Abstract This study examines Mexico's unilateral trade liberalization experience from 1985 to 1988. It traces the origins of policy change to officials in the Central Bank, who took advantage of periodic economic crises to pursue their agenda. Opposing them were bureaucrats tied to an industrial sector that also objected to substantial trade liberalization. Mexico's institutional structures influenced the balance of bargaining power as reform supporters and opponents bitterly fought to define the scope, depth, and timing of the implementation process. Successful implementation led to the emergence of business interests in favor of free trade—interests that would provide crucial backing for the North American Free Trade Agreement.


Acid-growth theory has been postulated in the 70s as a model to explain rapid elongation of plant stems in response to plant hormone auxin. More recently, it was demonstrated that hormones like auxin as well as brassinoesteroids (BR) induce cell elongation through the activation of proton ATPs pumps (H+-ATPs) thereby inducing apoplastic acidification. However, the impact of this acidification on the mechanical properties of the cell wall remained largely unexplored. Here we use Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to demonstrate that acidification of the apoplast is sufficient and necessary to induce cell elongation through cell wall relaxation. Moreover, we demonstrate that a tight control of Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) activity is required for proper hypocotyl elongation, and that PME can induce both cell walls softening or stiffening in extracellular calcium dependent-manner.


Hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtiapunctilobula Michx.) interferes with establishment of black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.) in the Allegheny hardwood forest of Pennsylvania. In stands where fern cover is dense, black cherry seeds germinate, but seedlings do not become established. Allelopathy was eliminated as the cause of interference in previous work; the present studies evaluated the resources of soil water, soil phosphorus, soil nitrogen, and light. The impact of hay-scented fern on the level of each resource, the availability of each resource to black cherry seedlings, and the growth response of black cherry seedlings to changes in resource availability were evaluated. Hay-scented fern had little effect on soil moisture levels, nor did it affect plant availability of soil water. The level of soil phosphorus was not reduced by the presence of hay-scented fern nor was phosphorus availability to black cherry seedlings less when they grew with fern. Both the speed and degree of mycorrhizal infection and the ...


PWM inverters are highly used in motor drive applications in industries. The PWM switching produces common mode voltage (CMV) which in terms produces Common Mode current (CMC). This CMC can cause many adverse effects like EMI and bearing current. The different switching sequences have varying magnitude of common mode voltages. In this paper a comparative study of common mode voltage values of double bus clamping and hybrid bus clamping switching methods are made with conventional CMV in a Three level VSI. This comparative study further indicates an insight of CMV performance of various switching sequences. The Validation of the study is done using MATLAB simulation platform.


2-[(6-Bromohexyl)oxy]methyl-12-crown-4 and 2-[(10-bromodecyl)oxy]methyl-12-crown-4 were synthesized under certain conditions when 2-(hydroxymethyl)-12-crown-4,1,6-dibromohexane and 1,10-dibromodecane used as raw materials and KH as catalyst.And 2-[(10-bromodecyl)oxy]methyl-12-crown-4 further reacts with thiourea in a solvent of anhydrous ethanol to produce the target compound of 2-[(10-Mercaptodecyl)oxy]methyl-12-crown-4 which has never been reported before.The composition and structure are characterized.Their competitive complexation between Li+ and Na+ in different pHs are studied.It is revealed that all chained 12-crown-4 derivatives show 1∶1 coordination ratio with lithium.The pH does not have any influence on the extraction efficiency when 2-[(6-bromohexyl)oxy]methyl-12-crown-4 and 2-[(10-bromodecyl)oxy]methyl-12-crown-4 are compared in the consideration of alkyl chain elongation.However,both increase as pH increases,leveling off at 97.69%.In contrast to 2-[(10-bromodecyl)oxy]methyl-12-crown-4,2-[(10-mercaptodecyl)oxy]methyl-12-crown-4 shows low extraction efficiency for Li+ due to its ionization of thiol group,decreasing as increase of pH and leveling off at 75.76%.All the derivatives demonstrate poor extraction efficiency for sodium,revealing 12-crown-4 with an excellent selectivity for lithium.This work provides a new basic chemical for the crown ether family.


Human populations within technologically advanced countries are enjoying ever-increasing life spans. The average life span in the United States now extends well into the seventh decade of life. This average is in striking contrast to that of ≈50 years in 1900. Unfortunately, the benefit of a longer life span for many individuals is accompanied by an increased incidence of age-related diseases. The example that is addressed in this commentary is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which presents itself in the retina and choroidal layers of the eye. The retina, an extension of the brain, forms the inner lining of the posterior eyeball. The choroid is the pigmented, vascular layer exterior to the retina and just underneath the "white" layer of the eye called the sclera. AMD is now the major cause of untreatable loss of vision in technologically advanced countries (1–3).

AMD affects a region of the human retina called the macula, which lies in the central axis of vision. The macula is a region ≈6 mm in diameter; at its center, there lies a depression called the fovea, which contains a population of photoreceptor cells of sufficient density to resolve individual letters in fine print. Therefore, it is this region of our retina that is used for reading and, because of the prevalence of cone photoreceptor cells, it is the region that initiates color vision. Reading is often the primary recreational activity during the "golden years" of life and sadly, this activity is severely impaired or lost in an expanding component of our population over the age of 65. Because the life span of humans continues to increase as a function of improved nutrition and increased awareness of environmental factors, AMD is expected to nearly double in the next 25 years (4). To place this in perspective, ≈35% of …


ABSTRACT The provision of online counselling and emotional support is a subject of intense debate among service providers. The subject is explored here by triangulating data from a statistical analysis of data from a children's helpline, interviews with practitioners and a focus group. Despite practitioners' concerns relating to misinterpretation, misrepresentation and the lack of non-verbal cues, online conversations are shown to span a greater variety of topics and focus on more sensitive issues than verbal sessions. Online services have potential for reaching clients in accessible and meaningful ways. However, practitioners need to consider online-specific issues, undertake specialised training and become comfortable with these new communication formats.


(b) 36 ms. Evolution of turbulence exponential wave number spectra dur ing transition to improved confinement tr iggered by cur rent ramp up at FT-2 tokamak A.D. Gurchenko, E.Z. Gusakov, D.V. Kouprienko, S. Leerink, J.A. Heikkinen, S.I. Lashkul, A.B. Altukhov, L.A. Esipov, A.Yu. Stepanov 1 Ioffe Institute, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation 2 Euratom-Tekes Association, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland 3 Euratom-Tekes Association, VTT, Espoo, Finland


A method for generating a phase value representing a phase of a complex signal including an in-phase component and a quadrature-phase component, the method comprising the steps of: Determining a first sign for a first value and a second sign for a second value based on one quadrant of which is occupied by the complex signal; Multiplying the in-phase component with the first value to the first sign, thereby generating a first multiplication result; Multiplying the quadrature-phase component to the second value with the second sign, thereby generating a second multiplication result; and Adding the first multiplication result of the second multiplication result and a bias value, thereby generating the phase value of the complex signal.


Internet has become an essential component of our everyday social and financial activities. However, internetusers may be vulnerable to different types of web-threats. Phishing is considered as a form of web-threats that is defined as the art of impersonating a website of an honest enterprise aiming to obtain confidential information such as usernames, passwords and social security number. To date, there is no single solution that can capture every phishing attack. In this article, we proposed an intelligent model for predicting phishing attacks based on Artificial Neural Network "ANN" particularly, selfstructuring neural networks. Phishing is a continuous problem where features significant in determining the type of webpages are constantly changing. Thus, we need to regularly retrain the anti-phishing tool to cope with these changes. Our model speeds up the anti-phishing tool development by automating the process of structuring an ANN model. Our model shows high acceptance for noisy data, fault tolerance and high prediction accuracy. Several experiments were conducted in our research, the number of epochs differ in each experiment. From the results, we find that all produced structures have high generalization ability. KeywordsWeb Threat, Phishing, Anti-Phishing, Neural Network, Data Mining.


College-enterprise cooperation is one kind of organizing forms for colleges and enterprises to seek the common development and common interest.According to the condition of college-enterprise cooperation developed by higher vocational colleges at present stage in our country,it analyzes the operating present condition and problem crux of running management and guarantee mechanism,it points the three main bodies in college-enterprise cooperation of vocational education should clarify their responsibilities and duties,playing their function and advantage fully.Through establishing perfect organizing management and guarantee operating constitute,it discusses the system measures together to promote the sustainable development of college-enterprise cooperation.It puts forward the ideas of constructing the running management and guarantee mechanism of college-enterprise cooperation,as well as the implementing scheme of college-enterprise cooperation mechanism adapted to professional development.


A seaweed tea is prepared from seaweed powder and ginger powder through proportional mixing, baking, parching and grinding. It has no odor and sure health-care action.


Perfectionism is individuals setting hard-to-reach goals for themselves or others and striving to achieve them. People have difficulties in their lives because of their perfectionist thinking. One of the reasons for major depressive disorder is dysfunctional thinking style. In this context, it can be argued that dysfunctional perfectionist thinking is a risk factor for major depressive disorder. A wide range of research results shows that there is a relationship between perfectionism and major depressive disorder. Consequently, this review investigates the relation of perfectionism and sub-dimensions with major depressive disorder.


ABSTRACT The characteristics of drvine and contraction (shrinkage) of molded ceramics were expenmentally studied to clarify the effects of drying conditions on contraction behaviors or deformation during drying processes. Mikawa-Shanshu clay molded into spheres or slabs was used as a sample which underwent convective drying by hot air. Three periods of preheating, constanl rate and falling rate existed, and the contraction was observed mainly in the preheating and constanl rate periods for all samples. It is also observed that the behavior of ihe contraction of molded clay is inflienced significantly by drying conditions. The higher drying rate makes the contraction of clay more remarkable in the preheating and constant rate periods. This behavior could not be explained from the difference of the moisture content distribution among runs. However, it is suggested that the inside parts of molded ceramics may be subjected to the strong compressional stresses and the strain-stress in the sample would Influenc...


More than 12 yr have passed (1991) since I learned and adopted arthroscopic microdiscectomy (AMD) from pioneer endoscopic spine surgeon Parviz Kambin, who, along with Sadahisa Hijikata, first established the technique for percutaneous nucleotomy in the early 1970s. A cadaver dissection of the traditional posterior anatomy of the lumbar spine compared with the foraminal anatomy clearly illustrates the feasibility and advantages of the foraminal approach to the lumbar disc (Fig. 1A,B). Kambin's AMD technique evolved gradually to allow for more dorsal placement of the cannula to effect posterolateral fragmentectomy and resection of the posterior annulus for stenosis, and it made possible the removal of extruded and sequestered herniated discs (1–4) (Fig. 2). Hijikata (5) also recently reviewed his 12 yr of experience with endoscopic discectomy. In 1996, a new design of the operating spine endoscope adding multichannel irrigation and complementary instrumentation (Fig. 3) (6) allowed further development of endoscopic spine surgery to include the treatment of annular tears causing discogenic back pain (7,8). Advanced techniques of foraminoplasty for central and lateral recess stenosis followed (9–12). The third-generation system design change to the Yeung Endoscopic Spine Surgery (YESS) system gave me more flexibility to maneuver the endoscope and improved ability to probe spinal anatomy in a conscious patient (13). Continued evolution of this technique afforded me the ability to better evaluate the pathological process causing the patient's discogenic back pain. Conditions previously not considered surgical, such as annular tears, were evaluated and managed successfully through the endoscope. Synovial facet cysts, inflammatory membranes containing neoneurogenesis, osteophytosis impinging on sensitive nerves, anomalous furcal nerves, autonomic nerves, and conditions irritating the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the exiting nerve were identified as sources of discogenic pain and sciatica. From 1991 to 2004, I treated more than 2300 patients with discogenic pain, degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine, and the whole spectrum of disc herniations including extruded and sequestered fragments (14,15). The success rate in the first 500 patients was 432 of 500 (86%) good/excellent results according to the modified MacNab criteria (11).


An empirical study was conducted into the relationship between various design metrics and software maintainability. This was based upon maintenance changes made to four different versions of a project management tool carried out by a total of 60 programmers. The overall conclusion from the investigation, was that accurate prediction of quality characteristics for single maintenance changes is extremely difficult. This is due to the many sources of variation—principally change type and programmer ability. Nevertheless, we show that measures of information flow local to specific modifications are significantly related to error rates, with a 600% greater probability of a residual error as a consequence of a change in a module with a high level of information flow-based coupling, than a module with a low level of coupling. Furthermore, we show that different types of change reveal marked variations in their relationships with the design metrics. Consequently, we argue that using robust statistical techniques and theoretically well-founded design metrics, engineering approximations are possible.


In this study, thermo-elasto-plastic analyses are carried out with the purpose of elucidating mechanical behavior of circular patch welding. The characteristics of restraint stress/strain produced in circular patch welding and their production mechanism are studied from results of analysis. Then, the analytical calculation method of restraint stress/strain produced by circular patch welding is developed based on the production mechanism of restraint stress/strain. The formula to get restraint stress/strain is proposed.Moreover, applicability of the restraint intensity in circular patch welding for the mechanical measure of cold cracks is investigated. Severity of mechanical restraint in the elastic range can be evaluated by using the restraint intensity in circular patch welding as a parameter. Meanwhile, severity of mechanical restraint in the plastic range can not directly evaluated by using it. However, relative severity of that may be evaluated by using it only in the limited range.


Purpose. This study evaluated whether a combined behavioral and dietary intervention would affect young women's calcium intake and bone mineral content (BMC). Design. The design was a two by three mixed design with one between-subjects factor (treatment vs. control) and one within-subjects factor (time—baseline, 3-month, and 6-month). Setting. The study was conducted in a university setting in Memphis, Tennessee. Participants. A total of 80 premenopausal women (ages 18 to 30) with low baseline calcium intake (< 700 mg/d) were included in the analyses. There were 40 women in the treatment group and 40 women in the control group. Measures. Hertzler and Frary's rapid assessment questionnaire was employed to evaluate calcium intake, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was employed to assess BMC. Results. Repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) was employed to analyze results. Results indicated that women in the treatment group made greater increases in total calcium intake and supplemental calcium than women in the control group and that all women made significant increases in dietary calcium intake. Additionally, analyses of BMC revealed that women in the treatment group did not experience significant changes in total BMC, and women in the control group experienced significant losses in total BMC. Conclusions. In the current study, women were losing BMC, and the women who made the largest increases in calcium intake were able to retard this bone loss. There is increasing evidence that dietary calcium intake in young people is extremely low, and the results of the current study highlight the need for much more intensive evaluations investigating the factors that are positively associated with premenopausal bone mineral change.


An indoor air quality study was conducted in two New York State counties. Week-long fine particle mass samples were collected indoors in 394 homes and outdoors in a subset of these homes. The aerosol samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence for 16 elements. Homes included in this study had one or more of the following sources: cigarette smoking, kerosene heaters, wood-burning stoves, and gas stoves. Homes with none of the above sources were also included. A simple physical model was used to ascertain the contribution of indoor and outdoor sources. Among the four investigated sources, cigarette smoking was found to be the most important source


The paper considers the application of adaptive algorithms in relay protection systems of the autotransformer of the substation. Neural networks can improve the reliability of electricity supply to consumers, reduce the number of false alarms relay protection devices, reduce the cost of maintenance and human participation in technological processes.


In order to increase a multi-site company's competition edge, the manufacturer needs to schedule vehicles for pickup and delivery effectively and efficiently because of the complexity and cost of transportation and distribution activities. This study considers the multi-site pickup and delivery problem (MPDP), which has many real-world applications, particularly, in the IC manufacturing industry. This study is motivated by a practical MPDPMP from a semiconductor manufacturing company. In the facility under study, transportation activities, arisen from pickup-and-delivery of wafer, mask, or finished-goods, are frequently and complicated. In addition, vehicle-scheduling decision for each request is based on its priority. Since the MPDP involves constraints on multiple-priority requests, pickup and delivery, multiple vehicles, and vehicle capacity constraints, it is more difficult to solve than the classical pickup and delivery problem. In this study, we consider the MPDP and formulate the MPDP as an integer programming problem to maximize the total completed activities in the planning period. An example is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed formulation


The effects of different picking methods on physical properties,chemical compositions and volatile aromatic matter contents of three top leaves of flue-cured tobacco were studied.The results showed as follows:compared with the treatmentⅠ(CK),treatmentⅡ(picking six upper leaves at the same time when three top leaves became yellow in eight percent to ninety percent,then baking the three top leaves) had higher filling value,equilibrium moisture content,density of leaf fabric and leaf stem,and lower leaf thickness;TreatmentⅡcould increase total sugar content,reducing the content of starch,total nitrogen and protein of three top leaves;TreatmentⅡ significantly increased total contents of volatile aromatic matter,among which the contents of carotenoid,phenylalanine,cembrane and neoplytadiene were all increased.


Protein Engineering
The ability to switch proteins between active and inactive conformations can give insight into their function. Dagliyan et al. present a method to insert domains that control protein activity. They computationally identified protein loops that are coupled to the active site. Sensory domains inserted into these loops could modulate protein activity when their conformation was changed by light or ligand binding. The authors engineered domains into three different classes of proteins involved in cell signaling and found that switching the proteins between active and inactive states could control the shape and movement of living cells.

Science , this issue p. [1441][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aah3404


In the absence of a sufficient amount of plasma injection into the black hole (BH) magnetosphere, the force-free state of the magnetosphere cannot be maintained, leading to the emergence of strong, time-dependent, longitudinal electric field (spark gap). Recent studies of supermassive BH magnetospheres by using analytical methods and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations propose the possibility of the efficient particle acceleration and consequent gamma-ray emissions in the spark gap. In this work, we perform one-dimensional general relativistic PIC simulations to examine the gamma-ray emission from stellar-mass BH magnetospheres. We find that intermittent spark gaps emerge and particles are efficiently accelerated, in a similar manner to the supermassive BH case. We build a semi-analytic model of the plasma dynamics and radiative processes which reproduces the maximum electron energies and peak gamma-ray luminosities in the simulation results. Based on this model, we show that gamma-ray signals from stellar-mass BHs wandering through the interstellar medium could be detected by gamma-ray telescopes such as the Fermi Large Area Telescope, or the Cherenkov Telescope Array.


In this photo you can see a core of Arctic sea ice collected by Canadian Museum of Nature scientist Michel Poulin. Michel studies algae which live on the underside of Arctic sea ice. This algae and associated microscopic life form what is referred to as the "sympagic ecosystem". Sympagic organisms live in within channels in the ice itself, or at the water interface immediately below the ice, and are a crucial food source for many marine invertebrates and Arctic cod. They are highly specialized but cover a wide taxonomic range, from bacteria and simple algae to vertebrates.


Brucellosis is a dangerous zoonotic infection which also infects humans. Brucellosis-causing pathogen is prevalent throughout the world and causes damage to animal husbandry and public health. Genetic typing methods have become an integral component of the epidemiological/epidemiological surveillance to track the spread of the brucellosis pathogen, because genetic methods allow identifying circulating strains by their unique characteristics. The positive effect of the use of highly discriminatory genotyping methods was demonstrated on various samples of pathogen's isolates. However, genetic diversity can change over time, and data on the temporal dynamics of the genetic diversity are of interest to study pathogen evolution. In this study, we performed MLVA16 genotyping of B. melitensis strains isolated in 2016 and 2019 in the Zhambyl province of Kazakhstan. The results obtained indicate a significant population dynamics of the pathogen, because only 19% of the strains from 2016 had homoplastic analogues among the strains from 2019. Expanding the sample size and observation time are needed to discern reliable picture of the population dynamics and changes in genetic diversity of Brucella strains.


A major obstacle to finding program errors in a real system is knowing what correctness rules the system must obey. These rules are often undocumented or specified in an ad hoc manner. This paper d...


Environmental cost is also known as the cost of environmental quality. The treatment cost of environmental quality is equal to the cost of environmental quality, so that the cost of environmental quality can be grouped into : environmental prevention costs, environmental detection costs, environmental internal failure costs, and environmental external failure costs. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze how firms identify, recognize, measure, assess and present and disclose the environmental cost in the financial statements. This research was conducted at the Hidayatullah Islamic Hospital of Yogyakarta who has had WWTP by using biological method, that is activated sludge. This study is a qualitative research. This study uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data were collected by interview. The results of this study are in the hospital recognizes the environmental costs and presented into a single account with the other similiar cost in the primary financial statement. Environmental cost is measured by the cost incurred (Historial Cost) with the monetary units rupiah. Environmental costs are not disclosed in the notes of the financial statements (CALK), but disclosed in a descriptive report, a report UKL-UPL. Keywords : Environmental Cost, Implementation of Environmental Cost Accounting, Costs of Environmental Sanitation, Hospital.


develop the Highlands today: thus to exploit local minerals is useless since it would "promote the underdevelopment of the area by reinforcing the satellization of the Highlands" (p. 302). What, then, can one do which would not be denounced by Carter? Must those who use the minerals, and those who provide the capital, necessarily reside in the Highlands? Is there to be no regional specialization? Are transport costs, and acidic boggy soils, irrelevant? What, in the author's view, should be the links between a region (or small country) and consumers or suppliers located outside? Carter, following Frank, distinguishes undeveloped from underdeveloped, using the latter term as virtually synonymous with distortions engendered by links with the capitalist market. He seems to envisage a path from "undevelopment" to "development" which does not pass through "underdevelopment." Some contributors clearly consider that this path has been indicated by Mao's China. Jack Gray's paper on Maoist agricultural strategy is solidly based on fact, and shows in some detail the vital importance of leadership and organization and mobilizing the masses. But Wertheim, in his very interesting contribution, sees in China a peasant revolution within which there is "emancipation from below," which he contrasts with India's "manipulation from above." Surely, this is too simple. There is a great deal of "manipulation from above" in China; but how does one achieve drastic change without it? Wertheim does rightly stress that "development remains a nearly super-human task" (p. 326) even after a social revolution, and in saying this he must be disassociating himself from those, like Frank, who ascribe the problem just to capitalism. It will have become clear that at many points I do not agree with some of the contributors. Yet this is undoubtedly a valuable and thought-provoking symposium, an extremely useful contribution indeed to development literature.


Prions are self-propagating, infectious protein aggregates. The exact mechanism of prion formation and potential co-factors are poorly understood. Aim of this study was a comparative analysis of the aggregation propensities of the murine prion protein PrP and the yeast prion protein Sup35p in the cytosol of mammalian cells. In the first part of this work aggregation propensities of chimeric proteins derived from the Sup35p prion domain NM and PrP were performed. While NM remained soluble, cytosolic PrP spontaneously aggregated. Fusion of Sup35p domains to PrP90-230, modulated aggregate size and frequency. These results demonstrate the impact of dynamic interactions between prion domains. In the second part of the present work endogenous Sup35p-NM aggregation was induced by addition of in vitro generated NM fibrils. NM aggregates were heritable and infectious, indicating that the mammalian cytosol promotes prion propagation.


One prominent problem for vibration-based structural health monitoring is to extract condition indices which are sensitive to damage and yet insensitive to measurement noise. In this paper, a condition index extraction method based on the wavelet packet transform (WPT) is proposed. This transform leads to the formulation of a novel condition index: wavelet packet signature (WPS). The sensitivity of the WPS to the change of structural parameters is derived and validated on a five-degrees-of-freedom spring-mass system. Results show that the WPS is significantly more sensitive to the stiffness change than the natural frequencies and the mode shapes. Its sensitivity is slightly better or comparable to that of the modal flexibility matrices depending on the location of damage. A variability analysis is also performed to study the effect of measurement noise on the proposed WPS. Results show that the WPS does not show any significant variation even under the presence of 10 dB noise. To illustrate the potential of the WPS, a damage indicator is formulated and used to monitor the health condition of the structural system. An experimental study on a three-storey frame shows that when incorporated with a statistical process control approach, the WPS-based damage indicator can distinctly identify the presence of damage in the system.


mia) study, EMH was detected following the use of MRI to estimate iron overload [2] . In these studies, the presence of EMH was associated with splenectomy, a higher nucleated red blood cell count, higher levels of soluble transferrin receptor, and older age at the first transfusion. The paper by Sousos et al. [5] reinforces such increasing evidence, confirming that EMH could be found in 11–15% of TM patients. These authors show that the presence of the IVS-I-6 mutation is an independent risk factor for EMH occurrence. These findings are in agreement with those of the Centre in Naples, where EMH was associated not only with compound heterozygotes for IVS-I-6/codon 39(C → T) but also with the IVS-I-6/IVSII-1 and IVS-I-6/IVS-I-6 compounds [3] . This is not surprising because the IVS-I-6 mutation is common in the Mediterranean area, but the mechanism by which it is responsible for causing EMH remains unclear. It could be argued that patients carrying IVS-I-6, a β-positive allele, have a milder phenotype, so they have less transfusion requirements, and this could lead to EMH. Thus, it could be concluded that the patients regularly undergoing transfusions who develop EMH do not have TM, but actually have transfusion-dependent TI (TDTI). However, the terms TM and TI lack specific molecular correlates, and, apart from a few cases, if we look at both the age at Conventionally, extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH) is defined as a non-neoplastic proliferation of haematopoietic tissue outside the bone marrow, and it is frequently diagnosed in patients with thalassaemia intermedia (TI), recently redefined as non-transfusion-dependent thalassaemia (NTDT). EMH commonly affects paraspinal sites, particularly in the thoracic region, but any location in the body may be involved. The growth of a mass inside the spinal canal may lead to compression of the spinal cord; such an event may be disabling and requires specific interventions. The NTDT guidelines have proposed an algorithm for the management of spinalcord compression [1] . Apart from this instance, EMH is considered a rare and incidental finding, particularly among patients with thalassaemia major (TM), in whom its prevalence has been estimated at <1% [1] . Nevertheless, 2 recent Italian papers highlighted that EMH could be detected more frequently among patients who regularly undergo transfusion [2, 3] ; cases with spinal-cord compression were also described [3, 4] . In a retrospective study, EMH was detected incidentally because most of the patients underwent computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning for a variety of clinical indications [3] . In the MIOT (Myocardial Iron Overload ThalassaeReceived: February 15, 2017 Accepted: February 16, 2017 Published online: April 12, 2017


The objective of this study is to analyze a changing process of the illustrations in the unit "Cells" of 20 highschool biology textbooks, thus grasping a curricular change in biology education and raising awareness of the illustrations for prospective biology teachers to effectively use the illustrations in the textbooks as a reference to associate them with educational contents in biology. The analysis of the illustrations, in line with a curricular change in biology education, is divided as follows : uses of illustrations, functions of illustrations, need for reference to illustrations, and constructions of illustrations. First, regardless of the curricular change, considering the contents of the unit "Cells" the use of the illustrations which require students to have scientific background knowledge in understanding them has a higher frequency, while the illustrations for motivation emerged in the "4th High School Curriculum(1981)", and those which provide a guide to experiments and a result of the experiments have the lowest frequency. Second, until now the illustrations with "illustrative" functions tend to have a relative high frequency across the curriculums, as apparently it is necessary to graphically explain the names of cell organelle, whereas it was not until the "7th High School Curriculum" that the illustrations with "inquisitive" functions emerged, with a lower frequency. Third, the illustrations of reference have a tendency to increase, helping with connecting the contents of the textbook with them. Finally, the "single illustration" has the highest frequency in the "2009 Revision Curriculum", partly because it is thought to be highly needed for either guiding inquiry or explaining the names of cell organelle. In contrast, the "multi-illustrations", especially "partial enlargement" illustrations, have the lowest frequency due in part to very few concepts in the unit "Cells" which need these illustrations.


This paper asks why causal asymmetries should give rise to explanatory asymmetries. One way to give some rationale for the asymmetries of causal explanation is to adopt a pragmatic view of explanation and to stress the fact that causes can be used to manipulate their effects. This paper argues, however, that when one recognizes that causal asymmetry is fundamentally an asymmetry of "connectedness", one can see how causal asymmetry leads to an objective difference between explanations in terms of causes and explanations in terms of effects. The pragmatic differences are subsidiary.


Ergonomists often complaint that stakeholders do not pay enough attention to ergonomics. With a limited resource, an ergonomics practice tends to be regarded as a cost factor, and is likely to be less attended. There are many examples in which ergonomics play critical roles thereby contributing to making more profit or to reducing cost. However, whether or not they are accomplished depends largely on the understanding of stakeholders. Recently, ISO/TC159 drafted ISO27500, which specifies recommendations for stakeholders. It is expected that this standard will provide a new arena for implementing good ergonomics.


The article is devoted to the settlement agreement concluded as a result of the use of a new judicial conciliation procedure — judicial conciliation. In comparison with the traditional settlement agreement, the features of the legal nature, subjects, procedure for concluding and approving a settlement agreement, which is the result of judicial reconciliation, are studied. Gaps in the legal regulation of this institution are identified, proposals for its further improvement are formulated.


Abstract : A package of FORTRAN subroutines is presented for the solution of non-symmetric or symmetric sparse linear systems by triangular decomposition. Two principle aims are (1) to handle matrices which originally fit into primary core storage but do so no longer after decomposition, and (2) to solve a sequence of linear systems all of which have the same sparsity structure by generating--in secondary storage--a record of the decomposition process in the form of an integer array. Some experimental results using the package are included.


. A classical result of A. Connes asserts that the Frechet algebra of smooth functions on a smooth compact manifold X provides, by a purely algebraic procedure, the de Rham cohomology of X . Namely the procedure uses Hochschild and cyclic homology of this algebra. In the situation of a Thom-Mather stratified variety, we construct a Frechet algebra of functions on the regular part and a module of poles along the singular part. We associate to these objects a complex of differential forms and an Hochschild complex, on the regular part, both with poles along the singular part. The de Rham cohomology of the first complex and the cylic homology of the second one are related to the intersection homology of the variety, the corresponding perversity is determined by the orders of poles. The detailed proofs of the results will appear in a forthcoming publication. The first author thanks the organizers of the Terry Wall's 60th birthday meeting in Liverpool for the invitation to give a lecture during the conference.


Female Disc Jockey becomes a phenomenon that thriving nowadays. Female Disc Jockey comes from different circle such student and even housewife. Until now the phenomenon of Female Disc Jockey is getting more develop marked by increasing the number of their performance on many event such night club in Pekanbaru. On their performance they often wearing sexy clothes. Meanwhile their work place is close to some kind of negative such alcohol, drugs, freesex and led to a negative stigma from many people. This research aims to find out motives, meaning, and communication experiences of Female Disc jockey In Pekanbaru. This study uses qualitative research with phenomenological approach. The subject of this research is consist of five Female Disc Jockeys in Pekanbaru who has been chosen using the snowball technique. This study used data collection techniques observation, depth interviews, and documentation. To achieve the validity of the data, researcher used the extension of participation, triangulation, and adequacy of reference. The results showed first, the motive of Female Disc Jockey in Pekanbaru consists of Because motive that is hobby, trend, intercourse milieu, and fad. While in order to motive which is popularity, recognized by citizen, and parent support. The second, meanings given by Female Disc Jockey is as an experience, fun job, and way of life. The third, communication experience categorized into two, pleasant communication experience in form of support and acceptance of family, sense of comfort toward work environment of Disc Jockey, and support and aceptance from the surrounding environment. And unpleasant communication experience form are prevention or risistance from family, harassment and sense of uncomfort toward activities on work environment of Disc Jockey, and insults, bad perspective, and also unfriendly aceptance from the surrounding environment such intercourse milieu, social networking sites and neighborhood. Key Words: Communication Phenomenon, Female Disc Jockey, Phenomenology, Symbolic Interaction


Christian Identity and Dalit Religion in Hindu India, 1868-1947 By Chad M. Bauman Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 2008. mi, 276 pp., paper: $40.00 Reviewed by Roger E. Hedlund Bauman's Christian Identity and Dulit Religion in Hindu India 1868-1947 is a timely publication that will be of great interest to supporters of a free and democratic India as opposed to the Hindutvu goal of a totalitarian religious state. Reconstruction of the background, origin, and development of the Satnami sect in Chhattisgarh is a story filled with ambiguities and apparent contradictions. Bauman traverses the field well, bringing light into darkness and setting the crooked straight. For example: the life of Guru Ghasidas, founder of the Satnami sect (Satnampanth), has at least two renditions. The oral tradition perpetuated by Ghasidas' followers differs at several key points from that of the Satnami Christians. The "received' tradition has it that "Ghasidas instructed his followers to abandon their idol worship and to believe only in Satnam" and to quit their traditional defiling occupations (44). Satnami Christians embellished the tradition to include Christian elements that portrayed Ghasidas as a prophet whose teaching finds fulfillment in Christianity. The anticipated conversion of the entire Satnami community proved elusive, and the analogy capable of contrary readings. The Satnamis for the most part did not convert. What did happen was that Satnami Christians "reconfigured the Satnami past in order to portray conversion to Christianity as the culmination of a process begun by Guru Ghasidas" (230) and also to forge a new higher caste identity for the community. "The community did not simply accept Christianity as it was presented to them, but rather, consciously or unconsciously, extracted from the encounter with western Christians those things that best helped them respond to the physical, spiritual, and social exigencies of their time and place" (228). The name of Donald McGavran appears a number of times in Bauman's account. McGavran was a missionary of the Disciples of Christ in Chhattisgarh engaged in mission among the Satnamis that would have included relief work during famines and other forms of advocacy.


The death of King William Rufus while hunting in August 1100 is often acknowledged as a fitting end for an unpopular and ineffective monarch, based largely on descriptions of the event in several twelfth-century texts. While it will never be possible to arrive at a definitive explanation of what happened, near-contemporary representations of the king's behaviour and death reveal much about perceptions and expectations of medieval kingship. By examining varying descriptions of the king's laughter – sometimes cynical and manipulative, sometimes generous and inclusive – and the corresponding portrayals of the extent of his subjects' grief at their monarch's passing, it is possible to reconstruct the outlines of a debate over appropriate emotional performance and its contribution to successful – or unsuccessful – rulership. The very positive depiction of Rufus's emotional regime in Gaimar's Estoire des Engleis sits in stark contrast to the more negative mainstream view, represented especially in the Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis.


Wire bonding is one of the most important technologies for chip interconnection in microelectronic packaging,and currently copper ultrasonic bonding attracts more attention.A finite element model of dynamic process of ultrasonic wedge bonding was established including the Cu wire,the wedge tool,the pad and the Si chip by a commercial finite element code,ANSYS software.The change of the stress field of the wedge bond at the impact stage and the ultrasonic-applied stage was simulated by the non-linear method.The stepping up of the value of plastic-deformation when ultrasonic was applied was discussed.And the change of stress and strain in the bonding structure when the ultrasonic power is changed was analyzed.


Given the existence of different databases from different sources that offer information on forward electricity prices, the need to compare them arises to guarantee that research results and trading decisions based on them are not sensitive to the database used. We worked with forward electricity prices traded over the counter, closest month to maturity, covering the period from 2010 to 2016 for the Spanish over the counter (OTC) market, and from 2008 to 2016 for the German OTC market. The goal of this paper was to test whether there were significant discrepancies between the price series provided by two of the main agencies of financial information (Thomson Reuters and Bloomberg), as well as to analyze the existence of causality relationships between them, both in the long-term and in the short-term. As a first step, we obtained the data availability and the distributional characteristics of each of the price series offered by the mentioned financial information providers for the Spanish and the German electricity OTC market. Then we studied the lead-lag relationship between two price series, previously chosen as representative of those provided by Thomson Reuters and Bloomberg, to ascertain if there are any leading databases that may systematically anticipate information with respect to the others.


Sink Scheduling, in the form of scheduling multiple sinks among sink sites to leverage traffic burden, is an effective mechanism for the energy-efficiency of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Due to the inherent difficulty (NP-hard in general), existing works on this topic mainly focus on heuristic/greedy algorithms and theoretic results remain unknown. In this paper, we fill in the research blank with two algorithms. The first one is based on the Column Generation (CG). It decomposes the original problem into two sub problems and solve them iteratively to approach the optimal solution. However, due to its high computational complexity, this algorithm is only suitable for small scale networks. The other one is a polynomial-time algorithm based on relaxation techniques to obtain an upperbound, which can serve as a performance benchmark for other algorithms on this problem. Through comprehensive simulations, we evaluate the efficiency of proposed algorithms.


Tenacity: The notable drive of the study was to regulate the relationship amongst supply chain management practices and performance of tea processing firms in North Rift Region, Kenya. The specific objective were: factory systems, factory proximity, factory production and transport scheduling respectively. This study was anchored to different theories: The study used descriptive research design, where equally qualitative and quantitative research was functional.


The teaching mode of tutor's workshop system of visual transmission design,the old teaching mode,the characteristics of the tutor's teaching mode,and the management of teaching organization were studied and analyzed from the reality of the higher art education.It was concluded that establishment of tutor's workshop system of visual transmission design will become a necessary tendency in the 21 century art education development.


Traditionally, quality and maintenance functions in industries were viewed as just a support function of a business. Improving quality of product being produced was not even cared and managing equipment performance was not a top priority. The inadequacies of the quality as well as maintenance practices in the past have adversely affected organisational competitiveness. The present research is aimed at developing an insight into the prevalent quality maintenance practices adopted in the contemporary Indian manufacturing industry. As the leading Indian manufacturing organisations have taken proactive initiatives to effectively improve the manufacturing by transfusing various lean manufacturing philosophies like TQM, TPM, 5S, Six Sigma, etc. for realising enhanced manufacturing performance. The study reveals that Indian entrepreneurs have been reasonably successful in improving the business performances in the organisations by implementing combination of TQM and TPM, as TQM support to TPM is much effective and this improvement initiative have significantly contributed towards enhancing the overall manufacturing performance.


The paper introduces a new disposing method of commissural duct during container fabricating,and presents developed views with the aid of computer.That method has priority of swiftness and trustworthness.


This paper reports on a study of the extremely strong linkage between human genetic technology (HGT), as represented by patents in the field of human molecular and cell technology, and the underlying research science base, a represented by the references cited on these patents. The study procedures provide a useful demonstration for tracking how specific funding agencies' support for fundamental research wends its my into the intellectual property system, and leads to the development of economically and industrially important technologies. Specifically, a set of 1105 US patents in the field of human molecular and cell technology grantd batween 1988 and 1992 was identified, and the references cited on the front page of these patent traced through to the specific cited research papers and patents. The study used a novel scheave to classify the patents, and to capture the links between patents and papers, including the nationality If the, patent inventors, and the institutional origin and funding acknowledge...


This research intends to find out about the existence and policies of a new phenomenon of human resource management, "workplace romance" in North Cyprus by comparing with the worldwide practices. Qualitative and quantitative data were used among 160 employees at front-line departments in 5 star hotels, and in-depth interviews were conducted with four directors of human resources departments of a 5 star hotel to find and assess the significance of the nature of workplace romances through addressing the existing situation and trend in the hospitality industry in North Cyprus. The researchers also highlighted the availability and need for the human resource (HR) policies regarding workplace romances from the sample studies. The findings of this study lead to the statement that there is a different perception from HR managers and employees towards workplace romances in the North Cyprus hospitality industry (among the 5 star hotels). In addition, managerial policies and actions are very limited in viewing workplace romances in North Cyprus. Essentially, the results show that HR managers acted with indifference on the subject of interfering or managing the balance of workplace romances, suggesting that this specific part of the job is the function of the distinctive department; in particular, the department manager considers and perceives such cases as personal disputes and a private matter.


In early 1964, a new research team coalesced at The Rockefeller University, including the late Vincent P. Dole, the late Marie Nyswander, and this author, with the goal of developing an effective treatment for heroin addiction. This team conceptualized and formed a working hypothesis which represented a paradigm shift in the concepts then accepted with respect to the nature of addictive diseases, specifically that specific addictions are diseases, diseases of the brain, with behavioral manifestations including drug hunger, drug seeking, and drug taking, and that addictive diseases are not simply due to some personality disorder or criminal behavior. The pioneering work of this team during the first six months of 1964 conducted all of the basic clinical research studies and initiated the prospective studies on safety and efficacy which formed the basis of the first effective chronic pharmacotherapy for any addiction, specifically methadone maintenance treatment for heroin addiction. Subsequent work supported another working hypothesis of that group, that methadone was not only orally effective, but in humans had very long-acting properties; as hypothesized, such a long-acting pharmacotherapeutic agent not only reduced and eliminated drug hunger and drug craving, and thus drug seeking and drug taking, but also allowed the normalization of physiological functions disrupted through constant intermittent bombardment of the short-acting opioid agonist, in this case primarily heroin, on what was to be later definitely defined as the mu opioid receptor and its signal transduction systems. Further, as hypothesized over the ensuing years, it was shown that steady-dose methadone maintenance treatment (and presumably treatment with other long-acting opioid agonists or partial agonists such as l-alpha-acetylmethadol and buprenorphine) allows normalization of physiological functions disrupted by the constant "on-off" bombardment of the short-acting opiate heroin. Further work by our laboratory and many others has been focused on the effects of drugs of abuse on the molecular biology, proteomics and neurochemistry of the brain, as well as resultant integrated neurobiology and behaviors. Other work by our laboratory and others have focused on the contributions of environmental factors, and specifically those of atypical responsivity to stress and stressors, with either stress responsivity altered by chronic exposure to the short-acting drugs of abuse or, alternatively, present on a genetic basis. Finally, our laboratory and now others are focused on the human molecular genetics of addiction. It has been defined that three domains of factors contribute to increased vulnerability to develop an addiction: genetic factors, which play a substantial role (30–60%) in the potential to develop an addiction; environmental factors, including such diverse contributors as perinatal and neonatal effects of early childhood development, set and setting, along with comorbidity with various psychiatric and medical disorders and stress responsivity; and finally the predictable effects of drugs of abuse on the brain. Reward modulation and countermodulation of reward and their role in specific addictions is also briefly summarized in this introduction to addictive disorders and the implications for pharmacotherapies, both current pharmacotherapies and those which will hopefully be developed in the future.

Keywords:

addiction;
phamacotherapuetic intervention;
modulators;
reward;
modulation;
countermodulation of reward


Application design is part of a process to produce a prototype or multimedia product by integrating several multimedia elements, including text, graphics, audio, video and animation. In the process, it involves some of the important features of Human Computer Interaction (HCI). This study aimed to identify appropriate application designs and evaluate the quality of the prototype which is a tool for teaching special education students. In this study was conducted a summative test of prototypes to see the effectiveness of application design taking into the characteristics of human and computer interaction. Results showed the application excellent in the quality of the application and management. In terms of the pedagogy strategies and integration of multimedia elements showed is good and accepted to proceed as a tool in teaching and learning. In the conclusion, the design of teaching and learning tool should follow that criteria for giving the impact to the students. Keyword : Human computer interaction, prototype design, mobile application, special education, teaching and learning tool.


for plants as well as supplying moisture, air, and nutrients to the roots. Soil fertility and plant nutrition are very important components of the crop production scenario, but the basic principles of soil fertility and plant nutrient management are often taken for granted and sometimes totally ignored by growers. This uninformed perspective ultimately may cost the farmer many extra dollars in suboptimal yields and reduced fertilizer efficiency. Improperly managed nutrients also may create environmental problems if they are allowed to contaminate surface and ground waters.


The article attempts to evaluate the changes that have taken place at industrial enterprises in 2000. The paper sets forth the findings of two surveys of industrial enterprises top managers carried out by VCIOM in June and November 2000 within the framework of labor sphere monitoring. The data received give ground to contend that the changes for the better in financial and economical situation of enterprises that took place in 2000 allowed, judging by the estimations of their top managers, to make less dramatic many important problems on the solving of which their economical development and thereby the development of the whole industry depends. These are significant reduction of debts in wages delivery, renovation of equipment and production space that are the most important factors of further improvement of economical indices in enterprises activity. But this improvement is not yet enough for modernization of the main factors of production. From our point of view, however, the principal change for the better consists in radical changing of top managers orientations in their activity: from the tactics of survival they move to the strategy of active adaptation to market relations in economy.


Abstract The influence of the proximity to an interface on the thermal conduction in nematic p-anisylidene p-aminophenylacetate (APAPA) is analyzed using the experimental data on the thermal conductivity. The ordering influence of the interface extends to a distance of 143.3μ which is considerably greater than values previously obtained for PAA.


The purpose of this study is to examine whether the Jordanian Industrial Companies have engaged in earningsmanagement or not. The final sample of companies to be included was based on those companies that wereidentified across Amman Stock Exchange that are constantly report their earnings information due in regularbasis to be public-traded for the years (2005–2012), regarding operating income, cash flow, revenues, accountsreceivable, and assets is examined using the Modified Jones Model (1991) to separate discretionary andnon-discretionary accruals. The results of the data analysis indicate that the industrial companies are engaging insome earnings management as indicated by the statistical significance of the variables in the Modified JonesModel. Also; the results show that total accruals, revenues, and fixed assets were significant predictors ofdiscretionary accruals. Implications of the results and recommendations for academics and practitioners areprovided.


Objective To investigate whether the domestic-made and imported sirolimus eluting stents have similar efficacy in Chinese patients with diabetes.Methods A total of 70 diabetic patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with Cypher(imported group;35 patients,78 lesions) or Firebird(domestic-made group;35 patients,66 lesions) stents were enrolled.Angiographic and clini-cal outcomes at 6 months were evaluated.Results On the 6th months,the imported group showed less late loss and restenosis percentage than those in the domestic-made group(P0.01),which are statistic significant.There was no significant difference for clinical outcomes including cardiac death,AMI,TLR,TVR between the two groups(P0.05).There was no incidence of stent thrombosis throughout the follow-up period.Conclusion Although up to 6 months,Cypher sirolimus eluting stent had some angiograph-ic benefits compared with the Firebird Sirolimus eluting stent,these were not translated into better clin-ical outcomes in diabetic patients.Follow-up to this study population in long term will be needed for the final conclusion.


A quartz tube is propelled horizontally along a quartz track by the stick‐slip inertial slider method, activated by the longitudinal mode of a piezoelectric tube mounted inside the quartz tube. Two‐dimensional motion is achieved by rotation of the quartz tube, activated by the bending mode of the piezo. With a sample attached to the quartz tube, the device is an excellent replacement for the electrostatic‐clamp type of walker used as the coarse approach mechanism in scanning probe microscopes (SPMs). Alternatively, by attaching the tip (or sample) to the piezo tube, the device can function as a very simple SPM in which the same piezo tube is used for coarse approach and for scanning. The device performs reliably in air and high vacuum, and is ultrahigh vacuum compatible. Step sizes from 10 to 1000 nm, and speeds up to 0.2 mm/s are possible.


Some of the problems associated with the precise evaluation of left ventricular volumes from angiographic images are due to the magnification and distortion of the pictures obtained from X‐ray equipment. Magnification errors can be evaluated easily but the distortion (due to pincushion effect) are more difficult to measure. A mathematical method is proposed for a complete point‐by‐point correction of errors due to magnification and X‐ray distortion. This method is applicable to most currently used angiographic equipment. Since more and more angiographic images are processed with local or remote digital computers, the applicability of the proposed technique becomes realistic. Results from this study show that a 5–30% overestimation of usual geometric ventricular parameters is encountered if no correction is made for distortion. End‐diastolic measurements are more affected than end‐systolic ones because of the greater degree of spherical distortion at the periphery of the picture area.


In the title compound, C14H12ClNO3S, the N—H bond in the C—SO2—NH—C(O) segment is anti to the C=O bond. Further, the C=O bond and the meta-Cl atom in the benzoyl ring are also anti to each other. The dihedral angle between the sulfonyl and the benzoyl benzene rings is 72.4 (1)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers.


The present social and environmental contexts are very importantly governed by the interplay of crafts, fashion, and sustainability. Their efficient combination contributes to employment generation and the creation of new economic avenues for the country. This is the key focus issue that research studies should attempt to achieve. There is a need to understand "craft", with a perspective that exerts strength, glory, social and cultural connections. In present times, "Kalamkari" is an extremely popular Indian traditional textile craft in which, patterns are drawn with bamboo sticks called "kalam" on cotton fabric. This is a derivative of patterning the fabric with resist and mordant painting and then natural dyeing to pattern them. In relation to this painting tradition, the word "Chintz," is a popular terminology from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the world of textiles. The term according to the researcher is referred to a textile, as well as a technique, involving the mordant and resist painting with natural dyes on cotton fabrics only. This textile, with its awestruck designs, revolutionized global trade and made India popular globally. During that period, the Chintz were exported to various countries like Japan, Thailand, Africa, and most importantly to European countries. The Indian Chintz export to European countries reached immense popularity, revolutionizing the "Chintz Craze" with drastically increased demand. During the industrial revolution in Europe, these beautiful hand-crafted textiles created a threat to the European textile Industry. Hence the chintz export from India was banned, which led to the downfall in their demand and the gradual extinction of these textiles along with the meticulously perfected techniques involved in making them. In 1958, Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay tried to revive this technique (mordant and resist painting with a bamboo pen) and termed it "Kalamkari". This led to the evolution of two different forms related to this ancient craft based on the place it was revived, namely Kalamkari from Sri-Kalahasti and Machilipatnam. This paper is an attempt to retrieve the rich history of the Indian Chintz, with its main characteristic features, technique, and find differences between the present styles with the ancient traditional forms of mordant and resist painting technique with natural dyes. The researcher has made an earnest effort in establishing and retrieving the lost identity of this textile. It was also observed that there is a difference between the traditional style and revived forms (Sri-kalahasti and Machilipatnam) styles with respect to the materials, motifs, colors, and workmanship, as observed from painted pieces that were studied.


Demographic effects and user costs in demand systems have usually been modelled explicitly. A more robust approach is a state space formulation of the demand system, where time-varying intercepts account for the effects of unobservable variables. The author embeds such a system in a vector autoregressive distributed lag model, with a Bayesian hierarchical prior. The model is estimated by a Markov chain Monte Carlo method on samples involving quarterly US and UK data. In the US case, the results are compared with a previously published cointegration analysis of the same data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A Computer Numerical Control (CNC) system for Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design using Proteus Design Suite has been presented. A schematic diagram and single-sided PCB layout of a high voltage circuit for Geiger– Muller (GM) tube is designed using Proteus software. Subsequently, the PCB layout of the circuit is converted into Gerber files that are decoded into G-code through Flat CAM software. The G-code is introduced to the CNC system consisting of a computer, a CNC controller and a CNC machine. The code is stored in the memory of the computer and is uploaded to the CNC controller byMach3 software. The controller operates the CNC machine to perform isolation routing, drilling and milling for PCB as per the instructed design. It is noticed that the CNC system associated with Proteus makes the PCB designing process automated and easier by reducing the process of printing as well as etching. This study reveals that the proposed system can eliminate human error to achieve better accuracy and higher productivity as compared to the conventional methods of PCB design.


A new series of 1,3-pyrimidine derivatives (3a-f) have been synthesized by reacting 2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine with nucleophilic reagents 2-amino-6-fluorobenzothiazole (1) in the presence of acetone. The (4,6- dichloro-pyrimidin-2-yl)-amine (2) so produced was then reacted to two moles of phenylthiourea derivatives to yield title compounds (3a-f). The structural assessment of the compounds (3a-f) was made on the basis of spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro growth inhibiting activity against different strains of bacteria viz., B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus using agar diffusion technique. Compounds 3c and 3f exhibited highest antibacterial activity.


This paper will examine the early period (1905-1911) of Mizue, one of the most long-lasting art magazines in Japan, to argue that during this period with Oshita Tojiro at its helm, Mizue showed and promoted in many ways an alternative view of art to the mainstream. Firstly, at a time when most of the centres of Yoga (western-style) painting were Paris-oriented, Mizue showed striking Anglophilia with many articles on and by artists and writers from Britain. Secondly, the magazine promoted a new and modern way of looking at nature and landscape, where places such as the mountains were more for leisure pursuit by urban population and less for religious or literary contemplation. Finally, Mizue, a magazine on watercolor painting (mizu = water and e = painting), tried to establish watercolor as an independent medium of its own worth. Watercolor painting was already known to early Yoga painters, such as the pupils of Antonio Fontanesi, the first publicly appointed teacher of western-style painting. However, it was oil painting, which was important for the mainstream Yoga painters and therefore watercolor played only a secondary role for them. Mizue with some help also from the Nihonga (Japanese-style) painters campaigned for watercolor and became the bastion of the watercolor movement. Together with Oshita's extraordinary 1901 bestseller Suisaiga no shiori (a guidebook to watercolor painting), Mizue democratized watercolor painting which spread to a new constituency of younger mostly urban generation across Japan.


The use of feed media during protein production is essential to sustain viable cell densities and facilitate high productivity for modern high performing clones. However, the introduction of feed media can also have a significant impact on product quality attributes, such as glycosylation for therapeutic antibodies, which can ultimately impact therapeutic efficacy. For certain antibodies, the absence of fucose on the Nglycan at Asparagine 297 of the Fc domain has been shown to significantly increase binding to the FcgammaRIII receptor on NK cells and results in increased ADCC activity. Here we have incorporated product quality analysis including N-glycan analysis into our product development process for a new CHO feed media. Since ADCC is a critical part of the mechanism of action for our antibody of interest, we monitored the impact of feed media optimization on the N-glycan profile during development. Through optimizations to the feed media, we increased antibody titers by 3-fold compared to batch conditions and 10% compared to a benchmark feed. Whereas the benchmark feed significantly changed overall N-glycan profile compared to batch, optimization of our feed media allowed the overall N-glycan profile to remain similar to the batch. However, the percent fucosylation was similar across these conditions. The ADCC functional activity of these antibodies was then compared using an in vitro reporter assay. Antibody produced using our new feed media maintained the potency (EC50) and efficacy (maximal fold-induction) in ADCC activity compared to batch and the benchmark feed conditions. By monitoring the impact of Nglycosylation on ADCC activity during our feed development process, we were able to ensure that our lead feed media maintained a critical quality attribute while successfully improving antibody titer.


During the determination of the orbit of a non-cooperative satellite in space by using Extended Kalman filter,the robustness of model uncertainty is poor,and may cause divergence of EKF.An orbit determination using suboptimal fading EKF is proposed.Suboptimal fading factor is using to fading the old observation,in order to decrease the truncation error of model and improving the stability and tracking ability.The mathematics simulation results show that the location performance of SFEKF is superior.Compared with the EKF,the SFEKF can obtained a higher accuracy of estimation and more stable.


In this paper, we discuss two kinds of VQ algorithms. One is based on minimizing the total variance and the other is based on minimizing the maximum deviation. The algorithms of the first kind better reflect the overall fit, but may discount large, but highly localized, deviations. Those of the second kind provide absolute distance bounds that are a useful error guarantee, but may be overly sensitive to any noise that might be present in the original models. A new algorithm, combining the two criteria, is presented in this paper. It not only improves the total variance, but also provides a useful maximum error guarantee. The experiments indicate the new quantizer is a better choice in some practical operations.


In order to understand the regularity of mercury emission from coal-fired power plant and influence of conventional pollutant control facility upon the mercury emission control,test and research about mercury emission and its control for boiler of one 300 MW unit have been carried out by using the Ontario-Hydro method(OH method)and the continuous emission monitor method(CEM method).Results of test shows that the mercury emission is mainly in gas state,and there is very little mercury in the bottom slags.The electrostatic precipitaror(EP)has certain control effect,the total mercury ration in flue gas after passing through the EP has been somewhat reduced,the mercury particles have been eliminated 49.2% by the EP.Comparing result of test using CEM method with that of test using OH method,it has been discovered that the test accuracy of two said methods for total mercury in gas state all is better,the measurement deviation of single substance mercury and gas state mercury being not large.


The aim of this paper is to model the deformation occurring in a plate of a composite material (WC Co) during the grinding process. It is shown that, with an increase in the grinding rate, damages can appear in the volume of a plate of the BK6 hard alloy at a depth of more than 1 mm under the processed surface. The results of the numerical simulation correlate with the experimental data obtained earlier for combined electrodiamond processing.


Few organisational theorists would dismiss the impact of information technologies on organisational function. However, the increasing complexity of information systems and their increasing integration with organisational function puts into question the utility of research and theory based on past technologies possessing different characteristics. In particular the increasingly sophisticated nature of Enterprise Wide (EW) systems and their degree of organisational impact warrant further investigation. The paper presented here has two distinct aims. The first is to critically examine the nature of Social Network Theory (SNT) and its ability to help researchers understand the impact of EW systems on organisational function. The second is to put forward a social network model of EW technology acceptance, outlining its theoretical contribution. A number of propositions derived from the model are put forward throughout the paper. The first being that EW technology will have an observable impact on organisational function. Second, that organisational social networks will be altered as a result of the changes. Third, that the established social networks will influence individual behaviour and attitudes to the new system.


Currently monitoring of flammable gas mainly depends on some single function, low sensitivity or expensive detection devices. For this reason, a flammable gas monitoring sensed system based on combining ZigBee technique and WiFi technique solution is introduced in this paper. In the system design CC2530 is used as the master centre processing unit and the star topology is put into use to complete the data collection and transmission solution. By choosing the convenient WiFi chip, the data can be uploaded via WiFi protocol, and used for data statistics or security monitoring or other purposes. The experience shows that the system performance is stable and reliable.


In this paper we propose the more efficient 3 move oracle simulation ZKIP than the scheme that okamoto proposed using the Hamilton circuit problem. The scheme that Okamoto proposed is that the number of bits to be trapdoor committed is 0() but our scheme is that the number of bits to be trapdoor committed is 9(n) because of using the trapdoor coin flipping protocol to generated the verifier's challenge bits. Then, the number of bits communicated in our ZKIP is only 1/ of that of Okamoto. And we propose the efficient message authentication scheme secure against chosen ciphertext attacks, using the proposed scheme.


The primate order began radiating ∼ 55 million years ago and is today represented by more than 300 extant species. These species have adapted to inhabit a vast gradation of environments, consume a broad range of diets, come in a wide spectra of anatomical designs and exhibit myriad social structures. Determining the relationships among these variables, primate health and the taxonomic and functional compositions of their associated microbial ecosystems holds enormous potential to understand the forces shaping or perturbing our own microbiomes, and may offer clues to the evolved relationship between humans and these ecosystems. In addition, it may help to better direct conservation efforts toward the 48% of primates currently endangered. With these goals in mind we have spent the past few years cataloguing and exploring the gastrointestinal and vaginal microbial ecosystems of mostly wild primates. Functionally and compositionally microbiomes show clear delineation between host species and for the GI system between captive and wilds. Habitat quality affects foraging behavior impacting the microbiome with strong ties to host health. Several observations also hint at evolved traits that would benefit the host physiology.


In this paper we discuss an intelligent tutor for elementary Spanish. The system consists of an ideal student model, a model of common student misconceptions, a model of the particular student's knowledge of Spanish, an ATN parser, and a conceptual dependency framework for semantics. It has a collection of short introductory stories which are presented to the user. The system operates by presenting the story, generating questions about the story, parsing the user's reply, analyzing the reply semantically, generating a response, and finally generating a follow-up question. The responses of these questions are parsed and if syntactically correct then checked semantically. However, if there is a syntactic error the system uses the individualized model of the user and the common misconception model to try to understand what the user intended. The particular questions that are chosen are tailored to the user using the model of the Individual user.


It is extremely important to optimize the C2 structure to suit to the information warfare. The proposed networked C2 structure, which is composed of a C2 capacity array and a task array, based on the long chain system in industry, aims to fill the gap. This article lucubrates two typical systems, the long chain system (LCS) and 3-chain system (3CS), to explore how they perform when tasks array with value weight array. By the research we find that the typical networked C2 systems, long chain and 3-chian system, have high flexibility to meet the situation when the combat tasks array has different value weights and have high flexibility to meet the changeable tasks in practical battlefield.


The issues and problems of project management and the lack of inherent responsibility mechanisms in china are deeply analyzed. The industry association′s responsibility mechanisms and it's operating mode related to project management in USA and other countries are introduced. It also discusses how to reform Chinese project management responsibility mechanisms.


after EDTA treatment, indicating thatthis outer membrane component alone isnotthebarrier toactinomycininthese organisms. Thephospholipase A-deficient strain released less alkaline phosphatase, aperiplasmic enzyme. EDTAtreatment ofS15resulted in theaccumulation offreefatty acids, indicative ofphospholipase A activation. Cells briefly treated withEDTA regained thebarrier toactinomycin when incubated ingrowth media, andthecessation oftheaccumulation offree fatty acids wasinapproximate temporal agreement withrestoration ofthebarrier. Cells inwhichphospholipase A wasactivated bybrief exposure toEDTA synthesized relatively morephosphatidylethanolamine thandiduntreated cells


This research aims to promote motor activity in children with autism spectrum disorder through the development of an adapted integrated soccer project played outdoors. The project is carried out in collaboration with the nonprofit "Smile Association" of the city of Frosinone (Lazio-Italy) and the Pegaso and Parthenope Universities. The main purpose of the Smile Association is to provide an educational and sports service in an area poorly provided with opportunities for children with intellectual disabilities, allowing them to change their predominantly sedentary condition and, through corporeality, to improve cognitive, affective, and relational processes. Participation in sports activities allows for the development of motor skills, social interactions, and cognitive stimulation. There is a need for available resources and programs dedicated exclusively to children with ASD to help them develop social, motor, and cognitive skills. One of the programs that might be helpful is a structured group play program involving physical activity. In addition, through the project, a dense social network has been activated between the third sector, sports companies, and local health authorities. The project aims to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda in Articles 3, 4, and 11. This paper describes the correlation between learning and motor activity. According to the hypotheses of this research, integrated soccer activity implements cognitive skills, particularly those related to memory for visual stimuli and to the theory of mind, as well as sense-motor skills. Work carried out to improve attentional skills can reduce stereotypical behaviours. The results showed that continuous and regular engagement in motor activities has positive health outcomes for children with autism in terms of reduced symptomatology and improved quality of life. A total of 108 statistical units (the control group consisted of 18 statistical units, and the sample comprised 90 participants) aged 8 to 11 years were examined. The project is aimed at girls (in compliance with Art. 5 regarding gender equality); however, the participants identified by the local health authority are predominantly male.


AIMS
To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) values in children between the ages of 6 and 14 years.

METHODS
Data were collected from 1,439 children during public health screening. Each child was classified on the basis of age- and sex-specific BMI percentile as non-obese or obese (BMI >95th percentile). PEF and BMI were compared among age-sex-BMI percentile groups.

RESULTS
PEF values were lower in obese children than in non-obese children. There were also significant differences between girls and boys.

CONCLUSIONS
The association of higher BMI with lower PEF may indicate that obesity is an important risk factor for reduced airflow or lung function in children. These findings emphasise the importance of the prevention of obesity in children and adolescents in order to avoid possible future respiratory problems.


Objective To establish an accurate method for dissolution test of cyproterone acetate tablets. Methods The dissolution was determined with HPLC by using 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid as solvent, due to the instability of ethinylestradiol in 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, the correction and neutralization were needed for dissolution test. Results Chromatographs were obtained with six replicate injections of standard preparation. The relative standard deviation(RSD)of cyproterone acetate was 0.4% and ethinylestradiol was 1.5%. Linear concentration range of cyproterone acetate was 0.2831~2.8305 μg/mL, ethinylestradiol was 0.005134~0.051342 μg/mL. The average recovery of cyproterone acetate was 100.3%,ethinylestradiol was 99.7%,with RSD 0.7% and 3.5% respectively. Conclusion The method is simple and accurate.


The present article surveys some relevant developments of conceptualizations of hell in the Rg-Veda, the Avestan corpus and the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) literature of the Zoroastrians, where hell is more extensively discussed. The article concludes by looking at the belief in heaven and hell among the world-wide Zoroastrian diaspora communities, urban laity in Mumbai, and professional priests in Westen India.


The produce of the fields and the increase of the herds, symbolically represented in bottom row, are presented at a religious festival to the deity under whose aegis they will be stored in the temple precinct. The deity in question is again Innin (Inanna). Whether the female figure is her or her sacerdotal representative is uncertain, as we do not yet know if deities were depicted anthropomorphically in Early Sumerian times - and if they were, how they were represented. A crown with bulls' horns, later the characteristic of divinity, is first documented in early dynastic times. Headdress damaged so can't be recognised here. What is left of procession leader identifies him as "man in net-skirt". A little servant carries his broad belt like a train. Numerous vessels including two big jars full of produce & zoomorphic vases are in treasure-house. Two Dinka sheep carry podia with statues (?) on their backs, statue on left with EN (Lord) on both hands


A focused approach to male reproductive health through the development of specialized male health clinics represents a viable strategy for addressing issues such as prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Physicians affiliated with student health centers at San Francisco (California) State University and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University presented information on planning and operating such services at the 1998 meeting of the American College Health Association. A needs assessment survey can identify the particular health interests of the male population. The San Francisco clinic, in operation since 1996, addresses issues such as immunizations; screenings for STDs, cholesterol, and tuberculosis; testicular cancer self-examination; vision testing; and fitness evaluations for sports activities. The men's clinic is open 2 half-days per week and patient visits last an average of 1.5 hours. An evaluation survey indicated that 45% of students who used the men's health clinic returned up to 5 times and all respondents felt the service addressed their major health concerns. At Virginia Tech, where the first such clinic is about to open, a well-attended men's growth group has been offered through the school's counseling center for the past three semesters. In preparation for the clinic's opening, banners and fliers have been developed with the goal of recruiting at least 50 students in the first semester and a men's clinic package that includes information on STDs and other topics is available.


Objectives: This paper will review the central nervous control of the lower urinary tract. Methods: Neuroanatomical, electrophysiological and pharmacological tech


To enhance the performance of cognitive engine(CE) and to better realize the intelligent parameters adjusting in cognitive radio(CR) system,a hybrid cognitive engine(HCE) is designed by using multiple artificial intelligent methods synthetically for reasoning,learning,optimization,decision,and so on.Classical CE models and artificial intelligence for CE are analysed.The HCE function architecture block diagram is created,and the working mechanism and technology characteristics of HCE are discussed.The analysis shows that HCE has strong agility and robustness.


Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) represents a novel treatment for oropharyngeal cancer and obstructive sleep apnea. Appropriate patient selection is crucial. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether anatomic biometric measures are useful to determine the feasibility of performing TORS.


In the digital age, information technology wields immense power to disseminate an unprecedented amount of information and knowledge inexpensively and ubiquitously. Information technology is no longer a luxury, but a development tool and a crucial means of information and knowledge exchange in the digital age. Therefore, people in the developing countries are offered unprecedented opportunities to acquire knowledge and enhance their educational systems. By using distance-learning technologies, research databases, or online digital libraries, it is estimated that researchers or students in developing countries would be enabled to get access to virtually the same electronic journals, books, and databases as their counterparts at the world's leading educational institutions. Hence, the universal realization of the right to development, the right to education, and the right to freedom of expression, enshrined in the major international and regional instruments for the protection of human rights, will be significantly reinforced in the digital age. Due to the widening digital divide and ever-expanding protection of copyright, however, this article argues that, contrary to optimistic predictions, people in the less developed countries are unlikely to become the beneficiaries of the information technology revolution.


Teamwork is considered a fundamental element of organizational success in the 1990s. Presents a method of evaluating the effectiveness of an outdoor workshop as a tool to speed the development of study groups (called learning teams) in an MBA programme. Two three‐day residential outdoor workshops are evaluated that were conducted with two different MBA classes over consecutive years. The results presented indicate that such workshops can accelerate the development of teams. In addition, the evaluation methodology used is suggested as a significant contribution to the currently poor standard of measurement applied to such activities.


The invention provides an organic electroluminescence compound containing a quinoxaline perssad. The compound has the good thermal stability, high luminous efficiency and high luminous purity, can be used for manufacturing an organic electroluminescence device and is applied to the field of organic solar cells, organic film transistors or organic photoreceptors. The invention further provides the organic electroluminescence device. The organic electroluminescence device comprises an anode, a cathode and an organic layer. The organic layer comprises one or more of a luminous layer, a hole injection layer, a hole transfer layer, a hole barrier layer, an electron injection layer and an electron transfer layer. At least one organic layer comprises the compound shown in the structural formula I in the specification.


The Internet of Things is responsible for the production of an enormous volume of data. The data that is gathered by healthcare actuators and sensors may be safely stored on the internet and analyzed by a computer network located at a distance. Following then, the results might be delivered to the customer by some kind of digital transmission. Some of the mobile diabetes instruments that are part of the The Internet of Things include glucose levels monitoring, insulin pumps, glucose level monitors, and closed environments. Some examples of these devices are diabetic pens and closed environments. When it comes to storing and analyzing data, the conventional cloud-based method is having trouble keeping up with the volume of data that is being produced. As a result, more and more processing is starting to move to the periphery of network systems, which is closer to the gadgets that are actually creating the data. These are the aims of cloud environment and advanced analytics, two models for the management of data. Trying to offload data into the cloud, analyzing it near to the patients, and transferring findings machine or device in seconds or tenths of a second: these are the objectives of fog computing and edge computing. With the help of cloud environment (which utilizes localized nodes) and cloud technologies, it is possible for sensory data to be analyzed in close proximity to the physical detection and actuation hardware (within the sensing devices). Among the benefits that fog technology and clouds technology provide over cloud computing include a faster rate of data transmission, less dependence on restricted bandwidths, better privacy and security, and more controls placed above a white information generated in other countries where laws may very well prohibit usage or authorize unneeded governmental and governmental accessibility, and reduced costs as a result of more camera data being utilized locally and less data being transported remote. Individuals who are diabetic require their networked diabetic equipment almost to entirely use fog processing or cloud services instead of using the cloud. This is because the time-sensitive aspect of sensing element makes public cloud impossible to use.


This paper discusses the educators' self-efficacy in adopting the Flipped Learning approach in teaching and learning. This paper provides insight into educators' self-efficacy in implementing Flipped Learning, the importance of self-efficacy, factors influencing self-efficacy and efforts that can be made to increase educators' self-efficacy in implementing the Flipped Learning approach. The main methodology of this study is a literature review which found several aspects relevant to educators' efficacy. The study observed that educators' intention to adopt Flipped Learning is based on the need to ensure the teaching and learning process optimally affect students' achievement.


Fundamental component estimation, including its phase and amplitude information along with instantaneous fundamental symmetrical components, is of great importance for grid connected power electronics converters control, namely in power conditioning applications such as Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVRs) and Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs). Several methods have been proposed to estimate these parameters recently, particularly digital ones. The developments of new and more efficient microprocessor-based relays and supervising and monitoring systems have given support to those estimation methods. In this paper, an adaptive FIR filter based method for fundamental component estimation is used as support for a new proposed method. It enables fundamental component phasor, frequency and instantaneous fundamental symmetrical components estimation based on the grid voltage fundamental component. The method is tested under typical grid perturbations and is compared with two high performance alternative methods through objective and quantitative criteria.


Tempers flared and tensions surfaced as five Notre Dame faculty m em bers and roughly 130 audience members met to debate affirmative action in the Jordan A uditorium M onday night. In an atmosphere that ranged from collaborative to com bat ive, a panel comprised of assis tant professor of political sc i ence Alvin Tillery, director of a d m iss io n s Dan S a ra c in o , director of Institutional Equity Rhonda Brown, associate direc tor of the A frican A m erican Stud ies D epartm ent Richard Pierce and Louis Crisostomo, a second-year law student and the p r e s id e n t of th e N otre Dame Federalist Society, was asked to defend their views on affirmative action and then to address questions and audience com m entary that often boiled over into controversial territo ry. Saracino articu la ted Notre D am e's cen tra l argum ent in favor of affirmative action, say ing that the University's current h o m o g en eity con trad icts its mission. "This p lace does not a ccu  rately represent the world or the United S ta te s ," Saracino said. "Ninety percent white is not providing an education for the leaders of tomorrow." He added that sin ce racial c la sh e s have dom inated the affirm ative action discussion, oth er "p r e fe r r ed " ap p lican t groups such as legacies and the children of University donors are often overlooked. "If y o u 're b lack w alk in g across cam pus, people au to m a tica lly th ink y o u 're h ere because of affirmative action. Part of me wants to require all of the other special admits to wear a sign on their backs that says [my parent is a] 'faculty


The paper presents the outcomes of the International Interdepartmental Science and Practice Seminar «Current Issues in Continuing Professional Education in Forensic Science» hosted by the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Russian Ministry of Justice in Moscow on May 22–23, 2018.


The Statue of Liberty,Barbie doll,American Gothic,buffalo and nickel,and Uncle Sam are known as the five cultural
symbols of the United States.Originally,American Gothic is a 76.2x63.5cm oil painting created by Grant Wood who graduated
from Art Institute of Chicago. The painting consists of a house,a farmer and his sister,conveying the author's deep understanding of
Gothic art.However,in the late period,American Gothic gradually became a synonym of a thought,and also represented a group of
people with common characteristics.This thesis mainly analyzes the definition,cultural connotation,existence value and derivatives
of Gothic culture in The United States.