Abstract—Biogeography-based optimization algorithm (BBO) realizes the information circulation and sharing by using the species migration among habitats and achieves the global optimization by improving habitat adaptability. Based on the population adaptive migration mechanism, a chaotic biogeography-based optimization (CBBO) algorithm is proposed by combining the chaotic mapping strategy and the BBO optimal migration model. Simulation experiments are carried out to compare the optimization performances of the typical chaotic mapping methods on the function optimization problems. The simulation results and analysis show that CBBO algorithm has good optimization performance. The combination of migration model and chaotic map close to the natural law has higher optimization precision and faster convergence velocity.


People with flu-like symptoms who seek treatment at a medical clinic or hospital often must wait several hours before being examined, possibly exposing many people to an infectious virus. If a patient appears to need more than the routine fluids-and-rest prescription, effective diagnosis requires tests that must be sent to a laboratory. Hours or days may pass before results are available to the doctor, who in the meantime must make an educated guess about the patient's illness. The lengthy diagnostic process places a heavy burden on medical laboratories and can result in improper use of antibiotics or a costly hospital stay. A faster testing method may soon be available. An assay developed by a team of Livermore scientists can diagnose influenza and other respiratory viruses in about two hours once a sample has been taken. Unlike other systems that operate this quickly, the new device, called FluIDx (and pronounced ''fluidics''), can differentiate five types of respiratory viruses, including influenza. FluIDx can analyze samples at the point of patient care--in hospital emergency departments and clinics--allowing medical providers to quickly determine how best to treat a patient, saving time and potentially thousands of dollars per patient. The FluIDx project, which is ledmore » by Livermore chemist Mary McBride of the Physics and Advanced Technologies Directorate, received funding from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program. To test the system and make it as useful as possible, the team worked closely with the Emergency Department staff at the University of California (UC) at Davis Medical Center in Sacramento. Flu kills more than 35,000 people every year in the US. The 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome and the ongoing concern about a possible bird flu pandemic show the need for a fast, reliable test that can differentiate seasonal flu from a potentially pandemic influenza. Such a test should also discriminate influenza from pathogens that cause illnesses with flu-like symptoms. When a precise diagnosis is required to treat an adult patient with serious respiratory symptoms, sample cells are usually obtained with a nasal or throat swab and analyzed with one of several laboratory methods. The gold standard test is viral culturing, a highly sensitive method that can identify the specific strain of virus. However, viral culturing is a labor-intensive process and requires 3-10 days to produce results, too long for early intervention. Enzyme and optical immunoassays offer results in 30 minutes, but these methods are less sensitive than viral culturing so they can produce false positives or negatives. They also cannot distinguish the type of virus found. Direct immunofluorescence antibody (DFA) staining is as sensitive as viral culturing. It also can detect multiple respiratory pathogens simultaneously by a process known as multiplexing. However, DFA staining requires expensive equipment, a skilled microscopist, and samples with enough target cells for testing. In addition, the results are ultimately subjective. Another method, called reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay, offers sensitivity and specificity comparable to viral culturing and DFA staining. It also produces results in two hours and can rapidly test a large number of samples. The drawback with these tests, however, is that they must be performed in a laboratory. None of them can be used where they are needed most: in the clinic or emergency department where patients are being treated. Livermore's FluIDx diagnostic system, with its instrumentation and multiplexed assays, is designed specifically for point-of-care diagnosis. The fast, easy-to-use system is based on the Autonomous Pathogen Detection System, a homeland security technology developed by LLNL. This R&D 100 Award-winning technology constantly monitors the air to detect airborne bioterrorism agents, such as anthrax. FluIDx is an integrated system designed to perform highly multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) nucleic-acid-based assays in real time. The FluIDx system processes a sample, analyzes the data, reports the results, and decontaminates itself before another sample is taken. The device currently uses 16 assays--12 for individual nucleic-acid targets and 4 for internal controls. The assays can simultaneously detect influenza A and B, parainfluenza (Types 1 and 3), respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus (Groups B, C, and E).« less


A s one of her bibliographers (of both her published and unpublished work), what I find most striking in Elizabeth Betita Martínez is the breadth of seemingly limitless subjects she took up in her activism and resulting works. For over fifty-five years, Martínez produced an expansive body of writing that included seven books, over 560 articles, and countless reviews. Additionally, she contributed to an equally vast trove of collectively authored, unattributed, and unsigned opinion pieces, critical treatises, collaborative essays, and speeches, as well as countless personal, private letters of support, encouragement, guidance, and meticulous editorial critiques (both solicited and unsolicited)—all gifted with joy, hope, and love—to generations of activists, scholars, community members, and young people. This essay looks closely at how Martínez wove an internationalist feminist vision into her activism and writings after years of multiracial organizing. I claim that throughout her long career as an agent of history, as an organic intellectual and as a movement historian, documenting the intersectionality of the struggles of marginalized peoples all over the world, she engaged in intergenerational knowledge transmission through an internationalist feminist lens. When


Radar sensor having a mixer for mixing a received signal with a reference signal and having a device for compensating interference signals which would overload the mixer, wherein the device for compensating the interference signals has an adjustable reflection point at the reference input of the mixer.


The joint venture Bau Obervermuntwerk II, consisting of the companies Jäger Bau, Porr, Östu‐Stettin and Hinteregger are constructing the pumped storage works Obervermunt II (OVW II) under a contract from the Vorarlberger Illwerke AG between the Silvretta and the Vermunt reservoirs. The Obervermuntwerk II is being built as a parallel works to the existing Obervermuntwerk (OVW). Together with the OVW II, a new headrace is being built for the existing Obervermuntwerk and the existing overground penstock will be demolished. All excavation is being undertaken conventionally by drill and blast; only the surge tank and the pressure shaft will be excavated by raise boring previously excavated mucking shafts. The aggregates for the concrete of the Obervermunt II power station (about 200,000 m3) are being prepared from excavated material as far as possible. A dedicated material processing plant for the project is being operated in Vermunt as well as a batching plant.


Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of measuring breast density in phantoms with dual energy mammography.Method and Materials: Glandular and adipose equivalent phantoms of uniform thickness were used for dual energy basis decomposition calibration. The dual energy mammography system used a tungstenanode x‐ray tube with a 50 μm rhodium beam filter for low energy images and a 300 μm copper beam filter for high energy images. Three different phantom studies were used to evaluate the technique. The first study consisted of phantoms with thicknesses of 25–85 mm in 5 mm steps with a mean density of 28%. The second study consisted of step phantoms designed to more closely mimic the shape of a female breast with maximal thicknesses of 30–70 mm at a fixed density of 50%. The third study consisted of 40 mm thick phantoms of different sizes (62.5, 125, 250 cm2) at a fixed density of 50% to assess the effect of breast size on density measurement.Results: The RMS errors in breast density measurements were 0.4% for the uniform phantoms, 3.3% for the step phantoms, and 4.7% for the phantoms of different sizes. Conclusion: The results of phantom studies indicate that dual energy mammography can be used to measure breast density with an RMS error of less than 5%. Dual energy mammography can potentially be implemented with minimal changes to the standard mammography exam.


ABSTRACT Predation avoidance is a primary factor influencing survival. Therefore, any trait that affects the risk of predation, such as camouflage, is expected to be under selection pressure. Background matching (homochromy) limits habitat use, especially if the habitat is heterogeneous. Another camouflage mechanism is disruptive coloration, which reduces the probability of detection by masking the prey's body contours. Here we evaluated if disruptive coloration in the longsnout seahorse, Hippocampus reidi, allows habitat use diversification. We analyzed 82 photographs of animals, comparing animal and background color, and registering anchorage substrate (holdfast). We tested whether the presence (disruptive coloration) or absence of bands (plain coloration) predicted occupation of backgrounds of different colors. We also calculated the connectance between seahorse morph and background color or holdfast, as well as whether color morph differed in their preferences for holdfast. Animals with disruptive coloration were more likely to be found in environments with colors different from their own. Furthermore, animals with disruptive coloration occupied more diversified habitats, but as many holdfasts as plain colored animals. Therefore, animals with disruptive coloration were less selective in habitat use than those lacking disruptive color patterns, which agrees with the disruptive coloration hypothesis.


Alkylthio-functionalized, o-anilide-embedded enynes, that is, N,S-1,6-enynes, were efficiently reacted with elemental sulfur to afford thiophene-fused N-heterocycles. The one-pot sulfur incorporation/ cascade cyclization strategy offers a straightforward route to 4H-thieno[3,2-b]indoles and thieno[3,4-c] quinoline-4(5H)-thiones through the tunable Csp Csp and Csp Csp bond cleavages of the N,S-1,6-enynes, forming both a N-heterocycle and a fused thiophene ring. The five-ring p systems azacyclopenta[f,g]tetracene scaffolds were also obtained from the cascade cyclization of 2-halogen-functionalized thieno[3,4-c]quinoline4(5H)-thiones. The present synthetic protocol avoids use of prefunctionalized indole and thiophene derivatives as the building blocks for the construction of thiophene-fused N-heterocycles under metal-free conditions.


Chinese marriage law is a relative law based on the tow-line blood law,do the traditional culture and social practice of 56 nations of China all obey this basis? By introducing han person,na person,lagu person and jingpo person and other nations or ethnic groups' blood kinship law,then compare and research this law,and pointed out that seemly similar system of one husband-one wife implied tremendous culture diversity.Based on this,some questions are raised on the specification of Autonomy regulation of ethnic minorities and the protection of traditional culture.


Adult mice were paralysed with high doses of detoxified lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli 055:B5. The immune status of the animals was tested by enumeration of antibody producing spleen cells using the agar plaque technique and by measurements of serum antibody titres.

Paralysis was specific as judged by the ability of paralysed animals to respond normally to sheep red blood cells.

The range between paralysing and immunizing doses of endotoxin was narrow, injection of 10 mg endotoxin inducing complete paralysis and of 1 mg causing immunity.

Repeated injections of doses lower than 10 mg were shown to induce complete paralysis when the total dose was sufficiently high. Repeated injections of even lower doses caused various degrees of partial paralysis.

A single injection of a low dose (10-5 or 10-7 mg) of the antigen resulted in a maximal number of antibody forming cells, whereas various higher doses caused fewer antibody producing cells to appear, presumably because of concomitant induction of partial paralysis.

The maximal number of antibody forming cells developed earlier with lower doses of antigen. The delay in the peak response with higher doses was explained by a decreased efficiency of antibody feedback suppression caused by induction of partial paralysis as well as by absorption of antibodies to circulating antigen.


Blood pressure is a variable systemic is governing the tissues blood perfusion. Their values, in healthy dogs and cats, are influenced by physiological variables present at moment the study as heart rate, systolic discharge and peripheral arterial resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the systolic blood pressure in healthy dogs by technique Vascular Doppler with order to expand their knowledge in companion animals. The study population consisted of 96 dogs: 56 purebred and 40 mix-breed; 53 females and 43 males; 67 not castrated and 29 castrated; 33 small sizes, 30 average sizes and 33 large sizes. The average weight was 20.13 kg (range 2.95 kg - 48.3 kg) and the average age was 5 years (range 1-16 years). All animals included in the study underwent clinical examination, radiological, electrocardiography, echocardiography, hematologic and biochemical, to determine their health status. Samples with signs of disease at the preliminary examination were ruled. The average systolic blood pressure found 145.50 ± 21.7 mm Hg, over the range 83.14 - 184.28 mmHg. Values did not differ significantly between consecutive registers. The values found in this study are within the normal range for healthy dogs established by other researchers.


Background The aetio-pathologenesis of hypertension is multifactorial, encompassing genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The combined effect of genetic and epigenetic changes on hypertension is not known. We evaluated the independent and interactive association of MTHFR rs1801133 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and MTHFR promoter methylation with hypertension among Taiwanese adults. Methods We retrieved data including, MTHFR promoter methylation, MTHFR rs1801133 genotypes (CC, CT, and TT), basic demography, personal lifestyle habits, and disease history of 1,238 individuals from the Taiwan Biobank (TWB). Results The distributions of hypertension and MTHFR promoter methylation quartiles (β < 0.1338, 0.1338 ≤ β < 0.1385, 0.1385 ≤ β < 0.1423, and β ≥ 0.1423 corresponding to <Q1, Q1–Q2, Q2–Q3, and ≥Q3) among individuals with the rs1801133 genotypes (CC, CT, and TT) were significantly different (P < 0.05). The risk of hypertension was significantly higher among individuals with the TT genotype compared to the reference genotype (CC): odds ratio (OR); 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.718; 1.503–4.914. The trend of the association of the CT and TT genotypes with hypertension was dose-dependent (P-trend = 0.0041). MTHFR promoter methylation (lower quartiles compared to ≥Q3) was not significantly associated with hypertension. However, its interaction with MTHFR rs1801133 was significant (P = 0.0323). After stratification by rs1801133 genotypes, lower MTHFR promoter methylation quartiles (<Q1, Q1–Q2, Q2–Q3) compared to ≥Q3 were significantly associated with a higher risk of hypertension among individuals carrying the CC genotype: ORs (95% CIs) = 3.225 (1.140–9.124), 4.177 (1.424–12.247), and 8.645 (2.513–29.739) for Q2–Q3, Q1–Q2, and <Q1, respectively. The trend test was significant (P-trend = 0.0009). Conclusion Independently, rs1801133 TT was associated with a higher risk of hypertension, but methylation was not. Based on genotypes, lower methylation was dose-dependently associated with a higher risk of hypertension in individuals with the CC genotype. Our findings suggest that MTHFR rs1801133 and MTHFR promoter methylation could jointly influence hypertension susceptibility.


Damage Mechanics Analysis of Underground Opening in Jointed Rock Mass by Takashi KYOYA*, Toshiyuki OHASHI** and Toshikazu KAWAMOTO*** Mechanical effects of discontinuity are of paramount importance in estimating deformation and collapse behaviour of geotechnical structures in discontinuous rock mass. Although several numerical methods have been proposed to treat distinct discontinuities of relatively large scale such as fault, there is no powerful method which can take into account the effect of distributed discontinuities of small scale. Kyoya et al.1)2) proposed a damage mechanics theory for discontinuous rock mass which treats the behaviour of rock mass involving distributed discontinuities. In the theory, the effect of distributed discontinuities is characterized by a second order symmetric tensor, called the damage tensor, which is originally proposed by Murakami and Ohno3242 in their creep damage theory for metallic materials. In this paper, the damage mechanics theory is applied to an underground opening problem in jointed rock mass, and then the numerical results by finite elements are compared with a conventional finite element analysis. It is shown that the damage model presents presumably reasonable results for deformation and failure zone around the cavern. That is, the damage analysis can estimate the anisotropic behaviour of rock mass caused by the distributed discontinuities. キー ・ワー ド:節 理性 岩盤,損 傷力学,変 形破壊挙動,解 析


Objectives. To study NF (neurofilament) expression in the pancreas tissue at chronic pancreatitis as well as the correlation of its expression degree and fibrous changes expression. Methods. Using morphological, immunohistochemical, morphometric and statistical methods we investigated pancreas of 43 patients with chronic pancreatitis in whom duodenum-saving resection of its head had been done. Results. Morphometric assessment revealed fibrous changes variation from 10 to 98% in pancreas at chronic pancreatitis. Degree of NF expression varied from 0 to 251 points and didnt depend on the fibrous changes expression (p>0,05). Percentage of positive expressed nerve elements varied from 0 to 100, signing the decrease of mature and viable elements in pancreas specimens with more severe fibrous changes. Conclusions. It was found out that in the pancreas at chronic pancreatitis marked fibrous changes were developing together with the diffused degenerative changes of parenchyma and the nervous tissue was involved with it total area increase. The area of mature and viable nerve tissue was decreased


Kinetics of substitution reaction of three high spin pyridylmethylene-8-quinolyl iron (II) complexes by CN- ions are studied spectophotometrically in various ratios of aqueous-methanol binary mixtu...


A typical pollution prevention and water diversion project for rivers flowing into Nansi Lake was studied.Based on water quantity and quality conditions,the operation scheme of the project was initially optimized,and then the optimized scheme was compared with the original operation scheme.The results show that combined water quantity and quality dynamic regulation can fully maximize the project's capacity for pollution prevention and storage and ensure the safety of the water quality of Nansi Lake during the water transfer period.


The Neuer Oder Canal between Gustebiese and Hohensaaten (built 1747-1753), together with the embankment of the Oder, was the central element of the historical master plan for draining and reclamation of the Oderbruch. The canal allowed for rapid diversion of high flows and reduced the threat of flooding for the lower Oderbruch region. Polder drainage then followed and was later greatly intensified. Within the prospering man-made Oderbruch landscape covering more than 60 000 ha of fertile soils, wetland typical structures were reduced to marginal remnants. In the wake of the extreme flood of 1997, the historical engineering works were the subject of fundamental criticism. Despite the doubts, new evaluation confirms the great hydraulic and engineering success of the conceptual plans of 1747. Nevertheless, adaptation in light of modern agricultural policy and ecological goals is necessary. Selected concepts are presented towards decrease of drainage costs and for ecological revaluation (via wet zones near dikes and habitat reconsolidation along inner waters to be reconnected with the Oder River).


Source localization has developed in various fields of signal processing including radar, sonar, and wireless communication, etc. Source localization can be found by estimating the time difference of arrival between the each of sensors. Several methods like the NLS(Nonlinear Least Square) cost function have been proposed in order to improve the performance of time delay estimation. In this paper, we propose a clustering method using the four sensors with the same aperture as previous methods of using the three sensors. Clustering method can be improved the source localization performance by grouping similar estimated values. The performance of source localization using clustering method is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation.


method. Results: The results showed that the nettle extract significantly decreased high levels of blood glucose (P < 0.001). The nettle extract also had a preventive effect on decrease in body weight. In addition, the results showed that the Glut2 gene expression was increased in liver of diabetic mice (P < 0.05) and was significantly prevented by the nettle extract in diabetic + nettle extract group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the nettle extract can reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, at least partly, by influencing the Glut2 gene expression in mice liver.


ABSTRACT This is a report of a small study of non‐response to an evaluation questionnaire. Evidence is provided in support of the view that non‐response is independent of the questions. Some practical advice is provided for conference evaluators.


The use of transducer input admittance data for deriving the value of the electromechanical coupling coefficient of thin piezoelectric films is described. The results of admittance measurements made in the uhf frequency range have shown that partially oriented cadmium sulphide (CdS) films may have laterally clamped thickness longitudinal‐mode coupling coefficients as large as 0.15±0.01. Within the experimental accuracy this is the same as the bulk value. The admittance measurements have also shown the presence of a series resistance in the transducer. It is shown that this resistance is sufficiently large to account for most of the loss of a tuned and matched transducer.


Abstract Hong Kong's film industry has been living through and beyond the 1997 handover to China. Along a complicated socio-economic and cultural heritage, the city's "crisis cinema" successfully milked takeover fears for an anarchic display of showmanship. Local filmmaking conditions, popular narratives and aesthetics from that time can be identified as ingredients in a "chaotic formula" that instigated Hong Kong cinema's "Golden Age." Unlike other film industries, which point to their disaster centres in a search or celebration of national identity, Hong Kong survived at a fragile historic juncture largely by sailing around the cliffs of political affront and resorting to metaphorical speech instead. Yet, following the handover, the film industry has retired its previous attitudes about itself and the future; it has integrated a new "China factor" and riddled cinema with contradictory statements about the "condition" of Hong Kong. System failure, madness and identity theft in crime stories appear alongside celebratory historicism, cultural allegiance and escapist spectacle, especially in Hong Kong-China co-productions. This paper follows the evolution of the crime genre along general dynamics and transformations of the formula from the 1980s, past the turbulent 1990s and into recent postcolonial Hong Kong, in which the inability to formulate a new crisis, or the resolution of the previous one, has put cinema itself into crisis.


This subset is of the type comprising a support frame (6), a plate (8) of air duct and a heater (12) arranged one behind the other across the support frame (6), and a motor-fan unit (4) arranged facing an aperture (24) of the plate (8), the plate (8), the motor-fan unit (4) and the radiator (12) being supported by the supporting frame (6) .According to one aspect of the invention, at least one radiator (12) and the motor-fan group (4) is supported by the support frame (6) separately from the plate (8) .


Absaacr-Indonesia has a guidance in implementing Good Corporate Governance (GCG) for profit-oriented organizations, however, we do not have specific guidance for non-profit organizations. A university is under a Foundation, which is a non-profit organization, in other words, the organization that supposed to focus on social matters. Assuming that GCG also focusing on social matters, the implementation of GCG in a Foundation (in this case, University) should be easy. But, is that so? For example, transparency is one of the components of GCG. One way to achieve the goal of transparency is that a company has to make its financial report available for its stakeholders. Yet, not one university has done so. In fact, there are common beliefs that a Foundation (university) does not have to report to its stakeholders at all. We modified the GCG implementation guidance for profit-oriented organization to be applicable for a foundation. Then we surveyed the lecturers and employees of Widyatama University to find out, according to their perception, how far was the Good University Governance (GUG) implementation in the university. Then we analyzed the result using descriptive models and described what points had been implemented, what points had not been implemented or less in implementation. We analyzed what caused it, what were the hindrances or problems, and how the stakeholders could cooperate to help solving the problems. Therefore, we hoped that in the future the university would be able to implement GUG as a whole.


Abstract : Beaches erode and accrete in response to varying waves and water levels in the nearshore zone. During storms, catastrophic beach and dune erosion can occur in a matter of hours, resulting in significant shoreline recession and damage to property and upland resources. Consequently, protection of upland infrastructure against storm erosion, flooding, and wave attack is a primary concern in the field of coastal engineering. Effective design of shore protection measures requires an understanding of and the capability to predict sediment transport processes that control beach response to storms. Numerical modeling of beach evolution is a powerful technique that can be applied to assist in project design. Numerical models provide a framework for predicting project response, objectively evaluating the effectiveness of design alternatives, and analyzing data to develop an understanding of coastal processes. The Storm- induced BEAch CHange (SBEACH) numerical model has been developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as an engineering tool for simulating beach profile evolution in response to storms.


This paper describes the design methodology of serial concatenate of extended RS code, trellis coded modulation with 64-/256-QAM, based upon testing and characterization of cable systems. In implementing the cable modem, there are some problems to fabricate and fitting on FPGA chip. First, many clocks are needed in implementing cable modem because of different code rate and different modulation types. To reduce the number of clocks, we use the two memories, which are different clock speed for reading and writing data. Second, this system lost the bit-synchronization and framesynchronization in decoder, the system recognizes that all data is error. This paper solves the problems by using simple 5-stage registers and unique sync-word. Based on solutions for about problems, the cable modem is fabricated on FPGA chip name as Vertex Ⅱ pro xc2vp30-5 by Xilinx, and we confirmed the effectiveness of the results.


In 1993 the Australian Vice-Chancellor's Committee (AV-CC) commissioned an examination of credit transfer practice between existing university and TAFE course in the tourism and hospitality field. The objective was to identify current practices and to suggest credit transfer standards. A questionnaire was used to gather information on credit transfer practices in existing university programmes. At the time of the survey, some 20 universities had relevant bachelor's award programmes in tourism and/or hospitality with a further 4 planning to introduce courses in 1994. The tourism and hospitality industry is among Australia's largest earners of export dollars. This industry remains Australia's fastest growing sector in terms of economic development and employment. To meet the training and educational requirements of this increase in the workforce presents the education sector with a major challenge. The 1980's saw rapid growth of new courses, but this coincided with a decline in the levels of university funding. Thus, several of the programmes, particularly newer ones, comprise only a 4 or 6 subject specialisms attached to an existing award. Apart from having a relatively short history within Australian higher education, courses in tourism and hospitality have developed on a wide variety of academic foundations reflecting the history and nature of the institutional commitment to teaching and research in this field. Hence, attempting to draw general conclusions about the most appropriate levels of credit transfer between tourism and hospitality programmes is difficult.


The precipitation of energetic electrons which are commonly observed in the drift loss cone east of 60/sup 0/ east longitude between Lapprox.1.6 and Lapprox.1.8 can be accounted for by a Doppler-shifted cyclotron resonance between the electrons and nonducted whistler mode waves from high-power, ground-based VLF transmitters. A ray-tracing analysis using a diffusive-equilibrium model shows that 17.1-kHz waves starting with vertical wave normals between 23/sup 0/ and 31/sup 0/ magnetic latitude cross the magnetic equator between Lapprox.1.6 and f Lapprox.1.8 with wave normals of approximately 63/sup 0/. A relativistic cyclotron-resonance analysis for the same model plasmasphere using the ray-tracing results gives an energy versus L shell dependence for the precipitated ray electron which is in excellent agreement with the observed dependence. The primary VLF transmitter is most probably the UMS transmitter located near Gorki, USSR. It transmits on 17.1 kHz. VLF records covering this frequency band were available for only three of the time periods when electrons were observed. In two cases UMS was transmitting at the time required to account for the observations. In the third case a higher frequency is required to fit the data. At the time, the NWC transmitter at North West Cape, Australia was operating atmore » 22.3 kHz. These data are consistent with a model in which weak pitch angle scattering by whistler mode waves from NWC does not completely fill the drift loss cone at the longitude of NWC.« less


Data obtained on SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron suggest that Omicron poses an increased risk of symptomatic breakthrough infections in people who receive only 2 doses of mRNA-1273. Administration of a booster mRNA vaccine may substantially reduce this risk.


This study was designed to determine the frequency and variables of in-hospital re-infarction after streptokinase in patients with first acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (AMI), hospitalized in CCU of AFIC/NIHD from Feb 2002 to July 2002. Of 200 consecutive patients of AMI who received streptokinase, 73% (n = 146) were males and 27% (n = 54) were females, mean age was 55.5 years (29-81). Frequency of in-hospital re-infarction documented in this study was 6.5% (n = 13) a median time of 2.5 days (1-6) after thrombolysis. Patients with re-infarction had higher in-hospital mortality within ten days of hospitalization (30.77% versus 7.5% without re-infarction; P = .01). Median time to death after re-infarction was 3 days (2 - 10) with 50% of deaths occurring within 48 hours of re-infarction. Rates are comparable with previously conducted large-scale studies (GUSTO I/III and TAMI study). Advanced age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, increasing killip class > at the time of admission, fluctuation in heart rate and hyperilipidaemias were the most important predictors /variables associated with higher in-hospital re-infarction and subsequent increased morbidity and mortality. Improved treatment, preventive strategies and early detection of re-infarction should be an important goal of AMI management. Repeat thrombolysis and early revascularization where possible in selected cases can decrease the cardiac mortality and morbidity.


The steam injection pipe has failed by corrosion. The pipe was found to have got completely choked due to deposition and coke formation. Analysis suggests that there was failure elsewhere in the system which led to stoppage of steam flow through the pipe. The deposition in the localized region was promoted due to creation of a stagnant zone because of no steam flow. Subsequently, the rise in temperature due to poor heat transfer resulting from this deposition aggravated the situation further. Based on the severity of oxidation and scale formation on the outer surface of the pipe and microstructural changes observed in the steel, it is estimated that the pipe material was exposed to temperatures higher than 8000C for a prolonged time.


Vol. VI, No.2 | [Articles:] "Herman De Bose Chosen for Extraordinary Service Award -
Sociology Professor with Long History of Social Service Urges Students to Look Beyond Just Employment"; Deborah Chen Selected for Equity and Diversity Award
Special Education Professor Honored for Work on Behalf of Children with Disabilities"


Something as simple as marking the patient's head with a felt pen could have prevented a recent case of "wrong-side surgery" at a Toronto teaching hospital, a neurosurgeon says.

Writing in the latest issue of the Canadian Journal of Surgery ( CJS ), Dr. Mark Bernstein reports that a 71-year-old


where E is the largest eigenvalue and p is the number of variables. It occurred to the writer that a simple approximation to this formula might be based on the first centroid of the correlation matrix. Kaiser considers a correlation matrix R (p by p), with unities on the diagonal and equal values r elsewhere. Solving for r in terms of p and the largest eigenvalue of R, he obtains the formula given above. The column sums of R will each be 1 + (p 1 ) r, and the total


In our economy today, information and communication technology has become the choice of many individuals in information assessment and dissemination. Guidance services provided at any level is aimed at assisting a client discover their own hidden strengths and ultimately grow in independence and ability make decisions, choices or adjustments in future unaided, hence the relevance of guidance services cannot be side lined. However this study was surveyed enhancing guidance services in secondary schools in Anambra state through the use of information communication technology. Five research questions guided the study. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised of 243 guidance counsellors in government owned secondary schools in Anambra State. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire developed by the researchers. The reliability of the instrument was computed using Cronbach Alpha and yielded a co-efficient of 0.78. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. Findings showed that guidance counsellors in secondary schools in Anambra state "Always" use call-centers/hotline and video conferencing to enhance guidance services and "Rarely" use computer graphics, instructional satellite, and web television to enhance guidance services. The researchers recommended among others that Guidance counsellors who are not digital native should be mobilized for workshops, conferences and training on the use of innovative ICT tools to enhance guidance service delivery in secondary schools in Anambra state. Keywords: Enhance, Counsellors, Guidance Services, Information and Communication Technology.


Holocene forested coastal dunes of different morphology fringe the Atlantic coast of southwest Aquitaine. Infra-red stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating has been applied to sands from these dunes in the Aquitaine region in order to test the validity of dune-classification theories. The ages obtained from the dunes show three phases of sand invasion and dune development during the late Holocene: 3000-4000 years ago; 900-1300 years ago; 250-550 years ago. The timing of the most recent phase of sand mobilization. as dated by IRSL, is supported by historical maps and records from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries AD, showing problems for human settlement in the region and village abandonment due to dune drift. Sand invasion is driven by an increase in frequency of severe storms in the North Atlantic associated with the cooler periods of the 'Little Ice Age' and early 'Mediaeval Warm Period'. The dunes emplaced 900-1300 years ago were naturally fixed by a mixed deciduous and maritime pine forest during the latter part of the 'Mediaeval Warm Period'.


It was Remembrance Day poppies that brought him to mind and made me seek out his picture. He was my last first world war veteran patient and he had kindly allowed me to record his wound for posterity.

I found the photos and looked on a dignified elderly man with a ramrod back and military moustache and a foreshortened upper limb that hung strangely and limply by his side. I remember his whole persona exuded a rigid, traditional, regimental career and yet it was founded on just six months of soldiering. As old as the century he had, as was typical, lied about his age and volunteered. After some square bashing and rudimentary combat training he had been landed in France, picked his regiment on site from the lists of the decimated, and, as he had chosen a Scottish regiment, was put in a kilt and sent to the front. There, a German shell had bisected his arm at the elbow. Even though he was slipping in and out of consciousness, he was ordered to make his own way back, unaided, through the lines and mud, under fire. At some point he was picked up by a horse drawn ambulance and taken to a casualty clearing station run by the French. The military doctor felt that the limb was salvageable because the injury was bone and soft tissue, and the hand was neurologically intact.

Many operations and months later he did indeed come out with a limb which, as I had discovered when I shook his hand, he could make perfectly functional with some tricks of movement and positioning, and it had served him well for 70 years. He discoursed the fate of his comrades of the day while I conducted the anaesthetic preliminaries for his prostatectomy. As he felt the influence of the thiopentone sapping his consciousness, he began to overemphasise his words, but clearly, coherently, and very determinedly, he expressed a last thought: "That bastard Haig should have been hung."


The utility model discloses a novel FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) pipe. The FRP pipe comprises a pipe body and a connecting part, the pipe body comprises an inner layer and an outer layer, a PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) pipe is arranged in the inner layer of the pipe body, and a composite material layer formed by FRP fibres and UPR (Unsaturated Polyester Resin) in the PVC tube; the connecting part is a plug-in type pipe joint provided with two ports, and the inner diameter of the port is identical to the outer diameter of the pipe body. The novel FRP pipe has the advantages of being smooth in inner wall, convenient to connect, high in intensity and long in service life, and is likely to penetrate through a cable,.


The role of radiation therapy in resectable gastric cancer is questionable. To study the value of concentrated preoperative radiotherapy, a randomized clinical trial had been carried out.


The behavior of kaolin which was coated with palmitic acid in a detergent solution was discussed in terms of the ζ-potential and the potential energy of interaction. The detergent was composed of 20% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 20% zeolite, 5% sodium silicate, 3% sodium carbonate, 1% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and 51% sodium sulfate. The ζ-potentials of kaolin coated with palmitic acid ineach aqueous solution of SDS, various builders, and the detergent were measured by an electrophoretic mass-transfer method. The potential energies of interactions between the coated kaolin and fabrics (nylon and cellulose), between the coated kaolin and zeolite, and between the coated kaolin and the other particulate soils (carbon black, coated carbon black, and kaolin) were calculated by the use of the theory of heterocoagulation and that between coated kaolin particles by the use of the DLVO theory. It is suggested from the total potential energy curves thus obtained that in SDS solution the coated kaolin may deposit onto fabrics or may coagulate with the other particulate soils more easily than kaolin, but in the detergent solution the deposition of the coated kaolin onto fabrics may take place with difficulty and the behavior of coated kaolin may be similar to kaolin.


Background: Appropriate long-term drinking of red wine is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Resveratrol, a well-known SIRT1 activator is considered to be one of the beneficial components contained in red wine, and also developed as a drug candidate. We previously demonstrated that resveratrol protects brain against ischemic stroke in mice through a PPARα-dependent mechanism. Here we report the different effects of the oligomers of resveratrol. Methods: We evaluated the activation of PPARs by e-viniferin, a resveratrol dimer, and vaticanol C, a resveratrol tetramer, in cell-based reporter assays using bovine arterial endothelial cells, as well as the activation of SIRT1. Moreover, we tested the metabolic action by administering vaticanol C with the high fat diet to wild-type and PPARαknockout male mice for eight weeks. Results: We show that vaticanol C activates PPARα and PPARβ/δ in cell-based reporter assays, but does not activate SIRT1. e-Viniferin shows a similar radical scavenging activity as resveratrol, but neither effects on PPARs and SIRT-1. Eight-week intake of vaticanol C with a high fat diet upregulates hepatic expression of PPARα-responsive genes such as cyp4a10, cyp4a14 and FABP1, and skeletal muscle expression of PPARβ/δ-responsive genes, such as UCP3 and PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoform 4), in wild-type, but not PPARα-knockout mice. Conclusion: Vaticanol C, a resveratrol tetramer, activated PPARα and PPARβ/δ in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicate that activation of PPARα and PPARβ/δ by vaticanol C may be a novel mechanism, affording beneficial effects against lifestyle-related diseases.


Selected aspects of the standard of living of one- and two-parent families with dependent children are compared using data from the 1981 census of New Zealand. The results confirm that two-parent families are better off at every stage of the life cycle and in all measures used. (ANNOTATION)


Article analyzes the construction of information models b ased on aggregation. Aggregation is considered as information technology. Shows the hierarchy of aggregated models. Describes the levels of aggregated models. Described the concept of the configurator and operator aggregator


Web applications are frequent targets of attack due to their widespread use and round the clock availability. Malicious users can exploit vulnerabilities in web applications to steal sensitive information, modify and destroy data as well as deface web applications. The process of exploiting web applications is a multi-step process and the first step in an attack is reconnaissance, in which the attacker tries to gather information about the target web application. In this step, the attacker uses highly efficient automated scanning tools to scan web applications. Following reconnaissance, the attacker proceeds to vulnerability scanning and subsequently attempts to exploit the vulnerabilities discovered to compromise the web application. Detection of reconnaissance scans by malicious users can be combined with other traditional intrusion detection and prevention systems to improve the security of web applications. In this paper, a method for detecting reconnaissance scans through analysis of web server access logs is proposed. The proposed approach uses an LSTM network based deep learning approach for detecting reconnaissance scans. Experiments conducted show that the proposed approach achieves a mean precision, recall and f1-score of 0.99 over three data sets and precision, recall and f1-score of 0.97, 0.96 and 0.96 over the combined dataset.


Young teachers are the new forces in the teaching team, whose professional growth is related to the future development of the school. Therefore, every school puts the professional growth of young teachers in an important place. At the same time, most schools also establish a mechanism to promote the professional development of young teachers. In the same way, many young teachers' teaching type have continued to spontaneously grow professionally in order to adapt quickly to teaching positions and establish their teaching styles. In spite of this, there are still some internal and external influencing factors in the professional development of young teachers, and they should be clarified one by one to find out the reasons and propose feasible solutions.


An electrochromic switchable mirror was fabricated using an electrolyte solution that does not contain water or acid. We chose a mixture of poly(ethylene imine) (as electrolyte) and tetrahydrofuran (as solvent) as an electrolyte solution and the solution was inserted between two substrates composed of functional materials. The state of the device was changeable using an applied voltage lower than that used in conventional devices, including a solid electrolyte thin film deposited by magnetron sputtering. Using this technique, large devices can also be easily fabricated. These switching characteristics are considered to be due to the proton-conductive properties of the electrolyte.


The pottery unearthed by Chinese archaeology, from the 2nd millennium B.C., belongs to three civilizations of a neolithic type. The red, black and grey ware of these civilizations characterizes the industrious people of the stone age tribes. Their utility was also decorated. Thus these people had an idea not only of the necessary and useful but also of the necessary but useless. But their signs are still too general to allow of an interpretation. A bronze age civilization followed. The earliest forms of Chinese writing occur on thousands of tortoise shells found 65 years ago in the province of Honan. At that time inscriptions on bronze vessels from the first millennium B.C. were already known. But the new material was more difficult to interpret. The amount of material has grown since then: there are now about zoo 000 inscribed shells and bones, some hundreds of whole tortoise shields with inscriptions as well as other archaeological material. One third of the signs has been deciphered. The inscriptions are mostly quite brief and contain oracle formulas. The people of the Shang-Yin dynasty (1500-1028 B.C.) knew the useful and the beautiful. What did the oracle stand for? Did it represent something necessary? An oracular technique had been developed, "which consisted in touching shells or bones on one side with a little red-hot rod and interpreting according to certain patterns the cracks that arose on the other side as the answers of the ancestral spirits to the questions of the kings. After the consultation of the oracle the questions and often the answers were inscribed beside the cracks. Often also pure memoranda concerning weather, war expeditions etc. were inscribed.".1


This contribution presents an original mathematical method for numerically evaluating the noise parameters of a transmission line subject to an arbitrary thermal gradient. Compared with previous methods, this procedure permits to easily take into account possible variations of line parameters along the propagation direction due to very high thermal excursions. The principal application of the proposed method is coaxial cable modeling in noise figure measurement setups under cryogenic conditions: the connection cable or waveguide from the outside to the inside of the cryogenic vacuum chamber are subject to non‐negligible thermal excursions. Under these conditions, significant de‐embedding errors may arise if the cables are not correctly modeled, given the very low values of noise figure, which are commonly exhibited by in cryo‐cooled devices. The behavior of transmission lines subject to thermal gradients is investigated through extensive 3D thermal and electromagnetic simulations. Simulated data are then input to a numerical algorithm for efficiently determining both scattering and noise parameters of coaxial cables actually used in a cryogenic probe station developed and realized in the facilities of the University of Rome Tor Vergata. A measurement campaign has been performed to validate the simulation‐based approach. Subsequently, the numerical model has been used to de‐embed the noise contribution of the coaxial cables from cryogenic NF50 measurements of a 70 nm metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (mHEMT). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Thales and many Greeks with him believed that "all things were full of gods."1 The gods are omnipresent and ubiquitous; they tend to hide and in daily life they are not really visible. Yet, once upon a time, the gods shared their lives with humans in a more intimate way; in remote parts of the world, intimacy between humans and the gods may still be the case. In the here and now, on the other hand, gods rarely show themselves directly. It remains the case that the Greeks were particularly susceptible to experiencing epiphanies of the gods.2 Possibly, this is a heritage from the Minoan period that also shaped numerous features of Homeric epic, as many critics still believe.3 Be that as it may, in rare and highly dramatic moments particularly distinguished humans can fill gaps in epiphany. Therefore, Greeks sometimes need to enact signs of divine working in order to strengthen their belief that gods really exist. In Greek religion the way to make the gods appear is ritual invocation in the context of festivals. Through words, motion, and dance in particular, the Greeks try to trigger divine manifestations. In their dances, Greek


Background Nasal obstruction is a typical symptom in patients with nasal septal perforations. Rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry are not reliable in these cases because the perforations generate incorrect results. Infrared thermography camera (ITC) systems allow contact-free intranasal recordings of the nasal surface temperature and the semiquantification of nasal airflow. The aim of this study was to perform contact-free temperature measurements of the nasal vestibular surface by application of ITC systems in patients with septal perforations to investigate the disturbed intranasal heat exchange and nasal airflow. Methods The surface temperature profiles within the nasal vestibules of healthy volunteers (n = 10) and patients with septal perforations (n = 3) were recorded with an ITC during several breathing cycles. Thermal images were taken (60/s) displaying the surface temperature in degrees centigrade corresponding to a color scale. Results The temperature recordings showed a disturbed intranasal heat exchange during inspiration and expiration in patients with septal perforations in comparison with healthy subjects. A reduced and irregular inspiratory cooling of the entire surface within the nasal vestibules visualizes a reduced and disturbed airflow volume. Conclusion The study was able to prove the feasibility of intranasal temperature recordings of the surface with an ITC system in patients with septal perforations. Contrary to rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry, thermography cameras can be applied to examine airflow in patients with septal perforations. The detected reduced cooling of the surface during inspiration might be a possible explanation for the patients' feelings of nasal obstruction.


The Swedish curriculum, says that everbody that passes upper secondary school have to be able to express them self both verbally and in writing. They should also have an understanding for mathemati ...


A framework using Bayesian Networks (BNs) to model interactions between humans and multiple semiautonomous vehicles is introduced. Discrete operator decisions are modeled as probabilistic BN blocks with conditional dependencies on individual system states. Human decision data was collected on the RoboFlag simulation testbed, which served as an experimental platform to observe human control of simulated semiautonomous teams of robot vehicles. The data is used to generate non-parametric decision models through a method based on Parzen density estimation. The identified probabilistic graph can be used in estimation form (update distributions based on new data) or prediction form (predict the probability of a decision based on new data). Actual decision modeling results are shown using data from the RoboFlag experiments.


We present and evaluate the accuracy of reduced order models with local property dependent internal and external transfer coefficients for real time simulation of monolith reactors. We illustrate the application of the models to diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) and three-way catalytic converters (TWCs) with a single washcoat layer to determine the steady-state as well as transient behavior in real time. We also compare the solutions obtained using reduced order models with detailed model to assess the accuracy. We show that use of local property dependent transfer coefficients in terms of the Jacobian of reaction rate vector leads to the best match followed by its diagonal approximation followed by the asymptotic values, especially in the washcoat diffusion controlled regime.


The automatic focusing of a camera is frequently necessary. Closed loop techniques that relate measurements of image blur to focus distance provide self-contained mechanisms for autofocus. Making the focuser adaptive gives the controller the ability of improving its performance over time. To achieve a focused image search of the space of focus positions is required. Treating the camera as a non-linear and time varying plant the input is the image distance and the output is a blur measurement a control law used to drive the blur measurement to a minimum is adapted over time. A trial and error process is employed by the focuser to expedite the adaption. From the adaption process a model of camera dynamics is identified. To achieve real-time adaption a single nonlinear neuron is employed. Sufficient adaption speed is achieved by the use of Parker''s second order LMS learning algorithm and by the adaption of the learning rates. Stability of the closed loop focuser is insured by maintaining a bracket on the optimum focus distance. Bracketing provides a way of incorporating a lower bound on the error from the optimum focus distance into the adaption error function. The performance of the adaptive closed loop focuser is illustrated by simulations using a synthetic camera. Depending on both the quality of the blur measurements and the size of the object distance step the focuser''s asymptotic performance typically requires only


The automatic construction of large,high-resolution image mosaics is an active area of research in the fields of image processing,computer vision and computer graphics.Due to the traditional edge-based algorithm is sensitive to noise,also because of the infrared image noise interference and low signal to noise ratio characteristics,an image mosaic algorithm based on pulse coupled neural network(PCNN) is presented in this paper.First,the pulse coupled neural network imitation of biological vision is used to extract the edge information,the Hausdorff distance is applied as the registration similarity measure,and then the optimal registration parameters are calculated for image mosaicing,simultaneously using the weighted average method to achieve image mosaicing fusion,which results in an optimal image mosaic and significantly improved quality of the image mosaic.The experimental results show that the algorithm can achieve precise image mosaicing and has better robustness to noise.


The aim of this research to investigate the effect of government size on regional economic growth in Indonesia. This study uses panel data analysis with using two years of interval data from 2009 until 2015. The results showed that government size has a significant effect on economic growth and it has a non-linear relationship. According the estimation from the model, the threshold government size on regional economic growth is 38.98 percent. Above the threshold, an increase in government size will instead have a negative effect on economic growth.


Fisheries technician Mike Lunde prepares to check a floating gill net on the middle Colville River. Photo credit: Jason C. Leppi.In the cold waters of Alaska's Arctic swims a mysterious fish with l...


Service quality is a comparison of expectations with performance. A business with high service quality will meet customer needs whilst remaining economically competitive. Improved service quality may increase economic competitiveness. This aim may be achieved by understanding and improving operational processes; identifying problems quickly and systematically; establishing valid and reliable service performance measures and measuring customer satisfaction and other performance outcomes. There are plenty of service quality models which enable managers and practitioners to identify quality problems and improve the efficiency and profitability of overall performance. One of the most influential models in the service quality literature is the model of service quality gaps. In this paper, the model of service quality gaps has been critically reviewed and developed in order to make it more comprehensive. The main objective of this paper is to critically appraise various service quality models and identify issues for future research based on the critical analysis of literature. The paper critically examines 19 different service quality models reported in the literature. The critical review of the different service quality models is intended to derive linkage between them, and highlight the area for further research.


We discuss the connection between the chemistry of dense interstellar clouds and those characteristics of cometary matter that could be remnants of it. The chemical evolution observed to occur in molecular clouds is summarized and a model for dense core collapse that can plausibly account for the isotopic fractionation of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon measured in primitive solar system materials is presented.


Simple Summary Up to 85% of patients with colorectal liver metastases develop distant intrahepatic recurrence after curative intent local treatment. (Inter)national guidelines and scientific societies consider repeat local treatment, comprising repeat thermal ablation and/or repeat resection, the standard of care to treat recurrent new colorectal liver metastases. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the potential additive value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy before repeat local treatment. The addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to repeat local treatment was suggested by merely all authors, though supporting evidence is lacking. The results do not substantiate the routine use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We are currently constructing a phase III randomized controlled trial directly comparing upfront repeat local treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by repeat local treatment (COLLISION RELAPSE trial). Abstract The additive value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to repeat local treatment of patients with recurrent colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) is unclear. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and an additional search in Google Scholar to find articles comparing repeat local treatment by partial hepatectomy and/or thermal ablation with versus without NAC. The search included randomized trials and comparative observational studies with univariate/multivariate analysis and/or matching as well as (inter)national guidelines assessed using the AGREE II instrument. The search identified 21,832 records; 172 were selected for full-text review; 20 were included: 20 comparative observational studies were evaluated. Literature to evaluate the additive value of NAC prior to repeat local treatment was limited. Outcomes of NAC were often reported as subgroup analyses and reporting of results was frequently unclear. Assessment of the seven studies that qualified for inclusion in the meta-analysis showed conflicting results. Only one study reported a significant difference in overall survival (OS) favoring NAC prior to repeat local treatment. However, further analysis revealed a high risk for residual bias, because only a selected group of chemo-responders qualified for repeat local treatment, disregarding the non-responders who did not qualify. All guidelines that specifically mention recurrent disease (3/3) recommend repeat local treatment; none provide recommendations about the role of NAC. The inconclusive findings of this meta-analysis do not support recommendations to routinely favor NAC prior to repeat local treatment. This emphasizes the need to investigate the additive value of NAC prior to repeat local treatment of patients with recurrent CRLM in a future phase 3 randomized controlled trial (RCT).


P15.28 LB

Background: The HIV-1-envelope (Env) spike is a conformational machine that switches between prefusion and postfusion conformations to facilitate HIV-1 entry. Extensive interest has focused on the prefusion mature closed conformation, as it is the target of neutralizing antibodies. One hall-mark of this conformation is the recognition by the small molecule entry inhibitor, BMS-806, which is currently in pre-clinical trial. Mutagenesis has shown that BMS-806 binds to specific residues within the CD4-binding pocket of Env. The mechanism of BMS-806 remains unclear.

Methods: We obtained a lattice of HIV-1 Env, bound by antibodies 35O22 and PGT122 that diffracts sufficiently to allow chemical details to be visualized by X-ray crystallography. By using this lattice, we were able to visualize how BMS-806 binds to HIV-1 Env in the context of a prefusion closed mature state using BG505 SOSIP.664.

Results: Structure of BMS-806 bound to BG505 SOSIP.664 will be presented and comparison to unbound structure will reveal BMS-806 mechanism.

Conclusions: We obtained a structure of BMS-806, a potent entry inhibitor, bound to HIV-1 Env trimer. Binding of BMS-806 to the 35O22/PGT122-bound trimer provides additional evidence for the functional validity of this antibody-bound structure. Moreover, the chemical details of BMS-806 interaction should allow for its structure-based enhancement.


As the concentration of naphthalene is increased, the nitrous acid catalysed nitration of naphthalene in aqueous mixtures of acetic and sulphuric acid becomes second-order with respect to the naphthalene.


The reticular P-R+-equivalence relation is the generalization of the reticular R+-equivalence relation.In this paper,the notion of reticular P-R+-equivalence between the unfoldings of smooth function on an r-corner is given,and the stability of unfoldings under this equivalence relation is also investigated.


The provisions of the Treaty and its implications for smallholder farmers are yet to be substantially 'processed' by farmers and their communities. Civil society organizations (CSOs) with knowledge about the Treaty can only directly reach a very limited number of farmers. Although limited in number, these farmers have substantial understanding of the implications of the Treaty. However, while these farmers are informed and are often involved in the discussions of the Treaty, the issues covered by the Treaty have to compete with other more pressing issues like agrarian reform, access to markets, seed regulations, irrigation concerns and human rights violations. Laws and regulations developed and implemented by national governments have far greater impact on small farmers than international treaties and conventions. The nation states that negotiated, signed and adopted the Treaty (see Annex 2 of this volume for the list of contracting parties per FAO regional groups), and not the Treaty itself, are the ones that can really affect farmers by enacting and implementing laws on seeds, plant varieties, access and benefit sharing, intellectual property rights, commercial regulations development of research and extension programmes. Farmers do not feel part of international policy processes and agreements, but feel very close to national policies and laws that can affect them. It is not surprising therefore that despite attempts to invite farmers and farmer organizations for the negotiations, only a few actively participated during the first Governing Body meeting of 2006 in Madrid. This partly improved in


1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Introduction to Queuing Theory. 3. Layered Architectures in Data Networks. 4. Data Link Layer. 5. Examples and Performance Analysis. 6. Network Layer: Flow Control and Congestion Control. 7. Network Layer: Routing Function Transport Layer. 8. Polling and Random Access in Data Networks. 9. Local Area Networks. 10. Introduction to Circuits Switching. 11. Call Processing in Digital Circuit-switching Systems. 12. The Evolution toward Integrated Networks.


Urologists should never feel as though they do not or cannot influence decisions that impact their patients and profession. Martin K. Dineen, MD, shares his insighst on the latest changes in government regulations, payer policies, and how you can get involved and make a difference.


Objective To observe the efficacy of clopidogrel in the prevention of cardiovascular adverse events after coronary interventional treatment.Methods 56 patients from 2010 to 2011 at our hospital for percutaneous coronary intervention were chosen as the research object.They were randomly divided into control group and observation group,each 28 cases,the control group was treated with low molecular weight heparin subcutaneous injection,the observation group was given clopidogrel therapy before,to 6 months after surgery.The cardiovascular adverse events and medication before the medication,platelet aggregation rate and thromboxane B2 level for the two groups were compared after treatment 6h,12h,24h.Results The incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in the observation group was lower than the control group,the platelet aggregation rate,thromboxane B2 levels 6h,12h,24h after treatment were also lower than the control group,there were significant differences(P0.05).Conclusion Clopidogrel in the efficacy for prevention of coronary heart disease intervention in the treatment of cardiovascular adverse events has advantages,and has positive effects of control platelet aggregation,thromboxane B2 levels.


In article new approaches in educational process in the light of the competence-based focused training are reflected. In it it is spoken about active participation of higher education institution in process of formation of the identity of the student. Education has to be integrated into the general process of training. It is a question of formation of the identity of future specialist doctor by possessing high general and professional culture having prospects are designated. The KazNMU student's Model of identity formation and the conditions of pedagogical support of students; professional and personal development are presented in the article.


The correlation between diet lipid levels and liver morphology and histology of juvenile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)were studied.The juvenile tilapia were fed five diets with graded lipid levels of 0%,2%,4%,6%,8%,respectively,for 70 days.The results showed that weight gain rate(WGR)and condition factor(CF)increased first and decreased later with the growing lipid content level.The feed conversion ratio(FCR)decreased first and increased later contrarily.The color and volume of liver and gallbladder of tested fish were different for different lipid content diets.Liver cells diameter increased continuously with the growing lipid content level.Liver cells diameter of group 4 and 5 were significantly larger than that of groups 1,2 and 3.The symptom of fatty liver disease was appeared obviously in group 4 and 5.Liver cells shifted normal location.Fatty roundels increased in liver cells.And liver cells were translucent and like vacuole.Juvenile tilapia formed fatty liver disease easily if diet lipid content exceeds 6%.It suggested that the supplement of over 4% lipid in diets of juvenile tilapia would be harmful for fish liver.


This article explains the position and role of circulation industry on building a well-off society in an all-round way,and puts forward some ideas to speed up further development of circulation industry in Guangxi in the light of the main problems existing in circulation industry in Guangxi.


Cloud computing is a parallel and distributed system. Simple and easy to implementation of Rule-based scheduling algorithms widely used in many cloud computing systems. Results of these scheduling strategies are usually far from optimal. However Performance of this scheduling algorithm is improved by using heuristic algorithm. The paper present Heuristic scheduling algorithm is a Hyper-heuristic scheduling algorithm to find better scheduling solutions for cloud computing systems. Algorithm uses two operators. The algorithm implemented and compared with different algorithms in a simulated environment using a CloudSim. Result show that hyper heuristic algorithm reduces makespan as compared with other algorithm.


The internal reaction-induced fluctuations which occur in catalytic CO oxidation on a Pt field emitter tip have been studied using field electron microscopy (FEM) as a spatially resolving method. The structurally heterogeneous Pt tip consists of facets of different orientations with nanoscale dimensions. The FEM resolution of roughly 2 nm corresponds to a few hundred reacting adsorbed particles whose variations in the density are imaged as brightness fluctuations. In the bistable range of the reaction one finds fluctuation-induced transitions between the two stable branches of the reaction kinetics. The fluctuations exhibit a behaviour similar to that of an equilibrium phase transition, i.e. the amplitude diverges upon approaching the bifurcation point terminating the bistable range of the reaction. Simulations with a hybrid Monte Carlo/mean-field model reproduce the experimental observations. Fluctuations on different facets are typically uncorrelated but within a single facet a high degree of spatial coherence is found.


The re-recording mechanism making a deep dip is introduced using a newly developed contact printing model. The originally recorded signal can be transferred onto the adjacent recording signal area by the bias effect of the adjacent signals' magnetic flux. This model is confirmed by experiments such as 180 degrees phase difference of residual signal after and before the dip. >


This study comprises of in vitro antioxidant activity on hydro alcoholic (SPHA) and aqueous (SPW) extracts from shade dried roots of Salvadora persica L. by various models. Both SPHA and SPW extracts showed significantly high scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical (87.60 and 72.29 % at 400 µg/mL), 2,2-azino bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical (87.50 and 78.45 % at 500 µg/mL), superoxide nitroblue-tetrazoliun (NBT) radical (54.39 and 42.25 % at 600 µg/mL) and reduction of ferric ion solution (73.10 and 64.90 % at 500 µg/mL). Result indicates the powerful electron donating and radical scavenging activity of S. persica L. Hence both the extracts can be considered as effective chain breaking in vivo antioxidants.


To provide a magnetic sensor is provided for generating a bias magnetic field applied to a space-saving magnetoresistance effect element and a low power consumption of the coil. A magnetic sensor a magnetic tunnel effect element having a thin film (magnetic resistance effect element) 11. Coil 21 is disposed below the surface of the film plane of the magnetic tunnel effect element 11 is parallel to the element, and is constituted by a first spiral conductor portion 21-1 and a second spiral conductor portion 21-2 the double-scroll-type coil. In plan view, the magnetic tunnel effect element 11 is disposed between the scroll center of the spiral centers P1 and P2 of the second conductor portion 21-2 of the first conductor portion 21-1. A first conductor portion 21-1 in a plan view of the element 11 and the overlapping portion in the same plane magnetic tunnel effect seen with 21-2 portions of the magnetic tunnel effect element 11 overlaps the first and second portion of the second lead wire portion 21 1,21-2 connected so current flows in the same direction.


Objectives: (1) Demonstrate the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) transcriptional activity in inverted Schneiderian papilloma (IP). (2) Evaluate the role of HPV in the pathogenesis of IP and its rare progression to malignancy. (3) Support the consideration of RNAscope in diagnosis and management of IP. Methods: Retrospective clinical and histopathologic review of 20 cases of IP who underwent surgical excision at a tertiary referral center between 1995 and 2013. Surgical pathology archival material was re-examined histopathologically using H&E slides. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material from each case was further evaluated using immunohistochemical staining for p16 as well as in situ hybridization (ISH) for HPV E6/E7 mRNA (RNAscope). Results: Patients were 40% female with average age 53.7 years (range, 23-82 years). Three had evidence of malignancy at the time of excision, and 5 demonstrated recurrence of IP. Average follow-up was 48 months (range, 0-200 months), and one patient died from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from the IP. HPV transcriptional activity noted by RNAscope within specimens is reported. Conclusions: These data serve to aid in clarification of conflicting prior research attempting to establish a connection between the presence of HPV and development of IP. By demonstrating transcriptional activity of HPV in IP, this connection is rendered more definitive. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism by which this process occurs, and what, if any, impact HPV status has on progression from IP to SCC.


Abstract Background Prenatal infection is associated with brain structural and functional abnormalities, and may increase risk for psychosis through a direct effect on neurodevelopment. Proinflammatory immune response may be a common mechanism through which various infections exert their harmful effect, but studies of prenatal maternal inflammatory markers and offspring neurodevelopment are scarce. We examined the associations of maternal prenatal C-reactive protein (CRP) levels with psychosis risk factors in adolescent offspring including markers of neurodevelopment and cannabis use. Methods This study used a longitudinal birth cohort, the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986), followed up to age 16 years (n=6,985/9,432, 76% follow-up). CRP was measured in maternal sera collected in pregnancy. In offspring, school performance was measured at age 7 and 16y; psychotic experiences and cannabis use was measured at age 16. Controlling for offspring sex, maternal education level, maternal body mass index during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy and alcohol use during pregnancy using regression analysis, we tested associations of CRP with offspring measures. We also tested for mediation, specifically if adolescent cannabis use mediated the associations between maternal CRP and offspring psychotic experiences and school performance. Results Based on data from a minimum of 4,153 participants, after controlling for offspring sex, maternal education level, maternal body mass index during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy and alcohol use during pregnancy, maternal CRP was associated with adolescent neurodevelopmental markers, including psychotic experiences (odds ratio=1.13, 95% CI=1.00–1.29) and academic performance at age 16 years (beta=0.063, SE=0.013, 95% CI=0.037–0.089). Maternal CRP was also associated with adolescent cannabis use (odds ratio=1.27, 95% CI=1.11–1.46). Cannabis use appeared to mediate a small amount of the associations between maternal CRP and both psychotic experiences and academic performance. Discussion These results support a neurodevelopmental role for maternal prenatal infection and offspring psychosis but also suggest an indirect effect through increasing risk of exposure to cannabis. Maternal infection and immune activation may impact on brain circuitry involved in impulsivity, increasing behaviours such as cannabis use that are separately associated with psychosis. The results of this study give clues regarding the mechanism of the maternal inflammation – psychosis association and add to our understanding of the complex neurodevelopmental processes predating psychosis.


Nowadays technology is growing very fast, almost faster than we can imagine. Therefore as people who are responsible for the education and training of future Cartography specialists, we should improve our educational process to keep up to date. Students are educated in the disciplines of Cartographic drawing, Computer graphics and Desktop publishing of maps at the Cartographic Faculty, in the Department of Drawing and Map Designing. A few years ago it was decided to reconsider these educational methods. Because the cartographic agencies have highly modern equipment the students graduated from the University should have sufficient knowledge about it. Graduating students who find employment in government or private cartographic agencies face a severe problem if they begin work without adequate training after the University. Reconsidering the education process involved bringing the latest technology into practical training. This included improved computers, graphics pads with a stylus instead of traditional pen and ink, digitizers, digital cameras, professional scanners, Internet resources, special software used at agencies, digital manuals etc. Reconsidering the way of lecturing involved using a multimedia projector and laptop computer for presentations, online Internet shows, cartographic animations etc. There are some problems when trying to improve knowledge for students by modern methods. As any progress has negative and positive sides for human beings, new technologies could help us to educate people and could also introduce new and unexpected difficulties. The paper is dedicated to talking about these problems. BACKGROUND OF GRAPHIC AND ART SCHOOL IN MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY (MIIGAIK) The background of graphic and art school of map design at the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) goes as far back as 1823 when the main subjects of the educational schedule in the Konstantinov Land Surveying Institute, a geodetic school, were «Drawing» and later «Calligraphy», «Art of drawing of maps and plans». Introduction of these subjects to the educational plans was connected with carrying out land measurements in Russia and their use in plans and maps. The job was done manually including picturesque design of maps and plans. Since 1936 much attention had been paid to development of subjects of graphics and design for training cartographersengineers at the Cartographic faculty which resulted in setting up the Department of Drawing and Map Designing in 1940. The synopsis of lectures «Topographic Drawing» was written by P. P. Levitsky (1859-1930) – one of the leaders of the graphic school of the University and in 1909 «Short practice in drawing plans, making inscriptions on them and coloring them » was issued. The development of thematic cartography called for more profound training for specialists on map designing. Among the first teachers who contributed significantly to the theory and practice of map design was Adrianov V. N. In 1934 he supervised the design of the Large Soviet Atlas of the World (abbreviated in Russian as "BSAM") for which he worked out and designed a special font called "BSAM italics". Art training is an integral component of education for students of the Cartographic faculty. Therefore solid traditions and the high level of artistic map production have been continued by teaching the subject of «Map design». This subject has also received further scientific development. Skvorzov P. A. and Koldaev P. K may be rightfully considered as founders of art school of map design. The years 1935 to 1970 may be called the period of formation of a native school of artistic map design. Skvortsov P. A., a talented artist, cartographer and scientist, is rightfully considered its father. The uniqueness of design methodology of pictorial landscape maps is an organic merging of strict principles of designing cartographic products and those of landscape painting. Skvortsov's artistic school of map designing is being extended by his numerous students and followers. His scientific and methodological ideas in the field of pictorial map designing are implemented in the courses «Color design of relief», «Artistic map design» [1]. MODERN EDUCATION BY GRAPHIC AND ART COURSES AT THE DEPARTMENT OF DRAWING AND MAP DESIGNING Nowadays cartographic education is connected to the requirements of cartographic agencies. The computer technologies involved in map production join many processes into a single cycle which were realized separately in the past. Understanding traditional map production gives us the basis from which we make the transition to computer technology. It is important to give complex knowledge so students can solve all problems of map creation from information input to computer to ready to publish color-separated films. Because modern technologies of map creation are based on using the latest software and equipment it was decided to reconsider disciplines at the Cartographic Faculty at Department of Drawing and Map Designing. The modification of teaching methods includes using modern technical facilities such as multimedia, electronic manuals, tests for knowledge control and new ways of lecturing. Modern educational facilities should be planned to suit the needs of students, to enhance independent study and self-testing. Independent work by students helps the quality and efficacy of study [2]. While retaining carefully the strong heritage of our graphic and art school we have started a new course: "Computer graphics" consisted of three parts, "Vector graphics", "Raster graphics" and "Map layout". In addition to new courses, we improved classical courses: "Map drawing" – "Cartographic computer fonts" and "Desktop publishing of maps" – "Pre – press". When educating students in "Computer Graphics" we start from basics of computer graphics (Interface, Tools etc.) and finish with a completed map project. The "Vector graphics" course has started as a discipline on choice from 1991 and later in 1998 as permanent. It is based on application of CorelDraw software to map design. The lecturing part of the course consists of:  Computer graphic software. Introduction to CorelDraw;  CorelDraw interface and tools;  Map object editing in CorelDraw;  Text and effects in CorelDraw  Map design in CorelDraw. The practical part of the course consists of:  Construction of ornamental pattern for decorative border of map;  Map title design;  Map symbols creation;  Digitizing raster map;  Vector map creation on layers. The "Raster graphics" course started in 2002. It is based on applying Adobe Photoshop software to map design. The lecturing part of the course consists of:  Raster Graphic basics. Introduction to Adobe Photoshop. The use of digital cameras, scanners for inputting graphical information into the computer.  Color presentation. Color Models. Color gamut. Bit depths.  Rasterizing, map color separation in Adobe Photoshop The practical part of the course consists of :  Adobe Photoshop interface and tools;  Creating logotype;  Monitor calibrating. Color modes;  Raster filters in map design effects;  Color adjustments;  Creating map cover on layers;  Hill shading in Photoshop  Text design  Contours  Printing map from Photoshop The "Map layout" course started in 2004. It is based on application of Quark XPress software to map layout. The lecturing part of the course consists of:  Art and technical purposes of layout. Book design and layout history.  Layout and composition of publishing. Layout ways  Layout basics (Working with fonts, text block, layout with pictures, pictures types, working with tables etc.)  Infographic (diagrams, graphs, charts, schemes) The practical part of the course consists of:  Introduction to Quark XPress. Interface and tools. Coordinate systems of text blocks, measurement units in Quark XPress.  Creating of new layout, navigation, guides.  Text blocks, text import  Font characteristics, font editing, special symbols, tabulation, text orientation  Color models in QuarkXPress, trapping  Vector graphics in QuarkXPress  Document styles  Interaction of text and pictures blocks  Master-page creation  Booklet artwork creation in Quark XPress The improvement of "Map drawing" – "Cartographic computer fonts" consists of improving Macromedia Fontographer Software for creation and modification of cartographic fonts. The lecturing part of the course consists of:  Introduction to Macromedia Fontographer.  Computer font classification  Vector fonts TrueType, Type 1, Open Type  Bezier curve basics, PostScript, hinting  Raster fonts  Font management software  Computer fonts terminology The practical part of the course consists of:  Macromedia Fontographer interface. Kerning and tracking  Font drawing and transformation  Creation of new symbols  Creation of new fonts  Creation of decorative ligature and diacritical symbol  Russification of Latin font The improvement of "Desktop publishing of maps" – "Pre – press" consist of using all studied software to make prepress of a map project as print – file ready for color separation. In practical courses, we use electronic manuals widely. Every student has the possibility to read the manual and to do exercises simultaneously without any assistance. This gives to students the possibility for remote education. In case of problems, he may resolve it by helping of pedagogue in class lessons. The problem of "electronic" education concludes that students can copy final test work from others very easily. To prevent this we make a defense of every lesson test work in the form of an interview. From this interview, the self-made work becomes clear. Besides that, the student shows his knowledge taken from lecturing part. Reconsidering the way of lecturing includes using multimedia projectors and laptop computers for presentations, online Internet s


The results of empirical test on the response of Shenzhen A-share on fair value disclosures show that,in the short term,there is a reaction to the variation of fair value which is recorded into the profits or losses of the current period,but hardly reaction to the variation of fair value which is included directly in the owner's equity.To some extent,it implies the decision-usefulness of fair value in China's A-share market.At the same time,it reminds us to pay special attention to the reliability of fair value in norm-setting and practical application.The results also suggest indirectly that fair value is insufficient to play roles of initiating or accelerating the worldwide financial crisis.


As acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has the highest curability among different acute amyeloid leukemia (AML) subtypes and requires a unique form of treatment, it is important to quickly establish or exclude the diagnosis of this subtype of leukemia. Furthermore, accurate and rapid diagnosis of APL is critical due to its association with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Patients and methods: This study was conducted on 100 newly diagnosed AML M0-M3 patients and a comprehensive flow cytometric immunophenotypic (FCM IPT) analysis of their peripheral blood (PB) and/or bone marrow samples with the inclusion of CD18 and CD11a monoclonal antibodies was done. Results: Cases of AML-M3 did not express human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, CD11a and CD18, a highly significant different finding compared to non M3 cases (P Conclusion: Testing for CD18 and CD11a in conjunction with routine diagnostic FCM IPT panel will append extra diagnostic power to FCM IPT in the differentiation of difficult cases of AML-M3 from AML-(M0-M2).


Roots provide plants with mechanical stability and pure water. Wind and gravitational forces on plants are spread out by the roots over a large volume of soil. In a similar manner, roots absorb pure water and nutrients from moist soil. These processes are mathematically similar and have similar optimal solutions, unless the soil is inhomogeneous -i.e. if one part is wetter, whereas another part provides more of a grip for the roots to hold onto. A root system with a given weight has an optimized shape if it quickly produces large amounts of clean water at a low energy cost. By understanding the optimized shape of roots we may be able to exploit this natural structure to improve water desalination systems.


Abstract : This report is the result of a study that explored techniques for capturing and sharing tacit knowledge gained during Force XXI transition. The primary goal was to facilitate passing of hard-won information from one leader to the next. The study team elicited knowledge in structured interviews with senior leaders in the Army's First Digital Division (FDD). They converted the knowledge into problem-focused chunks, then derived practical guidelines for facilitating change. The team designed and developed a preliminary, computer-based Leader's Tool to help the target audience define and solve change-management problems. They then populated the tool with the project's knowledge products. The report discusses the team's lessons learned for capturing and organizing sharable knowledge and for creating automated tools to support the management of change. It also illustrates the FDD leaders' insights and lessons learned regarding the transition process and the impact of Force XXI capabilities. Recommendations for leveraging and extending the project's methodology and the Leader's Tool technology are offered.


Background: Due to increase in road traffic and sports injuries, tears of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) of the knee are common. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is emerging as an important tool of diagnosis and evaluation of these injuries. Methods: We carried out a prospective study on role of MRI on ten patients who had undergone ACL or PCL repair over a period of six months. In this report we present three illustrative cases to capture the spectrum of findings in our series to underline the role of MRI in management of such injuries and discuss the modalities of the procedure. Results: In our series, as demonstrated by the cases, MRI had an important role in diagnosis and evaluation of injuries to the cruciate ligaments. Conclusion: MRI can play an important role, particularly in tertiary centres, in diagnosis and evaluation of reconstructed ACL and PCL ligaments of the knee joint.


Aptekar', Pavel. "The Second Conquest of the Caucasus: Documents and Commentary," Rodina, 1995, no. 6, in Russian Studies in History, vol. 39, no. 1 (Summer 2000), pp. 60-64. Bordiugov, Gennadii. "The Bolsheviks and the National Banner," Rodina, 1995, no. 5, in Russian Studies in History, vol. 39, no. 1 (Summer 2000), pp. 7-0. Bykov, Vasil'. "For the Motherland! For Stalin! The Cost of Bygone Battles,"Rodina, 1995, no. 5, in Russian Studies in History, vol. 39, no. 1 (Summer 2000), pp. 65-78. Floria, B.N. "The Evolution of Immunity Among Secular Landholders During the Formation of the Unified Polish and Russian States," Pol $ha i Rus '. Cherty obshchnosti isvoeobraziia v istoricheskom razvitiiRusi iPol 'shiXliLXIVw., ed. Academician B.A. Rybakov (Moscow: Nauka, 1974), in Russian Studies in History, vol. 39, no. 3 (Winter 2000-2001), pp. !+-30. . "On Several Analogues in the Development of Old Russian and West European Social Thought in the Middle Ages," Russkaia dukhovnaia kul 'tura, ed. Luigi Magarotto and Daniela Rizzi (Trento: Department of the History of European Civilization, University of Trento, 1992), in Russian Studies in History, vol. 39, no. 3 (Winter 2000-2001), pp. 3 142 . . "Penitential Formulas in the Relationship of Church and State in Russia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," Odissei: Chelovek v istorii, istorik i vremia, 1992, in Russian Studies in History, vol. 39, no. 3 (Winter 2000-2001), pp. 72-86. . "The 'Service Organization' and Its Role in the Development of Feudal Society Among the Eastern and Western Slavs," Otechestvennaia istoriia, 1992, no. 2, in Russian Studies in History, vol. 39, no. 3 (Winter 2000-2001), pp. 43-71. Gavriliachenko, Sergei. "Transferring to the Canvas the Traits of Changeable Rus'," Rodina, 1997, no. 1 , in Russian Studies in History, vol. 39, no. 1 (Summer 2000),


This paper presents a Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (P-HiL) testbed coupled to a MW-scale Motor-Generator (MG) set. The P-HiL configuration interfaces an 11 kV physical distribution network with a transmission network modeled in a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) through the MG set. Uniquely, and in contrast with other P-HiL arrangements, the MG set used is equipped with a proprietary frequency controller with an inherent response that does not provide the desired characteristics to cater for a P-HiL interface. The paper describes a methodology to tackle this problem associated with undesirable response of the MG set's existing controller by introducing additional frequency and phase control loops. Experimental results are presented and show that the P-HiL testbed is capable of maintaining a high level of synchronization during disturbances and allows the power interaction between the model and physical network. The testbed offers a realistic and flexible testing environment for prototype systems connected to distribution networks with a specific focus on testing systems that control demand side resources for frequency response during loss of generation events.


The visual system interprets most visual scenes according to a single best interpretation, thereby effectively disambiguating the inherently ambiguous information provided by retinal stimulation. The phenomenal instability of ambiguous figures like the Necker cube provides an especially dramatic and


Green consumption has become increasingly popular. More and more green restaurants are entering the market. The development of mobile Internet and the application of location-based services leads customers to easily visit several restaurants before making choice. Retaining a visiting customer is very important to green restaurants in the mobile Internet era. This paper develops a theoretical model to explore how the food-related, service-related and ambiance-related attributes of green restaurants influence the confirmation of expectations regarding restaurant quality and subsequent patronage intentions of visiting consumers in the context of location-based recommendations. The theoretical model is tested using the partial least squares method. The results show that the confirmation of expectations of food quality is determined by food presentation, variety and freshness; the confirmation of expectations of service quality is determined by employees and service; and the confirmation of expectations of ambiance quality is determined by cleanliness, design and decor, in terms of a positive effect on the patronage intention of visiting consumers of green restaurants making use of location-based recommendations. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.


Food waste (FW) emissions in South Korea amounted to 4.77 million tons in 2021, and continue to increase. Various technologies have been developed to treat FW, with recent research focusing on biochar production through pyrolysis to reduce FW. However, the agricultural application of food waste-biochar (FWBC) is lim-ited by the salt accumulated during pyrolysis. This study investigated salt removal from and the kinetic characteristics of FWBC, and subsequently evaluated its agricultural applications. FW was pyrolyzed at 350°C for 4 h, and subsequently washed for 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 5, 15, and 30 min to remove salt. FWBC had a salt concentration of 5.75%, which was effectively removed through washing. The salt concentration decreased rapidly at the beginning (1 min) and then slowly decreased, unlike in FW, in which the salt decreased continuously and slowly. The salt removal speed con-stant (K) was 1.5586 (Stage 1, FWBC) > 0.0445 (Stage 2, FWBC) > 0.0026 (FW). In a lettuce cultivation experiment, higher biomass was achieved using washed FWBC than when using unwashed FWBC and FW, and soil properties were improved. Overall, these findings