Inthecontext ofa heterogeneous mobile environment, weanalyze theREDqueuedesign guidelines specifically forGPRSlinks, andshowthebenefits of deploying active queuemanagement (AQM)strategies at wireless access links. Moreover, addressing thegeneral problem (aninsensitivity toinput traffic loadvariation) of current AQM schemes, we introduce theBurst-Sensitive RED (BSRED)algorithm, anddemonstrate itsimproved performance onburst detection bysimulation. Witha properly setBSREDqueue, theGPRSlink queuelength can bemaintained inadesired range, sothat theGPRSlink capacity canbefully utilized without introducing toolong queuing delays, andtheoverflow possibility oftheGPRS link buffer iskept lowonvertical handoffs.


The coupling between receptor-mediated Ca2+ store release and the activation of "store-operated" Ca2+ entry channels is an important but so far poorly understood mechanism. The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of channels contains several members that may serve the function of store-operated channels (SOCs). The 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole derivative, BTP2, is a recently described inhibitor of SOC activity in T-lymphocytes. We compared its action on SOC activation in a number of cell types and evaluated its modification of three specific TRP channels, canonical transient receptor potential 3 (TRPC3), TRPC5, and TRPV6, to throw light on any link between SOC and TRP channel function. Using HEK293 cells, DT40 B cells, and A7r5 smooth muscle cells, BTP2 blocked store-operated Ca2+ entry within 10 min with an IC50 of 0.1–0.3 μm. Store-operated Ca2+ entry induced by Ca2+ pump blockade or in response to muscarinic or B cell receptor activation was similarly sensitive to BTP2. Using the T3–65 clonal HEK293 cell line stably expressing TRPC3 channels, TRPC3-mediated Sr2+ entry activated by muscarinic receptors was also blocked by BTP2 with an IC50 of <0.3 μm. Importantly, direct activation of TRPC3 channels by diacylglycerol was also blocked by BTP2 (IC50 ∼ 0.3 μm). BTP2 still blocked TRPC3 in medium with N-methyl-d-glucamine-chloride replacing Na+, indicating BTP2 did not block divalent cation entry by depolarization induced by activating monovalent cation entry channels. Whereas whole-cell carbachol-induced TRPC3 current was blocked by 3 μm BTP2, single TRPC3 channel recordings revealed persistent short openings suggesting BTP2 reduces the open probability of the channel rather than its pore properties. TRPC5 channels transiently expressed in HEK293 cells were blocked by BTP2 in the same range as TRPC3. However, function of the highly Ca2+-selective TRPV6 channel, with many channel properties akin to SOCs, was entirely unaffected by BTP2. The results indicate a strong functional link between the operation of expressed TRPC channels and endogenous SOC activity.


so that little can be gleaned about clothing, hairstyle or insignia if present – or even if a royal is meant at all (see fig.7). For these reasons the artwork of the ED cylinder seals will go largely undiscussed in the present study. Instead, the theme of banqueting will be examined in the more vivid imagery of the ED wall plaques (3.2 below) 3.1 Royal Iconography in the ED Period: Transitionary Pieces Two carved and inscribed schist objects known as the Blau monuments (fig. 4), which are sometimes termed the Blau obelisk or "chisel," and the Blau plaque or "Scraper," lack definite provenance and dating criteria (due to their origin on the art market). Generally, they are thought to date to the Jemdat Nasr period or possibly (on paleographic grounds) to the ED I period. As some of the earliest inscribed art pieces anywhere and since they contain imagery which is clearly in line with the Uruk period iconography, the Blau monuments offer significant opportunities to nuance these enigmatic motifs. The inscription has been analyzed by Gelb, 55 Marchesi/Marchetti 2011 pg. 89 56 Collon 1987 pg. 27 57 A representative study of Early Dynastic banqueting scenes can be seen in Amiet 1961 #1152-1200 58 Hansen 2003 pg. 22 59 Marchesi/Marchetti 2011 pg. 194 n. 38 gives Damerow and Englund 1989:137 in connection with the suggestion that the date of the Blau monuments should be dated on paleographic grounds to the archaic texts of Ur SIS 8-4 levels.


'Asia' as the question allows us the space to come together to Žnd common ground: Primarily, 'Asia', as evidenced by our presence and hence response to the word, constitutes 'All of Us' in at least two ways: First, there is here the imagined idea and a lived experience pertinent to notions of 'Culture', 'Tradition' and, inclusively at times, 'Religion' that has been romanticized and politicized; that has hereby located and constrained us as 'woman' in meanings difŽcult to escape, not just because brutally imposed, but because we have been obedient to it in different ways, different times. Second, 'Asia' locates us with respect to a colonial map of Us as the Other. In this map, in this related body of Orientalist knowledges, we know ourselves to be not just differentiated, but differentiated such that we are not relevant to each other. Our gazes of each other are such that we do not see ourselves as holding standards we care to understand, leave alone emulate: the stereotypical image is of the 'Indian' woman, the 'Muslim' woman, etc. as more disempowered than empowered beings. As a corollary to this, Orientalist thinking (cf. Said 1979), the standard we use to gauge where we are at, and where we should be going, is most signiŽcantly — directly or in hidden ways — drawn from an imagined West, within which 'feminism' is most signiŽcantly located, not just for emulation but, more so, as threat. Singapore is often too easily dismissed as a different kind of Asia, unique and not very relevant to the more 'real' Asia. Peace not war reigns (unlike the more troubled Asian spots); poverty is not as pressing; the state is secular and neither is it embroiled in conicts about its secular position; and globalization has expanded the Želd of women such that there is a more obvious space for women in ways that are recognizably desirable for women everywhere to attain. Precisely for the easy dismissal this allows, I want to stress at the onset that it is imperative to understand that Singapore does belong in 'Asia', not merely because of its geographical location which, in turn, is tied to a particular cartographical imagining, but more so because 'Singapore' can be found in various locations all over the space we call 'Asian', viz. in the form of what I call the 'middle class woman'. A conŽguration of the 'middle class woman' indeed is often dispersed widely in Asia via global capitalism: the mass media that reaches out to sell related global products continually uses a particular conŽguration of 'woman' dressed as potential purveyors of change, of upward mobility, of liberation, and even, sometimes, of feminism. It does not matter if feminists recognize the misrecognition here. These different versions of such a woman images 'middle class-ness' not just as desiderata, not just of a possibility, but even as a moral lesson on what should be normal everyday life for women everywhere. Such a woman, as distributed via the mass media and, more so, as emulated in varying degrees especially in the cities of 'Asia', is the more popularly powerful symbol of freedoms, the imagined notion of how life can be better for women. No way is this more forcefully seen as in the act of the Revolutionary Association


Abstract The photochemical fate of riboflavin (vitamin B2) in the presence of barbituric acid was examined employing polarographic detection of dissolved oxygen and steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. Under visible light, riboflavin reacts with barbituric acid – the latter being transparent to this type of photo-irradiation – via radicals and reactive oxygen species, such as singlet molecular oxygen [O2(1Δg)] and superoxide radical anion, which are generated from the excited triplet state of the vitamin. As a result, both the vitamin and barbituric acid are photodegraded. Kinetic and mechanistic studies on the photoreactions of riboflavin in the presence of barbituric acid indicate the excellent quenching ability of the latter towards O2(1Δg).


Introduction: Oxygen isotope compositions of primitive solar system materials can preserve a detailed record of the composition of the solar nebula gas from which they grew. Calcium-aluminum inclusions (CAIs) from the least equilibrated chondrites are uniformly O-rich (∆O ≤ -20‰) indicating CAI formation in an O-rich gaseous reservoir [1]. In contrast, CAIs from more altered chondrites (e.g., Allende) preserve a more complex history that includes partial isotopic exchange in an O-poor reservoir [2]. This exchange resulted in large oxygen isotope heterogeneity within individual CAIs. Recent work [3] demonstrated large and sytematic variations in oxygen isotope composition near the rim of a CAI. Data from the compact Type A Allende inclusion, A37, preserve a diffusion profile in the outer ~70 μm melilite mantle and show >25‰ variations in ∆O within the ~100 μm-thick Wark-Lovering rim. These variations suggest that CAIs formed from several oxygen reservoirs and likely reflect transport of A37 between distinct regions of the solar nebula or varying gas composition near the proto-Sun. We measured the oxygen isotope composition of the Allende CAI, Egg-6, to determine if the oxygen isotope variation observed in A37 is preserved in other Allende CAIs. Egg-6 is a Type B1 inclusion comprising fassaite+anorthite+spinel in its core and a welldeveloped melilite mantle [4]. The outer ~40 μm forms a rim of Fe-rich spinel enclosing perovskite (Fig. 1). Both core and mantle are cut by grossular-bearing secondary veins that contain the Cl-rich mineral, wadalite. Matzel et al. [5] reported Cl-S isotope systematics from Egg-6 showing that wadalite formed and/or reequilibrated with a Cl-rich fluid > 2 Ma after CAI formation. Measurement Conditions: Oxygen isotope abundances were determined using the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Cameca NanoSIMS 50. An ~7 pA primary Cs beam was rastered over 2×2 μm areas. Negative secondary ions were acquired by simultaneously measuring O on a Faraday cup and O, O, CC (as a monitor for epoxy) and Si on electron multipliers. The secondary ion intensities were corrected for background and counting system dead time. A mass resolving power of ~6700 was used to eliminate the contribution from OH to O. Instrumental mass fractionation was determined by measuring terrestrial standards including Burma spinel, Miakejima anorthite, UWG-2 garnet, and San Carlos olivine. The external precision of our standards was <4.0‰ (sd) for both δO and δO. Our precision on ΔO ranged from 1.9‰ (sd) for olivine to 3.6‰ (sd) for garnet, and the difference in ΔO among the terrestrial minerals was ~2‰, about equal to, or less than our typical uncertainty (~2.5‰). After the isotope data were collected, the section was imaged using an FEI Inspect-F SEM in both secondary electron and backscattered electron modes to check the placement of the NanoSIMS analyses.


In ad hoc network, many traffic types reach continually with different rates and with different times. There are three cases of rates (low, medium and high) which depending on the capacity of links. The performance of ad hoc network is reducing when an imbalance load of traffic occurs among the links or nodes. There is a necessary thing to use a technique to provide load balancing between the nodes (or links) of network that leading to destination node for the arrival traffic rates, so as to avoid exceeding the traffic rates on the viability of nodes (or links). In this paper, a system based on fuzzy neural networks (FNNs) is proposed for solving the load balancing problem in the Ad hoc networks to achieve dynamic load balancing is facing continuous changes in the network. The proposed fuzzyneural system (FNS) is located at each point in the network to make load balancing for nodes using two fuzzy neural networks , firstly,FNN1 based on two measurements which are queue length, whichpermitqueue size to classify queue state ( Under –full ....... Over – full). Secondly, FNN2 used queue state that represented output of the FNN1, while the other is throughput for node and the output is load for this node.The Gaussian member ship function is used with backpropagation algorithm for training the NN.


With the increasing interest in energy efficiency and resource protection, waste heat recovery processes have gained importance. Thereby, one possibility is the conversion of the heat energy into electrical energy by thermoelectric generators. Here, a thermoelectric energy harvesting system is developed to convert the waste heat from exhaust pipes, which are very often used to transport the heat, e.g., in automobiles, in industrial facilities or in heating systems. That is why a mockup of a heating is built-up, and the developed energy harvesting system is attached. To build-up this system, a model-based development process is used. The setup of the developed energy harvesting system is very flexible to test different variants and an optimized system can be found in order to increase the energy yield for concrete application examples. A corresponding simulation model is also presented, based on previously developed libraries in Modelica®/Dymola®. In the end, it can be shown—with measurement and simulation results—that a thermoelectric energy harvesting system on the exhaust pipe of a heating system delivers extra energy and thus delivers a contribution for a more efficient usage of the inserted primary energy carrier.


Background: Mooren's ulcer is a rare type of peripheral ulcerative keratitis of unknown etiology.
Case: This is a case of a 76-year-old male who presented to the ophthalmology out-patient department with complaints of redness in both eyes. Visual acuity was 6/18 and 6/12 in the right and left eye respectively. Slit lamp examination of the both eyes revealed areas of peripheral corneal thinning in both eyes with clean floor, no slough and presence of limbitis. Anterior and posterior segments of both eyes were otherwise unremarkable. Investigations revealed no significant findings. A diagnosis of bilateral Mooren's ulcer was made and the patient was managed conservatively with oral and topical steroids as well as topical immunosuppressants. Patient's symptoms improved and signs showed now worsening and steroids were gradually tapered.
Conclusion: Mooren's ulcer is a diagnosis of exclusion. Once diagnosed, aggressive immunosuppressive medication should be started to retard progression and allow for better quality of life

Key words: bilateral mooren's ulcer, peripheral ulcerative keratitis, cyclosporine eye drops


The concepts of object concerned are discussed.A middleware of object persistence is designed and developed.Based on this middleware,hospital information management system has been developed.The communication between new system and legacy system is completed.Object Persistence Middleware is the basis for the update of the hospital software system.


With an aggravated aging level, the existing model cannot solve the problem of providing for the aged. "House-for-Pension" is a significant supplement of aged-supported pattern, which is a brand-new solution to solve the aging problem for both the individual and the government as well. The article discuses mainly on the status quo and the development of the "House-for-Pension", then proposes a appropriate choice in taking our national conditions into account.


Abstract : The Littoral Acoustic Demonstration Center (LADC) is an Office of Naval Research funded consortium of scientists from the University of Southern Mississippi (USM), the University of New Orleans (UNO), the Naval Research Laboratory at Stennis Space Center (NRL-SSC), and the University of Louisiana at Lafayette (ULL). LADC was formed to conduct ambient noise and marine mammal acoustic measurements and analyses. Some of the marine mammal goals are to (1) investigate detection, identification, and tracking using bottom-moored hydrophones; (2) coordinate with scientists making visual observations and other acoustic measurements; and (3) evaluate, and modify if necessary, automatic detection and characterization computer algorithms when applied to marine mammal signals received on bottom-mounted hydrophones. The underlying desire is to provide products that will help to assess the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine mammal behavior and the development of mitigation procedures. Due to recent court rulings, the Navy has become concerned with the possible negative effects of sonar on marine mammals and the development of mitigation procedures. Not only do mitigation procedures have Navy applications, but they also apply to some aspects of commercial or scientific exploration of the oceans. LADC has conducted experiments in the northern Gulf of Mexico and in the Ligurian Sea in cooperation with other organizations. Environmental Acoustic Recording System (EARS) buoys were deployed at sites with historically abundant sightings of marine mammals. EARS buoys are autonomous self-recording, single-channel, bottom-moored acoustic buoys developed by the Naval Oceanographic Office. Analysis approaches have included click production analysis, propagation modeling of sperm whale clicks, and spectral and wavelet transforms of sperm whale clicks.


snow white and the huntsman script at the internet movie script database the internet movie script database imsdb his eyes say yes he misses her horribly snow white gets up and dances with gus as the song picks up, excerpt from snow white gets her say by chris wind catherine that you dont recognize me by name is but the first of my complaints about my tale oh you know me alright im the main characterin a tale titled with the name of one of the men in the story, snow white plush doll embrace soft plush snow white with a smile and a song in your heart the fairest one of all will enchant every little princess with


Riachão, located at S7°42′/W46°38′ in Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil, is a complex impact structure of about 4.1 km diameter, formed in Pennsylvanian to Permian sedimentary rocks of the Parnaíba Basin sequence. Although its impact origin was already proposed in the 1970s, information on its geology and shock features is still scarce in the literature. We present here the main geomorphological and geological characteristics of the Riachão impact structure obtained by integrated geophysical and remote sensing analysis, as well as geological field work and petrographic analysis. The identified lithostratigraphic units consist of different levels of the Pedra de Fogo Formation and, possibly, the Piauí Formation. Our petrographic analysis confirms the presence of shock‐diagnostic planar microdeformation structures in quartz grains of sandstone from the central uplift as evidence for an impact origin of the Riachão structure. The absence of crater‐filling impact breccias and melt rocks, shatter cones, as well as the restricted occurrence of microscopic shock effects, suggests that intense and relatively deep erosion has occurred since crater formation.


The nation state system has established public and private spheres of governance in which women have systematically been relegated to the private sphere. Global governance has opened space for women's participation in international civil society. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) provided international legal standards for women's human rights and the United Nations (UN) four World Conferences on Women provided a vehicle for the dissemination and advocacy of ideas and information. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is a continuation of the World Conferences on Women and other UN conferences in the since of addressing issues that can empower women and girls: providing universal primary school education, eradicating extreme poverty, stopping the spread of HIV/Aids, and reducing child and maternal mortality by 2015.
Ghana is a nation that has ratified CEDAW, the Forward Looking Strategies from the UN Third World Conference on Women, the Beijing Platform of Action from the UN Fourth World Conference on Women and has committed to addressing the MDGs by 2015. They also have successfully changed the hands of power four times as they build their democracy in relative peace. What has this meant for the engendering of public policy and policy implementation and the empowerment of women and the establishment of gender equity and equality as a sustainable development goal?
This paper poses the questions: 1. Has the UN's ratification of international legal standards for women's human rights and the formulation of ideas of gender equity and gender equally led to changes in public policy, political culture and political behavior in general and in Ghana specifically? 2. Is the UN in the twenty-first century still a vehicle for giving women space and agency for empowerment and the ending of gender inequity and inequality? 3. What has been the impact of the MDGs on the empowerment of women in general and in Ghana specifically?


The aim of this paper is to analyse general equilibrium effects of an increase in tourism taxes designed to internalise negative externalities of international tourism in Australia. Simulations were carried out using a computable general equilibrium model of the Australian economy based on a policy scenario developed considering the external cost of international tourism. Simulation results suggest that due to an increase in tourism taxes, the international tourism sector tends to contract while the other sectors expnand. Overall, an increase in tourism taxes appears to be welfare improving in the long-run though it generates a marginal contraction in overall economic activities in the short run.


This paper presents the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint magnetic resonance images of the EULAR–OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis MRI reference image atlas. The illustrations include synovitis in the MCP joints (OMERACT RA magnetic resonance imaging scoring system (RAMRIS), grades 0–3), bone oedema in the metacarpal head and the phalangeal base (grades 0–3), and bone erosion in the metacarpal head and the phalangeal base (grades 0–3, and examples of higher grades). The presented reference images can be used to guide scoring of MCP joints according to the OMERACT RA MRI scoring system.


Objective
To study the cytokines level in the early stage of rats with septic shock treated by different types of fluid resuscitation.

Methods
One hundred and fourteen SD rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups: control group, septic shock group, sham operation group, physiological saline recovery group, low molecular dextran recovery group, and human albumin recovery group.Septic shock rat model was made by using cecum ligation puncture method (CLP), and the blood was collected respectively on postoperation after 6 h, 12 h, 24 h to detect the cytokines level.The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-4 in serum were detected by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results
Compared with control group, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 level were elevated in all time point (all P 0.05); Compared with shock group, the level of IL-4 (anti-inflammatory factor ) in all the liquid recovery group was higher than that in the shock group in 24 h time point(P 0.05). Compared with the shock group, the 3 liquid recovery groups had higher survive rate.

Conclusions
Fluid resuscitation may restrain the cytokines outbreak in early stage in septic shock and decrease mortality through reducing the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β of rats and increasing the levels of IL-4 and IL-10.

Key words:
Sepsis; Shock; Fluid resuscitation; Cytokine; Rat


In view of the problem of production wastewater treatment of the high sulfur gas,the characteristics and technology status of sulfur- containing wastewater were analyzed. The technology of three levels of sulfur removal of stripping,oxidation and precipitation was constructed. As a pre desulfurization process,stripping process could be used to remove sulfur from high sulfur wastewater to 300 mg / L. Sulfur dioxide could be used as the intermediate sulfur removal technology. According to the speed and efficiency of the oxidation of sulfur dioxide,chlorine dioxide was used as an oxidant in addition to sulfur. Based on precipitation to remove,sulfur in wastewater would be lowed 1 mg / L. The study selected Zn SO4 as two times of desulfurization precipitation agent. The processing method proposed provided a reference for the treatment of sour wastewater.


In this article, three biological inquiries on cellular functions investigated through a combination of theoretical and computational methods are discussed: the morphology of the biological membrane, assembly of a multiprotein complex, and the molecular origin of elasticity in muscle protein. In the photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodobacter (Rba.) sphaeroides, light is absorbed by membranebound light-harvesting proteins LH1 and LH2. LH1 directly surrounds the reaction center (RC) and, together with PufX, forms a dimeric (RC-LH1-PufX)2 protein complex known as the photosynthetic core complex. In LH2-deficient Rba. sphaeroides mutants, core complex dimers aggregate into tubular vesicles with a radius of ∼25-55 nm, making core complex dimer one of the few integral membrane proteins known to actively induce membrane curvature. A three-dimensional electron microscopy density map showed that the Rba. sphaeroides core complex dimer exhibits a prominent bend at its dimerizing interface. To investigate the curvature properties of this highly bent protein, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to fit an all-atom structural model of the core complex dimer within the electron microscopy density map. The simulations reveal how the dimer produces a membrane with high local curvature, the curvature matching the size of the tubular vesicles containing only core complex dimers. To understand the molecular basis of the bent geometry of the Rba. sphaeroides core complex dimer, the PufX protein was subject to further investigation. To date, no high resolution structure is available for the entire Rba. sphaeroides core complex dimer. In particular, the location of PufX within the core complex dimer is debated. Placement of PufX has direct implication on the dimerizing mechanism and the self-assembly process of the Rba. sphaeroides core complex dimer. We have constructed and tested via molecular dynamics a model of PufX dimer based on the Glycophorin A (GlyA) dimer. The PufX dimer model was shown to be structurally stable both in its monomeric and dimeric states, and the residues participating in PufX helix-helix interactions in the dimeric state were identified. The dimerized PufX helices display a stable GlyA-like crossing angle, which, during the self-assembly process, possibly results in the highly bent and V-shaped structure of core complex dimer responsible for inducing local membrane curvature in the photosynthetic membrane.


By using the methods of documents,questionnaire,induction and statistics,this article analyses the existing problems during putting farmers'physical fitness projects into perfect in western of Liaoning province,and puts forward some suggestions and countermeasures for promoting the farmers'physical fitness projects carried out during the construction of socialism new county.


The Science Education can acquire new courage when using different forms of education, to be used in support of building tools and concepts such as musical instruments. The objective of this work was to develop science classes, contextualizing music to facilitate the understanding of wave phenomena, their application, importance and to assess students' prior knowledge, their way of observing content, using the meaningful concepts of learning. Therefore, the qualitative approach was adopted according to the characteristics indicated by Bogdan and Biklen (1994) and the design of a Case Study according to Gil (2008). It was noticed that a different approach, using musical tools for fixing the content in order to achieve a better understanding and acceptance of the theme. The results were positive with respect to the setting contents of an acceptance of the methodology used, and the secondary objective which is to provide a first contact with musical instruments, and the construction of whistles, for construction of undulatory concepts.


The state of emergency in Georgia proposes no direct restrictions related to labour rights. However, prohibitions of economic activities under the Government Resolution emerge certain issues concerning labour relations. Resolution requires fulfillment of social distancing norms within the permitted workplaces. The Resolution sets remote workregime.


Abstract We design a non-commutative version of the Peterson–Gorenstein–Zierler decoding algorithm for a class of codes that we call skew RS codes. These codes are left ideals of a quotient of a skew polynomial ring, which endow them of a sort of non-commutative cyclic structure. Since we work over an arbitrary field, our techniques may be applied both to linear block codes and convolutional codes. In particular, our decoding algorithm applies for block codes beyond the classical cyclic case.


The objectives of the present study were to determine the proportion of the Agricultural Social Science Research (ASSR) compared to other disciplines published in the Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University (BFACU) and The bulletin of the Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research Center (BEJARC) and to identify the research areas of agricultural extension and rural community in the two studied bulletins and to determine the level of participation in the ASSR published in the two studied bulletins, as well as to identify significant differences between the total degrees of overall participation of the ASSR published in the two studied bulletins. The study samples included the ASSR published in BFACU and BEJARC during 3 years: 2011, 2012, and 2013. Data were collected and classified by content analysis from each research, as a single unit. Frequencies, percentages, mean, minimum, maximum, and "t" test were used to analyze the data. The most important results were as follow: 1. The total number of ASSR published in BFACU and BEJARC were 9 and 26 representing 6.3% and 7.6% of the total published research papers in the two bulletins respectively. 2. The number of agricultural extension and rural community research areas covered by BFACU were three only for each specialization from the seven areas, compared with five areas covered for each specialization in BFACU and BEJARC. 3. The majority of the ASSR published in BEJARC fall in the medium and low participation categories with percentages 55.6% and 44.4%, respectively, as well as in the BEJARC. The majority of the ASSR fall in the low and medium participation categories with percentages 73.1% and 26.9%, respectively. While there was no research of ASSR published in the high participation category of both bulletins. 4. No significant difference was found between the means of participation scores in the two bulletins.


This update summarizes key publications in gastroenterology and hepatology published in 2014 that the authors believe are of particular relevance to general internists. One study found the prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis to be 57 per 100000 people, reflecting the increasing frequency of a condition seen by both internists and gastroenterologists. A large randomized, controlled trial of treatment of low-grade dysplasia for Barrett esophagus demonstrated reduced risk for neoplastic progression after radiofrequency ablation. A study showed that patients with chronic pancreatitis were at higher-than-average risk for cancers, especially pancreatic, although screening and surveillance have yet to demonstrate a reduction in cancer risk. An evaluation of colon cancer prevention trials that found a low but consistent rate of missed or incompletely removed lesions that progressed to cancer emphasized the importance of excellent colonoscopy technique. Another study showed that rates of adenomas detected during screening colonoscopy were inversely correlated with risk for interval colon cancer. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a new stool DNA test as another option for colon cancer detection. Patients with Crohn disease were found to be at increased risk for both gastrointestinal and other cancer, although the relative risk for cancer has decreased since 1978. A plethora of studies on treatment of hepatitis C were published, changing the landscape of this disease. Researchers reported that statin medications are known to cause liver injury, although rarely. Finally, 2 articles on diverticulitis and proton-pump inhibitorassociated pneumonia deserve attention. Esophageal Diseases Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is Frequent in Both Children and Adults Dellon ES Jensen ET Martin CF et al Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014 12 589 96.e1 24035773 Background: Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in both adults and children is increasing. EoE is characterized by dense eosinophilic infiltration of esophageal mucosa that leads to many upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including esophageal stricture, food impaction, dysphagia, and pain. To date, the actual prevalence is poorly defined. Findings: Querying a database of more than 75 million men and women younger than age 65 years, investigators searched for the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, code specific for EoE. Codes for other upper gastrointestinal (GI) and atopic disorders, as well as relevant pharmaceutical therapies, were also collected. Overall prevalence of EoE, standardized by age and sex according to 2010 U.S. census data, was 56.3 cases/100000 overall, with approximately twice as many in male patients (76.8/100000) as in female patients (37.4/100000). For both sexes, peak prevalence was at age 35 to 39 years. Eosinophilic esophagitis was frequently associated with other GI symptoms, including dysphagia (56%), esophageal stricture (29%), and esophageal foreign body (13%). Associated atopic disease was common; for example, the rate of rhinitis was 42% and the rate of asthma was 23%. Abdominal pain codes were seen in 44% of adults. Nearly 50% of adults had a prescription for a proton-pump inhibitor, and 10% had prescriptions for antihistamines or leukotriene inhibitors. Cautions: Clinical disease can be misclassified in administrative database studies. Validated specificity of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, code for EoE was 99%, but sensitivity was less than 40%; this may have resulted in an underestimate of true prevalence. Administrative databases cannot capture information about other relevant clinical features, such as race, histologic findings, and indications for medication prescription. Implications: Eosinophilic esophagitis is common, affecting up to 400000 Americans, and is associated with substantial GI morbidity and associated atopic symptoms. Barrett Esophagus With High-Grade Dysplasia Is Now Treated With Endoscopic Ablation Therapy, but Best Management of Low-Grade Dysplasia Is Unclear Phoa KN van Vilsteren FG Weusten BL et al Radiofrequency ablation vs endoscopic surveillance for patients with Barrett esophagus and low-grade dysplasia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014 311 1209 17 24668102 Background: Barrett esophagus is a well-defined risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The transformation of Barrett esophagus to EAC passes through detectable stages of low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and then cancer. Endoscopic ablation of high-grade dysplasia reduces subsequent risk for progression, with durability of effect and low treatment risk. The role of endoscopic ablation in low-grade dysplasia is less defined. The question is relevant because low-grade dysplasia will be diagnosed at some point in 40% of patients with Barrett esophagus, with an annual progression to high-grade dysplasia or EAC of approximately 10%/person-year. Findings: This trial enrolled 140 patients age 18 to 85 years with Barrett esophagus and low-grade dysplasia. The patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to endoscopic ablation or endoscopic surveillance. Participants in the ablation group (1.5%) were less likely than those undergoing surveillance (26.5%) to progress to high-grade dysplasia or EAC (risk reduction, 25.0% [95% CI, 14.1% to 35.9%]; P<0.001). Six surveillance patients progressed to EAC, but at study end there was no EAC-related mortality. During follow-up, 98% of ablated patients remained free of dysplasia. Cautions: The rate of progression to cancer (26.5%) was higher in this study than in most other reports. Presumably this reflects careful selection of patients with true, consistent low-grade dysplasia (only 50% of patients first referred had confirmation of low-grade dysplasia on central review). Implications: In highly selected patients with low-grade dysplasia, radiofrequency ablation of Barrett esophagus substantially reduces the risk for neoplastic progression. Pancreatic Disease Chronic Pancreatitis, Commonly Seen in Medical Practice, Remains a Serious, Long-Term Condition With Increased Risk for Cancer, Diabetes, Comorbid Conditions, and Death Bang UC Benfield T Hyldstrup L et al Mortality, cancer, and comorbidities associated with chronic pancreatitis: a Danish nationwide matched-cohort study. Gastroenterology 2014 146 989 94 24389306 Background: The prevalence of chronic pancreatitis (CP) is approximately 50 per 100000 persons worldwide. Alcohol is the most common cause. All-cause mortality in patients with CP is thought to be higher than average, but most studies to date have been underpowered to prove this assertion. Findings: This retrospective cohort study from Denmark identified 11972 persons (33.5% women) with a new diagnosis of CP and 119720 matched controls between 1995 and 2010. Median age of the cohorts was 54 years. Alcohol use caused CP in 52.7% of cases. Subsequent mortality rates were 77.4/1000 patient-years in the CP group and 16.9/1000 patient-years in controls. The adjusted hazard ratio for mortality was 5.0 (CI, 4.8 to 5.2) and was greater in younger patients with CP than older patients (P<0.0001). Excess mortality was similar between alcohol-associated and nonalcohol-associated CP. Average age at death in patients with CP was 8 years younger than that in controls (63.7 vs. 72.1 years, respectively; P<0.0001). Death from any cancer was greater in the CP group (13.6% vs. 7.9%; hazard ratio, 1.2 [CI, 1.1 to 1.3]). Not surprisingly, the hazard ratio for pancreatic cancer was 6.9 (CI, 5.6 to 8.6). Relative risk for pancreatic cancerrelated death decreased with time after a CP diagnosis. In addition to cancer, patients with CP were at greater risk for diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.2 [CI, 5.0 to 5.6]), as well as ulcer disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal disease, and cerebrovascular disease, compared with matched controls. Cautions: The Danish National Patient Register collects no information about lifestyle factors, including tobacco and alcohol consumption. Therefore, the relative contributions of these and other cofactors can only be estimated. Implications: Morbidity and mortality from cancer and other causes in patients with CP are markedly increased compared with those in control patients. Patients with CP require particularly aggressive efforts at risk reduction, as well as a high level of clinical suspicion for subsequent disease development. Diseases of the Lower Colon: Colorectal Cancer and Its Prevention Occurrence of Interval Cancers Emphasizes Importance of Colonoscopy Performance Quality for Screening Robertson DJ Lieberman DA Winawer SJ et al Colorectal cancers soon after colonoscopy: a pooled multicohort analysis. Gut 2014 63 949 56 23793224 Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer death in the United States, with a lifetime risk of approximately 6%. Colonoscopy is by far the most common procedure used for CRC screening in the United States. Its effectiveness is determined by the risk for CRC appearing between colonoscopies (interval cancer). Interval cancer results from missed lesions, incomplete polyp removal, or (rarely) rapid neoplastic progression. Findings: A total of 9176 patients from 8 large North American CRC prevention studies were found to have 58 cases of invasive CRC between colonoscopies. Fifty percent of the tumors were in the right colon, and most (78%) were stage I or II lesions. Tumors in the right colon were more likely than those on the left to be classified as missed lesions on baseline examination. Nearly three quarters of interval cancer in this pooled analysis were missed on initial examination, were incompletely removed, or were not detected at biopsy. Cautions: This retrospective report used pooled data collected under various study designs at a time when pathology classification o


An apparatus for measuring solubilities of gases in liquids at elevated temperatures and pressures has been constructed. Using this apparatus, the slubilities of N_2 and CO_2 in some solvents have been determined in the temperature range between 20 and 230℃, and at pressures up to 130 atm. The experimental results obtained generally agree well with literature values. It is shown that this apparatus is reliable; attainment of equilibria needs only about 5 hours; precision of the measure- ments is ±0.2%.


forced to stand to obtain relief from pain. Sedatives were given as required, and pethidine was sometimes administered in the early stages when pain was severe. Contributory factors, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, were corrected so far as was possible. Cases with serious hypertension, however. were not included in the series analysed. The only coronary vasodilators that were used in this study were trinitrin, p.r.n., and pentaerythritol tetranitrate, in the form either of "peritrate" (10 mg.) or of " myocardol " (30 mg.), in doses of one or two tablets three times a day, one hour before meals. Adverse blood lipid patterns that did not respond to diet alone were countered with 40-50 oz. of corn oil daily or with nicotinic acid, the dose of which was gradually increased from 100 mg. t.d.s. to 500 t.d.s., if well tolerated. Such treatment was rarely given unless the serum cholesterol remained obstinately high, between 350 and 700 mg./100 ml., and was uninfluenced by the decision to give anticoagulants or,, not. Neither triparanol (" MER-29 ") nor oestrogens were used in this series. During 1958 iproniazid (" marsilid ') proved helpful in relieving intractable cardiac pain in states of coronary insufficiency, but did not influence the fundamental course of the disease (Towers and Wood, 1958). The hypotensive, anabolic, hepatotoxic, and neuromuscular side-effects of iproniazid, however, limited its use. During the last two years other mono-amine oxidase inhibitors relatively free from these side-effects have been tried, particularly isocarboxazid (" marplan "), but on the whole they have been less effective. It is repeated for emphasis that these substances do not alter the fundamental course of the disease. They are best used temporarily, to overcome undue suffering when the patient is incapacitated, and should usually be withheld before he returns to work, for masking angina pectoris may be dangerous.


Logistics service quality (LSQ) is an essential component of operational achievement. Service quality is viewed based on the customer's evaluation and perception of the logistics service. A good distribution system is required to ensure that product or service can reach customers at the right time and destination. This can attract customers to become loyal to the service provided. Gaining customer loyalty is no doubt amongst the most prioritized concern for the firms. This paper, therefore, will explore previous studies on the relationship between operational logistics service quality (OLSQ) and customer loyalty. This paper uses secondary data to investigate the relationship between OLSQ and customer loyalty. The result of this study is expected to contribute to the existing theories as well as providing knowledge and information to the practitioners in the logistics industry. The critical review suggests that there is a significant relationship between OLSQ and customer loyalty.


Nowadays,people have entered the information age. Informationization has a profound influence on cooperation between university and enterprise technology innovation: informationization makes cooperation between university and enterprise technology innovation become an important factor in economic development,brings it a new development trend,makes it become an important strategy of social sustainable development. Therefore,in the information age,some strategies can be taken to promote cooperation between university and enterprise technology innovation: to fully understand the background of informationization of cooperation between university and enterprise technology innovation; to structure the construction of network organization framework; to innovate the mode of cooperation between university and enterprise technology innovation; to reform the operating mechanism of university and enterprise technology innovation; and to strengthen the construction of technical personnel information.


In this paper, we analysed the interference effects of Korea's LTE-TDD system by Japan's WiMAX system using the 2.5GHz frequency band. We performed Monte-Carlo simulations on the average throughput loss to evaluate how much interference radiating from Japan's WiMAX is imposed on the Korean LTE-TDD system and the Advanced Propagation Model (APM) for calculating the propagation loss occurring in duct. The results of the established methodology can be used as a guideline for deployment planning for LTE-TDD system with an acceptable interference impact.


In essence,policing management system in public security college is an education mode to cultivate students' quality.Therefore,it is necessary to grasp the profound meaning of policing management in public security college,to correctly handle the relationship between policing management and teaching,to constantly improve and innovate in policing management system,to cultivate the students' policing qualities and personal habits,and to satisfy the business needs of public security.


A powerful and flexible authorization model should be able to cope with various security requirements. In the first part of this presentation, we define a security model to express security policies for spatial applications. Using this model we show how to express dynamic security rules that depend on various spatial contexts. A security policy specifies which objects are authorized and which objects are forbidden. However, in the framework of a geographic application displaying maps, there are several solutions for protecting a sensitive object. Sensitive objects can be hidden, masked, blurred or even replaced by fake objects. Therefore, in the second part of this presentation, we suggest a framework to specify protection mechanisms to enforce whenever a prohibition is derived from the security policy.


The auditor's competence has been considered in the literature as an insurance of "detection capability" without taking into account the relational component. From a participant observation of a period of four years within the Audit and Co firm, we are interested in understanding the link between one of the foundations of Audit quality, namely competence and the Audit firm as a social organization. Using as a framework for analyzing social network theory in three ways: social capital, trust and reputation. The results of our research allow to go a little further than the traditional and impersonal vision which offers classical approach of the auditor's competence. Insofar the constitution of social capital, conditioned by the combination trust-reputation, is crucial for the evolution of the auditor career. Beyond a purely "technical " competence, to be socially integrated in a network that allows to evolve more within the firm.


The rotation curves of 20 spiral galaxies are examined in the light of a toy model (Soares 1992) which has as the main feature the assignment of a high M/L ratio (=30; Ho=50 km/s/Mpc) to the visible matter. The observed rotation of all galaxies can be accommodated without the assumption of a dark halo.
Moreover, the suggestion is made that the fact that almost all available rotational velocity measurements are derived from emission lines emitted by galaxian gas (either neutral or ionized) makes them inappropriate as tracers of the galaxy gravitational potential. To account for that, the model introduces an effective potential meant to describe the hydrodynamics inside a gaseous disk. The general morphology of the curves (i.e., the presence of a plateau in V(r) X r) is interpreted in this framework as a consequence of the hydrodynamical characteristics of galaxian disks.
The Tully-Fisher relation is expressed in terms of model parameters and used as an additional constraint in the process of fitting the model to the observed rotation of the galaxies.


Flavor and selected chemical components of ground beef from 60 steers were studied as a function of days (up to 140) that corn was fed to steers after grazing on pasture. During the 140 days on corn, significant changes occurred in the fatty acid composition of ground beef and in its carbohydrate content, titratable acidity, volatile fatty acid content, aroma and flavor. Flavor changes were related to certain chemical components. Results indicate that finishing cattle on corn for periods longer than 80–90 days causes little change in beef flavor.


Analysis of long-term hydrographic data for the North Atlantic Ocean shows evidence of cycles with periods of 3 to 4 , 6 to 7, 10 to 11, 18 to 20 and 100 yr. There are known physical explanations for such cycles. Plankton data indicate that at least 3 to 4, 6 to 7 and 10 to 11 yr cycles occur. Benthic data suggest 6 to 7 and 10 to 11 yr cycles are present, and evidence exists for a secular cycle. Not all species show or can be expected to show cyclic behaviour. Constancy of numbers through decades occurs at depths of over 100 m in some species and even with species at shallow depths. Whilst, using spectral analysis, cycles can be found in benthic data, cycles longer than those studied will undoubtedly interact giving rise to departures from predictions. Since there is evidence that periods of up to over 4000 yr are to be expected there is little hope of accurate prediction of future trends in numbers. Instead, a monitoring strategy covering the same species over large areas is suggested. Departures from a common pattern may indicate local effects of pollutants.


Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive, treatment-resistant tumour. Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)) is the best single-agent chemotherapy for MPM, but platinum-based co ...


In this paper, an analytical method based on the Bernoulli differential equation for extracting new complex soliton solutions to the Gilson–Pickering model is applied. A set of new complex soliton solutions to the Gilson–Pickering model are successfully constructed. In addition, 2D and 3D graphs and contour simulations to the complex soliton solutions are plotted with the help of computational programs. Finally, at the end of the manuscript a conclusion about new complex soliton solutions is given.


Computer experiments often require dense sweeps over input parameters to obtain a qualitative understanding of their response. Such sweeps can be prohibitively expensive, and are unnecessary in regions where the response is easily predicted; well-chosen designs could allow a mapping of the response with far fewer simulation runs. Thus, there is a need for computationally inexpensive surrogate models and an accompanying method for selecting small designs. This dissertation explores a nonparametric and semiparametric nonstationary modeling methodologies for addressing this need that couples stationary Gaussian processes and (limiting) linear models with treed partitioning. A Bayesian perspective yields an explicit measure of (nonstationary) predictive uncertainty that can be used to guide sampling. As typical experiments are high-dimensional and require large designs, a careful but thrifty implementation is essential. The methodological developments and statistical computing details which make this approach efficient are outlined in detail. In addition to several illustrations using synthetic data, classic nonstationary data analyzed in recent literature are used to validate the model, and the benefit of adaptive sampling is illustrated through a motivating example which involves the computational fluid dynamics simulation of a NASA reentry vehicle.


Despite the discovery of the Higgs boson decay in five separate channels many parameters of the Higgs boson remain largely unconstrained. In this paper, we present a new approach to constraining the Higgs total width by requiring the Higgs to be resolved as a single high p$_T$ jet and measuring the inclusive Higgs boson cross section. To measure the inclusive Higgs boson cross section, we rely on new approaches from machine learning and a modified jet reconstruction. This approach is found to be complementary to the existing off-shell width measurement and, with the full HL-LHC luminosity, is capable of yielding similar sensitivity to the off-shell projections. We outline the theoretical and experimental limitations and present a path towards making this approach a truly model-independent measurement of the Higgs boson total width.


Corpora have been increasingly used within the areas of Linguistics and Natural Language Processing. As a result, new and larger corpora have been compiled and processing systems and standards for encoding and interchange of electronic texts have been developed. However, when it comes to compilation of historical corpora, the methodology is different from the ones used to compile corpora of contemporary language. Another drawback is the fact that most corpus processing systems provide few resources for the treatment of historical corpora, although there are numerous corpora of this type. Similarly, the systems for dictionary creation do not satisfactorily meet the needs of historical dictionaries. The present study is part of a larger project – the Historical Dictionary of Brazilian Portuguese (HDBP) – which aims to compile a dictionary on the basis of a corpus of Brazilian Portuguese texts from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries (including some texts from early nineteenth century). Here, we present the challenges for processing the corpus of the HDPB project and establish the criteria for creating the entries of a historical dictionary. This study has developed a computational environment for processing the corpus, building glossaries as well as for creating the entries of the HDPB. This system can be easily adapted to the needs and scope of other historical dictionary projects.


Rupture of a papillary muscle is an extremely rare but catastrophic complication of an acute myocardial infarction. Survival is time dependent on the expedition of the patient from the area of presentation to the operating theatre for surgery. Diagnosis in the ED is possible within minutes of presentation if an echo is performed by an emergency physician skilled in echocardiography, as we demonstrate.


This paper presents a compact alternate direct implicit difference scheme of high accuracy for solving the two-dimensional constant coefficient reaction-diffusion equations.Firstly,a compact difference scheme is derived by using operator method and an error estimate of O(τ2+h4)is given in detail.Secondly,a compact ADI difference scheme is presented by introducing a variable of intermediate value.Thirdly,the stability and convergence of the ADI scheme are achieved by using Fourier method.Finally,a numercial example demonstrates the theoretical results.


Through reasonably arrangement of HXFA299 comber,the quality of combed slivers of four different carding degrees was studied with the result showing that the carding degree of cylinder greatly effects the combed sliver quality and the contained neps(cnt/g).The carding effect of E62 comber with cylinder of different wire face angles(VARIO 9095/90°and 1295/112°) was also carried out.Yarn spinning was finally experimented by use of E62 comber of 3 different carding degrees and different wire face angles.Comparison of all the experiments indicates that the carding degree of cylinder can obviously improve the contained neps(cnt/g) of the combed sliver.


Modeling Inflation in the value of transportation, communication and financial services in Indonesia is experiencing fluctuating high. Fluctuation is possible due to changes in fuel prices and the presidential election of 2009. However, modeled with ARIMA will get a model that does not fit. In this research, analysis of intervention of inflation value caused by changed in fuel prices. Interventions in this study occurred twice, in June 2013 and November 2014. The first intervention model was ARIMA (1,0,0) with step function b = 2, r = 0, s = 1, while the second intervention model was ARIMA (2,0,0) follows by Pulse function with b = 1, r = 0, and s = 0.


Heart failure hospitalization is a hallmark of disease progression associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Benefits of multidisciplinary clinics have been established in the care of heart failure patients and can be particularly impactful post‐hospital discharge.


Consideration of the intersections of humanistic and empirical traditions of research are important, especially now with recent emphasis on fairness and consequences of score use. Humanistic research traditions can enhance research perspectives within the emerging field of writing analytics. Using two case studies from The Journal of Writing Assessment (JWA), this article explores the ways humanistic traditions facilitate a framework developed by JWA of localism. Such a perspective provides a bridge between the technically focused concerns for validity and reliability with the complex social contexts and diverse backgrounds and lived experiences of students and faculty who occupy these educational settings. For writing analytics to live up to its potential, the practices and scholarship need to meet high technical standards as well as attend to diverse and socially situated assessment concerns.


The aim of this study was to determine the features and prospects of using Big Data and Data Mining in criminal proceedings. The research involved the methods of a systematic approach, descriptive analysis, systematic sampling, formal legal approach and forecasting. The object of using Big Data and Data Mining are various crimes, the common features of which are the seriousness and complexity of the investigation. The common tools of Big Data and Data Mining in crime investigation and crime forecasting as interrelated tasks were identified. The creation of databases is the result of the processing of data sources by Data Mining methods, each being distinguished by the specifics of use. The main risks of implementing Big Data and Data Mining are violations of human rights and freedoms. Improving the use of Big Data and Data Mining requires standardization of procedures with strict adherence to the fundamental ethical, organizational and procedural rules. The use of Big Data and Data Mining is a forensic innovation in the investigation of serious crimes and the creation of an evidence base for criminal justice. The prospects for widespread use of these methods involve the standardization of procedures based on ethical, organizational and procedural principles. It is appropriate to outline these procedures in framework practical recommendations, emphasizing the responsibility of officials in case of violation of the specified principles. The area of further research is the improvement of innovative technologies and legal regulation of their application.


There has been great emphasis in the last few years on the need to develop an "Intelligent Compaction" system to improve the efficiency and effectiveness when double drum vibratory rollers are used to compact an asphalt concrete mixture. The primary problem is that there are many variables that affect the ability of the compaction equipment to properly densify the mix. One of the most important variables is the temperature of the mix, which is a constantly changing mix property. In addition, the modulus, stiffness, or strength of an asphalt concrete mix measured at one temperature may not be related to the modulus, stiffness, or strength of the mix when the compaction process is finished. This paper describes two field test sections that were constructed in order to advance the development of an Intelligent Compaction system for the compaction of asphalt concrete mixes. Data from the test sections showed that the number of roller passes over each point in the pavement surface can be monitored, the surface temperature of mix can be measured, and a relative stiffness value for the mix can be determined during the compaction process.


According to our research we introduce a proposal for building an alternative group communication service that shifts the multicast support from core routers to end-systems. Our proposal, called Host Based Multicast (HBM), operates at application-level and provides an efficient multi-point data distribution service for one-to-many or many-to-many communications. With this approach end-hosts (running the application), dedicated servers and/or border routers automatically self-organize into an overlay distribution topology where data is disseminated. This overlay topology can be composed of both unicast connections and native multicast islands (e.g. within each site). Therefore it offers a group communication service to all hosts, even those located in a site that does not have access for any reason, to native multicast routing.HBM is a centralized solution, where everything, including group membership management and overlay topology creation, is under the control of a single Rendezvous Point (RP). This thesis focuses on three key aspects: scalability, robustness, and security. The scalability can be largely improved, with a few simple HBM protocol parameter adjustments like the frequency and size of the control messages exchanged. Robustness is another important practical issue, and we introduce packet loss reduction techniques, like the addition of redundant virtual links that avoid topology partition in case of transit node failures. Finally we investigate the use of HBM to build a fully secure but efficient group communication service between several sites using an IPSec VPN environment. We show that HBM and the IPSec VPN environment naturally fit with one-another and lead to the concept of Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN).


In this study, conventional biofilters packed with flexible synthetic polyurethane (PU) foam carriers were operated to remove toluene from a contaminated air stream. PU foams containing various adsorbents (e.g., zeolite, sepiolite, dolomite and barite) were synthesized for the biofilter media and their adsorption characteristics of toluene were determined. Adsorption capacity of PU-adsorbent foam was in the order of PU-dolomite PU-zeolite > PU-sepiolite > PU-barite. During the biofiltration experiment, influent toluene concentration was in the range of 0-160 ppm and EBRT (i.e., empty bed residence time) was 45 seconds. Pressure drop of the biofilter bed was 4-5 mm column height. The maximum removal capacity was in the order of PU-dolomite > PU-zeolite > PU-sepiolite > PU-barite, while the complete removal capacity was in the order of PU-dolomite > PU-sepiolite > PU-zeolite > PU-barite. The better biofiltration performance in PU-dolomite foam was because PU-dolomite foam had lower density and higher porosity than the others providing favorable conditions for microbial growth. The results of biodegradation kinetic analysis showed that PU-dolomite foam had higher maximum removal rate ( toluene/kg dry material/day) and saturation constant () than the other PU foams. This supports that PU-dolomite foam was better than the others for biofilteration of toluene.


In this paper we present a survey of the use of differential geometric formalisms to describe Quantum Mechanics. We analyze Schroedinger and Heisenberg frameworks from this perspective and discuss how the momentum map associated to the action of the unitary group on the Hilbert space allows to relate both approaches. We also study Weyl-Wigner approach to Quantum Mechanics and discuss the implications of bi-Hamiltonian structures at the quantum level.


Since the 1970s, and at least until recently, macroeconomists have viewed changes in the price of oil as an important source of economic Fluctuations, as well as a paradigm of a global shock, likely to affect many economies simultaneously. Such a perception is largely due to the two episodes of low growth, high unemployment, and high inflation that characterized most industrialized economies in the mid and late1970s.The events of the past decade, however, seem to call into question the relevance of oil price changes as a significant source of economic fluctuations. The reason: Since the late 1990s, the global economy has experienced two oil shocks of sign and magnitude comparable to those of the 1970s but, in contrast with the latter episodes, GDP growth and inflation have remained relatively stable in much of the industrialized world. This work looked at how the shocks have affected Nigeria recommendations were given. Theoretical Issues Aliyu (2009) stated that an oil price increase, all things being equal, should be considered positive in oil exporting countries and negative in oil importing countries, while the reverse should be expected when the oil price decreases. The challenge, however, of the combined effect of hikes in oil prices and exchange rate instabilities on macroeconomic economic stability and economic growth for oil producing nations like Nigeria is really enormous. Akpan (2009) stated that there has been a steep upward trend in the price of crude oil in recent years, reaching a record nominal high in mid-2008. This have led to increasing concern about its macroeconomic implications, both abroad and in Nigeria given that the Nigerian economy is highly vulnerable to oil price fluctuations. He analysed the dynamic relationship between oil price shocks and major macroeconomic variables in Nigeria by applying a VAR approach. The study pointed out the asymmetric effects of oil price shocks; for instance, positive as well as negative oil price shocks significantly increase inflation and also directly increases real national income through higher export earnings, though part of this gain is seen to be offset by losses from lower demand for exports generally due to the economic recession suffered by trading partners. His findings showed a strong positive relationship between positive oil price changes and real government expenditures. Unexpectedly, the result identified a marginal impact of oil price fluctuations on industrial


In this study we evaluated the length and volume inconsistencies that occur when applying simple motion functions onto surface models of swimming fish and human, respectively. The larger the size (diameter and length) of the body, the larger are theses inconsistencies. To eliminate these errors, different surface correction algorithms are introduced. Additional terms are implemented to overcome structural insufficiencies through over-stretching and overlapping in sensible body parts. For human undulatory swimming these models combine the motion of rigid extremities with the smooth surface bending at joints. The advantages of this hybrid model can be crucial for Computational Fluid Dynamics, where deviation from natural behaviour results in unrealistic surface pressures and artificial vortex structures. The structural improvements are also promising for computational graphic programming, where skin-like stretching surfaces mediate a natural impression.


In a close packed dispersion, a drop experiences forces from the surrounding drops which affect its shape and rate of coalescence. The geometry is complicated, but a simple model which may help clarify the phenomenon is that of a drop trapped between two horizontal surfaces under the action of an applied force.

The differential equations governing the shape of the surface of such a drop have been solved numerically and the predicted drop dimensions checked experimentally by applying known forces to a drop and recording the shape photographically.


7 Li MRS in vivo, was found to be weak, but statistically significant when a wide concentration range is considered. These results suggest that serum Li is a less than ideal measure of Li therapy, and that individuals with nominally therapeutic serum concentrations may have either sub-therapeutic or excessive (toxic) brain concentrations. The expected strong correlation between serum and brain Li has not been seen in humans, and the factors responsible are not understood. Here we have measured brain Li concentrations in vivo by 7 Li PRESS localized MRS, as well as serum Li concentrations in rats as a function of dose at two times after beginning treatment. The rat is a well controlled model with guaranteed drug delivery over a relatively wide dose range for Li. 7 Li spectra were acquired at 77.7 MHz using a PRESS sequence with TR=5 s, TE=6.8 ms, in 0.5-4 hours. Brain concentrations were measured relative to a standard Li phantom (of comparable concentration, T1, and T2) sampled similarly before or after the in vivo spectrum. Blood was sampled immediately after the MRS measurements once or twice in 37 rats. Serum concentrations were measured by atomic emission spectrophotometry.


Objective To study the roles of integrin αvβ3,focal adhesin kinase,fibronectin,matrix metalloproteinase 9 in the metastasis of colorectal cancer. Methods Tumor and paratumor specimens from 30 colorectal cancer patients were used in the study. Immunohistochemical staining and semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to determine the transcription and expression of integrin αvβ3,FAK,FN,MMP 9 (SQRT PCR). Results The mRNA transcription level of integrin αvβ3 in colorectal cancer tissue was obviously higher than that in paratumor normal tissues(P 0.05). The mRNA transcriptions of FAK,FN,MMP 9 were obviously increased with the progress of tumor invasion and Dukes stage(P 0.05),which could also be found in cases with lymph node metastasis(P 0.05). Expression of FAK,FN in extracellular matrix(ECM),MMP 9 was accorded with their transcription,however,expression of FN protein in basement membrane was negatively correlated. Conclusions At the early stage of the metastasis of colorectal cancer,the FN integrin αvβ3 cytoskeleton FAK system transfers signals from ECM to cell and induces the production of MMP 9 and other factors,resulting in the disengaging,adhering,degrading,metastasis of cancer cells. The mRNA transcriptions and expression of the above genes are accordant with the invasive ability of colorectal cancer.


The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [1] provides a standard method for
transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP
defines an extensible Link Control Protocol and a family of Network
Control Protocols (NCPs) for establishing and configuring different
network-layer protocols. This document describes version two of
Microsoft's PPP CHAP dialect (MS-CHAP-V2). MS-CHAP-V2 is similar
to, but incompatible with, MS- CHAP version one (MS-CHAP-V1, described
in [9]). In particular, certain protocol fields have been deleted or
reused but with different semantics. In addition, MS-CHAP-V2 features
mutual authentication. The algorithms used in the generation of
various MS-CHAP-V2 protocol fields are described in section 8.
Negotiation and hash generation examples are provided in section 9.


In this study, the tribological, thermal and kinetic attributes of Ti CMP process was investigated. Hitachi Chemical HS-T815 and HS-T605 slurries with different H2O2 concentrations were used to polish 200-mm blanket Ti wafers under different polishing conditions. Under the polishing pressure of 10.3 KPa, the measured shear force between the pad and wafer surface decreased significantly while the Ti removal rate increased significantly when small amount of H2O2 was added to the slurries. On the other hand, the shear force decreased and the removal rate increased slowly with further increase in the H2O2 concentration. A particle indentation model was used to explain the shear force behavior and Ti removal rate mechanism. The shear force decreases slightly when 0.06% H2O2 was added to the HS-T815 slurry and then remained stable with further increase in the H2O2 concentration


The following observation, due to E. Trubowitz, illustrates an intimate relationship between spectral theory and Hamiltonian mechanics in the presence of constraints. Let q(s) be a real periodic function such that the Hill operator,

has only a finite number gR of simple eigenvalues. There exist gR + 1 periodic eigenfunctions x1,…, x and corresponding eigenvalues a1,…, a of L such that

where yr = dxr/ds. The equations Lxr = arxr, r = 1,…,gR+1, make up the classical Neumann system, a system of harmonic oscillators constrained to the unit sphere.

H. Flaschka obtained similar results about the Neumann system from a more general point of view. His assumption, that there exists an operator of odd order that commutes with L, leads to algebraic curve theory by the method of Krichever and from there to the Neumann formulas above. The familiar Lax pairs, the constants of motion and the quadrics of the Neumann system emerge as consequences of the Riemann-Roch theoreni. The existence of isospectral deformations of L, the Korteweg de-Vries hierarchy of the soliton equations, underlies the complete integrability of the Neumann system. This paper extends Flaschka's techniques, replacing L by an operator of order n 2 2. Higher Neumann systems are defined in a way that leads naturally to interesting symplectic manifolds, Lax pairs and integrals of motion. C. Tomei, using scattering theory, obtained some of our n = 3 formulas.


The importance of humanitarian logistics lies with the significant number of disasters reported over the past decades, the financial volume traded, and mainly due to the damages and losses generated by disasters. The improvement of resource management techniques to ensure the success of an effective response to a disaster is a major challenge. In this context, this paper aims to provide an inventory control tool that considers an index (availability of humanitarian resources) to adequately attend the beneficiaries of a disaster


In this paper, we study the non-Noether conserved quantity of Lie symmetry for m echanical systems with variable mass under a general infinitesimal transformatio n. The Hojman theorem is further generalized. The non-Noether conserved qu antity o f a general form for mechanical systems with variable mass is obtained. An examp le is given to illustrate the application of the result.


Brain and muscle energy metabolism was assessed in vivo in five patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) using phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS). 31P MRS disclosed a reduced phosphocreatine (PCr) and an increased calculated free adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in the occipital lobes of all patients. In our patients with PSP, inorganic phosphate (Pi) was significantly increased and Mg2+ was reduced. In the gastrocnemius muscle, Pi at rest was increased in four patients, and the three patients who were able to perform an incremental exercise showed a rate of PCr post‐exercise recovery slower than control subjects. Our findings show that multisystemic deficit of energy metabolism occurs in PSP and suggest that it may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.


Cross-efficiency evaluation method is an effective and widespread adopted data envelopment analysis (DEA) method with self-assessment and peer-assessment to evaluate and rank decision making units (DMUs). Extant aggressive, benevolent, and neutral cross-efficiency methods are used to evaluate DMUs with competitive, cooperative, and nontendentious relationships, respectively. In this paper, a symmetric (nonsymmetric) compete-cooperate matrix is introduced into aggressive and benevolent cross-efficiency methods and compete-cooperate cross-efficiency method is proposed to evaluate DMUs with diverse (relative) relationships. Deviation maximization method is applied to determine the final weights of cross-evaluation to enhance the differentiation ability of cross-efficiency evaluation method. Numerical demonstration is provided to illustrate the reasonability and practicability of the proposed method.


This study identifies unstable and soluble layers in commercial photovoltaic modules during 1.5 year long-term leaching. Our experiments cover modules from all major photovoltaic technologies containing solar cells from crystalline silicon (c-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). These technologies cover more than 99.9% of the world market. We cut out module pieces of 5 × 5 cm2 in size from these modules and leached them in water-based solutions with pH 4, pH 7, and pH 11, in order to simulate different environmental conditions. Unstable layers open penetration paths for water-based solutions; finally, the leaching results in delamination. In CdTe containing module pieces, the CdTe itself and the back contact are unstable and highly soluble. In CIGS containing module pieces, all of the module layers are more or less soluble. In the case of c-Si module pieces, the cells' aluminum back contact is unstable. Module pieces from a-Si technology also show a soluble back contact. Long-term leaching leads to delamination in all kinds of module pieces; delamination depends strongly on the pH value of the solutions. For low pH-values, the time dependent leaching is well described by an exponential saturation behavior and a leaching time constant. The time constant depends on the pH, as well as on accelerating conditions such as increased temperature and/or agitation. Our long-term experiments clearly demonstrate that it is possible to leach out all, or at least a large amount, of the (toxic) elements from the photovoltaic modules. It is therefore not sufficient to carry out experiments just over 24 h and to conclude on the stability and environmental impact of photovoltaic modules.


The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Psoroptes ovis infection in sheep. Moreover, the effects of age and sex of the animal on the prevalence of the disease was also studied. For this purpose, 200 sheep (49 males and 151 females) kept in areas around Multan, Pakistan were examined. Depending upon the age, these animals were divided into four groups viz. 1-15 (n=71), 16-30 (n=24), 3145 (n=46) and 46-60 (n=59) months. Out of 200 hosts examined, 28 were found infested with Psoroptes ovis, showing an overall prevalence of 14.00%. The prevalence of Psoroptes ovis in male hosts was 20.4% versus 11.92% in females, the difference was statistically non significant (P>0.05). The prevalence was highest (19.71%) in age group of 1–15 months and lowest (8.33%) in age group of 16–30 months. However, the difference in the prevalence between the two groups was statistically non significant (P>0.05). These results indicate that the sex or age of sheep had no effect on prevalence of Psoroptes ovis.


needs a careful discussion. Some of this trend might be related to more restriction on immigration of Iranian physicians from US side. As mentioned correctly, the destination of migration might have changed from US to other western countries including Canada and Australia. However, more opportunities for specialty training and more stable professional opportunities for specialists may also have some impacts on the trend of physicians' migration.


A Homocoupling reaction of aryl halides is one of the most important methods to construct C-C bonds in organic synthesis.Recent advances in the vary of metals catalyzed inter-and intramolecular homocompling reactions have been reviewed.


The traditional architectural styles of the Apalachee of northern Florida and Spanish colonists in the New World represent distinct approaches to the organization of domestic and community space and reflect different attitudes toward public and private activities. To the degree that the Apalachee became Hispanicized or that the Spaniards in Apalachee adopted aspects of aboriginal lifestyles during the seventeenth-century mission period, we might expect to see changes in architecture and community organization. Archaeological and ethnohistorical data from Apalachee Province indicate that the shapes and spatial arrangement of native and European domestic structures changed very little as a result of contact. This suggests that each group maintained a distinct identity in the realm of residential organization, despite the profound changes that both the Apalachee and Spaniards made in other aspects of their lives as a result of European colonization in La Florida.


Cancellous bone mass decreases following ovariectomy in rodents, providing a useful model for post‐menopausal bone loss in humans. This study describes and quantifies the longer‐term changes in cancellous bone structure in the ovariectomized (OVX) rat. Rats were OVX or sham‐OVX at 100 days of age and bones were collected 540 days later. Lumbar vertebral bodies were prepared for microradiography and structural analyses (nodal analyses and star volume analyses) of cancellous bone. Proximal humerii were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microradiography confirmed the loss of cancellous bone from the central spongiosa regions of the vertebral bodies and the humerii in the OVX rats. Changes in trabecular structural elements included relative increases in the number of free to free, cortical to free, cortical to node struts and decreases in the node to node struts in the OVX animals compared with controls. There were increases in average lengths of the node to free, node to node, and free to free trabecular struts in the OVX animals. The marrow star volume was increased in the OVX animals indicating a greater trabecular separation in these animals compared with controls. Viewed by SEM, metaphyseal trabeculae in the controls consisted of rods and plates but in the OVX animals the remaining trabeculae were mostly longitudinal rods with smaller transverse connecting rods. The remaining bone in the OVX animals was found in the lateral metaphyseal areas and is consistent with maintenance of the structural capacity of the bone. These long‐term changes in cancellous bone structure are likely due to the continuation of functional skeletal loading but a decrease in gonadal hormones resulting in a decreased necessity to maintain a skeletal mineral store for reproduction (e.g., pregnancy and lactation). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The focus of today's test system programmer is code reusability through common test modules. To achieve the greatest reusability these modules should be written using standard interfaces, such as DLLs and ActiveX automation servers. By using these standard interfaces inside an enterprise code modules can be used across development teams and in different projects. We discuss specifically: explaining the pros and cons of standard DLLs versus ActiveX/COM automation servers; programming these interfaces into test modules using standard programming languages, such as National Instruments LabWindows/CVI and Microsoft Visual Basic and Visual C++; integrating these interfaces into projects and test executives.


Abstract . In this paper, we discuss some important and interesting remarks on the concept of occasionally weakly compatible (owc) mappings, which is an active and interesting area of research in the present era. Also, we discuss here the lapses of several authors in quoting the definition of owc maps and provide the corrected proof by including some additional conditions on their results.


Agriculture production is a critical human intensive task, which takes place in all regions of the world. The process to grow and harvest crops is labor intensive in many countries due to the lack of automation and advanced technology. Much of the difficult, dangerous and dirty labor of crop production can be automated with intelligent and robotic platforms. We propose an intelligent, agent-oriented robotic team, which can enable the process of harvesting, gathering and collecting crops and fruits, of many types, from agricultural fields. This paper describes a novel robotic organization enabling humans, robots and agents to work together for automation of gathering and collection functions. The focus of the research is a model, called HARMS, which can enable Humans, software Agents, Robots, Machines and Sensors to work together indistinguishably. With this model, any capability-based human-like organization can be conceived and modeled, such as in manufacturing or agriculture. In this research, we model, design and implement a technology application of knowledge-based robot-to-robot and human-to-robot collaboration for an agricultural gathering and collection function. The gathering and collection functions were chosen as they are some of the most labor intensive and least automated processes in the process acquisition of agricultural products. The use of robotic organizations can reduce human labor and increase efficiency allowing people to focus on higher level tasks and minimizing the backbreaking tasks of agricultural production in the future. In this work, the HARMS model was applied to three different robotic instances and an integrated test was completed with satisfactory results that show the basic promise of this research.


Objectives : The aim of the present study was to describe clinical features of rotavirus infections in children and to compare the observed symptoms according to the age of the patients. Patients and methods : Clinical files of 278 rotavirus-positive children under 5 years of age were retrospectively examined. The presence of group A rotavirus antigens in stool samples collected from children was detected by direct sandwich enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay. Pearson's correlation tests were used to determine the relationship between each clinical sign noticed and patients' age. Results : Among the 278 rotavirus-positive children, 93.9% presented with diarrhoea, 79.1% vomiting, 71.6% fever, 37.4% respiratory troubles, and 33.1% neurological signs. Intravenous rehydration was needed for 59.7% of the children. The comparison of clinical signs according to the age showed that diarrhoea (p = 0.001), vomiting (p = 0.007), fever (p = 0.045), respiratory troubles (p = 0.01) and dehydration (p < 0.001) were significantly more frequent in infants of 1 to 24 months old. Conclusion : The severity of rotavirus illness seems to be directly influenced by child's age. Interestingly, infants of 1 to 5 years old often presented with disease as severe as babies of 6 to 24 months old.


In the title compound, [Zn(C7H7N4O2)2(C4H13N3)]·2H2O, the ZnII ion is pentacoordinated by three N atoms of the diethylenetriamine ligand and one N atom of each of the two theophyllinate anions in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry. The Zn—N distances range from 2.076 (3) to 2.221 (3) Å. The crystal packing is stabilized by O—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the theophylline and diethylenetriamine ligands and uncoordinated water molecules.


The latest seismic interpretation suggests the presence of several igneous intrusions in the Changchang Sag,Qiong dongnan Basin,South China Sea.A 2-D geothermal modeling based on the finite element method(FEM) has been performed to analyze the thermal effect of the three intrusions of different scales distributed in the same seismic line.The organic maturity change for the Yacheng Formation caused by intrusions was demonstrated by artificial wells 2 km and 5 km away from each igneous body in combination with the acquired paleo-geothermal field and the Easy%Ro model.The results indicate that the temperature of igneous bodies dropped down rapidly during the first 1 Ma after the intrusion and cooled down to nearly the same temperature as that of the wall rock after 10 Ma.The biggest intrusion caused a theoretical vitrinite reflectance(Ro) 1.6% higher than normal for the Yacheng Formation at a distance of 2 km away from it and only 0.4% higher at a distance of 5 km.


SUMMARY The antigenic variation of influenza A 2 virus and the antibody present in the population to different variants are described and related to the occurrence of epidemics of influenza in England since 1957.


Abstract Pregnant female rats, challenged with a single ethanol dose near the mid‐gestation period, displayed a significant circadian variation in the rates of both blood ethanol clearance and ethanol metabolism. Maximal rates occurred near the dark‐to‐light change of the LD 12:12 regimen. These rhythms may have been synchronized by pregnancy‐induced hormonal cycling since these same animals, challenged as virgins with asynchronous estrus cycling, showed no difference in ethanol metabolic rate over the 24‐h span and circadian variation in blood ethanol clearance rates of questionable significance.


The golden jackal has is widespread in Iran as well as in Asia, Europe and Africa. This specie has a first order ranking from the point of view of road accident statistics for wild mammals. It has a high capacity to adapt to different environments as well as to variety of diets, so it has a wide trophic niche. Since, there is a lack of information on anatomical measurements of the skulls of golden jackals and its clinical value during regional anesthesia; the present work was taken. The investigation was carried out on ten mandibles and upper jaws from adult golden jackal aged between 3-7-year-old. Then, a total of seventeen skull measurements and indices were recorded. The skull length, cranial length, nasal length and cranial width of the adult golden jackals were 16.9 cm, 10.1 cm, 6.7 cm and 7.2 cm respectively. Also, the cranial index was 71.28. In addition, the distances from the root of premolar tooth to infra-orbital canal and from the latter to the root of the canine tooth were 1.5 cm and 3.2 cm, respectively. The length and height of the mandibles of the adult golden jackals were 11.2 cm and 6.0 cm, respectively. Furthermore, the distances from the lateral alveolar root to mental foramen and from the mental foramen to caudal mandibular border were 2.5 cm and 8.7 cm, respectively. In the current work, the distances from mandibular foramen to the base of mandible as well as from caudal border of mandible to below of the mandibular foramen were 1.2 cm and 1.1 cm, respectively. Also, the distances from the base of mandible to condyloid fossa and from the latter to the maximum height of mandible were 4.0 cm and 2.0 cm, respectively. Finally, the distance from caudal border of mandible to mandibular foramen and from the latter to mandibular angle were 1.05 cm and 2.37 cm, respectively. These data as important landmarks are discussed with regard to their application to clinical maneuvers around the head of the injured golden jackals for instance in the zoological gardens' surgical practices.


This paper reports work done three years ago for the Highways Agency in England to stimulate long-term thinking about how to develop and operate the strategic highway network in the UK. The effects of road traffic are becoming a critical problem throughout the world, and without some radical solutions the situation is forecast to get worse. Problems such as traffic congestion, global warming and how to achieve sustainability are politically sensitive yet require positive action. Innovative thinking is needed now to develop solutions and actions that are good for the long term. The Highways Agency in its role as network operator is responsible for managing, maintaining and improving the strategic road network in England—over 8000 km of motorways and trunk roads. In a bid to look beyond the usual 5–10 year planning cycle, the Highways Agency commissioned the Vision 2030 Project. Visioning techniques and innovative thinking were used to develop several possible scenarios and propositions for the long-term fu...


The influences of second phase precipitations of low Young's modulus(E) β-Ti alloys [MoTi14]Zr1(Ti78.2Mo11.2Zr10.6) and[SnTi14]Mo1(Ti75.7Mo10.9Sn13.4) on mechanical properties as well as the variation of phase constitutions of alloys during tensile test were investigated.Alloy rods with 6 mm diameter were prepared by copper-mould suction-cast method.Phase precipitations and microstructures of alloys before and after tension were analyzed by XRD and TEM techniques.The experimental results showed that only a minor amount of α" martensite precipitated on β matrix makes the suction-cast[SnTi14]Mo1alloy possess lower E with a value of 70 GPa,while ω precipitation increases the E(80 GPa) of[MoTi14]Zr1 alloy.It is due to the thinner β plate twins that makes[SnTi14]Mo1 alloy have better mechanical properties.During tensile testing,the amount of α" martensite induced by stress increases in[MoTi14]Zr1 alloy while β grains in[SoTi14]Mo1 alloy are easier to be rotated for deformation,which favors to enhance the ductility of alloys.


Abstract— In the Port Campbell Embayment of Victoria, australites have been found in situ in channel deposits of the Hanson Plain Sand of Pliocene and Pleistocene age. The large majority of the australites, however, occur as a lag deposit at the basal contact of the Sturgess Sand of late Pleistocene and Holocene age and are spatially correlated with ferruginous sandstone clasts that are derived from the Hanson Plain Sand. Some of the tektites are imbedded in or bonded to the ferruginous sandstone clasts, but most are found as individual tektite fragments. A few percent of the tektites have nearly perfectly preserved, complete aerodynamically shaped forms. The sandstone clasts and associated tektites have been reworked from the much older underlying Hanson Plain and have been locally concentrated in the lag deposit. Some tektites also occur at higher levels in the Sturgess Sand, almost invariably in association with stone flakes, exotic stones transported by the aborigines and, locally, with middens of mollusc shells. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the aborigines transported the tektites found in the upper part of the Sturgess, particularly at Stanhope Bay. As Port Campbell australites unequivocally occur in strata much older than the late Pleistocene and Holocene Sturgess, there is no longer any conflict between the apparent stratigraphic age of the tektites and the middle Pleistocene ages obtained by various chronometric methods.


We review the neutrino oscillation and find some problems about it. The original theory predicts the mass differences existing on three kinds of neutrino. However, one neutrino transfers to another and then transfers back to itself again that causes the mass non-conservation if no external energy or mass participates in the transferring process. It also violates one of the conservations of energy and momentum. Furthermore, the speeds of neutrinos before and after transfer must be different that results in self-acceleration and deceleration. Even the Lorentz violation is proposed in the standard model extension, the all other originally elementary particles predicting by the standard model will lose their criteria. After reviewing the results of SuperKamiokande Collaboration and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, both results strongly imply the ratio of number between three kinds of neutrinos is νe:νμ:ντ=1:1:1. According to this, we propose a new explanation for the observation data.


Abstract The reaction of 2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (picryl chloride) and an equivalent amount of arylthiolate (R = H, CH3, OCH3, Br, Cl, NO2) gave 2-arylthio-1,3.5-trinitrobenzenes (1–6). It is found that the chemical shifts of H-4.6 gave good linear relationship with Hammett u constants indicating that the inductive effect of the substituents of the arylthio moieties is transmitted to the picryl ring through the sulfur atom. Meanwhile the reaction of picryl chloride with two fold arylthiolate gave 1.2-bis arylthio-3.5-dinitrobenzenes (%13) except with 4-nitrobenzenethiolate. The 1H NMR spectra of bis arylthio compounds indicate that these sulfides exist in a skew conformation. The oxidation of bis arylthio compounds with KMnO4 gave the corresponding 1,2-bis-arylsulfonyl-3,5-dinitro-benzenes (1519). Fragmentation processes using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in relation to structure and substituent are discussed.


Abstract Carbon nanotubes prepared by de arc discharge of graphite electrodes in He and CH4 gas took markedly different morphology. Thick nanotubes embellished with many carbon nanoparticles were obtained by evaporation under high CH4 gas pressure and high arc current. Thin and long carbon nanotubes were obtained under a CH4 gas pressure of 50Torr and an arc current of 20A for the anode with a diameter of 6mm.


Yoghurt is made from useful bacteria for our health, such as Lactobacillus Bulgaricus, Lactobacillus Acidopillus and Streptococus Thermopillus.In this research also use the natural antioxidant, vitamin C from the star fruit.Not only can improve the star fruit functional value but also can avoid the star fruit injury. So an advanced processing like star fruit yoghurt process is needed.Randomized block design was used as the experimental design in this research with two factors, concentration of star fruit juice (10%, 15%, and 20%) and different fermentation time (8, 10, 12 hours).The best treatment was obtained by adding 20% of star fruit juice and 8 hours of fermentation period. The physic-chemical propeties of yoghurt with the best treatment are total acid 1.533%, pH 4.223, total vitamin C 0.022%, antioxidant activity 50.313%, viscosity 436.333cP, brightness63.520, redness 23.733, yellowness13.867 and total lactic acid bacteria 7.407 (log cfu/ml).