UNLABELLED
Flexor digitorum accessorius longus is an anatomical variant that has previously been shown to be associated with a variety of pathological conditions localized to the posteromedial aspect of the ankle and hindfoot. In particular, this anomalous muscle has been reported to be the cause of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Despite recognition of this muscular anomaly as a cause of foot and ankle pathology, the origin, course, and insertion of flexor digitorum accessorius longus has not been thoroughly illustrated in the anatomical literature. In an effort to accurately detail the anatomy of the flexor digitorum accessorius longus, we undertook a cadaveric dissection and prepared a photographic study of this anomalous skeletal muscle.

LEVEL OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE
5.


Summary The submergence tolerance of four rainfed lowland rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars was evaluated after submergence in a natural water pond for different submergence durations (0, 7, 11, and 15 days). Complete submergence of plants induced elongation and accumulation of volatile aldehydes at different rates in the cultivars studied. Total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) and starch content, on the other hand, decreased during submergence. Plant survival recorded after 10 d of desubmergence showed large cultivar differences. Plant elongation during submergence has been found to be negatively correlated with survival (r = -0.77), emphasizing the importance of reduced elongation growth during submergence. Higher amounts of starch and total soluble carbohydrate (TSC), before and at the end of submergence period, greatly improved the survival during submergence and recovery growth after desubmergence. Aldehyde content was measured in the shoots as an indicator of the shift in metabolic activity from aerobic respiration to anaerobic fermentation, which differed in tolerant and intolerant cultivars. Intolerant cultivars invariably produced more aldehydes than tolerant ones. Aldehyde production rate was negatively correlated with plant survival, suggesting that plants utilizing excess energy reserve during submergence stress suffered the most, resulting in poor survival. Our results suggest that greater elongation growth during submergence has pronounced adverse effects on rice plant survival during submergence, and that higher initial carbohydrate (soluble sugar and starch) enable rice plants to sustain submergence stress and regenerate quickly after desubmergence. These findings are discussed in relation to adaptation traits for submergence tolerance in rainfed lowland rice.


A reply to commentators on 'International English in the global village' (ET58, Apr 99) and further thoughts on a contentious issue


A Regional Climate Model of version 3 (RegCM3) is employed for the study of meteorological parameters in Bangladesh. To adopt the RegCM3 for this region comparison of model outputs with surface observational data is essential. In this connection, this paper represents the comparison of model rainfall with surface observational data of 29 stations throughout the country collected by the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD). RegCM3 is run at 0.54° × 0.54° horizontal grid resolution in two parameterizations: Grell scheme with ArakawaSchubert (GAS) and Fritch-Chappell (GFC) assumptions. GAS run used Lateral Boundary Conditions (LBCs) data for 1995-2000 whereas GFC run used LBC data for 1991, 1994, 1996 and 1999. For the entire rainy season (March-November), model estimates about 101% of the surface rain for GFC option whereas model overestimates in pre-monsoon and underestimates in monsoon periods. The GFC option is found better than the GAS option in estimating rainfall by the model.


By 2015, half of HIV-infected U.S. patients will be older than 50 years of age. As antiretroviral therapy coverage expands globally, the aging of the epidemic will be mirrored in developing countries. Yet the world is unprepared to deal with an aging population with HIV.


Abstract Objective: This paper primarily aimed to review articles which specifically quantified the risk of electronic cigarette's (e-cigarette) usage via the health risk assessment (HRA) approach. Methods: Systematic literature searches were conducted using PubMed search engine databases. Search terms such as "electronic cigarette", "e-cigarette", "electronic nicotine delivery systems", "electronic cigarette liquid", "electronic cigarette vapors", and "health risk assessment" were used to identify the relevant articles to be included in this review. To enable comparison, hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for the chemicals measured in the selected articles were calculated for three of the articles using the formula: [1] HQ=average daily dose (ADD)/reference dose (RfD) or exposure air concentration (EC)/reference concentration (RfC); [2] LCR=lifetime average daily dose (LADD) × cancer slope factor (CSF) or exposure air concentration (EC) × inhalation unit risk (IUR). Results: Four articles pertaining to HRA of e-cigarettes were critically reviewed, three of the papers focused on specific chemicals namely nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, while one article evaluated the health risks posed by heavy metals contained in e-cigarettes. The calculated HQs for the chemicals in this review had large variations. HQs of the six chemicals, i.e. nicotine, PG, glycerol, cadmium, ethylene glycol, nickel, aluminum and titanium, were found to have the potential to contribute to non-carcinogenic health risks. None of the LCR calculated had risks exceeding the acceptable limit. Conclusion: There are limited HRA studies and the ones that were available provided inconsistent scientific evidences on the health risk characterization arising from the usage of e-cigarettes. As such, there is a need to perform more studies on HRA of e-cigarettes by using uniformed and comprehensive steps and similar reference threshold levels of exposures.


Beijing Olympic Forest Park, which occupies about 680hectares, sustains a healthy ecosystem in Beijing by maintaining regional ecological systems and improving urban ecology.


. In this paper, we establish graded T-duality for 2 d σ -models with H -flux after localization. This establishes the most general version of T-duality for Type II String Theory. The graded T-duality map, which we call graded Hori morphism , is compatible with the Jacobi property of the graded fields, that was earlier studied in [16]. Also included are some open problems/conjectures.


Introduction OPEN is a structured intervention program for patients who present with untreated psychosis at an early stage, under the guidance of a case manager and a periodic evaluation performed by a multidisciplinary team. Objectives The aim of the OPEN program is to create an individual care plan, promoting recovery, functionality, quality of life and prevent relapses. One year after implementation of the program, we present the first results. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the patients' clinical profiles included in the OPEN program. Results Nine patients were included in the program. The most frequent diagnosis was schizophrenia (n=5). By the time of inclusion in the program, 5 patients used cannabis frequently; one patient kept substance use. At the 6th month assessment, 4 in 5 patients showed an improvement in social functioning (Personal and Social Performance Scale; ± 16 points), and a decrease in symptom severity in all (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; ± 11 points). Due to COVID-19 pandemics, group interventions were suspended, and some visits were performed by teleconsultation. No patients lost follow-up. Conclusions We observed an overall positive result of the first months of this program, regarding both functionality and clinical outcomes. The main obstacle so far is the impossibility of performing group interventions since the start of the contingency measures regarding COVID-19 pandemics. We expect further results of the OPEN program with the inclusion of more patients.


The Panoptic Astronomical Networked OPtical observatory for Transiting Exoplanets Survey (PANOPTES, www.projectpanoptes.org) project is aimed at identifying transiting exoplanets using a wide network of low-cost imaging units. Each unit consists of two commercial digital single lens reflex (DSLR) cameras equipped with 85mm F1.4 lenses, mounted on a small equatorial mount. At a few $1000s per unit, the system offers a uniquely advantageous survey eficiency for the cost, and can easily be assembled by amateur astronomers or students. Three generations of prototype units have so far been tested, and the baseline unit design, which optimizes robustness, simplicity and cost, is now ready to be duplicated. We describe the hardware and software for the PANOPTES project, focusing on key challenging aspects of the project. We show that obtaining high precision photometric measurements with commercial DSLR color cameras is possible, using a PSF-matching algorithm we developed for this project. On-sky tests show that percent-level photometric precision is achieved in 1 min with a single camera. We also discuss hardware choices aimed at optimizing system robustness while maintaining adequate cost. PANOPTES is both an outreach project and a scientifically compelling survey for transiting exoplanets. In its current phase, experienced PANOPTES members are deploying a limited number of units, acquiring the experience necessary to run the network. A much wider community will then be able to participate to the project, with schools and citizen scientists integrating their units in the network.


Abstract Melt spinning of polymer melts is a formation process making extremely high demands on the material's continuous deformation ability by highest deformation speeds. The structural conditions of a thermoplastic polymer which are necessary for spinnability have not been exactly cleared up yet. But this knowledge gap must be closed especially with regard to the many efforts to spin fibers with new properties made from modified polymers or polymer blends. The article is begun with a pragmatic definition of the spinnability of a polymer melt. The discussion of a structural rheological model shows a correlation between dynamic rheological measurement datas of polymer melts and experimental experience about their spinnability. Proceeding from a comprehensive description of possible failure cases (fiber beak problems), results of rheological measurement of a number of different polymers, which are spinnable well, not as well or not at all, are compared. The article is concluded by some comments on open problems which have to be solved by basic research in the near future.


Aims: To identify which dimensions of the skeleton are associated with growth recovery in intrauterine growth retarded rats treated with GH.Material and Methods. Wistar rats were divided into Control (C), Sham-operated (Sh), IUGR and IUGR+GH. IUGR was induced by partial ligature of uterine vessels on day 14th of pregnancy. GH was administrated from 21 to 60 days of age (Genotropin® 3.0 mg/kg/día). Sh animals were injected with diluent only. All the animals received stock diet ad libitum. At 84 days of age frontal and lateral radiographs were taken from each animal. Length, width and height of neurocranium (LN, AN, HN) and splanchnocranium (LE, AE, HE), and length and width of the femur (LF, AF); humerus (LH, AH) and tibiae (LT, AT), column length (LC) and upper, middle and lower pelvic width (API, APM, Aps) were measured on the radiographs. Data were processed by the Kolmogorov Smirnov tests and discriminant analysis. The latter builds functions which are linear combinations of the original variables, maximizing the between-groups variance and minimizing the within-groups variance.Results: Data were normally distributed. The discriminant analysis showed significant values for the Wilks coefficients and F values. The first function (66%of variation) was defined by APS, APM and LT, which were negatively correlated. The second function explained about 18% of the total variation and was defined by APS (negative correlation) and LT (positive correlation). In the bi-dimensional space created by both functions, LT discriminated between sexes and APS among treatments. This analysis separated IUGR from those treated with GH, who became closer to Sham.Conclusions: The growth hormone treatment in IUGR rats seems effective for body growth recovery. Tibial length is the most important variable for discriminating between sexes, while the upper pelvic width is the best variable for discriminating between the groups treated with GH.


When the magnetic storm of October 23 began, Mount Wilson sunspot-group No. 7864, latitude 28° south, was 23° west of the central meridian and No. 7867, 29° north, was 14° west. No sunspots were east of the central meridian.

During the storm of December 13 and 14, several small spot-groups were present on the Sun, but no exceptional activity was observed.


Objective:To investigate the effect of using normal saline (NS) injection to prevent pneumothorax in percutaneous needle biopsy of lung.Methods:136 patients (55 years of age,n=36;55 years of age,n=100) having percutaneous needle biopsy were divided into two groups (group A,Group B),with 50 patients in each group.NS was injected via the needle during the percutancous needle biopsy operation in Group B.Results:Of the 136 patients,percutaneous needle biopsy of lung were successfully performed.2 cases in patients with the age 55 years of age had complicated pneumothorax,with the volume of gas 10%.Of the patients with the age 55 years,pneumothorax were seen more commonly.14 cases in Group A were complicated with pneumothorax,12 patients had the volume 10% and 2 patients 30%,subcutaneous emphysema was seen in 1 patient.Of the Group B,only 4 patients had pneumothorax with the volume 10%,the incidence rate of pneumothorax was obviously lower than that of Group A,morbidity including cough or expectoration was not occurred due to injection of NS.Conclusion:Injection of NS during percutaneous needle biopsy of lung can block the puncture pathway of visceral pleura in certain degree,and reduce the incidence rate of pneumothorax.


The recent unprecedented political rhetoric by the Abbott Government in declaring 'war' on 'environmental vigilantes and saboteurs', 'green vigilantism' and the use of 'lawfare' (whatever that is) is part of an orchestrated attempt to demonise the environment and conservation groups.


The respiration patterns of the five main cultivars produced in the Kiepersol area during the 1995 production season are reported on. Considerable variation between fruit was recorded. In most cases Hass displayed the highest metabolic rate and Ryan the lowest. Fuerte, Pinkerton and Edranol generally had intermediate metabolic rates. In certain instances the climacteric realized as two distinct peaks, which may be indicative of staggered ripening of two sets of tissues. Introductory observations on the reaction of the fruit to a modified atmosphere shock treatment directly after harvest as well as intermittently revealed the extreme manipulative nature of the fruit. The potential use of this technique as a tool to synchronize the respiration patterns of the fruit is mentioned.


ABSTRACT Background Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Current guidelines recommend HPV vaccination during adolescence, but vaccination rates remain suboptimal. Efforts are needed to increase vaccination among the catch-up group (individuals aged 18–26 years). Interventions have primarily focused on education, with minimal success. Purpose This study enhanced an education-based intervention to directly target Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables and increase catch-up group HPV vaccination. Methods Using a randomized control design, a TPB-informed psychosocial intervention (n = 41) was compared to education-only (n = 35) and no-intervention control groups (n = 35). Results HPV knowledge, HPV Vaccine knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, vaccination intention, and vaccination uptake were all more profoundly improved in the TPB-informed intervention. Further, regression models including knowledge and TPB variables predicted intention 1 week later (F(6, 110) = 17.13, p < .001) and uptake 6 months later (χ2 = (7, N = 46) = 25.12, p = .001), accounting for 42–67% of the variance. Discussion These outcomes provide support for disseminating TPB-informed interventions to the catch-up group on college campuses. Translation to Health Education Practice: Interventions for HPV vaccination uptake should include both education and TPB factors to address barriers. A AJHE Self-Study quiz is online for this article via the SHAPE America Online Institute (SAOI) http://portal.shapeamerica.org/trn-Webinars


It is difficult for current supercapacitor electrode materials to meet the growing need for energy storage, considering their complicated preparation methods and high costs. Massive preparation strategies are of great importance for preparing low cost materials with good performance for supercapacitor applications. Herein, we developed a novel double crucible method to synthesize nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC) from natural flour in the molten salt of LiCl/KCl at 650 °C. The NPC material has large specific surface area (585 m2 g−1) and high nitrogen doping content (6.5%). When used as an active supercapacitor electrode material, it exhibits a specific capacitance of 261 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 and 94% capacitance retention at 15 A g−1 after 10 000 cycles. The new synthetic method is promising for application in massive production of nitrogen-doped porous carbon for energy storage.


Objective To explore the efficacy of pancreatic stenting in the relief of abdominal pain of advanced pancreatic cancer with dilated pancreatic duct.Methods A tolal of 61 patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma companied with dilated pancreatic duct were divided into two groups.Twenty-eight cases(two cases were excluded because of stent loss)in stent group treated with


I . Introductory lectures E. Grzegorzewski: Prevention in the undergraduate medical curriculum R. DebrB: The concept of preventive paediatrics D. B. Jeliffe and F. J. Bennett: Different problems in different parts of the world M. Graffar: Scope and place of preventive paediatrics in the undergraduate curriculum Read, J. H.: Methods of teaching preventive paediatrics. Physical aspects J. Richmond: Methods of teaching preven-


The stratified wind tunnel in which the density of air gradually changes with height is available for experimental studies on thermal convective air currents under the developed thermal inversion layer. The convective currents do not thrust through the upper light layer, but spread out horizontally, and the circulation pattern is similar to that of the so-called heat island obtained by numerical simulation. It suggests the mechanism of the local flow patterns of urban heated and urban polluted air. 1. Purpose of the experiment One of the authors has surveyed the temperature at the ground surface in Tokyo, using several types of airborne infrared radiometers on four August days in 1971 and 1972 (TSUCHIYA, 1972ab). There are many observational data showing that the difference of surface temperature reaches 20°C to 30°C according to various surface conditions. For example, the temperature is higher than 50°C at the surfaces of school grounds and congested areas with wide roads and large buildings, while it is lower than 30°C at surfaces of rivers and green areas on fine summer days. There are several cases where a spot area with high temperature at the surface happens to be surrounded by greenery-covered areas with lower temperature at the surface. It is supposed that this is due to the vertical and horizontal circulations that exist locally between the highand the low-temperature area. These local circulations often develop even under the thermal inversion layr above urban surfaces with green area when the general wind is weak. We intend to make experimental circulations which are similar to the abovementioned circulations for studying their characteristics. 2. Method of the experiment We laid a square heat plate on the base of the stratified wind tunnel and constructed two smoke sources at both sides of that plate (See Table 1 and Figure 1). A flow with stable stratification is made by the addition of freon gas (specific gravity ratio to the air is 4.7) into the ordinary air in the wind tunnel. We get a stably stratified flow layer when the ratio (pi/ po) of the lowest air layer density to the air layer near the ceiling in the working section of the stratified wind tunnel is about 1.2, where pi is the density of air mixed with freon gas and po is the air density. We decreased the speed of air flow in the wind tunnel, and at the same time, we warmed the heat plate up to 60°C. The temperature difference between the heat plate and the base of the wind tunnel becomes 30°C or more. And the pattern of air flow was observed by a paraffin smoke. The vapour of paraffin mixed with freon gas was poured into the wind tunnel through the two smoke holes when thermal convective air currents were considered to occur under the stratified layer. 3. Thermal convection Figure 2 shows the paraffin smoke circulation induced by the heat plate through two smoke scurces. And Figure 3 illustrates that circulation pattern based on the observation at the same time of Figure 2. The smoke currents are heavier than the air mixed with freon gas at the lower layer of the wind tunnel, so, after rising at first, they sink near the smoke sources. Affected by the suction effect of the convective circulation induced by the heat plate, the right-hand smoke current sinks to the left and the left-hand smoke current sinks to the right. Fallen smoke currents are swallowed up over the heat plate slowly then gradually fast, and they vertically rise up more fast. The rising of smoke currents ceases half-way up to the ceiling of the wind tunnel, and the concentrated smoke currents become an expanded semicircular shape, and then spread horizontally both sides of the heat plate without much vertical dispersion. A small part of the smoke particles sink down very slowly on leaving the position of the heat plate. Those smoke currents are swallowed up again into the abovementioned circulation system. We can regard this circulation system as the same phenomenon that is generated in the atmospheric thermal inversion layer when a heat source exists in its bottom 58I. Tsuchiya, M. Higuchi, Y. Hayashi and S. SomaVol. XXIV No. 1 layer although there are some restrictions related to the strengths of inversion and heat supply. There are similar conditions in density profiles of the thermal inversion layer and stratified layer in that wind tunnel ; the specific gravity of the upper layer is lighter than that of the lower layer. In this experiment, the air above the heated plate becomes lighter than the ambient air, and then rises. This rising air current spreads out on each side of the heat plate when its density becomes the same as in the middle layer after becoming heavy by cooling. Some smoke particles sink very slowly to the bottom layer because their density is rather high. We can say that this experiment shows the vertical structure of local air currents in the developed thermal inversion layer when there is a concentrated heat source which is an ordinary urban surface structure and not an extremely high temperature such as a chimney. 4. Comparison between a wind-tunnel convective circulation and the numerical simulation of an urban heat island circulation An urban heat island is one of the so-called man-made climates, and the existence of a characteristic heat island circulation was numerically and observationally studied by several researchers recently (DELAGE and TAYLOR, 1970 ; FINDLAY and HERT, 1969). Figure 4 is an example of numerical simulation by DELAGE and TAYLOR (1970) under an elevated thermal inversion. Our thermal convective circulation in the stratified wind tunnel looks very closely similar to their simulation pattern. Although our considerations for that experiment and their conditions for their simulation are not the same as regards the many parameters of horizontal and vertical dimensions, heat gradient, stability of thermal inversion, environmental wind speed, etc., but the similarities of both circulation patterns clearly suggest the same generation mechanism. 5. Further remarks on the thermal structure of a large city There is a considerable increasing trend for man-made heat generated in urban areas. In the urban area of Tokyo, this amounts to 10-15% of the insolation energy in summer, and sometimes more in winter (TSUCHIYA, 1972b). We can regard the role played by man-made heat to be considerable in the recent secular rising trend of air temperature in Tokyo. However, the mechanism of man-made heat and its thermal contribution to the urban air temperature are not clear. Our wind-tunnel experiment suggests that there are some cases in which the thermal air plume generated over the high temperature area at the surface does not penetrate into the thermal inversion layer and that the plume horizontally disperses along the inversion layer. It is possible to say that such horizontally dispersing thermal plume maintains the higher temperature of the air layer above the urban area when the inversion layer is stable. The polluted air in such a thermal plume lets fall heavier particles and gases through its dispersion process, and a locally dense polluted area occurs near the higher temperature area at the surface. We consider that this is a dense pollution induced by the suction effect of the thermal air plume. We intend to make a pattern of thermal convective circulation under the condition of thermal inversion. The generation of a two-dimensional circulation of air flow in the thermal inversion layer was successfully achieved in the stratified wind tunnel. Our experiment is restricted to a simple heat model and the thermal inversion is replaced by the density gradient layer. Modifications of experimental systems and further quantitative considerations of the experimental processes will be called for to solve the problem of heat island circulation. References DELAGE, Y. and P. A. TAYLOR, 1970: Numerical studies of heat island circulations. BoundaryLayer Met., 1, 201-226. FINDLAY, B. F. and M. S. HIRT, 1969: An urban-induced meso-circulation. Atmos. Environm., 3, 537-542. TSUCHIYA, I., 1972a : Greenbelt and urban climate (in Japanese). Water Sci., 16(1), 29-56. TSUCHIYA, I., 1972b : Thermal pollution of urban atmosphere (in Japanese). Water Sci., 16, (5), 41-71. 成層風洞による逆転層内の熱対流の実験についての序報 土屋 巌,樋 口政男,林 陽生,相 馬精二 上層を軽 く下層 を重 くした密度成層を構成す る成層風洞 を用いて,発 達 した気温逆転層に相当する条 件下 での熱対流の実 験を進 めた。熱気流は軽い層 を突き 抜けることが なく,逆 転層内 を水平に広が ったが,こ の 循 環は数値 シ ュミレーシ ョンに よって示 されたいわゆる ヒー トアイラン ド循環 と同 じ形のものである。 都市 熱 や都市 汚染空気 の局地 的な流れ の形 と機構 についての示唆が これに よって得 られ る。


After a brief description of the UKQCD Project, I review some of our recent results for quenched QCD and conclude with some remarks about our future plans and prospects.


The invention relates to the technical field of multi-channel charge front-end reading circuits for beam monitoring, in particular to a controllable multi-channel charge reader. The controllable multi-channel charge reader is characterized by comprising a speed-sensitive switch, integrators with a releasing function, a multiplexer, a control logic circuit, a differential output driving circuit and a data acquisition card which are connected in sequence, the charge reader is used for reading charge (current) signals of a beam monitoring stripping ionization chamber, the measuring range is controllable, the integration duration is controllable, the working mode (continuous reading/intermittent reading) is controllable, and using is flexible; each channel contains two integrators (A and B), the two integrators can work in a time-sharing mode, and then signal processing efficiency is improved; due to the fact that a multiplexing circuit is adopted for serial output of signals, the complexity of data acquisition and the manufacturing cost of a processing system can be effectively reduced, and the accuracy of a heavy ion cancer treatment system is improved. The circuit is high in accuracy, linearity and flexibility and simple in structure.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a dental packing kit composed of a dental adhesive and a dental composite resin that can provide sufficient adhesive strength even to dentine of the cavity bottom and cavity wall to which visible light does not fully reach when the dental adhesive and the dental composite resin are polymerized and cured by one-step irradiation of light. SOLUTION: The dental packing kit includes the dental adhesive (A) containing an polymerizable monomer (a) containing an acidic group, water (b) and an amine based reducer (c), and the dental composite resin (B) containing a polymerizable monomer (d) not containing an acidic group, an inorganic peroxide (e), a photopolymerization initiator (f) and a filler (g). COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT


This paper is framed within the course "Epistemological Issues in the delivery and teaching of sports: beyond culture and school. form" from the Master's Degree in Physical Education Program (ISEF-UdelaR), undertaken during September 2019. It tries to perform briefly overview a possible epistemic and historic path undergone by sports, approaching it from its sociological perspective first. It then tries to problematize –considering the reflexive shift in teaching and the critical thinking behind Physical Education- the "almost exclusive sports-based practice in Physical Education at schools". Therefore, the objective of this paper will be to show in this a problem when thinking about teaching sports as contextualized content and rebuilt politically, socially and culturally, both at a national level as institutionally.


This review focuses on organotin compounds bearing hemicarbonate and carbonate ligands, and whose molecular structures have been previously resolved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Most of them were isolated within the framework of studies devoted to the reactivity of tin precursors with carbon dioxide at atmospheric or elevated pressure. Alternatively, and essentially for the preparation of some carbonato derivatives, inorganic carbonate salts such as K2CO3, Cs2CO3, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 were also used as coreagents. In terms of the number of X-ray structures, carbonate compounds are the most widely represented (to date, there are 23 depositions in the Cambridge Structural Database), while hemicarbonate derivatives are rarer; only three have so far been characterized in the solid-state, and exclusively for diorganotin complexes. For each compound, the synthesis conditions are first specified. Structural aspects involving, in particular, the modes of coordination of the hemicarbonato and carbonato moieties and the coordination geometry around tin are then described and illustrated (for most cases) by showing molecular representations. Moreover, when they were available in the original reports, some characteristic spectroscopic data are also given for comparison (in table form). Carbonato complexes are arbitrarily listed according to their decreasing number of hydrocarbon substituents linked to tin atoms, namely tri-, di-, and mono-organotins. Four additional examples, involving three CO2 derivatives of C,N-chelated stannoxanes and one of a trinuclear nickel cluster Sn-capped, are also included in the last part of the chapter.


Numeracy needs to be developed across the curriculum. However, if teachers are to effectively embed numeracy into the subjects they teach, they need to be supported to develop this capacity. Using an adaption of Valsiner's zone theory, a cross case analysis of four teachers is presented. The findings suggest that assisting teachers to broaden their personal conception of numeracy and providing opportunities for them to develop appropriate pedagogical content knowledge may enhance their capacity to exploit numeracy learning opportunities across the curriculum.


As a result of the Electric Consumers Protection Act (ECPA) of 1986, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is obligated to give equal consideration to non power uses of hydroelectric projects during the licensing process. This paper outlines three levels of hydrologic/hydraulic modeling that mirror the FERC three stage consultation process. In the first level of modeling, an existing data base is used to form a hydrologic/hydraulic overview of the project such that existing conditions are clearly understood and future studies can be planned. The second level of modeling involves the development of detailed hydrologic/hydraulic models and the execution of these models to determine the impacts of existing operation, as well as possible mitigation scenarios. The third level of modeling involves a detailed analysis of select mitigation scenarios such that a final water management plan can be formulated.


In this paper, the effect of the increased penetration of microgrids (MGs) on the frequency control of power systems is studied. Considering the fast dynamic response of MGs and their distribution in the network, the conventional model of load frequency control may fail for their consideration in the frequency control system. In this paper, an appropriate dynamic model of MGs is developed for the system frequency control. Then, the MGs are classified into two different groups based on their distance to the conventional generation (CG) units. The distance is determined to measure the effect of MGs on the CG units. In the proposed classification method, one group consists of MGs, which have a considerable effect on a group of coherent generators, and the other group consists of MGs, which affect two (or more) noncoherent CG units. The coherence of CG units is determined by the oscillation modes of the power system. For the MGs near the coherent CG units, the measured bus frequency is used as the input control signal, and for the other group, the transferred active power deviation is utilized. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed controllers to improve the system frequency stability.


Policymakers and academics have raised concerns over escalation should states adopt a more proactive cyberspace posture. The unspoken context for those fears is potential, episodic offensive cyber operations that threaten to or cause physical damage. This narrow focus excludes an equally, if not more important strategic space—actual, continuous strategic competition without resort to armed attack, a space 2018 U.S. strategic guidance argues poses a central challenge to national security. U.S. Cyber Command has described a strategic approach to cyberspace intended to counter and contest adversary gains—persistent engagement. This approach is assessed through a re-consideration of Herman Kahn's On Escalation. It is concluded that competitive interaction in cyberspace short of armed conflict in an agreed competition, as opposed to spiraling escalation, best explains the dynamic from persistent engagement, and consequently, prevailing concerns of escalation are unwarranted. Agreement to compete robustly short of armed conflict may be the grand strategic consequence of cyberspace. Keywords—escalation, agreed competition, cyberspace, interaction, persistent engagement, strategy


Flood is one of the most serious natural disasters in the world. The evaluation on economic loss or risk from flood disasters is the basic task in the domain of flood prevention and disaster reduction, and the research on vulnerability is key to the evaluation. This paper briefly describes the methods of vulnerability assessment, emphasizing on stage-damage curves. The origin, the methods to structure them and the compositive application are discussed then. Compared to the rich research results overseas on the damage curves, the research on vulnerability is far from enough in China yet and the application at a lower level can neither satisfy the damands for deci- sion-support, nor correspond to the high flood risks in China. At present, scientific research, insurance and government should cooperate in the vulnerability investigation in order to reduce the influence of floods.


Today microbiology is based on pure cultures and separate microorganisms, pure cultures really do not exist in nature, because that microorganism are combined into large colonies slimy (biofilms) in which the various individuals establish relationships and dependencies. Only in the United State of America is estimated that biofilms cause billions of dollars in energy losses, equipment damage, product contamination and medical infections. This paper presents the results of the isolation of microorganisms by microbiological and molecular methods, from biofilms located in the Castle of Chapultepec in Mexico City. In the biofilm coexist different genres of filamentous fungi such as Cladosporium, Mucor, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Rhodotorula and others in those biofilms; besides bacterial genera as Bacillus, Pantoea, Kokuria, etc. Many of these microbial genera have been widely reported as a participating in biodeterioration processes to monuments and others are reported as contributing to its restoration, so this work opens the door to future researches that allow biological restoration of monuments, conservation and development of new biotechnological processes. Keywords: Microbiology; pure cultures; biofilms; isolation of microorganism; microbiological methods; biodeterioration processes.


List of figures List of maps List of tables Notes on contributors Preface Introduction: themes in the study of the South Asian diaspora Colin Clarke, Ceri Peach and Steven Vertovec Part I. South Asians in Colonial and Post-Colonial Contexts: Introduction Colin Clarke, Ceri Peach and Steven Vertovec 1. Indians in Southeast Asia: imperial auxiliaries Hugh Tinker 2. Women under indenture in colonial Natal, 1860-1911 Jo Beall 3. Indians in the French Overseas Departments: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion Singaravelou 4. Oil boom and recession in Trinidad Indian villages Steven Vertovec 5. The Fiji Indians: marooned at home Victor Lal 6. The political position of Indians in South Africa Anthony Lemon 7. East African Asians through a hundred years Michael Twaddle Part II. South Asians in Contemporary Western Countries and the Middle East: Introduction Colin Clarke, Ceri Peach and Steven Vertovec 8. South Asian countries as competitors on the world labour market Beatrice Knerr 9. Asian Indians in the United States: a geographic appraisal Surinder M. Bhardwaj and N. Madhusudana Rao 10. Migration and kinship: the differential effect of marriage rules on the processes of Punjabi migration to Britain Roger Ballard 11. Transcontinental families - Gujarat and Lancashire: a comparative study Elinor Kelly 12. Boom and gloom: the success and failure of South Asians in Britain Vaughan Robinson 13. The participation of Asians in the British political system Muhammad Anwar 14. Bangladeshi community organisation and leadership in Tower Hamlets, East London John Eade 15. Manchester Pakistanis: division and unity Pnina Werbner Author index Subject index.


The interaction of bilirubin with de-fatted human serum albumin has been studied by circular dichroism and spectrofluorimetry. From the dependence of the induced circular dichroism of the bilirubin on the ratio of protein to bilirubin, it is shown that in the presence of salt (0.5 M sodium chloride) there are two binding sites with markedly different optical characteristics. From an analysis of the profiles of ellipticity as a function of protein: bilirubin ratio, association constants of 7 and 0.3 μM−1 at pH 8.5 were derived. At low salt concentrations qualitatively similar binding profiles are obtained with a marked maximum of ellipticity at a protein: bilirubin ratio of about 1. These cannot however be adequately accounted for with only two binding sites. The addition of a third site allows the data to be fitted over the entire concentration range at all wavelengths tested, with association constants falling in the range 10–0.01 μM−1. When bilirubin is bound to albumin, the fluorescence of the protein is quenched and that of the bilirubin is enhanced. The Fluorescence characteristics of the binding sites are shown to be different: the weaker sites, which have lower fluorescence, but higher circular dichroism than the stronger, are relatively much more labile to salt. The pH-dependence of the optical properties reveals the presence of a state defined by a plateau at between pH 8 and 9, another by a plateau centred at about pH 6.5, and another, the appearance of which is associated with the N–F transition of the protein, and which exists only within an extremely narrow pH range, at about pH 4. The pH at which the minimum occurs undergoes a large shift with salt concentration. This state is characterised by an extremely large circular dichroism (effective molar ellipticity -5 × 105 deg. cm2· dmol−1), opposite in sign to the system of Cotton effects observed at higher pH. This complex shows no fluorescence enhancement. The system shows large hysteresis, satisfactory results being obtained only when the complex is first formed by equilibration at pH 8–9 at low ionic strength. Under other conditions the self-association of the bilirubin evidently prevents the attainment of equilibrium, and vitiates any attempts at analysis of the binding equilibria. The competition of oleate ions with the bilirubin binding sites has been studied. Circular dichroism, under physiological conditions, of human serum containing bilirubin shows that the binding of the bilirubin by albumin alone at the corresponding ionic strength and pH defines the state of the ligand in the plasma.


The paper mainly studies an applied CAD system of an injection mould for an electrical connector insulator.On the basis of analysis on the typical structures of injection moulds for the production process,a system solution based on 3D parametric design was proposed and a special CAD system module was developed based on UG software.


Vegetable oil was reacted with ethanolamine at 120 ~ 140C for 3 ~ 4 hours, thus obtained amide alkoxide of vegetable oil. The chief factors influencing the reaction were discussed and the formation of amide alkox-ide of vegetable oil was verified by analyzing the synthesized product using IR. The fiber oil reagent which was formulated with this synthesized product and other effective components has good antistatic property.


From the technological progresses mainly provided by the information technology, it has become indispensable the use of computer networks for the organizations. In the greater number of these organizations, there are several network equipments which are very important for the acting of their activities. The majority of those activities is critical and need to have high availability of the equipments that also should constantly be monitored and managed. Nowadays, institutions and companies have used several tools to administrate and monitor their information systems. An alternative has been the use of the free code software denominated Nagios. That software has a graphic module to monitor the whole hierarchical structure of a computers network. The proposal of this paper is to improve this graphical structure generated by the responsible module, taking into consideration that the current does not have dynamism and interaction adequate for large hierarchical structures. To accomplish that goal, this paper introduces a hyperbolic structure tree, a visualization technique of large hierarchies, as a monitoring module for the Nagios. That module tries to improve the usability of the software Nagios, optimizing the administration process of the monitored network services. Key-words: network management, hyperbolic tree, Nagios, visualization of large hierarchies, usability.


It is well-known that short-chain branching (SCB) reactions (intramolecular H-abstraction) play an important role in determining the properties of ethylene homopolymers produced under high pressure by free-radical polymerization. There is little information, however, regarding SCB mechanisms that occur during the synthesis of ethylene copolymers under similar reaction conditions. This work describes SCB structures for a wide range of ethylene copolymers of varying composition (ethylene with n-butyl acrylate (nBA), methyl acrylate (MA), vinyl acetate (VAc), n-butyl methacrylate (nBMA), acrylic acid (AA), and methacrylic acid (MAA)), as determined by proton, 13C, and 2D NMR techniques. Close examination of the resonances reveals that for many (if not all) of these copolymers, a significant fraction of the SCBs contain comonomer as a result of CH2-radical to CH2 backbiting around a comonomer unit. In addition, SCBs are formed not only by hydrogen abstraction from CH2 polyethylene units but also by abstractio...


By the time I interviewed Robyn in the emergency room, her panic attack had all but passed. But this 21-year-old woman was still shaken and tearful. This was her first panic attack, and she did not know what hit her. She thought she was having a heart attack. She had a tight feeling in her chest, she was hyperventilating. Her fingers and feet were numb and tingling. She experienced what she called a "closing in feeling." Robyn thought she was going to die.


Contingent valuation method (CVM) is a kind of stated preference (SP) approaches which employs a hypothetical market to extract WTP or WTA for environmental goods. CVM has become one of the most widely used non-market valuation techniques due to its ability and flexibility to estimate total value, including non-use value. Based on a general review, the paper summarizes the main problems and controversies concerning CVM, namely, the involvement of non-use value into cost-benefit analysis, and validity and reliability of the results. According to the turning point in CVM studies after 1993, tests of validity and reliability are specially illustrated. A concluding remark is then presented and further study areas put it forward. It is believed that even in developing countries like China, CVM is still a promising method to value environmental goods, on the premise of extremely careful and proper conduction of the survey including questionnaire design, survey administration and data processing.


Objectives: To inform the efficacy and safety of the interventional treatment of typical atrial flutter (AFL). AFL is a common arrhythmia that has a characteristic pattern on 12-lead ECG. The unique endocardial anatomy of the right atrium, with its many orifices and distinct structures provides anatomic barriers around which reentry could occur, likely explains the


Hypoxia‐inducible transcription factors (HIF) mediate complex adaptations to reduced oxygen supply, including neoangiogenesis. Regulation of HIF occurs mainly through oxygen‐dependent destruction of its α subunit. In the presence of oxygen, two HIFα prolyl residues undergo enzymatic hydroxylation, which is required for its proteasomal degradation. We therefore tested whether pharmacological activation of HIFα by hydroxylase inhibitors may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic diseases. Three distinct prolyl 4‐hydroxylase inhibitors—l‐mimosine (l‐Mim), ethyl 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoate (3,4‐DHB), and 6‐chlor‐3‐hydroxychinolin‐2‐carbonic acid‐N‐carboxymethylamid (S956711)—demonstrated similar effects to hypoxia (0.5% O2) by inducing HIFα protein in human and rodent cells. l‐Mim, S956711, and, less effectively, 3,4‐DHB also induced HIF target genes in cultured cells, including glucose transporter 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as HIF‐dependent reporter gene expression. Systemic administration of l‐Mim and S956711 in rats led to HIFα induction in the kidney. In a sponge model for angiogenesis, repeated local injection of the inhibitors strongly increased invasion of highly vascularized tissue into the sponge centers. In conclusion, structurally distinct inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylation are capable of inducing HIFα and HIF target genes in vitro and in vivo and induce adaptive responses to hypoxia, including angiogenesis.


There have recently been tremendous advances in materials, fabrication methods and geometrical designs for flexible/stretchable electronics. Such technologies are critical for wearable, implantable, soft robotic and surgical devices. This paper presents a novel flexible/stretchable device, realized via a commercial process. This is comprised of horseshoe interconnects, electrochemical sensor electrode arrays, a heater for thermotherapy/thermo-regulation, a temperature sensor, electrodes for recording/applying signals to tissues and a bioimpedance sensor. Electrochemical deposition and characterization of platinum black to the bioimpedance sensor and gold and subsequently IrOx for pH sensing to other electrodes, characterization of the temperature and bioimpedance sensors and heater are presented.


LocumLife now has a YouTube channel and will be sharing info and content via videos. Locum tenens providers and physicians can expect to find La Vita Locum videos and original editorial content, among others.


Abstract In this paper, we establish existence and multiplicity results for the problemx″ + x + f(t, x, x′) = sφ(t) a.e. in [0, π]; x(0) = x(π) = γ, under the Ambrosetti–Prodi type condition, withfbeing a Caratheodory function.


Traces of Mn(Ⅱ) in water were enriched by adsorption with shaking for 15 min on nano-barium strontium titanate powder(0.02 g) in 10 mL of solution of pH 6 buffered with ammoniacal buffer solution.The adsorption capacity of Mn(Ⅱ) under the optimum conditions mentioned above attained to a value of 5.4 mg·g-1.Manganese ion was then desorbed from the nano powder by shaking with 5 mL of 0.17 mol·L-1 EDTA solution for 15 min,and determined by FAAS under the prescribed conditions.Detection limit(3s/k) of 2.1 μg·L-1 was found for the method.Precision was tested with 0.15 mg·L-1 of Mn(Ⅱ) for 6 determinations.Values of RSD(n=6) found was 3.4%.The proposed method was used for determination of manganese in samples of river water and ground water,and recovery was tested by standard addition method giving values of recovery in the range of 93.5%-99.7%.


It has been widely argued that excessive short-term debt has been a major cause of recent financial crises. I find evidence that IMF lending programmes on average serve to reduce the maturity of sovereign bond issues, which is an undesirable effect. However, the impact of IMF interventions varies, importantly, across countries which differ according to measures of their fundamental macroeconomic soundness: countries with weak fundamentals tend to lengthen their debt maturities following on the heels of an IMF lending programme. This suggests that the IMF should focus particularly on ensuring that its interventions do not increase incentives for short-term debt issuance in countries not at risk of imminent crisis, but which might put themselves at risk through imprudent borrowing practices.


This paper presents an approach for security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) with phase shifter application to improve transmission congestion, wind curtailment and enhance system reliability. Phase shifter is used to control the flow of real power in transmission line by manipulating the phase angle difference. By controlling the flow, it mitigates transmission congestion, improves transmission system stability, and increases the access to wind and other renewable resources through available transmission lines. The main contribution of this paper is the development of SCUC formulation with an alternative solution technique to optimize phase shifter. The performance is evaluated through simulations based on eight-bus system. The paper also analyzes the impact of phase shifter on locational electricity price, system contingency, wind curtailment, and economic.


A review of Australia's higher education system was undertaken by the Commonwealth Government in 2002. The Review began with the release of an overview paper entitled 'Higher education at the crossroads' in April 2002 (indexed at TD/TNC 71.381). The paper described some of the characteristics of the higher education sector and the challenges facing it. It raised a number of questions for debate and called for submissions on the issues raised. There were 355 submissions from a variety of stakeholders in response to the overview paper. This document, based on the outcomes of the review process, presents the Government's blueprint for reform. It proposes increased Commonwealth investment of $1.5 billion over four years linked to progressively introduced reforms in areas such as teaching, workplace productivity, governance, student financing, research, cross sectoral collaboration and quality.


Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal form of intracranial tumor. One of the obstacles to treat GBM is the blood-brain barrier which limit the transportation of drugs into the tumor site. Here, based on our previous study on metabolitin (MTL) and osteocalcin, we generated a molecular drug delivery system that consisted of metabolitin and small molecules such as fluorescent dye or peptide drugs for diagnosis and treatment. And we designed a GBM diagnostic probe (MTL-ICG) and therapeutic peptide drug (MTL-NBD) that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In a NIR animal live imaging system, we found MTL-ICG can penetrate cross BBB and label the GBM site. The in vitro experiment showed that MTL-NBD had inhibitory effect on GBM cell line (U87-MG). Besides, after orthotopic transplantation of GBM into mouse cortex, treatment of MTL-NBD intravenously showed inhibition trend, which were similar with the effect of NBD, a known anti-tumor polypeptide drug. In addition, we found the GPR158, the receptor of osteocalcin, was also high expressed in grafting site. Taken together, these findings suggest that MTL is a promising cell penetrating peptide targeting GPR158 in GBM, which provide a novel delivery tool for GBM.


A method, a device and a system for clock synchronization are provided in the present invention, wherein the method includes: in the first transfer mode, the slave clock device generates the first receiving time stamp through the first link, and obtains the first transmitting time stamp of the master clock device (101); in the second transfer mode, the slave clock device generates the second transmitting time stamp through the first link, and obtains the second receiving time stamp of the master clock device (102); according to the first receiving time stamp, the first transmitting time stamp, the second transmitting time stamp and the second receiving time stamp, the slave clock device obtains the time difference to the master clock device, and implements the time synchronization with the master clock device by the time difference (103). A slave clock device and a master clock device are provided in the embodiments of the present invention, as well as a clock synchronization system. The embodiments realize a uniform link of the message round trip between the master clock device and the slave clock device, and ensure the symmetry of the time delay in uplink and downlink.


This paper proposed fractal structure MIMO antenna design for 5G wearable device applications. Jeans was employed as the substrate material, which has a dielectric constant of 1.7. The single antenna dimension is 49×55×1mm3 and orthogonal fractal MIMO antenna dimension is 123 52.5×1mm3. The SIMO fractal structure antenna is built after the single element rectangle shaped antenna is produced for 3.5GHz operating frequency. Using a SISO fractal structure antenna, a side by side MIMO fractal structure antenna is designed. After developing the orthogonal placement of antenna, compares the outcomes of the side by side MIMO antenna with the orthogonal MIMO antenna. A side by side MIMO antenna has a -20dB isolation, but an orthogonal MIMO antenna has a -34dB isolation. As a consequence, an orthogonal MIMO antenna's isolation is improved by -13dB. Overall, the simulation findings suggest that the orthogonal MIMO antenna provides better results, with improvements in isolation, gain, ECC and TARC. Finally, Wearable antennas are very large to be used in a current wearable on-body communication system that can be integrated into smart clothing.


In this work, we have presented semi-automated means of modeling of position-dynamic structure (PDS) of river basins' landscapes with application of geo-informational systems (GIS). Results of modeling were tested on the basin of one of headwaters. The structure of the model includes landscape lines, layers, subregions and regions. The model takes into account conditions of formation of landscape's PDS in mountain and plain parts of river basins.


YBCO bulk material with high J_c value was prepared by using melting texturedgrowth method under no special designed temperature gradient.Structure analysis shows thatthe specimen is composed of large thin plate form grains with their c axis paralls.The size of thislarge grain is about 10mm×3mm×5—10μm.The specimen reaches a transport critical currentdensity of 40kA/cm~2 and the pinning patential at 77K and 1T is 0.2eV.


Abstract THE embryo of the chicken has been demonstrated to be resistant to limited periods of exposure to sub-freezing temperatures by Moreng and Bryant (1954a, b). When the ambient temperature was held at −10°F. it was found that the age of the embryo as well as the length of the exposure period were closely related to mortality of embryos. The early embryo was the most resistant to exposure up to a period of 125 minutes, when nearly 100 percent mortality was recorded for all age groups. Appearance of the embryo after death suggested that the direct cause of death was hemorrhaged tissue probably resulting from ice crystal formation. EXPERIMENTAL Ice crystal formation commences in the chicken egg at approximately 28°F. and then during the solidification process the internal temperature of the egg remains at approximately 30°F. (Moreng and Shaffner, 1951). Eggs were exposed in this study to an ambient temperature of …


A method of incorporating experience in iterative learning controllers is proposed in this paper. It is proposed that if the previous experience of the controller can be used in the selection of the initial control input for a new desired trajectory tracking task, the convergence of the iterative learning controller can be improved without modifying the structure of the controllers. Therefore the method proposed in this paper is very general and is applicable to most of the iterative learning control algorithms.


Child and adolescent digital sexual crime victimization are increasing consistently, on various platforms. Former studies on digital sex crimes targeting teenagers have focused on surveys, legal improvement plans, comparative studies of foreign cases, or victims and offenders themselves. These studies spotlighted the need for improvement of laws via the reality of digital sex crimes against teenagers, and there is a lack of research on platforms used in digital sexual assaults. Therefore, this study aims to examine how teenagers are victimized from the perspective of victim support staff and to find out the problems and possible ways to improve Telegram and Discord, where assault videos are most frequently circulated, shared, and sold. Legislation and research on digital sex crimes, books and reports, statistics and survey data, seminar data organized by women's organizations, and research literature were analyzed to find out the current status of adolescents' media usage and damage. After that, through interviews with victim support staff with field experience, teenagers' experience of digital sex assaults and victim support were analyzed. It was concluded that offenders committed online grooming, by using platforms that teenagers frequently use and can communicate within to approach them in a friendly manner, to exploit, spread and sell victimized videos via the platform. Telegram and Discord are frequently used, and the characteristics of these platforms make it greatly difficult to support the victims. Participants in this study were staff who are providing victim support at investigation agencies, public damage agencies, and educational counseling institutions, and there were various problems and improvement measures according to their fields. Finally, the discussions and limitations of this study, as well as suggestions for future work were presented as a conclusion.


Separate injection technologies for Changqing oil field include eccentric separate injection,oil casing stage injection and other injection forms.In this paper,application status of the injection technology was analyzed,some suggestions for improvement were put forward.


AIM To study the value of low dose dobutamine echocardiography (LDDE) to coronary intervention in patients with myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS Thirty patients with myocardial infarction (left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF was less than 50%) were investigated. LDDE was performed before coronary intervention. Wall motion score index (WMSI) and LVEF were evaluated with two dimensional echocardiography (2DE) at pre intervention and 1 wk, 1 mo, 3 mo after intervention respectively. RESULTS In patients with equal to or more than 4 viable segments, both WMSI and LVEF improved significantly 1 mo and 3 mo after coronary intervention. In patients with less than 4 viable segments, WMSI and LVEF did not change significantly. In patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with equal to or more than 4 viable segments, WMSI and LVEF improved significantly 1 mo after intervention. In patients with old myocardial infarction (OMI) with equal to or more than 4 viable segments, WMSI and LVEF improved significantly 3 mo after intervention. CONCLUSION In patients with myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction, the most benefit from coronary intervention can be achieved when viable myocardium is equal to or more than 4 segments. In patients with myocardial infarction, heart function can recover quickly by early coronary intervention.


Particle−surface interactions due to capillary effects between spherical, paraboloidal, and conical particles and a flat substrate are considered. A recent approach given in a previous issue of Langmuir (Marmur, A. Langmuir 1993, 9, 1922) to obtain analytical estimates of the resulting capillary forces is discussed. Because Marmur's analytic approximation includes unnecessary simplifications, an improved formula for the approximation is given. Furthermore, the contribution of the surface tension forces acting along the contact line to the total adhesion force, which was deliberately omitted in the above cited work, is shown to be, in some cases, of similar order of magnitude as the capillary forces or even to exceed the latter. The range of applicability of the improved approach is verified by comparison with numerical solutions of the capillary equation for the liquid thread joining particle and substrate. The improved analytic approach is shown to be within ±5% of the exact solution for spherical and pa...


To clarify the deformation and slip mechanisms in seismogenic regions, we designed and developed a new gas-medium, high-pressure and high-temperature apparatus. The apparatus can attain confining pressures up to 200 MPa by argon gas, temperatures up to 800°C, and pore pressures up to 200 MPa by argon gas or water. Confining and pore pressures can be applied and servo-controlled. We report preliminary test results. The stress-strain curve of granite sample at a confining pressure of 200 MPa and a temperature of 800°C shows a ductile behavior. One of the friction parameters, the a-b value defined as the velocity dependence of steady-state friction, of quartz gouge was measured under hydrothermal conditions.


We have studied the spin-polarized three-dimensional homogeneous electron gas using the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo method, with trial wave functions including backflow and three-body correlations in the Jastrow factor, and we have used twist averaging to reduce finite-size effects. Calculations of the pair-correlation function, including the on-top pair density, as well as the structure factor and the total energy, are reported for systems of 118 electrons in the density range rs=0.5–20 a.u., and for spin polarizations of 0, 0.34, 0.66, and 1. We consider the spin resolution of the pair-correlation function and structure factor, and the energy of spin polarization. We show that a control variate method can reduce the variance when twist averaging, and we have achieved higher accuracy and lower noise than earlier quantum Monte Carlo studies.


Teacher associations of the U.S. are the organizations that have the double-functions of professional and teacher union. As the prolocutor of vested interests,in order to protect the interests of teachers,teacher associations impacted the educational policies of school and administration by collective bargaining,coalition,strike,supporting and attending elections and judicial action.


A compacted frequency reconfigurable antenna working at X and Ka bands has been designed by combing RF switches with Koch fractal dipole antenna.The length of the designed antenna is about eighty percent of the common dipole at the same resonant frequency.When working at Ka band,the other parts of antenna disconnected by RF switches affect the radiation performance seriously.So,we tried to improve and optimize the antenna.The final modified antenna is composed of a Koch fractal dipole and common dipole added in front of the Koch fractal dipole.The performance of the modified antenna at X and Ka bands are determined by the Koch fractal dipole and the common dipole respectively.Both simulation and experiment show that,the modified antenna has good performance at X and Ka bands.


The adaptability of adult animals greatly depends on the early ontogenesis. Thrombocytes promote the best blood flow and an adequate blood supply in tissues and organs. The age dynamics of hemostatic activity of blood platelets was investigated in healthy Black-and-White calves at the phase of milk feeding. In the 11, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days old animals, the author detected the stable intensity of lipid peroxidation, the stable functioning of actin-myosin mechanism and antioxidant protection of thrombocytes, the stable content of adenosine phosphates and their pronounced secretion during activation and aggregation. The low functional activity of thrombocytes was registered both in vitro and in vivo. Apparently it depends on a constant activity of receptor and postreceptor mechanisms, determining a functional activity of thrombocytes under the growing influence of the environment in early animal ontogenesis.


Abstract: Reacting to the original papers outlining the importance of "social mechanisms," thispaper contrasts two views of the social process, the mechanismal and the relational. In the sourceshere analyzed, the mechanismal perspective is largely based on methodological individualismand generally presupposes rational, or at least intentional, action. A fundamental assumption ofthis approach is that the meaning of an action is given in itself. The relational view by contrastholds that the meaning of an action arises only from its relation to other actions, both temporallyand structurally. The relational view takes not actors but interaction as primitive and focuseson the scene (context) of action rather than the intentions of actors. The paper investigatesthese differences by examining the Elsterian mechanisms of "endowment" and "contrast,"both theoretically and through the example of application of students to institutions of highereducation in America. Keywords: legitimacy, relational explanation, identity, institution, convention.


I develop a model in the spirit of Ordover, Saloner, and Salop (1990), in which two upstream firms compete to supply a homogeneous input to two downstream firms, who compete in prices with differentiated products in a downstream market. Upstream firms are allowed to offer exclusive two-part tariff contracts to the downstream firms. I show that, under very general conditions, this game does not have a subgame-perfect equilibrium in pure strategies. The intuition is that variable parts in such an equilibrium would have to be pairwise-proof. But when variable parts are pairwise-proof, downstream competitive externalities are not internalized, and there exists a profitable deviation. I contrast this non-existence result with earlier papers that found equilibria in similar models.


Book Notes x Chronology xi Section One: The Context Chapter One The Social and Political Background Confucianism Mozi and Mohism (Moe-ds) and (Moe-ism) Yang Zhu and Shen Dao (Ya-ahng, Jew) Language and Logicians Trends During the Warring States Era Cultural Heroes and Concepts Summary 3 Section Two: Authors and Texts Chapter Two The Dao De Jing Why Does the Dao De Jing/Tao Te Ching/Laozi/Lao Tzu Have So Many Names? Dao De Jing, The Author Dao De Jing, the Text The Dao De Jing, the Style of the Text The Dao De Jing in the West The Zhuangzi, the Author The Zhuangzi, the Text The Zhuangzi, the Style of the Text The Zhuangzi in the West Issues in Translation Summary 27 Chapter Three The Dao? A Dao? Dao? daos? dao? Images: 49 Water, Women, Baby, Root, and Others What Is the Problem? Conventional Values: Pairs of Opposites Being and Non-Being Summary Chapter Four Illogical Statements? Decoding Not Acting, Not Knowing, Not Desiring Ziran, Self-So, Natural, Spontaneous Language Morality Summary 70 Chapter Five War Government, Society, and the Sage- Ruler The Golden Age Advice for Would-Be Sages Losing dao Summary 90 Chapter Six What Is the Problem? Anti-Confucians Anti-Mohists Being Useless Point of View This and That Knowing How Knowing What Summary 111 Chapter Seven Language: Convention and Culture This/ That, True/False Language Is OK, Up to a Point How to Use Language Clarity Death Transformation Survival of Consciousness and an Afterlife Immortality Dao Summary 132 Chapter Eight Public Life The Golden Age What Should We Do? Mirror Forgetting Mind/Heart Fasting Perfected People The Relationship of the Dao De Jing and the Zhuangzi Summary 156 Section Three: Developing Dao Chapter Nine The School of Zhuangzi and Followers of the Dao De Jing The Han Feizi The Guanzi Huang- Lao The Huainanzi The Liezi The Han Dynasty and Beyond Summary 179 Chapter Ten Organized Daoism The Search for Immortality Organized Groups The Cult of Laozi Modern Organized Daoism The Mystical Reading The Philosophical Reading Modern Daoism Dao Lite A Lao-Zhuang Daoist What Is Daoism and Other Problems 202 Glossary of Technical Terms 232 Glossary of Pronunciation 235 Further Reading 237 Bibliography 239 Index 252


The paper is devoted to the investigation of the accuracy of some polynomial approximations for the Kolmogorov– Wiener filter weight function. The corresponding filter is applied to the prediction of stationary random processes with a power-law structure function. In our previous investigations the Kolmogorov–Wiener filter weight function was obtained on the basis of the truncated polynomial expansion method based on the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. It was obtained that some approximations lead to good results; however, some approximations (i.e. the approximations of 9–15 polynomials) fail. The corresponding conclusion was made on the basis of the evaluation of the integrals with the help of the NIntergate function built in the Wolfram Mathematica package. In this paper the corresponding integrals are evaluated on the basis of the rectangle method, the method of trapezoids, and the Simpson method. It is shown that, in contrast to the previous investigations, the approximations of 9–15 polynomials do lead to good results. The aim of the work is to show that, in contrast to the results of previous investigations, the considered polynomial approximations are rather accurate. The methodology consists in the use of the rectangle method, the method of trapezoids, and the Simpson method for the calculation of the left-hand side of the Wiener–Hopf integral equation for the obtained weight function. The scientific novelty consists in showing the validity of some polynomial approximations based on the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind in the framework of the problem under consideration. The conclusions are as follows. In contrast to the results of previous investigations, it is shown that the approximations of 9–15 Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind for the Kolmogorov–Wiener filter weight function for the prediction of stationary random processes with a power-law structure function are rather accurate.


SUMMARY Photovoice is a participatory action research strategy which can contribute to youth mobilization for community change. The strategy can enable youth to (1) record and vivify their community's strengths and concerns; (2) promote critical dialogue and knowledge about community issues through group discussion of photographs; and (3) reach policy makers. Following a description of the photovoice methodology, this article briefly highlights ten projects in which youth used photovoice to represent, advocate, and enhance community health and well-being.


Engineering Mechanics is an important subject for science and engineering students in higher vocational colleges. The teaching quality of this course has a direct impact on subsequent professional courses. However, there has been a concern about the poor teaching effect of Engineering Mechanics in higher vocational colleges for a long time. In order to solve the problem and improve the teaching quality, this paper expounds some problems existing in the teaching of Engineering Mechanics in higher vocational colleges and proposes corresponding measures for these problems. Educators need to pay more attention to diversified assessment methods and the application of new technologies. Diversified examination methods can improve students' enthusiasm in learning, while new techniques, such as finite element simulation, generate digital materials, making it easier for students to understand abstract concepts. The suggested measures are worthy of reference and should be applied flexibly in the teaching of Engineering Mechanics.


scribe as the "antagonistic" yet potentially "positive" relationship of minority to dominant linguistic and cultural codes (153), are critical matters in Woman Hollering Creek. The text includes frequent references to the specificity and difference coded into any and all languages; to the violence of inadequacy of translation and interpretation; to the translator's and, by extension, the writer's unfaithful role as betrayer of the culture's inside secrets; and to the existence of encoded messages, which are more accessible to readers familiar with various insider codes and cryptographic devices deployed in the text. These attributes Cisneros's text shares with texts by other Chicano, Latino, and minority writers, who implicitly or explicitly refer to their own ambiguous relationships to both dominant and subordi


Precise measurements and calculations of the internal structure of hadronic jets produced in high energy proton or lead collisions have become a prominent research area in recent years. Jet substructure provides information about quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and plays an important role in the study of the evolution of the quark-gluon plasma. The ALICE experiment is uniquely suited to provide insight into the smallest splitting angles due to high efficiency in the reconstruction of charged particles. In this proceeding, we present an overview of recent ALICE results on jet substructure in pp collisions involving measurements of generalized angularities of groomed and inclusive jets, a new double-differential measurement of the Lund jet radiation plane for jets with a transverse momentum ($p_{\mathrm{T}}$) between 20 and 120 GeV/$c$, the first direct measurement of the dead-cone effect, and substructure measurements of heavy flavor tagged jets. These latest results provide new insights into the jet evolution by comparing to various theoretical predictions.


In this study, 4‐(5‐chloro‐2(3H)‐benzoxazolone‐3‐yl)butanoic acid and its ethyl ester as well as its ten new amide derivatives have been synthesized. Their structures have been elucidated by IR, 1H‐NMR spectra and elemental analysis. The compounds were screened for antinociceptive and anti‐inflammatory activities. The highest antinociceptive and anti‐inflammatory activities were exhibited by Compound 11 which has carboxylic acid structure. A various decrease in antinociceptive and anti‐inflammatory activity was observed by amidation of the carboxylic acid moiety of this compound.


This paper presents a frequency-domain technique for estimating the plucking point on a guitar string from an acoustically recorded signal. It also includes an original method for detecting the fingering point, based on the plucking point information.


Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used for the comprehensive environmental assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and ENM-enabled products. A complete LCA can highlight a possible shifting of burden where reduction of environmental impacts at one stage may come at the expense of another. The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with LCA as a methodology in the context of ENMs. This is done by first presenting a basic LCA framework, followed by peer-reviewed LCAs on ENMs. We conclude with a brief on evolving approaches that address ENM-specific challenges for LCAs. © 2014 Woodhead Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.


The calculated average bremsstrahlung spectra resulting from one collision of a source photon in an infinite sodium iodide crystal are presented in graphical form. The data presented include source photon energies from 0.1 to 20 m/sub o/c/sup 2/. (auth)


Postoperative intestinal obstruction is a relatively common complication among those after abdominal operations, and adhesions in the intestine cause the intestinal obstruction two times in the postoperative course following an appendectomy for appendicitis is reported. At first time, adhesions in the intestinal obstruction, and a rare entity of jejuno-jejunal intussusception caused the second intestinal obstruction. It is etiologically thought that tha jejuno-jejunal intussusception might be caused by a bent portion of intestine due to fibrous adhesion between the same small vowel serosae as the head of the intussusception.


After analyzing why and how Anhui undertakes this group transfer,with the transfer expanding and the connection between those industries increasing,the article puts forward its inevitable trend and challenges and certain suggestions.


The work contained in this Thesis represents some main developments in hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated methodologies, and ranges from carbon-nitrogen to additional carbon-heteroatom bond formation. The present manuscript is divided into three main parts: 1 - Mechanistic studies on the stoichiometric iodine(III)-mediated vicinal diamination of styrenes. 2 - Development of a pioneering hypervalent iodine(III)-catalysed asymmetric diamination of styrenes. 3 - Exploration of mild carbon-boron bond formation from diaryliodonium salts. In the first section on alkene diamination, a description of a series of experiments supporting and supported by DFT calculations are presented. The original DFT calculations were performed in the group of Professor Maseras within a collaborative project. In order to verify the most energetically demanding step calculated by DFT, a series of hypervalent iodines bearing bistosylimide groups at the iodine centre and different para-substitution in the aryl ring were synthesised and submitted to diamination. Kinetic profiles showed slower reactions with electron-withdrawing substituents. In conclusion, between two possible rate-determining steps, ligand dissociation is identified as the slow process according to experimental kinetics. Regarding the DFT postulation of an initial step of oxygenation, an experimental proof of such an oxygen attack of the bissulfonamide is described for 1,1-diphenylethylene as starting material and additionally supported by an X-ray analysis of the isolated oxygenated product. Additionally, chiral iodine reagents bearing bissulfonyl groups at the iodine coordination sphere were synthesised, and fully characterised including X-ray analysis. The rate for electron-rich derivatives of these compounds in exploratory diamination of alkenes was found to be extremely fast; this electronic facet is comparable with related chiral iodine reagents of similar electronic influence, which exercise significant rate enhancement in enantioselective diamination. In the second section, a novel catalytic asymmetric diamination methodology is described. Two key points were important for this transformation. The first is the suppression of the potential background epoxidation reaction under appropriate reaction conditions. The second one is the design of the correct features of the catalyst, being necessary a para-methyl substitution on the arene core and a bulky N,N-disubstitution pattern amide within the chiral lactamide units. Under such appropriately tuned raction conditions, the asymmetric diamination of styrenes was carried out using 10 – 20 mol% of catalyst loading, achieving from moderate to good yields and excellent enantioselectivities of above 90% ee. These ee values represent significantly higher values (above 90%) than those for the previously published stoichiometric reaction, which presents a significant improvement. Mechanistic studies have identified a definite catalytic cycle forthis homogeneous oxidation reaction. Chiral iodine(I) is oxidised by the terminal oxidant (mCPBA) at the outset of the reaction and a subsequent ligand exchange provides the active iodine(III) species. The inherent chirality of this molecule exercises an effective alkene face selection. Subsequent bismesylimide attack at the benzylic position of the activated alkene generates a vicinal aminoiodinated intermediate. Intramolecularly promoted reductive elimination regenerates the initial chiral I(I) catalyst state. Upon addition of a second bismesylimide unit the final diamination product is formed. Finally, in the third chapter a novel carbon-boron bond formation is described. This work was realised in collaboration with the group of Professor E. Fernandez's group. One of the few metal free aryl-boron bond formation and the only example of diaryliodonium-mediated arylation of a 13th group element has now been developed. It also represents one of the few cases of a non-innocent anion in reactions of diaryliodonium salts. The presence of an acetate as diaryliodonium counterion triggers the formation of an umpolung at the diboron compound, which, once it is coordinated to the iodine, induces sufficient nucleophilicity to trigger reductive elimination to the final borylated product. Several symmetrical diaryliodonium acetates were synthesised through metathesis of their respective bromides. These precursors were obtained applying different synthetic protocols including the direct synthesis from the corresponding free arenes to the use of preactivated arenes. Non-symmetrical diaryl iodonium salts were also tested. No aryl selection is observed based on electronic preferences, but up to 85:15 selectivity can be obtained when a pertinent steric hinderance is present. Moreover, anion bulkiness can also be employed to enhance selectivity, although the yields are decreased throughout the anion insertion.


The concept of Nadhaltul Ulama's education did not escape the development of da'wah and the process of Islamic boarding schools in Java, in this case KH. Hasyim Asy'ari as the founder of the organization along with other kyiai took part in the education of Nahdlutul Ulama, Nahdhltul Ulama organizations which became the largest organizations in Indonesia at the beginning were categorized as traditionalists, as well as early translations made by KH. Hasyim Asy'ari, which began in Islamic boarding schools so as to renew the understanding of education both formal and informal through the basic concepts of epistemology and learning anology as well as methods in learning.


THE EVALUATION of the patient's requirements for amplification through the use of the hearing aid is one of the means of hearing rehabilitation which should be used in private otological practice. Other methods useful to the otologist in hearing rehabilitation in eligible subjects are closure of tympanic perforations, treatment of secretory otitis media with effusion, surgical correction of congenital atresia of the external auditory canal, and fenestration surgery. Since every patient should have the benefit of the optimum rehabilitation for his individual impairment, the patient needs thorough otological clearance before any one method of rehabilitation is chosen. The hearing aid is a satisfactory means of overcoming the hearing handicap in certain persons. Over the course of several years with the hearing handicapped, one of the most noteworthy mistakes observed in hearing aid users, and those making recommendations, fittings, and sales of hearing aids, has been an ignorance of, or an


This paper represents a critical review of the data considering the effects combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) might have on patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with an aim to discover the optimal therapeutic option for each of the PCOS phenotypes. Hyperandrogenism (HA), oligo/anovulation and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) on ultrasound exam are the main diagnostic criteria for establishing PCOS diagnosis. Although insulin resistance (IR) and obesity are more fequently observed in patients with PCOS they are not necessary for the diagnosis. The combination of mentioned parametars defines various phenotypes of PCOS, as well as the corresponding metabolic and cardiovascular risk. A literature search has been conducted, examining any randomised clinical trial (RCT) or observational study in the PubMed database pertaining to the subject in question, that was published until April 2018, in English.19 RCTs and 8 observational studies on the subject have been analysed. Conclusions of this paper are that CHC represent a safe and effective therapeutic option for PCOS patients of any phenotype and are known to alleviate symptoms in PCOS patients with HA/PCOS. For overweight patients, patients with a mild IR that does not require metformin treatment, and those with other metablic risks, contraception with 17β estradiol or vaginal contraceptive ring seems to be preferred to oral EE/DRSP combination. The combination of myo-inositol and CHC in these patients may control metabolic profiles more effectively. For PCOS patients with pronounced metabolic risks IUS with levonorgestrel could represent the safest option. Further, more detailed trials on the effects of CHC on PCOS patients will provide a valuable improvment in our understanding of the topic, suggest optimal duration, as well as long-term effects of the treatment, especially on metabolism, with a focus on new CHCs.


This study analyzes macroeconomic and institutional factors of the host countries in attracting outwards foreign direct investment (OFDI) from Malaysia. Results show that primary motives behind Malaysian OFDI are to seek growing markets and natural resources. Foreign economy's depreciating currency with respect to Ringgit Malaysia, lower private sector lending rate, shorter geographical distance from Malaysia and government accountability are also important pull factors. Malaysian OFDI is significantly low in ASEAN Member States (AMS) and in the developed states. Policy implications thus include generation of higher OFDI towards AMS given the strategic importance of ASEAN Economic Community and in developed regions to access foreign technology.


Multi-view subspace clustering methods used consensus and supplementary principles to learn the shared self-representation matrix or tensor have been applied to multiple fields. The existing advanced multi-view subspace clustering methods are mainly based on the extension of low-rank representation from matrix to tensor. However, the tensor optimization methods have two limitations: they cannot retain the local geometric structure of data features residing in multiple nonlinear subspaces; they represent the low-rank structure based on the tensor nuclear norm, which will cause undesirable low-rank approximation. To solve these problems, we propose a hyper-Laplacian regularized Nonconvex Low-rank Representation (HNLR) method for multi-view subspace clustering. HNLR uses hyper-Laplacian regularizer to capture the high-order local geometry structure of each view. In addition, by introducing a nonconvex Laplace function to replace the tensor nuclear norm, HNLR can greatly improve the approximate performance of the global low-rank structure. Based on the alternating direction method of multiplier, we design an effective alternate iteration strategy to optimize HNLR model. Experimental results on eight real datasets have proved the superiority of our proposed method.


We introduce the nonstandard concept of a monadic set and characterize diagonal and covering uniformities in terms of such sets. This formulation relates the two fundamental aspects of uniformities directly and obviates the need for bases. We illustrate the utility of our approach by showing that it leads to significant simplifi- cations of the standard proofs characterizing pseudo-metrizable uniform and unifor- mizable topological spaces. 1. Monadic sets. We presuppose familiarity with the basic ideas of nonstandard analysis. For notations and definitions we refer to (5) and for the general theory of monads to (2 and 3). We also assume as given a sufficiently saturated nonstandard extension of the standard universe of uniform spaces. DEFINITION 1.1. A subset M of a set *X is monadic in a family T of internal subsets of *XifM= n{B C e T M C B}. Monadic sets generalize the monads of (2), where it is required that the internal sets B are of the form *S for standard sets S. Thus the monadic sets in 1.4, for example, are not usually monads in the sense of (2). EXAMPLE 1.2. If e is the set of entourages of a uniform space X and M


Osteomyelitis of zygomatico-maxillary complex is rare. We present a diabetic patient who initially reported a small cystic swelling on lower orbital margin which on exploration came out to be a subperiosteal cold abscess. No bone erosion could be detected on routine x-rays. The cytology and initial biopsy revealed chronic nonspecific inflammation. Repeated bacterial cultures and staining for AFB were negative. Later a discharging sinus was formed. CT scan suggested osteomyelitis. Conservative surgery with sequestrectomy and debridement was performed. The biopsy revealed necrotic bony fragments along with fungal hyphae and spores. On fungal culture a growth of Aspergillus flavus was obtained. A final diagnosis of fungal osteomyelitis of lateral part of lower orbital margin involving zygomatico-maxillary complex was made. Patient responded to conservative treatment with oral antifungal agents and minimal surgical intervention. The possibility of fungal etiology must be considered in a diabetic patient even at unusual sites.


We update the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics and trends using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI; version 3g) 1981 to 2012 data set. We compare the annual NDIV3g and July to October growing season averages with the three rainfall data sets: the Africa Rainfall Climatology from 1983 to 2012, the Variability Analyses of Surface Climate Observations Version-1.1 from 1951 to 2000, and the Nicholson ground-station precipitation rainfall data from 1981 to 1994. We use the Nicholson ground-station annual precipitation data to determine the reliability of the two continental precipitation data sets for specific locations and specific times, extrapolate these confirmed relationships over the Sahelian Zone from 1983 to 2012 with the Africa Rainfall Climatology, and then place these zonal findings within the 1951 to 2000 record of the Variability Analyses of Surface Climate Observations Version-1.1 precipitation data set. We confirm the extreme nature of the 1984–1985 Sahelian drought, a signature event that marked the minima during the 1980s desiccation period followed within ten years by near-maxima rainfall event in 1994 and positive departures is NDVI, marking beginning of predominantly wetter conditions that have persisted to 2012. We also show the NDVI3g data capture "effective" rainfall, the rainfall that is utilized by plants to grow, as compared to rainfall that evaporates or is runoff. Using our effective rainfall concept, we estimate average effective rainfall for the entire Sahelian Zone for the 1984 extreme drought was 223 mm/yr as compared to 406 mm/yr in during the 1994 wet period. We conclude that NDVI3g data can used as a proxy for analyzing and interpreting decadal-scale land surface variability and trends over semi arid-lands.


The first nonlinear image restoration algorithms were devised a little more than a decade ago. The subsequent development of this subject by a number of research workers has produced a rich and fascinating literature. But because much of it is located in unfamiliar journals and publications, many astronomical newcomers to the field may be unaware of this work. It has been known since the discovery of the nonlinear image restoration techniques that they have pronounced performance advantages over linear restoration techniques in astronomical applications, and many of the published examples of nonlinear restorations of imagery have involved astronomical data. The new image detector systems appearing in optical astronomy, particularly CCDs, produce images of a quality that fully justifies the employment of sophisticated algorithms for the extraction of the maximum amount of information from the data. This review of the literature has been prepared in the hope that it will encourage new astronomical workers to enter into it.


There are various methods of proving a proposition. Among these, 'mathematical induction' is treated in school mathematics weightly. But many students have difficulty with the proof by 'mathematical induction'. To solve this problem, analysis needs to be attempted in various aspects. This study attempts to compare the teaching methods of 'mathematical induction' in South and North Korea and to acquire the implication. In fact, many differences between South and North Korea are found. These differences are caused by epistemological and psychological premise. Therefore this study investigates the epistemological and psychological aspects in North Korea and compares the textbooks in South and North Korea. Through this study, some implications are found. First, the sequence of introducing the 'mathematical induction' needs to be considered. Second, the rich context of applying the 'mathematical induction' is needed. Finally, disagreement between curriculum and textbook in South Korea needs to be reconsidered.


Within human samples, such as urine or blood, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the extracellular fraction is commonly utilized as an analyte during liquid biopsy analysis. Urine, being non-invasive as a sample type, has an obvious advantage over blood when used for liquid biopsy purposes. Despite growing interest in cfDNA analysis in various clinical fields, especially oncology and prenatal diagnosis, few studies on sample handling have been reported and no analytical consensus is available. Nucleated cells naturally found in urine can release genomic DNA into urine leading to an increased DNA background during sample processing and storage. In addition, enzymatic degradation has the potential to obscure true cfDNA levels, given their relatively small molecular weight. Hence, urine specimens need either special treatment, e.g. processing within a short time of collections (2-4 hours), refrigeration subsequent to collection, or preservation using stabilizing compounds. Development of such sample stabilization solutions opens up capability of various biomarkers present in the extracellular fraction to be used in liquid biopsy. This is of particular concern as studies around urinary analytes for cancer diagnosis, monitoring of cancer progression and therapeutic effect are rapidly expanding in cohort sizes and at-clinic collections are increasingly prohibitive for recruitment, particularly for control groups. Multi-site collections and at-clinic collections are increasingly prohibitive for large-scale recruitment and lead to variability in the time between sample collection & downstream processing. In this study, we have tested 3 different commercially available extraction methodologies for the analysis of urinary cell-free DNA using first morning first void (FMFV) or first void (FV) urine collected using standard collection cup or Colli-Pee device (Novosanis). We have also assessed various available principles and developed novel solution for the stabilization of cell-free DNA and for the prevention of genomic DNA leakage into the extracellular urine matrix at an ambient hold. Our research highlight the pitfalls in current solutions and the need for standardization in processing & development of effective urine stabilization solutions.


A general numerical procedure is described whereby the details of the steady inviscid flow of a mixture of perfect gases about a blunt body, including the effects of finite dissociation and recombination rates, may be calculated. Several numerical examples are calculated in order to apply the numerical procedure to specific cases and also to show the effects of finite reaction times on the flow about a blunt body.


On September 24, 1966, Jimi Hendrix arrives in London, immediately begins a romantic relationship with Kathy Etchingham, experiences racism due to the color of his skin and gender-bending clothing, and wows fans of the British "blues boom" by performing with American bluesmen in town for the American Folk Blues Festival. At another club performance he stuns attendees with his unprecedented volume and skill at playing an "upside-down" Fender Stratocaster. This draws the attention of French superstar Johnny Hallyday, who invites Hendrix, who has yet to form a band, to open for him during his upcoming tour of France. By month's end Hendrix has recruited Noel Redding as the first member of the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Redding, a guitarist, agrees to learn how to play bass.