Introduction: Human malaria is an infectious-blood disease that is caused by the Plasmodium genus. Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria by biting and are well-known as the only biological carriers of this disease. The aim of this research was the identification and introduction of possible inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme using computational techniques of drug design and virtual screening based on macromolecule.
Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, 8733 compounds were initially collected from the PubChem database. In the second step, different filtrations were performed on the library compounds. The selected compounds showed good drug-like properties and pharmacokinetics. Finally, molecular docking simulations were carried out to investigate their binding mode and interactions in the enzyme's active site.
Results: The results of the present study showed that the bonds involved in the binding of the compounds with the enzyme were hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds, and the π-π interaction was in the lower priority. Among the studied compounds, the best docking results were related to the compounds with identification codes CID_23603310, CID_23603337, CID_11912187 and CID_11912184 and free binding energy of -29.10, -9.06, -9.04 and -9.00 kcal/mol, respectively. In general, lipophilic parts and hydrogen bonds increased the affinity and inhibited the enzyme.
Conclusion: Based on the results, all the compounds showed suitable connections in the active site of the enzyme and can be proposed as potential effective inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme.


Cymbidium mosaic virus(CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot virus(ORSV) are two mostcommon and economically important orchid viruses in Hainan.The morphology and symptomatology of CymMV and ORSV are described.Various types of symptoms,i.e.yellow spots,chlorotic mosaic,ringspots with sunken necrotic lines and distorting leaves,have been observed on leaves of CymMV-infected Phalaenopsis;Various types of symptoms,i.e.mosaic,yellow spots,chlorotic mosaic orreddening of all the leaf,necrotic spot and pucker,have been observed on leaves of CymMV-infected Dendrobium;Various types of symptoms,i.e.mosaic,vein chlorosis,have been observed on leaves ofCymMV-infected Oncidium.Symptoms,i.e.ringspot,systemic chlorosis,necrosis,pucker appear on theleaves of ORSV-infected Phalaenopsis,while mosaic appears on the leaves of ORSV-infected Oncidium.ORSV has not been found on the Dendrobium orchid.The morphology and symptomatology of CymMV and ORSV described here may provide a reference for differentiating virus infections on Phalaenopsis,Dendrobium,Oncidium in the field.


rather than a compound; Emmerick emends to "smo-ra-ta". Elsewhere for instance, in 2.19(6) the Tibetan correctly transliterates morata with "mo-ra-ta". It appears probable that the original Tibetan version in 2.5(17) had "sa-mo-ra-ta", which the translators did not realize to be a compound, and that "sma" replaced "ma" in later copies under the influence of the preceding "sa". All of the above examples are drawn from the numerous cases in which the Tibetan translators found no plant name in Tibetan equivalent to that in Sanskrit, and therefore transliterated either the Sanskrit word in that passage of the Siddhasara or an equivalent found in a lexicon normally the Siddhasaranighantu published by Emmerick in Vol. I, pp. 177-94. It seems to me that a proper rendering of the Tibetan would retain this feature, and provide simply a transliteration of the Sanskrit word intended. This procedure would avoid the problems of the identifications of Sanskrit plant names, and would remain true to the learned and difficult character of the original. Instead, Emmerick has chosen to use an English terminology which, as he says (p. 8), avoids an impression of scientific accuracy, but often does not assist the normal English reader in his understanding of the text. Many of Emmerick's plant names are not to be found in the OED (e.g. the "beetle-killer"); many are anglicizations of Indian vernacular names that are derived from Sanskrit (e.g. the "guduch"); and others are translations of the Sanskrit term (e.g. the "chariot tree"). It will be interesting to see how the Khotanese translator handled this problem. Otherwise, the English translation is quite literal and exact so much so that, for example 'nehu-sin" (Sanskrit abhiru) becomes "asparagus tree" in 2.1(8) and 3.21(11), though elsewhere (2.5(3) and 2.19(7)) it remains a plain "asparagus"; and "nams-stobs", a common translation of bala, is rendered "strength of mind" (e.g. 1.41 and 1.59) though in the contexts it clearly refers to physical strength. The wary reader, however, will find most of what he needs in this volume to be able to understand the Siddhasara as well as one can understand a medical text in which so many pharmacological ingredients cannot be positively identified. The promised commentary in Vol. Ill should remove many of the remaining difficulties — as would an index of technical terms, which one hopes will accompany it. DAVID PINGREE.


Previously, we determined microRNA‐31 (miR‐31) is a noncoding tumor suppressive gene frequently deleted in glioblastoma (GBM); miR‐31 suppresses tumor growth, in part, by limiting the activity of NF‐κB. Herein, we expand our previous studies by characterizing the role of miR‐31 during neural precursor cell (NPC) to astrocyte differentiation. We demonstrate that miR‐31 expression and activity is suppressed in NPCs by stem cell factors such as Lin28, c‐Myc, SOX2 and Oct4. However, during astrocytogenesis, miR‐31 is induced by STAT3 and SMAD1/5/8, which mediate astrocyte differentiation. We determined miR‐31 is required for terminal astrocyte differentiation, and that the loss of miR‐31 impairs this process and/or prevents astrocyte maturation. We demonstrate that miR‐31 promotes astrocyte development, in part, by reducing the levels of Lin28, a stem cell factor implicated in NPC renewal. These data suggest that miR‐31 deletions may disrupt astrocyte development and/or homeostasis.


Virtually all managers acknowledge the importance of understanding their competition in the marketplace. As a result, interest has grown rapidly in formalizing competitive intelligence activities within companies seeking the competitive edge. Almost any business information can be termed competitive intelligence, depending on how it is used. Most typically, it means any of several different kinds of valuable data on the competition's finances, manufacturing processes, product lines, promotional budgets, key personnel, and so forth. It also involves and integrates areas like marketing research, strategic planning, technical research, and legal developments.


Age Identity and Adjustment Patterns in Later Life: A Qualitative Study of Retired Secondary School Teachers and Manual Workers in Hong Kong


A quantum mechanical formulation of the distorted-wave Born theory is presented, taking full account of the internuclear potential. Upon expansion in terms of one of the two electronic potentials, the strong-potential Born theory is rederived. Thereby an additional term emerges which had not been considered previously and which has considerable influence on the capture probability at large scattering angles. The distorted-wave Born (DWB) theory as introduced by Taulbjerg and Briggs (1983) gives a consistent description of charge transfer in energetic near-symmetric ion-atom collisions provided that sufficient care is taken to avoid divergencies (Macek 1987) which emerge in the case of Coulomb potentials (Dewangan and Eichler 1985). The DWB theory consists of the first term in an expansion of the exact scattering amplitude in terms of a distortion potential, which is defined through the choice of strong-potential Born wavefunctions as distorted waves in the initial and final channels (Burgdorfer and Taulbjerg 1986). By means of construction, the DWB theory is symmetric with respect to the two electron-nucleus potentials. A first-order expansion in one of the potentials yields the familiar strong-potential Born (SPB) approximation (Macek and Shakeshaft 1980, JakubaBa-Amundsen and Amundsen 1980) which has been successfully applied to asymmetric collision systems (Macek and Alston 1982, Amundsen and JakubaBa-Amundsen 1984a, McGuire and Si1 1983). So far, the internuclear potential has not been taken into account in the DWB formulation. However, when charge transfer occurs in a reaction where the projectile and target nuclei form a compound system with a decay time of the order of the inverse energy transfer to the active electron, the internuclear potential must explicitly be included in a correct description. It has been taken into consideration in a quantum mechanical formulation of the SPB theory (Amundsen and JakubaBa-Amundsen 1984b, JakubaBa-Amundsen and Amundsen 1985), and structures in the capture probability were predicted in the case of resonant nuclear scattering. Subsequent experiments verified these predictions (Schemer et a1 1985, Horsdal et a1 1986); however, some discrepancies between theory and experiment at large scattering angles remained unexplained. In this letter we present another derivation of the quantum mechanical SPB theory by first extending the DBW formulation to include the internuclear potential V , to all orders. For the sake of simplicity, we restrict ourselves to the case of a pure three-body problem and consider the transfer of a target electron into a bound state of the projectile. 0022-3700/87/210705 + 05$02.50 @ 1987 IOP Publishing Ltd L705 L706 Letter to the Editor For rearrangement collisions, the Hamiltonian H is split differently in the entrance and exit channel H = TN + VN + T,+ VT+ vp= H, + V, = Hf+ v' (1) where TN and T, are the kinetic energies of the relative nuclear motion and of the electron, respectively, while Vp and VT denote the potential of the electron in the projectile and target field, respectively. The distorted waves x;" or x;-' in the entrance or exit channel are taken as eigenfunctions to HI or H, respectively. In close analogy to Burgdorfer and Taulbjerg (1986) we choose H, = H VTG',f'Vp V, = v,G',+' V, Hf=H-VpG',-'VT V, = v,G',-'v, Gy' = [ E ( TN+ T,+ V,) i i ~ 1 l (2) where the Green function GY' for the potential V, ( A = N, P, T) is defined by


Training and knowledge of lighting is an increasingly sought-after professional quality in Denmark and Sweden. However, technological development in the lighting field has been in recent years extremely rapid, not least in Scandinavia. This has led to a situation, where users, designers, specifiers, buyers and installers are often neither in possession, nor have access to, the knowledge about lighting that they need. The aim of the study is to map and analyze the existing offer and demand for competencies within lighting related fields. That is to say, the study has looked at the existing educational programs within a broad field of lighting and compared this 'supply' to the current 'demand' by local employers. The paper presents the results from a statistical analysis of data collected from a series of surveys, expert interviews and focus groups, involving more than 250 participants in Sweden and Denmark. Based on the findings, the paper presents recommendations for the design of educational curricula.


The recent Spanish mission in the Egyptian necropolis of Qubbet el Hawa has opened new perspectives in the study of Christian epigraphy in the area. Both the newly discovered Christian ostraka, but also the well known church of Qubbet el Hawa, will be actively studied in coming years.


A system and method for providing recommendations based on a user preference domain names and words extracted from one or more information sources used. We can continue to extract words from the information source and used to generate a domain name suggestions. Then the generated domain names can be delivered to the customer suggestions. The system and method in providing domain name suggestions can make use of customer preferences, preferences, such as information about the source or the subject of attention. The system and method may be self-learning, the history of the domain name registration information into account in order to improve domain name suggestions.


A cascade model, using a splitting function based on a generalized Verhulst map, is introduced. It is demonstrated that phenomenological observations connected with scaling and departures from it in deep inelastic scattering can be explained by this simple model.


The fast developing social network is a double-edged sword. It remains a serious problem to provide users with excellent mobile social network services as well as protecting privacy data. Most popular social applications utilize behavior of users to build connection with people having similar behavior, thus improving user experience. However, many users do not want to share their certain behavioral information to the recommendation system. In this paper, we aim to design a secure friend recommendation system based on the user behavior, called PRUB. The system proposed aims at achieving fine-grained recommendation to friends who share some same characteristics without exposing the actual user behavior. We utilized the anonymous data from a Chinese ISP, which records the user browsing behavior, for 3 months to test our system. The experiment result shows that our system can achieve a remarkable recommendation goal and, at the same time, protect the privacy of the user behavior information.


Abstract : This report describes a method for computing the probability of defeating a vehicle with a series of consecutive bursts of fire. The vehicle assumed to be vulnerable to either mechanical damage or fire. A fire can be started by either puncturing the fuel system and starting a fire on the same burst, or igniting fuel which was spilled but not ignited by an earlier burst. The unique feature of this method is that the probability of igniting previously spilled fuel is allowed to depend on the number of previous punctures of the fuel system and on the times at which they occurred.


Abstract In the 1780s and 1790s, Pietro Verri (1728–97) wrote a large number of autobiographical and political texts, which have only recently been collected and printed in two volumes of the Edizione Nazionale of Verri's works. These writings are examined in this essay as documents of a turn from enlightened absolutism to liberalism and democracy in Italy towards the end of the eighteenth century. Verri's acceptance of the principles of liberty and equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries was made easier by his dissatisfaction with the authoritarian and bureaucratic nature of many of Joseph II's reforms. He also came to realize that the transition of sovereignty from the prince to the people was a necessary step in the way to the unification of the Italian peninsula, which became a political and not only a cultural goal in the same years. He was aware, however, of the difficulty of spreading these views among an ignorant, backward and priest-ridden populace and thought that their education was the most important task facing Italian literati. This explains why he firmly opposed the ultra-radical propaganda of Italian jacobins in the early stages of the French occupation of Lombardy.


Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books, 1999. xix, 700 pp. Appendices. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $32.50 US, $47.50 CAD, cloth. Here it is, another history of the Committee of State Security (Komitet gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti-KGB), the Soviet secret police. This one, "the secret history," is based on notes laboriously made over a twelve-year period from files in the process of being consigned to the KGB archives. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Vasili Mitrokhin's partly handwritten, partly typed "archive" was brought to Britain and now has had a narrative written around it by the renowned Cambridge specialist on intelligence history, Christopher Andrew. Apparently no specific criteria were used to sift the dross from the 300,000-odd files seen by Mitrokhin between 1972 and 1984 as he archived them for the First Chief Directorate (i.e., foreign intelligence). Christopher Andrew has therefore wisely decided to fit the archival material into a straightforwardly chronological history of the KGB's foreign operations. It begins with the Cheka, the original Soviet ancestor of the KGB. In this and many later chapters, there is some obvious repetition of Andrew's earlier collaborative writing with another defector, Oleg Gordievsky, as well as opportunity to answer critics and to incorporate newer Russian works on the subject. The story continues with accounts of the "Great Illegals" of the 1930s, the "magnificent five" (Kim Philby et al.) recruited at Cambridge University by Anthony Blunt, the pursuit of Trotsky, the war, and the Cold War. Throughout these early chapters, as well as later, we discover or rediscover some of the great Soviet espionage successes, and occasional failures. The failures resulted from intelligence being sidelined by ideology, with Stalin, Khrushchev, and even Andropov acting as their own analysts, and with residencies providing Moscow with what it wanted to hear rather than what it needed to know. Christopher Andrew does a phenomenal job of matching the data in the handmade "archive" with the rest of the literature, current and past, in the field of intelligence studies. Intelligence agencies in West will be pulling up names and aliases from this book to match up with their files, if they have not already done so, as a check on their own past counterintelligence records. For the non-specialist, neither historian nor analyst, however, it is all just a long, sad story of betrayal and deception based on misplaced faith in a false cause or, more recently, purely mercenary motives. It shakes one's faith in human intelligence and the intelligence of humans as none of the deceptions, spying, "active measures," or theft of scientific and technical knowledge prevented the decay and eventual collapse of the USSR The author skillfully brings very many bits and pieces of information together to answer a vast array of questions, as well as to debunk numerous myths about overblown reputations. There is much to ponder in this volume, but in the end this world of spies remains a hall of mirrors. The book devotes considerable attention to Soviet operations against its "main adversary," the United States. Moscow had greatly inflated expectations of its illegal agents. In fact, though, just how much can an unacculturated foreigner living undercover in teeming New York City learn about American government secrets? One such illegal did work as a piano tuner for Steinway & Sons. And from the "archive" we do learn how, exactly, Vladimir Horowitz liked to have his piano tuned. There is no indication as to whether this was a vital American secret or whether it influenced Soviet policy. Moscow was also for a long time convinced the United States was planning to launch a pre-emptive nuclear strike; its agents fed that preconception. Rather than its network of legal and illegal spies, the KGB had better results from American citizens working in the intelligence trade, such as Aldrich Ames, who would "walk in" to Soviet residencies offering their services. …


We present a robust method to generate mesh surfaces from unoriented noisy points in this paper. The whole procedure consists of three steps. Firstly, the normal vectors at points are evaluated by a highly robust estimator which can fit surface corresponding to less than half of the data points and fit data with multi-structures. This benefits us with the ability to well reconstruct the normal vectors around sharp edges and corners. Meanwhile, clean point cloud equipped with piecewise normal is obtained by projecting points according to the robust fitting. Secondly, an error-minimized subsampling is applied to generate a well-sampled point cloud. Thirdly, a combinatorial approach is employed to reconstruct a triangular mesh connecting the down-sampled points, and a polygonal mesh which preserves sharp features is constructed by the dual-graph of triangular mesh. Parallelization method of the algorithm on a consumer PC using the architecture of GPU is also given.


In this paper, propagation characteristics of current field are studied in air-sea-seabed three-layer media from a horizontal electric dipole placed in shallow sea. The differences of electromagnetic field propagation characteristics between air-sea-seabed three-layer media and air-sea or sea-seabed two-layer media are analysed on focus, based on the CST modeling and simulation method. The most important difference between the two kinds of models is that the electromagnetic propagation distance is much further in air-sea-seabed three-layer media than it in air-sea or sea-seabed two-layer media, because the lateral propagation path in air-sea-seabed model has double effects from air-sea and sea-seabed.


The antioxidative capacity of 4 Lactobacillus strains, isolated from a milk product, was evaluated by measuring total antioxidative ability (TAA) and resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both intact cells and intracellular cell-free extracts of Lactobacillus casei KCTC 3260 demonstrated the highest antioxidative activity and inhibited lipid peroxidation by 46.2% and 72.9%, respectively. To evaluate the resistance of 4 Lactobacillus strains to ROS, we tested the survival under conditions of 1 mM hydrogen peroxide, 0.4 mM hydroxyl radicals, and 10 mM paraquat-induced superoxide anions. L. casei KCTC 3260 was viable even after 8 h in the presence of 1 mM hydrogen peroxide and after 7 h in 0.4 mM hydroxyl radicals. Moreover, this strain was not influenced by superoxide anions, indicating that it has resistance to superoxide anions. To define the antioxidative mechanism, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and metal ion chelating activity were determined. All tested strains did not possess detectable SOD activity except Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, but L. casei KCTC 3260 had the higher level of chelating activity for both Fe2+ and Cu2+ ions at 10.6 ppm and 21.8 ppm, respectively. These results suggested that the antioxidative capacity of L. casei KCTC 3260 may be caused by chelating metal ions instead of SOD activation.


G ENERALPRACTICEtoday stands atthecross roads. When J wetrytojustify itasaseparate branch ofmedicine, weclaim that its very generality enables ustoseethewhole picture, toidentify disease against itsnatural background ofminorillness andsocial upheaval andtounderstand itlongitudinally infamily life overseveral generations. Lestthese claims bemereplatitudes, Ipropose to discuss whether theyhaveanacademic basis and,ifso,whether we ought nottoadopt thefamily rather thantheindividual asourbasic unit forthestudy ofdisease. Ipropose todiscuss social heredity andhowitcanproduce disease, genetic heredity andhowitcanbemodified bysocial and environmental factors, andIhopetoshowthattorecord this knowledge caninfluence ourunderstanding oftheindividual family andofthewaythefamily fits into thecommunity. Todothis, I shall useasclinical material, 187patients collected frommyown practice, whoseemotional symptoms ledmetogivethem'long interviews'. IneachcaseIhavetried toidentify theearliest major social factor thatseemed responsible forthepatients subsequent history, andthefollowing table showstheincidence ofcertain factors towhich Ishall refer.


In this study, we explored a set of methodologies that can be used at earlier phases of the design process, for designing and analyzing interaction design. Our methodology features a prototyping method that adopts performance technique, an observation method using video from the view of a user and a view that includes the system as a whole, and a method for describing interaction scenarios. Our method aimed to use the scenario and performance as techniques for communicating new design concepts and sharing experiences between designers and users, and to promote interaction between the user community and the design team. We enacted two case studies regarding the adaptation of the methodology. In one case a designer role-played a user, and in another case real users enacted the performances. We evaluated and confirmed the effectiveness of the methodology through these practices.


Particle image velocimetry measurements were conducted for a wing-tip vortex decaying in free-stream turbulence. The vortex exhibited stochastic collapse with free-stream turbulence present, with the breakdown initiating earlier for higher levels of turbulence. An increased rate of decay of the vortex tangential velocity was also observed, increasing with increasing free-stream turbulence. The decay of the vortex tangential velocity without the free-stream turbulence was well represented by viscous diffusion, resulting in an increase in the core radius and decrease in the peak tangential velocity. With the addition of free-stream turbulence, the rate of decay of the peak tangential velocity of the vortex increases, whereas the rate of increase of core radius remains unchanged. The circulation of the vortex decayed in time when immersed in free-stream turbulence, whereas it remained approximately constant when free-stream turbulence was not present. This decay in circulation was found to be almost entirely...


Abstract Contemporary theoretical debates within the study of religion reflect the impact of a range of critical theories inspired by feminist, poststructuralist, postcolonial and "queer" perspectives on the field. Much of this work reflects a radicalization of a post-Kantian notion of the social construction of reality. It is argued that such theories represent an unfolding of the social and cultural implications of the Kantian epistemological project and reflects a similar "Copernican Turn" involving the recognition that the object of study—"religion," is a construct reflecting the methodological and theoretical assumptions of the researcher. The article then offers a postcolonial critique of mainstream "secularist" historiographies of the field and argues for an alternative model for understanding the history and future of the field of the comparative study of religion, grounded in the practice of comparative cultural critique and commentary on dominant models of modernity.


Abstract This article addresses the recent changes in archival practices and discourse, and their implications for documentary photography and photographic theory. Exploring the work of artists such as Renée Green and Gitte Villesen, as well as the writings of Margaret Iversen, Jan Verwoert, and others, the first section of the article examines the severing of the links between photographic images and the events they document in the photographic theory of the late 1970s and 1980s, and the rethinking of these links today through the concepts of performativity and relationality. The second half of the article examines more closely the discourse of the archive in the last decade, focusing on the work of Benjamin Buchloh and Hal Foster. The article highlights the shifts in recent archival practices, from an excavation of past events and their traumatic implications, to viewing of the archive as a potential site for (re)constructing utopian visions.


Objective To discuss the relativity of consistence of prolactin after birth 、lactation beginning time,volume of lactation and the weight of newborn children in different delivery mode.Methods Measure the women′s PRL consistence and lactation beginning time before birth and 24 h、48 h after birth,who have been divided into vaginal delivery group(140 samples)and caesarean birth group(127 samples),note the volume of lactation ,and the weight of newborn children that 72 h after birth.Results ①There was no statistical significance of women′s PRL consistence before birth,between the two group(P0.05);but,the PRL consistence of the vaginal delivery group was higher than the Caesarean birth group both 24h and 48h after birth(P0.01).②The lactation beginning time of vaginal delivery group was observably earlier than caesarean birth group(P0.01),and the same as the volume of lactescence that 24 h and 48 h after birth(P0.01).③The number of newborn child that loss weight≤9%/72h in vaginal delivery group is more than that in caesarean birth group,but,the number that loss weight≥10%/72h in caesarean birth group was greater(P0.01).Conclusion The woman delivery from vagina has a higher consistence of PRL,lactescence earlier,has more breast milk,and whose baby was often stronger.


Until now the financial activity of the Soviet state, carried out during the war between Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR) (June 1941 – May 1945) was studied only fragmentarily. Thus, attentions were drawn to the financial activities of the country as a whole, while the history of such an important instrument of financial policy as a savings Bank, has not been studied. Meanwhile, namely the savings Bank were a link between the Soviet government and population of the country. On the basis of numerous Russian archival documents (State archive of the Russian Federation, Russian state archive of the economy, the Central state archive of St. Petersburg) for the first time was analyzed the work of savings banks of collection of funds of Soviet citizens for fighting. At that the dynamics of personnel structure of savings Bank, as well as priority areas of their work were analyzed.  Attention is drawn to changes in the activity of savings Bank in military terms. It is emphasized that the savings Bank were not only aimed to maximize the collection of money from the public in the interest of the state financial policy, but also cared about the interest of its clients in the use of this credit institution. Keywords: Great Patriotic war, economy, finance, savings Bank JEL Classifications: R51; O16


We provide a detailed analysis of a realization of exotic topological states such as the integer Chern insulator with large Chern numbers and the fractional Chern insulator on the Lieb lattice. In a transverse homogeneous magnetic field a one-particle spectrum that includes one flat and two dispersion topologically trivial fermion bands, transforms to an intricate spectrum for each band with a fine topological structure of the subbands. For a rational magnetic flux through the unit cell the Chern numbers of the subbands are defined by the flux, such in small magnetic fields large-Chern-number phases with abnormal large Hall conductance ${\sigma_{xy}\sim \frac{e}{H}}$ are realized near filling factors 1/6, 1/2 and 5/6. We have considered a realization of the FCI state at a half-filling of the subbands of topological trivial bands with a fine structure for a rational magnetic flux, when a gap in the `quasiflat' subband is formed due to the Coulomb repulsion between spinless fermions. We show that in the FCI state a Hall conductance 1/2 is defined by gapless modes localized on the boundaries with the probability 1/2. The results have been illustrated with numerical calculations.


Amorphous HgCdTe (α-HgCdTe or α-MCT)films on glass substrate were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering technology, amorphous structure of MCT films were studied by XRD and AFM technology, and the "growth window" of α-MCT was obtained. FTIR technology was used to study the optics properties of amorphous MCT films, absorption coefficient of amorphous MCT films (~8×104cm-1) was obtained and we also observed three absorption regions near the optical gap of amorphous MCT, the optical gap of our a-MCT film is about 0.83eV. The transition of amorphous HgCdTe into crystal HgCdTe happened when the annealing temperature was higher than 130°C.


Military organizations require accurate information on the relationship between body size and shape to ensure proper fit of clothing and personal equipment. From an operational perspective, proper fit is essential for soldier clothing and equipment ensembles to function as designed, allowing optimal mobility, comfort and protection from environmental and ballistic threats. Meeting these requirements is challenging, as operational uniforms and ceremonial wear must be provided to all military members. Custom tailoring is provided for individuals of extreme body size, but this practise is expensive and undesirable. Additionally, secular changes in body size, and increasing ethnic diversity and presence of women in operational trades, including combat arms, has presented a challenge to military departments responsible for clothing specification, procurement and issuing. In response, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Science and Technology Organization (NATO STO) has recognized the potential of 3D body scanning as a tool to rapidly acquire 3D anthropometry and body shape data to support clothing design and issuing. This has led to the establishment of NATO Research Task Group (RTG) HFM-266: 3D scanning for clothing fit and logistics. Currently, this Task Group is comprised of 9 member nations and one ally. The outcomes of this Task Group will serve to provide a better understating of the application of 3D body scanning technologies for military clothing and equipment application and inform the development of clothing sizing standards across NATO countries.


The paper presents pharmacological and economical aspects of in application of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for hypertension in patients with high risk of cardio-vascular complications. It was shown that the reproduced (generic) drug Fosicard has less pharmacological expenses in comparison with the original (Tritace) and another generic (Hartil) ramipril. However generics of ramipril have better safety profile in comparison with the generics of fosinopril (Fosicard). In this study the original ramipril (Trirace) was the safest and more expensive. Its high price is the payment for pharmacotherapy by the most safety drug.


Along three rivers at the Mendocino triple junction, northern California, strath, cut, and fill terraces have formed in response to tectonic and eustatic processes. Detailed surveying and radiometric dating at multiple sites indicate that lower reaches of the rivers are dominated by the effects of oscillating sea level, primarily aggradation and formation of fill terraces during sea level high stands, alternating with deep incision during low stands. A eustasy-driven deposi- tional wedge extends tens of kilometers upstream on all rivers (tapering to zero thickness). This distance is greater than expected from studies of the effects of check dams on much smaller streams elsewhere, due in part to the large size of these rivers. However, the change in gradient is nearly identical to other base level rise studies: the depositional gradient is about half that of the original channel. Middle to upper reaches of each fiver are dominated by the effects of long- term uplift, primarily lateral and vertical erosion and formation of steep, unpaired strath terraces exposed only upstream of the depositional wedge. Vertical incision at a rate similar to that of uplift has occurred even during the present sea level high stand along rivers with highest uplift rates. Strath terraces have steeper gradients than the modem channel bed and do not merge with marine terraces at the river mouth; consequently, they cannot be used to determine altitudes of sea level high stands. Strath formation is a continuous process of response to long-term uplift, and its occurrence varies spatially along a river depending on stream power, and hence position, upstream. Strath terraces are found only along certain parts of a coastal stream: upstream of the aggradational effects of oscillating sea level, and far enough downstream that stream power is in excess of that needed to transport the prevailing sediment load. For a given size fiver, the greater the uplift rate, the greater the rate of vertical incision and, consequently, the less the like- lihood of strath terrace formation and preservation.


Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) veneers are attractive materials for biomedical contacting surfaces. In the present study, PEEK veneers with thicknesses between 0.1 and 2 mm were synthesized on Ti6Al4V substrates by hot pressing. The influence of PEEK thicknesses on the friction and wear behavior of veneering PEEK to Ti6Al4V structures was studied under reciprocating sliding conditions against an alumina counterbody immersed in artificial saliva at 37 °C. Additionally, numerical simulations were carried out to evaluate the influence of PEEK thickness on the contact stress. The results revealed that the coefficient of friction and the wear rate increased with decreasing the PEEK thickness. It was revealed that the increase of both coefficient of friction and wear rate are correlated with increased contact stress level on PEEK veneer. Such factors are determinant on the long term success of veneering biomedical PEEK to Ti6Al4V for oral applications. & 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


A non-centralized (non-cellular) mobile communication network with directive/adaptive antennas is proposed. Every node uses directive/adaptive antennas for transmitting and receiving communication signals. The spatial and temporal synchronization of transmitting and receiving antenna beams are accomplished by employing Global Positioning System (GPS) information and a double-ended spatial search algorithm. The communication link setup between a communication transmitter (CT) and a communication receiver (CR) depends on the successes of both forward and reverse links. A CR uses a non-coherent matched filter receiver and a signal power estimator to determine accept/reject of the incoming signals from CT in AWGN channels. Without knowing the exact location of CR, a CT has to search for the CR in different directions using different transmission power level. In a hostile environment, a search algorithm is developed by maximizing the probability of linking without intercept for a CT in every search trial. Updating the statistical information of CR location by a CT after every search also reduces the uncertainty of CR location and the search time.


Background: Pre-school time is where the children are grouped as active consumers that can choose the food they like, however, they can not choose the food by themselves to be consumed. Parents have responsible for develoving their children eating habit. It will influence the nutrients where at this time they need good food for their growth. Methods: The research was in descriptive survey using cross sectional approach. The data collected by interview method using questionnaire and Food Frequency Questionnaire and then analyzed by frequency table distribution and cross tabulating. Result: T he children at Bhakti Asuhan and TKIT Izzuddin has good eating habit that is various food ≥ 3 kinds in a week and ≥ 3 times a day (each of them 76,5% and 54,8%). At TKIT Izzuddin more often consume fast food and package food compared from the students at Bhakti Asuhan kindergarten. Conclusion: The need to increase the knowledge of kindergarten teachers and parents about nutritious food,  and given the knowledge to choose healthy foods and snacks. In addition, the need for further research on the eating habits of pre-school children with the broader scope, such as linking between eating habits with nutritional status of pre-school children. Keyword: Eating habit, pre-school children


Computer modelling of the atomic structure of real amorphous systems meets the serious problem of our vague information about the effective interatomic interactions. The uncertainty about the atomic structure is projected into the results of the electronic structure calculations. Here the sensitivity of the d-electronic structure of an amorphous system to various parameters of the structural model is investigated. The dependence on the size of the structural model of the density of d-electronic states (DOS), the effect on the resulting DOS of the periodic boundary conditions, the dependence of DOS on the thermodynamic state of the system (temperature, density) and on the parameters of the Morse interatomic potential used in the structural simulation are examined. Particular attention is paid to the dependence on atomic configurations of the d-electronic structure. The structural models were generated by means of thermodynamic simulation methods. The electronic structure was calculated by the recursion method. A model of 256 atoms with a periodic boundary condition appears to be sufficiently large to provide the basic features of the d-electronic structure of an amorphous system. The shape of the DOS curve is most sensitive to those parameters of the structural model which affect the interatomic distances and the local arrangement of the atoms, and in particular to the repulsive part of the interatomic potential. The configuration fluctuations of the total-one-electron energy of the 256-atom model of an amorphous system at 300 K are less than 0.01%.


The present experiment was conducted at Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh during 2019–21 to study the prevalent agroforestry systems and to assess their carbon stock potential. Sub-montane low hill zone of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh was the study area with 15 farmers selected from each marginal, small and medium categories to carry out the study. Results of the investigation revealed that five agroforestry systems, viz. agrisilviculture, agrihorticulture, agrisilvihorticulture, silvopastoral and pastoralsilviculture were prevalent in the studied area. Maximum aboveground and belowground biomass production was recorded for the silvopastoral system among all the identified systems with least under pastoralsilviculture. Carbon stock potential among all the systems was recorded highest for the silvopastoral system (60.92 Mg/ha) and generally followed the order silvopastoral>agrisilvihorticulture>agrisilviculture>pastoralsilviculture>agrihorticulture. Farmer categories didn't affect the carbon storage potential of the different agroforestry systems significantly. Soil carbon stock contributed more as compared to vegetation carbon stock with pastoralsilviculture having maximum soil:plant carbon ratio of 2.59. The study highlights the importance of the tree based land uses and offers the basis for selection of the potential system from the climate change mitigation point of view in the susceptible Himalayan region.


Let U be a simply connected domain on the Riemann sphere whose complement K contains more than one point. We establish a characterization of local connectivity of K at a point in terms of the prime ends whose impressions contain this point. Invoking a result of Ursell and Young, we obtain an alternative proof of a theorem of Torhorst, which states that the impression of a prime end of $U$ contains at most two points at which $K$ is locally connected.


The problem of the isomorphism of the plagioclase feldspars has not been fully understood. That they are a series of solid solutions is a matter upon which there is little disagreement, but how can albite and anorthite be isomorphous? On this question Wherry' has reached the conclusion that it is a case of atomic isomorphism, with one aluminum atom occupying a sort of nuclear position in both end-members; the second aluminum atom of anorthite being definitely a replacement of one silicon atom of albite. This is indicated by the formulas: NaAl(Si3Os) and CaAl(AlSi2Os).2


Disclosed in the present invention are an ATPG7 protein having functions of increased productivity, delayed aging, and resistance to stress of a plant, a gene thereof, and a use thereof. The transformed and overexpressed plant body not only shows a feature of increased productivity, but also features of delayed aging and resistance to stress.


A cargo service company is demanded to always increase its service quality by extending the area and punctual, speedy, and safe service. In its services, PT Repex Perdana International (Licensee of Federal Express), Medan, cannot be seperated from the five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy which are still in good catagory. But there are some complaints about the lateness of goods arrival at destination addresses, the mistakes in sending goods, some damaged goods, and some lost goods. It is demanded that this company play its real role in increasing its service quality in order to make its customers satisfied and loyal. The research used quantitative explanatory research method. The population was 34.029 loyal customers, and 400 of them were used as the samples, using Slovin formula. The data were analyzed by using path analysis. The result of the research showed that, partially, the variables of tangibles, empathy, and satisfaction had positive and significant influence on loyalty, while reliability, responsiveness, and assurance had positive but insignificant influence on loyalty. Partially, the variables of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy had positive and significant influence on satisfaction, while tangibles had positive but insignificant influence on satisfaction. Simultaneously, the variables of tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy had significant influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Indirectly, the variables of tangibles, reliability, reponsiveness, assurance, and empathy had positive influence on loyalty through satisfaction, while the variable of tangibles did not have any indirect influence on loyalty through satisfaction


The relationships between diet, metabolism within the rumen and milk secretion are considered and the bases of the effects of nutrition on milk quantity and quality are established. Practical situations under which such effects occur are reviewed, and emphasis is given to other factors which influence their quantitative importance.


We have calculated the population distributions of many electronic excite states as a function of time in collisions of bare, hydrogen-like and helium-like C, N and O ions with neutral targets, H, He, and H2. Using the population distribution, we have calculated theoretical emission spectra in the collision system. Comparing the theoretical spectra with the observation, we have estimated the detection efficiency of the spectrometer and discuss the singlet-triplet ratio in charge exchange collisions of hydrogen-like ions.


Type I natural killer T (NKT) cells have gained considerable interest in anticancer immune therapy over the last decade. This "innate-like" T lymphocyte subset has the unique ability to recognize foreign and self-derived glycolipid antigens in association with the CD1d molecule expressed by antigen-presenting cells. An important property of these cells is to bridge innate and acquired immune responses. The adjuvant function of NKT cells might be exploited in the clinics. In this review, we discuss the approaches currently being used to target NKT cells for cancer therapy. In particular, we highlight ongoing strategies utilizing NKT cell-based nanovaccines to optimize immune therapy.


Hatching failure occurs in approximately 10% of all avian eggs, but varies both within and among species. This reduction in viable offspring can have significant fitness consequences for breeding parents; therefore, it is important to understand which factors influence variation in hatching failure among populations. Previous research suggests that hatching failure is higher in a suburban than in a wildland population in the Florida scrub-jay. From 2003 to 2007, we performed two experiments to examine whether increased hatching failure in the suburbs resulted from 1) increased length of off-bouts during incubation (predation risk hypothesis, 2003–2004) or 2) increased exposure to ambient temperature during laying (egg viability hypothesis, 2005–2007). Hatching failure was higher for females that took fewer off-bouts, but the length of those off-bouts did not influence hatching failure. Thus, nest predation risk does not appear to explain higher hatching failure in the suburbs. Alternatively, hatching failure increased with increasing exposure of eggs to ambient conditions during the laying period. First-laid eggs in the suburbs had the greatest pre-incubation exposure to ambient temperature and the greatest rate of hatching failure, consistent with the egg viability hypothesis. Urbanization influences hatching failure through a series of complex interactions. Access to predictable food sources advances mean laying date in suburban scrub-jays, leading to larger clutch sizes. Because scrub-jays begin incubation with the ultimate egg, first-laid eggs in the suburbs may be exposed to ambient temperatures for longer periods, thus reducing their viability.


Cloud computing becomes need of the hour since it provides resources and allow users to store data beyond the capacity of their machines. In case machines are out of capacity, flow control is required to save from data loss. To overcome this problem, data migration to cloud comes to rescue. Performing data migration to cloud can be a daunting task, on the same time it facilitates the IT industry to improve in terms of infrastructure and architecture. The most common driver causing migration of data centre to cloud include: Capital expenditure reduction, reduced costing process, improving scalability and flexibility and improving security of stored data over the cloud. Strategies for data migration are researched over and this paper includes those techniques for evaluating and concluding best possible strategies along with future enhancements.


The present invention provides methods for identifying genes and pathways involved in plasticity. Applying the present invention to some of these methods is known to result in diseases known to result in altered nervous system plasticity, ie, dark breeding (DR) or monocular removal (MD) Identify genes that are differentially regulated in at least part of the nervous system of individuals subjected to different conditions. The gene is a target for pharmacological agents that modify plasticity. The present invention identifies biological pathways enriched in genes that are differentially prepared under conditions known to result in altered neural plasticity. The present invention further provides methods and compositions for modulating plasticity in a subject's nervous system.


Using the better anti-froth quality of lube to improve the inlet tubing head pressure of signal lubropump,stabilize the working lube temperature of the aircrew,clearly improve the working performance of the signal lubropump and reduce the requests of the anti-froth quality of lube. When the inlet tubing head pressure and temperature of the signal lubropump are higher,the request of the anti-froth quality of using lube is lower. Therefore,for ensuring the working performances of signal lubropump,the higher inlet pressure of signal lubropump should be ensured. At the same time,use the better anti-froth quality of lube as soon as possible and stabilize the lube temperature when the aircrew is working.


It discloses an apparatus and method for controlling an inverter so that the inverter provides a stable output voltage to the motor regardless of changes in the DC input voltage. In order to obtain a predetermined frequency ratio according to the reference frequency is applied between the DC voltage converter with a predetermined reference voltage is the rated voltage of the motor difference, the output voltage difference to obtain a compensated output value by the output voltage compensated with the compensation DC input voltage detection value to obtain a final compensated output voltage and the output voltage from the inverter output voltage value of the final compensation provided to the motor. Thus, stable output voltage of the converter may be provided to the motor irrespective of voltage variation of the DC input.


Artemisia anethifolia was employed to study the relationship of salt tolerance with Chlorophyll and Betacyanin contents at the different concentration of NaCl.The results showed that Chlorophyll in seedling of A.anethifolia took the tendency of low-high-low as the increase of salt concentration,and Betacyanin contents in beet had an obvious tendency.It was concluded that the content of Chlorophyll in A.anethifolia and Betacyanin in beet could be used as important appraisal indexes to salt tolerance of A.anethifolia.


Adams, James Truslow. Provincial So? ciety (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1927). American Economic Association. Eco? nomic Essays Contributed in Hon? or of John Bates Clark (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1927). Arnot, R. Page. Soviet Russia and Her Neighbors (New York: Van? guard Press, 1927). Ashby, Forrest Bee. The Economic Ef? fect of Blue Sky Laws (Philadel? phia: University of Pennsylvania Thesis, 1926). Balas, Karl von. Theorie der Einkommenund Zahlungsmachtverteilung (Wien: Manzsche Verlagsund Universitats Buchhandlung, 1927). Barry, Frederick. The Scientific Habit of Thought (New York: Colum? bia University Press, 1927). Bober, Mandell M. Karl Marx's Inter? pretation of History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927). Borders, Karl. Village Life under the Soviets (New York: Vanguard Press, 1927). Brailsford, H. N. How the Soviets Work (New York: Vanguard Press, 1927). Bureau of Railway Economics. Re? view of the Economic Situation in the Railway Industry (Washing? ton, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1927). Burgess, W. Randolph. The Reserve Banks and the Money Market (New York: Harper & Bros., 1927). Cannan, Edwin. An Economist's Pro? test (New York: The Adelphi Co., 1928). Carr-Saunders, A. M. and Jones, D. Caradog. A Survey of the Social Structure of England and Wales (London: Oxford University Press, 1927). Chassee, L. J. Management of Per? sonal Income (New York: A. W. Shaw & Co., 1927). Banking in California. Vol. IV (New York: S. J. Clarke Pub? lishing Co., 1927). Crompton, George. The Tariff (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1927). Cross, Ira B. Financing an Empire? Banking in California. Vols. I, II, III, and IV (New York: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1927). Communications Statistiques du Bu? reau Municipal de Statistique dAmsterdam. Comptes de Men? age de 212 Families de Differente Position Sociale (Amsterdam: J. M. Meulenhoff, 1927).


In this work, a time-varying pulse waveform spin readout sequence method is proposed to improve the spin readout efficiency of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. The method consists of performing the readout signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analysis via the construction of a rate equation model of the NV center. We demonstrate a superior performance from the time-varying waveform readout approach and focus on the role of the readout optimization in quantum measurements. A detailed comparison of the readout SNR of the time-varying waveform and conventional waveform is provided. We experimentally demonstrate that the readout SNR is increased by 8% by utilizing an optimized waveform. It is anticipated that the improved method will effectively benefit the sensing capability of NV center ensembles and provide support for high-precision measurements of solid systems.


In this study, we investigated the role of artemin, a member of the glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor of ligands, in the malignant phenotype of lung cancer.


Ten patients with chronic progressive radiation myelopathy were studied at the Mayo Clinic. Most of them had primary carcinomas of head or neck and all had received radiation therapy. The interval between termination of radiation and onset of neurologic symptoms varied from 5 1/2 to 30 months. The lower extremities were usually affected first. Sensory symptoms predominated. The spinal cord disease was cervical in eight and dorsal in two, corresponding to the segment of the cord irradiated. In four patients, the striking neurologic finding was a Brown-Sequard syndrome, whereas in six the picture was that of an incomplete transverse myelopathy. Myelograms were normal in all but one patient. Seven patients had died; average survival time was ten months. The differential diagnosis mainly concerned intramedullary tumor metastasis and "remote" carcinomatous myelopathy.


For people who take a walk at Binhai cultural wall, the magnificent cultural project of "the Grand Sight of Chinese Characters" will surprise all of them. How to recognize the lines on the cultural wall which are full of visual impact and affinity? How to understand the purport, connotation and meaningof these lines? What's the overall view thinking of Chinese people? All the above-mentioned and the value of its methodology are worth thinking and reseaching.


A large empirical literature suggests that risk premia on stocks or corporate bonds are large and countercyclical. This paper studies a simple real business cycle model with a small, exogenously time-varying risk of disaster, and shows that it can replicate several important facts documented in the literature. In the model, an increase in disaster risk leads to a decline of output, investment, stock prices, and interest rates, and an increase in the expected return on risky assets. The model matches well business cycle data and asset price data, and the countercyclicality of risk premia. I present an extension of the model with endogenous choice of leverage and endogenous default, and show that the model accounts well for the level and cyclicality of credit spreads, and in particular the relation between investment and credit spreads. JEL Classification: E32, E44, G12


A unique two‐component spinor connection, which we call the standard connection, is determined by the requirement that it be compatible with the spinor inner product and that it give rise to the standard 4‐vector connection. Here we take the most general spinor connection, presuming that the conjugate spinor connection is uniquely determined by it, and examine which 4‐vector connections are thereby determined. We classify such nonstandard spinor connections and the resulting 4‐vector connections and show that the most general torsion tensor can be so generated. However, it is not possible to generate in this way the most general tensor describing incompatibility of the 4‐vector connection with the 4‐vector inner product. These results illuminate the relationship which must exist between nonstandard theories for spinors and for vectors.


The efficacy of ambient mass spectrometry to identify and serotype Legionella pneumophila was assessed. To this aim, isolated waterborne colonies were submitted to a rapid extraction method and analysed by direct analysis in real‐time mass spectrometry (DART‐HRMS).


Background Power mobility devices (PMD) are critical to achieving independent mobility and social participation for many individuals who have trouble walking. Provision of PMDs is complex, with cognitive functioning expressed by clinicians as a major concern. Even if PMD use can be predicted by the level of cognitive functioning, outcome tools used to assess readiness do not consider how cognitive functioning may affect PMD use. Objective The specific aims of this review are to identify existing assessments used to assess cognitive functioning and PMD use, classify cognitive functions that are identified within existing assessments related to PMD use, and explore the relationships between cognitive functioning (ie, executive functions and attention) and PMD use. Methods A systematic review will be conducted using the electronic databases MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO (Ovid), and Web of Science based on the concepts of PMD performance and capacity, and cognitive functioning. To be included, studies must have: a sample of PMD users (inclusive of age and diagnoses), an assessment of cognitive functioning, and an assessment of PMD capacity or performance. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health will be used to classify cognitive functions. Study quality will be assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Qualitative and quantitative studies will be analyzed in a complementary manner depending on their designs; a result-based convergent synthesis design will be applied. Results This proposed systematic review protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019118957). It was funded by the Quebec Rehabilitation Research Network and approved on February 2019. Conclusions Results will inform the development of a PMD driving program that aims to enhance cognition. The results of this study will enhance understanding of the influence of cognitive functioning on PMD use and will support the clinical practice in choosing appropriate evaluative tools. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42019118957; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php? RecordID=118957 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/16534


Colour in the Ephippiger ephippiger complex varies with the geographical distribution and with rearing density. In the W European subspecies E. e. vitium, wild insects from northern and eastern parts of the range tend to have green tergites with relatively inconspicuous banding, whereas those from S France have conspicuously pale banded dark-green or brown tergites. These forms represent the ends of a continuum and there is no zone of distinction. However, the E Pyrenean subspecies, E. e. cunii, lacks the broad banding of its neighbouring E. e. vitium. The tergites of laboratory cultured insects of these stocks when reared in isolation are distinctly green but when reared together become progressively brown. The darkness of the brown is density dependant, so that at high densities the tergites may become almost black. These colour changes are irreversible. Adult insects also become darker with sexual maturity and after contact on mating. Wild-caught E. e. ephippiger from Italy and Yugoslavia have green tergites without obvious banding. Colour changes have not been found or induced in this subspecies. The significance of the colour change is considered and although firm data are wanting, circumstantial evidence suggests a deliberate shift to an aposematic or pseudoaposematic colour pattern.


Many agro-industrial companies grow amaranth for the subsequent production of amaranth oil, flour, cereals, flakes, and bran. After the grain is extracted, waste in the form of inflorescences remains, which can be used to obtain useful new products. This work investigated the use of pyrolysis to recycle amaranth inflorescence wastes (AIW). Thermochemical conversion experiments in an inert medium were carried out in a laboratory setup at 550 °C and a heating rate of 10 °C/min. It was found that the AIW pyrolysis produced 37.1 wt.% bio-oil, 35.8 wt.% pyrogas and 27.1 wt.% biochar. The oil fraction of the obtained bio-oil contains 41.8% of hydrocarbons. Thermogravimetric analysis of AIW was performed in the temperature range from 40 to 1000 °C at heating rates of 10, 15, and 20 °C /min in argon medium (75 mL/min). The kinetic parameters were determined by the model-free Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose methods. The average activation energy values are in the range of 208.44–216.17 kJ/mol, and they were used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters. The results indicate that the pyrolysis application will allow efficient conversion of AIW into value-added products.


Based on our work, we conclude the following: (1) Preliminary analyses of the samples from the initial Illinois 6 coal ITSL runs show that they have compositions similar to the samples from the Indiana 5 coal runs. (2) The 375/sup 0/C/sup -/ (707/sup 0/F/sup -/) fraction of the pasting solvent is a poorer donor solvent than the heavier fractions. The quantity of donatable hydrogen in the pasting solvent distillate fractions boiling above 425/sup 0/C (797/sup 0/F) is somewhat less than that in the 375 to 425/sup 0/C fraction, but the donor activity remains high. It is clear that the heavier distillable fractions of the ITSL recycle oil are superior as donor solvents to the light ends boiling below 375/sup 0/C (707/sup 0/F). (3) In the current ITSL concept, heavy distillate (650/sup 0/F/sup +/) and resid (excluding that rejected by the ASDA) are recycled to extinction. This mode of recycle makes maximum use of the high donor solvent quality present in the heavy distillate. (4) With increasing boiling point, ITSL pasting solvent decreases in total hydrogen and paraffinic content and increases in aromatic hydrogen content. The concentration of cyclic aliphatic hydrogen (a measure of donor concentration) increases with boiling point tomore » about 350/sup 0/C, then decreases. (5) Hexane soluble residual oils are concentrated in the light resid (850 to 970/sup 0/F). Preasphaltenes are concentrated in the heavy (970/sup 0/F/sup +/) resid. (6) A short study was made on the LC-Finer product of a paraffinic Utah coal extract as a model for the LC-Finer product of Wyodak coal. The Utah coal LC-Finer product was shown to be a very poor quality donor and hydroliquefaction solvent largely as a result of its high paraffinicity and low concentration of donors and condensed ring systems. This is particularly true of the lower boiling fractions. An appendix has been entered separately.« less


The application of nuclear gauge to measure density of asphalt pavement is analyzed in the paper. The regression formula used in measuring density of pavement is founded through linear regression of the data measured by nuclear gauge and core method. As nuclear gauge is used for the purpose of quality control, it is recommended to testify by core method when the density obtained through nuclear gauge is too high or too low. Other uses of nuclear gauge for asphalt pavement are also discussed in the paper.


CdTe thin films on CdS coated FTO glasses were prepared by vapor transport deposition (VTD). The photoluminescence spectra excited both from CdTe film side and the glass side were investigated in order to study the effect of deposition parameters in VTD process such as substrate temperature, pressure and atmosphere on the defects in CdTe films. The results show that the substrate temperature and the atmosphere w/o oxygen have great influence on the number and variety of defects in CdTe films as well as at CdTe/CdS interface, which leads to significant difference in CdTe film properties and device performances. The effect of the pressure in this paper is identical to the effect of the substrate surface temperature. During the VTD deposition process, the real substrate temperature and the oxygen in atmosphere are the first two important parameters to control.


A description is given of a system comprising a general purpose computer (PDP‐8E) and a special purpose computer controlling a flying‐spot microscope. Under program control, the system extracts data from a field of view on the microscope slide. Various operating features of the system are detailed and a general account is given of its design and construction. Experience of using the system is briefly discussed.


This paper uses real-time data to show that inflation and either the output gap or unemployment, the variables which normally enter central banks' Taylor rules for interest-rate-setting, can provide evidence of out-of-sample predictability and forecasting ability for the United States Dollar/Euro exchange rate from the inception of the Euro in 1999 to the end of 2007. We also present less formal evidence that, with real-time data, the Taylor rule provides a better description of ECB than of Fed policy during this period. The strongest evidence is found for specifications that neither incorporate interest rate smoothing nor include the real exchange rate in the forecasting regression, and the results are robust to whether or not the coefficients on inflation and the real economic activity measure are constrained to be the same for the U.S. and the Euro Area. The evidence is stronger with inflation forecasts than with inflation rates and with real-time data than with revised data. Bad news about inflation and good news about real economic activity both lead to out-of-sample predictability and forecasting ability through forecasted exchange rate appreciation.


Abstracts are now being accepted for the inaugural Atlantic Basin Conference on Chemistry (ABCChem), which will take place Jan. 23–26, 2018, at the Peninsula Convention Center at the Iberostar Cancun hotel in Cancun, Mexico. "This event will bring together chemists, chemical engineers, and other allied professionals from around the Atlantic Basin to present their research, network, and collaborate with their colleagues in the region and beyond," says ACS Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer Thomas Connelly. The American Chemical Society is among the eight chemical societies launching this new conference and one of five sponsoring it. The other sponsoring societies are the European Association for Chemical & Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS), the Canadian Society for Chemistry, the Mexican Chemical Society, and the Brazilian Chemical Society. Participating societies are the Federation of African Societies of Chemistry, the Latin American Federation of Chemical Associations, and the South African Chemi...


THAN ALLEN, it is usually supposed, was a pioneer, backwoods chieftain, and extempore soldier who suddenly emerged from the wilderness at the head of a band of uncouth adventurers, captured a fortress, shouted an epigram and disappeared again into the obscurity of mountain caverns and first-growth trees. It is true that his education was brief and sketchy, but not from lack of willingness. He wrote:'


How DOES COLONIALITY evolve? The answer to that question remains elusive despite decades of research (Ward and Zahavi 1973, Siegel-Causey and Kharitonov 1990, Hoogland 1995, Brown and Brown 1996, Danchin et al. 1998, Rolland et al. 1998). Scientists traditionally approached coloniality from an economic framework (Ward and Zahavi 1973, Witttenberger and Hunt 1985, Richner and Heeb 1995, Brown and Brown 1996). This research program weighed potential costs and benefits in an attempt to uncover the overriding advantages that produce coloniality. Recently, Danchin and Wagner (1997) suggested an abandonment of the economic approach and proposed commodity selection as a better conceptual framework for the study of coloniality. With commodity selection, benefits are irrelevant for colony formation and the subsequent evolution of coloniality. This framework shifted the focus from benefits of coloniality to mechanisms responsible for coloniality. Commodity selection, the synthesis of the hidden lek hypothesis and the performancebased conspecific attraction hypothesis, describes a behavior in which individuals select a commodity (e.g. habitat or mates) and, as a byproduct, aggregate at that location (Danchin and Wagner 1997, Wagner et al. 2000). For example, animals might prospect potential breeding habitats and choose to breed in favorable environments. Such a scenario could indirectly result in colonial breeding. Selecting suitable


The text bubble above is how AustralianSuper promotes insurance on twitter. The link tells how it is using its size and bulk-buying power to cut a good deal on life and injury cover, as well an educational message on the importance of financial protection if you cannot work.


An excessive curve of Spee is frequently observed in dental malocclusions with deep overbites,and leveling of the curve with overbite reduction is hence a common treatment objective. Such exaggerated curve of spee alters the imbalance of muscle,leading to the improper functional occlusion. The cause leading to the altered condition and the treatment of leveling of the curve with spee require specialized skills for the practitioner. It would be useful to have a thorough knowledge of how the curve of Spee develops,which will aid us in our treatment.


ABSTRACT The Philippines' fast-food scene presents a compelling model of how Western market forces such as globalization and neoliberalism can have positive impacts on local populations. For example, competition between multinational brands (McDonald's) and their local counterparts (Jollibee) increasingly informs Filipino cultural/political identity. Jollibee's bellwether position in the country's thriving fast-food trade has become an intense source of national pride. Innovative menu items, aggressive marketing, and subtle expressions of postcolonial resistance all contribute to Jollibee's dominance over foreign companies, especially McDonald's. Ethnographic data from a provincial Philippine city in 2005–2006 reveals how smaller domestic players effectively compete against global retail giants.


750 GUillain-Barre syndrome is an acute, symmet ric, ascending polyneuropathy that usually occurs after viral infection or immunization (Gilroy & Holliday, 1982). Patients initially show pa resis or muscle weakness in the lower limbs, followed rapidly by flaccid pamlysis of the peripheral muscles and eventually of the muscles of the trunk and upper extremities. Because of autonomic nervous system in volvement, urinary problems-distension of the bladder from urine retention-occur in about 25% of the cases (Gilroy & Meyer, 1979). Respiratory paraly sis, a common symptom, can result in critical situa tions requiring a tracheotomy and close monitoring of respiratory functioning (Schunberg, 1981). This synopsis prOVides a focus to discuss occupa tional therapy management of a patient with Guillain Barre syndrome. In particular, this report will high light the use of a continuous passive motion machine for treatment of the patient's painful, nonfunctional hands.


This chapter assesses the role of innovation in averting the global water crisis. Recent technical advances—such as desalinization of saltwater, geographical information systems (GIS), and remote sensing—have the potential for managing and increasing freshwater supplies. There is also a new generation of urban water supply systems that can improve efficiency and sustainable use. Water use in agriculture, too, can benefit from a range of innovations in irrigation technologies and delivery systems. The chapter then considers the key policies and other initiatives that are necessary for prompting more economy-wide innovation in water technologies: public policies and investments that facilitate private research and development (R&D) activities of firms; overcoming the water efficiency paradox; privatization of some activities currently undertaken by public supply utilities; and initiatives by the private sector and corporations to account for water costs and risks.


The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of abacavir (ABC) and efavirenz (EFV) instead of a protease inhibitor (PI) in HIV‐1‐infected subjects treated with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and one PI with undetectable viral loads (<50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL). To be eligible for inclusion, patients had to have a history of viral load <400 copies/mL for at least 3 months and had to be naïve to treatment with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and ABC, but multiple pretreatment and treatment failure were allowed.


Spent honeycomb biomass as sustainable source is used to generate value added product, such as activated carbon. The generated activated carbon is characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infra‐red spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, High‐resolution transmission electron microscope, and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller analyses. The activated carbon is explored as intercalation anode material for lithium‐ion battery in half‐cell and full cell as electrodes for ultracapacitor in aqueous and non‐aqueous electrolytes. The coin‐type CR‐2032 full cell lithium‐ion battery consists of the honeycomb‐derived carbon as anode and commercial LiCoO2 as cathode delivers discharge capacity of 140 mAh/g at C/5 rate with excellent cycling stability. On the other hand, the symmetric ultracapacitor consists of the carbon electrode exhibits energy density of 72 Wh/kg at a power density of 4800 W/kg with excellent coulombic efficiency as well as stability. The laboratory proto‐type battery and ultracapacitor devices are demonstrated to power a consumer electronics, namely green light emitting diode bulb for more than 3 hours and 20 minutes, respectively.


In the area of Ring Laser Gyro(RLG) dither stripping,it is difficult to find a scheme that has nice real-time performance while keeping high accuracy,which limits the application range of RLG.Thus we put forward a new stripping method for mechanical dither of RLG.The principle of LMS adaptive filter was used,the signal of gyro and the angular displacement signal of angular rate sensor were taken respectively as the basic input and reference input.In this paper,the theory of application of this new scheme in dither stripping was analyzed firstly,the design method was presented,which was compared with some traditional methods.Simulation result showed that LMS adaptive filter is capable to strip dither signal at high accuracy in both static and dynamic state,and dither residue is diminished markedly,which can reduce the complexity of algorithm in INS.


This thesis was completed as an assignment of the chemistry field corporation Sachtleben Pigments Oy. The research was done in the corporation's acid recovery department concerning mainly the evaporation lines there. The purpose was the optimization of the evaporation lines. This required knowledge of the techniques and processes used. I have presented the main points of evaporation line related processes, which affect the results. So I came closer to the possibilities of optimization. When the evaporation lines and other details are known better, then understanding the adjusting of the process setpoint parameters is easier. Optimization itself is actually testing the different adjustments and setpoint parameters that can be adjusted and compared with existing devices. After measurements and calculations results were found that can make the process better. An essential factor in searching for the optimum solution was the quantifying of the amount of evaporation. Based on this, it was easier to compare the different efficiencies and consumptions. After each test run phase changes were made to the evaporation process setpoint values to get results from different settings. From these test runs, we could immediately find some advantages and disadvantages when driving the evaporation lines. In addition to test runs in this thesis the background factors that affect the evaporation process have been explained. Confidential information has been removed from the thesis.


Magnetising millions of people, the so-called new media are developing rapidly. The reverse side of that cataclysmic development is an individual functionalisation which can merge into a loss of control or addicted behaviour. During the last years, more and more people have frequented the Berlin counselling centre "Lost IN Space", because they experience reality as problematic and increasingly escape into excessive media use. The majority of the clients in need of advise and treatment play online role-playing games because of their complexity which has a very high potential to cause an addiction. Based on this case report, the characteristics of computer game addiction, like the concept of partial abstinence, high comorbidity and distinctive ambivalence of the affected people, will be presented.


This paper identifies and characterizes the main aspects and concepts traditionally considered in road capacity studies aiming at: widening the analysis scope according to a more global focus, integrated to the socio-economic environment; establishing themes and dimensions that must be introduced and better tackled; expliciting the use of road capacity as a powerful tool, not only for optimizing traffic demand but also for establishing feasible public policies and improving the quality of life; presenting an information framework that will contribute to future developments in this area. The results of this research are based on an extensive bibliographic review, focusing on the Highway capacity manual — 2000 (HCM), considered the main reference in road capacity studies and also because it can be used as a model to new research aiming at knowledge systematization in this area, according to a more wide analysis context proposed by this paper and to the current trend in transport studies. The article considered the importance of contemplating in the analysis, besides service quality, the environmental impacts, in order to empower the decision-making process for the improvement of road network performance. It also observed the need to intensify and systemize capacity studies in terms of the highway network itself and also in terms of aspects related to the infrastructure administration as part of the road services supply.


Globally, fisheries and forestry have been characterised by substantial ecological and economic problems. Both sectors have become notorious for depleting the stocks on which they depend, eroding the value of harvested natural resources over time and having significant negative 'by-catch' impacts on non-target natural resources. Problems of resource overuse and potential ecosystem collapse inherently derive from poor decisions influenced by those with undue or excessive economic, political and labour market power. Solutions to problems of unsustainability of resource management will need to engage with these economic drivers and beneficiaries, and require strategies including better and more independent assessments of the status and condition of resources. Deep-seated problems caused by resource over-commitment need more robust approaches to resource assessment that (1) better account for uncertainty (including uncertainty resulting from stock losses due to disturbance), (2) avoid ratchet effects and (3) provide appropriate ecological parameters for resource harvest. The United Nations framework for environmental and economic accounting methods can help assess the economic and other contributions of different resource-based industries and inform decisions about trade-offs between competing interests. Finally, there is value in examining successful and unsuccessful industry restructuring, in which decisions to transition away from demonstrably unsustainable resource industries have been made. JEL Codes: Q3


Starting from 2-aminobenzyl alcohols and 1,2-amino alcohols, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepines (TH-BDZ) can be prepared through a one-pot ruthenium-catalyzed reaction encompassing two consecutive borrowing hydrogen cycles.


X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a technique primarily used in medical applications that uses X-ray images to reconstruct the internal microstructure of objects. This is considered to be a non-destructive and non-invasive technique for 3D imaging of any materials. Using X-rays, a series of radiographs of a sample are recorded from various angles, and then used to reconstruct the internal 3D microstructure by means of a suitable reconstruction algorithm. The method has a high penetrating power and probing efficiency, and is unlimited by morphological complexity. This article summarizes the concept and applications of X-ray computed tomography in various fields of food processing.


The article analyses a set of measures of government support to socially oriented nonprofit organizations (SO NPOs) which were enacted in 2009-2013 in Russia. The analysis is aimed at assessing this Russian regulatory framework designed to channel government support to SO NPOs by comparing it with the tools of government, employed to facilitate cross-sector partnership in the delivery of social services in the selected foreign countries. For a theoretical framework of the investigation of interaction between government and SO NPOs we rely on the demand / supply model and in particular on the theory of market and government "failure". The employed empirical material includes full-text versions of the relevant Russian Federal norms and regulations, selected matching documents of foreign countries as well as data of sociological surveys of Russian NPOs conducted by HSE. Firstly, principles used by Russian law-makers to define legally the subsector of SO NPOs are investigated. Analysis of the tools of the government support, introduced by the enacted norms and regulations, is then arranged by the major form of support: financial, transfer of property rights, tax incentives etc. The data are featured on the scope of the government support to SO NOPs at the federal level of government and in part at the level of regions. International comparisons follow. Overall the set of measures discussed constitutes a serious positive innovation in the Russian government practices vis-a-vis SO NPOs. It shows the substantial similarity with the government tool kits, employed to support NPOs elsewhere in the world. This relates to the criteria of legal eligibility for support and to the composition of the tool kit, which includes government subsidies / grants, tax incentives etc. There remains room for expansion of the Russian tool kit. In implementing new legal norms attention must be paid to keeping administrative barriers to access to the government support reasonably low, in particular to small NPOs constituting a majority in the Russian nonprofit sector.


Objective:To study the potential mechanism of Xiaobi Dingtong Tincture(XDT) in inhibiting bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients.Methods:Patients with RA were treated with XDT prepared with modern technique.Results:XDT significantly depressed erythrosedimentation,C-reactive protein,rheumatoid factor titer and serum levels of IL-1,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α.Also,it significantly relieved clinical symptoms.No obvious difference was observed between XDT and Difuxin at the 2nd or 4th week after treatment.Conclusion:XDT can prevent bone erosion in RA and efficiently improve restoration of joint function.


There were many researches that discussed about performance of Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) in Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Some of them used mobile velocity and traffic congestion as variables in their observation. This research becomes very important because the writer of this paper was not sure of the result and the analysis of some previous research. So, this paper aims to explore about the impact of node velocity and traffic congestion to the performance and characteristic of AODV in MANET. The transport agents used are Transmission Control Protocol for File Transfer Protocol (TCP/FTP) and User Datagram Protocol for Constant Bit Rate (UDP/CBR). The research is applied by using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). The performance is measured over some parameters, namely Overhead Routing (RO), Normalized Routing Load (NRL), and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The contribution and the results obtained proved that the node velocity and traffic congestion can degrade the performance of AODV in MANET. It argued the other previous research claim that the node speed or velocity did not have influence to the performance of AODV MANET. Keywords—Node velocity; traffic congestion; AODV; MANET


The analysis of public policy issues in the classroom can be a powerful tool to help students learn because it encourages students to actively apply classroom material. The television show The Simpsons provides several episodes that revolve around policy issues amenable to examination. Using The Simpsons to provide students with material for analysis has two advantages over traditional sources such as newspapers or magazines. First, a long-running and popular television show effectively engages students in a way traditional sources cannot. Second, the context of an animated television show can help students separate positive economic analysis from normative economic analysis.


The Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1, HTLV-1, was isolated, in 1980, from a pacient
affected by a T cell cutaneous lymphoma, and it is mainly associated to the development of a
neurological disorder called TSP/HAM. About 2.5 million of individuals are HTLV-1 infected, in
Brazil, and the grater prevalence into general population is registered in Salvador city, Bahia state.
This study was performed in two stages: the first one refers to an study of viral envelope
caracterization, using bioinformatics tools; while the second one, is a seroprevalence investigation
and viral isolates caracterization. The env gene characterization study was carried out to evaluate
the molecular pattern of all available Brazilian human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Env (n =
15) nucleotide sequences via epitope prediction, physico-chemical analysis, and protein potential
sites identification, giving support to the Brazilian AIDS vaccine program. In 12 previously
described peptides of the Env sequences, 12 possible epitopes were found. The total variation on the
amino acid composition was 9% and 17% for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II
Env epitopes, respectively. In 5 of the 12 Env epitopes the physico-chemical analysis demonstrated
that the mutations magnified the antigenicity profile into the mutation region. The potential protein
domain analysis of Env sequences showed the loss of a CK-2 phosphorylation site caused by
D197N mutation in one epitope, and the loss of a N-glycosylation site caused by S246Y and V247I
mutations in another epitope. Besides, the analysis of selective pressure have found 8 positive
selected sites ( = 9.59) using the codon-based substitution models and maximum-likelihood
methods. These studies underscore the importance of this Env region for the virus fitness, for the
host immune response and, therefore, for the development of vaccine candidates. To contribute
further with the HTLV-1 seroprevalence in Brazil, and to discuss the virus molecular epidemiology
in this Amazon population (Rio Branco-Acre), 219 blood donors were screened for HTLV-1-
specific antibodies. It was only detected a single case of infection (0.46% seroprevalence) among
blood donors, screened during July 2004, at FUNDACRE. We have submitted this unique HTLV-1
positive sample (AC181) and four others positive samples (AC042, AC174, AC069, AC129)
originated in a previous serological study, in the same population, to the sequencing of the complete
LTR region, and submitted to genotyping, To assess molecular epidemiology, Neighbor-joining and
Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses of complete LTR region sequences (AC181 and
AC042) were performed with PAUP* software, while the partial LTR fragments (AC129, AC174
and AC069) were genotyped using the online subtyping tool. Three envelope sequences (ENV57,
ENV69, ENV204) were also generated, in this study, from HTLV-1 positive samples from a
previous serological study, and analyzed using the Prosite tool to determinate potential protein sites.
Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the total and partial LTR strains belong to the
Transcontinental subgroup of the Cosmopolitan subtype, inside the Latin American cluster A, for
the isolates AC181 and AC042. Calculating the genetic diversity among the HTLV-1 sequences,
generated in this report, and sequences described in infection cases in Salvador, Fortaleza e Peru, it
was possible to find a close relationship between Rio Branco and Fortaleza or Peru sequences. The
potential protein site analysis showed, that all env sequences encoded two PKC phosphorylation
sites at amino acid (aa) positions 310-312 and 342-344, one CK2 phosphorylation site at 194-197aa,
three N-glycosylation sites at 222-225aa, 244-247aa and 272-275aa, and a single N-myristylation
site at 327-338aa.These findings allow to infer about a possible virus introduction in this population
through a Pre-Columbian human migration, although we can not exclude a possible Post-
Columbian introduction


The recent case of Factor v. Laubenheimer raised several interesting questions with regard to the date of effectiveness of the extradition treaty between the United States and Great Britain, signed at London, December 22,1931, and the effect, if any, of the President's proclamation of the treaty upon its status as law of the land of the United States. Article 18 of the treaty provided that it was to "come into force ten days after its publication, in conformity with the forms prescribed by the laws of the high contracting parties." Ratifications were exchanged at London, August 4,1932; the President issued a proclamation in the usual form containing the treaty, as of the date August 9,1932; but the British Government withheld the issuance of an Order-in-Council containing the treaty, apparently to avoid affecting the result in the Factor Case. Counsel for the petitioner argued that the treaty was in force, but the Supreme Court, without going into the merits of the contention, followed the State Department, which appeared not to have recognized the treaty as in force in either country. The court, after examining the terms of the 1931 agreement found that even if it had come into effect as contended it would not have abated the pending proceedings. In several previous cases incidentally involving Presidential proclamations of treaties, the court has also been able to dispose of the principal issues raised without pronouncing upon the status and effect of such proclamations. On some future occasion, perhaps, the court may find it necessary to rule squarely upon the relation of the President's proclamation of an international agreement to its status in domestic law. The present discussion is devoted to an examination of that relation, which includes the date of effectiveness of a treaty; the history of the use of the proclamation; and the effect of the proclamation upon the status of the treaty as law of the land.


An important attribute that any symbolic mathematics program should have is that the user should be able to differentiate an arbitrary function of arbitrary arguments, and do so in a manner that is natural to him or her. Obtaining solutions to many types of problems does not require a complete implementation of this concept, but there will always be applications which will be difficult or even impossible to perform if some feature is missing. In this paper, we shall discuss some of the limitations of the implementation of symbolic differentiation in MACSYMA [2]. In particular, we shall consider some major weaknesses in the functional dependencies approach employed by the MACSYMA differentiator, and then present a method (in the form of a simple modification to the DIFF function) of how we attempted to eliminate these difficulties. Finally, we shall include a set of applications that can be done more naturally with our modifications than was possible in the current version of MACSYMA.


Ginkgo leaf extract were studied for their protective effects against liver injury induced using carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) in mice. Mice were administered CCl 4 by intraperitoneal injection and received a normal diet or normal diet with various Ginkgo leaf extract. Ginkgo leaf extract significantly reduced the liver damage and improving immunity activities by increasing liver index, B lymphocyte transfer index, Natural killer cell activity and phagocytic activity and decreasing liver IL-1β and TNF-α levels in a dose dependent manner. These results suggested that Ginkgo leaf extract may protect the liver against CCl 4induced injury by enhancing immunity activity.


[Objective] To investigate the effect of zinc gluconate and magnesium sulfate in treating DNA damage induced by silica dioxide in Chinese hamster lung cells.[Methods] Fibroblast cells were cultured with silica and divided into several groups,namely,the SiO2 group,ZnG(2.25 mg/L) group,MgSO4(2.0 μmol/) group,SiO2+ZnG group,SiO2+MgSO4 group,ZnG+MgSO4 group and the control;DNA damage was measured with comet assay.[Results] Compared with the SiO2 group,ZnG+MgSO4 could significantly alleviate DNA damage induced by SiO2(P0.05);the combination of 1.5 mg/L ZnG and 2.0μmol/L MgSO4 was proved to be most effective.[Conclusion] The application of ZnG,MgSO4 and their combination can effectively alleviate DNA damage of CHL cells induced by SiO2 dust.


ABSTRACT Although several empirical studies have investigated the growth impact of the quantity of schooling in African countries, research on the impact of schooling quality (the degree to which schooling nurtures professional and cognitive skills) is rare. To fill this research gap, this study examines the effects of the quantity and quality of education on per capita real-GDP growth in low-income and a combination of low- and middle-income African countries using dynamic generalized method of moment estimation on panel data from 2003 to 2016. The results suggest the quantities of primary and secondary education have a positive and statistically significant impact on per capita real-GDP growth; however, the correlation between the quality of education and economic growth is weak and not robust. Furthermore, standardized coefficients indicate the quantity of primary education has a stronger impact on growth than the quantity of secondary education and quality of education, and the quantity of secondary education has a stronger impact on growth than the quality of education. Overall, these results suggest policy authorities should target both the quantity and quality of education to achieve per capita real-GDP growth, with a particular focus on ensuring universal primary education.


Abstract This paper evaluated the dewatering characteristics of sludge produced in municipal wastewater treatment plants based on a case study of three large treatment plants in Kuwait Total suspended solids, particle size distribution, specific resistance to filtration, centrifugal settleability, centrifugal compactivity, sludge volume index, sand content and oil and grease content were determined for sludges produced by the Ardhiya, Jahra and Reqqa plants. Results showed that the anaerobically digested sludge of the Ardhiya plant is less amenable for dewatering by filtration and less amenable for settling by centrifugation than the extended aeration activated sludges of the Jahra and Reqqa plants. However, establishing amenability of either sludge for dewatering by centrifugation requires further testing of its scrolling properties. Implications of relatively high levels of sand, oil and grease in sludge from the three treatment plants on the performance of various dewatering technologies are also discu...