Historian, educator, and author Mykola Kostomarov was a leading figure in the Ukrainian national awakening of the nineteenth century, and played an important role in the cultural life of Russia as well. As an ethnographer, he sought to uncover the mysterious soul? of the Ukrainian people, and his poetry contributed to the development of a Ukrainian literary language. An outspoken proponent of social and national emancipation, he was imprisoned and exiled for his role in the Cyril-Methodian Brotherhood, which worked towards a Ukrainian national renaissance and a pan-Slavic federalism. In Russia, he led the populist? school, which shifted the focus of history away from the realm of tsars and princes, and argued the centrality of the people? to their own story.This first English-language biography of Kostomarov - and first large-scale study of the subject in any language - offers a compelling account of his original and controversial scholarship, and his role in the cultural politics of his day. Prymak brings to light a legacy long buried by the censoring mechanisms of both Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Empire. Claimed by both Ukraine and Russia as a major historian, Kostomarov's biography provides insight into the complex question of inter-ethnic and international relations in Eastern Europe and in the former Russian and Soviet empires.


The present invention is manganese dioxide process of extracting lithium from salt lake brine, and the process is suitable for producing lithium carbonate and lithium chloride with lithium-containing Qinghai saline lake brine, including concentrated lithium-containing Qinghai saline lake brine. The process includes sun shining saline lake brine to obtain concentrated lithium containing brine, selective adsorption of lithium ion with MnO2 adsorbent, eluting adsorbed lithium ion with hydrochloric acid solution, and refining and concentrating the elutriant to obtain material for preparing lithium carbonate and lithium chloride.


Single molecule force spectroscopy has given experimental access to the mechanical properties of protein molecules. Typically, less than 1% of the experimental recordings reflect true single molecule events due to abundant surface and multiple-molecule interactions. A key issue in single molecule force spectroscopy is thus to identify the characteristic mechanical "fingerprint" of a specific protein in noisy data sets. Here, we present an objective pattern recognition algorithm that is able to identify fingerprints in such noisy data sets.


We report on a small-scale study carried out in the University of Cantabria, Spain, which investigated teaching strategies and methodology for CLIL at the tertiary level. The study was carried out in two stages: in the first one we designed a questionnaire for primary and secondary school teachers, and interviewed 10 CLIL teachers. The focus was on teaching strategies and methodology, with the explicit aim of collecting advice applicable to the tertiary level. In the second stage we have tested these tips in a university context through a second questionnaire and round of interviews. We have interviewed 10 EMI university lecturers and asked them about methodological strategies, and specifically about the advice suggested by their colleagues. Our findings suggest that CLIL teachers from lower levels are well acquainted with CLIL methodology and that EMI practitioners at university find their advice very useful, although they show reluctance towards deeper methodological changes.


BACKGROUND
Enhancement of the results obtained by scaling and planing is most often sought by using antimicrobial therapies. Laser beams have been shown to be bactericidal and could possibly target pathogens more effectively and with fewer compliance problems than antiseptic solutions.

METHODS
Thirty subjects 20-60 years old presenting periodontal pockets at least 5 mm deep in each quadrant received initial periodontal treatment. The study had a split-mouth design. The control side (SRP) only received scaling and planing, and the test side (SRP+laser) was treated by both SRP and Nd:Yap (yttrium aluminum perovskite doped with neodym) laser. Clinical conditions were evaluated at day 0 and day 90 using the plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, pocket probing depth, and clinical attachment level. Microbial sampling was also performed on days 0 and 90, and the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola was analysed by polymerase chain reaction in a commercial laboratory. Post-operative pain or discomfort was measured by the patient using a linear visual scale. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to compare bacterial presence.

RESULTS
There was no statistically significant difference concerning clinical data between test and control groups at baseline. Both treatments enhanced the clinical situation compared to baseline; however, results were not significantly different between the two groups. T. forsythensis was the organism most numerous in both groups. Though initial treatment diminished the numbers of all the pathogens it did not do so statistically significantly. Differences between test and control groups were very small and bore no significance. Evaluation of the post-operative pain did not reveal any differences between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Scaling and root planing was effective in reducing levels of plaque, inflammation, and bleeding upon probing. No additional advantage was achieved by using the Nd:Yap laser.


Objective This study aimed to identify a possible correlation between serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and oocyte quality, embryo developmental competence, and implantation potential. Methods 4488 oocytes obtained from 408 patients undergoing ICSI cycles were evaluated. Oocyte dimorphisms, embryo quality on days two and three, blastocyst formation competence, fertilization rates, implantation rates, and pregnancy rates were correlated with serum levels of AMH using Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Results A positive correlation was observed between serum levels of AMH and number of retrieved oocytes (CC: 0.600, p<0.001), fertilization rate (CC:0.595, p=0.048), and number of obtained embryos (CC:0.495, p<0.001). AMH did not affect the quality of cleavage stage embryos or the chance of blastocyst formation. However, AMH levels affected oocyte quality (OR:0.75, CI 0.44-0.96, p<0.001), and implantation (CC:0,116, p=0.031) and pregnancy (OR:1.22, CI:1.03-1.53, p<0.001) rates. Conclusion Serum levels of AMH are a useful predictor of ovarian response to COS, oocyte quality, and fertilization. However, AMH levels may also compromise clinical outcomes; lower AMH levels did not impair embryo development.


(1) Publish a theoretical manuscript (or group of manuscripts) that articulates our interdisciplinary approach to global ecosystem service valuation (2) Create a database that brings relevant social, economic, and ecological data together in a fully relational format (3) Develop an integrated, dynamic model of ecological and economic systems to more comprehensively evaluate ecosystem services and their value. (4) Develop a global Input-Output model for assessing the structural interdependencies between ecosystem services and the economy and for possible use in pricing ecosystem services (5) Develop the ability to create maps of ecosystem services and their values for the entire globe and for any arbitrary subarea.


A new bioassay has been developed that allows rapid, sensitive detection of chemicals such as paraquat and adriamycin, which manifest their acute toxicity, mutagenicity or carcinogenicity by inducing a pro‐oxidant state in vivo. Submitochondrial particles isolated from bovine myocardium are used to catalyze NADH‐dependent enzymatic reduction of these chemicals to free radicals. The highly reactive species generated in this system reduce molecular dioxygen to the superoxide anion radical, which is detected spectrophotometrically using the adrenochrome reaction. The anticancer drug adriamycin, the herbicides paraquat and diquat, the analytical dye sulfonazo III, and the experimental carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline‐N‐oxide have been used to test the sensitivity of this new method. This assay can be used to screen fresh water samples for the presence of pollutants that can generate oxygen‐centered free radicals in vivo, or to test newly synthesized chemicals for this activity, and may therefore be valuable for environmental monitoring and preliminary toxicity evaluation of industrial or pharmaceutical products.


The problem of generating accurate single-particle potentials in larger quantum mechanical systems is discussed. It is shown that representing the potential by Volterra series simplifies the relationships between the potential and energy functionals considerably.


This study considers in a contextualized manner the origin of the saying «amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas», as well as how some authors from the past have taken it. Then it considers in what sense it is legitimate to complement that saying with another one («amicus Plato, quia amica veritas»), and why this complement is important: a good philosophy must honor some thinkers as friends and fellow wayfarers in the search for human wisdom.


J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 87, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 92, E-Suppl. 1 after treatment, respectively (P < 0.001). The 400 μM and 1.4 mM SSRI treatments resulted in 86% decreases in TEER 24 h after treatment, and decreased 75% after 48 hr after treatment (P < 0.001). The 40 μM, 400 μM, and 1.4 mM MAOI treatments decreased TEER 1.63, 17.8, and 12.2% respectively, 24 h after treatment and 16.2, 37.9, and 41.9% respectively, 48 hr after treatments. Treatment of pBMEC with SSRI + MAOI, resulted in similar decreases in TEER seen with SSRI treatment alone. In conclusion, while both SSRI and MAOI resulted in tight junction disruption in pBMEC. SSRI resulted in larger decreases in TEER relative to the control when compared to MAOI treatments. Project supported by NRI Grant #2007-35206-17898 from USDACSREES.


The Chua circuit parameter estimation problem is addressed in this paper. This circuit is algebraically observable and identifiable with respect to its two measurable voltages. This fact allows us to straightforwardly propose two linear estimators for recovering the unknown parameters, where the estimator gains are continuously adjusted by means of a gradient algorithm, until the estimated parameters converge to the actual values. The convergence of this method is demonstrated by using the Lyapunov method.


The growing needs for individual mobility creates new challenges for future powertrain engineers. Tomorrow's powertrain engineers, besides being talented, they need to know how to apply these skills according to a system approach while working in international teams with multicultural environment. To prepare these future "global" powertrain engineers, it is necessary to develop new educational approaches based on the transfer of knowledge. As an applied Engineering School, our learning goals include not only the acquisition of technical skills, but most importantly, the ability to put this knowledge into practice. Therefore, the pedagogical approach and the interactive tools used in our classrooms are chosen to implement a "Learning by doing" approach. In this paper, we will present different approaches that have been developed at IFP School and that are currently successfully applied in the Powertrain Department. In particular, we will explain how we introduced pedagogical approaches focused on interactive learning activities in order to increase the interest and the motivation of the students, and consequently to increase their learning capability. The integration of these activities requires a different organization of the lectures and a specific development: the use of e-learning with flipped classes must be integrated so that the teachers have free time in the classroom to explore new activities. Two examples are in particular described: First, the use of a serious game as a learning tool. This innovative idea uses real engine models integrated in a fun game-style environment. The idea is that the students need to apply the acquired knowledge to solve industrial problems (like the fuel consumption or pollutant emission's reduction). Second, the use of a virtual reality environment to explore engine test benches. In this case, with special glasses and a smartphone, the students are able to explore a complex environment in the classroom. Finally, we will describe the activities oriented to the understanding of the impact of the cultural background to communicate and work efficiently. In our experience, all these new educational approaches are really necessary and very efficient to improve motivation and to prepare international students to become a global powertrain engineer.


A new scheme for MIMO CDMA-based optical satellite communications (OSATCOMs) is presented. Three independent problems are described for up-link and down-link in terms of two distinguished optimization problems. At first, in up-link, Pulse-width optimization is proposed to reduce dispersions over fibers as the terrestrial part. This is performed for return-to-zero (RZ) modulation that is supposed to be used as an example in here. This is carried out by solving the first optimization problem, while minimizing the probability of overlapping for the Gaussian pulses that are used to produce RZ. Some constraints are assumed such as a threshold for the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In down-link, the second and the third problems are discussed as follows, jointly as a closed-form solution. Solving the second optimization problem, an objective function is obtained, namely the MIMO CDMA-based satellite weight-matrix as a conventional adaptive beam-former. The Satellite link is established over flat un-correlated Nakagami-m/Suzuki fading channels as the second problem. On the other hand, the mentioned optimization problem is robustly solved as the third important problem, while considering inter-cell interferences in the multi-cell scenario. Robust solution is performed due to the partial knowledge of each cell from the others in which the link capacity is maximized. Analytical results are conducted to investigate the merit of system.


This thesis provides a new idea-"nature-human joint" in view of some problems in contemporary sports, such as the dissimilation and the inhibition of technology, the excessive commercialism and the inhibition of sportsmanship. It makes some exposition and research on how to develop sports stably and healthily, and it also puts forward the idea's significance for developing sports.


Piper betle L. (Piperaceae) is used in traditional medicinal diseases. Our study was planned to isolate chemical constituents from the leaves of P. betle variety desi and to characterized their structures. Phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of the leaves of P. betle variety desi led to isolate n-nonyl benzene (1-phenylnonane, 1), 4′-phenyl butanoxy n-hexanoate (4′-phenyl butanoxy caproate, 2), caffeic acid (3),1′-phenoloxy 5′α-hydroxyltetradecane (4) and 5-prop-2a-enyl-4,4′-(2′′α-arachidyloxy-3′′α-hydroxypropyl)-bispyrocatechol (1′′, 2′′-dihydro-2′′α-arachidyloxy-3′′α-hydroxybischavicol, 5). The structures of these phytoconstituents, isolated from this variety of P. betle for the first time, were established by spectroscopic methods and chemical constituents. The leaf essential oil was characterized by high percentage of farnesol (41.13%), acetyl eugenol (26.40%), valencene (6.34%), α - amorphene (3.43%), γ - cadinene (3.56%), isovanillin (2.27%), eugenol (1.21%), cadina-1,4-dione (1.77%) and α - bisabolene (1.15%).


Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a critical characterization method for the semiconductor industry given the decreasing device size. TEM specimens are typically prepared using a focused ion beam (FIB) system because it provides accuracy and site-specificity for thinning and extraction [1]. Frequently used techniques are in situ lift-out (INLO) and ex situ lift-out (EXLO) [2]. With both techniques, artifacts such as surface damage and ion-implanted layers are present on the specimens due to Ga from FIB ion milling. Previous studies on low energy (< 1 keV), small spot (<1 μm) Ar milling of both INLO and EXLO FIB specimens [3, 4] have improved TEM specimen quality by removing Ga ion-induced damage. Here, we present Ar milling with automated end-point detection capability to prepare electron-transparent INLO and EXLO TEM specimens from semiconductor devices and remove Ga ion implantation artifacts. Such work is highly relevant due to the high-throughput requirements of the semiconductor industry.


The subcommittee K1 "Gas Insulated Substations" of the Substations Committee has made an extensive revision of C37.122, IEEE Standard for High Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations rated above 52 kV and is entering now the balloting phase. This effort reflects an intensive effort for harmonization between IEC and IEEE standards. The revised standard emphasizes worker safety, environment, and reliability. Rather than create new requirements and tests. Many sections from IEC standards were, with permission from IEC, incorporated with only minor modifications.


Hybrid Electric vehicles are becoming popular because of the improvement in fuel economy and strict emission norms. Range-extender hybrid vehicles are interesting as they provide best fuel economy in city drive cycle. The fuel economy of hybrid vehicle is depended on electric range, control strategy, electric-recharge and drive cycle. In this paper two control strategies for battery state of charge (SOC) control are evaluated for optimizing fuel economy and depth of discharge (DOD) of battery for range-extender vehicle. Advisor model with lead-acid battery is used to evaluate and compare fuel economy and DOD of battery in city drive cycle. The results are presented and it can be seen that PI controller method gives a better control over battery SOC and reduces transient in engine power as compared to the Additional power method.


The object of this paper is to measure the characteristics of the inactivation kinetics of B. subtilis spores-surrogates for B. anthracis spores following the treatment with free chlorine. The results indicated that the inactivation kinetics of B. subtilis spores with free chlorine was characterized by a lag phase followed by a pseudo-first-order rate of inactivation. The magnitude of the lag phase increased and the rate of subsequent inactivation decreased with the decreasing temperature, for the experimental temperature range of 1-30 °C. The same tendency of inactivation kinetics curves was observed for the increasing solution pH, for the experimental pH range of 6-8. The CT concept was proved to be valid for the inactivation kinetics of B. subtilis spores with free chlorine under the conditions investigated. The validity of B. subtilis spores served as conservative surrogates for B. anthracis spore has been finally discussed.


There exists a well-known problem with the {sup 7}Li+{sup 7}Be abundance predicted by standard big bang nucleosynthesis being larger than the value observed in population II stars. The catalysis of big bang nucleosynthesis by metastable, {tau}{sub X} > or approx. 10{sup 3} sec, charged particles X{sup -} is capable of suppressing the primordial {sup 7}Li+{sup 7}Be abundance and making it consistent with the observations. We show that to produce the correct abundance, this mechanism of suppression places a requirement on the initial abundance of X{sup -} at temperatures of 4x10{sup 8} K to be on the order of or larger than 0.02 per baryon, which is within the natural range of abundances in models with metastable electroweak-scale particles. The suppression of {sup 7}Li+{sup 7}Be is triggered by the formation of ({sup 7}BeX{sup -}) compound nuclei, with fast depletion of their abundances by catalyzed proton reactions, and in some models by direct capture of X{sup -} on {sup 7}Be. The combination of {sup 7}Li+{sup 7}Be and {sup 6}Li constraints favors the window of lifetimes, 1000 s < or approx. {tau}{sub X}{<=}2000 s.


Abstract In this work, an attempt has been made to harvest energy from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric material using fluid flow in an open channel system. Piezoelectric energy harvesting using fluid flow (PEHF) experimental model has been designed and the outputs obtained are compared with results obtained from simulations using ANSYS (computational fluid dynamics) and also with the mathematical modeling. The PEHF model has been utilized to analyze the effect of flow rate of water with reference to energy extracted. The full wave bridge rectifier circuit has been used to obtain the direct current (DC) from the PEHF model. It is observed that the output obtained using experiments holds good in agreement with the results retrieved through simulations and mathematical results. It is also observed that the increase in flow rate of fluid leads to increase in output of PEHF model. ANFIS is also used for the prediction of further results.


The invention discloses a preparation method of an aqueous single-layer graphene solution. According to the method, natural graphite, calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate are mixed and processed to obtain a graphite oxide solution, and after the graphite oxide solution is prepared into an aqueous single-layer graphene oxide solution, a reducing agent is added for a reaction, and the aqueous single-layer graphene solution is obtained. According to the method, the aqueous single-layer graphene solution with high single layer rate, strong compositing feature and uniform dispersion is prepared finally after multiple times of ultrasonic stripping.


Model-based diagnostic programs are useful in isolating unpredictable faults in various types of systems. Models used by these programs to represent devices have traditionally imposed restrictions on domain representations because of the inherent directed nature of system diagnostics. These restrictions make it difficult or impossible to model the behavior of a domain whose behavior is global in nature. Modelling these behaviors is essential for obtaining a true, unconstrained representation of the actual system behavior. Although global behavior may be handled by the addition of meta-objects (objects in the model that govern the behavior of several distributed objects) to the model for particular cases, this approach can be likened to adding meta-rules to rule-based models (i.e., a complex and confusing network in which meta-rules about meta-rules could result). In electrical power system models, global behavior can be seen in the form of voltage and current changes that occur with load fluctuations, faults, or circuit re-configurations. Although these can occur in a remote part of the circuit, their effects are conveyed throughout the circuit. Traditional directed models cannot easily reflect these changes and as a result, the monitoring and diagnostic capabilities are degraded significantly. An implementation is therefore needed that can correctly simulate power systems and other such global behavior systems by overcoming the problem of representing global behavior while preserving the diagnostic abilities of structure-function models. This research integrated robust models, mathematically-accurate system models normally used in quantitative simulation, within the conventional device-centered models to provide the functionality needed in a structure-function diagnostic paradigm and therefore eliminate the problem of representing global behaviors in diagnosis.


We provide the optimal receive combining strategy for federated learning in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Our proposed algorithm allows the clients to perform individual gradient sparsification which greatly improves performance in scenarios with heterogeneous (non i.i.d.) training data. The proposed method beats the benchmark by a wide margin.


Abstract Pakistan is the fastest urbanising country in South Asia, and the world's sixth most populous country, with a projected population of 335 million by 2050, and an annual urbanisation rate of 3.06%. Simultaneously it is undergoing a demographic transition to a youthful country and is experiencing the growth of rapidly expanding primary (megacities, like Karachi) and secondary (smaller towns) urban centres as a result of rural–urban migrations. This paper uses refereed literature and expert interviews to explore the drivers of urbanisation, and the social and, particularly, political consequences and potential impacts the phenomenon in Pakistan. Focusing on the impact of urbanisation on electoral politics, one predicted key driver of change will be the ability of politicians to satisfy the younger, more educated population's desire for improved public services, employment and social justice.


A system for conditioning a strip material (100) mobile, the system comprising: a first detector (1102) arranged to measure a first height value of a surface material in unaprimera longitudinal area along the strip material (100) , a second detector (1104) arranged to measure a second value of surface height of the material in unasegunda longitudinal area along the strip material (100); yun controller (1012) communicatively coupled to the first and second detectors to determine unadiferencia between the first height value and the second value of height, characterized by: a third detector (1110) to acquire travel length information associated with the material while the materialse moves; and Porel controller to adjust a load applied to the material while the material moves based on the height values diferenciaentre first and second to modify the condition of the material to a desired condition.


A wideband fiber optic video distribution system with a bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz has been developed for the NASA Space Station Freedom. The system uses FM modulation and light emitting diodes in combination with lightweight and rugged fiber optic cables and digital switching elements to provide lightweight, reliable, high-performance video signal distribution over the full extent of the Space Station. The author addresses the Space Station requirements, including environmental constraints, which led to the selected system architecture and choice of components. The design of the modulators and demodulators, optical transmitters and receivers, fiber optic cable, and the video switches is discussed. Also presented is a description of how the technology can be applied to those military needs which would benefit from the performance, reliability, and EMI/TEMPEST features of the system.<<ETX>>


The situation of production of cadmium by vacuum distillation from copper-cadmium slags was introduced.The reason that the inpurity content in the distilled cadmium produced by the process was beyond the set standard was analyzed.The production capacity of cadmium was greatly improved by directly supplying melt cadmium to the vacuum retort furnace.


Expert knowledge and lessons learned in the construction phase of a project are not systematically incorporated into the design and construction phases of subsequent projects. The advancement of construction since ancient times has been predicated on the communication of lessons learned. Although past efforts have focused on the design phase, opportunities for the collection and utilization of lessons learned exist in all phases of a project life cycle. Constructability, the early integration of construction knowledge into all phases of a project, can be improved by effective use of lessons learned. This paper identifies feedback channels in a project life cycle and describes previous and current efforts to develop lessons-learned systems. Next, the paper describes the design and implementation of a constructability feedback prototype called interactive knowledge-intensive system (IKIS) for constructability improvement (IKIS-Constructability). Finally, the paper highlights the operation of this system and its potential benefits.


Aloe emodin (AE) is a naturally occurring compound with wide spectrum of biological properties, including antimicrobial, vasorelaxant, immunosuppressive and anticancer actions. This anthraquinone induces apoptosis in several tumour cell lines with special affinity to tumours of neuroectodermal origin. High amounts of nitric oxide (NO) released by activated macrophages induce tumour cell death. Therefore, we explored the capacity of AE to modulate NO‐mediated antitumour response in vitro. Interestingly, while AE markedly suppressed NO release from macrophages alone, it significantly potentiated NO production in cocultures of macrophages and C6 cells, after 48 h of cultivation. Accordingly, the viability of C6 cells cocultivated with macrophages was reduced in the presence of AE. Moreover, the observed AE‐imposed potentiation of NO production in macrophages was closely related to macrophage culture cell density. According to these data, we proposed that NO modulator capacity of AE strongly depended on intercellular contact, indicating that macrophage antitumour response was not compromised but even potentiated by AE.


FUNDAMENTALS
The study aims to carry out a comparative analysis of the technical efficiency of hospital management based on public-private collaboration, as compared with traditional management. Specifically, we compare traditionally managed public hospitals, public hospitals managed by a private finance initiative (PFI), public hospitals managed through a public-private partnership (PPP), and hospitals managed through other forms of management, during the period 2009 to 2014, in the hospitals dependent on the Madrid Health Service (SERMAS).

METHODS
The study covers all publicly owned general hospitals under SERMAS, consisting of seven PFI hospitals, three PPP hospitals, 11 traditionally managed public hospitals (with the category of general hospital), and four hospitals managed through other forms of hospital management. The technical efficiency indices of the hospitals were calculated using the data envelopment analysis technique. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was performed by bootstrapping and variation of model variables to verify their impact on efficiency. Finally, an analysis of the evolution of efficiency in the analyzed period was carried out using the Malmquist Index.

RESULTS
In all the analysis models carried out in the analyzed period, the hospitals managed based on public-private collaboration were more efficient than the hospitals under traditional management.

CONCLUSIONS
The greater efficiency of hospitals managed based on public-private collaboration, as compared with traditional management, could be attributed to greater organizational and management flexibility.


: This study aimed to summarize the clinicopathological findings and assess the immunophenotypes for undifferen tiated pleomorphic sarcoma of soft tissue with multinucleated giant cells (UPS-ST-MGCs). We retrospectively identified five cases of UPS-ST-MGCs between 2010 and 2020, and evaluate histological and immunohistochemical findings using osteogenic markers, which were receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2). Cases were divided into two types, based on the distribution of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), as diffusely (MGCs diffuse type) or focally scattering (MGCs focal type). One out of five cases was classified as MGCs diffuse type and comprised relatively monotonous proliferation of atyp ical spindle cells widely expressing RANKL, RUNX2, and SATB2. This case showed aggressive clinicopathological features, such as a rapidly growing tumor with a high maximum standardized uptake value, high Ki-67 labeling index, and early postoperative recurrence, which can be called malignant giant cell tumor (GCT-ST). Conversely, the other four cases of the MGCs focal type were focally positive for RANKL, and negative for RUNX2 and STAB2, which appeared to be consistent with conventional features of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of soft tissue. Our results indicate that malignant GCT-ST can be included in UPS-ST-MGCs. Therefore, it is important to note its aggressive malignant characteristics and osteogenic differentiation. Osteogenic immunohistochemical examinations should be considered for UPS-ST-MGCs to con firm an accurate diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.


OF THE DISCLOSURE A hull for a low speed, full form ship, designed to operate either fully loaded or in ballast is disclosed as having a bow or stem divided into separate entrances, one for operation in the ballasted condition and the other for operation in the full load condition. The hull has forward and after perpendiculars and a bottom, and the portion of the fore edge of the stem intersecting the water surface in the loaded condition projects rearwardly of the portion of a substantially vertical fore edge of the stem intersecting the water surface in the ballasted con dition, by a substantial distance which is between 2% and 5% of the length between the forward and after perpendiculars. The full form ship is designed to have a block co efficient of at least 0.75 and a Froude number of less than 0.2 in the loaded condition, with the fore draft in the ballasted condition being between 30% and 50% of the fore draft in the loaded condition. The forward perpen dicular is located rearwardly of that point on the fore edge of the stem which is at a height from the bottom of the hull of between 40% and 60% of the loaded fore draft. Background of the invention This invention relates to ship hulls and, more particu larly, to a novel hull for a slow speed, full form ship, such as a tanker, a bulk carrier, an ore carrier, etc., hav ing a block coefficient in excess of about 0.75 and a Froude number less than 0.2, operating as frequently in the ballasted condition as in the full load condition, but infrequently in an intermediate or partially loaded con dition. Heretofore, improvements in the hulls of a full form ship having a block coefficient of more than about 0.75 have been made taking into consideration substantially only the design full load condition and substantially not taking into consideration the ballasted condition. In other words, neither an improvement nor a particular design of the hull form for the ballasted condition has been made, and the only thing taken into consideration is whether the hull, designed primarily for the full load condition, is, at least to a certain extent, satisfactory for the ballasted condition. If a ship such as a liner is designed in such a manner, no particular difficulties arise. However, in the case of a tanker, a bulk carrier, or the like, the ballasted condition is fully as important as the full load condition. Con sequently, it is highly desirable to provide, in the case of full form ship of the mentioned types, a hull having improved performance, with respect to propulsion in both the ballasted and the full load conditions of the ship. Various proposals to improve the hull shape from the standpoint of obtaining better propulsive performance have been made. As one example, a so-called bulbous bow is known. However, such a bulbous bow is provided for preventing, though not fully, a bow wave from arising. In the case of a tanker or a bulk carrier, however, the 10


The fiscal decentralization gives the local government economic participation status. Is there a spatial spillover effect in the process of local government financial expenditure? This paper introduces the spatial econometric model, and applies the 2005-2016 data to test the spatial correlation of the whole country by calculating the Moran's I index and the Geary index C. At the same time, we use the local Moran's index to detect the degree of agglomeration between regions. The results show that there is a significant spatial spillover effect between regions. There are policy imitation behaviors in the region and adjacent areas, and there is a high value and high value agglomeration among regions, as well as a trend of low value and low value agglomeration.


Losses due to corrosion have been found to make a significant impact on the economy of many countries. Worldwide, studies have shown that the overall cost of corrosion amounts to at least 4-5% of the gross national product, and the major contributor to this cost is atmospheric corrosion. Determining the corrosivity of the atmosphere in any country is essential as it would enormously facilitate the task of selecting materials, protection systems, maintenance intervals, and corrosion allowance for metallic structures exposed outdoors. Mauritius, being a tropical country, has an atmosphere which promotes atmospheric corrosion. This paper attempts to investigate the corrosion behaviour of the Mauritian atmosphere on low carbon steel through mass loss and 2D surface analysis. Outdoor atmospheric corrosion experiments were conducted at one test site in Mauritius. It was found to fall in category C3 as per ISO 9223. 2D surface roughness analysis, using Ra, Rq, and Rdq and Rsm, were used to model the corrosion process at the chosen site. Studies being conducted at the other sites will help formulate a generic corrosivity model for Mauritius.


A shifted Jacobi Galerkin method is introduced to get a direct solution technique for solving the third- and fifth-order differential equations with constant coefficients subject to initial conditions. The key to the efficiency of these algorithms is to construct appropriate base functions, which lead to systems with specially structured matrices that can be efficiently inverted. A quadrature Galerkin method is introduced for the numerical solution of these problems with variable coefficients. A new shifted Jacobi collocation method based on basis functions satisfying the initial conditions is presented for solving nonlinear initial value problems. Through several numerical examples, we evaluate the accuracy and performance of the proposed algorithms. The algorithms are easy to implement and yield very accurate results.


Joe Wittmer and Thomas Sweeney, Executive Director and Chairperson, respectively, of the APGA Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs, respond to the article, "Counselor Education and the Psychology of More" (Pipes, Buckhold, & Merrill, 1983), found elsewhere in this issue. The authors agree that Pipes et al. challenged the profession to examine the state of the art in counselor education, but that they seemed unaware of the rapidly moving changes occurring within the profession today.


Subjects in experimental conditions were exposed to a traumatic autopsy colour slide (labelled either as of New York Police Department (NYPD) or MGM studio origin) embedded in a neutral series of travel scenes, while control subjects saw a neutral target. Subjects in the high-stress condition showed a significant decrease in memory for neutral slides which followed the NYPD-labelled traumatic stimulus (p < 0.001). Results support evidence in the eyewitness memory field which indicate reduced recall under elevated levels of stress.


Ultrasound imaging is widely used in both diagnosis of diseases and pregnancy follow-up. As ultrasound imaging is a harmless, cheap and portable technique, ultrasound guided drug delivery is gaining more and more attention in the drug delivery field. To be effective, in most cases, ultrasonic drug delivery makes use of microbubbles. This highlight describes why it is attractive to load the microbubbles with drugs and discusses recent attempts made in the design of drug loaded microbubbles.


Background—Left atrial (LA) enlargement has been documented to occur in moderate and severe hypertension. Methods and Results—One hundred twelve mild hypertension patients were prospectively recruited and compared with 198 healthy volunteers. All recruits had a transthoracic echocardiogram. Maximum LA biplane volume, minimum LA biplane volume, and pre 'p'-LA biplane volume were measured, and left atrial passive, active emptying, and conduit volumes were calculated at baseline and in a subgroup of patients after 12 months. After adjusting for age, gender, and body mass index, maximum LA biplane volume, pre 'p'-LA biplane volume, and their indexed volumes were increased in the hypertension group. Active emptying volume and fraction were significantly increased in the hypertension group, with no change in conduit and passive volumes. Subgroup analysis comparing hypertensives with normal/mildly increased left ventricular mass (group 1) with those with moderate/severely increased left ventricular mass (group 2) at baseline demonstrated that maximum LA biplane volume (62.8±17.9 mL versus 45.4±13.7 mL; P<0.001) was significantly increased in group 2. Active emptying volume was also increased. Conclusion—Even mild hypertension seems to be associated with a reduction in early diastolic filling. This results in augmented late left ventricular diastolic filling due to active atrial contraction and may be the mechanism for the increase in left atrial size.


A numerical simulation study on fluid velocity field in melt was reported in this paper by using Finite Differential Method (FDM) during the growth of Nd∶YAG crystals by Cz (Czochralski) method. First, the mathematical model of Nd∶YAG crystal growth was given out. The momentum conservation equation of melt, the continuity equation of melt, the heat conservation equation of melt, the mass conservation of melt, the heat conservation equation of crystal and the heat conservation equation of crucible were included in the model. Then, the dimensionless equations were given for solving the equations by the numerical method. Finally, the boundary conditions were given and the equations were solved by FDM. The simulation program was given by above method and then the changes of fluid velocity field in melt were described by simulation program. The effects of processing conditions on fluid velocity field in melt were analyzed. The effects of simulation time, the effects of crystal rotation speed during the crystal growth, the effects of the crystal diameter and the effects of the crucible size were considered. The results of simulation indicated: 1. The forced convection in the melt is weaker than the natural convection during the process of simulation, so that it can't be shown in the figure of fluid velocity field, and the forced convection will become weaker and weaker with the simulation time increased. 2. As the rotation speed of crystal is increased, the natural convection in the melt will become stronger and stronger, and the effective area of natural convection will become bigger than it is in initial cases. 3. The natural convection in the melt will become weaker when either the diameter of crystal or the ratio of the crucible diameter to its depth is increased. Although the above method is employed to simulate the fluid velocity field during the crystal growth of Nd∶YAG, it can also be used to simulate some other single crystal growth by Cz method, such as the growth of silicon single crystal, the GaAs single crystal and the GGG single crystal and so on. It is essential to adapt the parameters of the equations and the simulation program to the new materials.


Empirical analysis of the relationship between share price of listed companies and their financial indicators suggests that China's stock investors generally respond rationally to the financial information from the companies of the iron and steel industry,among which the information of profitability,with EPS as the key indicator,is the central focus of their concern.An increase in EPS can significantly boost the share price.In addition,this effect is strengthened when the financial information from the company implies a greater potential of subsequent profit expansion,improvement in the quality of the profit,acceleration of profit growth,or melioration in the company's operational performance.On the contrary,the effect is significantly weakened by any information suggesting an increase in the debt burden of the company.


AbstractSports in Sweden has its foundation among voluntary coaches. Those coaches are very important for Swedish sports as they are often seen to be very important to the sport. A voluntary engagement is something done in your spare time and it is unpaid. This study is aimed at smaller sports clubs, especially in the sport of cycling. Often it is the same person that is a coach for training and also are involved in organization, this differs from larger sport clubs.The aim of this study is to examine voluntary coaches in smaller cycling clubs. Understanding how to keep these coaches with great motivation is important also in other places within the organization because of the smaller club. To do this I have used a motivational theory named Self-Determination Theory.In this study I have used qualitative approach as well as I have done six interviews among coaches in cycle clubs. I have used semi-structured interview method and then I have analyzed my data with a qualitative content analysis.The main finding of this study shows that voluntary coaches often are inspired by an intrinsic motivation, and that the coaches often meet their followers with openness.In the discussion, the results of this study get related to earlier research and theories. There I also show a concrete tip for how to strengthen intrinsic motivation in voluntary coaches. This can be useful by voluntary clubs and organizations.


a creature as man. Although there are institutions to incarcerate the insane, the idiots, the epileptics, the drunkards, and the criminals, there is nowhere a building erected for the purpose of teaching how to perfect the human body. The authoress further asserts that nearly all the crime committed is the result of inherited weak blood, or of inherited malformation, or disease of the brain; and she advises Government to institute an addition to the laws, "Thou shalt not marry when malformed or diseased !" Now heredity has doubtless much influence on both the mental and


The invention relates to the technical field of continuous rolling equipment lubrication, in particular to a wheel brush lubricating device for a limiting rack, which is characterized by comprising a wheel brush, a wheel brush shaft, a bearing seat and an oil storage box, wherein the oil storage box is arranged below the limiting rack, the bearing seat is arranged in the oil storage box, two ends of the horizontal wheel brush are respectively connected with the bearing seat, the wheel brush shaft is connected with the wheel brush by a key, the upward brush hair of the wheel brush and a bottom tooth crest of the limiting rack share an overlapping part, the oil level of the lubricating oil in the oil storage box is higher than the bottom end of the brush hair of the wheel brush, and the wheel brush is driven to rotate by the horizontal motive force of the limiting rack, so that the continuous lubrication of the limiting rack meshing surface is achieved. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects that the wheel brush with lubricating grease is driven to rotate by the horizontal motive force of the limiting rack, so that the automatic lubrication is achieved, and the lubricating effect is good; the devices, such as an air compressor, an oil pump and the like, are saved; the operation cost is reduced; an excellent economic benefit is gained for the enterprise; the manual oiling operation is avoided; and the labour intensity of workers is reduced.


Well performance index (WPI), which is an indicator on how much producing potential a well has, is proposed for Cana Field using the available information from the completion database. I used ordinary kriging and co-kriging to create interpolation maps for WPI across the region. The interpolation results can be used to predict WPI values for locations that have not gone through drilling programs, thus guiding opera-tor to find the next drilling locations. Different kriging models' performance are compared using cross-validation. It is shown co-kriging with clean fluid volume has the best performance. Recommendations are given regarding new well locations.


This paper compares minimum distance estimation with best linear unbiased estimation to determine which technique provides the most accurate estimates for location and scale parameters as applied to the three parameter Pareto distribution. Two minimum distance estimators are developed for each of the three distance measures used (Kolmogorov, Cramer‐von Mises, and Anderson‐Darling) resulting in six new estimators. For a given sample size 6 or 18 and shape parameter 1(1)4, the location and scale parameters are estimated. A Monte Carlo technique is used to generate the sample sets. The best linear unbiased estimator and the six minimum distance estimators provide parameter estimates based on each sample set. These estimates are compared using mean square error as the evaluation tool. Results show that the best linear unbaised estimator provided more accurate estimates of location and scale than did the minimum estimators tested.


We demonstrate text as a strong cross-modal interface. Rather than relying on deep embeddings to connect image and language as the interface representation, our approach represents an image as text, from which we enjoy the interpretability and flexibility inherent to natural language. We employ an autoencoder that uses a pre-trained text-to-image diffusion model for decoding. The encoder is trained to transform an input image into text, which is then fed into the fixed text-to-image diffusion decoder to reconstruct the original input -- a process we term De-Diffusion. Experiments validate both the precision and comprehensiveness of De-Diffusion text representing images, such that it can be readily ingested by off-the-shelf text-to-image tools and LLMs for diverse multi-modal tasks. For example, a single De-Diffusion model can generalize to provide transferable prompts for different text-to-image tools, and also achieves a new state of the art on open-ended vision-language tasks by simply prompting large language models with few-shot examples.


Sub-terahertz data channels have a still unrealized potential. In this paper, we are discussing means of making the sub- THz communication feasible, e. g., cryogenically cooled receivers for increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. Some configurations comprising different sources of THz waves (BWO, multipliers, gyrotrons), types of modulation, intermediate frequencies, use of IQ modulation, etc. are discussed. The ways of solving the main issue of sub-THz communication, namely, the right choice of the modulation type, are analyzed. The phase-shift keying is suggested as the most promising solution.


The patient, TS, was a 27month-old white female with a history of obesity. The child's mother and father were her primary caretakers. Medical history was unremarkable for vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. The child denied abdominal pain. She had achieved age-appropriate developmental milestones and was ambulatory. She did not receive any medications. Her birth weight was 2.76 kg. She was delivered via normal spontaneous vaginal delivery after an unremarkable full-term gestation. Growth records indicate an accelerated rate of weight gain after 16 months (growth chart, weight for length) (Figure 1). The family history was negative for liver disorders. The child's father had hypertension. Both mother and father described themselves as being "somewhat overweight." The subject did not have any siblings. Dietary intake consisted primarily of high-fat, low nutrientdense, easily prepared foods. Breakfast included food choices such as potato chips, cereal with 2% milk, fried eggs, and toast with butter and jelly. Lunch and dinner choices included bacon, chili, hot dogs, cheese, potato chips, macaroni and cheese, canned ravioli, and so on. Snacks consisted of potato chips, candy, pie, cookies, and other dessert items. Foods were often fried with added butter or grease. The subject consumed between 60 and 70 ounces of tea sweetened with sugar daily. Tea was sweetened at a ratio of 1⁄2 cups sugar to 64 ounces of tea. In addition, she consumed 10 to 30 ounces of Kool-Aid and 20 to 30 ounces of 2% milk daily. Milk was consumed primarily after awakening at night. The family ate fruits or vegetables rarely. The child's estimated daily caloric intake was 3000 to 4000 calories per day (approximately twice the recommended daily allowance). On physical examination, TS was obese. The weight was 30.5 kg (greater than the 97th percentile and 176% above ideal body weight), height was 103 cm (greater than the 97th percentile), body mass index was 28.7 kg/m2 (greater than the 97th percentile), blood pressure 97/58, heart rate 115. The abdomen was obese, but soft. The liver was palpable 5 cm below the right costal margin with a firm edge. There was no spleen tip appreciated. Her mental status was age-appropriate. The previous medical evaluation including blood cell counts, thyroid studies, and human growth hormone level was negative. Serum alanine aminotransferase was 57 IU/L and serum aspartate aminotransferase was 52 IU/L. Fasting blood glucose was 93 mg/dL. Hepatitis serology and alpha-1 antitrypsin level were unremarkable. Ultrasound examination of the liver revealed mild enlargement and increased echogenicity consistent with diffuse fatty infiltration. A treatment plan was initiated immediately and included a weight maintenance program. A registered dietitian provided dietary instruction to both parents. An age-appropriate diet was recommended that included healthier food choices and limited fluid consumption. Specifics of the


Group are folded into upright, noncylindrical, northeastMinor folds in coticule layers display ptygmatic, southwest trending box and chevron folds. Minor folds are sinusoidal, box, and chevron fold geometries, and all folds are well developed in coticule layers in the Beaverbank member, moderately noncylindrical. Fold geometry is mainly ptygmatic the basal unit of the Halifax Formation in central Nova Scotia. in regional fold hinges whereas minor folds are more open and Classical interpretations for the development of minor folds commonly display a box fold geometry on regional fold limbs. involve layer-parallel shortening predating regional fold Some minor folds on regional fold limbs are asymmetric, development, with minor folds becoming asymmetric as consistent with flexural flow folding, whereas others are regional folds develop. This interpretation has been used for symmetric with axial planes and cleavage at high angles to the origin of buckled bedding-parallel veins in the Meguma bedding. Folding of coticule layers record significantly more


A series of polyurethane(PUR)composite adulterated carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) were designed and prepared on the basis of a triethanolamine-hyperbranched carboxyl-terminated poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile)(f-CTBN),poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG6000) and 4,4′-dicyclo-hexylmethane diisocyanate(H12MDI) curing agents.The morphology and mechanical performance of composite were characterized through SEM,TG etc.The effects of sensor conditions,such as MWNTs content,curing temperature etc,were investigated.The results showed that adulterating MWNTs caused the mechanics and thermology to be significantly higher than that of pure PUR.Furthermore,vapor sensitivity response properties of composite were increased in saturated organic vapors to some extent.Gladly,vapor sensitivity response properties for all kinds of composites were superiority at 80 ℃.


The development of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) methods for the processing of CT lung scans continues to become increasingly popular due to the potential of these algorithms to reduce image reading time, errors caused by user fatigue, and user subjectivity when screening for the presence of malignant lesions. This study seeks to address the critical need for a realistic simulated lung nodule CT image dataset based on real tumor morphologies that can be used for the quantitative evaluation and comparison of these CAD algorithms. The manual contouring of 17 different lung metastases was performed and reconstruction of the full 3-D surface of each tumor was achieved through the utilization of an analytical equation comprised of a spherical harmonics series. 2-D nodule slice representations were then computed based on these analytical equations to produce realistic simulated nodules that can be inserted into CT datasets with well-circumscribed, vascularized, or juxtapleural borders and also be scaled to represent nodule growth. The 3-D shape and intensity profile of each simulated nodule created from the spherical harmonics reconstruction was compared to the real patient CT lung metastasis from which its contour points were derived through the calculation of a 3-D correlation coefficient, producing an average value of 0.8897 (±0.0609). This database of realistic simulated nodules can fulfill the need for a reproducible and reliable gold standard for CAD algorithms with regards to nodule detection and sizing, especially given its virtually unlimited capacity for expansion to other nodule shape variants, organ systems, and imaging modalities.


The interest in bone tissue engineering and regeneration
therapies, have grown in parallel with the increase in bone fractures
due to accidents, musculoskeletal disorders and congenital
diseases such as cleft palates [1-3].


Abstract A small and simple device for the in-situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurement of carbon fibers graphitization by direct electrical heating was developed. The graphitization process of polyacrylonitrile-based T700 carbon fibers from 1450 °C to 2100 °C with this device was followed in-situ by synchrotron radiation SAXS. The results show that there are needle-shaped voids oriented preferentially along the fibers axis with a surface fractal structure during graphitization of carbon fibers. The change in the fractal dimension as a function of temperature includes a dip with a minimum value at approximately 1700 °C. This short contribution briefly describes the device and analyzes the obtained experimental results.


Silicon diffusion into AlxGa1−xAs (x=0–0.4) from a sputtered Si film is described. It is shown that both the diffusion rate and the surface concentration of Si decrease with increasing Al mole fraction. The diffusion behavior of Si in AlxGa1−xAs is discussed in terms of the binding energy of the Al–As bond and mixed crystal disorder.


A field study was conducted during winter season (August-January) of 2018-19 in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the influence of compact cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes to varied nutrient levels under high density planting system. There were twelve treatment combinations, containing three variety/genotype in main plot (M1-CO 15, M2TCH 1819 and M3TCH 1822) and four nutrient levels in sub plots (S1100% Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), S2125%RDF, S3150%RDF and S4-STCR based recommendation and the experiment was replicated thrice in a split plot design. The results revealed that growth of cotton crop like plant height, leaf area index and drymatter production was higher in CO 15 variety than other genotypes. Genotype TCH 1822 recorded higher yield (2335 kgha) with higher boll weight (4.72 gboll) than others. Application of 150% RDF (100:50:50 kg NPKha) recorded higher growth parameters while application of 125% RDF (100:50:50 kg NPKha) recorded higher yield (2324 kgha) with more number of bollsplant (13.78) and higher boll weight (4.53 gboll) over other levels.


In this paper,a dynamic stress test on the headstock of the residue film recycling machine is presented.By processing and analyses of data,headstock's operational stress state is obtained,which provides a basis for its improving design.


To the editor:

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a pathogenic retrovirus associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-I–associated myelopathy.[1][1],[2][2] HTLV-I infection can be transmitted by infected lymphocytes during breastfeeding, sexual contact, needle


The author reflects on John Mabry's article from her own experience as a spiritual director offering long-distance direction, supervision and education. She has passed from mildly resisting long distance listening ministry to thoroughly enjoying it.


Death Comes for the Archbishop is an exploration of American Indian culture,in which nature is respected and loved deeply by American Indians.The novel provides a good example for people in industrialized society who should ease the tension between civilization and nature and explore what role human beings should play in nature.


This paper aims to create a prediction model to distinguish between bankrupt and nonbankrupt Estonian construction companies. When composing the model, logistic regression analysis is applied. Financial ratios which are frequently used or have proved good predictive ability in different prediction models are included in composing the model. The composed model shows 68.4% overall classification accuracy and classifies correctly 74% of bankrupt companies one year prior to bankruptcy. The probability of bankruptcy decreases if return on total assets, cash ratio and equity ratio increase, indicating that construction companies that are more profitable relative to their total assets, have a higher ability to meet their short-term commitments and have a higher shareholders' equity relative to their total assets are less vulnerable to bankruptcy. The composed model outperforms Altman's et al. (2016) Z"-score logit model, which shows 62.8% overall classification accuracy on the same sample and classifies correctly 63.6% of bankrupt companies one year prior to bankruptcy.


The common substitution cipher that shifts every letter in the alphabet n letters to the left or right is known to every cereal box reader. Perhaps less known is its extension to poly-alphabetic substitution ciphers invented in 1553 where consecutive letters are shifted by different amounts. This can be according to a periodic key or a one-time pad, introduced in 1917. The randomly generated non-repeating key, i.e. one-time pad or running key cipher, is not possible to decipher. However, if the non-repeating key is text, a common encryption mistake, then the message can occasionally be deciphered. In this paper we show how to decipher using the Viterbi algorithm. The case of repeating keys, both English text or random, will be treated as well. We measure the error rate of the decryption on a test set where the messages and keys are known. We further resolve a cipher text for which the original message and key was not available to us.


The APS 3D system performs polishing and form correction in one step in order to reduce overall process time, reduce the number of polishing steps required and eliminate the need for highly skilled operators while providing a repeatable polishing process. This new 3D Polishing system yields better surface quality, and a better slope error, automatically determining the optimum speeds, feed rates and polish pressures to achieve a deterministic process based on the required quality parameters input by the operator. The process flow is always the same to ensure consistent quality and target quality values are defined before polishing begins.


The most outstanding feature of the A485 Newbridge Bypass in Clwyd, North Wales is the 57.3 m high 5 span River Dee viaduct. Difficult access, the local landscape and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) had to be taken into account in the design. A viaduct with a variable depth, continuous post-tensioned reinforced concrete deck mounted on four slender reinforced concrete columns was chosen as the most economical, durable and aesthetic solution. A detailed geological investigation was carried out which dictated the location of the foundations. The geology of the area consisted of an upper layer of glacial deposits of silty sands, gravels and clays, and lower layers of siltstones and mudstones, of the Upper Middle Coal Measures. Significant landslipping and valley cambering were evident, and potential instability problems were indicated by the presence of major faulting including the Aquaduct fault. Piezometers and inclinometers were installed at an early stage. The south abutment was piled and the other foundations excavated down to competent bedrock in the Upper Coal Measures. Further details are given of the foundations including the use of mass concrete, reinforced shotcreting, rock-bolting and plastic netting to support excavations. Hollow reinforced concrete pier columns were cast in 4 m high lifts using a purpose made Doka climbing shutter. The two central columns are integral with the deck and act as a portal frame. The other columns are surmounted by 2000 tonne capacity free sliding bearings. Deck construction was by the balanced cantilever method in 3.5 m long segments. (TRRL) (Author/TRRL)


This research was carried out in 2018 in order to determine the hay yields, forage qualities botanical compositions and range conditions of 5 different natural rangelands located at different altitudes the Chuy Region, Kyrgyzstan. In the rangelands, the ratio of plant coverage was 96.0-98.0%, the ratio of grasses, legumes, other plant families in the plant covered area was 24.5–48.1%, 4.7–24.0%, 36.2–63.8%, respectively. In the rangelands, the rate of decreaser, increaser and invader species was 37.0%, 7.3% and 55.7%, respectively. The average dry matter yield (DMY) of all five ranges was 2904.6 kg ha, crude protein (CP) was 10.6%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) compositions were 39.1%, 57.1%, respectively. The crude protein yield (CPY) was 307.8 kg ha, digestible dry matter yield (DDMY) was 1699.1 kg ha, and relative feed value (RFV) was 95.3. The rangeland yield increased with altitude. One of the rangelands was in the moderate condition and the others were in poor range condition. According to research results, extensive research targeting appropriate range improvement strategies for each individual rangeland with unique soil and topographic conditions is recommended in order to select among the top seeding, seeding or natural seeding, weed control, grazing methods alone or combined with other range improvement strategies.


Objective: To ensure ease of manufacture and reliability of friction joints. Methods: Improving methods for force control in stretch of high-strength bolts. In common domestic practice, two stretch control methods were used, by tightening the screw with ensuring required rotational moment (rotational moment stretch) and by turning the screw at a set angle from a specifi ed starting position (turning angle stretch). The latter method is very inaccurate and is no longer in use. The former method requires the use of tension-indicating wrenches that need regular calibration tests and work of specially trained personnel, and using tension-indicating wrenches of MMK, KTR and KMSh types with ICh-10 dial indicator is quite labour-intensive, and evaluation of use result is subjective. Labour intensity of works in friction joint devices is signifi cantly reduced if hydraulic torque wrenches are used but the problem of bolt spinning when screw is being rotated remains. Results: Shortcomings of friction joint devices that are in use now are quite eliminated if high-strength bolts with stretch control by end-wall truncation are used. Practical importance: The use of such bolts stabilises strain in bolted connections, simplifi es assembly operations, makes them more productive, and cuts amount of time required for assembly.


A review of field data indicates the ubiquitous occurrence of parasites in small mammal communities, with the heligmosome nematodes in many cases dominant members of the helminth fauna. The population dynamics of the heligmosomes are discussed in relation to the interpretation of patterns of infection observed in the field. Laboratory data are then used to indicate ways in which the parasites might reflect or influence the population biology of their hosts. The aim of the paper is to suggest the potential significance of parasitism for the ecology of small mammal populations.


As one of the three basic aspects of mine engineering, tailing ponds are not only useful industrial structures, they also have a potential hazard of a high energy debris flow if a dam breaks [1, . With the quick development of the Chinese mining industry, the quantity of tailing ponds is increasing rapidly. According to statistics, about 5000 tailing ponds have been constructed in China . With the quantity and the scale of tailing ponds continuously growing, the hazard of a dam break hazard is becoming more severe to downstream and surrounding areas. Scientifically understanding and mastering the characteristics of debris flow is of great significance for predictive and preventive work. There have been some scholars studying dam break induced debris flows of tailing ponds at home and abroad. Based on the field data of many dam breaks of tailing ponds, Yuan [4] established a two-dimensional model, and calculated the amount of leaking sand, the average width of a dam break and the flow characteristics at a tailing dam. Yin [5] conducted a modeling experiment at a dam break of a tailing pond with their own simulation test rig of tailing failure, exploring the development and dynamic properties of tailing sands. Jing [6] performed a modeling test of a dam break at a tailing pond in Yunnan, tested the development of displacement vector, the variation of pre-existing stress forces on the saturation line and the breaking process of the dam body, revealing the collapse mechanism and flow characteristics of the dam break induced debris. Zhang [7] analyzed the dam break of tailing ponds in detail. He firstly reviews the causes of instability by considering the mechanism and instability model of tailing dam, and then gives a survey of the debris flow characteristics after dam instability, including the physical properties, rheological model and flow routing model. He points out that the analysis model for a dam break of a tailing pond is not perfect, which needs further study from a multidisciplinary approach. Up to now, there has been no systematic study of the influence of various parameters on the law of debris flow movement, such as the dynamic viscosity, and the height and the gradient of dam failure. Taking the indoor dam-break model as an example, this thesis adopts a 3D numerical model to simulate the law of debris flow movement under different dynamic viscosities, heights of dam break and gradients of the flow area, and discusses the influences of those parameters on debris flow by comparing the data.


There are some basic differences between the case-teaching method and the traditional teaching method in the teaching organizing,knowledge imparting means,and concrete teaching measures,etc.In the auditing case-teaching method,the students play an active role in the course of the teaching,and the teachers and the students have their respective clear position.The course of the teaching is the course of the practice,and it is the content of the students learning,too.


We analyse a finite-element discretisation of a differential equation describing an axisymmetrically loaded thin shell. The problem is singularly perturbed when the thickness of the shell becomes small. We prove robust convergence of the method in a balanced norm that captures the layers present in the solution. Numerical results confirm our findings.


Local features have been widely used for image representation. Traditional methods often treat each local feature independently or simply model the correlations of local features with spatial partition. However, local features are correlated and should be jointly modeled. Besides, due to the variety of images, predefined partition rules will probably introduce noisy information. To solve these problems, in this paper we propose a novel bundled local features method for efficient image representation and apply it for classification. Specially, we first extract local features and bundle them together with over-complete spatial shapes by viewing each local feature as the central point. Then, the most discriminatively bundling features are selected by reconstruction error minimization. The encoding parameters are then used for image representations in a matrix form. Finally, we train bi-linear classifiers with quadratic hinge loss to predict the classes of images. The proposed method can combine local features appropriately and efficiently for discriminative representations. Experimental results on three image data sets show the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with other local features combination strategies.


To a method and apparatus for controlling the operation of the screen saver when the content reproduction. A method of controlling the operation of the screen saver when the content playback according to an embodiment of the present invention controls the stage to examine whether the method comprising: receiving a command to reproduce the content, to control the execution of a screen saver, wherein the execution of the screen saver if it can, and a step, and the step of changing the set time of the screen saver to prevent the screen saver is running for the duration of calculating the reproduction time of the content. Screen Saver (Screen saver), content, playing, virtual key


Radiocarbon dating is one of the most useful and widely used chronometric techniques available for archaeologists and other paleo-scientists. Although generally used for answering specific research questions, radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites have become increasingly used to reconstruct population change at meso and macro temporal and spatial scales, and Bayesian modeling of locally and regionally available dates is facilitating interrogating the synchronicity, correlation


The act of taking some ones else's creative work and projecting as their own is considered as fraud and unethical. Such unethical practices are more distressing as in the academic and research highest values are attributed to original research, and it contributes to the multi-focal development of mankind. The issue is more precipitating due to the proliferation and easy accessibility of scholarly resources in digital format. In this premise, the paper outlines the concept of plagiarism explaining the contributing factors for the occurrences of this academic misconduct. Several types of plagiarism were described highlighting the policies and practices framed as preventive measures by the governmental, nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions and publishers. Additionally, the need for running plagiarism screening using appropriate software was emphasized for academic environment, to be able to estimate the quantum of similarity in research documents and to justify the commonalities as well as self published papers etc. in the light of course work requirements in academic institutions.


The Forest Dormouse (Dryomys nitedula) is one of the most widespread species of the Gliridae family, occurring in the Eastern Mediterranean, Central Asia, Caucasus and the Arabian plateau. The populations are mostly threatened by the destruction of their forest habitats. Despite being considered as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the general population trend is unknown and the species is listed in Annex IV of the Habitat Directive in Europe and Annex III of the Bern Convention. Our goal was to determine its population structure in Bulgaria, where the species is well studied. We generated reduced representation genomic libraries using the 3RAD method on 62 samples collected from April 2020 to June 2021 from several study sites. Preliminary results based on cluster analyses suggest the presence of several geographically well-structured populations. With this study, we hope to gain new insights into the population genetics and trends of this overlooked species.


Cloud computing services mature both economically and technologically and play a more and more extensive role in the domain of software and information systems engineering. SaaS offers advantage for both service providers and consumers. SaaS is faced with the question of appropriate techniques applying at early phase of Requirements engineering of producing system. The paper highlights two traditional methods namely i* and VORD belonging respectively to Goal oriented Requirements Engineering and Viewpoints approaches. The approach proposed try to dealing with the requirements elicitation in the context of Software-as-a-service SaaS. So, the approach benefits from strengths of both VORD and i* models and propose a combination of them in a new approach namely VORDi*.


The Court of Appeal decision in R v Linekar (1994) The Times, 26 October raises important issues over the scope of fraud and consent in rape cases. The correct categorisation of the impact of fraud, affecting not simply consent in rape but also all other non-fatal offences against the person, has troubled many Commonwealth jurisdictions throughout the last century. Confusion has been caused by conflicting dicta on this area. Both academics and practitioners should welcome the clarification given by their Lordships as to exactly which types of fraud vitiate consent in cases of alleged rape. Although rape itself is an offence with a long history it was not actually defined by statute until 1976 by the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act. By s I(I) of the 1976 Act the conduct prohibited by the offence is defined as, 'unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman who at the time of the intercourse does not consent to it'. The maximum punishment is the imposition of life imprisonment. As the Law Commission have stated (Law Com 1990 Working Paper No 116) this definition, though declaratory of the modern common law, differs from the traditional common law definition, according to which rape consists in having 'unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent by force, fear or fraud'. The crucial mental element required for rape is that at the time of the intercourse the man either knows that the woman did not consent to it or, 'is reckless as to whether she consents to it', cfthe 1976 Act, s I(I)(b). It is incumbent on the prosecution to prove this element of the offence, and in tandem that the accused had sexual intercourse with the complainant together with lack of consent. It is now clear by subsequent case precedents that a defendant is not reckless if he believes (however unreasonable that belief may be) that the woman is consenting. However if the jury conclude that the defendant could not care lesswhether she wanted to have intercourse but carried on regardless then they would convict him of reckless rape (see R v Satnam (1983) 78 Cr Ap R 149, 155). A similar reference on reckless rape was vividly given by Lord Hailsham in R v Morgan [1976] AC 182,215 when he referred in relation to recklessness to an, 'intention of having intercourse willy-nilly or not caring whether the victim consents or no'. It should further be noted that by s I(2) of the 1976Act that in relation to the question whether the accused believed that the woman was consenting, the jury have a statutory obligation to have regard, 'in conjunction with other matters', to the presence or absence of reasonable grounds for his belief. Attendant circumstances such as representations or inducements, albeit false, fall to be determined and were indeed in issue in Linekar itself.


Abstract Metabolic demands of modern hybrid sows have increased over the years, which increases the chance that sows enter a substantial negative energy balance (NEB) during lactation. This NEB can influence the development of follicles and oocytes that will give rise to the next litter. To study effects of a lactational NEB on follicular development, we used 36 primiparous sows of which 18 were subjected to feed restriction (3.25 kg/day) and 18 were full-fed (6.5 kg/day) during the last 2 weeks of a 24.1 ± 0.3 day lactation. Feed restriction resulted in a 70% larger lactational body weight loss and 76% higher longissimus dorsi depth loss, but similar amounts of backfat loss compared to the full fed sows. These changes were accompanied by lower plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and higher plasma creatinine levels in the restricted sows from the last week of lactation onward. Ovaries were collected 48 h after weaning. Restricted sows had a lower average size of the 15 largest follicles (–26%) and cumulus–oocyte complexes showed less expansion after 22 h in vitro maturation (–26%). Less zygotes of restricted sows reached the metaphase stage 24 h after in vitro fertilization and showed a higher incidence of polyspermy (+89%). This shows that feed restriction had severe consequences on oocyte developmental competence. Follicular fluid of restricted sows had lower IGF1 (–56%) and steroid levels (e.g., β-estradiol, progestins, and androgens), which indicated that follicles of restricted sows were less competent to produce steroids and growth factors needed for oocytes to obtain full developmental competence. Summary Sentence Premating feed restriction results in lower oocyte developmental competence, which might be explained by reduced follicular steroid and growth factor production.


This paper describes an Hinfin robust control design for an electromechanical system consisting of a rotary flexible spindle hovered by active magnetic bearings (AMB), whose potential uses in the machine-tool industry have been well documented. Symmetry properties are utilized to perform a model reduction avoiding the ill-conditioning of the matrices when Hinfin algorithms are solved and hence, facilitating the design of the controller. The better behavior of the system is probed by simulation in a complete model of a real device.


Purpose

In view of the consensus that climate change is happening, scientists have documented several findings about Uganda's recent climate, as well as its variability and change. The purpose of this study is to review what has been documented, thus it gives an overview of what is known and seeks to explain the implications of a changing climate, hence what ought to be known to create a climate resilient environment.

Design/methodology/approach

Terms such as "climate", "climate change" and "climate variability" were identified in recent peer-reviewed published literature to find recent climate-related literature on Uganda. Findings from independent researchers and consultants are incorporated. Data obtained from rainfall and temperature observations and from COSMO-CLM Regional Climate Model-Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CCLM CORDEX) data, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) have been used to generate spatial maps, seasonal outputs and projections using GrADS 2.02 and Geographic Information System (GIS) software for visualization.

Findings

The climate of Uganda is tropical in nature and influenced by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), varied relief, geo-location and inland lakes, among other factors. The impacts of severe weather and climate trends and variability have been documented substantially in the past 20-30 years. Most studies indicated a rainfall decline. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures are on the rise, while projections indicate a decrease in rainfall and increase in temperature both in the near and far future. The implication of these changes on society and the economy are discussed herein. Cost of inaction is expected to become huge, given factors like, the growing rate of the population and the slow expanding economy experienced in Uganda. Varied forms of adaptation to the impacts of climate change are being implemented, especially in the agricultural sector and at house hold level, though not systematically.

Originality/value

This review of scientific research findings aims to create a better understanding of the recent climate change and variability in Uganda and provides a baseline of summarized information for use in future research and actions.


Increasingly large family pedigree data sets are being constructed from routine civil and religious registration data in various parts of the world. These are then being used in health, social and genetic research in a variety of different ways. Often the type of questions that are being asked involve complex queries, such as the degree of relatedness between multiple sets of individuals, and involve traversing through the data typically multiple times. There is therefore an important issue of efficiency of querying. In this paper we evaluate the suitability of two classes of database, relational (MariaDB) and graph (Neo4j), for storing and querying pedigree datasets representing millions of individuals. We report results of measurements of scalability, query performance, and the ease of query expression, using synthetic datasets.


In a major undertaking reported in this issue of PLoS Medicine, a collaborative group co-ordinated by Isobel dos Santos Silva provide all but conclusive evidence that birth size is a predictor of breast cancer risk in adult life [1]. The researchers compiled and reanalysed individual participant data from 32 studies, comprising 22,058 cases of breast cancer. On the basis of reliable data retrieved from birth records, they found that an increase of birth weight by 500 grams was associated with a statistically significant 6% increase in breast cancer risk; whereas, controlling for birth weight, an increase of birth length by two centimetres was associated with a 9% increase in this risk. The relative size of the effects is small, but the individual studies driving the conclusion were of sound epidemiological design (cohort or nested case-control) and relied on objectively documented birth size parameters, allowing little room for selection or information bias. Now that the question of whether birth size is associated with breast cancer risk appears to be settled, a number of additional questions need to be addressed.


Mobile IP has seen slow deployment for two major reasons; the need for enhancing edge routers with Home Agent/Foreign Agent functionality and the fact that triangle routing in such systems is not efficient. Triangle Routing is defined as the route that must be taken through the Home Agent for any traffic sent by the Correspondent Node to the Mobile Node. This route is triangle in nature and longer than the normal path between the Corresponded Node and the Mobile Node. Many protocols and research efforts have been developed to solve this problem. Internet service Provider (ISP MBG) is one of the proposed techniques used for solving the triangle routing problem in conventional Mobile IPv4. This paper will provide a further study on the performance evaluation of Route Optimization in Mobile IPv4 based on ISP MBG scheme. The proposed technique has been implemented and tested on the Microsoft.net platform. Simulation results prove that the new framework has solved the Triangle Routing Problem in Mobile IP by providing a shorter route with a minimum transmission time for all the datagrams transferred between the Correspondent Nodes and the Mobile Nodes.


Aspergillus niger is one of the most important fungi for industrial production of organic compounds. Recently, it has been reported that A. niger produces a typical Fusarium mycotoxin, fumonisin B2. However, currently there has been no report on the production of fumonisin B2 by A. niger of Japanese origin. In this study, we analyzed the production of fumonisin B2 with seven domestic A. niger strains. These strains were cultivated on agar media, harvested, and analyzed for fumonisins using the AOAC995.15 method with some modifications. One strain was found to produce fumonisin B2 in a media-dependent manner.


In this paper, we are going to describe the most important feature of the compiler that is parallelism. We have collected information about parallelism used in various fields of compiler architecture, fields like parallelism compiler optimization and their impact on the architecture design, JavaScript, embedded systems, Instruction-level Parallelism, etc. We have gone through several topics, which are co-related to the parallelism and its application on the real world; In safety critical system there should be need of parallel computation for the performance and the efficiency of the system in their workload by introducing the Ada. We are talking about parallelism in compilers and the steps we take to achieve parallelism in our discussion compilers are used in various domains of computer science and engineering our goal is to make the compilers more advanced and capable of performing better under any given situation. Parallelism is basically the process of performing several tasks at once simultaneously. Compilers are can be used to achieve parallel parsing of multiple instructions at the same time so our task is to implement this parallelism Architecture in compilers.


ABSTRACT Topographic mapping in Brazil has been performed without the direct application of cartographic theory to reflect local conditions. This problem is even more pronounced regarding large-scale mapping. Due to this motivation, we describe the method and related results that we have developed to propose a set of symbols for topographic mapping at large scales for the municipalities of Paraná, Brazil. We developed the study by considering cartographic principles and aligning them with the definitions of Brazilian systematic mapping. The first step in the research was making decisions about which elements should be part of the 1:2000 scale. We have also defined the meaning of each element, which were the basis for establishing classes and subclasses. Next, a symbology was designed. These results are essential for proposing a scientific framework for topographic mapping that benefits a large group of producers and users of urban maps in Brazil.


In a communication system,high power amplifier will be needed to amplify signals to achieve the emission requirements of signal with high power. The inherent non- linear characteristic of the power amplifier belongs to the active electronic devices,so studying its mechanism and taking measures to improve are of great significance. By studying the memory effect and nonlinear characteristics of the power amplifier,a predistortion optimization algorithm based on the polynomial was proposed. This algorithm builds an amplifier model on the basis of the memory polynomial structure,uses the indirect learning to design a predistorter before the amplifier module,and then uses the least square algorithm to optimize the predistortion derive parameters. The simulation result shows that,after the pre- distortion processing,a better adjacent channel power ratio of the output signal was obtained,so it is close to the ideal linearization amplification principle of the power amplifier. The total effect of the two modules makes the overall input- output linearization and makes full use of the output power.


In Egypt, "a disabled person" means a person who need rehabilitation service to meet the basic needs in society because impairment such as movement-related function, sensory function and mental function brings physical, social, economical and psychological disability. More than 1.5 million Egyptians are living with physical and mental disabilities. Objectives: The present paper aiming to study the prevalence of disabilities and the most common types of disabilities among preschool children in one selected village of Benisuif Governorate . In addition to, develop and Implement educational program regarding disabilities among preschool children to the mother. Results: The study found that 35.7 % of the preschool children in the selected village have different types of disability. also, revealed a highly significant relation between the mothers knowledge, level of education and types of disability .Moreover, found that a highly significant relation between socioeconomic level and the children health status Conclusion: The present study concluded that the family needs to improve their knowledge and attitude regarding disability and rehabilitation to handicap children. Recommendations: emphasis on the implementation of educational programe and early detection and intervention, and rehabilitation. Nursing management should assess all children for signs of developmental delays, Support the family at the time of initial diagnosis, Facilitate the child's self-care abilities and Provide child and family teaching. [ Abeer Mohamed E. Eldeeb, Basma Rabie Abdel sadik , Mohammed Meabed . Prevalence of Disabilities among preschool children in one selected village of Benisuif Governorate. Life Sci J 2012;9(4):3924-3930]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 585


FIELDHOUSE E. A. (1996) Putting unemployment in its place: using the Samples of Anonymized Records to explore the risk of unemployment in Great Britain in 1991, Reg. Studies 30, 119–133. Both '(w)here you live and what you do (or did) for a living became increasingly important in the 1980s' in relation to the propensity to unemployment (McLaughlin, 1992). However, relatively little work has actually combined these different elements, in particular the interrelationship between the sociology of unemployment and the geography of unemployment. The Samples of Anonymized Records from the 1991 Census make it possible to identify and unravel economic, social and geographical factors affecting the risk of unemployment. This paper provides a detailed examination of the differences in the relative propensity to unemployment amongst different social groups and geographical areas. Standard Census output is employed at the area level to explore the relationship between the risk of unemployment and the local economic a...


An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to an early diagnosis of naturally occurring Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) infection in foals. Of 247 sera from foals with suspected acute bacterial infection, 149 (60.3%) were positive for antibody to R. equi. The antibody-positive rates of foals with pneumonia, enteritis, and arthritis were 77.5%, 53.2%, and 30.6%, respectively. All sera from 4 foals with both pneumonia and enteritis were positive for antibody. No statistical difference was found among the sexes or breeds on an antibody-positive rate. A comparison was made between ELISA and Agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) using serum samples from 60 foals with suspected acute inflammation. The ELISA OD values of individual foal sera showed a significant correlation (ƒÁ = 0.86, p< 0.01) with their AGID titers. -


In this paper, the proportional valve which is different from the traditional solenoid valve is applied to the hydraulic braking system of the three-wheeled motorcycle. The anti-lock braking system (ABS) and hill hold assist (HHA) are developed according to the new device which includes signal processing of wheel speed and the control algorithms. The control method is then tested in the hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) environment to conduct real-vehicle-level testing verification to confirm the function of those algorithms. Several tests were executed to verify the braking performance under different road conditions such as the uniform, u jump road surface and slope. The results show that the proposed method successfully adjusts the braking pressure of the wheels for different conditions and meet the target performance under the regulations of ABS. The results of HHA shows it help vehicle parking on a 50% slope and lasting for 3 seconds. The performance has reached the goal of the research targets.


The studying with topics is the method that students can take the lead in class, and can know synthetically the mutual relation of historical facts. Because they can apply fragmentary knowledge to a topic. That method is distinguished from the studying with the theme which is extracted from inclusively, scientifically, and structurally important concepts. It means that students themselves select, and study something with historical value among topics they are interested in. The procedure of the studying with topics is firstly that teachers select a central topic among topics students decided in order to know the general historical feature. Secondly, students compose small topics on the basis of a central topic, and draw up the topic network Thirdly, they form a unit, and make a plan for the studying with topics. The studying with topics is required a close attention in a project. Because it means that together teachers with students should reconstitute a education substance, while subject education means that a education substance is already decided in accordance with units. The lesson hours is not fixed fifty minutes. Teachers should regard the total studying hours for some topics as a unit. They should give notice of a central topic to students before a week Only if it is that way, students can rehearsal. Teachers should inform students of a bibliography, a data, etc. It is effective that students utilize the audio-visual materials such as slide, movie, video, and OHP. It is desirable that teachers mark continually in class. The standard of an assessment is whether students achieve a subject with human and material resources or not. To form the positive self it should be graded and commented positively. To be effective the studying with topics, teachers should know a topic which students are concerned about, and are interested in. And they should research various studying methods, and should have a profound knowledge about all of the history.