Hemoglobin of each species tested—human, sheep, rabbit, dog and guineapigfr3—is adsorbed by aluminum hydroxide. The degree of adsorption is conditioned chiefly by the relative proportions in which the hemoglobin and aluminum hydroxide are mixed, secondarily by the H-ion concentration and the character of the adsorbent (sulfate-containing preparations having less adsorptive capacity than sulfate-free). Human hemoglobin adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide is antigenic in rabbits. Administered in one or more series of small intraabdominal injections adsorbed hemoglobin is a more effective antigen than hemoglobin solution administered in the usual manner.


Molecular beams generated from the vapors above the surfaces of alcohol−water mixtures have been examined by mass spectrometry. The alcohols examined are methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol. The variation of the vapor-phase mole fraction of the alcohol, estimated from the cluster populations in the molecular beam, with the liquid mole fraction is found to be identical to that of the surface concentration of the alcohol in the liquid obtained from surface-tension measurements. The populations of the neat alcohol clusters, as distinct from those of alcohol−water clusters, also exhibit a comparable trend. Surface enrichment is considerably more pronounced in the case of n-butanol and n-propanol compared to that of ethanol.


Covariance control theory is applied to singular systems when the pencil is regular. The authors characterize the set of all boundary covariances that a stochastic discrete-time descriptor system may possess and parametrize the set of all static state feedback gains that assign them. Secondly, since such systems can be decoupled into slow and fast subsystems, the set of all state covariances assignable to the slow subsystem and the set of all feedback gains are derived.<<ETX>>


Murine norovirus (MNV) is a positive‐sense, plus‐stranded RNA virus in the Caliciviridae family. Viruses in this family replicate in the intestine and are transmitted by the fecal‐oral route. MNV is related to the human noroviruses, which cause the majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Given the technical challenges in studying human norovirus, MNV is often used to study mechanisms in norovirus biology since it combines the availability of a cell culture and reverse genetics system with the ability to study infection in the native host. Adding to our previous protocol collection, here we describe additional techniques that have since been developed to study MNV biology. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.


Although pelvic exenteration is frequently indicated during surgery for gynaecological malignancy, performing a colorectal anastomosis remains contentious because of concern about leakage. This study evaluated the safety of performing a low colorectal anastomosis during pelvic exenteration for gynaecological malignancy.


U.S. person ells at the Embassy in Havana who've experienced a rash of symptoms from mysterious sonic health attacks appear to have suffered widespread brain network dysfunction, but there's no answer about the cause. A new peer-reviewed medical report published by the Journal of the American Medical Association, is the first of its kind on the question that has vexed U.S. officials for over a year now, with 24 Americans suffering from medically confirmed symptoms, according to the U.S. State Department, and what new report's authors call neurotrauma from a nonnatural source.


Richard Oulahan interviews Mario Ponce on September 2010. He discusses the 8th Decree and other aspects of the Agrarian Reforms.


The objective of the present study is to describe the characteristics of the ''Minorca borina't'' [Minorca move yourself] program, which was designed to promote physical activity and exercise to improve the population's health. The program led by the KEYWORDS


Preparation, Stability and the optical properties of DMACB/PEK-c film were reported. The films have good transmittance and improved stability. By quasi-waveguide method. The refractive indices of the film, ne and no, were measured, which were 1.65800 and 1.63614 at 0.6328 micrometer, respectively; the film's electro-optic coefficients, (gamma) 33 and (gamma) 13 were also obtained, which were 80.80 pm/V and 32.88 pm/V, respectively.


The importance of reliable telecommunication is constantly increasing. The DSiP-solution makes it possible to distribute all telecommunication among several operators and methods, resulting in a true multichannel communication system. The DSiP-multichannel routing solution increases reliability, security and integrity in telecommunication and allows regular communication methods to be used in mission critical telemetry systems. This is achieved by splitting risks between operators and communication channels; better routing capabilities; taking security and intrusion risks into account; and adding modularity.


When designing passive systems for the capture of the sun radiation it is necessary to define USEDS - fraction of the monthly heating load supplied by solar energy. This paper gives a mathematical model, which helps to calculate USE of the direct passive system, in case of a vertical or an oblique , with or without the shade.


The structure and magnetic properties were studied for bulk nanocrystalline dysprosium (Dy) metal prepared by spark plasma sintering method. All the as-prepared samples have hexagonal close packed structure. A decrease in grain size results in remarkable changes in magnetic ordering temperature of the nanocrystalline Dy metal. At 5K, the magnetization drops by 3.35%, and the coercive force increases by three times for nanocrystalline Dy compared to those of coarse-grained bulk Dy sample. These results indicate the remarkable influence of the nanostructure on the magnetism of Dy due to finite size effect.


Changes of molecular structure and associated charge distributions, and changes of anharmonic vibrational parameters from DNA base monomers to the WatsonCrick base pairs, have been investigated at the density functional theory level. Through examination of the NH2, NH, and C = O stretching vibrational modes that are involved in the multiple H-bonds in the base pairs, sensitivity of their diagonal and off-diagonal anharmonicities, as well as anharmonic vibrational couplings, to the structure change are predicted. Our results reveal the intrinsic connection between the anharmonic vibrational potentials, H-bonding, and electrostatic interactions in DNA bases.


Budgetary practice in smaller units of local government has not been the subject of systematic examination. A survey of 122 towns, villages, and cities less than 25,000 population in upstate New York was conducted in spring 1987. This survey indicates that most key policymakers are satisfied with current practices and have been involved with budgeting for more than three years. Budgetary innovation has affected smaller governmental units, and the actual application is related to the educational levels of the official charged with budget preparation.


In this paper, we investigate the importance of urban form towards public health using geographic information system GIS and space syntax methods. Hankou riverside area of China is selected as a case study. Urban fabric and street network are combined for a comprehensive image of urban form. First, five formal indicators are calculated based on GIS. Second, axial and visibility analysis of space syntax are joined for complement. The result indicates that the selected area has a good potential of richness and complexity of urban fabric. Suitable urban form could stimulate activities and social interactions, which are beneficial to people's physical condition and mental strength. It also reveals that its street network presents a multi-hierarchical structure and spatial wholeness from local scale to city scale. The paper proposes to maintain the vitality of urban form to increase diversity of urban life.


: Super alloys are advanced high-temperature functional materials, which maintain higher strength at elevated temperatures, microstructural stability and high resistance to oxidation under corrosive environment. This paper presents a general review on classification, characteristic properties, and development of microstructural stabilities of Super alloys at high temperature. This paper also explains the influence of processing techniques; strengthen mechanism on mechanical properties together with machinability characteristics.


The objective of this work was to study the effects of gibberelin and cytokinin on breaking apical dominance and axillary buds growth of the Carica papaya L. Papaya plants sprayed three times within a period of 7 days, with the following treatments: T1- water (control), T2- GA3 250 mg L-1, T3- GA3 500 mg L-1, T4- benzyladenine (BA) 250 mg L-1, T5- BA 500 mg L-1, T6- GA3 125 mg L-1 + BA 125 mg L-1, T7- GA3 250 mg L-1 + BA 250 mg L-1. The treatments were carried out with or without removal of the apical buds. After 36 days of the last plant growth regulators application was observed lateral bud numbers, lateral buds length and lateral buds diameter. The results showed that there were a higher number of shoots in plants treated with GA3 at 125 mg L-1 + BA at 125 mg L-1 and GA3 at 250mg L-1 + BA at 250 mg L-1. The removal of the apical bud helped the sprouting of the papaya plants.


Abstract The exterior cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) appears when the x-rays can only pass through the exterior region of an object due to the restriction of the size of the detector, the energy of x-rays and many other factors. The exterior CBCT is an ill-posed inverse problem due to the missing projection data. The distribution of artifacts in exterior CBCT is highly related to the direction of missing projection data. In order to reduce artifacts and reconstruct high quality image, an image reconstruction method based on weighted directional total variation in cylindrical coordinates (cWDTV)is presented in this paper. The directional total variation is calculated according to the direction of missing projection data. The weights are set to reduce artifacts and preserve edges. The convexity of cWDTV and the relationship between cWDTV and classical TV are also illustrated to explain the advantages of our method. Simulated experiments show that our method can improve the performance on artifact reduction and edge preserving.


Fire is one essential goods for human beings, but it becomes a danger when it occurs where it is not needed. The damage caused by fire disaster reflects in many ways, and the impacts can be as complex as the economy itself. The paper aimed at assessing fire safety preparedness in some selected health institutions in Niger State. A structured pretested questionnaire was administered on a cross-section of 15 hospitals which cut across government, private, specialist and primary health care. The result revealed that the level of fire emergency safety preparedness in the health institution in Niger is low especially among the primary and secondary healthcare facilities. From the findings, it was revealed that the mitigation and prevention of fire were not a priority in most of the health institutions.


We treat two subjects. The first subject is about statistical learning in high-dimension, that is when the number of paramaters to estimate is larger than the sample size. In this context, the generally adopted assumption is that the number of true parameters is much smaller than the number of potential paramaters. This assumption is called the ``\emph{sparsity assumption}''. We study the statistical properties of two types of procedures: the penalized risk minimization procedures with a $l_{1}$ penalty term on the set of potential parameters and the exponential weights procedures. The second subject is about the study of two aggregation procedures in a density estimation problem. We establish oracle inequalities for the $L^{\pi}$ norm, $1\leqslant \pi \leqslant \infty$. Next, we exploit these results to build minimax rate adaptive estimators of the density.


Prayer is a work that is intended to worship based on predetermined conditions that begin with takbiratul ihram and end with greetings. Prayer is one of the commands from Allah that must be done by a Muslim. Prayer in addition to being an obligation, can be used as a therapy. Prayer therapy is a therapy that takes the essence of prayer and reading in prayer. These points come from the readings in the six prayer movements viz. Standing, Bowing, I'tidal, Prostration, Sitting between the two prostrations and Tasyahud at the beginning and at the end. The purpose of this study is to describe the views of Moh. Ali Aziz on the concept of prayer therapy. This research is a research that uses a qualitative method using a literature study. The analytical method used is descriptive content analysis technique. The results of this study show the happy prayer therapy written by Moh. Ali Aziz is a therapy by performing prayers and contemplating the points contained in the prayer movement which consists of standing, bowing, I'tidal, prostration, sitting between two prostrations and tasyahud. The results of happy prayer therapy can bring a servant closer to his Lord, and can get rid of all negative thoughts and turn them into positive thoughts so as to create peace of mind and happiness. The results of this study are very useful for someone who is experiencing problems or is not happy. The conclusion of this study is to invite all Muslims to contemplate and pray solemnly by contemplating the important points contained in each prayer movement.


We measure market reactions to announcements concerning liquidity regulation, a key innovation in the Basel framework. Our initial results show that liquidity regulation attracts negative abnormal returns. However, the price responses are less pronounced when coinciding announcements concerning capital regulation are backed out, suggesting that markets do not consider liquidity regulation to be binding. Bank- and country-specific characteristics also matter. Liquid balance sheets and high charter values increase abnormal returns whereas smaller long-term funding mismatches reduce abnormal returns. Banks located in countries with large government debt and tight interbank conditions or with prior domestic liquidity regulation display lower abnormal returns.


Some new nonlinear retarded integral inequalities of Gronwall type are established. These inequalities can be used as basic tools in the study of certain classes of integrodifferential equations.


In simulating the X-ray scattering intensity of liquid carbon tetrachloride, the structural diffusion model for the bcc local structure has been refined by formulating the mean square deviations of interatomic distances by dividing them into two parts, namely, translational and rotational contributions. By this treatment, the simulation has not been improved in comparison with the modified Prins relation, but the description of the motion of carbon tetrachloride molecules in the liquid becomes clear. The degree of depolarization of the ν1 Raman line is well accounted for by the use of the translational mean square deviations determined.


Objective To develop a simple and reproductable method for the isolation and primary culture of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells(PMVECs) of rats.Methods The tissue block pasted culture method was improved in experiment animal,culture-medium,tissue block method,fetal bovine serum(FBS) and spreading slide method.Rats PMVECs were primary cultured with lung tissue block pasted methods using lung tissue of male Wistar rats,and the cell morphology was observed using inverted microscope and electron microscope,and identified using immunohistochemical methods.Results The cultured PMVECs of rats in vitro showed fusiform shape or polygon,and the monolayer cultures displayed a typical cobblestone or pavingstone morphology and were inhibited when contacted each other,the PMVECs expressed factor Ⅷ associated antigen.And the primary culture of PMVEC was established successfully.Conclusion The pure pulmonary MVECs of rats can be attained rapidly and easily by the described method.The method is simple,economic and reliable,availability of these cells will facilitate further functional character studies.


The aim of this paper is to suggest a number of interesting policy instruments that can make the Swedish waste management system more sustainable. Approximately 60 suggestions for policy instrument ...


Eucalyptus benthamii is a tree species commonly planted in subtropical areas, including the Southern Brazil, due to its tolerance to low temperatures and frosts. The success of E. benthamii plantation depends on the seedlings vigor during transplantation. We hypothesized that improvement of chemical and biological properties of growth substrate would produce more vigorous E. benthamii seedlings. Thus, we applied increasing doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g per seedling) of the organic fertilizer Bacsol, which carries a consortium of potential plant growth promoting microorganisms, on the substrate, and measured the growth and development of E. benthamii seedlings. Two experiments were performed in 2011 and 2012. The first experiment included measurements in four growth stages to estimate the relative growth rates. The second one ended at the time that seedlings reached standard heights for transplantation (about ± 20 cm). Measurements on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and relative growth rates indicated that the application of Bacsol improved E. benthamii seedlings vigor and decreased the time needed in nursery, from 150 days to 90 days. The best responses occurred at doses from 1.3 g to 1.5 g per seedling. The data demonstrated that application of Bacsol in substrate is a promising technology to increase E. benthamii seedlings vigor.


a formal language facilitates the translation of abstract concepts into computer structures that can be managed by software tools. Y AKL is used both as a common storage format for knowledge bases and as a human readable format for writing and consulting knowledge bases. Y AKL descriptions can be checked for consistency, and eventually translated into operational code. Y AKL is an open extensible language which provides experts with a user-friendly syntax and a well defined semantics for the concepts in our model. [43] pattern recognition, scene analysis, knowledge based systems. Our work takes place in a large-scale and multidisciplinary research program (IPC: Integrated Crop Production) ultimately aimed at reducing pesticial application. We focus on the early detection of powdery mildew on greenhouse rose trees. Powdery mildew has been identified by the Chamber of Agriculture as a major issue in ornemental crop production. As the proposed methods are generic, the expected results concern all the horticultural network. detection, people people origin/destination estimation. The Global tracker has allowed a significant improvement for functionalities (3) and (4): 20% of improvement for the functionality (3) and 62.4% for the functionality (4) and a small improvement for functionalities (1) and (2). Indeed, the Global Tracker performs better when tracking individual trajectories. The next step of the Global Tracker consists in extending its set of rules to bring other solutions to carry on improving LTT limitations 1 and 2 and cope with the two other LTT limitations: under detection and mix of individual identities. (cid:15) definining components of a video event, (cid:15) definining constraints of video event. Each task is driven by the the video event ontology. Future works include an integration of the knowledge acquisition interface with the 3D visualization tool proposed by J.Bannour. This year, research activites on object recognition have been continued. A cognitive vision platform is now partially operational. The platform is based on reasoning, learning and image processing mechanisms. The platform is used for the detection of plant diseases and for image indexing purposes. Ontology based knowledge acquisition for object description are still studied. A PhD thesis started in September 2004 on "Cognitive Vision : Supervised Learning for Image Segmentation".


Author(s): Nguyen Huu, Viet Anh | Advisor(s): Almutairi, Adah; Zhang, Kang | Abstract: Drugs work best when dosed right. For maximum therapeutic efficacy, one needs to deliver the drug to the right place at the right time. This dissertation exploits the recent advances in nanotechnology and chemistry for the design smart nanoscale constructs that can be triggered to disassemble and deliver encapsulated drugs. We design and evaluate light- and inflammation-sensitive systems for treatment of inflammatory diseases in animals. In Chapter 1, we demonstrate safety and efficacy of a UV light-triggered particles for controlled delivery of anti-angiogenics to treat age-related macular degeneration. The drugs are physically entrapped in a polymeric particle comprised of a series of self-immolative quinone-methide-based monomers protected with a light-sensitive moeity. The cleavage of these moeities results in a scission in the polymeric backbone, leading to the release of the encapsulated drugs. In Chapter 2, we explore chemical signal amplification as a strategy to improve sensitivity of the light-triggered drug delivery systems. We altered the polymer so that photocleavage unmasks acidic groups that then provide intramolecular assistance to ketal hydrolysis in the polymer backbone, resulting in significant polymer degradation upon a brief, low power trigger. Chapter 3 focuses designing a system with a longer wavelength light as the trigger for degradation. Red-shifting the actuating wavelength increases its tissue penetration and allows control over drug delivery at greater depth. In Chapter 4, we investigate if a polymer that reacts and degrades upon an increase in concentration of reactive oxygen species can be used as a drug delivery vehicle for the eye. As pathophysiology of macular degeneration involves oxidative stress, we examine the feasibility of delivering drugs using an inflammation-sensitive depot. This approach tailors release of drugs to the progression of disease, and thus will be useful in its long-term management.


KAGRA is a newly build gravitational wave observatory, a laser interferometer with 3 km arm length, located in Kamioka, Gifu, Japan. In this paper, one of a series of articles featuring KAGRA, we discuss the science targets of KAGRA projects, considering not only the baseline KAGRA (current design) but also its future upgrade candidates (KAGRA+) for the near to middle term ($\sim$5 years).


Finance used to be the cornerstone of the coordinated model of German capitalism. Restricted competition within the banking sector and stable network relations between industry, banks and also regional governments were seen as preconditions for longer term investment strategies and regional industrial policy. Since the early 1990s, a substantial restructuring has taken place leading to the commodification and re-regulation of financial relations. Despite this overall trend, elements of the stakeholder model are either being sustained or remodelled thus leading to a greater variety of organisational models within the national system of capitalism. It is argued that domestic change is mostly a response to exogenous forces, such as European competition policy, financial globalisation and the re-regulation of finance on different political levels. Exogenous forces are not necessarily constraining domestic actors, but turn into 'opportunity structures' for those willing to push reforms through.


The audience for Dr. McMenamin's recent publication should encompass a diverse group of professionals within the American justice community. His topic will be of interest to, investigators, attorneys, document examiners and various practitioners in the forensic sciences. Because the author is a well respected and acknowledged expert in his specialty, this volume is a welcome addition to forensic science literature and is potentially the prime authoritative work on this subject.


The problem of Fault Detection (FD) for continuous-time switched linear systems subject to bounded disturbances is investigated in this paper. Based on cooperativity and stability properties, and fulfillment of an Average Dwell Time (ADT) constraint, guaranteed upper and lower bounds of the state are calculated using an interval observer. Under the assumption that disturbances and measurement noise are unknown but bounded with a priori known bounds, stability criteria is expressed in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). Then, a fault detection methodology is developed to indicate the presence of faults. Finally, we demonstrate the proposed fault detection approach via an illustrative example


We study the validity of two frequently used approximations in calculations of electron–phonon coupling at surfaces. The rigid-ion approximation is a standard approximation used for the bulk metals. On the basis of density functional theory calculations, we find that for Be this approximation is as valid for surface atoms as for bulk atoms. In addition, the slab method for calculations of a phonon induced surface state lifetime is examined. The convergence of the electron–phonon matrix element with respect to the thickness of the slab is studied for several systems. When the number of slab layers is increased, the net effect of decreasing overlap and increasing number of final states depends strongly on the decay length of the surface state wavefunction and the band structure.


Addressing the grand challenges of the future is impossible without widened participation in social innovation. If so, it makes a great deal of sense to consciously nurture the skill sets that enable successful social innovation by diverse individuals and teams. However, what exactly are these skills?


Measurements of 158-micron forbidden emission taken from a sample of 13 gas-rich galaxies are analyzed. The new data are combined with the previous sample of six infrared-bright galaxies. The 158-micron line emission line is bright in all of the galaxies detected, amounting to between 0.1 and 0.2 percent of the total nuclear far-infrared luminosity, and is therefore one of the primary gas coolants in these regions. A close association between 158-micron line emission and CO line emission is noted, with the integrated 158-micron/CO line intensity ratio being substantially less in galaxies than in Galactic star-formation regions. However, for the starburst galaxies the integrated line intensity ratio is the same as that for star-formation regions in the Galaxy.


X-750 is a nickel-chromium based super alloy with high strength, high toughness, excellent creep resistance and good stress relaxation resistance at high temperature. It can be used in the manufacture of holddown springs for reactor vessel internals (RVI). Because of high content of alloying elements and the large size of ingot for the RVI holddown spring, observations by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that there was obvious dendrite segregation and serious carbonitride net in the as-cast electroslag remelting (ESR) ingot. Before forging, homogenization treatment was carried out for the ESR ingot to reduce element segregation, and promote the secondary carbonitrides dissolve into the alloy, which could significantly improve the malleability of the billet and reduce forging cracks. The homogenization process adopted in this study was annealing at 1220°C for 70 hours. In addition, the final forging temperature also played a key role in the control of formability of the billet and grain size of the forging. The carbonitrides or grain size of both the as-cast and forged samples annealed at 900°C∼1200°C for 10h were observed, and also charpy impact tests were carried out on the forged and annealed samples. The results showed that the final forging temperature for upsetting and drawing process should be no less than 1100°C, and the final forging temperature for forming process could be reduced to 1000°C. After solution and aging treatment, the comprehensive mechanical properties of the forging were excellent, with KV impact value at room temperature as high as 92J, yield strength of tensile test at 350°C up to 696MPa, and tensile strength up to 1019MPa.


ABSTRACT This study tests the impact of protest news frames on audience support for a civil rights movement. Using a 3 × 2 experimental design, we explored how frames and visuals affect audiences' criticism of police and protesters, support for, and identification with the movement. Findings showed that articles with a legitimizing debate frame increased support for protesters, identification with protesters, and police criticism compared to articles with riot and confrontation frames. Riot and confrontation frames increase criticism toward protesters, decreased support for and identification with the movement, and decrease police criticism. We also considered predispositions toward Black people, the police, and social movements in general as essential to understanding support. Results revealed prior levels of support for the movement influenced criticism of police action and support for and identification with protestors more than media frames. As such, we argue that preexisting attitudes about actors in a news story are essential variables to consider in protest coverage effects research.


The sterile insect technique (SIT) has a long, interesting, but. controversial history. The concept, operation, and outcomes of SIT programs have been criticized heavily and acceptance of this areawide approach to insect management is minimal. These criticisms are examined in general and specifically with regard to Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitala (Weidemann), and screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivomx CoquereL The chief objections reviewed included evolutionary responses to SIT, the occurrence of sibling species, the role of weather in causing pest suppression and outbreaks during SIT programs, and the occurrence of undetected pest populations where eradication has been claimed. There is a paucity of data relating sterile fly releases to sterile mating rates in target populations and sterile roatings to target population dynamics. The overkill strategy should be updated, especially in experimental efficacy trials. Despite the carping, it is concluded that SIT is a highly effective method for insect population management. This environmentally benign method of insect pest suppression and eradication is underutilized even though using SIT has eradicated screwworm populations on a continental scale and many tephritid fruit fly infestations throughout the world. It would lend credibility to the efficacy of SIT if sterile mating frquencies were estimated in challenged populations and correlated with target population densities.


Introduction: Tuberculosis of short tubular bones of hand and foot is called tuberculousdactilitis or "spinaventosa". This is uncommon type of osteoarticular tuberculosis more often seen in children than adults. This report describes tuberculosis affecting third metacarpal bone in a 25-year-old male patient presenting with a firm, painless, progressively increasing swelling over the dorsum of left hand. Diagnosis was made by cytological examination of aspirate from the affected area.


F OR THE PASSIONATE reader to speak of the virtues of reading in an objective and dispassionate way is as difficult as trying to explain, without resorting to poetic language, the delicious transformations wrought by falling in love. When one experiences the dazzling impact of reading at an early age, the effect is akin to that of an arrow wound. Reading provides insight into a secret world that liberates one from the hostile pressures of the environment, from the routines and deceptions that the confrontation with reality produces. The youthful reader will live always from the proceeds of that initial treasure but will come to understand that the conquest of the printed word also requires a continuously renewed discipline and loyalty. At a time when reading has begun to deny its favors to Eulalia Orfila, a middle-aged woman in my novel Retahiflas 'Yarns,' she evokes the almost sensual pleasure of a first encounter with books:


As the popularity of computer games has grown, questions are being raised about their excessive use and factors related to addictive behaviours. This study investigates whether social anxiety and connection with the character affect frequency of play and game dependency in Massively Multi-Player Online Role-Playing Games (MMPORGs). Furthermore, the mediating effect of identification with the character is assumed in the relationships between social anxiety and (a) frequency of play and (b) game dependency. A survey with 264 Italians who engaged in MMPORGs was conducted. Structural equation modelling was used to estimate the hypothesized relationships. The analysis confirmed that social anxiety and identification with the character play a crucial role in the development of problematic behaviours. Identification with the character also acts as a mediator in the social anxiety - game addiction relationship. The findings may improve the understanding of MMPORGs players' behaviour and provide implications for policy makers, health professionals and marketers to encourage and promote responsible online gaming.


This paper presents a hybrid wavelet thresholding approach for reducing white Gaussian noise in mechanical fault signals to offset the deficiencies of hard and soft thresholding. We observed that it is not appropriate to use the mean squared error (MSE) as the only criterion in the evaluation of the de-noising results of mechanical signals. As such, we proposed a combined criterion incorporating both MSE and false identification energy (Efalse) to evaluate the de-noising results. In our simulation studies, the proposed hybrid thresholding approach outperforms both the soft- and hard-thresholding methods in terms of the combined criterion. The proposed approach is then successfully applied to noise reduction and fault feature extraction of bearing signals


Port-Hamiltonian system is a modeling and control methodology developed in recent decades. It is focused on energy transfer among different parts of a system and between systems. Power converters on the other hand are devices that process the electrical energy at its input to deliver energy with the required characteristic at its output. Hence, a Port-Hamiltonian model is especially attractive for control of power converters. Based on previous published results, in this paper, a Port-Hamiltonian approach is proposed for the control of DC-DC power converters. A particular characteristic of the controller here proposed is that a time variable inductor current is employed. As a result a faster and lower overshoot closed loop response is obtained for both the start-up condition and the load disturbance.


Newly synthesized secretory proteins are exported from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at specialized subcompartments called exit sites (ERES). Cargoes like procollagen are too large for export by the standard COPII-coated vesicle of 60 nm average diameter. We have previously suggested that procollagen is transported from the ER to the next secretory organelle, the ERGIC, in TANGO1-dependent inter-organelle tunnels. Here, we show that intrinsically disordered domains of TANGO1 in the ER lumen generate an entropic contraction that pulls procollagen towards the ERES. Molecular gradients of pH and HSP47 between the ER and ERGIC generate a force in the range of tens of femtoNewtons (fN), which is sufficient to propel procollagen from the ER at a speed of ∼1 nm.s-1. This calculated speed and the quantities of collagen secreted are similar to its observed physiological secretion rate in fibroblasts, consistent with the proposal that ER export is the rate limiting step for procollagen secretion. Our theoretical model explains how cells can utilize molecular gradients to export procollagens at a rate commensurate with physiological needs. Significance Statement Procollagen cannot be exported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by standard COPII-coated vesicle of 60 nm average diameter. We have previously suggested that collagen is transported from the ER to the next secretory organelle, the ERGIC, in TANGO1-dependent inter-organelle tunnels. ER and ERGIC differ in molecular composition including their pH and protein composition. We propose a mechanical/entropic ratchet model whereby molecular gradients of pH and the collagen chaperone HSP47, provide the energy to propel procollagen from the ER at a speed that matches the physiological rate of collagen secretion.


The study aims to identify and characterise the organisational and economic features of agriculture in Poland in areas (communes) with different saturation of agriculture from High Nature Value farmlands (HNVf areas) with exceptionally high natural value. It is also important to determine whether the potential changes in agriculture in communes with a particularly large share of them do not harm the natural environment and limit the possibility of providing society with public goods. The delimitation of the three scenarios of HNVf areas was designated in the country at the request of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2018. HNVf areas of moderate, high, and exceptionally high natural value were designated. To achieve the purpose of the study, data from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARMA) for 2016 and 2021 and data from the Polish Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) for 2018-2020 was obtained. It was established that in Poland, the share of HNVf areas currently ranges from 12.5 (exceptionally high natural value) to 27.1% (moderate-high nature value) of the total UAA. Compared to other areas, HNVf areas with exceptionally high natural value are characterised by agriculture with a high level of extensive production. Farms from these areas obtain, e.g. lower total costs incurred per 1 ha of UAA, often lower productivity of production factors and lower income per 1 ha of UAA.


The paper touches on issues of contemporary public administration in the context of the condition of its human resources, taking as a starting thesis the dependence of the effectiveness of the administration on the effectiveness of its personnel which is a function of the level and quality of qualifications. The article points out that legislation setting forth employment guidelines for civil service positions affects the quality of the personnel. The regulations affect personnel selection, development of its professional career paths and, through appropriate assessment, not only a reasonable promotion but also a necessary selection. The instability of the regulations and their poor quality adversely affect the condition of the personnel, which is mirrored in the low-quality effectiveness of actions taken by the personnel as well as in the sagging interest of younger generations in public administration jobs, which threatens a disruption in the natural generation exchange.  Keywords: contemporary public administration, human resources, effectiveness of administration, effectiveness of administrative personnel


Abstract Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a widely distributed pest in Asia that primarily affects the production of snap beans and cowpea. The complete mitochondrial genome of Megalurothrips usitatus has been sequenced and annotated in this study, which is 17,209 bp long and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNAs, and 22 tRNA genes. Most of the protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with ATG except ND4 using TTG. Meanwhile, eight PCGs stop with TAA, four PCGs have an incomplete stop codon, and the gene Cytb ends with TAG. Phylogenetic analysis showed that M. usitatus is closely related to Frankliniella intonsa and F. occidentalis, providing a basis for the study of the mitochondrial evolution of Thripinae.


15 16 Bloodsucking bugs use infrared radiation (IR) for locating warmblooded hosts and are able to 17 differentiate between infrared and temperature (T) stimuli. This paper is concerned with the 18 neuronal coding of IR in the bug Rhodnius prolixus. Data obtained are from the warm cells in 19 the peg-in-pit sensilla (PSw-cells) and in the tapered hairs (THw-cells). Both warm cells re-20 sponded to oscillating changes in air T and IR with oscillations in their discharge rates. The 21 PSw-cells produced stronger responses to T oscillations than the THw-cells. Oscillations in IR 22 did the reverse: they stimulated the latter more strongly than the former. The reversal in the 23 relative excitability of the two warm cell types provides a criterion to distinguish between 24 changes in T and IR. The existence of strongly responsive warm cells for one or the other 25 stimulus in a paired comparison is the distinguishing feature of a " combinatory coding " 26 mechanism. This mechanism enables the information provided by the difference or the ratio 27 between the response magnitudes of both cell types to be utilized by the nervous system in the 28 neural code for T and IR. These two coding parameters remained constant, although response 29 strength changed when the oscillation period was altered. To discriminate between changes in 30 T and IR two things are important: which sensory cell responded to either stimulus and how 31 strong was the response. The label " warm " or " infrared " cell may indicate its classification, 32 but the functions are only given in the context of activity produced in parallel sensory cells.


We investigate the structural relationship between wages dynamics and core inflation in the euro area using Bayesian VAR models. We find that the pass-through from wages to consumer prices net of food and energy is less than unity and depends on the nature of the shocks hitting the economy. A monetary policy shock implies a positive co-movement between these variables, which is similar in magnitude to that stemming from an aggregate demand shock. Financial shocks, as captured by credit spreads and indicators of systemic stress, are instead associated with a negative co-movement between wages and prices and generate firms' countercyclical mark-ups, consistently with recent models featuring financial frictions and nominal rigidities. These findings may explain why the recent pick-up in wages is not associated with a sustained path of core inflation in the euro area.


Background: Searching for new drug formulations, which enable drug targeting to specific tissues and cells, is in full swing. Various investigations of polymers including chitosan indicate a wide applicability in the pharmaceutical field and consequently also in medicine due to its established physicochemical properties. Chitosan is a natural polymer obtained by deacetylation of chitin. Cationic nature and conformation permit chitosan to react with anionic drugs and to be a promising bioadhesive material. All this gives chitosan a potential to be a controlled delivery system for drug targeting .


One aspect that sets the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) apart from many other world cities is the diversity of people it attracts. According to Canada's 2006 Census, nearly 46 per cent of all GTA residents are foreign-born. That's the highest percentage in North America and even higher than any of the major cities in Australia, the world's most diverse nation. Many people are drawn to our city because it is a place where people from around the world come together to share their strengths. Our differences though, extend well beyond ethnic origins to varied religious faiths, dietary preferences, and sexual orientations, to name just a few.


ABSTRACT Social movements confronting overlapping inequalities face the unique challenge of elucidating the heretofore invisible experiences of those whose identities lie at the intersection of existing movements. Social media platforms provide a direct outlet for intersectional social movements to make political claims visually by illuminating these complexities creatively with discursive resources such as symbols, text, and narratives. Using content analysis of images posted to the organization's Facebook, we examine how lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) immigration activists – as embodied by the Queer Undocumented Immigrant Project (QUIP) – attempt to communicate intersectionality online. Images posted by QUIP demonstrate how the existing ideas and values of separate established immigrant and LGBTQ movements can be reformulated and repackaged. However, the available discursive resources may compartmentalize identities, which then requires movements to generate new symbols, text, and narratives. By leveraging extant discursive resources and innovating new expressions, activists aim to communicate intersectional experiences and unite multiple struggles.


An imaging optical system has a plurality of mirrors for imaging an object field in an object plane into an image field in an image plane with EUV imaging light (3). This image is carried out along an imaging beam path that sets a light pipe (24) is guided within the imaging light (3). A light pipe detection means (21) is used for determining the position of the light pipe (24). The light tubes detection means (21) has at least three EUV sensors (25) circumferentially around a main beam (16 This results in an imaging optical system in which an unwanted image loss or an unwanted telecentricity error is avoided.


China's first geostationary meteorological satellite FY-2 was successfully launched on June 10, 1997. The main effective payload onboard the satellite-the multichannel scanning radiometer (MCSR)-was developed by the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The scanning radiometer can acquire the Earth images from three channels of visible, infrared and water vapor simultaneously. From the images obtained one can see that the images are very clear with enough signal-to-noise ratio. This paper takes a brief look-back of the design and development of the optical system of the scanning radiometer.


The present invention is Biel containing unique identification information related to the multi-purpose card, the inherent communication chips, and more particularly when Biel this is covered with a laminated manner on each of the main body above and below which is provided with a communicating member that includes a communication chip by a structure which is laminated, the Biel that inside the card and to be Biel the intergranular stable communication chips, to Biel is to present a communication product for implementing a variety of functions using the communication chip to the card-type communication is possible It relates to a multi-purpose card.


The papers of this series are kinetic studies of the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde in non-aqueous media; this reaction has, however, not been investigated as thoroughly as the reactions in aqueous media. During the course of the reaction, the reactants and products have been determined by gas chromatography. Within the range of low conversion, the overall reaction between phenol and methylal may be represented by: (Remark: Graphics omitted.) Moreover, the kinetic equation and the apparent activation energy have been estimated as follows : \fracd[methel alcohol]dt=−\fracd[phenol]dt=\frack[phenol]2[methylal]0[catalyst]1[methyl alcohol]3 E\doteqdot18.6 kcl./mol. At the same time, methyl phenyl formal is detected as an intermediate in the reaction system. Judging from these experimental results, it seems that the acetal exchange reaction, and the substitution on aromatics proceed concurrently and consecutively in the complex system.


OBJECTIVE:To study the absorption characteristics of simvastatin in different intestinal segments.METHODS:The intestinal perfusion experiment was performed on rats in vivo to observe the effects of absorption sites,drug concentration,and pH value on the intestinal absorption characteristics of simvastatin.RESULTS:Simvastatin showed no specific absorption site in rat's intestine.The absorption rate constants deceased from duodenum,colon and jejunum to ileum in order(0.033 650.031 900.029 420.025 63 h-1).A linear relation between absorption and concentration was noted for simvastatin at a concentration of 1.0~20.0 μg·mL-1;and within a pH value of 5.0~7.4,the absorption of simvastatin was not affected.CONCLUSION:Simvastatin showed absorption behavior in the whole section of intestine.The absorption of the drug conforms to the passive transport mechanism and first-order kinetics.The results indicate that simvastatin can be formulated and prepared into sustained-release drug delivery system.


This document describes the hierarchical agglomerative cluster algorithm Pnc 2 in the context of direct generation of If-Then rules for classification tasks. As an agglomerative cluster algorithm, the Pnc 2 initializes each learn data tuple as a single cluster. Then, if a merge test is passed, iteratively always those two clusters with the same output value are merged, that are closest to each other. The merge test transforms the generalized cluster into a rule and evaluates it by a kind of hitrate. The rule's premise is the cuboid, that encloses the input vectors of all learn data tuples merged in the cluster. This representation suffers in high dimensional input spaces due to the COD problem and thus a special mechanism is used to extend the cuboid during the merge test. A heterogenous normalized and weighted Minkowski overlap metric is used to be able to process mixed continuous and nominal inputs. An integrated bagging component can improve accuracy and also reduces the time complexity for a learn data sample with N data tuples from O(N ) to approximately O(N). The size of the learned rule set can be further reduced by applying a context sensitive feature selection, that individually removes the unnecessary inputs from each rule's premise. The algorithm can also be viewed as an instance based learning algorithm, namely as an exemplar-based generalization approach. Thus the idea of the k-nearestneighbor algorithm (knn), to base the decision on several surrounding learn data tuples, can be transferred to improve the prediction accuracy. The number of free parameters of the Pnc 2 is been reduced in a preliminary study with some development benchmarks. Then the Pnc 2 is compared experimentally with the most similar existing algorithms, namely with the Nge, the Rise and, of course, with the knn algorithm. All remaining free parameters of the Pnc 2 are tuned using cross-validation or similar approaches within the respective learn data samples. The Pnc 2 outperforms the Nge algorithms and its variants and reaches better or comparative accuracies as the knn or the RISE algorithm with typically much smaller ruleset/model sizes. Acknowledgement The Pnc 2 cluster algorithm was developed while I was a scholarship holder in the post graduate research program Modelling and Model-Based Design of Complex Technological Systems at the Chair of Electrical Control Engineering at the University of Dortmund, Germany. My research project was initiated by Prof. Dr. rer. nat. H. Kiendl. The post graduate research program was founded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Note The Pnc 2 Rule Induction System is a free Windows software tool, that is using the Pnc 2 cluster algorithm to automatically induce rules from a given data sample. Additionally a DOS command line version will be available soon. The kernels are written in ANSI C++, they are well documented and should easily be compiled for different operating systems. You may download the program at http://www.newty.de/pnc2/index.html.


A growing number of organizations are hiring autistic individuals as they start to recognize the value of a neurodiverse workforce. Despite this trend, the lack of support for autistic employees in workplaces complicates their employment. However, little is known about how people around autistic individuals can support them to create pleasant employment experiences. In this work, we develop the concept of the Workplace Playbook VR to investigate how virtual reality (VR) can help autistic people develop their work-related social communication skills in partnership with people in their support network. Using a video prototype to present the concept, we interviewed 28 participants, including 10 autistic people and 18 members of their support networks, which included family members and professionals. Our interviews revealed that the Workplace Playbook VR program can provide common ground for autistic people and members of their support network to participate in more empathetic communication regarding workplace challenges. Despite the benefits, we identified the potential misuse of social communication skills training features of the VR program to correct the personal characteristics of autistic individuals. Furthermore, to cultivate inclusive workplace environments, we found the needs of VR development not only for autistic people but also for neurotypical employees to promote their understanding of autism and empathy toward autistic employees. We suggest VR designs that promote a sense of agency and self-advocacy for autistic employees, and autism awareness and acceptance training for neurotypical employees.


The invention discloses a device and a method for testing the water releasing capacity of super absorbent polymer (SAP) for a road. The device comprises a tank, a plurality of first SAP placement cages, a plurality of second SAP placement cages, and a plurality of SAP embedding and humidity sensing digital display devices, wherein a sealing cover is arranged on the opening at the right side of the tank, the plurality of first SAP placement cages are fixed on the corners of the inner wall of the tank body, respectively, the plurality of second SAP placement cages are fixed on the inner walls of the top and the bottom of the tank, respectively, the plurality of SAP embedding and humidity sensing digital display devices are sequentially fixed inside the tank from left to right, the tank is of a transparent structure, a plurality of annular dials are carved on the surface of the tank, each annular dial corresponds to one second SAP placement cage, and the plurality of second SAP placement cages are at the circle center positions of the corresponding annular dials. The device and the method can be used for effectively detecting the water releasing capacity of SAP gel inside concrete.


Transmission and distribution coordinated economic dispatch (TDCED) will be necessary to settle the problems caused by high penetrations of distributed generators in future grids. An efficient heterogeneous decomposition algorithm (HGD) was proposed to solve the TDCED, but it may diverge occasionally. To overcome this shortcoming, a new HGD (N-HGD) with enhanced convergency is proposed and studied in this paper. Compared with the previous HGD, the N-HGD similarly decomposes the TDCED into transmission ED and distribution ED subproblems, but it considers the sensitivity of the boundary locational marginal price (LMP) to load injections to enhance convergency and avoid divergence. Two kinds of sensitivity computing methods, Mc and Mp, are studied. Mc is based on a centralized sensitivity equation, executed on the transmission side. Mp is based on a probing mechanism and can be executed distributedly on the distribution side. The reason for the N-HGD's improved convergency is theoretically analyzed, and the optimality is proven. Numerical tests show that N-HGD performs better than the original HGD, as well as a penalty-based modified HGD that needs a careful parametertuning process. Furthermore, compared with Mc, an Mp-based N-HGD is preferable because it has a much lower computational cost and no additional communicational cost.


In this study characterization of sensory and physical-chemical properties of representative samples of technological waste water after hydraulic unloading fish from fishing vessels, including fishing boats equipped with RSW (Refrigerated Sea Water System) or CSW (Chilling Sea Water System) system was described. Sensory quality and analytical determinations in technological waste water samples was analyzed. They demonstrated that their sensory quality attributes and physical-chemical properties were different and depending on the destination of fish caught (consumption or industrial fishing), contact time-caught fish with seawater and water temperature (winter or summer season). Because technological waste water has a lot of substance content of protein, fat, nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorine compounds it is a threat to the natural environment. In connection with such a broad problem of utilization of technological waste water from fishing boats for Baltic fish is one of the most important issues to solve for fishermen and environmentalists.


The results of the integrated geophysical investigations of engineering-geological conditions on the sites of destroyed bridges and road are given. The carried out researches testify about high productivity of geoelectric and georadar measurements during


The invention provides a method for preparing environment-friendly outdoor sofa leather, which comprises the following steps: coating hydrosol or hot melt adhesive on base cloth under 100 to 150 DEG C; carrying out drying treatment under 60 to 150 DEG C to form base fabric; adding 0.05 to 0.2 weight part of coloring agent and 0.6 to 0.8 weight part of additive into 0.6 to 1 part of thermoplastic elastomer; mixing uniformly; heating under 100 to 360 DEG C; compounding the mixture with the base fabric after the mixture is melted; pressing under 0.2 to 0.8 MPa and cooling; strengthening obtained product in 30 to 80 DEG C water; and drying to obtain the environment-friendly outdoor sofa leather. According to method, no resolvent is used so as not to pollute the environment, and the adopted raw materials are environment-friendly materials, so as to ensure repeated use and recycling of rim charge. Therefore, the problem that the conventional synthetic leather production pollutes the environment is solved, which meets the requirements of outdoor goods.


The article analyzes the achievements and problems, which US President Donald Trump encountered during the implementation of his election program to transform the country. Author consider these subjects in the broad context of the transformation of the modern world order and the change in the narratives of global geopolitics. The author emphasizes that the United States is committed to the re-industrialization and nationalization of the American economy in the context of the coronavirus pandemic and the general global uncertainty of the prospects for world development. Main components of such politics are the struggle for jobs for Americans and competition for highly skilled labor in the global labor market. The main topic of research is focused on migration policy is an essential component of the overall reform plan. Taking into account that until recently the USA was the largest economy in the world, the author concludes that the US migration policy has a multifaceted global impact on the international labor market, since the USA is the main importer of labor. The main factors that have a decisive influence on the effectiveness of the implementation of the declared course are the features of the functioning of the American labor market (including the high cost of local labor and the lack of qualified personnel in a number of sectors of the American economy). Analyzing the effect of these factors, the author notes their contradictory effect on the country's economy and concludes that the measures taken are insufficient due to the situation of tough confrontation between the main political forces in modern America. The author claims that the growing global competition for highly qualified personnel will remain one of the main trends of the upcoming era. The aim of the work is conceptualization of approaches to the study of migration processes in the conditions of the technological transformation of the modern world and the interpretation of international experience in the reform of migration policies.


interesting measures for egalitarianism, humanism, authoritarianism, and dogmatism. Chapter 4 shows the data. These values as well as religious traditionalism and partisanship predict representation preferences. They do so better than I would have expected. Here, I would have liked more empirics showing how the aforementioned values predict religious traditionalism and how both predict partisanship. Regardless, all predict representation preferences in the direction the authors theorize. The second section of the book investigates the link among representation preferences of the electorate, vote choice, and representation practices of elected officials. In Chapter 5, we are introduced to Pandering 2.0, as well as convincing evidence that those who prefer delegatestyle representation are more likely to vote for Democrats and those who prefer trustee-style representation are more likely to vote for Republicans, with both observational and experimental data used. The experimental data reveal an interesting wrinkle. The authors describe it well when they write: "Republicans seem to evaluate instructed delegate-style legislators the same way secular progressives and other liberal Democrats do. However, for trustee-style politicians, it would seem that their prospects for electoral success tend to be quite a bit more promising when their electoral constituencies are loaded with conservative Republicans—Christian traditionalists, in particular" (pp. 110–11). The observational results, however, are more symmetric. Chapter 6 looks at representation style and congressional approval to see if those who prefer trustees, for example, punish delegates. The results in this chapter tend to be weaker than others in the book but all comport with the theories being tested. Chapter 7 shows that red congressional districts, those defined as traditionalistic, have less responsive representatives. They do not pander although they might Pander 2.0. When representation is weak, it is because members of Congress vote in a more ideologically extreme direction than their constituencies would prefer. The final chapter summarizes and discusses limitations with the research as well as remaining questions. It does so honestly and impressively. Barker and Carman have a very fair and reasonable take on their overall contribution. The arguments in Representing Red and Blue are backed with rigorous empirical analysis, full of robustness checks and consideration of alternate specifications. The authors are up-front about shortcomings in their data and analysis, shortcomings that are by no means easily dealt with, and for this they should be especially commended. They are also careful about defining terms and concepts. This innovative book helps us understand contemporary politics and should be grappled with by students, scholars, and practitioners alike. The End of Conceit: Western Rationality after Postcolonialism. By Patrick Chabal. London: Zed Books, 2012. 288p. $116.95 cloth, $26.95 paper. doi:10.1017/S1537592714001054


Myxoid degeneration of ovarian tumors represents a rare distinctive benign ovarian stromal neoplasm that occurs predominantly in young women and is hormonally inactive. According to recent bibliography, pathogenesis remains controversial. Many conducted studies express the strong belief adjusting myxoid ovarian tumors with genetic abnormalities. Therapeutic mapping is associated with histologic confirmation of the lesion. In cases of premenopausal patients, fertility preservation consists of ultimate scope. Abdominal MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) along with transvaginal ultrasound can differentiate and depict all preoperative imaging findings. Myxoid degenerated ovarian tumors can be malignant transformed into myxoid leiomyosarcomas with extremely metastatic possibilities. Meticulous atomic history, proper laboratory and imaging findings reflect successful key concerning ultimate diagnosis and treatment.


Nucleosides of Fluorine Carbohydrates. XVI. Halogene Substitutions and Inversion of Configuration at the Lactol Ring of 6′-Fluoro-D-glucopyranosyl Thymine

1-(6′-Deoxy-6′-fluoro-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-thymine 1 reacts with equimolar amounts' of tosyl chloride to give the 2′-O-tosyl derivative 2. Treatment of 1 with mesyl chloride gives predominantly a derivative with three sulfonyl groups in the molecule.

2 reacts both with bromides and iodides but not with fluorides to give the corresponding 2′-deoxy-2′-halogeno derivatives. 2 can be transformed into an 2,2′-anhydronucleoside 10 that reacts with HCl, HBr and HF/AlF3 to give the 2′-chloro-, 2′-bromo-, and 2′-fluoro derivatives of 1-(2′,6′-dideoxy-6′-fluoro-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-thymine 7, 12, and 13 respectively.

Hydrogenation of 7 affords the 6′-fluoro analog of the nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor "deoxyglucosyl thymine" possessing a defined β-configuration.

The alkaline hydrolysis of the anhydronucleoside 10 yields the 1-(6′-deoxy-6′-fluoro-β-D-mannopyranosyl)-thymine 15, the epimer of 1.


The invention discloses a factory cultivation method of maitake, which is not limited by seasons and regions with high biological efficiency and the cultured maitake has favorable taste and is good for fresh sales.


In order to simplify the numerical calculation of cumulative infiltration capacity under film hole irrigation, the film hole cumulative infiltration was decomposed into vertical infiltration capacity and lateral infiltration capacity, and lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter was introduced to calculate film hole lateral infiltration capacity. The soil vertical one-dimensional infiltration characteristics and film hole infiltration characteristics were simulated by using HYDRUS-1D/3D software. According to the simulation results, the influence of film hole diameter on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter was analyzed. It was found that the film hole diameter had little impact on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter, and its impact on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter could be ignored. At present, the influence factors of one dimensional infiltration and film hole diameter on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter was the soil texture, initial moisture content and irrigation water depth. Based on this, the vertical one-dimensional infiltration depth and lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter were quantitatively analyzed by using Philip infiltration model, and the influence of soil texture, initial moisture content and irrigation water depth on lateral infiltration coefficient and vertical one-dimensional infiltration coefficient were studied. The results showed that the soil texture had large impact on both the relative sorptivity rate(the ratio of sorptivity rate of lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter to sorptivity rate of vertical one dimensional infiltration) and the relative steady infiltration rate(the ratio of steady infiltration rate of lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter to steady infiltration rate of vertical one dimensional infiltration), the relative sorptivity rate decreased slightly with the increase of initial moisture content, the decrease amplitude of the relative sorptivity rate was 5.49%-24.72%, and irrigation water depth had less influence on relative steady infiltration rate, the maximum amplitude of the relative steady infiltration rate change was 21.80%. With respect to the relative steady infiltration rate, the change of relative sorptivity rate had less impact on cumulative infiltration capacity under film hole irrigation, to simplify the calculation, the relative sorptivity rate was considered as a fixed value for the same soil texture. The relative steady infiltration rate increased with the increase of irrigation water depth, the increase amplitude of the relative steady infiltration rate was 2.55%-42.76%, and the initial moisture content had little influence on relative steady infiltration rate, and the maximum amplitude of the relative steady infiltration rate change was 2.94%. To simplify the calculation of cumulative infiltration under film hole irrigation, only irrigation water depth was considered for its effect on the relative steady infiltration rate. The relationship between vertical infiltration coefficient and lateral infiltration coefficient was established. The simplified calculating model for cumulative infiltration capacity of film hole irrigation was proposed, including the film hole diameter, irrigation water depth, sorptivity of vertical one-dimensional infiltration and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. The film hole infiltration parameters could be determined by using one-dimensional vertical infiltration parameters. The model was verified by infiltration experiments of one-dimensional vertical infiltration, experiments of film hole infiltration and the other researcher's experiment results. The results showed that the calculated values of experimental equation were consistent with the measured values(R2≥0.995, P<0.001), and the average relative error was about 5%(4.84%~6.81%). The equation proposed here only have 2 undetermined coefficients: vertical one-dimensional infiltration characteristics and film hole infiltration characteristics. It was simple enough for accurately predicting film hole infiltration characteristics. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.


Multilayers used at grazing incidence offer likely the only real opportunity for extending imaging techniques in x-ray astronomy to tens of keV, or well beyond the usual upper bound when using single material reflecting surfaces. There are several reasons why conical foils are particularly suited for multilayer applications. For one thing, many of the arguments made in the past in favor of foil reflectors still hold, since multilayers do not eliminate the need of extreme oblique incidence. We show, additionally, that foil reflectors offer other important advantages which are likely to be essential toward the realization of wide band x-ray mirrors. Successful multilayer depositions on segments of our epoxy replicated foil reflectors have already been reported. In this paper we review our own efforts at multilayer deposition on replicated surface foils, addressing in detail such relevant issues as consistency, quality and uniformity of the deposits, boundary roughness and potential, stress-induced foil shape distortions. Finally, we present detailed mirror design and modeling aimed at future wide-band astronomical research.


The Glycine max FAD2 Gene was amplified from Glycine max total RNA by reverse transcription PCR,and was cloned into pMD18-T vector.DNA sequence analysis indicated that the cloned 1307bp DNA fragment has the highest homology compared with the published data,showing 99.9% and 100% homology at the nucleotide and at the amino acid sequence respectively.The results of sequence analysis indicate that Glycine max FAD2 gene is was most similar to archis hypogaea and the comparability is lower compared with amino acid of others plants.Our laboratory has cloned promoter of seed globin gene in Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv.It has been proved that the promoter has the characteristic of seed speciality expression in transformed tobacco.FAD2 gene plant expression vector has been constructed.It is the basis of fatty acid gene engineering of oil crop.


Systems and their methods for implanting an implant is disclosed. In general concept, the system comprises an implant (10), the envelope (20) surrounding the implants, delivery assembly (650), and accessories for attaching the envelope or implant delivery assembly (350). This envelope, the drug coating may comprise means for facilitating positioning aids, and envelope removed. Keep one embodiment, the delivery assembly is used for the body of a patient the implant and / or envelope delivery. In another embodiment, the delivery assembly and accessories are used to deliver an implant or envelope into the patient.


The prediction of S wave velocity is present in different seismic applications. Therefore many models, both theoretical and empirical, have been developed for this purpose over the years. In this work an interactive method was used to estimate S wave velocity, based on the BiotGassmann theory. The present study deals the application of the referred methodology to evaluate the relationship between seismic velocities and the degree of consolidation of the grains which compose a rock. The well log data arising from the well NA-01 located in Campos Basin were used in this work and the results obtained for the the turbiditic sedimentary interval were very robust confirming the stability of the method used.


The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary different doses coated acidifier on growth performance,gastrointestinal environments and serum biochemical indices of yellow broilers. Three hundred 1-day-old healthy yellow male broilers with similar body weight were randomly allocated into 4 groups with five replicates per group and 15 chicken per replicate. The control group was fed with a basal diet,while the experimental groups were fed with the experimental diets added 0. 1%,0. 3%,0. 5% coated acidifier in the basal diet,respectively. The experiment lasted for 63 days. The results show ed as follow s: 1) the final body weight and body weight gain in 0. 1%,0. 3% and 0. 5% coated acidifier groups were significantly higher than those in control group( P 0. 01). 2) The breast meat percentage and thigh meat percentage in 0. 3% coated acidifier group were significantly higher than those in control group( P 0. 05),both of the p H of dodenum in 0. 3%coated acidifier group and the p H of glandular stomach in 0. 5% coated acidifier group were significantly low er than those in control group( P 0. 05). The activities of trypsin and amylase in 0. 3% coated acidifier group were significantly higher than those in control group( P 0. 05),the number of Lactobacillus was significantly higher than that in control group( P 0. 05),the number of E. coli was significantly low er than that in control group( P 0. 05). 3) The activity of alkaline phosphatase in 0. 1% coated acidifier group was significantly higher than that in control group( P 0. 05),and the urea nitrogen content was significantly low er than that in control group( P 0. 05). The activities of alkaline phosphatase,catalase and total antioxidant capacity were significantly higher than those in control group( P 0. 05). In conclusion,dietary adding coated acidifier can improve the growth performance,reduce intestinal p H,improve the activity of digestive enzymes,improve the microflora composition and the serum biochemical indices,and the optimal addition is 0. 3%.


Laboratory electromagnets are a type of scientific instrumentation widely used to study physical characteristics such as magneto-optical, magnetic hysteresis, and susceptibility properties. In laboratory electromagnets, it is important to generate a high field stably while also reducing the weight. This can generally be achieved by improving the magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic material used for the iron yoke or by increasing the operating current density of the excitation coil. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils can generate higher magnetic fields with smaller volumes compared to the copper coils used in conventional laboratory electromagnets due to their high current-carrying capacities. However, when excitation current in conventional HTS coils is generally charged using a power-driven mode, a high heat transfer load from the busbar occurs. The heat transfer load to the HTS coil deteriorates the operational efficiency and stability of the electromagnet system. To mitigate this problem, this paper proposes an inductive link for wireless current charging for laboratory HTS magnets. A magnetic coupler for the inductive link is also designed in consideration of the coupling coefficient, and a resonance circuit and rectifier circuit are designed using elements whose operational characteristics were verified in a cryogenic environment. Evaluating the feasibility of the proposed method is carried out via a finite element analysis combined with an electrical circuit analysis.


Monotone convergence function and staggered convergence function are defined. Based on convergence features of these two functions,two propositions for accelerating convergence of the iteration are proposed and proved.A numerical example shows the two propositions have better effect.


This paper describes the path planning method based on biologically inspired neural network and proposes a novel robot control system. Firstly, the principle of the biologically inspired neural network is introduced and its application is analyzed. Secondly, the computer modeling and simulation are conducted and show that this method is effective. Moreover, path planning experiments are accomplished by the cleaning prototype, and the results show the path planning algorithm and the control system feasible. Finally, several necessary measures corresponding to different error reasons are presented to improve the precision of this control system.


Ocean currents are a major source of impact on climate variability, through the heat transport they induce for instance. Ocean climate models have quite low resolution of about 50 km. Several dynamical processes such as instabilities and filaments which have a scale of 1km have a strong influence on the ocean state. We propose to observe and model these fine scale effects by a combination of satellite high resolution SST observations (1km resolution, daily observations) and mesoscale resolution altimetry observations (10km resolution, weekly observations) with deep neural networks. Whereas the downscaling of climate models has been commonly addressed with assimilation approaches, in the last few years neural networks emerged as powerful multi-scale analysis method. Besides, the large amount of available oceanic data makes attractive the use of deep learning to bridge the gap between scales variability.


The population of Scoloplos armiger O. F. Müller at Whitstable was investigated from January 1964 to April 1965. Initially the population density was high, being over 600/m2, but the numbers sharply declined during the summer of 1964 and by the following winter the density had dropped to under 100/m.2 In addition to this decline, the population structure changed, and the overall effect was a marked reduction in the fecundity of the population. The cause of the high mortality in the summer of 1964 is unknown.


Objective: Lindane is an organochlorine pesticide used for pharmaceutical and agricultural purposes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biosorption of lindane from aqueous solutions using pretreated dried biomass of anamorphous yeast, Cintractia sorghi VITJzN02 isolated from contaminated soil. Methods: The characteristics of surface modified yeast biomass during lindane biosorption were investigated by batch equilibrium studies, FTIR and SEM analysis. Results: Among the various pretreated chemicals tested for surface modifications, citric acid showed the best result for enhanced uptake of lindane. Lindane biosorption was most favoured at acidic pH and sorption equilibrium was attained in 330 min with an initial lindane concentration 500 mg/l. Modified biomass were found to have 3-4 folds higher biosorption yield compared to dried natural biomass. Adsorption isotherms were best fitted to the Langmuir model showing monolayer sorption capacity 100 mg/g. Four kinetic models viz. pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion and Elovich were employed to explain the sorption mechanism. The kinetic data were found to follow the pseudo first order kinetic model suggesting that adsorption process was controlled by physisorption. The intra-particle diffusion plots being non linear over whole time range indicated that intra particle diffusion was not the only rate limiting step for biosorption of lindane. Conclusions: Biosorption of lindane by pretreated biomass of yeast Cintractia sorghi VITJzN02 is governed by physisorption and monolayer adsorption pattern. Based on the results, it may be concluded that biosorbent prepared from yeast Cintractia sorghi VITJzN02 can serve as potential adsorbent for the removal of lindane from aqueous solutions.


Abstract Geoid heights and vertical deflections derived from satellite radar altimetry contain characteristic signals that may be reproduced and explained by simple models for seamount gravitation acting on the sea surface. Computer algorithms capable of automatic operation and able to detect, approximately locate, and estimate parameters constraining the shape of actual sea‐mounts were written and tested. The computer program which utilized a digital high‐pass filter combined with a roughness sensor was effective in separating the seamount produced geoid undulation/vertical deflection pattern from the remaining data track features, simultaneously detecting and locating along the track such signals. Tests of the algorithm on several SEASAT passes over known bathymetry produced mixed results. Meaningful shape constraints were obtained by matching the geoid anomaly calculated from the seamount model to the actual mean sea level pattern for some seamounts. Results for other seamounts were poor and possible r...


The authors reflect on how the COVID-19 pandemic promoted the adoption of digital approaches for systemic psychotherapists Topics include how digital technology are supporting family functioning like education, employment, health and social support, research on digital psychological therapy including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and psychoeducation-based interventions, and the digital delivery of therapy


The expense and difficulty of machining novel aluminum bronze blocks in some zones of dies and the difficulty of installing due to the brittleness of the blocks can be solved by using the aluminum bronze coating.Cu14Al4.5FeNi coating was prepared on a 45# carbon steel substrate by plasma spraying.Friction and wear of the coating and Cu14Al4.5FeNi alloy under boundary lubrication regime in a 20# engine oil were comparativelly investigated in a reciprocating sliding mode.Scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersion spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were employed to analyze the morphologies and phase structures of the coating and alloy.The intragrain phases,γ2 and the k phases,refined and hardened the microstructure of the alloy and coating.The brittle eutectoid(α+γ2) phase was eliminated in the coating due to high solidification rate in plasma spraying.In boundary lubrication regime,the main wear mechanisms of the alloy and coating were abrasive and adhesive wear.The friction and wear of coating were better than that of Cu14Al4.5FeNi alloy at low load.The friction coefficient and wear loss of the coating increased dramatically as the load was higher than 6.40 MPa.The steel substrate with plasma sprayed Cu14Al4.5FeNi coating can be a good subsitution of Cu14Al4.5FeNi alloy under low load conditions.


Statistical relationship determination among terms is one of the key issues in automatic thesaurus construction. We systematically analyze existing relevant approaches based on their underlying probabilistic assumptions, and propose a combined approach that overcomes their limitations.


Since the birth of graphene in 2004, it has attracted great research interests of scientists. As the first true two-dimensional (2D) material, graphene has many advantages, such as large specific surface area, high intrinsic carrier mobility, strong mechanical strength, and superior flexibility. Graphene shows broad application prospects. As an important functionalized material, graphene oxide (GO) is 2D macromolecule rich in oxygen-containing functional groups. It has good hydrophilicity and is widely used as a chemical functionalized material in many related fields and applied to energy conversion and storage devices. However, converting the ideal properties of graphene and its derivatives into macrostructures or devices remains a challenge for scientists. The strong interaction between graphene sheets leads to their easy stacking, which greatly reduces their specific surface area and severely limits their efficient use of interfaces. Therefore, the applications of graphene in electronic devices, catalysis, energy storage and other fields have been greatly limited. The key to improve the performance of graphene is how to effectively prevent the stacking of graphene sheets. The assembly and processing of graphene with specific micro-/nano-morphology is conducive to better play the expertise of graphene, thus effectively enhancing the performance of graphene based devices. In this regard, there are lots of efforts have been devoted to the design of structure and morphology for graphene based materials. In the field of water-induced graphene energy converters, the interaction between water molecule and graphene is affected more by the morphology and microstructure change of graphene. As a new type of nano-material, graphene assembly can further expand its application scope. Due to the popularity of portable, flexible and wearable electronic devices, graphene materials have attracted a great deal of research interest from researchers in the field of energy converters. Graphene fibers and films are good solutions for portable needs. Graphene foam with compressibility also has important application value. In the field of hydropower, the moisture induced power generation of graphene oxide, most importantly, the construction of oxygen-containing radical gradients and the entry of water molecules. In a wet environment, water molecules can cause positive and negative charge separation, so that the potential difference appears on both sides of the material, resulting in the conversion of chemical potential energy into electrical energy. Moisture responds to the driver, depending on the affinity between the water and the GO layer. Water evaporation depends on the interaction between water molecules and carbon nanolayers. In this review, we summarized the current work of the major research teams at home and abroad on the assembly and processing of graphene, and the related work of graphene-based carbon materials in water-induced energy conversion, including the assembly and processing of graphene microstructures. As well as moisture power generation, moisture response drivers and water evaporation power generation, this will have guiding significance for the research of other types of materials in hydroelectric power generation. In the future, we still need to work hard in constructing the concentration and gradient of material functional groups to try to find out the actual applied electrical energy. In addition, many current carbon-based materials generate relatively low currents, and current researches on current increase are still continuing so that they can be applied in real life. Moreover, the interaction between carbon materials and water produces electricity. The mechanism still needs to be further explored, which will lay the foundation for future research on the production of electricity from other materials.


a Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia c Synthesis and characterization laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia d Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia e Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


The IEEE 802.11b standard is a protocol for proper interconnection of data communication tool using the wireless transmission in the Local Area Network (LAN). It includes the physical and the Media Access Control (MAC) layers of the ISO seven-layer network model. Therefore, investigating its performance with different ad-hoc network environment is necessary. Previously, a number of studies investigate the performance of various routing protocols using different evaluation methods with simulators, resulting to different outcomes. Thus, there is a need to expand the spectrum to take into consideration the effects of file size, numbers of nodes and mobility that were neglected in a specific environment and compare them with real life scenario MANET network. This paper present analysis results for the performance evaluation of transmitting FTP file with AODV routing protocol in OPNET modeler and real life network for several scenarios with 802.11b wireless networking transmission method. Simulation results demonstrate that the scenarios with small amount of fixed and mobile nodes shows better performance. The overall network performance automatically degrades with the increment of number of nodes as well as increment of packet size.


The article mainly presents that a simple antenna structure with only two branches can provide the characteristics of dual-band and wide bandwidths. The recommended antenna design is composed of a clockwise spiral shape, and the design has a gradual impedance change. Thus, this antenna is ideal for applications also recommended in these wireless standards, including 5G, B5G, 4G, V2X, ISM band of WLAN, Bluetooth, WiFI 6 band, WiMAX, and Sirius/XM Radio for in-vehicle infotainment systems. The proposed antenna with a dimension of 10 × 5 mm is simple and easy to make and has a lot of copy production. The operating frequency is covered with a dual-band from 2000 to 2742 MHz and from 4062 to beyond 8000 MHz and, it is also demonstrated that the measured performance results of return loss, radiation, and gain are in good agreement with simulations. The radiation efficiency can reach 91% and 93% at the lower and higher bands. Moreover, the antenna gain can achieve 2.7 and 6.75 dBi at the lower and higher bands, respectively. This antenna design has a low profile, low cost, and small size features that may be implemented in autonomous vehicles and mobile IoT communication system devices.


The purpose of this study was to Modeling the relationship between transformational leadership and organitional Entreprenuorship with meditors organitional Justice,Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship behavior among employees Mohaghegh Ardabili University. For this purpose, a sample of 148 from 250 employees in a Mohaghegh University was subject to distribute the questionnaire reaffirming the validity and reliability. The Organizational Entreprenuership was analyzed based on Mostatisk questionnaire,The transformational leadership waz analyzed based on boss olive questionnaire,Organizational Justice was analyzed based on Nihof )mormen questionnaire, organizational commitment based on the Meyer & Allen model and organizational Citizenship behavior based on the Organ and Konovsky model. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 20Lisrel software. Results shown: There was significant and positive relationship between transformational leadership and organitional entreprenuorship with meditors Orgonizational Justice,Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship behavior.there is a positive and meaningful relationship between transformational leadership and Organizational Entreprenuership with meditor organitional commitment.there is significant and positive relationship between transformational leadership and Organizational Entreprenuership with meditor organitional citizenship behavior. there is significant and positive relationship between transformational leadership and Organizational Entreprenuership with meditors organitional commitment and organitional citizenship behavior.


Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia is a rare disease, but can be fatal if it is diagnosed late or untreated. Despite the previous case report of severe aplastic anemia following hepatitis, hepatitis A virus (HAV)-associated aplastic anemia is very rare, and a case with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has not been reported in the literature. Here, we report the case of a 13-year-old boy, who developed severe aplastic anemia after full recovery of acute HAV infection, and eventually received BMT for aplastic anemia following HAV infection. It is a very rare case and the first case that recovered after BMT. The aim of this case report is to highlight the potential of progression to aplastic anemia after acute HAV infection and the importance of suspicion when pancytopenia is developed.


Aromatic rice possess high potential to draw attention rice consumer of the world for its aroma, fragrance, grain morphology, quality and other desirable traits. The production of aromatic fine rice is profitable due to its prices up to 10 times more than common rice on international market (Chaudary et al., 2001). In Bangladesh, a number of fine rice cultivars are grown by the farmers specially Kataribhog, Chinisagar, Badshabhog, Kalizira, Tulsimala, Dulabhog, Basmati, Banglamoti (BRRI dhan50), BRRI dhan34, BRRI dhan37 and BRRI dhan38. Liming is a normal agronomic practice to manage acid sulfate soils for crop production. In Malaysia, some areas of acid sulfate soils have been reclaimed for rice cultivation using lime. In the acid sulfate soils of the Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA) granary areas in Kedah-Perlis coastal plains (northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia), for instance, rice yield improved significantly after applying 2.5 tons of ground magnesium limestone (GML) ha -1 . However, over liming may reduce crop yields due to lime induced P and micronutrient deficiencies (Fageria, 1984). Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are organic compounds, other than nutrients that modify plant physiological processes and also called biostimulants or bioinhibitors that act inside plant cells to stimulate or inhibit specific enzymes or enzyme systems and thus regulate plant metabolism. Recently, there has been global realization of the important role of PGRs in agriculture for better growth and yield of crop (Prasad and Paudel, 1994). These (PGRs) are being used as an aid to enhance yield. Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) is one of the growth promoting hormones, which may play significant role to change growth characters and yield in BRRI dhan28.


In this paper, the effects of roll diameter and storage time in roll form, bending method and relative humidity on curl in copy paper and inkjet coated papers are investigated. In copy paper, more MD curl is showed at smaller roll diameter and the extension of bending time. Hovvever CD curl is hardly influenced by roll diameter and bending time. At high relative humidity, especially CD curl largely reduces. All inkjet coated papers without the primary or the secondary back coating during papermaking show the increase in MD curl and slight decrease in CD curl by MD bending regardless of the winding methods(TSO, TSI). The water spray as back coating results in the remarkable reduction of CD curl regardless of the winding methods. Drying on flat dryer after spraying the moisture on back side display the most excellent effect on the reduction of CD curl.


The article analyzes teaching such skills of oral professional communication as rendering a familiar text, making up a report/ presentation, taking an interview and talking shop. The research is based on a textbook for senior students majoring in "International relations" and "Political science".


The hydrogenation of benzonitrile catalyzed by the active species formed \%in-situ\% from RuCl 3-TPPTS (TPPTSP(m-C 6H 4SO 3Na) 3) in aqueous/organic biphase system was studied. Based on the effects of ruthenium concentration, TPPTS/Ru ratio, H 2 pressure, temperature and time on the reaction, the reaction conditions were optimized. The ruthenium catalyst exhibited high activity and high selectivity for benzyl alcohol under the optimum conditions. The conversion of benzonitrile and the yield of benzyl alcohol were more than 99% and 99.5%, respectively. The hydrogenation of benzonitrile derivatives was also carried out with high reactivity and selectivity to form the corresponding derivatives of benzyl alcohol. However, the hydrogenation of alkyl nitrile did not occur under the same reaction conditions. The possible reaction mechanism was suggested.


Stockhausen's "Studie II" (1954) is one of the classical works of electronic music. Written at a time when Computers played no role in the production of sound, it exhibits a way of composing which is quite similar to programming. This can be shown by reprogramming the complete piece just with the input of five numbers. Beside this reduction which is made in Csound the compositorial decisions come to the fore, showing a flexibility and variability of algorithms1 which can be inspiring and challenging still today.


Granting special autonomy to Aceh Province is the government's response to support sustainable development in post-conflict. This study aims to optimize the management of Otsus funds for the overall welfare of the Acehnese people, with the ultimate goal of achieving independence. This study focuses on explaining and addressing issues related to managing the special autonomy fund and strengthening institutions to realize sustainable development and prosperity for the Acehnese. Descriptive qualitative research methodology was employed, involving data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The analysis utilizes the accountability and transparency theory to evaluate fund management practices in Aceh. Findings revealed that the special autonomy fund has not been effectively implemented due to weak institutional capacity, hindering sustainable development and welfare. Transparent fund management aligned with good governance has not been optimally achieved. The dominance of local political elites in policy-making has led to ineffective government management of the special autonomy fund, while bureaucratic efforts have yielded limited results. Nonetheless, Aceh has undergone some changes over the past 15 years, although not yet significant.