation in natural landscapes. The soil-rock ratio of the abandoned mining area was reduced by 98% compared with the original grassland. The surface vegetation was destructively destroyed, and the surface soil was stripped. Restoration measures considerably improved ecological conditions, which were reflected by surface biomass, diversity index and the soil-rock ratio, as well as accelerated ecological rebuilding processes in abandoned mining areas. The ecological efficiency of the single restoration measures assessed, such as soil measures, water replenishment measures and biological measures, was not significant. The average values of various indexes of these measures showed lower values of 0.12–0.45. The combination of various measures can not only improve the soil environment but can also lead to changes in plant community diversity and significant ecological efficiency. This was reflected by the values of various indexes, which reached higher values of 0.4–1.21. As far as the same kind of restoration measure is considered, the longer the restoration period, the better the recovery effect.


The invention discloses a device for car dehumidification. The device comprises a centrifugal blower, an adsorption type roller dehumidifier and an air outlet which are connected in sequence through air pipes. A quarter of the adsorption type roller dehumidifier is the desorption end, an air condenser is disposed at the desorption end, and the desorption end is connected with a car tail gas emission device. Three quarters of the adsorption type roller dehumidifier are the adsorption end. The desorption end and the adsorption end are filled with cyclic adsorption silica gel. The air outlet leads to the inside of a car. The device for car dehumidification is higher in adsorption quantity and rate and larger in energy efficiency ratio and reduces emission of car tail gas heat to a great degree.


Smart grid is the next-generation electrical power system for providing reliable, efficient, secure, and cost-effective energy generation, distribution, and consumption. For a smart grid network, communications infrastructure/protocols and wireless networking will play an important role in achieving these objectives. The communication network designing will involves detailed analysis of the communication requirements, appropriate protocol architecture, choice of the most suitable technologies, and a resultant heterogeneous network management system. Smart grid deployment is mainly about defining the necessary standards for ICT solutions. To achieve significant advantages over traditional communication technologies, smart grid also involves its collaboration with wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Recently, WSNs can enhance various aspects of today's electric power systems that include generation, delivery, and utilization. Since communication will be through wireless channel, the security of the network/data is also to be considered. The large scale and autonomous features of a smart grid render its cyber security quite vulnerable to adversaries. This proposed manuscript will present a broader view of the smart grid networks and the various diversified fields that are integrating to create this interdisciplinary research area. This involves the use of wireless sensor networks, communication and routing protocols, various possible architectures for smart grid networks, the potential intelligent attacks, and their countermeasures.


Possibilities to elaborate the new energy dispersive methods of the diagnostics of a medium atomic structure based on the polarization bremsstrahlung from relativistic electrons moving in a sample are analyzed in the paper. The method of radial density of atoms measuring in a weakly ordered medium is proposed in the paper as well as the method of cluster size determination in small grained medium.


The aim of this paper is to assess the extent to which different levels of decentralisation across regions of the European Union (EU) affected citizens' perceptions about European integration over the period 1973–2002. The paper uses Eurobarometer Surveys to explore by means of multinomial logistic regressions whether decentralisation was an important factor behind the varying perceptions about Europe. Two dimensions of decentralization—political and fiscal—are considered in the analysis, alongside several compositional and contextual effects. The results of the analysis show that fiscal decentralisation was fundamental for citizens' support for European integration, while there is limited evidence that political decentralisation played a similar role. Hence, while fiscal decentralisation may have given prominence to the economic benefits of European integration, political decentralisation was more associated with its economic costs. Taking into account that history matters, this paper raises potentially interesting insights for the design of policies aimed at promoting social cohesion.


A decision support system is a computer-based information system that produces various alternative decisions to assist management in dealing with various structured or unstructured problems using data or models, one of which is in the problem of recruiting new teachers so that decisions are made in the right direction. The research method used in this study is SAW (Simple Additive Weighting), which is one of the algorithms used for decision making. The SAW algorithm is also known as the weighted addition algorithm. This method requires a decision matrix normalization process (x) to a scale that can be compared with all available alternative ratings. The authors took a case study at SD IT Cinta Qur'an. SD IT Cinta Qur'an is one of the elementary schools managed by the As-Salam Ilal Jannah Foundation, which is located in Tanjung Balik Village, Solok Regency. The result of the calculation of the saw method is in the form of information that can be taken into consideration by the school in making decisions on new teacher selection. In this study, six candidates as samples with five criteria were used in the calculation of the SAW method to obtain the best candidate rankings to make decisions by ordering from maximum to minimum value. It can be concluded that the SAW method can be used to support decisions in the selection of new teacher candidates by building a decision support system modelling.


Immunization of mice with foreign proteins or particulate antigen induces the formation of immunoglobulin (Ig)‐antigen complexes which are strongly cytophilic for T cells and have been shown recently to markedly enhance the 7 S antibody response. In this report we demonstrate that pretreatment of the animals with cyclophosphamide or anti‐I‐J antiserum eliminates the difference in the antibody response between the mice injected with the complexes and the controls, in other words, the enhancement. Six hours after allogeneic stimulation the serum of mice contains also a cytophilic (for T cells) Ig which most likely represents, as in the case of the foreign antigens, complexes of Ig with alloantigens. The allogeneically induced 6‐h serum (6HS) contains a factor which enhances the cytotoxic T lymphocyte(s) (CTL) response in vivo. As with the 7 S antibody response, pretreatment of mice with cyclophosphamide, in doses known to eliminate suppressor cell expression, "masks" the CTL enhancement of the allogeneically induced 6HS. The same result was also observed with the anti‐I‐J antiserum.


On September 2, 2002, the Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational System (NABOS) program deployed its first mooring in the Eastern Eurasian Basin (EEB) of the Arctic Ocean. Since then, NABOS moorings, complemented by repeat multidisciplinary shipborne surveys and Lagrangian drifters (Figure 1), have provided a unique data set in an area of traditionally sparse observations. A series of moorings placed at several strategically important locations continues to be the program's primary monitoring tool for capturing major near-slope mass, heat, and salt transports and their links to lower-latitude processes. These data will aid in quantifying shelf-basin interactions, documenting water mass transformations, and understanding key mechanisms that lead to the Arctic Ocean's variability. International collaboration, particularly among the eight Arctic countries, has been an essential part of this observational strategy, with researchers from 18 counties taking part in NABOS cruises since 2002. This observational strategy has paid off well. For example, data collected from the NABOS mooring in 2004 showed a strong warming signal in the warm (temperature >0°C) and salty waters of Atlantic origin (Atlantic Water, AW), suggesting that the eastern Arctic Ocean is in transition toward a new, warmer state (Polyakov et al., 2005). Moreover, NABOS mooring data collected in 2006 in the vicinity of Svalbard at ~30°E showed AW temperature anomalies unprecedented in the history of regional instrumental observations (Ivanov et al., 2009). Concerted efforts of the international team of scientists from the United States, Germany, Russia, and Norway provided evidence that this anomaly took about 1.5 years to propagate from the Norwegian Sea to the Fram Strait region, and it took an additional 4.5 to 5 years to reach the EEB slope. NABOS mooring observations also revealed the structure of the boundary current, showing a sixfold decrease of the current's speed on the route from Svalbard to the central Laptev Sea (Pnyushkov et al., 2015). NABOS repeat oceanographic transects confirmed the ongoing large-scale warming of the EEB. Furthermore, combined with data provided by other projects, they showed that the warm anomaly found its way further eastward towards the Canadian Basin (Figure 2). This warm pulse peaked in 2007–2008. By the late 2000s, the ocean interior had become slightly cooler (by 0.07°C) relative to the peak years, but still remained much warmer (by ~1°C) compared to the climatology of the 1970s (Polyakov et al., 2012). Enhanced mooring capabilities of the program in the 2010s were critical in documenting and understanding further dramatic changes in the polar basins. These changes are closely related to the progression of anomalies from the Atlantic sector of the sub-Arctic seas into polar latitudes—a process called "Atlantification" (Polyakov et al., 2017). These observed


Abstract This paper sought to establish the competency skills required by accountants to utilise 4IR technologies at their work places. The following specific questions guided the study: What constitutes an accountant who is fit for purpose in the 4IR era? What needs to be done for accountants in Africa to remain relevant? To answer these questions the research adopted a qualitative research approach. A structured interview guide and document review was used to gather qualitative data. Telephone interviews were conducted with the selected members for the interview due to the covid-19 epidemic. Secondary data was gathered through desk research, which included analyzing various academic curricula of various institutions and syllabi of Professional Accounting Organisations. The results from the study on the first objective show that an African accountant needs mostly computer skills and critical thinking skills to effectively navigate in the technology driven era. Other skills identified were emotional intelligence, technical and analytical skills. The second research question indicated that African accountants are expected to have data management skills to effectively execute their duties in this digital era. These skills include information technology skills, data analytics, complex problem solving, specialised software, and business intelligence. These skills need to be fused in the curricula of training institutions. Professional Accounting Organizations, universities, and employers should structure their training curricula in such a way that they impart cutting-edge technology such as block chain and robotics as part of digital accounting so as to eliminate manual accounting and enhance quality financial reporting.


The effusion method was originally designed by Bunsen and improved later by Schilling for determining gas density. It has been widely used for over a century because of its relatively simple setup. It has been, however, generally recognized that the method has a fairly large error of uncertain sources. This paper discusses the error of the method due to dynamic causes and describes an improved method to avoid the error. Experiments show that the improved method yields more accurate gas specific gravity with an error reduced nearly to 0.5 percents which is similar to the result obtained by a weighing method.


versality of man.1 My own interests in rock climbing, parachuting, river running, and cave exploring seemed tailor-made for such an organization. When a young man or woman steps out of a plane at 2,500 feet, theory stops, his bragging stops, and all eyes are on him. He is an individual. What he does is very important to him and to all who watch. On a cliff, no man can fail a climb, then watch someone else make that same climb, and call the other "inferior." In a raft the dia-


The paper analyzes the causes of fossilization.Based on these reasons,it puts forward some relative countermeasures for teachers in high vocational colleges to improve their teaching quali- ties,so that the learners can master the target language to a maximum extent and retard backward the phenomenon.


To date, the safety and tolerability of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been demonstrated in studies of up to 10 years.


During high speed missile-target encounter test,it is a problem that the charging time is too long for the ordinary xenon lamp as a pilot lamp,which is not suited to test multi targets.To solve the problem,a fast response method was put forward for testing multi targets based on light emitting diode.High speed devices were used to drive high power LEDs,including high speed optical-couples,high speed MOSFETs and high speed power switches.Then,it was used as a signal to point out the position where laser-proximity fuze fire.It was easy to obtain information of position and instantaneous velocity by calculation,combined with a high speed camera and positional label.The method was testified successfully to obtain effective data in test.


In this paper, we present a hybrid digital watermarking scheme for copyright protection purposes. Our scheme is based on a multi-resolution wavelet analysis. For a robust watermarking, the watermark must be embedded in the lowest possible spatial frequencies. However, a problem with this is that very low frequencies modifications are difficult to implement without a perceptual distortion in the original image during the watermarking process. We found that wavelet transform is a good tradeoff for this problem. Wavelet transform is known for its good localization in time and frequency domains, a feature that allows for embedding of the watermark in any particular frequency-band and/or orientation. By selecting an appropriate frequency band at which we fuse the watermark, robustness can be achieved for both applications of copyright-protection and tamper-proofing. To evaluate our algorithm, we demonstrate the effects of various image distortions and attack operators such as mean filtering and JPEG compression. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithm is more robust when compared to other algorithms in the same category. In addition, our watermarked images did not show any visible artifacts, and the original image is not required to extract the watermark.


This article analyses the challenges of controlling short-term rentals (STR) in an era of intermediation by digital platforms, focusing on the process of regulatory enforcement. Drawing on evidence from large European cities, it investigates how public authorities identify and tackle STR deemed illegal, how operators of illegal STR seek to escape detection, and the relationships between city governments and digital platforms in the process of regulatory enforcement. The article shows what digitalisation and 'platformisation' do to the possibility of (local) state regulation of housing informality and illegality in the European context. As platforms have been reluctant to release individualised STR listings to local authorities, the latter have had to rely on imperfect, 'DIY' methods of data gathering in the physical and digital worlds, in the context of attempts to regulate STR for public interest objectives such as the protection of the long-term residential stock.


The invention discloses a human enterotoxigenic Excherichia coli flagellin 2FliC fusion protein and an application thereof. A recombinant plasmid pRSET-B-2fliC containing a human enterotoxigenic Excherichia coli fliC gene provided by the invention is converted to Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) to induce a recombined expression bacterium BL21(DE3)/pRSET-B-2fliC to express the 2FliC fusion protein. The above expressed recombinant protein is used to actively immunize first farrowing laying hens, a yolk antibody aiming at the protein is prepared, the extracted yolk antibody verifies that the recombinant protein has good antigenicity, and mouse intestinal tract toxicity attack test and in vitro experiments prove that the purified yolk antibody can inhibit adherence of bacteria to ETEC strains in mouse intestinal tracts and in vitro.


The present invention first is generated by the injection suction process (nozzle blast-drawing process) of the nozzle 3 of the foam process (triple-bubble process) the sheet-type of the various layers that are symmetrical or tube-type food packaging or food in both the by-packaging the proposed film. This has the appropriate form to the form of food packaging, such as what similar shrink bags, the sealing film, wrap film. Said new type of food packaging or food film kkalrigo symmetrically between two PA layers for distributing the force, two PO layers, at least nine EVOH layer of oxygen-barrier type, surrounded by symmetrically for the water vapor barrier again It includes, and the outer layer as well as excellent optical properties is formed by a material which is resistant to high temperature, such as PET, which may also provide a significantly faster rate for additional processes (cycle number) than previously known.


The utility model provides an air showering cleaning device of an electrostatic plasma electric field. The device comprises a controller, a compressed air source, an air pipeline, an electromagnetic valve and a nozzle; compressed air is contained in the compressed air source; one end of the air pipeline is connected with the compressed air source; the electromagnetic valve is arranged on the air pipeline; the other end of the air pipeline is connected with the nozzle; the nozzle is close to a pole plate, and an acute angle is formed by the extending line of the nozzle and the pole plate; the controller is electrically connected with the electromagnetic valve; the pole plate is coated with nano oil-resisting waterproof materials; when the pole plate needs to be cleaned, the controller controls the electromagnetic valve to be opened, the compressed air in the compressed air source passes through the electromagnetic valve along the air pipeline to flow to the nozzle, the compressed air is sprayed to the pole plate through the nozzle, and due to the fact that the acute angle is formed between the extending line of the nozzle and the pole plate, the compressed air is bounced through the pole plate and then flows away in the reflection direction of the pole plate together with impurities on the pole plate along the extending line of the nozzle.


Objective To explore the role of methylation of E-cadherin gene in the pathogenesis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).Methods E-cadherin gene methylation was studied using methylation specific polymerase chain reaction in paraffin-embedded tissues.And reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction technique to analyze the mRNA expression of E-cadherin in A431 cell line treated with different concentration of 5′-azacytidine.The impact of 5′-azacytidine on the growth of A431 cell line was observed with MTT.Results The CpG island methylation rate of E-cadherin gene was 34.6% in SCC(P0.05),while no methylation of E-cadherin gene was found in normal skin tissues.There was statistically significant difference of E-cadherin expression between normal skin and SCC(P0.05).The mRNA expression of E-cadherin was up-regulated after treated with 5′-azacytidine(P0.05) in A431cell line.And methylation inhibitor 5′-azacytidine was demonstrated to inhibit the growth of A431 cell line.Conclusion The methylation of CpG island of E-cadherin gene might contribute to its inactive transcription and play a role in tumor development or progression in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).


The effect of season factor on the performances of poly (vinyl alcohol)/rice straw (PVA/RS) composites prepared by hot-pressing was studied. Two forms of RS, including shortcut RS and RS wires, were used to prepare composite. For PVA/ shortcut RS composites, samples of winter showed higher tensile strength and strength at tensile fracture at different PVA contents than that of summer. When PVA content is 50%, tensile strength of winter sample is 136% higher than that of summer sample and strength at tensile fracture of winter sample is 320% higher than that of summer sample. In addition, samples of winter showed lower tensile stretch and higher hardness at different PVA contents than that of summer. For PVA/RS wire composites, the comparison results are similar. These indicated that season is an important factor for preparing plant based composite with PVA as adhesive.


In recent years, cultured meat has blown a craze all over the world and has become popular in many European and American countries. China is also vigorously developing the cultured meat industry and has also achieved initial results. The goal of this research was to look at the Chinese cultured meat business over the next few years. To figure out the Chinese cultured meat market, this paper mainly applied the marketing mix theory and SWOT analysis tool to comprehensively analyze the internal and external factors of cultured meat from the perspective of consumers. This research concluded that the future development of cultured meat in China is still objective, but a lot of promotion needed to be done in the induction stage of the cultured meat product life cycle to improve the acceptance of consumers. More importantly, let the cultured meat technology mature as soon as possible since this is the main factor affecting the acceptance of consumers.


Midwives in Liberia and the Gambia will be trained to do emergency obstetric surgery, including caesarean sections, and nurses will be taught to act as anaesthetists, under a new initiative from three UK based international medical charities.

The move aims to tackle a severe shortage of doctors in the two sub-Saharan African countries and to cut numbers of women and babies dying or having complications in childbirth.

The charities, Maternal and Childhealth Advocacy …


Background The use of pharmacokinetics is associated with cost savings in anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy, but the long-term cost savings in a large cohort of Crohn's disease (CD) patients are unknown. Aim The goal of this study was to compare the cost of anti-TNF therapy in two cohorts of CD patients losing response to infliximab, one using a test-based strategy and one an empirical dose escalation. Methods We used a selected mathematical model to describe the trajectories of CD patients based on a discrete event system. This design allowed us to track over a given period a double cohort of patients who moved randomly and asynchronously from one state to another, while keeping all the information on their entire trajectory. Both cohorts were modeled using state diagram parameters where transition probabilities from one state to another are derived from literature data. Costs were estimated based on the French health care system. Results Cost savings among the 10,000 CD patients using a test-based strategy were €131,300,293 at 5 years. At 5 years the mean cost saving was €13,130 per patient. The direct cost of the test had no impact on the results until the cost per test reached €2,000. Conclusions A test-based strategy leads to major cost savings related to anti-TNF therapy in CD.


BACKGROUND
The correctional population bears a heavy burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection necessitating expansion of HCV testing and treatment opportunities. Rapid HCV testing provides point-of-care antibody results and may be ideal for correctional facilities, particularly jails, where persons are often incarcerated for short periods of time, yet feasibility has not been established.

METHODS
We conducted a pilot study of a rapid HCV testing algorithm among short-term inmates with unknown HCV status. Participants completed a questionnaire, viewed an informational video and underwent rapid HCV testing and confirmatory testing, when indicated. Persons with chronic infection were referred to community care after release. Baseline characteristics, risk behaviors, test results and linkage were examined by descriptive analyses.

RESULTS
Two hundred and fifty-two inmates were enrolled and 249 completed all study activities. Twenty-five participants (10%) had reactive rapid tests and 23 (92%) completed confirmatory testing. 15/23 (65%) had detectable HCV RNA, but only 4 linked to care after release. Persons with reactive HCV tests were more likely to be White (P = 0.01) and to have ever injected (P < 0.0001) and/or recently injected (P < 0.0001) drugs.

CONCLUSIONS
Rapid HCV testing within jails is feasible, identifies previously unrecognized cases of HCV infection, and implementation should be considered. Low rates of linkage to care after release remain a barrier to care.


Despite the obvious scientific and technological advances, the use of nanostructured products can be highly beneficial or harmful to any living being. There are risks, but there are also promises ... Therefore, it is urgent to interpret ethics of nanotechnology: not a moral discourse on "rights", thinking in categories of good and evil, and formulating deontological rules. Nanotechnologies help to think what is the status of living beings, especially human beings, based on binomial – often misunderstood and misinterpreted – of the artificiality and nature: their interaction is characterized primarily in the human ability (that nanotechnology only radicalizes) for the transformation of their environment


Mobile learning is a way of introducing devices such as smart phones and tablets to provide educational materials. This study refers to the development of an application (app) which desires to present an interactive experience with deaf users. The main tutorial lesson provided on this app is Filipino Sign Language (FSL), the natural sign language of the Philippines. The app which is an e-earning system contains three modules: dictionary, illustrations and assessment. The modules cover fifty essential FSL signs for deaf and non-Deaf users that will display an instructional tutorial by using a human-model video illustration and its corresponding written and visual memory aid. The app aims to help its intended users to familiarize towards the most commonly seen signage in the environment.


Aiming at the Intravascular Ultrasound(IVUS) image with strong background noise and pseudo shadow interference,a novel method of automatic vessel wall edge detection for IVUS images is proposed.In the process of detecting edge,the noise can be reduced by using the spatial and temporal correlation among the sequences.The new regulatory factor and adaptive normal external force are introduced in the GVF-Snake model which not only enlarges the edge capture range and makes the extraction effect of the image more accuracy,but also improves the robustness of the active contour to noise.It uses cubic B-spline to enhance the edge smoothness,and speeds up the convergence.Experimental results demonstrate that the method has higher accuracy and shorter running time.


Sufficient conditions for optimality for a control that depends on a part of state vector are obtained. The equations for finding a required control laws are derived. The connection between them and the well-known relationships is estab-lished. The use of the obtained equations is illustrated by an example.


Possible manifestations of the isospin-breaking mixing of the $a^0_0(980)$ and $f_0(980)$ resonances are analyzed in the $D^0\to K^0_S \pi^+\pi^-$ and $D^0\to K^0_S\eta\pi^0$ decays. It is shown that the $a^0_0(980)-f_0(980)$ mixing has the most influence on the $\pi^+\pi^-$ mass spectrum in the decay $D^0\to K^0_S\pi^+\pi^-$. Owing to the $a^0_0(980)-f_0(980)$ mixing, the $f_0(980)$ peak in $D^0 \to K^0_Sf_0(980)\to K^0_S \pi^+\pi^-$ can experience distortions comparable with its size. The effect essentially depends on the relative phase between the amplitudes of the $D^0\to K^0_Sf_0(980)$ and $D^0\to K^0_Sa^0_0(980)$ transitions.


Objective: To determine the incidence, risks and aetiological factors for Primary Post-Partum Haemorrhage (PPH) in UMTH. Design Retrospective descriptive study. Setting: University Of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Methods: The case records of all recorded cases of primary PPH between1stJanuary 2000 and 31stDecember 2009 inclusive, who were managed in UMTH were retrieved and relevant data obtained and analyzed. Results: Three hundred and seventy sixwomen had primary postpartum haemorrhage during the period under review with an incidence of 1.9%. However, only three hundred and two were available for analysis.Close to half of the women who had primary postpartum haemorrhage were grandmultiparous136(45%). Uterine atony was the commonest cause of primary PPH which was closely followed by retained placenta 37.7% and 22.5% respectively. This is attributed to mismanagement of labour. Majority of the patients were unbooked (63.6%) and about one third of the women had home delivery. The maternal mortality during the period was 96out of which 4were due to postpartum haemorrhage. The contribution of primary PPH to maternal mortality was 4.2% during the study period. Conclusion: Primary PPH is a largely preventable condition. Uterine atony and retained placenta were major causes of the condition in our center. This is a reflection of mismanagement of third stage of labour. Identification of patients at risk during pregnancy and labour with prompt intervention to prevent blood loss is advocated. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol , 30 (1), April 2013


Many doctors emerge from their medical training with little knowledge of what and how they are paid. It seems counterintuitive that, after such extensive education, physicians still need to learn about something so fundamental that will affect the rest of their professional lives.


In order to study the effects of Aspergillus niger , an experiment was carried out with application of nursery root-dip treatment with A. niger isolate (10 g/100 seedlings for 10 minutes), found significantly ( P ≤ 0.001) increased the yield and dry matter content of tomato plants. Application of all sixteen isolates of A. niger significantly increased the accumulation of salicylic acid, total phenolic and chlorophyll contents of plant, and lycopene, ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Brix index, diameter of fruit skin, rate of pressure tolerance of tomato fruit compared to untreated control. Among the all isolates, A . niger SkNAn5 found to be the most efficient with increasing 54% yield and 59.8% dry matter of tomato plants. A . niger SkNAn5 also maximum significantly increased the salicylic acid of root, shoot with improved fruit quality of tomato having increased amount of vitamin C (35.59 g/100 g against control 23.9 g/100 g) , lycopene ( 9.8 mg/100 g against control 8.3 mg/100 g) , and also had increased rate of pressure tolerance of fruits ( 2.84 kg/cm against control 1.35 kg/cm). Increase in salicylic acid concentration may also increased the diameter of fruit skin with most efficient isolate SkNAn5 ( 0.49 mm) almost two fold compared to control ( 0.26 mm) . Fruit Brix index of tomato plants treated with SkNAn5 significantly increased (8.75) compared to non-treated plants (5.81). These results suggest that nursery application of A. niger SkNAn5 may improve quantity and quality of tomato fruits.


do most people learn most of what they know about genetics? in Today's adults were not exposed to a robust conception of genetics when they were students, and today's adolescents, if they stay in science class, rarely fare better The man, woman, and child in the street pick up whatever knowledge of genetics they may have in an unsystematic fashion that is poorly understood. Let me provide a framework for examining the process of nonspecialists acquiring scientific learning outside the classroom.


The giant oceanic manta ray (Manta birostris) is a ray species of the Family Mobulidae, the largest type of rays in the world. A study on Manta rays from the Indian Ocean was conducted from April 2001 to August 2005 at Cilacap-Central Java and Tanjungluar-East Lombok fish landings. Catch data of Cilacap fishing port from 2006 to 2011 are also presented in this paper. The methodology utilized was direct observations and data collection by enumerators. The results show that Manta rays were caught as by-catch of tuna gillnet and tuna longline fishing in the Indian Ocean. There were three age groups (cohorts) of the Manta birostris caught in the Indian Ocean, i.e. size class between 200-300 cm disc width (DW) as a young group, 301-400 cm DW (subadult group), and 401-500 cm DW (adult group), respectivelly. The sex ratio of males to females of Manta birostris was 1:1 (P>0.05). Monthly production of Manta birostris during six years (2006-2011) indicated that the highest production occurred in the period between May and September. Almost all of the body of this species were utilised, for instance, the gill plates and cartilages were used for medicines, and meat for consumption. Based on IUCN Red List, the conservation status of Manta birostris is near threatened and vulnerable in South-East Asia.


Nucleation of polar and apolar crystals in an electrostatic field has been analyzed. The analysis is based on the extended nucleation theory which takes into account orientation of amorphous kinetic elements and the resulting crystals. In an electric field free energy of transformation is orientation-dependent which leads to orientation and field effects in thermodynamic (critical crystallization temperature) and kinetic crystallization characteristics (thermal and athermal nucleation rates).


Loko Kendenan Site is a burial site in the rock similar to Liang Pa 'in Toraja. Administratively, the site includes the territory of Hamlet Mariri, Makaliki Village, District Kalumpang, Mamuju and the astronomically located at coordinates 020 30 '39.4' 'LS and 1190 33' 05.5 '' E, with an altitude of 688 m above sea level. This site can be achieved with two-wheeled vehicles from the village of Kalumpang.
In this rock wall, there are four graves were lined up along the cliffs, with varying heights.
On the outside of the hole they are the remaining holes door made of wood, but unfortunately is not intact, leaving only a small part on the left and right of the hole.
The size of the hole in the door of the cab are as follows: length of 100 cm and width 68 cm. While the inside of the hole has a size of a vertical depth of 164 cm and 168 cm horizontal. Inside the cab is full of human bones, including a skull with a rather large amount. In addition to the bones, found fragments of a shield made of wood and metal bracelets that have been broken.


Traditionally, science has been a very individual and largely, although not exclusively, single disciplinary pursuit. Even science and engineering education has typically emphasized individual pursuits and efforts. However, recognition is increasing that current day questions require a new, integrated approach. Many fundamental questions and problems addressed by science and engineering have been resolved, but the questions posed today are evolved, more cross-cutting in nature, which increasingly require multi-disciplinary teams to address today's multi-dimensional and multi-faceted problems. While often portrayed in simplistic terms, the world's energy challenges are not black and white. As renewable energy resources are increasingly incorporated into the world's energy mix, the obstacles and realities, both economic and environmental, associated with these technologies are becoming increasingly clear. Meanwhile, fossil fuels remain a central component of the world's energy needs, one for which innovations and advances must still address associated environmental and societal concerns. For these reasons, a one-size-fits-all energy resource solution has never been viable for meeting the world's ever growing demands. Thus, the concept of one energy type being more beneficial than another oversimplifies and reduces the world's energy science and technology needs, resulting in artificial or unrecognized biases in how to address these needs going forward. Each resource comes with pros and cons, and each has different qualities that make it better suited for a given region or demand. Recent efforts, such as the Switch Energy Project, have sought to challenge the overly simplistic perspective that all renewable resources are green, all fossil resources are not, and nuclear resources are enigmatic and somehow just beyond true human comprehension. As information and understanding evolves, there is greater understanding that the world's energy demands require a spectrum of options and solutions, including the growing recognition that hybrid solutions can play an important role in meeting demand while striving for environmental and economic parity. Ultimately, therefore, it falls back to scientific and engineering communities to help evolve our approach and perspective on how to address increasingly complex questions, current and emerging, meeting energy demands in a responsible and sustainable


Are the abstractions that scientific modelers use to build their models in a modeling language the same abstractions they use to evaluate the correctness of their models? The extent to which such differences exist seems likely to correspond to additional effort of modelers in determining whether their models work as intended. In this paper, we therefore investigate the distinction between "programming abstractions" and "evaluation abstractions". As the basis of our investigation, we conducted a case study on cognitive modeling. We report modelers' evaluation abstractions, and the lengths they went to in evaluating their models. From these results, we derive design implications for several categories of persistent, first-class evaluation abstractions in future debugging tools for modelers.


By using the method of documentary data,visiting,questionnaires and mathematical statistics, the author makes an analysis on current situation of students who join the class of aerobic instructors of national grade in 2001.According to the current situation, suggestions are put forward to provide some theoretic reference for training department.


The QDCSM and diquarks model are used for the calculation of pentaquark resonance Θ(superscript +). The results show that there are effective attractions both in the positive and negative parity states. Under the requirement that the model can describe the baryon spectroscopy and baryon-baryon interactions, the energy of Θ(superscript +) calculated is higher than the value of the measured one. The energy of negative parity state is lower than that of the positive one.


This work develops ajoint design of user association and wireless backhaul bandwidth allocation with unequal user priorities in two-tier cellular heterogeneous networks (HetNets). A large number of transmit antennas is installed at a macro base station (MBS), while small base stations (SBSs) are equip with a single antenna and are connected with the MBS through wireless backhaul. Reverse time-division duplex (RTDD) scheme and dynamic frequency reuse are applied to manage inter-cell and intra-cell interference between users. We jointly determine user association and bandwidth allocation in order to maximize the sum throughput weighted by different user priorities. Based on a message-passing framework, we propose a distributed algorithm which efficiently determines user association and bandwidth allocation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing approaches consistently.


This technical note describes consumer preferences within selected demographic categories in two major Pacific Northwest markets for six domestic wood species. These woods were considered for construction of four furniture pieces. Chi-square tests were performed to determine species preferences based on gender, age, and income. Age and income were statistically significant (with a stronger effect for age); gender was not significant. Older respondents preferred oak while younger respondents preferred spruce. Cherry was preferred by respondents in higher income categories and oak by respondents in lower income categories. Maple was preferred by younger male respondents, while birch was preferred by lower income males. Lastly, red alder was found to have lower preference among females in higher income categories. Such information is useful for considering the role that species choice can play in the development of customized products by the domestic furniture industry.


Objective The present systematic review searched for published data on the prevalence of required conditions for proper assessment in critically ill patients. Methods The Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched to identify studies that evaluated the prevalence of validated conditions for the fluid responsiveness assessment using respiratory variations in the stroke volume or another surrogate in adult critically ill patients. The primary outcome was the suitability of the fluid responsiveness evaluation. The secondary objectives were the type and prevalence of pre-requisites evaluated to define the suitability. Results Five studies were included (14,804 patients). High clinical and statistical heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 98.6%), which prevented us from pooling the results into a meaningful summary conclusion. The most frequent limitation identified is the absence of invasive mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume ≥ 8mL/kg. The final suitability for the fluid responsiveness assessment was low (in four studies, it varied between 1.9 to 8.3%, in one study, it was 42.4%). Conclusion Applicability of the dynamic indices of preload responsiveness requiring heart-lung interactions might be limited in daily practice.


Depression is a frequent and curable psychiatric disorder, detrimentally affecting daily activities, harming both work-place productivity and personal relationships. Among many other symptoms, depression is associated with disordered speech production, which might permit its automatic screening by means of the speech of the subject. However, the choice of actual features extracted from the recordings is not trivial. In this study, we employ x-vectors, a DNN-based feature extractor technique, to detect depression from a Hungarian corpus. We experiment with training custom x-vector extractors, and we also explore the performance of an out-of-domain pre-trained one. Our findings confirm that x-vectors are able to capture meaningful speaker traits that contain information for depression discrimination. We also show that the language of the extractor is of secondary importance compared to the frame-level feature set: our best model, which achieved an AUC score of 0.940 and an RMSE score of 9.54, was trained on log-energies instead of MFCCs.


Relevance. To relieve alcohol withdrawal syndrome, intravenous infusion of glucose and antidotes to neutralize ketone bodies is used. But after treatment, the craving for alcohol remains, and relapses of alcohol consumption are observed in 60-90% of patients. It remains unclear if there is a connection between hypoglycemia, ketosis, on the one hand, and the craving for alcohol consumption, on the other hand.
Objective: to find out the effect of glycemic level normalization and prolonged maintenance of normal blood glucose concentration on ethanol consumption in alcoholized rats. At the same time, we have chosen two alternative ways to eliminate hypoglycemia: 1) by providing animals with unlimited access to a water trough filled with glucose solution; 2) by forced feeding of animals with a high-carbohydrate diet.
Materials and methods. 70 rats were housed in the individual cages. First, two water troughs were placed in each cage for one week: the first one was filled with pure water and another one contained 5% glucose solution. Second, forced alcoholization of rats was performed by leaving one trough filled with 10% ethanol solution in each cage. Duration of alcoholization was different: 3 weeks for the 1st group of rats (n=20), 6 weeks for the 2nd group of animals (n=20), and 16 weeks for the 3rd group of rats (n=20). Animals of the control group (n=10) received pure water. Third, after forced alcoholization, animals of the experimental groups had free access to three different troughs for three weeks: the first trough was filled with pure water, the second one – with 5% glucose solution, and the third one contained 10% ethanol solution. Rats of the control group were able to choose between water and 5% glucose solution. At the third stage, animals of the experimental groups were divided into two subgroups with 10 rats in each one. Animals of one of the subgroups from each experimental group were kept on a high-carbohydrate diet: they were administered 1 ml of 40% starch kissel (2.0 g/kg, in terms of glucose) per os 3 times a day. The volumes of all consumed fluids were recorded daily throughout the experiment. The results were processed using the MedStat program.
Results. Healthy rats drank 2.5±0.6 ml of water and 1.6±0.6 ml of glucose solution per 100 g of body weight daily. In the first 7 days of forced alcoholization, the animals drank 3.1±0.7 ml of ethanol solution per 100 g of body weight. By the end of the third week, consumption of ethanol solution increased up to 4.9±0.8 ml per 100 g of body weight (p<0.001), which indicated development of adaptation. By the end of the sixth week, there was a prominent elevation of ethanol consumption up to 6.4±0.9 ml per 100 g of body weight, and the total volume of consumed alcohol solutions was 1.3 times higher than that of the third week (p<0.001). At the sixth week of observation, alcohol intake reached its climax, since further alcoholization up to 16 weeks did not lead to any changes in drinking behavior (p=0.712). We consider that the minimal duration of forced alcoholization is 6 weeks. During the process of alcoholization, the total daily consumption of fluids by animals was increasing, compared to healthy rats, and, by the end of the 16th week, it exceeded the indicator of healthy rats by 1.8 times. In alcoholized rats, glucose loses its hedonic properties. By the end of the 16th week of alcoholization, under the condition of free choice of drinks, glucose consumption was 8 times lower than that of in healthy animals. Rats consumed less ethanol if they were receiving an additional high-carbohydrate diet. The duration of metabolic correction with a starch solution is important: the longer it is, the less alcohol craving will be.
Conclusions. Alcohol-dependent rats reject the glucose solution offered as a drink. But prolonged and forced administration of glucose leads to a decrease in alcohol consumption.


International law has outlined basic principles intended to promote the advancement of an independent legal identity for women in the field of nationality. Some nationality laws articulate these concepts as principles underlying the law, although many laws make no specific reference to the rights of women. The actual implementation of the laws reveals a further gap. This article outlines some practical steps to assist states in the drafting and implementation of laws which further positive principles and practices pertaining to the nationality of a woman, and the ability for a woman to pass that identity on to her spouse and her children as relevant.


Objective To define the upper limit of appropriate weight carried on shoulders of children and adolescents. Methods Students aged 6 to 14 years were selected as the subjects. They completed the maximal aerobic power test and several bouts of treadmill walking tests carrying different loads. The oxygen uptake, heart rate, energy expenditure were detected continuously in every trial. The rating of perceived exertion and sweat conditions of subjects were observed and enquired right after the treadmill walking was finished. Results The upper limit of appropriate load on shoulders of children and adolescents was 8%-10% of their body weight according to the variables of heart rate, oxygen uptake, the rating of perceived exertion and the sweat level under load walking conditions. Conclusions The upper limit of appropriate weight for children and adolescents to bear daily on shoulders is between 8% and 10% of their body weight.


This paper examines the quality of eight satellite soil moisture products at two typical spatial resolutions, including an intercomparison of SMAP passive, SMOS, JAXA AMSR2, LPRM AMSR2, ESA CCI and the Chinese FY3B soil moisture products at a coarse resolution of ∼0.25°, and the newly released SMAP enhanced passive and JAXA AMSR2 soil moisture products at a medium resolution of ∼0.1°. Insitu measurements from two representative dense networks, i.e., the Little Washita Watershed (LWW) in the United States and the REMEDHUS networks in Spain are used to compare and validate the eight soil moisture products. The results show that the SMAP passive and FY3B products outperform the other products with the lowest unbiased root mean square (ubRMSE) values of 0.027 m3 m−3 and 0.025 m3 m−3 in the LWW and REMEDHUS network regions respectively. SMOS slightly underestimates soil moisture with a dry bias, but it correlates well with insitu data with an average correlation value of 0.77. The JAXA product performs much better at 0.25° than at 0.1º, but both of them underestimate soil moisture (bias>-0.05 m3 m−3) at most time. The SMAP enhanced passive soil moisture well captures the temporal variation of ground measurements with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.8, and is generally superior to the JAXA product. The LPRM shows much larger amplitude and temporal variation than the ground soil moisture with a wet bias larger than 0.09 m3 m−3. The ESA CCI product shows satisfactory performance with acceptable error metrics (ubRMSE<0.045 m3 m−3), revealing the effectiveness of merging active and passive soil moisture products. The good performance of SMAP and FY3B demonstrates the potential in integrating them into the existing long-term ESA CCI product to form a more complete product.


Stroke thrombolysis has been described as the biggest, baddest controversy in emergency medicine. Some doctors have made a valiant attempt to question the basis of the literature, but anecdotes and physiologic plausibility have largely prevailed. The practice of medicine contains countless examples of elegant medical theories that belie the best available evidence, resulting in medical reversal. The thrombolysis story represents a cautionary tale that our current culture is anti-intellectual. Careful, thoughtful unbiased thinking about the results we do has been undervalued, and people have tended to not like critics nor value replication. However, both of these are a foundational tenet of scientific progress. The fact that there have been so many reviews on this subject is telling. Older emergency physicians will remember the introduction of thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction (MI). This is something that was embraced by our specialty, because mega-trial after mega-trial came up with the same result: it worked, and it worked regardless of the thrombolytic used. For acuteMI, it took 60000 subjects to satisfactorily demonstrate that thrombolysis benefit was present, confined to STEMI (and no other MI subgroup), and time-dependent. In this case, all trials and analyses showed statistical benefit, and there was an uncontested and consistent relationship between time-to-drug and outcome. Stroke data on this matter, which include a fraction of the subjects, are far less uniform. Comparing the Forest plots is instructive. The Forest plot for acute MI is unequivocal (Fig. 1 from Lau et al.), whereas the stroke thrombolysis Forest plot (Fig. 2), contained within the systematic review by Donaldson et al. in this issue of the journal, is at best marginal. The Forest plot for symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage is also definitive (Fig. S5 in Donaldson et al.). These authors, who are independent of Emergency Medicine and Neurology, correctly conclude that their review is unlikely to resolve the controversy. They also make an urgent call for replication studies with robust methods to help resolve the question. This is something many of us from Emergency Medicine have argued. The Donaldson review of 26 studies (n = 10431 participants) has a useful table (Table 1) that lists the criticisms of the literature supporting thrombolysis. Another criticism is that the outcome measure used in the studies, the modified Rankin Scale, even when scored by a neurologist, is only moderately reliable at best when done face to face, let alone the scoring done by telephone or mailouts. So what you are left with is a subjective outcome score using an unreliable tool. This lack of reliability adds to the fog of using an outcome measure months after an intervention, especially when you compare this to the hard end-point of death post-MI. Ordinal analysis has now been used to support thrombolysis, but ordinal analyses and the statistical tools used to carry them out assume a uniformity of the treatment effect across the entirety of the modified Rankin Scale. However, the heterogeneity of stroke and the heterogeneity of the treatment effect adds to its unreliability. Emergency physicians are comfortable with a risk of short-term harm when this is outweighed by long-term benefit. The problem is that the existing data is only convincing for harm. Importantly, the Donaldson review is comprehensive and has been done by a group with no financial, academic or clinical conflicts of interest. Their review includes the flawed IST-3 open-label trial, which was excluded from the recently commissioned ACEM review of six trials (n = 2221 participants). When such a pro-treatment biased study (the largest to date) cannot find any benefit in its primary outcome (and in truth in any reliably measured outcome), it is hard to see how that should not move the needle in a more negative direction. Systematic reviews are influenced by which studies are included/excluded, and this impacts the conclusion. The ACEM review did not include a methodologist, unlike the American College of Emergency Physicians review that downgraded the use of tPA from level A to level B. For an intervention to obtain a level A rating, there at least needs to be a successful replication study, something that has never been achieved on this subject. The ACEM review is full of stated limitations, highlights the bias from conflicts of interest and also calls for independent studies. However, it failed to address the specific concerns of Emergency Medicine (as listed by Donaldson), in particular, the imbalance in baseline stroke severity and the alteredECASS-III results detected by Shy. It is worth emphasising that a clinical trial has internal validity if and only if the inequalities between groups, bias in the assessment of outcome and chance have been excluded as possible explanations for the difference in outcomes. Newer concepts reinforce this.


The geography of plants and animals has been studied extensively, whereas that of microorganisms has until recently received little attention. It was only within the last decade or so that data on geographic regularities of microorganism occurrence in soil have become available (Mishustin, 1947, 1958; Mishustin and Mirzoyeva, 1953). Microbiological investigations in extensive parts of the world ocean (1954 to 1959) have given data on the abundance and species pattern of microbes (heterotrophs) in geographic areas of both hemispheres, the investigations being carried out within the range of the central Arctic to Antarctic seas (Kriss, 1959). Figure 1 shows the distribution of microbiological stations at which sampling was carried out at different ocean depths in subtropic, tropic, and equatorial, areas of the Pacific Ocean; in equatorial, tropic, subtropic, subantarctic, and antarctic areas of the Indian Ocean; in the Greenland Sea; in the Norwegian Sea; in the Atlantic Ocean (along 30°W) off the Polar Circle down to the south tropic and in the central Arctic region.


The purpose of this study was to clarify the positional and locomotive characteristics of kendo matches by inter-high school, university student, Japanese National Kendo Championship and high ranking (eighth-dan) kendo athletes. This study was conducted with specific emphasis on inter-high school athletic competition participants. Using the DLT method, traces of locomotive movement were recorded. These records allowed analysis of the spatial distance between two competitors (i. e. ma-ai) during their matches. Distribution curves revealed two main types of ma-ai. One of them was the distance when two athletes are in a sword-guard tangle (i.e, tsuba-zeriai). The other was the distance which enables an athlete to strike the opponent by taking one step forward and then to evade the opponent's strike by taking one step backward (i.e, issoku-itto-no-ma-ai). It was also possible to determine exact locomotor movement of offensive competitors when scoring an effective hit (yuko-datotsu). Results were as follows : 1. High school kendo athletes tended to use the central part (zone A) of the match area rather than the corners or sides. The percentage of time staying in the central part was 72.5% for males and 73.3% for females. Yuko-datotsu tended to be performed in the central part of the strike area, with almost 70.0% occurring in zone A. 2. Total time for tuba-zeriai-no-ma-ai in high school kendo athletes was longer than that for issoku-itto-no-ma-ai. The percentage of tuba-zeriai-no-ma-ai for all kendo athletes was 62.4% 1)茨 城 大学 〒310-0056水 戸 市 文 京2-1-1 TELO29-228-8473 FAXO29-228-8473 Eメ ール:email@example.com。ac.jp 2)茨 城 県立 水 戸高 等 養 護 学校 1. Ibaraki university 2. Mito highschool for special education needs for males and 69.2% for females. The percentage of tuba-zeriai-no-ma-ai for high school kendo athletes was significantly higher than that of the high skill rank eighth-dan group (34.3 %). 3. Average duration time of confrontation in issoku-itto-no-ma-ai was 3.7±1.8 sec. for males and 4.0±1.4 sec. for females, indicating significantly lower values for males in this group than those for males in the Japanese National Championship group (7.3±3.9 sec.) or highly skilled eighth-dan group (15.1±8.1 sec.). 4. Means and standard deviations overall for movement speed were 0.88±0.11m/sec. for males and 0.79±0.10m/sec. for females. Movement speed for high school males was significantly higher than that of the Japanese National Championship group (0.58±0.15m/sec.) and the high skill rank eighth dan group (0.39±0.09m/sec.). However, movement speed for female high school kendo athletes and the Japanese National Kendo Championship group did not show significant differ-


Research and development procees of electric vehicles (EVs) has continued for many years for protecting environment and for usage of energy efficient vehicles at the transportation. Since the electrical systems directly affect the traction of an EV, integrated modeling considering both the mechanical and electrical systems is necessary. In this announcement, a Matlab model of the EV containing the electrical and mechanical subsystem is developed by choosing Li-Ion battery and permanent magnet synchronous motor. Performance parameters such as SOC of the battery and the speed response of the EV are compared by controlling the system using PI and FLC controllers in accordance with the specified simulation scenerio and energy efficiency increase is aimed.


Quantum Chemical Studies on Colour and Stereodynamics of Acyclic Azines. XV. On the Structural Aspect of the Photochromic Effect

For the longest-wavelength colour-determining electronic transition of selected arylsubstituted acyclic azines the curvature of λ=λ(θcc) has been adapted by means of polynomic and trigonometric functions. On this basis it is possible to discuss the structural aspect of the photochromic and aphotochromic behaviour being observed due to the (E, Z) isomerization.


The invention discloses a sticky rice corn lotus water-chestnut cake. Sticky rice and corn of sticky rice corn are weighted, smashed and evenly stirred into sticky rice corn powder, wherein the weight ration of the sticky rice and the corn is 8-6: 5-7. Lotus and water-chestnut of lotus water-chestnut are weighted, smashed and evenly stirred to form lotus water-chestnut powder, wherein the weight ratio of the lotus and the water chest-nut is 7-5: 4-6. Sesame, white sugar and sesame oil of ingredients are weighted and evenly stirred into ingredient pulp, wherein the weight ratio of the sesame, the white sugar and the sesame oil are 0.5-0.3: 0.2-0.1: 0.1-0.2. The sticky rice corn powder, the lotus water-chestnut powder, the ingredient pulp and mineral water are weighted and evenly stirred into mixed pulp, wherein the sticky rice corn powder, the weight ratio of the lotus water-chestnut powder, the ingredient pulp and the mineral water is 9-8: 8-7: 0.2-0.3: 3-4. The mixed pulp is put into a cooking machine and is steamed and boiled for 50-60 minutes. After the mixed pulp is totally cooked, the mixed pulp is baked into the sticky rice corn lotus water-chestnut cake by a microwave machine, wherein the outer portion of the sticky rice corn lotus water-chestnut cake is crispy and the inner portion of the sticky rice corn lotus water-chestnut cake is soft and delicious. A packaging machine and a special packaging box are used for packaging, and therefore the sticky rice corn lotus water-chestnut cake which is environment-friendly, good-quality and good in color, aroma, and taste is obtained.


The relationship between total energy consumption and economic growth has been extensively explored in the past, but relatively few researchers have examined the increasing trend of energy consumption and development policies of a developing country like Pakistan as well as direction of causation of this relationship that remains controversial. The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate four alternatives but equally plausible hypotheses. These are as follows: (i) development factors cause total primary energy consumption, (ii) energy consumption cause development factors, (iii) there is a bidirectional causality between the two variables, and (iv) both variables are causality independent. To investigate the relationship between the two variables set, a time series cointegration and Granger causality tests have been employed separately. Secondary data pertaining to Pakistan from 1980 to 2009 has been used for analysis. The empirical result of causality strongly supports the bidirectional relationship between carbon dioxide emission and energy demand and industrialization and energy demand. There is a unidirectional causality relationship between the energy demand and population growth. However, neither agriculture value addition nor energy demand affect each other.


Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Desperately Seeking Growth Chapter 2: The Profitable Core Chapter 3: The Alexander Problem Chapter 4: The Redefinition Dilemma Conclusion Endnotes Bibliography


The experience of labor can evoke memories of early trauma. Learning to listen to survivors is a first step toward creating a safe environment.


In this paper, we develop a new structural analysis tool for the optimum design of ship structure; specifically an Efficient Stiffness Method (ESM) is presented by using beam elements for the three-dimensional modelling by employing the span point concept in conjunction with the eccentric system line concept. From our sample calculations, it is shown that the ESM for three-dimensional modelling is a very effective and efficient tool and that from the viewpoint of computing time and accuracy of results, the method has advantage over two-dimensional modelling and the finite element method. In 2010, a consolidated version of the Common Structural Rules (CSR) for Oil Tankers and Bulk Carriers was established by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS). The CSR modified and strengthened the requirements for the structural design of ships compared with previous versions of classification rules. For example, in view of these new requirements regarding structural design, a three-hold analysis with asymmetric loads relative to the breadth direction should be considered under multiple loading conditions. This results in considerable additional time required for the analysis of ship structures. Furthermore, it requires much more time for optimum design, particularly when using the Finite Element Method (FEM) as is often required. Therefore, the new analysis method developed here to reduce the analysis computing time with sufficient accuracy may prove extremely valuable in the design stage.


It is known that large fragments of the class of dense Minimum Constraint Satisfaction (MIN‐CSP) problems do not have polynomial time approximation schemes (PTASs) contrary to their Maximum Constraint Satisfaction analogs. In this paper we prove, somewhat surprisingly, that the minimum satisfaction of dense instances of kSAT‐formulas, and linear equations mod 2, Ek‐LIN2, do have PTASs for any k. The MIN‐Ek‐LIN2 problems are equivalent to the k‐ary versions of the Nearest Codeword problem, the problem which is known to be exceedingly hard to approximate on general instances. The method of solution of the above problems depends on the development of a new density sampling technique for k‐uniform hypergraphs which could be of independent interest. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 23: 73–91, 2003


A 53-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital owing to neck pain that lasted for 9 months, and a metastatic bone tumor was found. An enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan and positron emis-sion tomography-CT scan revealed multiple liver and bone metastases, but the primary tumor was not observed. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed erosion in the stomach and redness and a white spot in the duodenum. Biopsy revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, but the original ductal structures were retained ; therefore, this was suspected to be a metastatic tumor. Immunohistochemistry revealed CK7 (+), CK20 (-), CDX2 (-), GCDFP-15 partial (+), ER > 50%, PgR (-), HER2 (-), Ki-67 10%–20%, E-cadherin (-). Partial positive staining for GCDFP-15 led to sus-picion of breast cancer. Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed two tumors in the right breast, and MRI-guided biopsy was performed. The patient was diagnosed with invasive lobular carcinoma, ER 10%–50%, PgR (-), HER2 (-), Ki-67 < 10% . After weekly paclitaxel and FEC (5FU, epirubi-cin, cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy, the liver metastases disappeared and tumor marker levels de-creased. GCDFP-15 specificity for breast cancer is very high ; therefore, breast cancer should be considered as the origin of metastases when GCDFP-15 is positive.


This paper presents a new method using the damage induction vector (DIV) and thebest vector (BV) by which the change of modes due to StrUctUral damage can be employed tOdetermine the location and scale of damage in strUctUres. Using DIV, undamage elements can beeasily identified and the damage identification can be focused on a few domains of the strUctUre.The smictUral damages are located by computing the Euclidean distance between the DIV and itsBV. The loss of both stickness and mass properties can be quantified. The characters of thismethod are less calculation and no limitation of damage scale. Finally, the effectiveness of them+ethod is demonstrated by detecting the damages of shallow arches.


Study abroad participation is growing more common among college students in the U.S. but research on its effect on personal growth constructs such as confidence is limited. This study focused on the relationship between students who studied abroad and their perceived selfconfidence and confident behavior compared to students who did not have a study abroad experience. Participants included 81 undergraduates, 48 who did not participate in a study abroad program (No Study Abroad) and 33 who did participate in a study abroad program (Study Abroad). Participants were assessed on levels of perceived self-confidence and confident behavior with the Personal Evaluation Inventory (PEI) and the Confident Behavior Scale (CBS), respectively. The Study Abroad (SA) and No Study Abroad (NSA) groups were compared on their total PEI and CBS scores as well as on the Speaking and Social subscales of the PEI, but no significant differences were found. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.


5606 Background: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommends that patients with endometrial cancer under age 50 undergo germline genetic testing. Despite this recommendation, completion rates are suboptimal for patients with gynecologic malignancies. The reasons for failure to complete testing are unknown, but oncology providers may not refer patients to genetic counselors, who frequently order this testing. Best practice advisories (BPAs) in electronic medical records can alert providers of patients who meet guideline-based treatments and testing criteria. It is unknown how oncology providers interact with a BPA indicating patients with endometrial cancer meet NCCN germline testing criteria. The objective of this study is to evaluate genetic counseling referral patterns after implementing a BPA. Methods: Our team developed a BPA to prompt oncology providers to order genetic counseling referrals for patients diagnosed with endometrial or uterine cancer under age 50. We reviewed all provider-BPA interactions between go-live (January 2022) and January 2023. Patient demographic, histopathologic, and cancer treatment data were collected. Provider actions, including BPA cancellation and order placement, were collected. The Chi-Square goodness of fit test was used to identify differences in referral rates by patient or disease characteristics. Results: The BPA displayed 1121 times for 103 patients. Attending physicians received 535 alerts, fellow physicians – 269, and advanced practice providers (APPs) – 317. The median number of alerts per patient was 7 (range 1-87). Of the 103 patients, 23 were excluded from analysis due to no diagnosis of endometrial cancer, patient declined referral, previously completed, or a lack of provider visits within the study period. Of the 80 eligible patients, 36 (45%) received referrals; 18 were placed by attending physicians, 17 by fellows, and one by an APP. Patients under age 40 versus age 40-49 were more likely to be referred (65% vs. 35%; p = 0.011). Patients with active disease were more likely to be referred than those in surveillance (65% vs. 18%; p < 0.001). There were no differences in referral rates by primary language, race, body mass index ≥40, fertility-sparing versus definitive treatment, stage I versus stage II-IV disease, or grade 1-2 versus three tumors. Conclusions: Despite implementing a BPA, only 45% of eligible patients received indicated referrals. Attending and fellow physicians frequently manage patients with active disease and often order referrals; however, APPs frequently manage patients in surveillance and infrequently place referrals, highlighting an opportunity for education. In addition, patients aged 40-49 are less likely to be referred, suggesting a need for new strategies to improve referral rates. Further research is indicated to identify referral barriers for patients undergoing active treatment.


The current work utilizes three separate techniques to study the physical aging process in amorphous poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF), which is a recently introduced engineering thermoplastic with enhanced properties compared to petroleum-sourced poly(ethylene terephthalate). Differential scanning calorimetry aging experiments were conducted at multiple aging temperatures and times, and the resultant enthalpic recovery values compared to the theoretical maximum enthalpy loss evaluated from calculations involving extrapolation of the equilibrium liquid line. Density measurements reveal densification of the matrix for the aged versus unaged samples, and provide an estimate for the reduction in free volume for the aged samples. Complementary oxygen permeation and pressure-decay sorption experiments provide independent verification of the free volume reduction mechanism for physical aging in glassy polymers. The current work provides the first detailed aging study for PEF. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 389–399


A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes communicating with each other using multi-hop wireless Links without any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. It has been shown that using multiple paths to route messages between any sourcedestination pair of nodes (instead of using a single path) balances the load more evenly throughout the network. The common belief is that the same is true for ad hoc networks, i.e., multi-path routing balances the load significantly better than single-path routing. Our Protocol, called MPOLSR & MDART is a multipath routing protocol for MANET. In addition route recovery & loop detection are implemented in MPOLSR in order to improve quality of service regarding OLSR.MP-OLSR is suitable for mobile, large & dense network with large traffic & could satisfy critical multimedia applications with high on time constraints. While MDART is an efficient protocol which gives improved performance in large networks. MDART is an enhancement of shortest path routing protocol known as Dynamic Address Routing (DART).MDART discovers and stores multiple paths to the destination in the routing table. In this paper, we have compare and analysis the performance of proactive multipath routing protocols for MANET under different scenarios & metrices using NS-2.


The invention belongs to the technical field of petrochemical engineering and particularly relates to a catalyst for residual oil suspended bed hydro-cracking and a preparing method of the catalyst. The preparing method comprises the steps of carrier preparation, formulation selection, solution preparation, dipping, drying and calcination. The prepared catalyst is an efficient catalyst provided for the residual oil suspended bed hydro-cracking process, the catalyst can promote hydro-cracking reaction of poor-quality residual oil and slurry oil, the quality of residual oil hydro-cracking products is improved, the production cost is reduced, and the remarkable effect is obtained.


A model in which the sovereign derives private benefits from public office and contests elections to stay in power is developed. The possibility of turnover (and loss of private benefits) makes the sovereign behave myopically. Consistent with evidence, the sovereign is reelected if economic growth is strong. Combined with an estimated Markov switching growth process, the model explains the average debt-to-GDP ratio, the average sovereign spreads and a large fraction of the standard deviation of spreads for three emerging economies. Existing explanations of these facts rely on very low discount factors and default costs that are asymmetric with respect to output, assumptions that are not made in this study.


Purpose: Achalasia is a disease that is caused by a loss of normal relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and lack of esophageal peristalsis. Symptoms on presentation can vary but usually consist of dysphagia to liquids and solids, regurgitation, chest pain, heartburn, and weight loss. Diagnosis is usually suspected on barium esophagography or upper endoscopy but confi rmed by esophageal manometry. Case Report: 22 yo female fi ve months post-partum, complained of worsening heartburn and postprandial nausea and regurgitation. Her heartburn worsened during her pregnancy, and she denied dysphagia. Since her pregnancy she had lost 45 lbs. Two months prior to presentation she had been having worsening nausea and regurgitation and was only able to tolerate Ensure. She was hospitalized multiple times for dehydration. Outside evaluation included an EGD revealing Candida esophagitis, and a CT scan and RUQ ultrasound were both normal. A gastric emptying scan (GES) was attempted but the patient vomited the meal within 30 minutes. Trials of promethazine and Zofran did not help her symptoms. She was then referred to WFUBMC for further evaluation of unexplained nausea and weight loss. Because of the persistent nausea, gastroparesis was a concern so a GES was repeated and showed aft er 120 minutes that the entire radiolabelled meal was still retained in the esophagus. Th is raised the possibility of a diagnosis of achalasia. An esophagram showed a dilated mid/proximal esophagus with a symmetrical tapered narrowing of the distal esophagus. Esophageal manometry showed a hypertensive LES at 47 mmHg, residual LES pressure of 17 mmHg, and absence of primary peristalsis aft er all wet swallows, confi rming a diagnosis of achalasia. Treatment was a laparoscopic Heller myotomy and a Dor fundoplication. At 1 month follow her symptoms had resolved and she regained 10 lbs. Discussion: Many patients with achalasia have nonspecifi c symptoms at presentation and thus oft en go misdiagnosed for an extended period of time. In our case, the patient was primarily complaining of nausea and regurgitation so an underlying gastric motility disorder was considered the most likely cause. However, a GES indicated a diagnosis of esophageal achalasia which was later confi rmed with further testing.


The Bhadrawati tehsil of Chandrapur district harbors a number of small and large water bodies. Many of these water bodies are deteriorating fast due to siltation and anthropogenic activities. Taking this into cons ideration a beautiful water body called Ghotnimbala reservoir having an area of approximately 18 acres is selected for investigation. With respect to biodiversity assessm ent of zooplanktons. This perennial water body is fast deteriorating due to anthropogen ic activities. A study of zooplankton fauna was undertaken year round to assess the types of zooplankton present in this beautiful water body. The zooplankton biodiversity of reservoir water is represented by seven different groups like Protozoa, rotifera, cladocera, copepoda, ostracoda, nematoda and annelida , with 21 different species. Occurrence of pollution indicator species like Moina dubia, Brachionus angularis, Filinia longiseta confirms that the lake ecosystem is organically polluted due to man made activities in the catchmen t area. This water body is utilized by local residents for cloth washing and open defecation on the reservoir banks is responsible fo r fast deterioration of the lake ecosystem due to these anthropogenic activities. Si ltation is also playing a crucial role in clogging this beautiful ecosystem to a large extent along with death and decay of aquatic macrophytes. If the present trend of enrichment con tinues for some years this water body will soon be degraded fully and convert into a dry land in near future and will be lost for ever from the present water bodies of Chandrapur di strict in Maharashtra state.


This study compared the antibacterial activity of honey-garlic and honey-ginger mixtures against two clinically important bacteria frequently implicated in acute wound infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Individual extracts of honey, ginger, garlic and erythromycin antibiotics (positive control), were also tested. Concentrations of 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of the natural extracts and mixtures were prepared by the use of sterilized distilled water as the solvent. The antibacterial activity of each natural extract and the antibiotic was tested against the aforementioned bacterial species at different concentrations using the disc diffusion method. Further, MIC and MBC tests were conducted on each natural mixture using the broth dilution method and spread plate method, respectively. Our results showed garlic exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against both bacteria at 100% concentration, whereas honey and ginger showed the lowest antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively at 25% concentrations. Honey-garlic mixture was the most effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae, whereas honey-ginger mixture was the most effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiotic was more effective than the natural mixtures against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but not so effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae. The MIC of both mixtures against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranged from 25%-50%, while it ranged from 6%-50% for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Honey-garlic was the only mixture against Klebsiella pneumoniae that exhibited bactericidal effects at 50% (MBC).


This pilot study examined the effectiveness of an intensive, gender specific substance abuse treatment program, Holistic Enrichment for At-Risk Teens (HEART), on the psychosocial functioning of 30 incarcerated girls. A single-group multiple repeated measures design method was used to determine the effectiveness of the HEART program in reducing psychosocial problems associated with the behaviors of problem substance use and delinquency. The results showed that participants in the HEART program displayed significant improvement in eight of ten areas of psychosocial functioning: mental health, family relation, peer relations, educational status, vocational, leisure and recreational skills, and decreases in aggressive behaviors. The conclusion is that it is critical for juvenile correctional facilities to become sites where effective, empirically based treatment is provided.


Objective To forecast the result of diarrheal diseases etiology diagnosis by using Bayes discriminant function,so as to provide reference for medical institutions to diagnose diarrheal diseases.Methods Diarrhea etiology monitoring data were collected from Disease Surveillance Information Reporting System.Bayes discriminant functions were constructed,and the etiologic diagnosis results of diarrhea cases were forecasted through the factors which were associated with the diagnosis of diarrheal.Results Using related data of 437 diarrheal diseases cases collected by sentinel hospitals in Gansu Province during 2010,Bayes discriminant functions were constructed,it can forecast the result of diarrheal diseases etiology diagnosis by the patients age,symptoms,signs.After examination,prediction accuracy rate was 57.67%,simple kappa coefficent was 0.20.Conclusions The prediction of the cause of diarrheal diseases by Bayes discriminant functions can provide diarrheal diseases etiology diagnosis reference information.


Arundo pugnax is a very aggressive grass due to its ability to cover humid areas and its difficult eradication, it invades irrigation canals and stops the flow of water. In order to contribute to the knowledge of insects associated with this Poaceae, leaves of A. pugnax were collected in the municipality of Irapuato, Gto. Mexico. The plum aphid Hyalopterus pruni, the sugarcane lace bug Leptodictya tabida and the hesperid Euphyes vestris are reported for the first time from Mexico.


Assessing the fragility of ecosystem has an important role in sustainable ecosystem management. Based on a critical review of current research, we developed an indictor system for assessing the fragility of natural ecosystems, which includes NPP, species biodiversity, community coverage, annual growth of dominant species, surface aridity, and density of soil carbon. These variables affect the structure, function, and habitats of ecosystems. The proposed indicator system classifies the fragility of natural ecosystem into four levels, i.e., slight, medium, severe and collapse.Defining the ecological baseline of an ecosystem is a precondition for establishing assessment standard. Here, two approaches were employed to build ecological baselines. One is the fundamental niche of dominant species obtained from their ecological ranges and the other is the average value of the structural or functional indices of the ecosystem in its distribution region.As a case study, we developed the specific assessing indicators for temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests according to the defined ecological baseline and general grading standard of assessment system. By using intelligent solver of artificial neural network (ANN), a Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) which is a supervised learning ANN, was developed to assess the fragility of ecosystem in the case study area. The topological structure of MLP is 6×6×1, namely six neurons in the input layer, six neurons in the hidden layer, and one neuron in the output layer. The input variables of MLP are above-mentioned six indicators, and the output variable is the fragility index of the ecosystem. In order to train and test the MLP model, the training data of the six indicators were linearly interpolated.Based on the ANN assessing results, during 1961-2000, the fragile index of the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest ranged from 0.64 to 1.80, which indicated slight to medium fragility. The fragility index showed slight increase with a 0.003/40a tendency rate. The tendency rates of fragility index, however, were all negative and exhibited decreasing but fluctuating trends during the first 30 years of the whole assessing period and then increased during last decade.Artificial neural network, originally inspired by their biological namesakes, are composed of many simple intercommunicating elements, or neurons, working in parallel to solve a complex problem. In this study, we tested the feasibility of ANN in assessing the ecosystem fragility. The results indicated that ANN can be an alternative assessment approach, and it shows advantage of fault tolerance, robustness in modeling process.Like other approaches, ANN-based methods also face some difficulties due to lack of data for choosing indicators. Further improvements should include developing appropriate ecological baseline and grading standard for each indictor, and considering other factors such as topography in assessing ecosystem.


Elaborating on the imperialist grasp of rockism, Kelefa Sanneh writes 'There's a place in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for doo-wop groups and folk singers and disco queens and even rappers—just so long as they, y'know, rock.' What's striking is how closely Nona Hendryx's career fits within these categories—doo-wop singer, disco queen, rocker—yet, she still hasn't received her due, even within that flawed, proverbial rockist Hall of Fame. Building on Mark Anthony Neal's rich analysis of the proto-disco trio LaBelle and their prophetic collaboration with singer/songwriter Laura Nyro in the early 1970s, this paper traces the lengthy and varied solo career of former-LaBelle, Nona Hendryx. My argument takes as a point of departure the challenge of telling a 'non-rockist' story about how Hendryx rocks, how she doesn't, and why issues of legibility and legacy rest on these questions. I investigate the consolidation of race, gender and genre in the formative period of the 1970s, when rock and disco were situated within popular media as warring sub-cultures. In particular, I track the ways that the purported artifice of disco and its associations with blackness, gayness and overtly performative, 'feminine' modes of display render Hendryx's later experimentation with other genres of music illegible, even to her most devoted fans.


This paper presents an intelligent IGBT module for a quasi-resonant converter, widely used topology in induction heating (IH) applications. The proposed module is composed of an IGBT and the integrated gate drive circuit which provides dedicated protective and control functions to IH applications: soft start during load detection, long turn-on prevention, hard turn-on disabling, retention of minimum turn-off duration, and overvoltage protection for the IGBT. Conventional functions of under and over supply voltage protection, over temperature protection, temperature monitoring, and fault indication are implemented as well. Hence, the proposed module enables easy and compact design of the converter improving robustness and reliability. The design consideration and performance of the proposed functions are described in detail. The module is evaluated in the practical IH cooker to show its effectiveness.


This thesis gives a more detailed version of a proof from Daniel Mauldin that the set of continuous functions defined on the interval $[0,1]$ that are nowhere differentiable is not Borel. On the other hand, it is shown that the same set is Lebesgue Measurable. The theorems and definitions that are necessary in the proofs are given in the Glossary, where a knowledge of the course Real Analysis is expected. The proofs of most of these theorems are given in the Appendix


It describes the causes and backgrounds,the concept and characteristics of the tripartite contract in details with examples of several common tripartite contracts,analyses the strengths and shortcomings of the tripartite contract,and puts forward the issues of the tripartite contract used in construction project,which should be paid attention to.And it will provide a theoretical basis for the tripartite contract management research and practice.


A luminescence temperature sensor was proposed based on quantum dots aqueous solution encapsulated in a photonic crystal fiber and sandwich structure by fusion splicing two multimode fibers end-to-end. The relationships of the luminescent peak, intensity, and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the luminescent emission band with the temperature are investigated. A self-referenced method is used to optimize the relationship between intensity and temperature. The experimental results indicate that the sensitivities are 130.9pm/°C, 67pm/°C and -0.008/°C, respectively, with favorable repeatability for the luminescent peak, the FWHM, and the self-referenced intensity in the temperature range from -10 °C to 120 °C.


In a free maternity care setting the number of antenatal clients can be overwhelming for the obstetric staff. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) classifying form, most of the women can be triaged for the basic component of the new WHO antenatal care model. Our aim was to evaluate the risk status of pregnant women in a tertiary health institution providing free maternity care in Nigeria. We interviewed 1022 randomly selected clients using the WHO classifying form at our booking clinic overa 12-month period. The analysis was performed using the epi info statistical program. Seven hundred and sixty-five clients (74.9%) were found eligible for the basic component of the new antenatal care model. The associated risk in pregnancy increased with increasing parity. The basic component of the new WHO antenatal care model can safely be implemented in centres such as ours.


As an aid to modeling the behavior of melted rock at high temperatures, we measured the enthalpy, H/sub T/-H/sub 298/, of anhydrous melts of six silicate rock samples and three silicate minerals for values of temperature T from 1520 to 2600/sup 0/K. The rock samples were basalt, tuff, rhyolite, and desert alluvium from the Department of Energy's Nevada Test Site. The minerals were SiO/sub 2/, CaSiO/sub 3/, and CaMgSi/sub 2/O/sub 6/. We observed a slight compositional dependence of enthalpy for the rock melts. Relative values of enthalpy above 1600/sup 0/K are as follows: enthalpy of basalt > enthalpy of rhyolite > enthalpy of tuff. The measured enthalpies of the molten CaSiO/sub 3/ and CaMgSi/sub 2/O/sub 6/ are significantly higher than enthalpies calculated from additivity relations assuming solid oxide components. Since we cannot predict the behavior of high-temperature silicate liquids from the known behavior (at lower temperatures) of their solid components, we need to acquire more high-temperature experimental data on silicate liquids as a basis for realistic modeling of melted rock behavior.


Introduction/Background Pediatricians acquire the skill of neonatal endotracheal intubation (ETI) during residency training. Difficulties in performing neonatal ETI lie in particularities of the neonates airway anatomy. The videolaryngoscope (VL) technique has been well incorporated to the adult and pediatric medical fields. Video assisted intubation could be a method of choice in teaching neonatal ETI. Only preliminary experience has been described. Objectives: 1) In the learning phase, primary outcome was to assess ETI success rate and secondary outcomes were to assess time to successful ETI and rate of esophageal intubation, comparing the VL to the classic laryngoscope (CL) technique; 2) In the evaluation phase, the objective was to assess if the ETI competence acquired from the VL was transferable to the CL by comparing the same outcomes. Methods Between June and October 2012, we held a randomized controlled trial at CHU Sainte-Justine's Mother and Child Simulation Center. Third and fourth year medical students training at the Université de Montréal and going through their pediatrics rotation were asked to participate. Subjects were randomized into group A which used VL for the learning phase and CL for the evaluation phase and group B which used CL for both phases. Each subject performed 9 ETI on 3 different simulated neonatal airways in each phase. This study was approved by local IRB. Results Thirty four (16 in group A and 18 in group B) students performed 612 intubations; 28/34 (81%) of students were in third year. None had performed neonatal ETI before the study. Results are presented in Table 1. Success in group A did not change significantly when tested during phase 2 on the CL (NS). Group B continued to improve and had better success during phase 2 (p<0.001). Time to successful intubation improved significantly in group A from phase 1 to phase 2 (p<0.001) but not in group B (NS). Table 1: No caption available. Conclusion Success rate of ETI is improved and esophageal intubation decreased while learning ETI using the VL compared to the CL. Although time to successful intubation is longer using the VL, the time difference is not clinically significant. Once ETI is mastered on manikins using the VL, this competence is easily transferred to the use of the CL. Disclosures None.