State machines can be implemented by using several methods. Although state pattern (SP) implementation is one of the most popular methods, nowadays usage of hierarchical state machine (HSM) pattern is increasing. In this paper our motivation is making a metric based comparison between HSM and SP pattern. In addition, effect of increase in usage of inheritance in HSM pattern is analyzed. SP and HSM pattern belongs to different software methodologies, thus usage of object-oriented (OO) metrics is not applicable. However, both patterns implement state machines. For this reason, a new metric suit for state machines is proposed. As a result of this study, it is shown that using inheritance effectively in HSM pattern increases software quality. In addition, it is shown that HSM pattern handles enter/exit actions more effectively than SP. event e with the same transition a. Both states go to the same state; S3, with event e. S1 and S2 can be grouped under S12. By doing so, the number of events and transitions is reduced with the help of inheritance.


Water shortage is becoming more evident in Australia. In response, water desalination plants are being proposed and constructed at numerous locations along the Australian coastline. The Water Corporation (principle supplier of water, wastewater and drainage services in Western Australia) is constructing a seawater desalination plant near Binningup, Western Australia. The long-term impact of discharged hyper-saline water on wildlife in the near-shore marine environment is as yet unknown. Here, we report on a two-year, intensive research program, initiated by the Water Corporation, aimed at obtaining baseline estimates of abundance and residency patterns of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) prior to the commencement of hyper-saline water discharge. The study area extends 3nm offshore, 9.5nm to the south and 19nm to the north of the discharge site. To date, fortytwo boat-based surveys covering the complete study area have been carried out. Using standard photo-identification methods, we have identified 256 individual dolphins within 186 dolphin groups in the study area. Our field protocols of intensive systematic sampling provide even temporal and spatial effort across the two year study period. This in turn will allow accurate abundance and emigration rate estimates to be calculated, for the local dolphin population, using Pollock's Robust Design. The results will provide a baseline dataset for future comparisons to evaluate the possible long-term impacts of hyper-saline water discharge on the local marine wildlife. The pro-active approach by the Water Corporation to obtain a pre "impact" dataset of an appropriate temporal scale is commendable and serves as an ideal template for the design of a rigorous impact assessment study.


Local knowledge has been used as the theoretical basis of setting and development of local or school-based curriculum,but the national curriculum is with local color in fact.Textbook is the core of curriculum.In this paper,by analysising junior middle school compulsory curriculum standard textbookand full-time regular senior high school language textbook,I examine the National Curriculum from the perspective of local knowledge.


Objective
To investigate the clinical value of ultramicro-percutaneous nephroscopy and flexible ureteroscope in the treatment of kidney stones with diameter of 2-3 cm and high CT value.

Methods
A total of 50 cases of renal calculi from January 2018 to October 2018 in Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University were selected and divided into two groups, with 25 cases in each group. The patients with renal calculi in the study group were treated with super-mini percutaneous nephroscopy and the patients with renal calculi in the control group were treated with ureteroscopic surgery.

Results
The operation time and postoperative hospitalization time in the study group were significantly shorter than those in the control group. The stone clearance rate in the study group (100.00%) was higher than that in the control group (80.00%, P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative adverse reactions in the study group (12.00%) was lower than that in the control group (36.0%, P<0.05).

Conclusions
Ultrasound percutaneous nephroscopy is effective and safe in the treatment of kidney stones with diameter of 2-3 cm and high CT value.

Key words:
Kidney stone; Flexible ureteroscope; Super-mini percutaneous nephroscope; Stone diameter; High CT value


We propose a new, low-complexity frequency-domain equalizer, which, in the absence of a guard interval, utilizes redundancy in the frequency domain to completely eliminate intersymbol and interchannel interferences. Simulation results show that the new equalization scheme has at least the same potential compared to regular OFDM while offering the shortest possible latency at a reasonable complexity enhancement.


Vascular endothelium plays a vital role in the organization and function of the blood vessel and maintains homeostasis of the circulatory system and normal arterial function. Functional disruption of the endothelium is recognized as the beginning event that triggers the development of consequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) including atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. There is a growing data associating mercury exposure with endothelial dysfunction and higher risk of CVD. This review explores and evaluates the impact of mercury exposure on CVD and endothelial function, highlighting the interplay of nitric oxide and oxidative stress.


Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction techniques employed by airborne radars are essential for object recognition in scenarios where optically vision is blurry, and are required for the monitoring of disasters and coast-guard patrols. There have been reports on 3-D reconstruction methods that exploit the layover appearing in inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imagery, which are suitable for the recognition of artificial targets such as buildings, aircraft or ships. However, existing methods assume only a point target or the aggregate of point targets, and most require the tracking of the multiple points over sequential ISAR images. In the case of a solid object with a continuous boundary, such as a wire or polyhedral structure, the positioning accuracy of such methods is severely degraded owing to scattering centers continuously shifting on the target surface with changes in the rotation angle. To overcome this difficulty, this paper extends the original Range Points Migration (RPM) method to the ISAR observation model, where a double mono-static model with two transmitting and receiving antennas is introduced to suppress cross-range ambiguity. The results of numerical simulation and experimental validation demonstrate that the extended RPM method has a distinct advantage for accurate 3-D imaging, even for non-point targets.


The Mumbai (Central Railway) Suburban train system, operating approx. 1470 trains & handling approx. 3.5 Lakh passengers daily, is a high density, high turnaround complex network which demands extremely fast & efficient train control system. The manual control is slow, tedious and stressful. It requires a lot of manpower and doesn"t involve holistic operational management. The conventional train control system is inadequate to handle the commuters" ever increasing demand of more trains / timely information. The Train Management System on ChatrapatiShivaji Terminus – Kalyan section of Central Railway, uses the latest Information & Communication Technology and accomplishes Train Control & Information dissemination automatically. Train movement data is picked up from the stations through high-speed modems and fed to a centralized UNIX server, which commands the train movement and triggers the passenger information system. This has increased punctuality & efficiency of train operations, facilitated running more trains and enhanced passenger satisfaction. Keywords: Train Management System, Train Chart, Centralized Train Control, General Command Handler, Train describer system.


This study aims to identify the critical factor influencing the project as regards successful aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) in the aviation industry. Furthermore, this research also aims to investigate whether regulation of project changes plays a role in moderating the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variables described in this research. Through the literature review process, it was found that top management support, stakeholders, key factors competency, acceptance, risk management, project plan monitoring, and effective communication are among the critical factors identified. Referring to a completed project, this research showed that project progress was in two dimensions in a maintenance context, which this research classifies as a successful micro and macro project. The macro viewpoints of project success mean the organizational stage of the project must be recognized and accomplishment relies on the consumer or collaborators to share. The micro perspective of project success can help to manage a project in small levels and is normally alluded to at the finishing line of the project. The summary result for the 4 hypotheses tested, all of them were significant. The result obtained clearly expressed all of the dependent variables have positive influences on project success in MRO aircraft in the Malaysian aviation industry. This research also demonstrates through trial and error that project key factors' competency and project mission are critical factors in influencing the micro-project success and as well for macro project success, top management support and project mission are two main critical factors.


A transparent barrel system has been developed to assist in the understanding of polymer behavior in a reciprocating screw injection molding machine.This system allows the dynamic status of the polymer inside the injection barrel to be conveniently visualized through photography and video recording,and the corresponding material conditions can be measured via a computerized data acquisition system.The plastication process inside the barrel of the injection unit is systematically investigated on the transparent barrel system.


Traditions play a significant role in preserving the identity and values of a society. One such tradition that has been passed down through generations is the Mandi Ka Luak tradition in Nagari Sungai Antuan. This research aims to trace the symbolic meanings embedded in the Mandi Ka Luak tradition and understand the functions associated with it. A qualitative research method was employed with a case study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with traditional leaders, religious figures, and community leaders, as well as document analysis. The findings reveal that the Mandi Ka Luak tradition holds symbolic meanings within elements such as the seven-colored thread bracelet, baby's hair-cutting ceremony, symbolic feeding, the use of coconut shells, and communal feasting. Furthermore, the tradition continues to be practiced because it plays a crucial role in fulfilling various basic needs of the community. It meets the needs for security and growth by eliminating taboos and superstitions, providing recreation, and strengthening social bonds through family and community ties. Additionally, Mandi Ka Luak contributes to the preservation of cultural identity as part of the ancestral heritage carefully upheld by the community. This research provides a deeper understanding of the continuity of the Mandi Ka Luak tradition within the context of Nagari Sungai Antuan and raises questions about the role of culture in an ever-changing modern society.


The operation of a differential scatterometer developed at Montana State University is briefly described. The scatterometer takes and stores data under computer control. Analysis routines allow calculation of the surface power spectral density function (PSD) for the cases of one dimensional surfaces [Z(x) - diamond turned surfaces for example] and isotropic two dimensional surfaces [Z(x,y) - polished surfaces for example]. In addition, the zero and second moments of the PSD may be taken to provide bandwidth limited values of the root mean square roughness [a] and the root mean square slope [m]. Results from several samples are used to check the vector perturbation theory [Church, et. al. 1975] used by the computer to relate the scatter distribution function to the PSD. These experiments take advantage of the fact that the surface - and hence its PSD - remain a constant function during the measurements. Variations in the incident angle and polarization are introduced and the resulting PSD's are calculated and compared. In another experiment, the min/max scatter angles (or conversely the min/max PSD spatial frequencies) are matched to those of a total integrated scatter (TIS) system. Integration over the light scatter data and the PSD allows direct comparison to the TIS and effective rms roughness obtained by the TIS system.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.


In recent years, traditional and complementary medicine has received a great interest from the public; however, the provided legal support to this field and the legal evolution and progress have not been aligned with its increasing popularity. We have experienced a ban on the practice of traditional medicine several times. Some branches of complementary medicine have also faced similar problems. In the last decade, due to the development and launch of WHO traditional medicine strategy, there has been a more positive environment for continuing the practice of traditional medicine in Iran. All these fluctuations intensify the necessity of raising fundamental legal issues in this area. This article aims to explain the main legal issues and challenges raised to the current order prevailing in Iran. The research method is documentary study based on legal analysis. The findings of this study have recognized four major challenges: rejection or acceptance of public order and Good morals, dual interpretation of the right to health, lack of coding for all aspects of indigenous knowledge of traditional and complementary medicine, and finally, the weakness of trade unions identity. Special attention to addressing the four challenges, has been considered by almost other authors. The first two challenges are intellectual and theoretical, and the third and fourth ones are practical. The contribution of this branch of medicine to providing people access to medical services and right to health has to be considered. The issue of expanding accessibility and diversity of medical services is more consistent with the idea of right to health, because expanding some branches such as traditional and complementary medicine will automatically lead to more access to medical services and fosters their diversity. Then, the question of service quality arises. Concerning quality assurance, better participation of traditional medicine experts in monitoring boards and taking advantage of integrated supervision model may help to mitigate the existing problems. 1. Associate Professor, Institute for Research & Planning in Higher Education, Tehran, Iran. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Original Article Received: 8 May 2016 Accepted: 23 September 2016 D ow nl oa de d fr om ij m ed ic al la w .ir a t 2 :0 5 + 03 30 o n T ue sd ay D ec em be r 11 th 2 01 8 101 یكشزپ قوقح همانلصف / یس هرامش ،مهد لاس ناتسمز ،مهنو 5931


@cleverdevil If you're going to do a tweetstorm, then you should do it so that you still own all of the content at the end.


1. INTRODUCTION The study of information systems in a university environment contains a complex combination of technical, business, organization, and interpersonal skill requirements. A process for demonstrating success in building those skill sets has been pursued as educators respond to calls from professional organizations, accrediting agencies, legislators, and others to demonstrate accountability. In addition, our quest for assurance of learning and continuous improvement requires benchmarks, data collection and analysis, and feedback that can highlight demonstrated competencies, actions that should be taken, and the consequences of actions taken. Explicitly setting goals and objectives relating to soft skills in our strategic planning, curriculum development, and pedagogy is important. Some of the institutions involved in identifying competencies, establishing standards, providing guidance and developing assessment tests include the Association for Computing Machinery(ACM), Association of Information Technology Professionals(AITP), the Association for Information Systems(AIS), the American Accounting Association(AAA), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants(AICPA), the International Federation of Accountants(IFAC), and the American Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business(AACSB), to name a few. Assessment plans, strategies, tools, tests and programs are being developed to generate data for assessing learning outcomes. Examinations, case studies, internship observations, projects and work portfolios are some of the many methods available for assessing student knowledge, skills, and capabilities. In this paper, the authors first review relevant literature relating to soft skills and educational assessment issues, including the assessment concerns and academic requirements of the Assurance of Learning Standards emphasized by the AACSB and guidance provided by various professional organizations and individuals in designing and implementing assessment. Subsequent sections provide a proposed model for assurance of learning and examples of university, college, and programmatic activities relating to assessment. 2. RELATED LITERATURE: SOFT SKILLS Reports from various professional organizations and individuals have examined the changing demands of accounting and information technology professionals (AECC, 1990; Albrecht & Sack, 2000; AAA, 1998; AICPA, 1998; Arthur Andersen & Co., 1989; Cheney, Hale, and Kasper, 1990; Gallivan, Truex, Kyasn, 2004; IMA, 1999; Lee, Trauth, Farewell, 1995; Misic 1996; Robert Half Intl, Inc, 2006; Segars & Hendrickson, 2000; Todd, McKeen & Gallupe, 1995; Wade & Parent, 2001/2002; Wynekoop & Walz, 2000). Increased emphasis on "soft skills" or non-technical skills was a consistent conclusion from our review of the literature. Gallivan et al.,(2004) identified the six most common non-technical skills mentioned in employment advertisements as 1) communication, 2) interpersonal, 3) leadership, 4) organization, 5) self-motivation, and 6) creativity. Of the total skills mentioned in online job advertisements, non-technical skills represented 26 percent. Future employees will need to be "flexible-to fit where they're needed, rise to new levels of expectation and transition into areas in which they can contribute and continue to learn. They will interact with individuals at all levels of an organization and, therefore, work with and motivate people who have a variety of professional strengths, skills, and areas of interest. Leadership abilities, team-player skills, and project-management expertise will be essential. . . .written and verbal communication ability, professional poise and strengths in motivating, working with and leading others will gain new importance. . . interpersonal skills and the ability to conceptualize solutions and explain them to clients and employers are extremely important"(Robert Half Intl. …


i t . ~, which the central limit theorem (CLT) can be applied to the sums ~ J: o Y ~ . There arises at once the problem of finding ~t--o the terms in which these conditions must be expressed. The most attractive would be a "coordinate-free" variant of such conditions, i.e., a variant when all objects, occurring in formulation of CLT, are constructed in terms of f and T in a canonical manner. Presently, the author is not aware of such formulations (if we do not consider versions clause to tautologies, which, for example, can be obtained by imposing appropriate conditions on the moments of the sequence {~ o T~, ~/~ ~ }). It is unlikely that the problem would be essentially easier if we would restrict ourselves only to automorphisms T that are isomorphic, let us say, to the Bernoulli shifts, without assuming that an isomorphism of this kind is fixed. By virtue of this, presently, for the creation of circumstances in which one could formulate some variant of a CLT it is necessary to fix beforehand some variant of a complementary structure. The most prevalent form of such a structure is some distinguished family of a-algebras, contained in ~. Exactly in terms of such families one defines properties as the Markov property, various intermixing variants, the martingale property. Moreover, as a rule, limit theorems for individual classes of smooth dynamical systems are proved by the construction of special (Markov) partitions, possessing definite intermixing properties, with the subsequent application of already purely probabilistic results [1]. The desire to shorten this sufficiently tedious path and to avoid the use of such noncanonical objects as Markov partitions, has been the motivation for attempting the search of an alternate approach, reflected in this paper. It should be remarked that, although the e-algebras are the most commonly used complementary structures applied in connection with the CLT, one should not omit to mention the situation when f~ has the structure of a group or of a homogeneous space, which gives the possibility to use harmonic analysis. For the case when f/ is a compact Abelian group, while T is its ergodic automorphism (or even a surjective endomorphism), very general results have been obtained in its time in [2] exactly along this path. In this paper we attempt to apply to the topic of limit theorems complementary structures of another type, the so-called homoclinic structures. If (X, d) is a metric space, o: X --, X is a continuous mapping, x is a fixed point o f p (p(x) = x), then y E X is called a homoclinic point for x if on(y) ---x for [ n I ~ ~ (a more traditional definition, going back to Poincar6, refers to a smooth situation and requires the hyperbolicity of the fixed point x; in this case by the homoclinic points for x one means the points of intersection, other than x, of the stable and unstable layers, passing through x). If on X there is given also a probability measure, invariant relative to p, then in many cases the fixed and homoclinic points are concentrated on a set of measure zero and do not present interest from the point of view of ergodic or probability theory. Much more appropriate for investigation by the methods of these disciplines is the following object, to be called, naturally, homoclinic partition.


Linguistic anthropologists have studied emotion in societies around the world for several decades. This article defines the discipline, introduces its general relevance to emotion theory, then presents five of the most important contributions linguistic anthropology has made to the study of emotion.


The Lufeng Sag and Huizhou Sag, both located in the Zhu-1 Depression, have similar geographical locations, but their reservoir characteristics in the Paleogene Wenchang Formation show obvious differences. Primary intergranular pores are mainly developed in the Lufeng Sag. However, secondary pores are the main reservoir space in the Huizhou depression. Overall, the reservoir properties of the Lufeng Sag are better than those of the Huizhou Sag. To analyse the differences between the Paleogene reservoirs in these two areas, this study mainly uses assay data, such as rock thin sections, scanning electron microscope images, drilling, and logging, to analyse the differential development mechanisms of high-quality reservoirs, and two types of reservoir development models were concluded. The results show that the anti-compaction primary porosity preservation mode is mainly developed in the Lufeng Sag. High compositional maturity quartz sandstone is the congenital condition of primary porosity development. The top and bottom calcareous cementation formed of the large set of thick sand bodies increases the rock's anti-compaction ability. The early shallow burial slows down the compaction action of overlying strata. Under the low geothermal temperature, it can delay the time for deep reservoirs to enter the middle diagenetic stage. The reservoirs in the Huizhou Sag are developed with the secondary dissolution pore development model. The Wenchang Formation reservoir in the Huizhou Sag has a large area of contact with source rocks, and organic acids can migrate to sandstone reservoirs for dissolution. Additionally, the secondary dissolution pores are more developed because the Wenchang Formation reservoirs in the Huizhou Sag contain more easily dissolved substances.


Cardiolipin is one of the main phospholipid components of Staphylococcus aureus membranes. This lipid is found at varying concentrations in the bilayer, depending on the growth stage of the bacteria, and as a response to environmental stress. Cardiolipin is an anionic phospholipid with four acyl chains, which modulates the bending properties of the membrane due to its inverted conical shape. It has been shown to inhibit the pore forming activity of several antimicrobial peptides, in general doubling the peptide concentration needed to induce leakage. Here we find that the short snake-derived antimicrobial peptide ATRA-1 is inhibited by several orders of magnitude in the presence of cardiolipin in saturated membranes (DMPG) compared to the human cathelicidin LL-37, which is only inhibited two-fold in its leakage-inducing concentration. The ATRA-1 is too short to span the membrane and its leakage activity is likely related to detergent-like alterations of bilayer structure. Fluorescence spectroscopy shows only a minor effect on ATRA-1 binding to DMPG membranes due to the presence of cardiolipin. However, FTIR spectroscopy shows that the acyl chain structure of DMPG membranes, containing cardiolipin, become more organized in the presence of ATRA-1, as reflected by an increase in the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature. Instead, a depression in the melting temperature is induced by ATRA-1 in DMPG in the absence of cardiolipin. In comparison, LL-37 induces a depression of the main phase transition of DMPG even in the presence of cardiolipin. These data suggest that cardiolipin inhibits the penetration of ATRA-1 into the membrane core, impeding its capacity to disrupt lipid packing.


1Student. ME Power Electronics & Drives, VPMM Engineering College for Women, Tamilnadu, India 2Asst Professor, Dept. of Power Electronics & Drives, VPMM Engineering College for Women, Tamilnadu, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract The PFC converters have been used for AC-DC converters and switched-mode power supplies according to demand on lowering current harmonics. This paper proposes the development of a new buck cascaded buckboost power factor correction (PFC) converter of with a softswitching technique. For its wide range of input voltage, it operates in both buck and boost modes. The parameters are properly selected to endure voltage and current stress in all operating ranges. In addition, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter is used to reduce the EMI noise and guarantee continuous input current in buck operation. Unlike the conventional methods, a mode detector is not required and consequently there is no hard transition between buck and boost modes. Although both converter switches are controlled, only one feedback control loop is required to obtain the desired power flow at a unity power factor. The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, simulation, and experimental results of a 1.6 kW prototype grid connected converter are presented. The results confirmed the validity of the proposed system under various operating conditions.it outperforms well compared to other conventional methods


: The investigation was carried ou t to determine the characteristic portion of energy demands measured during HI-LO and STEP aerobics classes, and also to establish any possible differences between these two aerobic dance programmes by monitoring the same parameters. T we nt y -t hr ee f em al e stud ents, a g ed 1 8- 20 y ea rs , experienced aerobic dancers, participated in both the HI-LO and STEP aerobics sessions, The heart rate (average HR per session) and lactic acid co nce nt rat ion values were measured during both classes. The obtained average values of the heart rate and b lo od lactate offered no evidence of differences between the HI-LO and STEP aerobics programmes in the observed parameters. Nevertheless, the results revealed a relative disproportion in the values of these two parameters, characterised by the relatively higher heart rate values than expected in relation to the blood lactate concentration values. This can be ex plai ned , as has been done in some previous research studies, by the exerted influence of the disturbed body hemodynamic balance (caused by the extensive overhead arm motions) and by emotional excitement. The results of the present research suggest the conclusion that both the HI-LO and STEP aerobics programmes were energetically equally demanding. Therefore, it participants should choose individually the programme they to be engaged in just to their preferences, Further investigations are needed to determine any possible (anthropological) predictive values of load intensity of the respective aerobic programmes,


AbstractThe use of radioactive seed localization (RSL) as an alternative to wire localizations (WL) for nonpalpable breast lesions is rapidly gaining acceptance because of its advantages for both the patient and the surgical staff. This paper examines the initial experience with over 1,200 patients seen at a comprehensive cancer center. Radiation safety procedures for radiology, surgery, and pathology were implemented, and radioactive material inventory control was maintained using an intranet-based program. Surgical probes allowed for discrimination between 125I seed photon energies from 99mTc administered for sentinel node testing. A total of 1,127 patients (median age of 57.2 y) underwent RSL procedures with 1,223 seeds implanted. Implanted seed depth ranged from 10.3–107.8 mm. The median length of time from RSL implant to surgical excision was 2 d. The median 125I activity at time of implant was 3.1 MBq (1.9 to 4.6). The median dose rate from patients with a single seed was 9.5 &mgr;Sv h−1 and 0.5 &mgr;Sv h−1 at contact and 1 m, respectively. The maximum contact dose rate was 187 &mgr;Sv h−1 from a superficially placed seed. RSL performed greater than 1 d before surgery is a viable alternative to WL, allowing flexibility in scheduling, minimizing day of surgery procedures, and improving workflow in breast imaging and surgery. RSL has been shown to be a safe and effective procedure for preoperative localization under mammographic and ultrasound guidance, which can be managed with the use of customized radiation protection controls.


A, scale analysis in time and space of the significant wave height (H,) based on stationarity and correlation analysis is presented. A sea-state is defined as a state of a piecewise stationary stochastic random wave process and is characterized by its duration (or length) and its energy. A metlhod to identify the stationary components of the wave process is to consider the changes in H,. Intensive (20 min.) in situ H, measurements and altimetric data from Geosat are used to study respectively the temporal and spatial H, scales. The analysis of the stationary sea-state sequences give the following results; duration and length are distributed according to exponential laws (with consequently a very large dispersion) and are independent of the energy level. The distribution of H, does not depend on the duration or length of the sea-state. Spectral analysis shows that the detection of stationary states can be used to filter the H, measurements in view of calibration/validation of vvave sensors. It shows also that the energy cascade at subsynoptic scales is identical in the time and space domains.


The primary objective of this paper is to present the initial steps towards an alternate control strategy for the well known vehicle steering problem. We begin by introducing the reasoning of a nonlinear four degrees of freedom dynamic model for a ground vehicle. Together, some simulations to validate the model are presented, reflecting the good decisions made during the modeling process. Once the model has been secured, an alternate control strategy based on feedback linearization of state variables is introduced. This step consists of theoretical development and stability analisys, seeking the validation of the controller designed. Once it has been proved efficient, some of the results attained can be then presented, and shall illustrate the true potentiality of such approach. Closing this first description presented here, conclusions and future work ideas are enlisted, giving a better notion of the hole development work yet to be done.


The outer boundaries of the growing colonies of bacteria or growing skin tissues or even single eukaryotic cells develop finger-like structures. These structures help bacterial colonies in infecting the virgin tissues in a shorter time. Fingers on single-cells assist them in achieving motility to survive. Understanding the fingers on these systems is thus necessary to understand their evolution. But, these are complex to solve. In this thesis, we use simple fluid mechanical concepts to develop mathematical models for such biological systems and find the conditions under which they form fingers on their boundaries.


ObjectiveTo summarize the literature on the available pharmacotherapy for insomnia and the adverse cognitive effects of those options in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). DesignOvid/MEDLINE databases were searched by using the following key words: "brain injury," "sleep initiation and maintenance disorders," "hypnotics and sedatives," "benzodiazepines," "trazodone," and "neuronal plasticity." ResultsThe reviewed literature consistently reported that benzodiazepines and atypical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists result in cognitive impairment when plasma levels are at their peak. Evidence of residual effects on cognition was reported for benzodiazepines but was seen less often in atypical GABA agonists. However, evidence has also been presented that GABA agonists have adverse effects on neuroplasticity, raising concerns about their use in patients recovering from TBI. ConclusionsUse of benzodiazepines in TBI has been discouraged and some authors also advocate caution in prescribingatypical GABA agonists. Alternate treatments including trazodone and a newer class of agents, melatonin agonists, are highlighted, along with the limited data available addressing the use of these medications in TBI. Finally, suggestions are offered for further research, especially on topic related to neural plasticity and functional recovery.


Thinking critically is one of the abilities students must have in learning Arabic. Live worksheet acts as a learning tool that can be used to practice making materials and worksheets in elementary schools that have never used live worksheets. So far, teachers have only used case study questions to measure critical thinking skills with no optimal results. This study aims to: (1) produce materials and online Interactive LKS in Arabic lessons at Senior High Schools based on Liveworksheets following the PIE model; (2) know the validity, practicality, and effectiveness; (3) find out the results of the identification of students' critical thinking skills in Arabic subject matter. This type of research is Research & Development (R&D), which uses the PIE development model. The research instruments used were interview sheets, validation sheets, critical thinking ability test instruments, observation sheets, and student response questionnaires. The results of the study show that: (1) The developed application fits the PIE development model because it has systematic and practical stages in developing interactive material and worksheets; (2) The application meets very valid criteria with an average percentage of 97.45% (media aspect) and 97.64% (material aspect), practical with an average percentage of 78.33%, and is quite effective with an average percentage the average percentage is 53.85% which is caused by the achievement of the competence of students who have not been maximized; and (3) students' critical thinking skills are classified as low on the topic of live worksheet application development with an average percentage of 21%. The developed application can be used to support learning Arabic.


In order to solve the problem that the speed of classical median filter was slow,this paper proposed a specific processor based on Transport Triggered Architecture,which substantially improved the speed of median filtering process.Compared with the general purpose processors,this processor introduced two dimension addressing mode accessing to the data memory in its data storage unit.It reduced the use of addition and multiplication instruction in addressing data memory hereby increasing the data addressing speed.A special sorting function unit is proposed in this processor,which can decrease the loadage demand of compare jump instruction in sorting algorithm.The simulation and verification results show that this processor has greatly improved the efficiency of medium filter processing compared with the traditional general-purpose processor used RISC architecture.


Safe water and sanitary disposal o f waste are central to good housing, living and health conditions (WB-UNDP 1993, 1998, UNCHS 1998, GOK-UNDP 1999). Together with other infrastructure services they enhance urban livelihood and are a lubricant to development to the extent that absence of the same curtails development. This study therefore seeks to examine the impacts o f uncontrolled developments on water and sanitation services in Riruta with a view to suggesting approaches to make it a satisfactory urban development area. The study stepped down this goal to specific tasks or objectives namely: to examine the causes of uncontrolled developments in Riruta, to examine the impacts of uncontrolled developments on the water and sanitation standards, to evaluate the existing water and sanitation standards against public health standards and environment quality standards and finally to suggest approaches necessary to improve the water and sanitation standards in order to make it a satisfactory urban development area. The study formulated hypotheses that, uncontrolled developments reduces the water and sanitation standards in Riruta and further that existing water and sanitation standards reduces the standards o f public health and environment quality. Primary and secondary data were obtained to help fulfill the objectives o f the study. Secondary data was obtained from books, journals, working papers of Ministry o f Water Development, World Bank and United Nations Environment Program and unpublished theses from graduate students of the University of Nairobi. Other secondary data was obtained from the Internet. This data introduced the researcher to the issues of urbanization, water and sanitation service worldwide.


While I have a list of some 40-odd people of whom I wanted to ask to identify their favorite paper, I thought it was appropriate to let someone else have a crack at picking these people. The next and future columns will be edited by Ken Ross, who has appeared before in this column. I look forward to the contributions that he elicits, and I thank all those who contributed to this column during my tenure as editor.


Objective
To investigate the effects of butylphthalide(NBP) on cognitive function and Nrf2 / SIRT3 signal pathway in vascular dementia (VD) mice.

Methods
Wild-type mice (Nrf2+ /+ ) were divided into sham group, model group (VD group), butylphthalide treatment group (Nrf2+ /+ NBP group), and Nrf2 gene knockout mice (Nrf2-/-) were divided into Nrf2-/-model group (Nrf2-/-VD group) and Nrf2-/-treatment group (Nrf2-/-NBP group). Both the model group and the treatment group were repeated.The bilateral common carotid arteries were ligated three times to establish a mouse model of cognitive dysfunction caused by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.The sham group only isolated the bilateral common carotid arteries and threaded the wires, but did not block blood flow.Morris water maze experiment was used to analyze the cognitive function of mice.HE staining was used to observe the changes of neuron morphology and structure in CA1 region of hippocampus, and immunohistochemical analysis was used to analyze the positive expression of caspase 3 and caspase 9 in mouse CA1 region of hippocampus.Western blot was used to detect mouse hippocampus Nrf2, p62, LC3, SIRT3 protein expression.

Results
(1) In Morris water maze experiment: compared with VD group, the escape latency of Sham group and Nrf2+ /+ NBP group was significantly shorter on the 5th day ((20.69±8.91) s, (7.58±9.47)s, (8.41±12.20)s; q=3.58, 5.07, both P 0.05). (2) Pathological results showed that, compared with VD group, the damage of pyramidal neurons in CA1 area of hippocampus in Sham group and Nrf2+ /+ NBP group was lighter, and that in Nrf2-/- VD group was more serious, and the improvement of neuron morphology was not obvious after NBP treatment.(3) The expression of apoptosis: compared with VD group, the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in the CA1 area of hippocampus in Sham group and Nrf2+ /+ NBP group were significantly lower, and those in Nrf2-/-VD group were significantly higher (t=3.48, 2.95, 3.46, 2.93, -2.99, -3.77, all P 0.05). (4) Expression of related proteins: compared with VD group, Nrf2, SIRT3, p62 protein expression increased, LC3II/I ratio decreased in Nrf2+ /+ NBP group(t=-3.24, -4.04, -4.03, 3.62, all P<0.01); Nrf2, LC3II/ I ratio decreased, SIRT3, p62 protein expression increased in Sham group(t=3.44, 4.72, -3.52, -4.19, all P<0.01); Nrf2, SIRT3, p62 protein expression decreased and LC3II/I ratio increased in Nrf2-/-VD group(t=9.14, 4.20, 4.30, -3.78, all P<0.01); Compared with Nrf2-/- NBP, the expression of Nrf2, SIRT3, p62 decreased, and LC3II/I ratio increased in Nrf2-/-VD group(t=2.40, 3.24, 1.21, -1.16, all P<0.01). The expression of Nrf2, SIRT3, p62 protein in Nrf2+ /+ NBP group increased, and the ratio of LC3II/ I decreased (t=-3.29, -5.00, 6.24, all P<0.01).

Conclusion
Butylphthalide can reduce the apoptotic damage in hippocampus of VD mice and improve cognitive dysfunction caused by repeated ischemia-reperfusion injury.Regulating Nrf2 / SIRT3 pathway to inhibit hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and autophagy may be its role mechanism.

Key words:
Butylphthalide(NBP); Vascular dementia; Nrf2; SIRT3; Apoptosis autophagy


This work describes high frequency EMI interference problems in linear power systems, in particular in a low frequency power amplifier. A complete industrial prototype with special shielding and filtering has been designed and mounted, where several techniques to suppress conducted EMI interference have been included, showing an excellent performance in suppression of these kinds of interference. The importance of the classical, not regulated, power supply in the interference propagation problem is described in this paper.


The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the influence of local residents' cultural heritage attitudes on social capital and participation activities, and on the value recognition of local cultural heritage. Cultural heritage attitudes were set as independent variables, social capital and participation activities as parameters, and cultural heritage value recognition as dependent variables, and a structural model was designed using these variables. In addition, a survey was conducted on 300 residents of Busan Metropolitan City. As a result, the cultural heritage attitude had a positive effect on the cultural heritage value recognition, and also had a positive effect on it through mediating social capital and participation activities.


Several geoscientists have concluded that some terrains have no water by simply taken very high resistivity layers in the subsurface as a dry zone in areas with sandstone aquifer. However, this present work intends at ascertaining the reasons high resistivity sedimentary areas give high yield aquifer. Eighteen rock samples from aquifers that underlie the study area were obtained. Petrographic study was done on eleven sandstone samples, two igneous, three gneiss and two schist collected from the boreholes. The maturity indexes of the sandstones were computed. Vertical Electrical Sounding was conducted at each point to determine the subsurface resistivity and the wells were drilled to depths at which aquifers were encountered. The aquifer depths were correlated with the VES and petrographic results. The results of the petrographic showed that the sandstones are arenite and wacke sandstone aquifers. The VES result showed that arenite aquifers gave high resistivity, ranged from 5900Ωm to 15000Ωm signature while wacke gave low resistivity signature, ranged from, 37Ωm to 80Ωm and both gave good water yield at these depths. This study has shown that arenites are second cycle sediments that have high percentage of quartz mineral while wackes are rich in feldspar than arenites. Weathered feldspar Original Research Article Isaac and Samuel; SARJNP, 4(2): 1-10, 2021; Article no.SARJNP.66284 2 isgood conductor of electricity in the presence of fresh water, which is the reason for their low resistivity value while quartz has high resistivity that makes arenite aquifers to give high resistance.


Being a member of a socially devalued group (e.g., women, ethnic minorities) threatens social identity, leading people to lower their investment in performance domains that determine societal status (e.g., education, career success). The experiments discussed in this dissertation show that offering devalued group members information that affirms their social identity improves their motivation in status-defining domains. Firstly, it was shown that contexts that express value for positive characteristics of devalued groups motivate group members towards higher achievement on status-defining dimensions. Secondly, this motivational effect of social identity affirmation held up even in threatening intergroup contexts in which high status outgroup members were present. When outgroup members acknowledged positive characteristics of the devalued group, devalued group members became focused on approaching success rather than avoiding failure. Thirdly, the beneficial effects of social identity affirmation compared to self-affirmation were revealed: Whereas self-affirmation led devalued group members to be concerned with their individual outcomes, affirming group identity challenged group members to pursue collective action. The findings underline the importance of positive group identity and intergroup respect for status-improvement of low status groups. Implications of the results for the integration of ethnic minorities and the participation of women in the work force are discussed.


The results from a study of a glass in which a hole appeared due to the effect of ball lightning are presented. The nature of damage inflicted to the glass and to the disk that fell out from the hole can be explained as follows. These damages could occur as a result of rapid heating of the glass on the side opposite to that on which the lightning was, followed by rapid cooling of the glass. No signs of radioactivity were found in the glasses. The elemental composition of different parts of the glass surface was studied using an X ray spectrometer. The content of oxygen, silicon, sodium, magnesium, potassium, and calcium, which are the main elements used in the glass composition, was found to be the same for the check sample and for both sides of the disk. However, an analysis of the disk edge the stress on which reached the glass strength limit showed that the glass surface in this location contained a factor of 2 less silicon and a factor of 1.4 more oxygen.


FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: method involves biosynthesis of penta-N-acetylchitopentaose in vivo from N-acetylglucosamine precursor in the high-density bacterial culture Escherichia coli DH5α with the use of recombinant enzyme of N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase Mesorhizobium loti 1803 expressed in cells of said bacteria. The biosynthesis in vivo is enabled by recovery, cloning and expression in Escherichia coli DH5αa of the gene NodC Mesorhizobium loti 1803 coding N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase; the gene NodC is amplified with the use of specific primers and Pfu-polymerase; a matrix for amplification of the gene NodC is presented by DNA recovered from the strain Mesorhizobium loti 1803 deposited in the collection of All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology; it results in preparing an amplification product sized 1300 base pairs; the amplified gene NodC Mesorhizobium loti 1803 (NodC) is cloned in the vector pUC19 in sites BamH EcoRl with preserving a reading frame so that to produce the plasmid pUC19-NodC that is used for expression of the gene NodC in the bacteria Escherichia coli DH5α; N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase (NodC) is expressed in the strain Escherichia coli DH5a after induction by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside in cultivation of the bacteria Escherichia coli DH5α bearing the plasmid pUC19-NodC with the built-in gene NodC Mesorhizobium loti 1803; neHTa-N-acetylpentachitopentaose is synthesised in the presence of the N-acetylglucosamine precursor; the amount of neHTa-N-acetylpentachitopentaose synthesised by the enzyme N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase Mesorhizobium loti 1803 makes about 0.1-0.5 gram per one litre of the bacterial culture; the synthesised substance is analysed by mass spectrometry to prove that the synthesised substance is penta-N-acetylchitopentaose. EFFECT: technique improvement. 5 dwg, 2 ex


Objective:To investigate a new chromatiographic method for the resolution of enantiomers of ketamine. Methods:The resolution of racemic chiral medicine was carried out by HPLC with two-phases composite scrimina- tion of chiral stationary phase and chiral mobile phase.The resolution mechanism of two-phases discrimination was discussed based on the thermodynamic parameters obtained.Results:γ-amino-propyl-silica gel coated with 15%(mass fraction)of cellulose triphenylcarbamate as stationary phase and hexane-isopropanol (90:10)solution containing 0.50 mol·L~(-1) N-benzyloxycarbonyl-S-phenyl-L-cysteine(BPC)as mobile phase,the chromatio- graphic method with the flow rate of 1.0 mL min~(-1)and UV-detection at 254 nm gave a selectivity factor of 1.21 and a resolution of 1.57 of enantiomers of ketamine.Conclusion:The discrimination of CTPC to ketamine enanti- omers is apparently improved by the subsidiary discrimination of BPC.


In recent years, we have seen increased interest in applyingmachine learning to system problems. For example, there has been work on applying machine learning to improve query optimization, indexing, storage layouts, scheduling, log-structured merge trees, sorting, compression, and sketches, among many other data management tasks. Arguably, the ideas behind these techniques are similar: machine learning is used to model the data and/or workload in order to derive a more efficient algorithm or data structure. Ultimately, these techniques will allow us to build "instance-optimized" systems: that is, systems that self-adjust to a given workload and data distribution to provide unprecedented performance without the need for tuning by an administrator. While many of these techniques promise orders-of-magnitude better performance in lab settings, there is still general skepticism about how practical the current techniques really are. The following is intended as a progress report on ML for Systems and its readiness for real-world deployments, with a focus on our projects done as part of the Data Systems and AI Lab (DSAIL) at MIT. By no means is it a comprehensive overview of all existing work, which has been steadily growing over the past several years not only in the database community but also in the systems, networking, theory, PL, and many other adjacent communities. PVLDB Reference Format: Tim Kraska. Towards instance-optimized data systems. PVLDB, 14(12):


The advantages of Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) model and design methodology are being utilized by industry/institutions for any software design and implementation. The future of RDBMS certainly will be the Graph Databases with NoSql methodologies, which is emerging as beyond of relational model. In this paper, there is a need to highlight all the databases evolved after RDBMS. They couldn't stay in market for so long period and survey has been made to highlight those databases after RDBMS. Relational Database Management System has certain advantages like (i) Storing in Tables, Column and Rows (ii) Data Storing in Normal Form (iii) Easy to use via SQL to retrieve information via complex join operators (iv) Maintainability via Reverse Engineering (v) Indexing and quick search. Due to these inherent features of RDBMS and SQL, it is necessary to explore and compare RDBMS with NoSQL methods to avoid complex join operation. Recently, numerous software industries and research institutions are trying their old RDBMS system to be re-engineered into some other architecture via nodes, edges and relationships where different type of information can be stored easily. So, it is a big challenges for any industry and institutions how quickly they can re-engineer their old RDBMS into Graph Databases which is also called now-a-days the future of databases. In this project, it is highlighted that the importance of the re-engineering work lies in three different directions such as (i) Comparison of RDBMS with GDBMS (Graph Database Management System) where face book, twitter, Amazon, Google are adopting (ii) Survey work of Graph Databases and (iii) Graph Database Models have increasingly become a topic of interest. The representation of data in the form of a graph lends itself well to structure a data with a schema. No standard system of query languages yet had been found to have been unique and stable for graph databases. Research and industry adoptions will determine the future direction of graph databases.(iv) Beyond RDBMS artifacts were established by industry and academics. It feeds a series of recycling collectives trying to eke out an existence of positive incentives and principles.


Abstract There is a rapid transformation happening in the corporate world where high end technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotic process automation, internet-of-things and big data analytics is being used to increase the proficiency and reduce the dependency on human interventions. The pandemic has also enforced the usage of automated systems in business functions. In the domain of human resource management (HRM), human resource analytics (HRA) is being extensively used to make unbiased and precise decisions using data analysis. However, this phenomenon is new and not much research work has been done on this topic. Our research work does a literature review and synthesis of the research work done in this domain to synthesize the findings of prior research, identify the constructs and variables used, find the research gaps and create a guide map for future research studies. For our research work, we have accessed research articles that are indexed in Scopus and analyzed the same using the VOS viewer software. Our research work will help the future research scholars to focus on specific areas of HRA that needs attention and exhaustive study to address issues that are creating challenges in the adoption of HRA in human resource department.


After falling out of favour during the 1990s, advisory expert systems and their underlying artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are now being used increasingly in organizational decision making activities – particularly, data mining. In this paper, an expert system designed for greyhound race tipping specifically (and investment advice more generally) is described. Our system is distinguished from others in two ways: i) the use of an abstracted schema allows ready extension to other investment domains; and ii) emphasis is placed on reducing complexity where possible – hence, the 'not so expert' system. Early indications are that the forecasts produced by our system compare favourably with those of both human experts and previous, relevant decision support systems (DSS). In: Proceedings Of The 4th IASTED International Conference on Computational Intelligence held 17-19 August 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA


While the Pacific island of Guahan/Guam is best known as a vacation resort, in fact much of the island has been taken to house US military bases and other facilities. Over 400 years of military colonialism has devalorized the local CHamoru culture, making it virtually invisible not only for those outside of Guahan/Guam but also for many CHamoru people themselves. This article reflects on the implications of this history for CHamoru female and male bodies and lived lives. Using an intersectional approach, the article seeks to better understand the complexities underlying local attitudes toward the US military presence, including a proposed military build-up.


Battig and Brackett (Comparison of anticipation and recall methods in paired-associate learning. Psychol. Re$., 1961, 9, 59-65) noted a confounding of learning and performance in the anticipation method of paired-associate learning that is absent in the recall method and, furthermore, provided evidence for the superiority of recall by college Ss. This study compared learning by anticipation and recall for geriatric Ss. Earlier studies, all with the anticipation method, have demonstrated extremely slow paired-associate learning in aged Ss. The slow learning results largely from a pronounced failure to respond during the ancicipation interval, possibly representing, in part, the confounding mentioned above. Perhaps the recall method, with its separation of learning and performance, will facilitate acquisition in geriatric populations. Ss were 26 geriatric N P patients at the VAH, Knoxville, Iowa, divided into two groups, AM and RM, matched in age (Ms = 68.7 and 66.9) and years of education (Ms = 8.8 and 9.0). A 6-pair list was presented on a memory drum, and S self-paced his performance. Three pairs were high and three low in initial associative strength (Minnesota norms). The mixed list was used to test a possible Method X Difficulty interaction. Each S received 12 trials or practiced to a criterion of two perfect trials, whichever came first. The two methods followed those of Battig and Brackett. High associative pairs were learned quickly by most Ss, with very few errors occurring in both groups. Moreover, learning on low associative pairs was confined largely to the first six trials. Consequently, the analysis was limited to low associative pairs and Trials 1-6. Trials were divided into two blocks of three trials each, with errors per block as the criterion score. For ancicipation, M and SD were 6.62 and 1.50 on Block 1 and 4.85 and 2.35 on Block 2. For recall, M and SD were 6.38 and 2.06 on Block 1 and 3.00 and 2.77 on Block 2. The Method main effect was not significant (F = 1.59, 1/24), bur the Method X Blocks interaction was (F = 8.57, 1/24, P < .01). Thus recall appeared to facilitate acquisition for low associative pairs despite the brevity of the list. It is conceivable that recall represents a more sensitive method than anticipation for investigating parameters of paired-associate learning in aged N P populations.


A five phase non surgical-antimicrobial program has been developed for treating early ( Case Type II) and moderate (Case Type III) chronic adult periodontitis. The non surgical-antimicrobial program consists of the following phases: 1. Case analysis. 2. Patient education. 3. Infection control. a. Professional treatment. b. Personal treatment. 4. Re-evaluation. 5. Maintenance. In the short time allowed for this presentation. The antimicrobial portion of Phase 3 will be emphasized. The goals for this form of therapy are two fold: 1. To reduce the critical mass of bacteria and their by-products to a level compatible with periodontal health. 2. To maintain this level of health for an extended period of time (measured in years) . Many studies have shown that the complete removal of subgingival plaque and calculus is impossible utilizing the instrumentation that is available today. Yet, every effort must be made to eliminate as much of this critical mass as possible and supplement this therapy with antimicrobial applications to further enhance the reduction of the critical mass of bacteria and their noxious by-products. Therefore, the Infection Control Phase consists of two steps: 1. Professional intervention, in the dental office by the doctor. 2. Personal interventions, at, home, by the patient. Professional intervention involves the removal of root accretions by scaling, the removal of the toxic layer of cementum by root planing, polishing the root surface and the subgingival application of antimicrobials that will enhance the further reduction of the bacterial mass and their by-products. Antimicrobials can be categorized as first generation or second generation antimicrobials. First generation antimicrobials do not have substantivity, while second generation antimicrobials exhibit this very important property. This presentation will cover the various antimicrobials that are currently being used and methods of delivery of these in the treatment of Case Type II and Case Type III chronic adult periodontitis.


Fukazawa Yukichi was one of representatives of Asian modern aggression thoughts.He designed the Japan Strategy and Departure from Asia for Europe for Japanese government to conquer China and seek hegemony in Asia,which greatly affected Japanese of aggression and expansion.From 1880s to the Sino-Japanese War around,he wantonly without restraint created aggressive opinions,sought the excuse of war,beautified the aggressive war,out for the war and belted which made him the initiator and practitioner of Sino-Japanese War.


Moving soil during earthworks at a construction site requires its accounting and control. For this, expensive geodetic methods are widely used, while accounting and control must be performed with high accuracy and frequency. In practice, the use of terrestrial stereophotogrammetric survey can provide a high frequency and accuracy of the results obtained. The traditional stereophotogrammetric survey at this stage undergoes significant changes with the introduction of digital technologies, which allow it to be used more widely. It is proposed to use non-metric digital cameras when performing terrestrial stereophotogrammetric surveys, which will let to reduce the cost of performing the measurement works, as well as to increase the efficiency of field works. The main indicator of the possibility of using the non-metric digital cameras is their resolution, which allows ensuring the accuracy of definitions and acceptable parameters for their calibration.


This paper presents a new multiattribute decision making method based on intuitionistic fuzzy values. First, we briefly review the concepts of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets and the Karnik-Mendel algorithms. Then, we propose the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted average operator, based on the traditional weighted average method and the Karnik-Mendel algorithms. Then, we propose a fuzzy ranking method for intuitionistic fuzzy values based on likelihood-based comparison relations between intervals. Finally, we present a new method for multiattribute decision making based on the proposed interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted average operator and the proposed fuzzy ranking method for intuitionistic fuzzy values.


Abstract : Joint Task Force East (JTFE), the framework for shared use of select military bases in Romania and Bulgaria, marks a major milestone in America's military presence in Central and Southeast Europe. Following previous, more limited deployments across the region, U.S. forces are poised to become long-term fixtures in both countries under renewable, 10-year agreements signed in late 2005 and early 2006. The arrangements potentially serve as representative models for similar efforts in other countries. All three governments have hailed their new cooperation as of great strategic, even historic, significance. For the United States, it exemplifies the broader transformation of defense capabilities and relationships. For Romania and Bulgaria, it manifests integration into the Euroatlantic West. However, translating the original hopes and vision for JTFE into reality has proven slower and more difficult than expected. Further internal and external challenges remain. In the face of a certain loss of momentum, the ultimate success and durability of the initiative rests on maintaining realistic expectations, adapting to evolving security realities, improving intra-governmental coordination, and integrating U.S. presence within multilateral frameworks. The monograph is divided into the following sections: America Comes Knocking; Romanian and Bulgarian Reception; Negotiations; Implementation; and Assessment and Recommendations, including Expectations, External Reaction, and The Way Ahead.


The present invention discloses an LED constant-current circuit and an LED lamp, which are used for improving the stability of a circuit when an electronic transformer supplies power. The LED constant-current circuit comprises a bridge rectifier circuit (DB), a sampling circuit (46) and a buck constant-current circuit (2), and further comprises: a first capacitor (C1), a first charging circuit (42) used for charging the first capacitor (C1) when the voltage of the first capacitor (C1) is lower than the output voltage of the bridge rectifier circuit (DB), wherein the first charging circuit (42) is connected to the bridge rectifier circuit (DB) and the first capacitor (C1), respectively; and a second charging circuit (44) used for charging the first capacitor (C1) when the output voltage of the bridge rectifier circuit (DB) is higher than the voltage of the first capacitor (C1), wherein the second charging circuit (44) is connected to the bridge rectifier circuit (DB) and the first capacitor (C1), respectively. The technical solution of the present invention can prevent the overcurrent protection of an electronic transformer triggered at the moment of power-on, and improves the reliability of a circuit, so that the whole lamp has no flicker when the electronic transformer supplies power.


A method and apparatus for producing a radio frequency absorbing (RFA) or perfect microwave absorbing (PMA) printed circuit board (PCB) is described herein. A metamaterial layer may be applied to a low dielectric substrate. Resistive and capacitive components may then be added to the metamaterial layer. The metamaterial layer may then be formed into an RFA or PMA PCB, which may comprise a multi-layered assembly for absorption of electromagnetic radiation in a targeted frequency range such as the microwave frequency range in the PCB.


Chondrus crispus, T4, was grown at 3,6,10,15,20, 25, and 30 C in flowing seawater in plastic trays in the greenhouse. Nitrogen and phosphate were added twice weekly and the pH was maintained between 7.8-8.0 by the controlled addition of carbon dioxide. Growth rate was higher at 20 C than at 15 C and lower temperatures or at 25 C and higher temperatures. The thalli and apices were broad at the low temperatures and thin to pointed at the higher temperatures. The higher temperatures favored the accumulation of kappa carrageenan, whereas plants grown at 3 and 6 C had a higher nitrogen content. Introduction Chondrus crispus has a relatively wide distribution, occurring on the Atlantic coasts from Morocco to Norway and from New Jersey to Labrador. The distribution from subarctic to warm temperature zones indicates that C. crispus is able to tolerate and grow in a wide range of conditions and temperatures (Lilly 1968, Mathieson and Prince 1973, Taylor and Chen 1973). Growth of C, crispus in the natural habitat is relatively slow. Taylor (1972) found that in the Bay of Fundy and off Prince Edward Island, growth in the summer months (about 0.01 mm/mm/day) with temperatures ranging between 10-16°C was more rapid than in the winter months (about 0.002 mm/mm/day) with temperatures ranging between 0 and 5°C. Mathieson and Burns (1975) similarly found that during winter and spring when seawater temperatures were in the range 2 to 6°C, growth was 0.3 to 0.7 g wet weight/cm/day whereas in summer temperatures in the range 15 to 19 °C growth was 1.1 to 1.3 g wet weight/cm/day, Chondrus populations off the coast of New Hampshire and Nova Scotia exhibit their maximum size and biomass during the late summer and fall when the ocean is relatively warm. Burns and Mathieson 1972) found that C crispus exhibited an increase in growth with a corresponding increase in temperature from 3 to 19°C. The above data indicate that Chondrus crispus grows within a temperature range of 0 C to 27 C. This paper reports the effect of temperature on growth and the 1 NRCC No. 17054. carrageenan and nitrogen content of C. crispus, T4, grown in tanks of flowing seawater in a greenhouse under conditions of controlled pH and natural light. Materials and Methods C. crispus, clone T4, was maintained by vegetative propagation as previously described (Neish et al 1977). The plants were grown in polyethylene trays arranged in systems of three tanks each and the pH was maintained at 7.8—8.0 by the controlled addition of carbon dioxide to the sump (Simpson et al. 1978). The tests were conducted under natural illumination and fresh seawater was added to the sump at the rate of 550 to 560 ml per minute equivalent to a flushing rate of two volumes per system per day. A solution of ammonium nitrate-diammonium phosphate was added to the sump Tuesday and Friday mornings of each week so as to add per litre of seawater in the system, 0.5 millimoles of nitrogen and 0.05 millimoles of phosphate. On August 5th, one of the culture trays in each system was inoculated with 500 g of C. crispus T4, and a second tray inoculated with 1000 g. The test was terminated on September 30th. The wet weight of the plants was determined at weekly intervals. Every second week a sample (10 g) was removed from each tray for the determination of moisture, nitrogen and kappa carrageenan (Neish etal 1977). Three such samples for analysis were taken from each tray at the conclusion of the test. The temperature of the seawater in each system was thermostatically controlled by means of a Penn Con0006-805 5/79/0022-0295 $02.00 © by Walter de Gruyter & Co. · Berlin · New York 296 Simpson and Shackiock: Cultivation of Chondrus crispus troller (Model 19AABC24) equipped with an extended thermal sensor. The sensor was immersed in light oil contained in a long glass tube. The assembly was placed in the seawater in the sump. The temperature controller activated either a Vycor sheathed immersion heater (Corning #3495,1000 watts) or a solenoid valve that controlled the flow of refrigerant (Freon12) into a titanium cooling coil (12 turns) having diameter of 45.7 cm and consisting of 5.5 m of titanium pipe (15.8 mm O.D. X 1.1 mm wall). The Vycor heaters and the cooling coils were immersed in the seawater in the sump. A Hussmann (Model H5500 FSK) 31.75 kg (70 Ib) compressor was used to cool the refrigerant. The temperature and pH was checked manually and the temperature of each system automatically recorded every two hours by a Texas Instrument recorder (Model FMWST6C). Control was within ± 0.1 pH unit and ± 1 °C. One system was operated without temperature control. The daily fluctuations in temperature of the seawater in this uncontrolled system are depicted in Figure 1 as related to the temperature of the incoming seawater and the temperature of the air in the greenhouse during a warm sunny day (September 29) and a cloudy day (September 30th). Results The growth of C crispus at two different densities paralled each other at the same temperatures (Figure 2). Growth rate was highest at 20 C as compared to that at 15 C or lower and 25 C or higher. The rates of growth at ambient temperatures and at 15°C were similar. At 30°C the plants bleached and died. As seen in the graph, the optimal temperature range for growth is between 15 and 20°C. After two weeks of growth the composition of the plants changed with the higher temperatures favoring the carrageenan. The average analyses of the final samples are shown in Table I and are similar to those obtained from samples taken after tjje initial two week period. Discussion At optimum temperatures for growth, the thallus of C crispus is compact, more heavily branched, and the fronds and apices comparatively thin. At the lower temperatures the thallus is more open, the fronds and apices wider. Temperature thus has an observable effect on morphology. The dry weight content of the plants remained relatively constant over the temperature range studied, but the trend was towards a higher kappa-carrageenan content and lower nitrogen at the higher temperatures. The results obtained in these tests with C crispus, T4, confirm observations in the field and preliminary tests in the greenhouse (Shackiock et al 1973) that the optimum range for growth is between 15 and 20 C. Similar optima have been observed for photosynthesis (Buggeln and Craigie 1973). Mathieson and Burns (1971) observed that whereas respiration remained relatively constant between 8 and 20 C, photosynthetic oxygen evolution rose rapidly from 0 C to 20 C then decreased at higher temperatures. Similar observations have been made by Newell and Pye (1968). Newton et al (1959), however, observed that respiration varied directly with temperatures between 0 and 35 C. Though germination of spores appears to proceed equally rapid between 5 and


Sonia Livingstone, together with Julian Sefton-Green, followed a class of London teenagers for a year to find out more about how they are, or in some cases are not, connecting online. In this post, Sonia discusses the diverse patterns of media use and digital engagement that counter the common narrative of screens simply dominating teenagers' lives. The book about this research project, The Class: living and learning in the digital age, just came out. Sonia is Professor of Social Psychology at LSE's Department of Media and Communications and has more than 25 years of experience in media research with a particular focus on children and young people. She is the lead investigator of the Parenting for a Digital Future research project.


An inexpensive hardware-in-the-loop test platform for wind-power generation equipment is built based on MATLAB xPC.A wind-power generation model is constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink of host PC,where the code is generated by RTW (Real-Time Workshop)and downloaded to the target PC.Then the virtual wind-power equipment is controlled by the physical controller,and the effectiveness and performance of the controller can be validated.A friendly interface of the test platform is established by the combination of xPC and virtual reality toolbox.A test platform for wind-power generation equipment with friendly interface can be established by the method described,with the accuracy of the test platform confirmed by the experimental results.


INTRODUCTION
Variability in lopinavir (LPV) plasma concentration among patients could be due to genetic polymorphisms. This study set to evaluate significance of variants in CYP3A4/5, SLCO1B1 and ABCC2 on LPV plasma concentration among African HIV-positive patients.

MATERIALS & METHODS
Eighty-six HIV-positive participants on ritonavir (LPV/r) were genetically characterized and LPV plasma concentration determined.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION
LPV plasma concentrations differed >188-fold (range 0.0206-38.6 µg/ml). Both CYP3A4*22 and SLCO1B1 rs4149056G (c.521C) were not observed in this cohort. CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3, CYP3A5*6 and ABCC2 c.1249G>A which have been associated with LPV plasma concentration, showed no significant association.

CONCLUSION
These findings highlight the need to include African groups in genomics research to identify variants of pharmacogenomics significance.


Media is one of mechanisms allowing individuals and the society as a whole to perceive the nature and the world, as well as their own place in that world. Studies have revealed that television and press are the most significant sources of information on the defense and the Army for the citizens of Serbia. Public media daily present our reality through myriad pieces of information. Media technologies enable fictitious propaganda events to be released to which individuals and social groups respond strongly, because they appear impressive and real. Using the military technologies, which in the technologically developed countries are significantly more advanced in war than the publicly available technologies, the reality itself may become a victim of war. It is therefore understandable why the public relations are getting priority and are more important than many other activities of the military organization. It is particularly evident in tactical and other exercises, demonstration activities, during urgent and other sudden and unexpected events, during the state of emergency, and, in particular, in the war. .


Introduction The CarbonCool full body suit is a portable, non-invasive core body cooling system for use by first responders and clinicians for targeted temperature management and heat stroke treatment. It uses pads made of a highly thermal conductive carbon-based cooling medium to absorb heat from the body. Our department was requested to review the effectiveness of the suit and whether it might be used in place of a Body Cooling Unit (BCU). Methods A rapid review was carried out on the technology. The PICO elements were: Population- Emergency department patients with exertional heat injury; Intervention- CarbonCool full body suit; Comparator- Body Cooling Unit; Outcomes- Adverse effects, clinical outcomes (survival, neurological status), physical measures (rate of cooling). The NHS Centre for Reviews & Dissemination databases, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed (MEDLINE) and the US National Guidelines Clearinghouse were searched for systematic reviews, HTA reports and clinical practice guidelines. The importer was contacted to provide supporting studies for their product. Results No publications were found on CarbonCool products. The importer provided the unpublished abstract of a retrospective cohort study of 124 post-cardiac arrest patients requiring targeted temperature management. The importer advised that a trial on pre-hospital heat stroke was pending. The full body suit is not intended as a replacement for body cooling units. Three clinical practice guidelines on management of heat injuries did not mention such cooling systems, but did recommend ice packs as a treatment option. Conclusions The CarbonCool Full Body Suit is not intended as a replacement for a Body Cooling Unit. No published studies were found showing effectiveness for managing exertional heat injuries. A trial on pre-hospital heat stroke was pending. Guidelines on managing heat injuries do not mention the use of the technology. It was recommended to await results of pending trials, or to use it only under research.


Objectives  This review aims to show how people who are categorized as having intellectual disabilities view their social identity, and the impact that this identity has on them. It is felt that research in this area gives valuable insights that are directly applicable to, and raise important questions about, clinical work with people with intellectual disabilities.

Methods  The diagnostic criteria for and the process of gaining the identity of intellectual disabilities are considered. The literature on stigma and social identity is reviewed and methodological difficulties within these studies are highlighted.

Results  It is argued that having intellectual disabilities is a powerful and stigmatizing identity. There is a consistent finding in the literature that many people with intellectual disabilities appear unaware of this identity. The possible reasons put forward for this finding are considered, and the clinical implications of the studies reviewed are discussed.

Conclusions  The few studies that have been undertaken offer useful insights into the effects that having an identity of intellectual disabilities has on an individual. It is argued that further research is needed and that this will be particularly applicable to intellectual disabilities services, where many questions concerning the possible impact of an intellectual disabilities identity remain unanswered.


This study examined fear of success in college men in relation to their parents' college education or lack of it. 44 male college freshmen wrote stories to a cue designed to elicit fear of success imagery. Analysis showed more fear of success in students whose parents had not gone to college than in students whose parents had some college experience. The results, taken together with those of previous study by the author, suggest that fear of success in college among men involves fear of rejection and disapproval by significant others—family and friends.


This research investigates the feasibility of offering public demand-responsive transit (DRT) service in situations of low demand density. The study region is AC Transit District 2 which consists of the cities of Fremont and Newark, California. Researchers developed a methodology for evaluating operating efficiencies of existing bus lines and line segments. They then identified areas suitable for DRT service based on year 2001 data. The reserachers proposed an alternating strategy of checkpoint DRT service and compared it to other strategies. Additionally, the report describes the schema for an automated reservation and scheduling system.


The lumped-parameters modeling of electromechanical devices in terms of equivalent circuits and rigid bodies is widely in use by long time. In fact, it permits to draw important theoretical conclusions and to obtain handy analytical results useful for dynamic analysis. Nevertheless, this approach is often presented in reduced forms, e.g., assuming a single mechanical degree-of-freedom, magnetic linearity, 3-phase symmetrical windings, etc. This paper proposes a generalized treatment suppressing several of such hypotheses, leveraging on matrix notation and lagrangian notation for mechanical aspects to provide a powerful conceptual tool for the analysis of a wide class of devices.


The strain BI2 isolated from corn stalk of silage was G+ bacillus.By means of 16S rDNA sequence analysis,morphological observation,physiological examinatio and Biolog assay,BI2 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.Its 16S rDNA sequence was 99.6% to B.amyloliquefaciens in similarity.Its antagonistic experiments were conducted with 12 plant pathogens including Fulvia fulva,Fusarium oxysporum,yeasts,mold fungi,food lactobacilla and pathogenic bacteria.The results show that BI2 possessed evident inhibitory activity to filamentous fungi,but had no evident effect on bacteria.It was further found that the supernatant of its broth after 36 h fermentation significantly inhibited the conidial germination and hyphal growth of Aspergillus flavus with the inhibition ratios of 67.4% and 74.8% respectively.It was also found that its an-tagonistic activity of the supernatant was not decreased although it was treated even at 120 ℃ for 20 min.


The article studies the change laws of Philippines Sea transparency, and it is very significant to national economy and military affairs. The related articles are few because of the absence of history data. Based on related data from home and abroad,the authors analyze and research transparency on the Philippines Sea.


In this article the iterative process of a design-based research project using video as one of the data sources will be reported. During the iterative design and implementation processes video recordings of teachers and students were used to provide guidance through the practical and conceptual changes. The video was an indispensable data source. Without it there would have been no possibility of 'seeing' how the curriculum project was enacted nor what the explanations for several results based on other data might be. We explain how our video data guided our academic analysis at three levels, the baseline level, the methodological level and the meta-level. With hindsight we are able to see that the extensive use of video data co-determined the course of the research trajectory in ways that would not have been possible with quantitative data alone. Through the use of video data we attempted to find an answer to questions of codified knowledge in knowledge-rich workplaces, simulated in vocational education. On the basis of our research experiences we conclude that video observations are indispensable if our aim is not only to improve theory and practice but also to reflect on the design of the method itself; especially if design research is regarded as open-ended, and the agency of participants is valued. * This chapter will be submitted as an article.


This paper examines an inverse problem which arises in thermal imaging. We investigate the problem of detecting and imaging corrosion in a material sample by applying a heat flux and measuring the induced temperature on the sample's exterior boundary. The goal is to identify the profile of some inaccessible portion of the boundary. We study the case in which one has data at every point on the boundary of the region, as well as the case in which only finitely many measurements are available. An inversion procedure is developed and used to study the stability of the inverse problem for various experimental configurations.


We study holomorphic curves $f:\C\longrightarrow \C^3$ avoiding four complex hyperplanes and a real subspace of real dimension four or five in $\C^3$. We show that the projection of $f$ into the complex projective space $\C P^2$ is not necessarily constant.


Lifting, pushing, and pulling activities combined with excessive material load and intense repetition have been reported to trigger excessive pressure on the lumbar disk (L5/S1).  Using a static biomechanical approach (3DSSPP Version 7 software), this study presents empirical evidence proving that log loading activities with manual techniques are jobs that pose a high risk of injury to workers, indicated by (1) very high lifting index value (10), (2) compressive force that exceeds the maximum permissible limit of 6500 N, (3) difficult standing balance control, and (4) high potential of localized musculoskeletal fatigue in the workers.  Musculoskeletal disorders analysis (using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire instrument) shows intense disturbances in the lower back, shoulders, upper back, and hands.  Interventions to reduce injury to the workers can be carried out by substituting work techniques (using aids devices), improving work administration (improving the standard operating procedure, supervision), and wearing anti-slip work shoes.


In this paper, we propose a fast auto-focusing method for dual-wavelength digital holography by introducing critical sampling algorithm into diffraction difference algorithm. After applying critical sampling on the spectrum, we can not only save the required vital information, but also reduce the size of the complex wave field that involved in the numerical reconstruction algorithm, thus the aim of improving the speed of auto-focusing process can be achieve. The numerical and experimental results show that when the sampling size is (N/2)2 of original image size, the proposed auto-focusing algorithm is still feasible and the speed-up factor of auto-focusing approach approximately reaches to 4 in comparison with that full size, which leads to significant computational savings.


: The risk assessment of liquefaction damage is crucial for recovery from large-scale earthquakes, which are predicted to occur in recent years. In this study, the liquefaction risk is evaluated over a wide area through effective stress analysis, considering the interaction between the soil particles and pore water. The target area of the analysis was the 23 wards of Tokyo, including the zero-meter zone, and a 3D ground model was constructed from the borehole data. A vertical columnar ground model is established at 463 locations from the 3D ground model using the material parameter determination flow. The liquefaction risk of a wide area is evaluated by performing seismic response analysis using two types of earthquake motions for each analysis point, thus showing the difference in the risk and degree of liquefaction by location. In the future, various dynamic analyses must be conducted with sufficient resolution and compared with the actual damages.


The primary purpose of this Integrated Product Design master thesis has two purposes. The first is to gain a deeper understanding of the needs of the elderly with dementia that causes undesired behaviour or Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia, such as wandering during the night. The second purpose is to design CloudCuddle Senior: a lightweight and inflatable bed tent that keeps patients up to 120 kg in bed and creates a feeling of safety in various use cases such as home, caring home or the hospital. Data for this thesis were gathered by doing a literature study, making rapid prototypes and doing qualitative user tests. These methods generated knowledge for two sub-sections of the CloudCuddle Senior Design. The challenge of the Structural Design part was to come up with a bed tent concept that will be stiff enough to keep patients up to 120kg in bed while being lightweight to ensure mobility and consider nursing activities in and around the bed. The Experience Design of CloudCuddle Senior is about creating a safe and comfortable experience in bed that take the needs of people with dementia into account. The literature research results provide the support that patients with dementia need dynamic stimuli. However, research often focuses and compares mainly the type or the meaning of the stimuli such as Snoezelen, light therapy and music therapy while intensity through pace and amplitude often forgotten. More research into the intensity of therapeutic activities may conclude that designers of new interventions should focus on creating an intensity of dynamic stimuli that matches the patients need instead of focusing on the type of stimuli. A concept design is proposed based on the results of the Structural and Experience Design research. One of CloudCuddle's bed tent's significant characteristics is its inflatable structure. Although it was tried to design a more stiff design through solely inflatable elements, hard materials are required to meet the requirement of keeping 120kg patients in bed. The results on research from an Experience Design perspective implies that a bed tent that impairs vision on all sides except on one side offers a sense of safety while still being connected to the room in which the patients sleeps and a sense of control. The results of both the Structural and Experience Design research are combined in a final concept design for CloudCuddle Senior that should be prototyped and tested on strength and experience.


The paper describes briefly a present development of microwave communication and also provides a detail analysis about some key shortcomings in China radiorelay system. According to the concepts in Recommendation ITUR SM.1046, and was defined as the spectrum utilization efficiency (SUE). The SUE technology and method for radiorelay system are discussed here. From the discussion, we obtain that the better SUE of asystem is not only relative to the styles of modulation, but the antenna, signal processing, coding and RF filter etc. On the basis of the analysis and discussion, 13 suggestions for SUE in China radiorelay system are offered, which will be helpful in the designing of microwave communication system as well as scientific basis for the decision of spectrum regulations and standards made by radio management sector.


Since the initial demonstration in randomized clinical trials that it is a safe alternative to mastectomy, breast-conserving surgery has become accepted and increasingly used for women with breast cancer1,2. In up to one-third of patients in whom more than 10 per cent of the breast volume has to be excised, the cosmetic results following breast-conserving surgery may be poor3. In an attempt to improve cosmetic results, several techniques have been described. One that has attracted particular interest is the latissimus dorsi miniflap reconstruction4. Although this can produce an excellent cosmetic result, it has several disadvantages. It is a lengthy procedure and, if subsequent histological examination dictates that mastectomy is required for local tumour control, full latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap reconstruction is precluded, unless it is done as two-stage procedure. This article describes a novel technique for reconstruction of the upper outer quadrant of the breast. In particular, it was deemed important that this technique should result in satisfactory cosmesis.


A caliper assembly for a disk brake is provided to reduce vibration and noise when the brake operates and to prolong a life of the brake through preventing adherence by forming a first and a second coating unit with Teflon. A caliper assembly for a disk brake includes the followings: a moving hole formed in a back plate of a brake pad assembly; a guide pin inserted to the moving hole and fixed to the caliper, to support movement of the pad assembly; a guide hole(53) formed in a carrier(51), to move the caliper fixed to the carrier; a guide rod(52) inserted to the guide hole to be moved; a first coating unit(1) coated on an outer surface of the guide rod and/or an inner surface of the guide hole, to reduce friction when the guide rod moves; and a second coating unit coated on an outer surface of the guide pin and/or an inner surface of the moving hole, to reduce friction when the guide pin moves.


Executive summary * Water is life * The historical context * The institutional context * The focus of this report * Part I: The Millennium Development target for domestic water supply and sanitation * Why focus on water supply and sanitation? * Human values and human rights * Contribution to the Millennium Development Goals * Target 10 and the global monitoring system * Target 10 on water and sanitation * The current system for monitoring and evaluation * Where are the needs greatest? * Access to domestic water supply and sanitation services * Current levels of access and the rate of progress toward the goal * Low access to services and high incidence of water-related disease * Identifying greatest needs globally * Pinpointing greatest needs within countries * What's holding us back? * Political constraints * Institutional constraints * Financial constraints * Technical challenges * The special challenge of meeting the sanitation target * A collective or an individual service? * The nature of demand for improved sanitation * Reorienting public institutions for sanitation service delivery * Changing roles for government * New technologies or better use of existing technologies? * Alternative planning approaches for urban sanitation * Alternative planning approaches for rural sanitation * Galvanizing support for sanitation and hygiene * Technology and infrastructure * Available technological options * Cost-reduction strategies * The need for innovation * What would it cost? * Global estimates * National estimates: a method to assess needs * Grappling with financing for the poorest * Principal target group: poor people in the poorest countries * Financial constraints in low-income countries * Affordability, sustainability, and water conservation * What about middle-income countries? * Part II: Water resources for all the Millennium Development Goals * Why does water resources development and management matter? * Poverty and hunger * Environmental sustainability * Health * Gender equality * Exploiting potential synergies through combined approaches * What actions are needed? * Investing in water resources development and management * Adopting integrated water resources management * Examples of context-specific actions * Monitoring and support systems * Monitoring water resources * Global institutional support structures * Recommendations for the international community * Part III: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals * How to make the Goals a reality * A call to action 1* Ten critical actions * An operational plan * Appendices *


The fluctuation-induced transport of massive Brownian particles is investigated. Analytic approximations for their current in periodic 'ratchet'-potential driven additively by the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck noise are in qualitative agreement with the result of numeric simulations. The ability to separate particles with different masses in situations with a constant bias is discussed.


1. A study was made of the birefringence of retinal receptors obtained from the retinae of frogs, cats, rabbits and goldfish.


This study untangles the complex contract–trust interplay by differentiating between- from within-dyad effects. When comparing buyer–supplier dyads, contracts and trust should complement each other...


The article reports on basic legislative conditions for health
education in primary schools in the Czech republic. Both legal
documents and education programmes are explored.The study
sumarizes the findings of the research