Regional transportation integration requires the high accessibility of regional transportation network, as well as the rational allocation of regional transportation resources. For trip-makers travel time has signified the accessibility of transportation network to a large extent. Meaningful to rail transportation operation sector is it that how to address various and multi-level demands for travel times under the rational configuration of transportation resources. In this paper, impacts on regional trip behaviors by the improvement of travel speed is pointed out on the basis of the analysis of regional transportation integration. Classification of regional trips is conducted, features summarized and requirements for travel time and trip period illuminated. Additionally, from the perspective of operation costs, the structure of travel speed for intercity and intracity is given in compliment with those requirements. Some relevant suggestions are proposed according to speed structures. Coupled with the increasing urbanization in some regions, connections among various levels of cities are strengthened and typical economic circle is formed. The concept of regional transportation integration emerges against this background, requires sweeping away the administrative district boundaries, taking good advantage of regional transportation resources to achieve the global optimization. At present the transportation integration across some major economic circles is moving forward rapidly, sub-regional rail transportation system has been completed. The lack in coordination between intercity and intracity travel times exerts a negative influence on regional trips. Since travel speed is a fundamental indicator of operational costs, the discordance between travel speeds for intercity and intracity demonstrates that regional transportation resources are not properly allocated and the integration hindered. Sparse research on travel speeds for intercity and intracity has been done at present. Priority in this study goes to the structure of travel speeds according to the time distribution of regional trips.


For the design of a high-performance broad-band klystron, an accurate large-signal analysis is made. By a one-dimensional analysis program using a disk model of the electron stream, the interaction between a bunched electron beam and the electric field in each cavity gap is studied, taking into consideration space-charge forces, relativistic effects, and electric field distributions in ungridded gaps; beam loading is included by an iterative method at each intermediate gap, and the energy exchange in the output gap is obtained from the change in kinetic energy. On the five-cavity UHF-TV klystron designed with this program and having a conversion efficiency of over 60 percent, the debunching effect of the electric field in intermediate cavity gaps and the behavior of vibrating electrons in the output gap are clarified. Calculated conversion efficiency is shown to agree well with measured efficiency over the pass-band. Additionally, by a two-dimensional analysis program, the effect of the cathode magnetic coefficient on the electron bunching is studied.


It is increasingly evident that new environmentally sustainable agricultural practices will be necessary to support an estimated human population of 9 billion by 2050. Considering the predicted climate change-associated events such as flooding, drought, increased temperatures, and increased soil salinity, it is critical to broaden our study and use of cereals and small grains. Millets offer significant potential toward meeting these goals. The genus Setaria comprises more than one hundred species distributed in a wide range of habitats in Asia, Africa, South America, and North America. Millets, including foxtail millet (Setaria italica), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and proso millet (Panicum milaceum), are consumed by millions of humans across the world, as well as used as forage and bird feed. Recently, foxtail millet and its wild-progenitor, green foxtail millet (S. viridis), have emerged as model plant systems for studying C 4 grass biology and other agronomic traits (Doust et al. Here, we comment on the significance of S. italica and S. viridis as model systems for agronomic and translational research related to improvement of nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress responses, photosynthetic efficiency and biomass potential of C 4 grasses. Foxtail millet is in the Paniceae tribe (sub-family Panicoideae of the Poaceae), which also contains pearl millet and proso millet. Foxtail millet was domesticated from green foxtail in northern China ca. 8000 years ago (Barton et al., 2009), and has been widely cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia, Africa and the Americas (Lata et al., 2013). It is one of the most resilient cereal crops, with good yields in dry and marginal land with minimal agricultural inputs. Foxtail millet also adapts well to adverse weather conditions such as low and unpredictable precipitation Because global climate change will have significant adverse effects on the production of other major cereals, foxtail-, pearl-and proso-millets are increasingly attractive alternatives for small grain production (Tadele, 2016). Green foxtail millet has also come into the spotlight in recent years as an attractive alternative to more established grass model systems such as rice and maize (Figure 1). S. viridis offers several research advantages, including short stature (10–30 cm), rapid life cycle (6–9 weeks), prolific seed production (∼13,000 seeds per plant), self-compatibility, small genome size (∼395 Mb), diploid genetics (2n = 18), ability to be grown in controlled environments under relatively low light levels, and amenability to transformation (Devos et al. Like maize, green and foxtail millets …


In this paper we consider a projective connection as defined by the nth-order Adler-Gelfand-Dikii (AGD) operator on the circle. It is well-known that the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is the archetypal example of a scalar Lax equation defined by a Lax pair of scalar nth-order differential (AGD) operators. In this paper we derive (formally) the KdV equation as an evolution equation of the AGD operator (at least for n < 4) under the action of Vect(S'). The solutions of the AGD operator define an immersion R —>• DSP"" 1 in homogeneous coordinates. In this paper we derive the Schwarzian KdV equation as an evolution of the solution curve associated with A (n) , for n < 4.


A resource for discovering the Metcalf Collection of Books on T.E. Lawrence. More information on the Edwards H. Metcalf Papers


Acoustic vector sensor can measures the pressure and particle velocity information of the same point in acoustic field simultaneously.Estimating the direction of arriving using the pressure and velocity combined processing are well documented in the literature,few attention has been put into the time and frequency estimates about the combined processing idea.A new ESPRIT algorithm for frequency estimating is proposed based on the pressure and velocity cross covariance matrix,which can reduce the computational burden to 1/27 of the previous algorithm.The Cramer-Rao lower bound is developed for the data model.The simulation shows the validity of the new algorithm.


Abstract Using convex subrings of *$\mathbb{C}$, a nonstandard extension of $\mathbb{C}$, we define several kinds of complex bounded polynomials and we provide their associated analytic functions obtained by taking the quasistandard part.


Double Stator Switched Reluctance Machine (DSSRM) is known as a new Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM) having two stators and one rotor. This machine enjoys a short magnetic flux path and high power/torque density. DSSRM is a non conventional machine yielding limited information about heat dissipation, thereby making thermal analysis an essential stage for this new machine. This study, using finite element method (FEM), employs the two dimensional (2-D) thermal analysis of Double Stator Switched Reluctance machine (DSSRM) in order to observe real heat distribution in the parts of the machine. Electromagnetic losses forming the heat source are calculated. A 2-D thermal analysis is done to observe the temperature distribution and maximum temperature for a rotation speed of 1000 RPM. Accordingly, simulation results for an 8/6 DSSRM are presented.


An important management question today is whether the anticipated economic benefits of Information Technology IT are being realized. In this paper, we consider this problem to be measurement related, and propose and test a new process-oriented methodology for ex post measurement to audit IT impacts on a strategic business unit SBU or profit center's performance. The IT impacts on a given SBU are measured relative to a group of SBUs in the industry. The methodology involves a two-stage analysis of intermediate and higher level output variables that also accounts for industry and economy wide exogenous variables for tracing and measuring IT contributions. The data for testing the proposed model were obtained from SBUs in the manufacturing sector. Our results show significant positive impacts of IT at the intermediate level. The theoretical contribution of the study is a methodology that attempts to circumvent some of the measurement problems in this domain. It also provides a practical management tool to address the question of why or why not certain IT impacts occur. Additionally, through its process orientation, the suggested approach highlights key variables that may require managerial attention and subsequent action.


In two studies, attributes of target groups were manipulated and then stereotypes of those groups were assessed using multiple measurement techniques. A variety of trait ascription (e.g. Likert-type scales) and perceived variability (probability of differentiation, standard deviation) indexes were used. The measures were compared with regard to their sensitivity to experimentally created differences between the social groups. The data suggested that all of the mean level assessment techniques were fairly sensitive to actual differences between groups, but Likert-style trait ratings were the best-performing measures, in that they most consistently produced the proper ordering of means, and were most sensitive to our manipulations. The variability measures were generally unresponsive to marked differences in group variability across experimental conditions. Suggestions for researchers concerning appropriate use of measures and conceptions of stereotyping are provided.


Abstract A coordination complex {[Zn(EtAIPA)(dpe)]·H2O} n (1), has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions based on 5-(ethylamino)isophthalic acid (H2EtAIPA) and trans-1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethene (dpe). The title complex was characterized by elemental analysis, UV/Vis absorption, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and emission properties. The as-prepared complex appears as a puckered 2D (4,4) network, The individual 2D nets are interlocked with each other to form a 3-fold parallel interpenetrated 2D architecture. Time-resolved measurements reveal cyan phosphorescence emission at room temperature.


AbstractA case study of a widened highway embankment is presented, in which prestressed tubular concrete (PTC) piles and geogrids were used to reinforce the embankment and to reduce construction ti...


The present invention provides a method for real-time updating mobile multimedia name card, wherein a system is composed of a terminal, a terminal database, a server and a system database. The terminal and the terminal database are equipped in devices of mobile phone, PDA, computer, netbook, etc. Each terminal is equipped with a terminal database and is uniformly connected with the server. The server is connected with the system database. The name cards are stored in the system database and local database through name card content data and name card form data. When each name card is displayed on a screen of the mobile phone, the terminal extracts the content data and form data of the name card from the database according to the cardID of the name card and combines the name card according to the data for displaying on the screen of the mobile phone. The displayed name card can be static picture, text, address book or dynamic streaming media. The subscriber can easily realize real-time state and contact information updating. The name card information is updated in the system real-time, and the information in the name card or the address book is never outdated. All information is updated if one piece of information is updated by one person.


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[Kip] had approached the villa on that night of the storm not out of curiosity about the music but because of a danger to the piano player. The retreating army often left pencil mines within musical instruments. Returning owners opened up pianos and lost their hands. People would revive the swing on a grandfather clock, and a glass bomb would blow out half a wall and whoever was nearby. He followed the noise of the piano, rushing up the hill with Hardy, climbed over the stone wall and entered the villa. As long as there was no pause it meant the player would not lean forward and pull out the thin metal band to set the metronome going. Most pencil bombs were hidden in these-the easiest place to solder the thin layer of wire upright. Bombs were attached to the spines of books, they were drilled into fruit trees so an apple falling onto a lower branch would


The present invention relates to a frost stable fabric softener containing a softening compound, an antifreeze compound, a perfume in an amount of more than 0.5 wt .-% and an emulsifier, obtainable by mixing a premix of the perfume and the emulsifier with the other ingredients of the fabric softener.


The acute toxicity of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide(Br)(0,200,600,1800,and 5400 μg/L) ionic liquid to different embryonic development stages(cleavage,early embryo,late embryo) of water fleas Daphnia magna was investigated.The 72 h median lethal concentration(LC50) for Br were found to be 3911.75 μg/L in cleavage,575.81 μg/L in early embryo,and 402.29 μg/L in late embryo,and 72 h median teratogenic concentration(TC50) were 376.80 μg/L in cleavage,307.25 μg/L in early embryo,and 214.53 μg/L in late embryo.The developmental abnormal embryos were found to show curved shell spine and underdeveloped second antennal setae,without significant effect on sexual differentiation.The results indicate that Br is embryo-toxic to D.magna,with concentration-dependent and stage-sensitive toxicity.


This paper focuses on three topics: identification of n = 3−3 transitions observed in the emission spectra of Se, Y, and Mo, calculation of electron collision strengths for n = 2−3 transitions, and the effect of dielectronic recombination on the kinetics of neonlike lasers. We have used a semiempirical procedure, based on relativistic, multi-configurational calculations of energy levels and previous experimental data for Z ≤ 26, to identify the n = 3−3 emission lines of Se24+, Y29+, and Mo32+ in XUV spectra obtained in different irradiation conditions. Some magnesium-like and fluorinelike transitions have also been found. Since the primary pumping mechanism for the unexpectedly weak j = 0−1 laser line is electron collisional excitation from the neonlike ground state, we have compared the excitation cross sections calculated with several different distorted wave codes and examined the effects of resonance contributions due to sodiumlike doubly excited states. We have included detailed dielectronic recombination rates, calculated with a multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock method,1 in a simple kinetic model for neonlike lasers and found that this process is an important mechanism for populating the j = 2 upper laser levels when the density of fluorinelike ions is relatively large.2


Many years ago, while serving as an acting chair of the University of Michigan's American Studies program, I was presented with a conundrum that might have tried the wisdom of Solomon. Our program possessed an ethnic studies requirement for its undergraduate majors. The graduate student who served as concentration advisor, a Jewish woman, routinely had approved courses in Jewish American literature for satisfying the requirement. Two faculty of color demanded that this practice be halted, the advisor reprimanded, and the students asked to take other courses to satisfy the requirement. While I understood their view that such courses might be contrary to the spirit of the ethnic studies requirement, the study of Jewish American culture did seem to satisfy its letter and might even prove an interesting supplement to it. After all, weren't Jewish Americans ethnic too, I asked? No, my colleagues, insisted: to be Jewish was to be white; to be ethnic was to be something other, if not Other. A course in Jewish American history was just another course in white American culture--hence, just another way in which the social dominant maintained its hegemony, by appropriating a counter-hegemonic discourse. I was in an impossible position, since as chair I was required to maintain a sense of department comity--and as an acting chair, I had sworn a solemn oath to make sure that none of the usual alarms would sound on my watch. Also, I am a white male of Jewish origin, which meant that my standing in this charged situation was potentially dicey. Politically, I did the only thing I could: I deferred the issue to the return of the "real" chair, who made the entire problem go away with a wave of his hand. The faculty involved have moved on to other jobs; so has the advisor. But the questions they raised lingered on. The notion of the whiteness of the Jew--then a relatively novel conception, now a commonplace--seemed indisputable to me, at least in the terms by which such matters were then arrayed and understood. But the implications of this insight were not so clear, particularly when they bumped up against the freighted term ethnicity. It is one thing to think about Jewishness-as-whiteness in the context of the black-white binary that structures the historical constitution of the United States. It is another thing to think about Jewishness in the context of Asian American or Latino or even Native American identities and experiences; in all these cases, relations between Jewish and other forms of ethnic belonging become much more complicated. Consider the problems raised by model-minority mishegas (as a sociologist friend once called it, invoking the Yiddish term for craziness). "Asian Americans have superseded American Jews in the imagination of ethnicity," Frank H. Wu wrote in 2002. "An anecdote about a striving youth from the city that would have featured a Goldberg fifty years ago stars a Park today" (47). Yet this widespread belief in the myth of the model minority is problematic: it ignores the poverty and economic failure embedded in both communities as well as the de jure and de facto barriers faced by other racial and ethnic groups which made--and make--experiences of success in America tellingly distinct. This apotheosizing of Goldberg and Park comes with an implicit denigration of their black or Latino counterparts--a sense that striving, and hence success (not always linked, but it remains ideologically convenient to believe so), are related to group behaviors (at best) and group abilities (at worst). Even this typecasting is hardly simple. The names themselves point to social rifts within the categories "Jewish" or "Asian" and to the imbricated national and extra-national histories that underlie these rifts and generate the experience of both groups. Goldberg, although frequently taken to be quintessentially Jewish (there is, for example, a classic Jewish joke, the punch line of which is "Iceberg, Goldberg, what's the difference"), is actually a German name--and is still held by many non-Jewish Germans. …


In this paper we define two Lie operations, and with that we define the bicharacter algebras, Nichols bicharacter algebras, etc. We obtain explicit bases for L ( V ) R and L ( V ) L over a connected braided vector V of diagonal type with dim V = 2 and p 1 , 1 = p 2 , 2 = − 1. We give the sufficient and necessary conditions for L ( V ) R = L ( V ), L ( V ) L = L ( V ), B ( V ) = F ⊕ L ( V ) R and B ( V ) = F ⊕ L ( V ) L , respectively. We show that if B ( V ) is a connected Nichols algebra of diagonal type with dim V > 1, then B ( V ) is finite-dimensional if and only if L ( V ) L is finite-dimensional if and only if L ( V ) R is finite-dimensional.


Diamond films have been considered as good candidate protective coatings on varieties of substrates in order to improve their erosive wear performance. In the present study, boron-doped diamond films with thicknesses of about 6–7 µm are first deposited on five different substrates using the hot filament chemical vapor deposition method, including SiC, WC-Co, Ta, Ti, and Si substrates. The residual stress and adhesive strength of the five boron-doped diamond films are estimated, respectively, by means of material properties of substrates and the diamond, Raman spectra, and static indentation results. Erosion tests are conducted on all the boron-doped diamond coated samples in an air–sand erosion rig with angular SiC sands as erodents. The results exhibit that the formation of ring cracks on the boron-doped diamond film in the erosion process has a strong link to the total residual stress. The higher residual compressive stress in the Ti-based boron-doped diamond film can slow down the formation of ring cracks to some extent. Nevertheless, the erosive wear performance, which is mainly evaluated based on the erosion rate and film removal, is much related to the film–substrate adhesion. As a result, the Ti-based boron-doped diamond film is quickly worn and removed because of the poorest adhesion. On the contrary, both the SiC- and Si-based boron-doped diamond films with favorable adhesion perform much better erosion resistance. Moreover, comparative erosion tests on thicker SiC- and WC-Co-based boron-doped diamond films (21–23 µm) and their applications on nozzles can both further manifest the same kind of relationship, the SiC-based boron-doped diamond film presenting longer steady erosive stage and slower film removal than the WC-Co-based one.


This study aims to look at the approach of Hearing Disability's teachers in highlighting the potential of sports with Special Needs Students in schools throughout Malaysia and look at the challenges and obstacles faced by teachers and schools in highlighting sports opportunities for students with hearing disability. In addition, this study is also to see the types of sports that students are interested to participate in up to the highest level. This study has completed three Special Education hearing disabi lity's teachers from various types and categories of schools throughout Malaysia to respond to the study. Data obtained through interview sessions held and analyzed using thematic methods. The findings of the study show that used by teachers, the role played by the school as well as the challenges and obstacles faced by teachers in highlighting the sports potential of these students with hearing disability. In conclusion, teachers and schools administration have used various types such as identifying the potential of students with hearing disability through Physical Education classes, 1 Murid 1 Sukan program, Co-curriculum Senior Assistant Teacher and good relation between schools. In addition, this study has also identified the types of sports that students with hearing disability more to the level such as representing the school in the Cross-Country event at the State level and competing with typical students. Finally, this study found that the challenges faced in highlighting the sports potential of students with hearing disability are parents and constraints in dividing time between academics and sports.


Objective: To observe the effects of GABAA-R antagonist(Bicuculline,Bic) and Benzodiazepine(BDZ) and receptor antagonist(Flumazenil,Flu) on the ethyl acetate extracts(J-A) of Jielv Anshen Decoction and the butanol extracts(J-B) of anti-mouse anxiety and to study the relation of JLAST anxiolytic effect and the GABA-BDZ-Cl-complex.Methods: Male mice were administered either with J-A or J-B for 7 days,and then their ventricles were injected with Bic or Flu 1h later after the last administration to observe the impact of JA,JB on the mice behavior in cross elevated maze test.Results: Compared with the non-medicine group and the control group,(1) the diazepam group,J-A Group and J-B Group could increase the times of the mice's opening their arms and the percentage of the mice's opening entry(OE%) and the percentage of the mice's opening time(OT%),with significant difference.(2) The diazepam+Bic group,J-A+Bic group and J-B+Bic group showed no obvious impacts on the times of the mice's opening their arms and the percentage of the mice's opening entry(OE%) and the percentage of the mice's opening time(OT%),with non significant difference.(3) The Diazepam+Flu group and J-A+Flu group showed no obvious impacts on the times of the mice's opening their arms and the percentage of the mice's opening entry(OE%) and the percentage of the mice's opening time(OT%),with non significant difference,but J-B+Flu group could increase the times of the mice's opening their arms and the percentage of the mice's opening entry(OE%) and shorten the time of the mice's stay in closing their arms,with significant difference.Conclusions: JLAST anxiolytic mechanism has something to do with GABAA-R,among which J-A may play via the GABA-BDZ-Cl-complex while J-B may play via the other pathway related to GABAA-R.


The syntheses, structures, and characterization of three new mixed metal selenites, Al2(Se2O5)3, Ga2(Se2O5)3, and In2(Se2O5)3 are reported. Al2(Se2O5)3 and Ga2(Se2O5)3 are isostructural to Cr2(Se2O5)3 and crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n (No. 14) with a = 10.825(6) A, b = 11.214(3) A, c = 11.567(6) A, and β = 94.92(3)° for Al2(Se2O5)3 and a = 10.901(6) A, b = 11.367(3) A, c = 11.682(3) A, and β = 95.07(3)° for Ga2(Se2O5)3. The third material, In2(Se2O5)3, crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric space group Pc (No. 7) with a = 11.1463(5) A, b = 13.3210(6) A, c = 9.7149(4) A, β = 105.478(1)°, and Z = 4. Nonlinear optical measurements on In2(Se2O5)3 indicate the material has second harmonic generating properties, with an efficiency of approximately 10 times SiO2. Infrared and thermogravimetric analyses for all three compounds are also presented.


Criminal sanctions against perpetrators of corruption crimes require extraordinary breakthrough according to the penal objectives, which is not only to provide a deterrent effect for the perpetrators, but also to provide benefits to the community by optimizing the competencies held by the perpetrators, since perpetrators of corruption are competent either in the aspects of social, economics and politics. The current criminal sanctions do not lead to the utilization of the potential possessed by the perpetrators of criminal acts. The focus still leads to deter the perpetrators only by providing severe criminal sanctions, namely by accumulating criminal sanctions in prison and fines, as well as other additional sanctions that focus on perpetrators, not on to interests of the state and society. The result of the research is to conceive the concept of social work sanctions that utilize the competence/expertise of the perpetrators to be able to provide great benefits to the community directly which implementation is based on the values contained in Sundanese customary law, so that the objectives of the punishment are not only to correct the conduct of the perpetrators, but also to restore state financial losses, and to provide great benefits for the community.
Keywords: Sanction of Community Service, values, Sundanese Customary Law, Purpose of Punishment.


The infrared spectra of CICN and BrCN in argon and krypton matrices at 20°K have been investigated. There is good evidence that for the monomeric species the bending mode is split by the matrix environment and that the first overtones of these two bending components form a Fermi resonant triad with the v1 fundamental. The frequencies and intensities of the unperturbed levels and the Fermi coupling constants have been calculated. The absorption bands due to dimeric species are consistent with a linear or nearly linear configuration for the dimer.


A circular sample is tested in shear by use of a hand dynamometer. The shearing position may be adjusted to test the bond within the sample thickness. Comparison of results shows a good correlation with standard testing.


............................................................................................................................... i Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 2D materials ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 SnSe, a 2D semiconductor ................................................................................ 6 1.3 Contribution of this research .......................................................................... 10 1.4 Organization of the thesis ............................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2: Synthesis .................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) ................................................................... 12 2.2 Synthesis of Tin Selenide (SnSe) using ALD ................................................ 14 CHAPTER 3: Thin Film Characterization ........................................................................ 18 3.1 Characterization Techniques .......................................................................... 18 3.2 Raman analysis ............................................................................................... 18 3.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ....................................................... 20 3.4 X-ray diffraction (XRD) ................................................................................. 22 3.5 Magnetic property ........................................................................................... 24 3.6 Optical Properties ........................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 4: Device fabrication and electrical characterization ..................................... 28 4.1 Background ..................................................................................................... 28 4.2 Photolithography ............................................................................................ 29 4.3 Test of electrical properties ............................................................................ 35 CHAPTER 5: Conclusion and future work ...................................................................... 42 5.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 42 5.2 Future work..................................................................................................... 43 References ......................................................................................................................... 45


Abstract. Credit risk is the most important risk to consider because it is the biggest risk faced by banks. To control these risks, banks make various efforts such as implementing good corporate governance. One of the GCG strategies undertaken by banks is to diversify the company's board members. This research aims to examine the effect of board gender diversity on credit risk. The sample was determined using purposive sampling with data analysis techniques using linear regression. Research data using Stata 14. Using a sample of 41 Indonesian banks over a period from 2012 to 2018, this research finds that board gender diversity has a significant negative effect on bank credit risk. This study concludes that the greater the proportion of women on the bank's board, the less credit risk the bank has.


In 1985, 1409 consecutive patients underwent surgery in one surgical Professorial Unit of Lille (France). 45 (3.2%) died post-operatively: 28 (62%) were more than 70 years of age, 23 (50%) died after emergency procedure and 18 (40%) died in sepsis. Nothwerthy in retrospect, 20 (44%) died after surgical indication or procedure of questionable legitimacy. Preoperative appraisal of the surgical risk is still challenging nowadays but conclusions drawn from those charts should avoid identical outcome in similar patients.


This paper examines the relationship between urbanisation and globalisation beyond the so-called global cities that have been the focus of so much contemporary urban research. The paper argues that there is a problematic polarisation in urban studies between research on 'global' cities and work on presumably 'non-global' cities. The existing geographical literature on scale, place and uneven development offers a more complex and process-based view of contemporary urbanism. It allows the globalisation-urbanisation nexus to be studied in and through a diverse range of cities. This argument is developed via a case study of key moments in the economic development of Lexington, Kentucky, a city that, like most others, is forgotten or overlooked by global cities researchers.


An optical transmission system permitting machining by radiating to an object to be irradiated a laser beam having an optimum intensity distribution in the direction of its optical axis or in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis, comprises a laser oscillator 1, an optical fiber 3 for propagating the laser beam emitted from the laser oscillator 1 by a predetermined distance, a condenser lens 2 for converging the laser beam from the laser oscillator 1 into the optical fiber 3, a first lens 6 for forming images with aberration from the laser beam emerging from the optical fiber 3, a mask 7 disposed in a position having a predetermined light intensity distribution out of the positions of the images formed by the first lens 6, and a second lens 4 for forming the image passing through the mask 7 onto the object 5. The angle of incidence of the laser beam on the optic fibre 3 may be controlled (9, Fig. 6). The light intensity distribution may be changed in one pulse of the laser beam.


We study the longitudinal development of hadronic showers in water and ice for energies up to 100 EeV. We present results of a hybrid Monte Carlo method developed for the purpose of simulating those showers. We show parameterizations of the longitudinal development of hadronic showers in ice and we investigate the implications of the LPM effect on shower development. The results obtained are relevant for the detection of high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos in large scale detectors that use water as Cherenkov medium.


In this paper a necessary and sufficient condition for a nonlinear system of the form /spl Sigma/, given by x(k+1)=f(x(k))+g(x(k))u(k), y(k)=h(x(k))+J(x(k))u(k), to be lossless is given, and it is shown that a lossless system can be globally asymptotically stabilized by output feedback if and only if the system is zero-state observable. Then, we investigate conditions under which /spl Sigma/ can be rendered lossless via smooth state feedback. In particular, we show that this is possible if and only if the system in question has relative degree /spl lcub/0,...,0/spl rcub/ and has lossless zero dynamics. Under suitable controllability-like rank conditions, we prove that nonlinear systems having relative degree /spl lcub/0,...,0/spl rcub/ and lossless zero dynamics can be globally stabilized by smooth state feedback. As a consequence, we obtain sufficient conditions for a class of cascaded systems to be globally stabilizable. The global stabilization problem of the nonlinear system /spl Sigma/ without output is also investigated in this paper by means of feedback equivalence. Some of the results are parallel to analogous ones in continuous-time, but in many respects the theory is substantially different and many new phenomena appear. >


Objective
To investigate the correlation of right ventricular (RV) to left ventricular (LV) volume ratio (RVV/LVV) measured by chest CT with pulmonary arterial pressure estimated by echocardiography before lung transplantation.

Methods
We reviewed 104 cases of lung transplant. According to the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) exceeding 25 mmHg by right heart catheterization, hypertensive group (n=74) and normotensive group (n=30) were set up. Risk factors were assessed individually and adjusted for confounding by a multivariable logistic regression analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) for predicting pulmonary hypertension on chest CT and echocardiography was calculated.

Results
RVV/LVV and echocardiography-derived pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) were significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). In the hypertensive group, there was strong correlation between the RVV/LVV and PASP from catheterization (R=0.82, P<0.001), also between the PASP from echocardiography and catheterization (R=0.60, P<0.001). The ROC curve displayed that with 0.85 as the cutoff for RVV/LVV, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rate for predicting mPAP over 25 mmHg were 87.5%, 91.8% and 90.9%, respectively. The ROC curve also displayed that based upon an echocardiography-derived PASP of 35 mmHg as the cutoff point, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rate for predicting mPAP over 25 mmHg were 91.2%, 90.8% and 88.4%, respectively.

Conclusion
RV/LV volume ratios on chest CT and echocardiographic evaluation correlate well with PASP assessed by right heart catheterization and can be used to predict pulmonary hypertension with high sensitivity and specificity.

Key words:
pulmonary hypertension; lung transplantation; right ventricular to left ventricular volume ratio; echocardiography


Present communication describes the preparation and the influence of Pr 2 O 3 and Nd 2 O 3 on structure, ferroelectric, dielectric, pyroelectric and resistivity properties of (Ba 1-x Sr x ) 2 NaNb 5 O 15 [BSNN] compositions at and around x = 0.6, MPB region. Substitution of Pr 2 O 3 /Nd 2 O 3 decrease the cell volume and Curie temperature and enhance the room temperature dielectric constant. The room temperature pyroelectric coefficients are observed to be in the order of 10-9 C/cm 2 °C. Higher figure of merit FM RV , FM RN and FM RI values of the order 10-14 CM/J, 10-12 CM/J and 10-11 CM/J respectively are observed in both Pr/Nd:BSNN compositions. Resistivity studies revealed a PTCR behavior.


It has been established by o~rselves"-~ and others'-" that the electron transport system for steroid 1 IP-, 18-, and cholesterol side-chain-cleaving hydroxylation reactions of adrenocortical mitochondria consists of a flavoprotein (adrenodoxin reductase), an iron-sulfur protein (adrenodoxin), and a cytochrome (P-450). This electron transport system is believed to be located in the inner mitochondria1 membrane and is not directly coupled with the transport system for oxidative phosphorylation, except at the level of NADH-NADP transhydrogenase. A similar or identical electron transport system is known to exist in testis and ovary.' In brief summary, adrenodoxin has a molecular weight of 12,500, consisting of 114 amino acid residues," and it contains 2 g atoms of iron and 2 mol labile sulfur per mol protein. Adrenodoxin reductase has a molecular weight of 54,000," consisting of one FAD per mol protein. The molecular characteristics of P-450 have not yet been established, due to difficulties is its solubilization and purification. In spite of considerable amounts of information concerning these redox components, the mechanism of the hydroxylation of steroids by the P-450 system remains largely unknown. In this report, we wish to present our recent findings on the molecular oxygen activation mechanisms in steroid hydroxylation reactions, and on the nature of the interaction between flavoprotein and ironsulfur protein.


The causes which underlie current changes in European media systems are numerous and complex and present alternative possibilities for interpretation and for research directions. This article examines some of the alternatives and chooses to place an emphasis on the factors of external pressure and internal conflict. Commerce provides the main driving force for change, but the outcome will depend on a balance of forces, which include the wishes of the public.


The invention relates to an actuation unit for an electronically regulated braking system for automobiles. The inventive actuation unit consists of a pressure generator which is actuated by means of an operating pedal and a simulator which interacts with the pressure generator and which has a simulator spring. The aim of the invention is to produce a harmonic pedal characteristic and to considerably improve the haptic feel of the pedal so that it corresponds to a large extent with human ergonomics. To this end, the simulator (15) is formed by metallic bellows (17) which are impinged upon by the hydraulic pressure controlled in the pressure generator (2). The area inside the bellows accommodates the simulator spring (18) and can be connected to a reservoir (7) for the pressure means.


In this paper investigated the stress-strain state of two diagonal cavity of arbitrary cross-sectional shape and the depth of a weighty inclining massif with system cracks in terms of elastic deformation and elastic-creep rocks. On the basis of anisotropic mechanical-mathematical model of inclining multilayer massif with a doubly periodic system of cracks systematically studied numerically the patterns of distribution of elastic-creep stresses and shears near two diagonal cavities of derived shape and the depth of the finite element method in generalized plane strain.Calculation algorithm is designed and compiled software package for the study of the elastic-creep state of adjacent cavities of derived depth and shapes. Conducted multivariate numerical calculation and analysis of the effect on the components of stresses and shears near the cavities geometrics, physical parameters, and creep properties of rocks.


Radioactive graphite dismantling, handling, conditioning and disposal are common parts of the decommissioning activities. At the Korean Research Reactor 2 (KRR-2), nuclear graphite was used as a moderator in thermal column, which was used to irradiate experimental specimens. The radiological and physical properties of graphite waste from the decommissioning of KRR-2 have been investigated to analyze their irradiation effect. It was found that the various radionuclides are present - mainly H-3, C-14, Co-60, Cs-134, Eu-152 and Eu-154. The widely known effect of physical properties change in irradiated graphite was observed in the experiment. The basic theories of the accumulation of stored energy (Wigner energy) in graphite waste and its release are reviewed. In order to investigate the release of Wigner energy activation energy spectra were derived from differential scanning calorimetry of samples of the KRR-2 graphite. The graphite waste retain substantial amounts of Wigner energy and thus to support their packaging, storage and ultimate disposal, it is necessary to induce the release of the Wigner energy. The graphite waste will be heated in annealing ovens, which results in the release of significant amounts of Wigner energy.


Objective: To assess the impact of dialysis on periodontal and general oral health of chronic kidney disease patients. Methodology: A Cross sectional comparative study was conducted in the department of Nephrology and Urology, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore on 32 patients with chronic kidney disease in the time duration of one year. Chronic kidney disease stage 3, 4 and 5 patients with age above 18 years, belonging to both the genders and same socioeconomic status were a part of the study. Data collection was based on the following parameters: Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Results: There was a statistically non-significant association between stage of chronic kidney disease and periodontal health of patients undergoing dialysis (p=0.185) and general oral health (p=0.120). Practical Implication: This study will help dental practitioners understand the impact of renal dialysis on general oral and periodontal health of patients with chronic kidney disease and in turn help them provide effective health care to these patients who have specialized treatment needs. Conclusion: It was seen that stage 3 patients had the highest percentage of bleeding gums while none had periodontal pockets nor calculus deposition. Stage 4 patients had an equal percentage of calculus deposition and periodontal pocket depth of 4-5 mm. Stage 5 patients had a high percentage of Periodontal pocket depths of 4-5mm followed by calculus and then bleeding gums. A higher percentage of stage 3 and 5 patients undergoing dialysis had a high DMFT whereas the percentage of stage 4 patients with high and low DMFT scores was equal. Keywords: Dialysis, Chronic kidney disease, periodontal health, Community periodontal index for treatment needs (CPITN)


Parenting in the 21st Century is more complex than what was obtainable previously because of the information and technology overload as well as the battle for children's minds these days, yet the fundamentals of raising children remain the same. The generational shifts or complexities of modern terms cannot negate the role of character as the foundation for building strong communities and nations. It is, therefore, imperative to examine the various factors responsible for the falling standard of parenting in the 21st Century and proffer solutions to them. This paper, therefore, seeks to investigate the factors responsible for the falling standard of parenting in the 21st Century with a view to charting the way forward to avoid the collapse of the 21st Century world.


The goal of this work was to develop methodologies for burned area mapping at 1 km resolution using SPOT-VEGETATION (VGT) images from tropical (Southeastern Africa and Brazil), temperate (Iberian Peninsula) and boreal (Eastern Siberia / Northeastern China) regions. For each study area seven months of daily images were used in order to map the areas burned during the entire fire season. Linear discriminant analysis or classification trees were applied, depending on the study area, to monthly composite images derived from the daily images, and monthly burned area maps were produced. The final VGT 1 km burned area maps were validated with burned area maps derived from 30 m Landsat imagery, using linear regression. Twenty-four Landsat scenes were used in the validation of the maps produced for the four study areas. The accuracy of the VGT maps was variable, dependent on vegetation type and on the spatial pattern of the burned areas.


Research Category/Full paper) – We analyzed the data collected in a Computer Science I course to quantify the relationship between programming projects, code-tracing assignments and course grade when online tests and closed lab instruction were used in the course. We found that completion of programming projects was positively and moderately correlated with course grade; each completed project contributed nearly one sign grade to the course grade; the grade of students who had completed at least a given number of projects was four sign grades better than of those who had not and the difference was statistically significant; the mean course grade ranged from F for those who had completed 1 or fewer projects to A- for those who had completed 9 or more projects; and completion of later projects was indicative of higher grade in the course. Similarly, completion of code-tracing assignments was positively, but weakly correlated with course grade; the grade of students who had completed at least a given number of assignments was one letter grade better than of those who had not, and the difference was statistically significant; and the mean course grade ranged from C- for those who had completed 6 or fewer assignments to B+ for those who had completed 11 or more assignments. Concurrence among the course objectives, classroom instruction, assessment techniques, programming projects and assignments may be a pre-requisite for obtaining the results of this study. (Abstract)


In the spring of 1992 a child health survey (Monitoring Scheme for Mortality of Children Under 5 Years of Age in China) was conducted in Henan Province among 10 representative cities and counties. The sample included the monitoring sites at Gongyi City, Mi County, and Lushi County. The sample population included 710,570 of which 55,740 were aged 0-4 years, 1473 were born in 1991, and 579 died in 1991. Child mortality was 55.58% and close to the national average. The ratio of male/female child mortality was 1:1.3. Infant mortality was 85.8% of total child mortality. 72.85% of infant mortality was newborn mortality (46.40% within the first 24 hours and 81.76% within 7 days of birth). Child mortality was higher in rural areas. 59.3% of mortality occurred while the child was at home and 28.7% on the way to medical treatment, and 24.35% did not have treatment or parents consciously decided not to seek treatment. The primary causes of death at 0-7 days were suffocation during birth, premature delivery at birth, pneumonia, neural tube defects, accidental suffocation, and newborn tetanus. Ranked causes at 0-18 days from high to low were suffocation during birth, pneumonia, premature delivery, neural tube defects, accidental suffocation, and newborn tetanus. At under 1 year the causes were pneumonia, suffocation during birth, premature delivery, accidental suffocation, neural tube defects, and congenital heart disease. At 1-4 years the primary causes were pneumonia, accidental suffocation, congenital heart diseases, other malformation, and other diseases. For mortality under 4 years of age the causes were pneumonia, congenital malformations, premature delivery, accidental suffocation, neural tube defects, and congenital heart diseases. The 1990 Summit Conference on Children's Issues in the World recommended reducing child mortality by 33% by the year 2000. This means a considerable reduction for China.


FMCW radar with deramping technique has many advantages comparing to traditional pulse radar. But the expressing of signal error becomes more complicated. The distortions on amplitude and phase are unavoidable for wide bandwidth and wide pulse signal, which have a serious impact on the imaging quality. Aiming at the problem of signal error correction, the echo signal model of FMCW radar with amplitude-phase error was established in this paper. The analysis of error estimation and correction were investigated in detail especially for non-linear phase error. And a practical solution was presented to reduce the effects from the distortions. The processing and results were proved through theoretical derivation and simulation analysis validation. And this method has significantly improved the range resolution and calibrated the position deviation. Additionally, this algorithm has a strong practicability, due to considering both the indicator and real-time imaging processing algorithm costs.


Abstract Swift Fe-dust particles (0.2-20 μmØ ; 1-50 km/s) are utilized to generate transiently ions from alkali iodide coated metal foils, analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. By means of a thermodynamic treatment it is shown that simple heating by the impact cannot be hold responsible for the ion formation. However, this process is very much related to the non-adiabatic ion formation by pulsed laser irradiation. The damage caused by the impact particle resulting in cratering and thermal effects, which are long-term processes, is not related to the instantaneous ion formation.


A non-invasive imaging system, consisting of an ellipsoidal conductive cavity and radiometric receivers, designed and constructed in our laboratory the past few years is restudied. A means for further improvement of the ellipsoidal reflector's focusing properties thus its performance is herein investigated. The main differentiating factor of our new approach is that the receiving antenna is more realistically modelled and also covered by two layers of different dielectric properties. The present paper provides details on the electromagnetic theoretical analysis of the problem and presents numerical results for the electric field distribution inside the head model, using two main operating frequencies, namely 0.5GHz and 1.5GHz for four distinct cases. The focusing optimization of the system in terms of spatial accuracy and penetration depth is assessed while the method and results are also separately validated.


Data from a household survey and from three car seat clinics, carried out in the same community in 1996 were used to assess appropriate use of car seats for children aged 1-4 years. From surveys from 203 families, restraint use appeared high - 90% of families had a car, and 95% reported using occupant restraints for their children, with tether straps bolted in 69%. From 90 cars tested at car seat clinics, 70% were not installed correctly. Based on weight and proper tethering (as reported), 112 (55%) were appropriately restrained. This is likely to be an overestimate due to over-reporting of tether strap use. Sex of the child, and the family's use of a baby walker (banned from sale in Canada) were significantly associated with appropriate use, when confounders were controlled. The perception of the danger of traffic crashes for children was significantly lower in families with appropriate use. The data from car seat clinics demonstrated a number of technical problems with the installation and use of car seats that are unlikely to be influenced by family characteristics or perception of risk.


A method of making a screen printing stencil, comprising the steps of: positioning at least one photosensitive layer coating to the outer surface of a substantially closed cylindrical base body (1); according to a predetermined pattern on the outer surface from the photosensitive portion is removed layer; filled with a metal portion of the photosensitive layer is removed to form a cylindrical screen; removing the cylindrical screen (1) from the base. A hollow cylinder with a base and with the compressed gas from at least one end thereof so that the circular cross-section pneumatic.


Dune length scale airflow modeling provides new insights on eolian bedform response and complex near‐surface 3‐D wind patterns not previously resolved by mesoscale models. At a 1‐m surface resolution, Curiosity wind data are used to investigate the eolian environment of the Namib dune on Mars, providing improved seasonal constraints on grainfall, grainflow activity, and ripple migration. Based on satellite images, airflow patterns, and surface shear stress, enhanced eolian activity, and slipface advancement occurs during early springtime. Autumn and winter winds are also favorable to eolian activity, but minimal movement was detected in satellite images overlapping with wind data. During the summer, the migration of large stoss ripples on the Namib dune may augment sediment deposition on the slipface. These results provide a better understanding of the overall migration pattern of the Namib dune, which can be extrapolated to other dunes in the Bagnold Dune Field.


Fiber Bragg gratings with phase-only superstructure ('sampling') are shown to enable the fabrication of large channel counts with adequate reflectivity. Grating fabrication is facilitated by the standard side-writing technique, where the entire sampling pattern is included in a precise, lithographically prepared phase mask. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have recently seen application as a new class of extremely versatile devices to address a wide variety of challenges of present and future wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems.


Most of the high earth-rockfill dams are located in the southwest of China where earthquakes happened frequently,so it is quite significant to study dynamic response of high earth-rockfill dams for the dam design and safety evaluation.In this paper,numerical calculations are performed to study the dynamic response of high earth-rockfill dams.Both 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional dynamic calculations of a high earth-rockfill dam during earthquake are conducted with the program FEMEPDYN based on elasto-plastic model and nonlinear method.According to comparisons with practical projects and traditional methods,the new way is reasonable in describing the dynamic response of high earth-rockfill dam during earthquakes.


Objective To investigate the relationship between monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene -2518G/A polymorphism and cerebral infarction(CI) of Han population in Chinese Hunan district.Methods The -2518G/A polymorphism in MCP-1 gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing in 162 patients with CI (CI group) and 150 normal controls (NC group). The serum level of MCP-1 in the two groups was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results In CI group, genotypic frequency of GG was 39.5%, GA was 37.0%, and AA was 23.5%. The allele frequency of G was 58.0% and A was 42.0%. In NC group, genotypic frequency of GG was 27.3%, GA was 39.3%, and AA was 33.4%. The allele frequency of G was 47.0% and A was 53.0%. The frequencies of MCP-1 -2518GG genetype and G allele in CI group were significantly higher than those in CI group (all P0.05). The level of serum MCP-1 in CI group [(157.68±11.60)pg/ml]was significantly higher than that in NC group [(131.82±10.72)pg/ml] (P0.05). The people with MCP-1 -2518G allele (GG+GA) had higher level of serum MCP-1 [(149.44±15.71)pg/ml]than that only with MCP-1 -2518A allele (AA) [(134.57±15.84)pg/ml](P0.05).Conclusions The MCP-1 gene -2518G/A G allele may be a genetic risk factor for CI of Han populations in Chinese Hunan Hans.The MCP-1 -2518G allele carrier may has up-regulated the expression of MCP-1 and hence is a higher risk of CI.


This article examines theorganizational effectivenessoftraining prospective specialists in student extracurricular activitiesat the university level by first evaluating the competence of penultimate-year students and then comparing theirinitial competence level to the moral and volitional perspectives of prospective specialists in extracurricular activities.After the summarized data was compared with the survey results, the findings indicate that when utilizing student competence as the main criteria, it effectively presented an ideal model of a specialist in extracurricular activities at the university level. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p2608


In Spain, as in most OECD countries, population ageing is creating a growing concern with respect to social security arrangements and in particular relative to public pension systems. The most reliable demographic forecasts show that the ageing process will continue at least until 2025. This situation is getting worse in the last decades with the presence of retirement policies that encourage exit out of the labor market before 65 years of age. Policy makers, aware of the consequences of these actions, are stressing the need of establishing measures to provide workers with incentives to extend their working lives and so reverse the dependence rate growth among active and passive people. The aim of this paper is to analyse the early retirement decision for Spanish older workers, focussing on the characteristics of the early


An optical shape sensing hub includes a longitudinal body (210) forming a cavity configured to receive two or more optical shape sensing (OSS) enabled instruments. One or more mechanical features (212, 214) are disposed within the cavity or on the longitudinal body to maintain the two or more OSS enabled instruments in a fixed geometrical configuration relative to one another such that distally to the longitudinal body the two or more OSS enabled instruments have shape sensed reconstruction data registered therebetween. The disclosed hub can be used in a shape sensing system to determine shapes of OSS enabled instruments. It is further disclosed a method for registering two or more OSS enabled instruments by generating a hub template of an expected shape of the hub in OSS data, searching measured OSS data to match the hub template to determine a hub position in the OSS data and finding overlap in the OSS data relative to the hub position.


Boronizing is one method of increasing the durabil ity of machine parts and equipment, these layers can be pr oduced in many materials. Typical layer formed on the steel have a characteristic needle-like structure and was compos ed of iron borides FeB and Fe 2B which is closely associated with the core. The microhardness of layer is about 2000 HV ,1. Diffusion boronizing also affects the increasing to wear resistance, heat resistance and corrosion resistanc e [1, 2, 46]. The disadvantage of these layers is the brittle ness. The brittleness of these layers is manifested by chippi ng and peeling from the core under loading [1-6], therefore, and more often used alloying with boron with a laser. L aser boriding of steel consists of laser-melted surface layer material with the alloying material added by variou s methods. In this paper, the method of melting the s urface layer material alloyed with a stopping paste contai ning boron amorphous [3]. Modern laser technology plays n increasingly important role in industrial applicati ons [7]. Lasers are easily integrated into production lines and laser machining is done very quickly and selectively, all owing it to save time processing.


A technique using cold light transillumination has been reported for cannulation of peripheral vessels in the newborn.1 Here we show …


This special issue contains seven papers that examine some issues concerning frontier controls in Germany France Greece and the United States with particular regard to the control of immigration. The relationship between the process of tightening border controls and the increasing difficulties that immigrants both legal and illegal face in their attempts to assimilate into their new countries of residence is analyzed. (ANNOTATION)


An improvement in a drawer lock of a cabinet includes a cylinder, a trigger bar, a fixing block, a sliding block, a latch hook, a first elastic member and a latch mechanism. The latch mechanism has a clutch pivotally engaged with a latch bar. A second elastic member keeps the clutch to be engaged with the latch bar at a preset angle. The latch hook of a closing drawer can wedge the latch bar to turn an angle smoothly while the clutch and the sliding block remain stationary, so as to prevent causing any damage to the latch hook even when the cabinet is in a locked position.


The PIP-II 800 MeV linac employs 650 MHz elliptical 5-cell CW-capable cavities to accelerate up to 2 mA peak beam current of Hin the energy range 185 – 800 MeV. The low beta (LB650) G = 0.61 portion should accelerate from 185 MeV to 500 MeV using 33 LB650 dressed cavities in 11 cryomodules. The high beta (HB650) G = 0.92 portion of the linac should accelerate from 500 to 800 MeV using 24 HB650 dressed cavities in 4 cryomodules [1]. The development of both type cavities is going on under IIFC collaboration. This paper presents design methodology. The discussion proceeds from RF design resulting in mechanical dimensions of RF cells to mechanical design and cavity dressing for both lowand high-beta cavities. Further the tuner design and its integration to the dressed cavity is discussed. The paper also explains the salient design features of these dressed cavities.


Objective: Checking the theoretical provisions of the possibility of controlling the reactive power of an adjustable inductance compensating device. Testing and optimizing the algorithm of the reactive power regulating device. Assessing energy effi ciency of the device. Checking stability of the device in transient modes. Suggesting methods to improve stability of the system. Conducting a harmonic analysis of current and voltage curves obtained as a result of physical modeling, developing ways to suppress higher current and voltage harmonic. Methods: The scheme of the experimental setup was built, the electrical element base was selected, the measuring instruments used were determined, the experimental stand was assembled. Curves of changes in current, voltage, active and reactive power were taken on the physical model for operating modes without a compensating device, with an unregulated and adjustable compensating device. The change in current for critical transients is analyzed. To evaluate the fi ltering of higher harmonics of current and voltage by a compensating device, oscillograms were taken in operating mode with a load and after adding a diode bridge to the electric locomotive circuit, and their harmonic analysis was performed. Results: The adjustable device provides reactive power compensation in the load range of no less than 90 %. Additional measures are required to lower the active resistance of the compensating device reactor. The use of a reactor connected in series with a capacitor reduces the switching current and overvoltage in the device. The compensating device can operate in the mode of a broadband fi lter of higher harmonics. Practical importance: A physical model of an alternating current traction network with a reactive power compensating device and a controlled variable inductance has been created, which makes it possible to analyze both instantaneous and long-term processes in the traction network.


Infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortalit y in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to their depressed immunity. T.gondiiis a ubiquitous parasite that cau s- es severe manifestations in immunocomprmised patients. The present study investigated rate, pattern, predictors and related morbidit y ofT. gondiiseropositivity in CKD patients. The study included four groups: i -patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD; n =60); ii patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on immunosuppressive therapy for lupus n e- phritis (SLE; n=30) iii -Renal transplant recipients (RTR; n=30) and iv-healthy controls (HC; n=30). Anti-ToxoplasmaIgG, IgM & IgG avidity were determined using enzyme immunoassays. Patients' medical data and information on plausible risk factors for tox o- plasmosis were recorded. Results revealed thatT.gondiiseropositivity rates in HD, SLE and RTR groups (61.7, 60 & 70% respectively) were significantly high compared to HC (30 %). Among seropositive patients, 79% of those with negative IgM displayed high IgG avidity confirming past infe ction. None of IgM positive patients had low IgG avidity. The latter was detected in some IgM negative patients. Multivariate analysis showed that ser o- positivity was significantly associated with undercooked meat consumption (adjusted OR= 6.256, CI=2.167-18.056) and blood transfusion (adjusted OR =


Abstract Owing to enormous growth in both data storage and the demand for high-performance computing, there has been a major effort to integrate telecom networks on-chip. Silicon photonics is an ideal candidate, thanks to the maturity and economics of current CMOS processes in addition to the desirable optical properties of silicon in the near IR. The basics of optical communication require the ability to generate, modulate, and detect light, which is not currently possible with silicon alone. Growing germanium or III/V materials on silicon is technically challenging due to the mismatch between lattice constants and thermal properties. One proposed solution is to use two-dimensional materials, which have covalent bonds in-plane, but are held together by van der Waals forces out of plane. These materials have many unique electrical and optical properties and can be transferred to an arbitrary substrate without lattice matching requirements. This article reviews recent progress toward the integration of 2D materials on a silicon photonics platform for optoelectronic applications.


The paper presents computational studies of working medium dynamics during the impulse plasma deposition (IPD) process when the electric discharge in an interelectrode region is initiated by a gas introduced through a fast-acting valve. During the computational simulations the influence of different discharge parameters on the plasma dynamics was studied. The optimization of the device includes the calculation of the current sheath movement and the sensibility analysis of its dynamics to geometrical and operational parameters. It was found that gas injection can be considered as a useful tool in optimization of the coatings obtained with the IPD technique. Computer simulation results indicate the direction of changes in the development and application of the analysed surface engineering method.


Wikipedia has formed a new knowledge production model in the Internet environment,and multi-user cooperation is an important rule in this model.With this model,Wikipedia not only improves efficiency of knowledge production,but also has rich contents in continuous evolution.


Article history: Received: 14 September 2013 Accepted: 22 October 2014 The present article seek to investigate the function of elliptical steel damper function in steel frames seismic resisting. The elliptical damper is a kind of earthquake energy dissipater in structure which acts based on the steel yielding feature. Thus, this damper in frame lateral displacement mechanism is expected to have a satisfying hysteretic behavior in terms of energy absorption is on acceptable level. To study the EADAS (elliptical added damping and stiffness) elliptical damper function Abaqus software was used in seismic resisting of steel frames. To do the analysis one span- one floor which was modeled with eight kinds of suggested damper was used. The basis of the analysis method is based on the finite element method and a cyclic loading curve was used and the frame will be pushed to the failure of the dampers. The results of the present study indicates that through the addition of this damper with the damage focus in damper the structure elements remain in elastic zone and without any damage bear the lateral load. The damper causes an increase in ductility and the frame energy absorption hysteretic and it can be used for seismic resisting of steel frames.


In 1917, Albert Einstein recognized the existence of stimulated emissions [21]. The first description of stimulated optical emission of monochromatic light using ruby as the active material—the ruby laser—was provided by Theodore Maiman in 1960 [45]. The more powerful neodymium-inglass laser was discovered a year later. It was hoped that lasers would be useful in medicine for the excision of tumours, but initial expectations were not realized. Their poor absorption by nonpigmented tissues necessitated the use of large amounts of energy, with the result that the thermal effect could not be localized to diseased tissue [80]. In 1966, at the American Optical Corporation Laboratories, Yahr and Strully discovered that the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser can cut tissue [103]. Strong and Jako first appreciated the potential of the CO2 laser for use in otolaryngology in 1971 [87]. The development of the micromanipulator by Polanyi in 1974, enabling the CO2 laser to be used with an operating microscope, greatly facilitated its use for microlaryngeal surgery [63]. The argon laser has been used extensively in ophthalmic surgery and dermatology since about 1970 [16], and the neodymiumin-yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd-YAG) laser was first introduced in 1975 for the endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal haemorrhage [37].


Simplify the manufacturing and other processes associated with the design, production and / or measurement tasks methods and systems. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to decision-making and logic structures in a computer software application implemented to facilitate all according to the design specifications of the production of any part or other workpieces, development, processing, trial production, identification, certification, and production process stage. In one embodiment, the present invention is given the knowledge of a plurality of output characteristics of the process related to each other prior to the input procedure and specification limits.


At least one ultrasound is recommended to predict fetal growth restriction and low birthweight earlier in pregnancy. However, in low-income countries imaging equipment and trained manpower are scarce. Hence, we developed and validated a model and risk score to predict low birthweight using maternal characteristics during pregnancy, for use in resource limited settings. We conducted a prospective cohort study among 379 pregnant women in South Ethiopia. A step-wise multivariable analysis was done to develop the prediction model. To improve clinical utility, we developed a simplified risk score to classify pregnant women at high- or low-risk of low birthweight. The accuracy of the model was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) and calibration plot. We evaluated the clinical impact of the model using a decision curve analysis across various threshold probabilities. Age at pregnancy, underweight, anemia, height, gravidity, and presence of comorbidity remained in the final multivariable prediction model. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of the model was 0.83 (95% confidence interval: 0.78 to 0.88). The decision curve analysis shows the model provides a higher net benefit across ranges of threshold probabilities. In general, this study showed the possibility of predicting low birthweight using maternal characteristics during pregnancy. The model could help to identify those at higher risk of having a low birthweight baby. This feasible prediction model would offer an opportunity to reduce obstetric-related complications and thus improving the overall maternal and child healthcare in low- and middle-income countries.


Background: One of the strategies to promote child health and reduce child mortality is growth monitoring and promotion services. But, there is limited information on determinants of Growth Monitoring and Promotion service utilization. Objective: To identify determinants of growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) service utilization among children 0-23 months of age in Legambo district, South Wollo zone, Northern Ethiopia, 2020.Methods: Community based un-matched case control study was conducted on 363 (91 cases and 272 controls) study participants from March 15 to April 15, 2020. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was estimated to identify determinants of GMP service utilization.Results: Good maternal knowledge (AOR) = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.23, 4.75), favorable attitude (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI; 1.20, 4.98), counseling on GMP (AOR = 2.34; 95% CI; 1.19, 4.56), Attending ante natal care services (AOR = 2.46; 95% CI: 1.18, 5.16), index child age 12-17 months(AOR = 3.45; 95% CI: 1.26, 9.41) and 18-23 months (AOR = 4.38; 95% CI: 1.53, 12.49), and short distance to health facilities (AOR = 4.53; 95% CI; 1.99, 10.28) were determinants of GMP service utilization.Conclusion: Index child age, good knowledge, favorable attitude, attending ante natal care services, receiving nutritional counseling and short distance to health facility were determinants of GMP service utilization. Nutritional interventions should emphasis nutritional counseling and accessibility of growth monitoring and promotion services.


A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with a carbon column was studied for the analysis of unsaturated disaccharides produced from glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Most of the unsaturated disaccharides were separated on a carbon column (Carbonex, Tonen, Tokyo) under isocratic conditions using sodium carbonate buffer (pH 10.8) containing 3% or 3.5% acetonitrile. The disaccharides eluted were monitored by fluorescence detection using 2-cyanoacetamide as a postcolumn derivatizing reagent with excitation at 335 nm and emission at 395 nm. The unsaturated disaccharides produced from heparan sulfate family generally eluted in the order of tri-sulfated, di-sulfated, mono-sulfated and non-sulfated disaccharides, while the representative unsaturated disaccharides from chondroitin sulfate family were separated in a unique elution order: ΔDi-diS_B, ΔDi-4S, ΔDi-diS_E, ΔDi-0S, ΔDi-6S, ΔDi-HA and ΔDi-diS_D). The elution order of unsaturated disaccharides found with the proposed HPLC method using a carbon column differs greatly from that obtained by the conventional systems using chemical-bonded type silica columns.


When the old power plant at Longyearbyen on Svalbard in the Arctic was decommissioned in 1983, the building was earmarked for demolition. However, the presence of asbestos made the cost of removal too high and the building remained closed for more than 35 years. Now, its fate is once again being examined. Ideas for its potential future include establishment as an industrial memorial, a site for cultural events, a tourist attraction and/or a monument "of fossilised time". Questions of which past is to be remembered, which uses are acceptable, which materiality is to be kept – and in what condition – all permeate the project, which is called FOSSIL. This paper examines different aspects of the project from both a material perspective (Identity of Place) and a human perspective (place-identity), bringing up questions of politics of memory, museumification, and the desired and undesired facets of heritage that the project engages with as it shapes the power plant's (re)incarnation.


In wireless communication, concept of parallel transmission of symbols is applied to achieve high throughput and better transmission quality. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the techniques for parallel transmission. The idea of OFDM is to split the total transmission bandwidth into a number of orthogonal subcarriers in order to transmit the symbols using these subcarriers in parallel. In this paper, proposed OFDM system design is simulated using MATLAB simulink toolbox. The digital modulation schemes such as M-PSK (M-ary Phase Shift Keying) and M-QAM (M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), which provide way of parallel transmission, are compared to analyze the BER performance of designed OFDM system. Mentioned schemes used in OFDM system can be selected on the basis of the requirement of power or spectrum efficiency and BER analysis.


Individual and cultural values, as well as adolescents' views of appropriate gender roles, are revealed in their depictions of the ideal man and the ideal woman (Stiles, Gibbons, Hardardottir, & Schnellmann, 1987). International students from 44 countries attending a university preparatory school or a university in the Randstad area of the Netherlands participated in the present study. On a questionnaire adapted from Clifford, Grandgenett, and Bardwell (1981), participants rated 10 characteristics of the opposite-sex ideal on a 7-point scale for importance


Growth, mortality and yield-per-recruit of sharp toothed hammer croaker, johnieops vogleri (Bleeker) is studied. Loo and K were estimated as 374 mm and 0.73/year. Z, M and F were estimated as 4.13, 1.27 and 2.86 respectively. The length at first capture was 170 mm. Phi prime was calculated as 6.94. This species with Z/K ratio of 5.65 has high mortality. The yield isopleth diagram shows that optimum yield can be obtained at Lc/ Loo value of 0.45 and E of 0.65. This shows that the fish belongs to quadrant "C" of 'yield isopleth' diagram where fishery is well developed and large sized fish can be caught at higher efforts. However, it may deplete the stock. Thus in order to sustain the catch, it is better to continue fishing at the present level of efforts


Amebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica infection and can produce a broad range of clinical signs, from asymptomatic cases to patients with obvious symptoms. The current epidemiological and clinical statuses of amebiasis make it a serious public health problem worldwide. The Entamoeba life cycle consists of the trophozoite, the causative agent for amebiasis, and the cyst, the form responsible for transmission. These two stages are connected by "encystation" and "excystation." Hence, developing novel strategies to control encystation and excystation will potentially lead to new measures to block the transmission of amebiasis by interrupting the life cycle of the causative agent. Here, we highlight studies investigating encystation using inhibitory chemicals and categorize them based on the molecules inhibited. We also present a perspective on new strategies to prevent the transmission of amebiasis.


This paper introduces secure network provenance (SNP), a novel technique that enables networked systems to explain to their operators why they are in a certain state -- e.g., why a suspicious routing table entry is present on a certain router, or where a given cache entry originated. SNP provides network forensics capabilities by permitting operators to track down faulty or misbehaving nodes, and to assess the damage such nodes may have caused to the rest of the system. SNP is designed for adversarial settings and is robust to manipulation; its tamper-evident properties ensure that operators can detect when compromised nodes lie or falsely implicate correct nodes. We also present the design of SNooPy, a general-purpose SNP system. To demonstrate that SNooPy is practical, we apply it to three example applications: the Quagga BGP daemon, a declarative implementation of Chord, and Hadoop MapReduce. Our results indicate that SNooPy can efficiently explain state in an adversarial setting, that it can be applied with minimal effort, and that its costs are low enough to be practical.


Silk fibroin is a natural biomaterial protein due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical property and processibility. The properties of biomaterial scaffolds are quite strict and complex for its practical applica tion in tissue engineering. Recently, many researches on structure biocompatibility and cell biocompatibility of silk fibro in have been conducted. The results showed good biocompatibility of fibroin, which is important for promoting the appli cation of fibroin in tissue engineering.


[Objective] The aim of the study was to know about the inhibition effects of cadmium(Cd) on the growth of Brassica chinensis.[Method] With B.chinensis variety "Suzhouqing" as the material,the effects of Cd stress with different concentration in soil on their growth and antioxidtive system were studied through pot test.[Result] Cd stress with higher concentration(exceed 25 mg/kg) had obvious inhibition on growth of B.chinensis,and made their oxidation resistance significantly decrease,resulted in aggravate of the lipid peroxidation and permeability of membrane.Cd stress with lower concentration had little effect on growth of B.chinensis,while the contents of Cd in the leaves enhanced significantly.[Conclusion] B.chinensis showed a certain tolerance to Cd stress,so there was a certain food risk posed to mankind health for B.chinensis growing in Cd-contaminated soils.


Acknowledgments. Introduction. Chapter 1: Starting with SUSE. Chapter 2: Installing openSUSE and Adding Software. Chapter 3: Using the Shell. Chapter 4: Working with Files. Chapter 5: Manipulating Text. Chapter 6: Playing with Multimedia. Chapter 7: Administering File Systems. Chapter 8: Backups and Removable Media. Chapter 9: Checking and Managing Running Processes. Chapter 10: Managing the System. Chapter 11: Managing Network Connections. Chapter 12: Accessing Network Resources. Chapter 13: Doing Remote System Administration. Chapter 14: Locking Down Security. Appendix A: Using vi or Vim Editors. Appendix B: Shell Special Characters and Variables. Appendix C: Getting Information from /proc. Index.


Breathier voices are non-modal voices produced with a relatively less constricted glottis. Although three major subtypes of breathier voice have been identified, namely slack/lax voice, breathy voice and whispery voice, and distinct IPA symbols have been proposed to transcribe them, actually there is no consensus on how many subtypes should be identified, and how each subtype should be defined. Most studies simply use "breathy voice" as a general term to cover all its subtypes. In this study, we propose that different subtypes of breathier voice can be distinguished by evaluating the relative importance of the glottal constriction and the noise component. Drawing data from Gujarati, White Hmong, Southern Yi, and Shanghainese, we show that our proposed method successfully identified each of the three subtypes found in these four languages. We will discuss the implication for future voice quality studies.


This paper examines the relationship between workplace organisation and innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It uses data for 30 countries, drawn from the European Company Survey, the OECD Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies and the Community Innovation Survey. It contrasts SMEs adopting a "learning organisation" or "discretionary learning" form of workplace organisation with SMEs adopting more hierarchical organisational forms. Learning organisation or discretionary learning SMEs are characterised by high levels of self-planning of tasks by employees, teamwork, knowledge exchange with employees and supervisors, on-the-job training, and employee performance incentives. They account for approximately one-third of SMEs across the countries examined. SMEs with this form of work organisation are more likely than other SMEs to develop new products/services and processes. At a macro level, countries with high proportions of these SMEs have higher rates of new-to-the-market innovations among SMEs and of SME innovation collaborations with other firms and organisations. The findings point to the potential role of policies favouring organisational change in SMEs as a means of stimulating SME innovation.


Gorontalo Bay is a semi-enclosed sea between the North and East Arms of Sulawesi. It is surrounded by land on three sides, separating a northern volcanic province from metamorphic rocks to the south and west, and ophiolites to the southeast. Seismic analysis and literature research suggest a possible Early Miocene origin for Gorontalo Bay, following Sula Spur collision which resulted in terrestrial conditions. In the western part of Gorontalo Bay there are two subbasins: the northern Tomini Basin and the southern Poso Basin, which have different histories. This study presents a new geological interpretation of the Poso Basin based on recent multibeam and 2D seismic data. The seismic stratigraphy of Tomini Basin shows progressive deepening of the area, with deposition largely under marine conditions (Unit B and C), followed by a regional uplift event (Middle-Late Miocene?) that caused local subaerial erosion (east Lalanga Ridge) with development of an unconformity and shallowing of the central part of the basin. Renewed subsidence formed shallow marine environments (Unit D and E). Subsidence later accelerated, causing backstepping of the shelf edge, drowning of pinnacle reefs and subsidence to present depths of 2 km in the basin centre (Unit F). The Poso Basin is much younger than Tomini Basin. The deeper part of the sequence is probably the time equivalent of Unit D in Tomini Basin. However, rapid subsidence is recorded by a thick sequence of up to 3 sec TWT which is the equivalent of the thinner Units E and F in Tomini Basin. Subsidence is interpreted to be related to uplift nearby. A large north-dipping potential low angle normal fault, identified below the southern * Royal Holloway University of London part of Poso Basin, suggests that the development of Poso Basin may be related to extension associated with the rapid development of metamorphic core complexes on land.


Salmonellosis is one of the most common and widely distributed foodborne diseases, and it's presence in poultry and poultry products is a global public health problem. Therefore, the present study was conducted to isolate Salmonella from internal organs, fecal matter and eggs of freshly dead, diseased living and apparently healthy chickens and ducks in Dakahlia governorate (Egypt). A total of 400 samples were collected as follows: 280 chickens, 20 chicken eggs, 89 ducks and 11 duck eggs. The samples were examined bacteriologically and serotyped . Forty five samples (11.25%) were found to be positive for Salmonellosis. Ten strains were detected (S. Kentucky, S. Skansen, S. Typhimurium, S.Wingrove, S. Agona, S. Tananarive, S. Newport, S. Inganda, S. Enteritidis and S. Labadi). Untyped salmonellae were detected. The isolated Salmonella was sensitive to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, colistin sulphate, doxycyclin hydrochloride and amoxicillin. Polymerase chain reaction( PCR) for detection common gene (invA) was applied to all isolated strains and showed positive amplification of 284 bp


Should be rewritten according to the following comments Introduction Lines 69-73: The use of references is needed Lines 78-87: Revision is needed. The mechanism should be described in a clear manner in one paragraph.  Line 88 and elsewhere: Sometimes capital letters are used and sometimes not.This should be uniform throughout the text.  Line 91 and elsewhere: Terms should be abbreviated the first time they appear in  text (eg GI, CHO). Also there is no need to use so many abbreviations throughout the text.  Issues that need to be considered: The point that the authors want to make is not clearly addressed through the introduction. The hypothesis is not backed in the introduction.  Complied Lines 83-90


Romanticized life philosophy endeavours to find the poetical meaning of life.Schopenhauer,as the initiator of the life philosophy,after pondering the relationships of the world appearance,subject and the world will,constracts a tragic picture of life against his eagerness for the happiness of life.Nietzsche,based on the contradiction of Schopenhauer,with the thinking of the Spirit of Dionysus and the will to power,retrieved the poetical experience of life of Romanticism.The unity and the differenc of Schopenhaue and Nietzsche have rich significance to contemporary people.


Emerging data support the safety of transplantation of extra‐pulmonary organs from donors with SARS‐CoV‐2‐detection. Our center offered kidney transplantation (KT) from deceased donors (DD) with SARS‐CoV‐2 with and without COVID‐19 as a cause of death (CoV + COD and CoV+) to consenting candidates. No pre‐emptive antiviral therapies were given. We retrospectively compared outcomes to contemporaneous DDKTs with negative SARS‐CoV‐2 testing (CoVneg). From February 1, 2021 to January 31, 2022, there were 220 adult KTs, including 115 (52%) from 35 CoV+ and 33 CoV + COD donors. Compared to CoVneg and CoV+, CoV + COD were more often DCD (100% vs. 40% and 46%, p < .01) with longer cold ischemia times (25.2 h vs. 22.9 h and 22.2 h, p = .02). At median follow‐up of 5.7 months, recipients of CoV+, CoV + COD and CoVneg kidneys had similar rates of delayed graft function (10.3%, 21.8% and 21.9%, p = .16), rejection (5.1%, 0% and 8.5%, p = .07), graft failure (1.7%, 0% and 0%, p = .35), mortality (0.9%, 0% and 3.7%; p = .29), and COVID‐19 diagnoses (13.6%, 7.1%, and 15.2%, p = .33). Though follow‐up was shorter, CoV + COD was associated with lower but acceptable eGFR on multivariable analysis. KT from DDs at various stages of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection appears safe and successful. Extended follow‐up is required to assess the impact of CoV + COD donors on longer term graft function.


In order to obtain the upper and lower confidence limits for the shape parameter of Weibull distribution under Multiply Type-II,the statistics T1(m)=S1+V/V is constructed ,then it is proved that its distribution is not related with parameter (m,η) and its percentiles are computed simplely.By the Mante-Carlo simulation ,we show the feasibility of this method.


1. The mechanisms involved in the lability of inhibition at higher frequencies of stimulation were investigated in the guinea‐pig in vitro neocortical slice preparation by intracellular recording techniques. We attempted to test the possibility of a feedback depression of GABA on subsequent release. 2. At resting membrane potential (Em, ‐75.8 +/‐ 5.2 mV) stimulation of either the pial surface or subcortical white matter evoked a sequence of depolarizing and hyperpolarizing synaptic components in most neurones. An early hyperpolarizing component (IPSPA) was usually only obvious as a pronounced termination of the EPSP, followed by a later hyperpolarizing event (IPSPB). Current‐voltage relationships revealed two different conductances of about 200 and 20 nS and reversal potentials of ‐73.0 +/‐ 4.4 and ‐88.6 +/‐ 6.1 mV for the early and late component, respectively. 3. The conductances of IPSPA and IPSPB were fairly stable at a stimulus frequency of 0.1 Hz. At frequencies between 0.5 and 2 Hz both IPSPs were attenuated with the second stimulus and after about five stimuli a steady state was reached. Concomitantly IPSPs were shortened. The average decrease in synaptic conductance between 0.1 and 1 Hz was 80% for the IPSPA and 60% for the IPSPB. At these frequencies the reversal potentials decreased by 5 and 2 mV, respectively; Em and input resistance (Rin) were not consistently affected. 4. The amplitudes of field potentials, action potentials and EPSPs of pyramidal cells were attenuated less than 10% at stimulus frequencies up to 1 Hz, suggesting that alterations in local circuits between the stimulation site and excitatory input onto inhibitory interneurones may play only a minor role in the frequency‐dependent decay of IPSPs. 5. Localized application of GABA produced multiphasic responses. With low concentrations and application near the soma an early hyperpolarization prevailed followed by a depolarizing late component. Brief application of GABA at low frequencies induced constant responses; at higher frequencies, the responses sometimes declined. The current‐voltage relationships of the two GABA responses were similar to each other and to the early IPSP. An apparently fivefold higher conductance was estimated at lower Ems, suggesting that the GABA response had a voltage sensitivity. The slope conductance of IPSPs was decreased by up to 50% for tens of seconds after postsynaptically detectable effects of GABA had dissipated. 6. Application of the GABA uptake inhibitor nipecotic acid (50‐500 microM) reduced the conductance of both components of orthodromically evoked inhibition and shortened the IPSP at low frequencies, but had no additional effects at higher stimulation rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


With the development and maturity of network technology,and in this wide and free space kingdom,government's management and control manifest their lameness and weakness.Based on this understanding and social situation,this paper points out the major problems which exist in government's policies and regulations of the network,and the steps which government should enhance and consummate in governance.