The present invention relates to specially-made fertilizer for culturing dendrobium candidum wall.ex lindl, and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of organic fertilizer. According to the present invention, the specially-made cultivation fertilizer suitable for the dendrobium candidum wall.ex lindl growth is developed according to the wild natural environment of the dendrobium candidum wall.ex lindl and the characteristic of endomycorrhiza of the dendrobium candidum wall.ex lindl; the formula of the specially-made fertilizer comprises tea bran, fish meal, bone meal, a small amount of phosphorus fertilizer and 100 parts by weight of water, wherein a ratio of the tea bran to the fish meal to the bone meal is 2-4:4-8:4-8. The preparation method comprises: concurrently pouring various components in a plastic bucket according to the ratio, uniformly mixing, fermenting for 3-6 months, and collecting supernatant after fermenting and ripening to obtain the specially-made fertilizer. With the present invention, the difficulties of low transplant survival rate of the dendrobium candidum wall.ex lindl seedlings, slow growth, not high yield and high cultivation cost are solved, such that the transplant survival rate of the dendrobium candidum wall.ex lindl seedlings is more than 98%, the dendrobium candidum wall.ex lindl flowers or produces stems and leaves 1-3 years in advance, the yield is high (the yield per mu is more than 250 kg), the active ingredient content is high, and the quality is excellent; the technical assurance is provided for rapidly culturing the dendrobium candidum wall.ex lindl; the active promotion effects are provided for development, utilization, and meeting of living requirements of the dendrobium candidum wall.ex lindl; important social benefits and economic benefits are provided.


IoT plays a vital role in modern technologies by connecting objects to internet through which real time values can be . The system is developed using one such technology in greenhouse. The system developed for the purpose of crop prediction in greenhouse. Soil parameters such as pH and moisture, the environment parameters like temperature and humidity is acquired from the implemented system. The required nutrients such as N, P, K is fed to the crops manually is also considered as input for crop prediction. The system is developed with Arduino Uno, NodeMCU ESP8266(WIFI Module), Sensor like DHT Humidity and Temperature DHT11, pH Analogy, Soil Moisture sensor, 12V DC motor for triggering, 12V Relay and a few other components to complete the circuit. Web hosting is done using PHP. The sensors values get stored in data base using MYSQL for further analytics.


The colored R2O–CaO–SiO2(RCS,R = Na,K) glass-ceramics were prepared through different heat treatment schedules.The influence of heat treatment on crystallization properties of the colored RCS glass-ceramics was investigated by X-ray diffraction,field emission scanning electron microscopy and UV-Visible spectrophotometer.The results indicate that the main crystalline phase of the glass-ceramics is columnar xonotlite [Ca6Si6O17(OH)2] at 700 ℃,and radial canasite(K2Na4Ca5Si12O30F4) and frankamenite [K3Na3Ca5Si12O30F3(OH)1H2O] at 750 and 800 ℃.The color of the glass-ceramics changed from yellow to red and the cut-off wave-length shifted to a longer wavelength with the increase of heat treatment temperature and holding time.


Social insurance programs typically comprise sick leave insurance. An important policy parameter is how the cost of sick leave are shared between workers, firms, and the social security system. We show that this sharing rule affects not only absence behavior, but also workers' subsequent health. To inform our empirical analysis we propose a simple model, where workers' absence decision is taken conditional on the sharing rule, health, and a dismissal probability. Our empirical analysis is based on high-quality administrative data sources from Austria. Identification is guaranteed by idiosyncratic variation in the sharing rule (caused by different policy reforms and sharp discontinuities at certain tenure levels and firm sizes). An increase in either the workers' or the firms' cost share (both at the public expense) decrease the number of sick leave days. Variations in the workers' cost are quantitatively more important (by a factor of about two). Policy-induced variation in sick leave has a significant effect on subsequent health (care cost). The average worker in our sample is in the domain of presenteeism, i. e. an increase in sick leave (due to reductions in the workers' or the firms' cost share) would reduce health care cost.


Autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) is associated with circulating autoantibodies reactive with epitopes on thyroid tissue and that are thought to be pathogenic in the development of these diseases. Antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA) are a family of immunoglobulins that recognize a variety of plasma proteins in association with anionic phospholipids. These antibodies may lead to a number of clinical syndromes including venous and arterial thromboses, thrombocytopaenia, and recurrent fetal loss. We have studied the prevalence of APLA in patients with ATD and have determined the prevalence of the APLA syndrome among APLA‐positive patients.


Hybrid beamforming is a promising technique to reduce the complexity and cost of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems while providing high data rate. However, the hybrid precoder design is a challenging task requiring channel state information (CSI) feedback and solving a complex optimization problem. This paper proposes a novel RSSI-based unsupervised deep learning method to design the hybrid beamforming in massive MIMO systems. Furthermore, we propose i) a method to design the synchronization signal (SS) in initial access (IA); and ii) a method to design the codebook for the analog precoder. We also evaluate the system performance through a realistic channel model in various scenarios. We show that the proposed method not only greatly increases the spectral efficiency especially in frequency-division duplex (FDD) communication by using partial CSI feedback, but also has near-optimal sum-rate and outperforms other state-of-the-art full-CSI solutions.


How to simulate stone arch bridges with moving vehicles is an important problem in numerical simulation research. How to obtain the characteristics of stress and displacement under the moving load is urgent task for bridge construction. Taking a stone arch bridge with 60m span length as an example, in this paper, a three dimensional model for the stone arch bridge is created and the bridge under the traveling load is numerically simulated, based on a modified ANSYS software package. The distribution law of the stress and displacement of the stone arch bridge at different time is analyzed. The change rule of the stress and displacement during vehicles pass through the stone arch bridge is discussed. The numerical simulation results in this paper provide a foundation for the fatigue life-span analysis of stone arch bridges. The technology of coupling vehicle and bridge provides a new way for numerical simulation studies.


The fine tungsten powder was prepared by chemical reacting ammonium tungstate with strong acids under ultrasonic blend and mechanical agitation.After precipitation reaction,the precipitate was dried and grinded,and then reduced into tungsten powder under hydrogen.The effects of acid kind and dispersant on the fine tungsten powder were studied.The result showed that the acid kind and its addition amount had great effect on the shape of tungsten particles.The tungsten powder with uniform particle size and spherical shape could be made by adding 17 mL sulfric acid into 100 mL ammonium tungstate.The tungsten particles can be finer and more dispersive by having a spherical shape with addition of dispersant SDS(Sodium dodecyl sulfate).The particle size is about 1.5 micrometer.


In the paper we prove unimproval in order of magnitude estimates for the remainder term in asymptotic formula for the sum E nx{ne}.


A rational analysis describing the ultimate strength and behavior of reinforced concrete columns of linearly tapering cross section under axial load and end moments is presented. The conjugate beam method is used to calculate the second‐order effects (i.e., the additional moment caused by the applied axial load). An interactive computer program for use with microcomputers is presented. The program uses iterative procedures for calculating moment‐thrust‐curvature relationships along the member, including the secondorder effects. It determines the failure load as well as the failure mode of a slender, linearly tapered, reinforced concrete column. The results obtained from the computer model are compared with available experimental results.


There are no published methods on plasmid isolation from Peptostreptococcus spp., therefore two methods of plasmid isolation from this genera were analysed: the boiling and alkaline-SDS methods. Plasmid DNA was not recovered by the boiling method, however, with the alkaline-SDS method, cryptic plasmid DNA was detected in two P. asaccharolyticus and one P. magnus strains. To achieve optimum lysis, Peptostreptococcus cells were treated with lysozyme (2 mg/ml) for 15 min. at 37 degrees C followed by proteinase K (0.2 mg/ml) for 1 h at 37 degrees C. In addition we report, the occurrence of clindamycin or metronidazole-resistant peptostreptococci, but these phenotypes were not correlated with plasmid carriage.


and they made the widest possible use of information media. What has taken place in Japan could just possibly happen in other countries. With enough effort in other directions, it might even be done without facilitating abortions, as the Japanese themselves now realize. No doubt to many of the world's countries famine will come first. But if. it is averted, it will be because medical workers in those countries, supported by doctors and nurses from such fortunate lands as ours, have had the courage to say and do what is necessary now in the face of apathy, ignorance and opposition. You have borne with me patiently this evening while I have mounted many of my favourite hobby-horses and galloped off in all directions, and for this I thank you and ask your pardon. Yet the matters we have discussed


The RSPB is Europe's largest wildlife charity with over one million members, with more than 50,000 of them living in Wales. The Society manages one of the largest conservation estates in the UK, covering more than 100,000 hectares; 19,000 of these in Wales. Much of the RSPB's reserve land in Wales is farmed, including the 4,500 ha Ty Llwyd farm in the Vyrnwy estate, which is managed as commercial organic farm in partnership with Severn Trent Water. We protect and enhance habitats such as upland and lowland farmland, heather moorland, coastal heath, wet grassland, estuaries and reedbeds, and our reserves help to protect many rare and threatened birds. Our advisory staff work with farmers , other environmental bodies and the Welsh Assembly Government to enhance the effectiveness of agri‐environment schemes The RSPB's vision is for sustainable systems of farming that produce adequate supplies of safe, healthy food; protect the natural resources of soil, air and water that farming depends on; help to protect and enhance wildlife and habitats; provide jobs in rural areas and contribute to a diverse rural economy. Summary


With China continuing its policy of reform and opening and Australia strategically turning to Asia, the period since the mid-1980s has witnessed escalating Chinese immigration to Australia. Against this backdrop, the ethnic Chinese community in Australia has changed significantly, particularly in respect of its demographic characteristics, socio-economic activities, and status, and is now widely perceived as a model and middle class ethnic community. Adopting a "dual-embeddedness" framework, this chapter offers a political-economic analysis of the ethnic Chinese community's transformation over the past three decades or so, highlighting the influence of socio-economic and political macro-contexts and ever-increasing inflows of Chinese migrants, students, investors, and tourists. This chapter details the expression and mechanism of Australian Chinese community's dual embeddedness. It shows that the ethnic Chinese community in Australia has been simultaneously embedded in the nation building processes in both Australia and China and suggests that the community is not merely a beneficiary of these processes, but also an active agent and contributor.


In the year 2000, the Judicial Committee of Supreme Court enacted a Judicial Act on traffic accident crime. The Act ordains that if the suspected criminal cannot compensate for the damages he caused to some degree, he will be convicted. The article points out that it is unreasonable. First, it actually distorts the provision of traffic accident crime in the Criminal Law. Second, it also blurs the distinction between civil responsibility and criminal responsibility. And third, it violates the criminal Equality Principle.


The Place of Art in K-12 Education Project Summary Despite the fact that it is the law to include art in education, the arts are often inadequately funded, and/or given minimal attention in U.S. public education. This research project discusses the history of education, provides a review of literature on the benefits of art education, looks at the impact of Gardner's (1993/1983) theory of Multiple Intelligences, and the work of Gardner and his colleagues on the arts, thinking, and creativity. Collectively, all of this information was then formed into a guide called, Have You Had Your Art Today? (Why you should build your school's art programs). This guide's intended audience was educators, administrators, and parents. Three professionals in art and education reviewed this guide and provided feedback in the form of an evaluation. The strengths and weaknesses from their evaluations were reviewed, and areas of further study were provided. This project concludes that schools in the U.S. need to further pursue increasing their arts programs.


This paper describes the weight reduction of jaw plate and materials for jaw crushers in mining industry.. The
interaction between the jaw plates and material is an necessary process in crushing of stone. Where moving and
fixed jaw is used. The movement of the moving and fixed jaw is described in detail. The continuous crush of mining
results in wear of jaw plates which results in reduction of weight of jaw plates due to which efficiency of plates
decreases in jaw crusher and after certain period plate failure occurs which require continuous change of plates
due to which cost increases. A suitable material selection may avoid the this failure an improve the life of jaw
crushers.


Within the general framework of Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer pairing theory we derive coupled gap equations of the Helfand-Werthamer type for two or more order-parameter components having different symmetry. Assuming, for instance, coupled s- and d-wave pairing components, we obtain for certain parameter values a solution for H/sub c//sub 2/ perpendicular to the Cu-O planes which accounts qualitatively for the observed upward curvature and yields about 65 T at zero temperature. We calculate also the in-plane fluctuation conductivity of the Lawrence-Doniach type for fields parallel to the c axis. For large fields, the inverse fluctuation conductivity is almost linear in temperature with slope depending sensitively on the ratio of coherence length to unit-cell dimension along the c axis. It seems possible to fit the observed broad resistive transition for different fields with this inverse fluctuation conductivity. Just above the transition temperature, T/sub c//sub 2/(H), the inverse ac fluctuation conductivity is approximately a linear function of frequency for small fields, and it is nearly a quadratic function of frequency for large fields. The field dependence of the fluctuation contribution to the specific heat is also discussed in connection with recent measurements.


Electricity is central to socioeconomic growth and development of any economy. And, the electrical power sector of many economies has witnessed reforms in recent time, transforming into competitive and or oligopolistic market structure. In any case, energy pricing subsist as a challenge across the power value chain. This study focused identifying the determinants of market power of energy distributing operation and rural area consumers in the power retail market in Nigeria?s present oligopolistic power market structure. Adopting a production function model and econometric analysis of selected power sector time series variables between 2000-2017, the study discovered that electrical power generation, rural electricity access and energy consumption in Nigeria are essential determinants but do not ultimately and significantly determine market power of competing firms in the electric power market in Nigeria. It concluded that evidence of the importance of market power for competing firms in the electric power conduct in terms of energy pricing and cost decisions is auspicious considering their prevailing market challenges. The study therefore recommend amongst others recapitalization by energy distribution firms, exclusive regional or sub regional power chain structural transformation, efficient and effective energy supply, elicitation of market information/data for control, improvement, competition and researches in the sector while future research on market power in electrical power market is encourage on assumptions.


It is the intention of this paper to highlight the processes involved in the production of a dug-out. Two disciplines appear strikingly clear in the title of this paper; architecture and chemistry. It is deliberate, exhibiting the multifaceted approach to issues in archaeology. The Dufuna canoe, the main subject of the discussion, is entirely an organic material, long used by prehistoric populations, abandoned and covered in a huge deposit of earth, unearthed by the spade in two streams of excavations for the purpose of dating, measurements, documentation, which yielded a date of 8500 years as the oldest canoe in Africa and one of the oldest in the world. Who could have produced such an "artefact"? These and other related questions are fundamental towards the understanding of the history and society that lived in that environment in prehistory. Since we are dealing with a single "artefact" produced by prehistoric populations, long gone and extinct, we would not be in a position to reconstruct the processes of manufacture of the dug-out by any source other than by ethno-archaeological and ethnographic investigation and experiment of the contemporary society which manipulates similar environment with a view to stimulating the past mode of production. The method used in the data collection was by oral interviews and field observation.


This study was aimed at assessing a new computer-based system to promote task performance in three adults with severe developmental disabilities. The new system, which was small and battery powered, could provide auditory and vibratory prompts in addition to pictorial instructions concerning the task steps. To control for the effects of the computer-based system, the subjects were also exposed to a card system. The results showed that the subjects had a significantly higher level of correct performance on the tasks presented with the computer-based system than on the tasks presented with the card system. Two of the subjects, moreover, seemed to prefer the computer-based system to the card system. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Biofilms that grow around Gumingquan hot spring (T = 71 °C, pH = 9.2) in the Rehai geothermal area, Tengchong, China, are formed of various cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Aquificae, Thermodesulfobacteria, Desulfurococcales, and Thermoproteales. Silicified virus‐like nanoparticles, 40–200 nm in diameter, are common inside the microbial cells and the extracellular polymeric substances around the cells. These nanoparticles, which are formed of a core encased by a silica cortex, are morphologically akin to known viruses and directly comparable to silicified virus‐like particles that were produced in biofilms cultured in the laboratory. The information obtained from examination of the natural and laboratory‐produced samples suggests that viruses can be preserved by silicification, especially while they are still encased in their host cells. These results expand our views of virus–host mineral interaction in extreme thermal environments and imply that viruses can be potentially preserved and identified in the geological record.


ABSTRACT: IoT provides a networked interconnection to the everyday objects which is usually connected with ubiquitous intelligent. Any place can control from a distance using IoT by accessing remote sensor data. WSN is most beneficial for long term data acquisition for IoT applications. Basically Environmental monitoring for IoT is to control the sensed data through ARM processor and transmission of data safely using RF. This system also uses GSM technology for secured and global communication. The proposed system can be applied to many applications like green house, agriculture; industrial waste monitoring or location can be anything we may be interested in. The system is designed considering easy deployment, low cost, low power, system quality, long life and safe communication.


Angular measurements in optics of biological tissues are used for different applied spectroscopic task for roughness surface control, define of refractive index and for research of optical properties. Purpose of the research is investigation of the reflectance of biologic tissues by the ellipsoidal reflector method under the variable angle of the incident radiation.The research investigates functional features of improved photometry method by ellipsoidal reflectors. The photometric setup with mirror ellipsoid of revolution in reflected light was developed. Theoretical foundations of the design of an ellipsoidal reflector with a specific slot to ensure the input of laser radiation into the object area were presented. Analytical solution for calculating the angles range of incident radiation depending on the eccentricity and focal parameter of the ellipsoid are obtained. Also created the scheme of image processing at angular photometry by ellipsoidal reflector.The research represents results of experimental series for samples of muscle tissues at wavelengths 405 nm, 532 nm, 650 nm. During experiment there were received photometric images on the equipment with such parameters: laser beam incident angles range 12.5–62.5°, ellipsoidal reflector eccentricity 0.6, focal parameter 18 mm, slot width 8 mm.The nature of light scattering by muscle tissues at different wavelengths was represented by graphs for the collimated reflection area. The investigated method allows qualitative estimation of influence of internal or surface layers of biologic tissues optical properties on the light scattering under variable angles of incident radiation by the shape of zone of incident light.


Objective: The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess the efficacy of the surgical techniques commonly used in three types of chordee without hypospadias (Devine and Horton classification).Methods: Twenty–six patients, ranging in age from 3 to 14 years, had chordee without hypospadias and underwent Nesbit dorsal plication (9 cases out of 12, type III), associated extensive mobilization of the urethra (10 cases out of 10, type II), and vascularized neourethra (3 cases out of 4, type I).Results: Eleven subjects undergoing follow–up investigation for the milder forms of chordee were satisfied with the outcome achieved; there was no impediment of any kind in the sex lives of 5 adult subjects. Of the 11 patients undergoing follow–up after more complex surgery for Devine and Horton type I–II chordee without hypospadias, a residual abnormal curvature was present in 4 subjects. These patients were submitted to one or more reoperations with outcomes defined as satisfactory.Conclusion: To avoid the risks of persistent chordee, the authors suggest more radical and accurate operations for the treatment of type I and II pseudohypospadias.


In this article, a method for estimating the state of charge of lithium battery based on back-propagation neural network is proposed and implemented for uninterruptible power system. First, back-propagation neural network model is established with voltage, temperature, and charge–discharge current as input parameters, and state of charge of lithium battery as output parameter. Then, the back-propagation neural network is trained by Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and gradient descent method; and the state of charge of batteries in uninterruptible power system is estimated by the trained back-propagation neural network. Finally, we build a state-of-charge estimation test platform and connect it to host computer by Ethernet. The performance of state-of-charge estimation based on back-propagation neural network is tested by connecting to uninterruptible power system and compared with the ampere-hour counting method and the actual test data. The results show that the state-of-charge estimation based on back-propagation neural network can achieve high accuracy in estimating state of charge of uninterruptible power system and can reduce the error accumulation caused in long-term operation.


The advanced manufacturing industry (AMI) faces many unique challenges from the cyber-physical domain. Security threats are originated from two integral parts: software and hardware. Over the past decade, software security has been addressed extensively, but hardware security has not received enough attention. This work analyzes the security vulnerabilities of typical electronic devices deployed to AMI and proposes three attack models for sensing nodes, local storage and processing edge devices, and wired/wireless communication interfaces, respectively. Practical security attacks on hardware are demonstrated in this work to inspire the development of feasible countermeasures against hardware Trojans, fault injection attacks, and external signal interference. Moreover, this work highlights the unique security challenges posed by advanced manufacturing applications. To mitigate those security attacks in AMI, this work suggests guidelines for the defense method design that can effectively protect the hardware in AMI.


Two methodical approaches to the design of energy-storage reactors for a group of widely used dc-to-dc converters are presented. One of these approaches is based on a steady-state time-domain analysis of piecewise-linearized circuit models of the converters, while the other approach is based on an analysis of the same circuit models, but from an energy point of view. The design procedure developed from the first approach includes a search through a stored data file of magnetic core characteristics and results in a list of usable reactor designs which meet a particular converter's requirements. Because of the complexity of this procedure, a digital computer usually is used to implement the design algorithm. The second approach, based on a study of the storage and transfer of energy in the magnetic reactors, leads to a straightforward design procedure which can be implemented with hand calculations. An equation to determine the lower-bound volume of workable cores for given converter design specifications is derived. Using this computer lower-bound volume, a comparative evaluation of various converter configurations is presented.


In this paper, an augmented image based visual servoing (AIBVS) using image moment features is proposed to improve the visual servoing performance. The AIBVS controller produces acceleration as the controlling command. In order to generate the acceleration command, a general analytical formulation for calculating interaction matrix relating the image moments features to camera acceleration is derived. A proportional derivative (PD) controller is developed to provide the controlling command of the robot. Using the derived interaction matrix this controller can achieve smoother feature trajectory in image space and reduce the amount of overshoot that appears in the response of the system. The developed control method also enhances the camera trajectory in 3D space. Simulation tests on three image moments sets, proposed by Chaumette [1], Tahri et al. [2] and Liu et al. [3], are performed on a 6 DOFs robotic system to validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


The present rule of the Institute in regard to wave form is not satisfactory, as it does not sufficiently penalize the higher frequency harmonics. Deviation of the wave shape from the sine form is considered, and the effect on the current wave form in connection with various kinds of circuits, such as resistance, inductance and capacity. Conditions occurring with two differently shaped e. m. f. wave forms in parallel are also considered, and the resultant effect on the current wave. It is shown how, in some cases, very great current wave distortion may occur, or excessively large local currents may flow between synchronous machines, due to difference in e.m.f. wave shape. Several examples are given of excessive current and e.m.f. wave distortion. Errors in power factor meters and other instruments due to wave shape are discussed.


Based on the classification of agricultural land productivity,the models of theoretical and accessible productivities per unit area of the cultivated lands in Weihe plain of Guanzhong were established,and the theoretical,accessible,and actual productivities of the cultivated lands in Liquan County were calculated,with township as a unit.In the County,the theoretical productivity of cultivated lands was calculated as 39.60×104 t,accessible productivity was 29.82×104 t,and actual productivity 18.69×104 t.The theoretical,accessible,and actual productivities per unit area were 19071,14745,and 9042 kg·hm-2,the theoretical and accessible land use intensities were 0.764 and 0.639,and the theoretical and accessible production potentials were 4376 and 5115 kg·hm-2,respectively.Spatially,there existed obvious differences in the theoretical,accessible,and actual productivities per unit area,being the highest in southern part,followed by in middle part,and the lowest in northern part.Terrain feature,soil type,input level,and technology were the main factors affecting the cultivated land productivity in Liquan County,and the southern and the middle parts of the County would be the key regions for the grain yield increasing in the future.


In this report a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Pomegranate peel extract as the reducing agent from 1 mM AgNO 3 had been investigated.  The formation of silver nanoparticles was characterized by UV-Vis spectrum, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis. The UV-Vis spectra results show a strong resonance centered on the surface of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at 371 nm. The Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy spectral study demonstrates pomegranate peel extract acted as the reducing agent. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis shows nanoparticles with the average particles size ranges about 5-50 nm. Further the antibacterial activity of AgNPs was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli pathogens. This route is rapid, simple, without any hazardous chemicals as reducing or stabilizing agents and economical to synthesize AgNPs.


As core devices of power electronics equipment, insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are widely used in various application, such as rail traction and high voltage direct current transmission. If a short-circuit fault occurs and it can't be detected in time, the equipment will probably suffer damage, which can cause a severe accident and economic loss. This not only gives more stringent challenge to the reliability of high-power IGBT modules, but also puts forward higher requirements for the gate drivers. The IGBT generally depends on accessory drivers for protection when a short-circuit fault occurs, but now the existing detection techniques have their own shortcomings. For this reason, this paper presents the detection scheme without blank time using a combination of Vce de-saturation detection and di/dt detection, which can execute two-level turn-off and record the number of times for short-circuit faults. Firstly, the proposed detection circuit and control scheme are introduced in detail and then the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method have been validated by simulation results in Pspice. Afterward, two types of experiments are performed. First, the fault-detection circuit is tested by simulated short-circuit fault experiments. The results show the proposed scheme could protect IGBT under short-circuit faults such as Hard Switching Fault (HSF) and Fault Under Load (FUL) without blank time. Second, the double pulse tests are made to verify the control algorithm could decrease the false alarm rate and improve the fault identification for short-circuit faults.


SUMMARY: We find that any really close concentration of positions of poles of orbital planes for binaries is not affected by the corresponding positions of "mirror poles" for the same orbital planes. Namely, strong concentrations of positions of the true poles imply a complete isotropy in the distribution of the corresponding positions for the mirror poles.


An annular ® lm cooled turbine nozzle with cooling air ejection from a single row of holes on the stator suction side near the trailing edge is experimentally and numerically investigated concerning the inuence of ® lm cooling on the secondaryow development. The location and intensity of the secondaryow vortices are analyzed with varied blowing rates. Theow® eld downstream of the nozzle is measured using a ® ve-hole probe. Furthermore, oilow experiments are carried out to visualize the areas on the blade surface affected by the secondaryow. A three-dimensional Navier± Stokes solver numerical simulation of the statorow including cooling air ejection supports the measurements. This gives an insight to vortex generation and development inow regions, where measurements are dif® cult or impossible. Depending on the blowing ratio the secondary vortex system is deected toward the endwalls. A detailed analysis is presented. Nomenclature C = chord length, m d = diameter, m h = blade height, m M = blowing ratio, (q v)c/(q v)0 Ma = Mach number


St. George Island, Alaska is located in the Bering Sea more than 320 kilometers (200 miles) north of the nearest Aleutian Island. During original design and construction of the fishing harbor at St. George Island in the early 1980's, stone large enough for a conventional breakwater was not available to quarry on the island, so the project utilized a berm breakwater approach with the available local stone. The long-term performance and service life of the berm breakwaters is reviewed in this paper. Construction of the berm breakwater was completed in 1987 and the breakwaters remained functional for nearly 20 years with little maintenance. In the winter of 2015/2016, approaching 30 years since initial construction, significant damage occurred during a winter storm. Repairs utilized a berm breakwater approach similar to the original design. Repairs were completed in 2 phases due to the short construction seasons at the project site.


approach in categorical impetrative beliefs and Rossian intuitive prima facie duties approach. This paper serves the purpose of informing and enlightening readers on the ethical issues that ransom dilemma presents with a more informational-analytical standpoint. The rationale of our research paper lies within the fact that very little research has been conducted in regards to ethical approaches towards the aspects of ransom dilemma phenomenon. Hence, with this research paper, we would like to fill in this research gap and bring in something new and interesting within the studies on ethics.


We present our toolkit to automatically evaluate recognition algorithms. There are few published comparative evaluations of sketch recognition algorithms and those that exist do not provide benchmarking or direct comparisons because standardised data and an evaluation platform is not available. By unifying data collection, labelling and evaluation in one tool, fair, flexible and comprehensive evaluations are possible. Currently we have 6 existing recognizers integrated into this tool. With our initial evaluations of these recognizers we have observed that the context from which training data is taken has an effect on recognition success rates. These results suggest that an evaluation platform such as this is a powerful adjunct for sketch recognition research.


Electronic mail has become an extremely important and popular means of communication for personal and commercial purposes. Its low cost and global...


Digitalization is the integration of digital technologies in to everyday life by the digitization of everything that can be digitized. Digitalization is sweeping across every aspect of our daily lives. It has totally changed the educational industry and teaching learning process to a great extent. It has lessened the distance between students and their educational needs there by making education stress free. The use of digital information in the educational environment has enabled easy access to many resources. Students must develop knowledge about how to use ICT Technology to construct meaning, but most importantly in ways that are appropriate to their needs. Thus technology is proving a disruptive influence in education. Hence each and every student should be aware about these technological advancements. Today's students living in digital age called as "digital students" or "digital inmates" or "digital natives" are the pupils those who born after 1980 and those who born before 1980 are called digital immigrants. Through the present paper investigators made an attempt to find out the digital awareness among digital natives hailing from four generation groups.


The invention provides a vehicular multi-system monitoring device which comprises a monitoring chip and an analog chip which is electrically connected to the monitoring chip; the monitoring chip is integrated with a processor chip and a Nor Flash chip; the analog chip is connected with an automobile diagnostic interface through an SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J1962 diagnostic connector; the monitoring chip operates a data monitoring program and controls the analog chip according to an operating result to realize logic gating with the automobile diagnostic interface; and the monitoring of the vehicular multi-system running state is realized through a corresponding diagnostic protocol. According to the vehicular multi-system monitoring device provided by the invention, the monitoring chip and the analog chip are adopted for realizing vehicular multi-system monitoring; a great number of relay switching devices are omitted; product volume is greatly reduced; and product cost is reduced.


Field sampling procedures and computer programs are described for monitoring seed production and pest damage in southern pine seed orchards. The system estimates total orchard yields of female strobili and seeds, quantifies pest damage, determines times of year when losses occur, and produces life tables for female strobili. An example is included to illustrate the sampling procedures and the operation of user-friendly computer programs.


The biodiversity and commercial exploitation of sharks and rays Sharks and rays are members of the subclass Elasmobranchii Bonaparte, 1838, and are found in the tropical, subtropical, temperate and cold waters of all entire world's seas and oceans, inhabiting both offshore and coastal areas in pelagic, demersal, reef and estuarine environments, and even in freshwater habitats (Compagno, 1984). However, data on the biology of the elasmobranchs are scant for some regions, such as the Southwestern Atlantic, where the populations of even critically endangered species are still captured by commercial fisheries, as well as being sold in local fish markets (Tavares et al., 2013; Palmeira et al., 2013). The verification lists of the diversity of species of the class Chondrichthyes (Huxley, 1880), which includes the Elasmobranchii, vary considerably around the world, and are based on the available data, which often leads to misinterpretations and inconsistencies in the listings of valid species (Last and Séret, 2016; Last et al., 2016a; Last et al., 2016b). Given these considerations, a scientific review of the group was conducted, based on recent data on the taxonomic diversity, geographic distribution, and the depth of the waters inhabited by these species. By November 7th 2015, a total of 1139 species of elasmobranch had been catalogued (Figure 1A), representing 15 orders, 58 families, and 193 genera. This new listing includes nine orders, 34 families, 105 genera and 509 species of shark, and six orders, 24 families, 88 genera and 630 species of ray. The species that are currently being described were not considered valid for this inventory (Weigmann, 2016). Recently, data on the diversity of the marine chondrichthians that occur in Brazil has been updated (Rosa and Gadig, 2014) (Figure 1B), and concluded that the subclass Elasmobranchii is represented by 11 orders, 33 families, 75 genera and 159 species, six orders, 22 families, 43 genera, and 89 species represented by Sharks, while the rays are classified in five orders, 11 families, 32 genera, and 70 species. Overall, 49 of these 159 elasmobranch species are included in one of the three principal threatened categories of the IUCN, i.e., Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable (Figure 2A: Supplementary Table 1). The Brazilian Environment Ministry (IBAMA ordinance number 445 of December 17, 2014) classifies 53 of these species in one of the threatened categories. In addition to this large number of threatened species, there are a relatively large number of species (50 according to the IUCN Why implement measures to conserve the diversity of Elasmobranchs? The case of the northern coast of Brazil Conservation of Elasmobranchs off the northern coast of Brazil


A novel method for growth of epitaxial silicon films on Si substrates at a low temperature of 400°C has been developed using a sputtering-type electron cyclotron resonance plasma. The chamber has a base pressure of 5×10-7 Torr, and the growth method includes in situ cleaning of Si substrates using suitable plasma bombardment and subsequent deposition at a high sputter rate to prevent impurity monolayer formation at the beginning of the deposition. The epitaxial growth conditions were investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry and electron backscattering diffraction, and the effect of the Ar gas flow rate, for both the in situ cleaning and the deposition conditions, was studied. At the optimum growth conditions, Si thin films having characteristics close to crystal Si substrates were obtained. The deposition rate was as high as 6 nm/min.


A certain amount of β-cyclodextrin(β-CD) can increase the stability of SOD solution and reduce the activity loss of SOD in acidic or high temperature conditions, β-CD has no effect on the UV spectrum of Cu, Zn-SOD, but it slightly decreased the mobility of SOD on gradient SDS-PAGE.


Bipolar disorder (BD) with early disease onset is associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome and constitutes a clinically and biologically homogenous subgroup within the heterogeneous BD spectrum. Previous studies have found an accumulation of early age at onset (AAO) in BD families and have therefore hypothesized that there is a larger genetic contribution to the early‐onset cases than to late onset BD. To investigate the genetic background of this subphenotype, we evaluated whether an increased polygenic burden of BD‐ and schizophrenia (SCZ)‐associated risk variants is associated with an earlier AAO in BD patients.


Based on the understanding of the basic ideology of PE and Health Course Standards, the paper combines some theoretical ideas and expounds some relevant matters in carrying out the Standards, expecting to offer some beneficial reference to a large number of PE teachers in considering how to conduct PE and teaching.


The purpose of this study is to apply a concept of open structure to clothing design and to verify the characteristics found in the various types of clothing which has open structure. The literatures from various academic fields including philosophy, literature, social science, architecture, and fine arts are investigated to define the concept of openness and to analyze it from the perspectives both of the visual and of the moaning of openness. This paper is to identify the types and the characteristics of clothing by future intention, complexity, discontinuity of open structure. By closely examining fashion design after 1980s found in fashion collection publications and designer's websites, the results of this study are as follows: first, the concept of openness can be classified into two different levels, that is, visual and meaning, secondly, in clothing the concept of open structure is applied to the meaning side by future intention, by complexity and by discontinuity. Open structure through future Intention has new content and interpretation and must have the possibility of intelligence awakening, future guidance and basic contents. Open structure through complexity has secondary function exists concurrent with the shape key example is the smart clothes with the digital functions. It has functions of amusement, supplement and protective, and is future clothes which satisfies with health, welfare, desire of beauty. Open structure with discontinuity is clothes with dramatic changes in system, structures and states. Structure can be changed by silhouette, detail, or fabric, material, or dramatic and practical function as tools in terms of productions and environment. This study can help to formulate and to integrate the concept of open structure in clothing with various phases and enhance the value of clothes by showing an application of the concept of openness to the clothing in meaning level.


Although item response theory is a valuable summative assessment tool, cognitive diagnostic models could potentially be a valuable instructional and formative assessment instrument. Using simulation methods, we have examined one of the existing additive models - the compensatory reparameterised unified model (CRUM) - for its parameter recovery and classification accuracy under various research designs. In order for models such as the CRUM to be useful, it is essential to establish their parameter recovery and classification accuracy. This study simulated data for sample sizes of 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 examinees with various attribute-item combinations: 7 items with 3 attributes, 15 items with 4 attributes, 31 items with 5 attributes, and 35 items with 3 attributes to be evaluated for its parameter recovery. The results suggest that the accuracy of measuring examinees' attribute mastery depends heavily on the combination of the number of items and attributes as well as the sample size. Item parameter estimation was almost equally accurate for datasets of sample sizes greater than 100. The more complex items required larger sample sizes to maintain its consistency of parameter estimation.


It has been suggested that the neural cell adhesion molecules (N‐CAM) are members of the Ig superfamily. We have exaniained structural homology between the N‐CAM and other superfamily molecules in detail. The Ig‐like domains of N‐CAM have overall sizes similar to ihoseof Ig constant domains or major histocompalibitity complex (MHC) domains. Significant sequence homology was found between the N‐CAM Ig‐like domains and several other Ig superfamily members, such as T4. TH. IgA transport receptor, Ig VH. Ig Cμ4, and others. A comparison of the second domain of T4 (255 amino acids) wiih ihe central domain of N‐CAM (302 amino acids) has demonstrated a significant sequence homology. Furthermore, a cell adhesion protein, cs‐A, of slime mould, Dictyostelium, also seems to be related to N‐CAM. It appears that the Ig superfamily of the immune system originated from more ubiquitous ceil recognition moleeules whieh are eommon in all metazoan species.


Biomedical advances have led to a relaxation of natural selection in the human population of developed countries. In the absence of strong purifying selection, spontaneous and frequently deleterious mutations tend to accumulate in the human genome and gradually increase the genetic load; that is, the frequency of potentially lethal genes in the gene pool. Gradual increase in incidence of many complex disorders suggests deleterious impact of the genetic load on human well-being. Recent advances in in vitro fertilization (IVF) combined with artificial twinning and transgenerational embryo cryoconservation offer the possibility of preventing significant accumulation of genetic load and reducing the incidence of hereditary disorders. Many complex diseases such as type 1 and 2 diabetes, autism, bipolar disorder, allergies, Alzheimer's disease, and some cancers show significantly higher concordance in monozygotic (MZ) twins than in fraternal twins (dizygotic, DZ) or parent-child pairs, suggesting their etiology is strongly influenced by genetics. Preventing these diseases based on genetic data alone is frequently impossible due to the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. We hypothesize that the incidence of complex diseases could be significantly reduced in the future through a strategy based on time-separated twinning. This strategy involves the collection and fertilization of human oocytes followed by several rounds of artificial twinning. If preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) reports no aneuploidy or known Mendelian disorders, one of the MZ siblings would be implanted and the remaining embryos cryoconserved. Once the good health of the adult MZ sibling(s) is established, subsequent parenthood with the cryoconserved co-twins could substantially lower the incidence of hereditary disorders with complex etiology and virtually eradicate simple Mendelian disorders. The proposed method of artificial twinning has the potential to alleviate suffering and reduce the negative social impact induced by dysgenic effects associated with known and unknown genetic factors. Time-separated twinning has the capacity to prevent further accumulation of the genetic load and to provide source of isogenic embryonic stem cells for future regenerative therapies.


The Funeral Mountains, Death Valley area, California, are ametamorphic terrane characterized by kyanite-bearing assemblages in pelitic schists. Pelitic schists presewe a nearly complete record of the facies types for grades ranging from garnet to sillimanite, and isograds were mapped on the basis of the coexistence of garnet + chlorite, staurolite + biotite, and garnet + biotite + kyanite. Mineral inclusions in garnet provide evidence for the stoichiometry of the reactions chloritoid + quartz : garnet + staurolite + chlorite + HrO and staurolite + muscovite + quartz -garnet + biotite * kyanite + HrO. Estimates of the intensive parameters from the distribution of Fe and Mg between garnet and biotite and calcium between garnet and plagioclase indicate that in the high-grade region P =7200 to 9600 bars and T= 6000 to 700'c during metamorphism. Introduction The Funeral Mountains consist of a core of metamorphosed sedirnentary rocks flanked by relatively unmetamorphosed Paleozoic strata. This metamorphic core comprises a kyanite-bearing terrane, and it has been possible to map Barrovian-type isograds that show a range in metamorphic grade from below garnet zone to sillimanite zone. The metamorphic rocks range in composition, and nearly complete facies types for muscovite-bearing pelitic schists have been preserved. The geology of the Funeral Mountains and especially the Chloride Cliff and Big Dune 15' Quadrangles is being mapped by B. W. Troxel and L. A. Wright, who kindly provided a copy of the preliminary map. The geology of the southern part of the Funeral Mountains is described by McAllister (1974), and the gbology of the Grapevine Mountains which are contiguous with the Funeral Mountains to the north is outlined by Reynolds (1974) (Fig. l). The Grapevine-Funeral Mountains chain comprises late Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Tertiary sedimentary, metasedimentary, and volcanic rocks. tContribution Number 3338. 2Present addiess: Department of Earth and Space Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794. 0003-o04x/80/0708-0670$02.00 The oldest rocks are a sequence of interbedded pelitic schist, calcite marble, micaceous quartzite, and amphibolite. Pelitic schist comprises about half of this section and is prominent in the lower and upper part. Micaceous quartzite, calcareous quartzite, and marble make up the middle part. The occurrence of amphibolite in the lower part and conglomerate in the upper part led to the correlation ofthese rocks to the Pahrump Group (Troxel and Wright, 1968). The lithologies in this section are not directly correlative to the formations which compose the Pahrump Group elsewhere in the Death Valley area. The Pahrump Group is overlain by the Johnaie Formation which consists predominantly of pelitic schist and quartzite. The Stirling Quartzite overlies the Johnnie Formation and consists of quartzite, micaceous quartzite, and minor carbonate layers. Pelitic layers occur near the base of the Stirling Quartzite. In the Chloride Clif Quadrangle, the Stirling Quartzite is locally overlain by argillite and quartzite of the Wood Canyon Formation. This Paleozoic section is overlain by middle and upper Tertiary fluvial, lacustrine, and volcanic rocks. The generalized geology of the Chloride CliffQuadrangle, which encompasses the majority of the metamorphic rocks, is shown in Figure l. The structure of the Funeral Mountains is domi-


This paper examines the links between sexual maturation and menstrual management and dropout and attendance among adolescent girls in Ghana using the four northern regions as a case study. It focus was to examine specifically public management of school girl's sexual maturation and menstrual hygiene practices and how these affect school dropout and attendance. A multi-site survey was conducted using Purposive, simple random, accidental sampling technique to select the respondents and via that questionnaire and interview guide were used for the data. Northern Ghana was defined to coincide with the four northernmost regions comprising Northern, Brong Ahafo, and Upper East Regions of Ghana. The study revealed that while many factors contribute to girls dropping out of school, the incidence of the drop out is high around the age of puberty suggesting that, there is a connection between girls' dropout rate and the management of the complexities of puberty and maturation. Although not all beliefs are reflected in practices, in many places cultural and religious beliefs prevent girls from participating in worship, sex, domestic chores, dropout, attendance and many social activities, most of these restrictions reflect the mistaken belief that menstruation is unclean and therefore a menstruating girl should limit her contact with others. Given that menstruation can cause inconvenience and pain, and limit women activities, it is not surprising that many girls see menstruation as discomfort and not a sickness, and does prevent some of them from attending school during this period and this widens the gap in education achievement. The onset of menstruation during puberty evokes general negative reaction perhaps because many girls are not prepared ahead for it on time, though majority are aware that it is a normal part of growing up and that it is preceded by other changes in their bodies. Many manage the flow but the items used are more often than unhygienic, this is as a result of poverty. Education, institution of meaningful programs, provision of adequate sanitary facilities, might be enough to change the attitude of girls about sexual maturation menstrual management practices since here is no policy that debars menstruated girls from attending school or being asked to be withdrawn from school. Key Descriptors: Menstruation, maturation, education, gender parity, adolescent. Capability.


The research was motivated by of the many various alternative options for transportation services, especially land transportation. However, bus still be excellent for most of Indonesian people as a driving option.The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of service quality and price to customer loyalty, through customer satisfaction of PO. Nusantara's customer. The population is all passengers direction Solo-Jakarta of PO. Nusantara. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling.the analysis used in this research is the path analysis using with SPSS Program 18.0, which previously tested the validity and reliability, coefisien  Corelation,coefisien determination, simple linear regression and multiple linear regression.The results showed that the quality of service and price partially or simultaneously affect customer satisfaction and loyalty. Variable price gives greater influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty of the variable quality of service.Suggestions can be submitted is that the PO. Nusantara can improve the quality of services provided, especially regarding punctuality and time left to place the goal. While in pricing, in addition to the cost element, the company also must pay attention to the price set by competitors.


Several theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain observed biodiversity patterns, ranging from the classical niche-based theories, mainly employing a continuous formalism, to neutral theories, based on statistical mechanics of discrete communities. Differences in the descriptions of biodiversity can arise due to the discrete or continuous nature of the underlying models and the way internal or external perturbations appear in their formulations. Here, we trace the effects of stochastic population dynamics on biodiversity, from the scale of the individuals to the community and based on both discrete and continuous representations of the system, by consistently using measures of community diversity like the species abundance distribution and the rank abundance curve and applying them to both discrete and continuous populations. A novel measure, the community abundance distribution, is introduced to facilitate the comparison across different levels of description, from microscopic to macroscopic. Using a simple birth and death process and an interacting population model, we highlight discrepancies in their discrete and continuous distributions and discuss relevant implications for the analysis of rare species and extinction dynamics. Quantitative consideration of these issues is useful for better understanding of the contributions of non-neutral processes and the mathematical approximations to various measures of biodiversity.


The RTV of normal temperature vulcanization as an effective measure to prevent the pollution flashover is applied in power system extensively. Since it is used in different environment and with the discrepancy of product quality, the RTV coating used in different area has the problem of ageing and tenure of use. The major factors that affect RTV coating ageing were analyzed, such as temperature, surface discharge and ultraviolet ray shining etc.. It is pointed out that the key of RTV coating ageing is the research for 3 above-mentioned performances and operating environment. The research progress for RTV coating ageing is also discussed, and compared with domestic and international research technique. The problems that should be noticed in application and its ageing are presented, such as age time that should synthesize the factors of antipollution, water resistant as well as environment.


The article simulates the typical tower grounding resistance using CDEGS. First of all, it compares the difference between the flexible graphite grounding electrode, round steel and manganin, in power frequency grounding performance and impulse grounding performance. The results show that flexible graphite grounding electrode is slightly higher than the round steel in the power frequency grounding resistance. But due to its non-magnetism, weaker skin effect, the impulse grounding resistance is lower than that of the round steel. Thus, flexible graphite grounding electrode has good lightning protection grounding characteristics. Take an application of flexible graphite grounding electrode in typical transmission lines in Foshan demonstration project for example, the practical engineering construction process and technology of flexible graphite grounding electrode is introduced, providing references for other similar engineering and test.


church-related colleges. The information was incorporated in a doctoral dissertation. There were several indications of dissatisfaction with existing textbooks. Some of the most widely used were published from fifteen to twenty years ago, e.g., The Literature of the New Testament, by E. F. Scott (1932) and An Introduction to the New Testament, by E. J. Goodspeed (1937). Conversations with college instructors disclosed their reluctance to endorse any single text as being fully adequate, and all expressed an interest in the appearance of new books. The National Council on Religion in Higher Education had been aware of possible needs for publication in this field and, after an informal survey made by a special committee, the preparation of a two-volume introduction to the Bible was launched. The New Testament volume is


This chapter analyses the problem on the basis of the material of the earliest complete Slavic copy of the book. It gives several examples also from the most important part of the Book of Sirach linked with the problem of messianism the so-called Hymn to the Fathers in chapters 4450. The chapter points to the passages whose meaning is clear and which can give us material for conclusions regarding the attitude of the translator and the copyists towards the messianic ideas. It is necessary, however, to stress that in the text as a whole there are many linguistic archaisms, which modern scholars consider to be characteristic of the Cyrillo-Methodian translations. Here, of course, there is no time to analyse the proofs that Methodius did the first translation of this book into Slavic as part of his entire translation of the Bible made in the end of his life. Keywords: Book of Sirach; Cyrillo-Methodian translations; messianism; St. Methodius


WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See) is a foundational abstraction for multiuser interfaces that expresses many of the characteristics of a chalkboard in face-to-face meetings. In its strictest interpretation, it means that everyone can also see the same written information and also see where anyone else is pointing. In our attempts to build software support for collaboration in meetings, we have discovered that WYSIWIS is crucial, yet too inflexible when strictly enforced. This paper is about the design issues and choices that arose in our first generation of meeting tools based on WYSIWIS. Several examples of multiuser interfaces that start from this abstraction are presented. These tools illustrate that there are inherent conflicts between the needs of a group and the needs of individuals, since user interfaces compete for the same display space and meeting time. To help minimize the effect of these conflicts, constraints were relaxed along four key dimensions of WYSIWIS: display space, time of display, subgroup population, and congruence of view. Meeting tools must be designed to support the changing needs of information sharing during process transitions, as subgroups are formed and dissolved, as individuals shift their focus of activity, and as the group shifts from multiple parallel activities to a single focused activity and back again.


Cow meat and U.S. Choice or Good beef plates were used to make 20 ground beef formulations. One batch contained only beef (control), 9 batches contained beef and TSP (one of three brands at one of three substitution levels), 1 batch contained beef and PPI, and 9 batches contained both TSP and PPI. Brand of TSP affected color of the raw patties and appearance and dimensional shrinkage of cooked patties, with direction and extent of effects on raw patty color and cooked patty dimensions being determined by the interaction of TSP brand with level of TSP substitution and/or use of PPI. Addition of 1% PPI improved (P < 0.05) the texture, flavor and palatability of patties and increased (P < 0.05) the cohesiveness of cooked patties (as measured by force and area under the deformation curve), irrespective of brand or substitution level of TSP. The effect of addition of 1% PPI on texture and appearance of raw patties and on weight loss and dimensional shrinkage of cooked patties was a function of the combined effects of brand of TSP, percentage of TSP and use of PPI. In general, however, use of 1% PPI was not able to negate most of the undesirable effects of 20% or 30% TSP addition.


The Cruel City is Mongo Beti's first novel, published in 1954 under the name of Eza Boto. The story is centered around Banda's hardship in a cruel city over the course of three days. His downfall begins when he loses all the cacao he sells for living. Although Banda loses all his cacao, he finally overcomes this hardship which signifies his resistance to and triumph over white rulers' exploitation of the African continent. The power imbalance in African nations is explicated in loss when the city of Tanga, divided into two parts, north and south, breaks down into conflict. Here we see the conflict and spilt within African society. This novel, however, does not descend into a predictable pessimism. Rather, Banda's decision to leave Tanga announces new hope and his journey outward can be interpreted as a project of possibility for dissolving conflict among African peoples. In addition, Beti insists that the African peoples of the African continent, browbeaten by white Western colonists, must become aware of their situation and resist white hegemony. Beti's novel, The Cruel City, provides us with a critical understanding of the social and political construction of Africa and African Literature as Beti uncovers the dark side of Africa under white colonial rule.


In this paper, we describe an approach to develop alerts for individuals experiencing situationally-induced impairments and disabilities (SIIDs) in inhospitable environments, with a view to support situational awareness and decision making. Our research focuses on the needs of firefighters whose visual and auditory channels may be restricted while performing tasks, resulting in cues sometimes being missed. Through a series of contextual interviews, scenarios have been developed focusing on areas where alerts are required. A participatory-approach has been adopted with the aim of developing perceivable, meaningful and respected alerts, designed to better resist the impacts of SIIDs.


The essence of the updating of the oceanic industrial structure is establishing a harmonious developing economic system with a core of the core industry.We can use the assessment index of local oceanic core industry,that is composed of income elasticity,rate of increase,location quotient and comparative productivity,make a demonstrational research into the case of the selection of the oceanic core industry of Tangshan,with the method of grey cluster analysis.Tangshan should segard oceanic salt industry,oceanic gas and oil industry and oceanic chemical industry as the core industries.


In « Liberalism and the art of separation », Michael Walzer criticizes the liberal illusion of self-determination.In order to illustrate his claim, he quotes Shakespeare's last tragedy, Coriolanus : « The liberal hero, author ofhimself and of social roles, is a mythic invention. It is Shakespeare's Coriolanus, that aristocratic warriorand anti-citizen, who claims (and fails) to live "as if he were the author of himself and knew no other kin" ».This paper intends to discuss this line of argument. Beyond a play on the broken dream of autonomy,Coriolanus shows a character alienated by aristocratic ethics. Reading Marxist and Feminist interpretations ofShakespeare thus leads to reassess Walzer's "liberal communitarianism".


CAESAREAN section is known to be of ancient origin, and its performance upon the living under clinical or quasi-clinical conditions is tolerably well attested from the middle of the sixteenth oentury. The authorities upon the subject, however, who wrote in the second half of that century, are all of them foreigners, who exclusively cited cases drawn from Continental practice. Since no example of the performance of the operation in Great Britain before the eighteenth century (Young, 1944) has yet been recorded, the following well-authenticated facts may deserve notice,' In the winter of 1573 or summer of 1574 one John Bullawnger, described as late of Buckden, Huntingdonshire, yeoman, was indicted before the justices of Assize for the Norfolk circuit on a charge of the following purport. Agnes Redborne, late of Folksworth, Huntingdon, " spynster ", on and about 17th June, 1573, was labouring under divers infirmities. Bullawnger, claiming to be a physician and surgeon and to have the knowledge to cure maladies of that sort when he had it not, took upon himself at Folksworth on 18th June to cure Agnes' infirmity by making an incision in her belly (per ventris mi incisionem) intending thereby to murder her. He opened her belly on the left side (in sinistru park) with a knife, giving her a blow six inches long and three inches deep, carelessly (incuzl-


foundation for the formation of administrative districts as components of the territorial subsystem of land management. The land use of key territories and natural corridors of national, regional, local, and interregional significance is the fundamental basis for the ecological framework of the natural-ecological subsystem of land management. Types (subtypes) of land use constitute the core of the natural-ecological subsystem of land management.


Abstract The chemical composition of the essential oils, obtained by separate distillation of the leaves, branches and fruits of Pistacia lentiscus from Tuscany (Italy), was analyzed and identified by GC and GC/MS. The leaf oil contained α-pinene (16.1–25.3%), limonene (6.6–12.3%), terpinen-4-ol (7.6–12.7%) and germacrene D (9.6–14.3%) as major components. The branch oil contained α-pinene (34.4–46.2%), myrcene (6.3–11.6%) and limonene (8.1–13.0%), while the fruit oil contained α-pinene (7.5–11.2%), myrcene (68.2–71.0%) and limonene (9.6–19.7%) as major constituents. Little differences in composition were found between samples collected in different seasons and years, while epigenetic variations were observed for samples of oils from different sources.


This anthology is a survey of poetry by Australians in English, beginning with a selection of contemporary work by younger poets and going backward in time to the early colonial period. An extensive selection is provided of the major poets Les Murray, Gwen Harwood, Judith Wright, A. D. Hope, and Kenneth Slessor.


Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is a process that was developed by the UK Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991.1 Because of its status as a solid-phase joining process operating at a temperature below the melting point of the materials being joined, FSW usually generates less residual stress than fusion welding, being also advantageously free from fume, porosity, and solidification cracking. The mechanical properties of welds are equivalent or superior to those of conventional welds and offer a high level of reliability. Other merits of FSW include relatively low equipment costs, low operating costs, and no required training. For this reason, in the decade or so since the principle of FSW was invented, the process has seen a number of practical applications in railway and ship structures as well as for rocket fuel tanks in the aerospace field2 and continues to draw considerable attention by the engineering industry worldwide. The foregoing applications, however, all refer to components produced from aluminium alloys.


The data returned by the Voyager on the Saturnian system has revealed the structure of Saturn's ring system to be dominated by many abrupt transitions in optical depth, narrow well-defined ringlets and gaps, and spiral density and bending waves. A handful of these features were attributed with reasonable certainty to the resonant influence of external satellites, but the vast majority of the structure remains unexplained. The entire C ring was studied with particular emphasis on the search for unrecognized eccentric or inclined features, and the role, if any, played by satellite resonances in controlling C ring structure.


Medical imaging contributes to the field of medicine, including diagnosis, treatment, clinical decisionmaking, disease research, and teaching. As the technology of medical imaging rapidly advances, the amount of relevant data has increased rapidly. To efficiently manage and retrieve large amounts of data, content-based medical image retrieval (CBMIR) system is required. Among various medical images, abdominal computed tomography (CT) images are often used clinically. However, if the user does not specify the organ to be retrieved and only inputs the abdominal CT image, the retrieval cannot be performed as many organs exist in a CT image. Therefore, we established a content-based medical image retrieval system to quickly and accurately retrieve similar images according to the user-specified organ as the query image. For the user to indicate a specific organ to query, we proposed inputting the query CT image with the organs delineated and with the target image database. The medical images used in this study were all abdominal CT images provided by Mackay Memorial Hospital, including 282 gallbladders, 424 left kidneys, 362 right kidneys, 638 livers, 442 spleens, 450 stomachs, and 229 pancreases, a total of2827 images. A medical expert marked the CT images with the organs delineated and established the corresponding individual organ datasets. In the experiment, a deep convolutional neural network was used to establish a classification model and extract the features from all images in the target image database. When querying, the system automatically calculated the cosine similarity between the features of the query image and the features of all images in the target image database. The first ten images with the highest similarity were used as the retrieval result. Finally, the mean average precision (mAP) for every organ was used to evaluate the retrieval performance of the system. The experimental results showed that the mAP of the medical image retrieval system proposed in this study was 0.94. this indicates that the system effectively retrieved the abdominal CT images of the query-specific organs.


Inferior pole fracture accounts for only 20% of surgically treated patellar fractures. The treatment option for inferior pole patella fracture is still being debated. In our study we treated comminuted inferior pole patella fracture by excision of the comminuted fragment and transosseous fixation of patellar tendon by using Ethibond No. 5. Among 10 patients who were retrospectively studied, excellent and good results were found in 9 out of 10 patients according Gaur's criteria for knee evaluation. Hence we concluded that for comminuted inferior pole patella fractures, excision of the fragments and transosseous fixation of patellar tendon to the proximal patella is a very effective treatment method.


We study spectral asymptotics and resolvent bounds for non-selfadjoint perturbations of selfadjoint $h$-pseudodifferential operators in dimension 2, assuming that the classical flow of the unperturbed part is completely integrable. Spectral contributions coming from rational invariant Lagrangian tori are analyzed. Estimating the tunnel effect between strongly irrational (Diophantine) and rational tori, we obtain an accurate description of the spectrum in a suitable window in the complex spectral plane, provided that the strength of the non-selfadjoint perturbation $\gg h$ (or sometimes $\gg h^2$) is not too large.


Aleksandra ALUND: Introduction. Vron WARE: In Spite of Whiteness: Race, Gender and Questions of Political Agency. Michel WIEVIORKA: The Ethnicity Triangle. Nora RATHZEL: Images of Heimat and Images of Auslander. Bolette MOLDENHAWER: Discourses on Cultural Differences: The Case of Schooling. Roger HEWITT: The Umbrella and the Sewing Machine: Trans-culturalism and the Definition of Surrealism. Paul GILROY: Diaspora Crossings: Intercultural and Trans-national Identities in the Black Atlantic. Raoul GRANQVIST: Does It Matter Why Walcott Received the Prize? Les BACK: X Amount of Sat Siri Akal!: Apache Indian, Reggae Music and Intermezzo Culture. Ove SERNHEDE: Black Music and White Adolescence: Oedipal Rivalry, Absent Fathers and Masculinity. Magnus BERG and Tommy LINDHOLM: A Flight of Fancy: The Media Representation of Immigrants. Flemming ROGILDS: Late Night Reflections: On Theoretical Terrorism, Socio-Fiction and Ethnography. About the Writers.


This article looks at the future of ground transportation from the perspective of the early 1960s. Transportation problems of that time and future transportation problems forecast in the years ahead are discussed; the role of mass transportation in future transportation planning and policy is considered; and the need for new concepts in ground transportation is stressed.


his paper mainly introduces the situation of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber(NBR) in U. S. A.,Canada, Western Europe, Japan and China from angles of production, comsumption, import and ex-port. In U. S. A.,the production and comsumption of NBR has increased with years. The comsump-tion in Canada will grow by the rate of 1 %~2% per year. Western Europe has the NBR.capacity of176 thousand ton per year and is a net export region. The total capacity of NBR in Japantis 112 thou-sand ton per year and its annual growth rate is 2%. In China, the estimated capacity of NBR willreach only 29 thousand ton per year by the end of "The Ninth Five-Year Plan". At that time, this ca-pacity will be far from the market need and has urgently to be increased. The quality of home madeNBR has to be improved as well.


Previously, α‐MSH, a 13‐amino acid neuropeptide and the tripeptide α‐MSH have been shown to possess potent antimicrobial properties. We performed microplate based growth inhibition assays on C. albicans with α‐MSH, but could not observe any growth inhibiting effect. Repeating the originally published assay with different C. albicans strains, we detected a mild growth inhibiting effect of 100 μM α‐MSH, but again no effect of α‐MSH.


Systematic experimental study of the physico-chemical factors con- trolling the foaming and defoaming performance of several Pluronic nonionic block copolymers is performed in solutions of sodium caseinate. Dynamic light scattering measurements and microscopic observations confirm that a signifi- cant defoaming is observed above the cloud point of the nonionics, which is almost independent on the polymer structure. However significant differences are observed in the foaming below the cloud point, which do correlate with the polymer structure. Dynamic surface tension measurements allow more detailed analysis of the mechanism of polymer and protein adsorption, and of the role of the individual components for the overall stabilization or destabilization of the foams.


We propose and experimentally verify a bonding-less non-invasive testing method for optical gain, noise and path losses of cascaded SOAs for wafer-scale photonic integrated circuit testing.


Abstract N,N,N-Trimethylchitosan (TMC) represents a rare example of cationic polysaccharides and numerous studies have shown its potential in biological and biomedical applications. TMC with high degrees of quaternization (DQ) were synthesized from N-methylation of N,N-dimethylchitosan (DMC), which was obtained by reductive alkylation of high molecular weight chitosan in a simple step process and in good yields. The effects of base and solvents were evaluated on the quaternization reaction. The N-methylation of DMC was performed selectively by CH3I and carbonate in water where quaternization was achieved quantitatively with a low degree of O-methylation (17 %). Moreover, the greener procedure allows easy recovery and purification by conventional filtration as a carbonate salt, in which the anion can be exchanged by an acid-base reaction. Quantification of DQ involving 1H NMR integration of methyl peaks must be performed on protonated TMC. High field NMR spectra of TMC showed two specific chemical shifts for anomeric peaks (5.0 and 5.4 ppm) that can also be used for the determination of DQ. This latter method avoids the superimposition problems with other pyranosyl peaks.


The paper presents experimental study results of ground effect influence on the aerodynamic characteristics of the twin fuselage transport airplane in a low-speed wind tunnel. The aerodynamic configuration has the two fuselages distributed under high-wing, and a "TT"–shaped tail. The twin fuselage transport airplane model consists of two fuselages, wing, empennage and external tank. The analysis includes studying the ground effect on the longitudinal and lateral aerodynamic characteristics and horizontal tail effectiveness. The effect of installing an external cryogenic fuel tank under the wing between the fuselages of the model was considered too. The obtained data shows the typical behaviour of the aerodynamic characteristics near the ground plate for aircraft model with high-wing and high placed horizontal tail. Ground proximity significantly increases the maximum lift-to-drag ratio and slightly changes the longitudinal moment characteristics. Horizontal tail effectiveness is maintained for all tailplane angles near the ground plate. The longitudinal and lateral stability of the twin fuselage transport airplane model is maintained in all considered modes near the ground plate.


Variations of oxygen isotope ratios in arc-related lavas can constrain the contributions of subducted crustal igneous rocks, sediments, and fluids to the sub-arc mantle. We have measured oxygen isotope ratios in 72 arc and back-arc lavas from five ocean–ocean subduction zone systems using laser-fluorination analyses of olivine and other phenocrysts and glass. Eighty percent of our samples have {delta}18O values for any given phase (olivine, plagioclase, glass, or biotite) within 0·2{per thousand} of the average value for that phase in upper-mantle peridotites and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB); the range for each phase is <=1·0{per thousand}. This result contrasts with previous studies of whole-rock samples (which are significantly more variable even after exclusion of samples believed to be altered or fractionated by magmatic differentiation) and demonstrates that most arc-related lavas contain <=1–2% of 18O-enriched crustal oxygen from any source (i.e. assimilation or subducted contributions). Elevations in {delta}18O that do occur in these basic, arc-derived magmas relative to values most common for mantle-derived lavas are associated both with 'enriched' radiogenic isotope signatures and, even more strongly, with chemical indices consistent with high integrated extents of melting of their peridotite sources. We interpret these relationships as evidence that melting in the sources of the high-{delta}18O lavas we have studied was fluxed by addition of high-{delta}18O aqueous fluid (or perhaps a hydrous melt) from the subducted slab, such that sources that contain relatively large components of slab-derived fluid or melt are both relatively 18O enriched and also experienced relatively large amounts of melting. We have developed a quantitative model linking the amount of melting to the extents of 18O, radiogenic isotope, and trace-element enrichment in a mantle source being fluxed by addition of aqueous fluid. Comparison of this model with observed variations in the geochemistry of lavas from the Vanuatu–Fiji–New Caledonia region (the suite of related samples showing the greatest range in {delta}18O observed in this study) constrains the amounts and chemical and isotopic compositions of slab-derived phases in the sources of these arc-related lavas. Assuming a {delta}18O value of 20{per thousand} for the slab-derived fluid, 0·5–1·0 wt % is added to the sources of most mantle-derived arc magmas; the maximum amount of slab-derived flux in the sources of arc magmas according to our results is 2·5 wt %.


This article goes into details of the fundamentals of the current monetary system and the fiqhi opinions of major Islamic scholarships regarding the permissibility of fiat money.The research finds that the Islamic scholarship has predominately focused on only one matter that whether money is limited to gold and silver only or can it be extended to include other things; whilst the Islamic scholarship has clearly not analysed deep into the working of the current monetary system and its unjust nature.The article goes on to conclude that a pure Islamic financial system based on the principles of Shari'ah cannot exist within the current monetary system and to create a true Islamic financial system based on zero interest and just distribution of wealth, it is imperative to move towards commodity money or at least to a currency backed by an objective standard such as gold.


In this article, we take a closer look at process intensification. We define what it involves, discuss its dimensions and structure, and review recent developments in process-intensifying devices and methods.


Truss structure in industrial powernetworks、heatingnetwork、lif epipe networks use.Truss is generally composed of a number of plane truss.Plane truss is generally calculated ideal hinged truss.


1. Objective of the Paper. This is an exercise in formalism; an attempt to see what a certain hypothesis would look like if it were spelled out in more detail than it has so far received. The object is to frame a self-consistent hypothesis that includes certain contributions of both optimism and pessimism. We would like to save the moral advantages of each position; at first glance they seem logically exclusive. The usual historical note on optimist and pessimist theories gives Leibniz as the standard example of the first and Schopenhauer as the second. This choice of apparent opposites ignores significant differences in the questions to which various pessimists and optimists have offered their responses. We shall classify some of these differences by employing a questionnaire technique. 2. A set of Classification Questions. Although we will sharply separate the viewpoint of the individual and the viewpoint of the class of men, we may keep this difference unspecified in the questions. For our present purposes let us start with tentative definitions of progress, objective, pleasure, and rationality. We may take "progress" as "increasing power," where power is measured by the probability that efficient means are chosen for an end. "Objective" will mean goal or end. For preliminary purposes we leave unspecified the difference between attainable and unattainable goals. "Pleasure" will mean an experience that an organism seeks to continue. Let us define "degree of rationality" of a specific entity at a certain point in its history, in terms of the degree of positive correlation that exists among the probabilities of attaining all its objectives. That is, we measure the degree to which an increase in the probability of reaching one objective will also increase the probabilities of reaching all the other objectives.2 Following this, one may say, loosely, that to be rational is to be consistent (where "consistent" is used to refer to the positive correlation mentioned above). We may speak of measuring the "consistency" of the objectives in terms of the degree of positive correlation among the probabilities of their means. Now we may consider three questions. Question ? 1. Is there an objective that humans want and toward which they may progress? Question ? 2. Is pleasure such a human objective? Question # 3. Is perfect rationality such a human objective? Let us take "optimist" to refer to a position that answers "yes" to one of these questions, and take "pessimist" to refer to a position that answers '.no" to one


Text classification algorithms often rely on vocabulary counters like bag-of-words or character ngrams to represent text as a vector appropriate for use in machine learning algorithms. In this work, automatically generated regular expressions are proposed as an alternative feature set. The proposed algorithm uses genetic programming to evolve a set of regular expression features based on labeled text data and train a classifier in an end-to-end fashion. Though a comparison of the generated features and traditional text features indicates a classifier using generated features is not able to make better predictions, the generated features are able to capture patterns that cannot be found with the traditional features. As a result, a classifier combining traditional methods with generated features is able to improve significantly.


These notes are based on a series of lectures given at the meeting Journées EDP in Roscoff in June 2015 on recent developments concerning weak solutions of the Euler equations and in particular recent progress concerning the construction of Hölder continuous weak solutions and Onsager's conjecture.


Objective: To evaluate medical students' perception about organ and tissue donation and transplantation. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, with quantitative analysis, which evaluated students from the 1st to the 12th semester of the Bahia Medical School of the Bahia Federal University (FMB/UFBA), grouped by year of graduation (1st to 6th year), through a questionnaire. Data were statistically analyzed using R for Windows, considering significant values of p ≤ 0.05. Results: Of the 393 participants, 207 (52.7%) were female, 250 (63.3%) were between 21 to 25 years old, 144 (36.6%) had no religion, and 80 (20.3%) were boarding students. Of all the interviewees, 159 (40.5%) self-assessed their knowledge as regular and 153 (38.8%) as bad and terrible. About the exposure to the subject, 222 (56.6%) had never attended a class and, among those who had, 187 (60.1%) evaluated the information as insufficient. A total of 324 students (82.4%) would have the intention of being a post-mortem donor and 42 (61.6%) would accept to participate in a living donor transplantation, although 245 (62.3%) said they did not know the risks. Among the students, 327 (83.2%) said they knew the concept of brain death, 119 (30.3%) the legal terms of donation, and 105 (26.7%) the donor maintenance measures. However, 72 (18.3%) said they had a good knowledge of how to diagnose brain death. A total of 275 (70%) got right what is needed to declare a donor. There were 359 answers that would exclude alcoholics, smokers and users of illicit drugs from the transplant list, and 363 (92.7%) considered that the severity of the problem is the most appropriate criterion for priority on the waiting list. Conclusion: Students perceive their level of knowledge as unsatisfactory and understanding about specific issues is still low. No significant influence of sociodemographic aspects was observed regarding the desire to be a donor.


Designing mass concrete structural elements to avoid early-age thermal cracking requires good predictions of temperatures within the mass concrete. An improved method for predicting temperature in mass concrete structural elements is proposed and validated. The new method combines empirical methods for predicting temperature rise associated with heat of hydration with the Schmidt method, a simplified numerical tool for solving the heat transfer problem. Methods for modeling thermal insulation with the Schmidt method are also discussed. The new method is simple enough to implement in a spreadsheet analysis. Three case studies are modeled with the previous implementation of the Schmidt method and the proposed new implementation. The model predictions are compared with temperature measurements and predictions from detailed finite element modeling. In all cases, the new implementation provides much better predictions than previous versions of the Schmidt method and nearly matches the predictions made by finite element modeling.


Background: Benefits of ambulatory surgery include more efficient operations, lower cost, and patient preference. The national frequency of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in children has increased three-fold compared other pediatric orthopaedic procedures, a trend that is likely attributable to an increased rate of ACL tears associated with year-round training and competition in young athletes. Hypothesis/Purpose: The goal of this study was to utilize the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) to analyze the national trends towards ambulatory surgery for ACL reconstruction procedures and quantify the cost savings associated with the trend. Methods: The PHIS database was queried using Common Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Disease (ICD-9 and 10) codes for ACL reconstruction from 2009-2017. Patient information including gender, age at surgery, region (Northeast, South, Midwest, West) and hospital cost data for each procedure was collected. Cases were classified as ambulatory or non-ambulatory (inpatient or observation). Annual rates of ambulatory surgery were calculated for each procedure regionally for hospitals with cases included in each year of the query. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) was used to adjust procedural costs for inflation. Ambulatory and non-ambulatory costs were analyzed with the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Trends in rates of ambulatory surgery were compared using joinpoint regression and annual percent change (APC). Results: A total of 21,582 cases of ACL Reconstruction were identified from 33 different children's hospitals from 2009-2017. More than half (50.3%) of the patients were female, and the average age at surgery was 15.4 years (± 2.1 years). The overall rate of ambulatory pediatric ACL reconstructions across the United States increased by 14.7% (APC 1.6%, 95% C.I. 0.8-2.4, p<0.01) from 2009 to 2017. Overall, this trend was most significant in the West (APC 2.0%, 95% C.I. 1.2-2.7, p<0.01), however in more recent years (2012-2017), there has been a similar significant increase in ambulatory pediatric ACL reconstruction in the South (APC 3.0%, 95% C.I. 1.7-4.3, p<0.01). The mean difference in median procedural cost between ambulatory and non-ambulatory ACL reconstructions was $3,145 ($13,866 vs. $10,721, p<0.01). This corresponds to national annual savings of 4.1% associated with the shift towards ambulatory surgery. Conclusions: From 2009-2017, there was a national trend towards performing pediatric ACL reconstruction in the ambulatory setting, which was accompanied by an annual 4.1% procedural cost savings. The feasibility of ambulatory surgery for other common pediatric orthopaedic surgeries should be explored in order to reduce healthcare costs. Figure 1. Comparison of National Ambulatory Pediatric ACL Reconstruction Rates and Procedural Costs over Time


A multi-scale approach is used to model a composite of carbon nanotubes and a polymer mechanically. This composite is applicable as a pressure sensor in a large-area sensor matrix which can be used to prevent bedridden people from developing decubitus ulcer. Starting bottom-up, the carbon nanotubes are modeled mechanically, replaced by equivalent cylinders and embedded in a polymer. Following that, homogenization techniques are applied to determine the mechanical properties of the composite. The homogenization results are evaluated using finite element simulations.


We report in this work, the generation of a realistic simulation environment to test breast cancer microwave hyperthermia treatment. We introduce firstly a realistic breast phantom created in the simulation environment CST Microwave Studio. The phantom is created from MRI images of real patient with resolutions of 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm. Then, a temperature simulation is carried out based on the breast phantom and a circular array of tapered slot antenna antennas operating across the band from 3 GHz to 6 GHz. Contrary to previous studies on microwave hyperthermia, this work shows a significant improvement in the accuracy of the thermal simulation using realistic phantom and directional antenna. With purpose of using the model for microwave breast cancer treatment, the temperature distribution in the model is calculated using the simulator CST Microwave Studio.


Abstract
Learning is important thing in human life, with learning human able to understand the
problems that happen in life. The better learnig process is also advancing better human
civilization too. Improving the quality of learning is the responsibility of all parties
concerned, various programs have been implemented to improve the quality of learning,
both by governments, educational institutions, as well as the initiative of the other party.
However, various efforts made to improve learning outcomes is still out than expected,
because there are many obstacles and many factors that affect the learning process.
Besides that problems,the changes or improvements in learning process is only a
temporary change in the result, which does not continue to be a refreshing new habits and
to explore the potential of learners. Then how should a good learning, good learning have
a widespread effect and are disseminated (trickle down effect) that can provide meaning
for students, learning that guides each individual is able to learn, able to do, able to work
to make himself own.
Keywords : Learning, improving learning quality, trickle down effect learning