Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic properties of urinary biomarkers in adults with ureteropelvic junction obstruction: KIM-1, NGAL, CA19-9, and β2-microglobulin. We also assessed urinary biomarker concentrations following pyeloplasty. Material and methods: We prospectively studied adults from December 2013 to February 2015. We included 47 patients with a mean age of 38.6 ± 12.7 years. Each patient provided four samples of voided urine for biomarker measurement, one at pre-operative consultation and the others at 1, 3, and 6 months of post-operative follow-up. The control group consisted of 40 healthy individuals with no hydronephrosis on ultrasound evaluation. Results: KIM-1 had an area under the curve of 0.79 (95% CI 0.70–0.89), NGAL 0.71 (95% CI 0.61–0.83), CA19-9 0.70 (95% CI 0.60–0.81), and β2-microgloblin 0.61 (95% CI 0.50–0.73). KIM-1 was the most sensitive marker with a cut-off of 170.4 pg/mg creatinine (sensitivity 91.4%, specificity 59.1%), whereas CA19-9 was the most specific with a cut-off of 51.3 U/mg creatinine (sensitivity 48.9%, specificity 88.0%). Urinary concentrations of biomarkers decreased after pyeloplasty. Conclusions: The evaluation of urinary biomarkers is useful in adults undergoing pyeloplasty. KIM-1, NGAL, and CA19-9 were elevated and significantly decreased after surgery.


Sheila Robinson, a member of Friends of Silvermine Nature Area (FOSNA) and one of the photographers of the Flora Documentation Programme (FDP), has always loved flowers and since retiring ten years ago, has been able to follow her interest. She is now able to recognize much of the Peninsula flora we pass on our regular walks in all seasons on the Cape Peninsula.


Objective:To compare the morphology and performance of the matrix after decellularization procedures with conventional sodium-deoxycholate method and the addition of tannic acid to the former method,in order to provide experimental basis for producing ideal tissue-engineered heart valves.Methods:Fresh aortic valves from porcine of 6-7 months were divided randomly into two groups.Valves in one group were treated with Triton-X100 and sodium deoxycholate,and those in the other group were treated with identical chemicals and tannic acid changes of the matrix structure and effects of treatment on the collagen and elastic fibers were observed by microscopy and transmission electron microscope and the levels of DNA content to confirm the removal of cells.Results:The heart valve leaflets were completely removed of the cell components by two methods.But the method of the addition of tannic acid produced little the harmfulness to the collagen and elastin of leaflets.Conclusion:Tannic acid can preserve the matrix structure efficiently during the decellularization procedure and improve the bio-mechanical properties and performance of tissue engineered cardiac valves.


Thrust through life by his unappeasable sexuality and at the same time held back by the iron grip of his childhood, Alexander Portnoy is one of Philip Roth's most intriguing and hilarious characters. "A deliciously funny book, absurd and exuberant, wild and uproarious."--"The New York Times."


The portable terminal apparatus and the application method for the operation of the broadcast receiving apparatus and a portable terminal provided with the apparatus. Application device according to one embodiment is information for storing and processing the one or more broadcast service as it is or a predetermined format, broadcast program information collecting unit, the broadcast program information collecting additional information collection for collecting information provided through the selection signal includes the processing and storage unit, information processing, and one using the data stored in the storage unit or display a more channels program icon on the display and also the channel information and program information selected when the channel program icon to be selected a generated according to the user interface (UI) display, and processing, and the selection signal output and a broadcast receiving device controller for generating a control signal to operate the broadcast receiving unit to the channel that the channel information output instruction.


We report two experiments investigating rotating sounds presented on a circular array of 12 speakers. Velocity thresholds were measured for three different types of stimuli (broadband noises, white noise, harmonic sounds). In the first experiment, we gradually increased or decreased the velocity and asked participants to indicate the point at which they stopped or started (respectively) perceiving a rotating sound. The thresholds ranged between 1.95-2.80 rot/s for noises and 1.65-2.75 rot/s for harmonic sounds. We observed significant effects of the direction of velocity change (acceleration or deceleration), stimulus type and fundamental frequencies for harmonic sounds, but no effect of centre frequency was observed for broadband noises. In the second experiment, stimuli were presented at constant velocities in a single-interval forcedchoice paradigm: listeners were asked to indicate if the sound was rotating or not. The thresholds obtained were within the range of those of the first experiment. The effect of frequency for harmonic sounds was confirmed.


[Extract] A workshop was organised to elicit conservation goals and objectives for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA) coastal zone for NERP TE project 9.4 "Conservation planning for a changing coastal zone". In this project, spatially-explicit scenarios and impact assessments are used to produce spatial prioritisations for conservation. Following introductions to the concept of goals in conservation planning and to project 9.4, participants discussed goals, assets that relate to these goals and how they can be formulated into quantitative or spatial objectives.

This report summarises the discussions and the main outputs of this workshop. The aims of this workshop were to articulate conservation goals for the GBRWHA coastal zone, to define criteria for choosing assets for the GBR coastal zone, to draw a preliminary list of potential assets and to describe a preliminary method to formulate objectives. Eleven scientists and managers (Table 1) gathered for this one-day workshop on 24 May 2013 in Townsville.


Abstract : Over the last few years, ultrafast laser physics and frequency metrology has merged and provided us with unprecedented (sub-cycle) control over the electric field of few-cycle laser pulses emitted from modelocked lasers. These pulses and the corresponding technology are the prerequisite for high energy phase controlled few-cycle laser pulses, needed for reliable extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray production via high harmonic generation. It has been shown over the last few years that this technology leads to the generation of attosecond pulses and therefore opens up a new frontier in time and frequency measurements.


The optimum conditions for surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by lipase enzymes produced under economic conditions by two Egyptian bacilli (Bacillus isolate 6C and Bacillus isolate 5W) have been obtained and then compared with reference sample. The optimum conditions are found to be 0.04 mg/mL enzyme concentration, 0.5 h incubation time, room temperature (25 oC) and pH 8 under shaking conditions. Addition of 0.15% CaCl2 to the treatment bath enhances both the hydrophilicity (18-26%) and dyeability (22- 194%). The effect of hydrolytic activity of enzymatic process on the weight loss after treatment does not show any significant difference. Printing both untreated and treated PET fabrics with transfer printing shows high leveling properties w.r.t. ∆E values, where it is considered as acceptable values of color differences. PET treated with different sources of lipase enzyme under optimum conditions shows good physical properties and high water regain. SEM of the surface of lipase treated PET samples shows cracks and voids compared to smooth surface of untreated PET fabrics.


A print technology for printing on packing material features that the multi-drum gravure printing technique is used, under the control of electronic chromatographic system one surface of the packing material is printed by multiple drums with the inks having different colors, turning over the packing material, and coating the transparent dulling oil at the position where the pattern and text are not needed by another drum. The finished packing material is also disclosed.


State-of-the-art object detection methods based on deep learning achieved promising performances in recent years. However, the performances are limited by the passive nature of the traditional object recognition framework in ignoring the relationship between imaging configuration and recognition performance as well as the importance of recognition performance feedback for improving image quality. To address the above limitations, an active object recognition method based on reinforcement learning is proposed in this paper by taking adaptive brightness adjustment as an example. Progressive brightness adjustment strategy is learned by maximizing recognition performance on reference high-quality training samples. With the help of active object recognition and brightness adjustment strategy, low-quality images can be converted into high-quality images, and overall performances are improved without retraining the detector.


A method of billing for telecommunication connections in a communication network (HPLMN), in which - upon occurrence of a structure of claim (1) for a directed to a communication terminal (B), a charge account (GK-B) of the communication terminal (B) chargeable communication link (5) - in a network node (SCP) of the communication network (HPLMN) with a flow control function and a forwarding sequence control operation sequence steps (AS) are made to establish the communication link (5) and - if there is a call forwarding service for the communication terminal (B) in the network node (SCP) of the communication network (HPLMN) forwarding process steps (W-AS) for setting up a forwarding communication link (7) are made, characterized, in that - through the forwarding process steps (W-AS) a forwarding information in a memory node (SCP) of the communication network (HPLMN) is stored and - a load of the charge account (GK-B) of the communication terminal (B) with communication charge for the communication link (5) is prevented, when the forwarding information is stored in the memory node (SCP).


Oxidative stress and damage is closely related to skin functional decreased and diseases.Traditional biological evaluation of the skin antioxidant often use animal model through creative a model of local skin injury or disease.With the deepening understanding of the mechanism of skin oxidative damage and the development of in vitro culture techniques,using cultured skin cells or reconstructive skin model test system can be establish a new rapid testing method which can be used in the evaluation and screening of antioxidant effects,as well as mechanisms research and product development.


How communication between neurons gives rise to natural vision remains a matter of intense investigation. The mid-level visual areas along the ventral stream, as studies in primates have shown, are selective to a common class of natural images—textures—but a circuit-level understanding of this selectivity and its link to perception remain unclear. We addressed these questions in mice, first showing that they can perceptually discriminate between texture types and statistically simpler spectrally matched stimuli. Then, at the neural level, we found that the secondary visual area (LM), more than the primary one (V1), was selective for the higher-order statistics of textures, both at the mesoscopic and single-cell levels. At the circuit level, textures were encoded in neural activity subspaces whose relative distances correlated with the statistical complexity of the images and with the mice's ability to discriminate between them. These dependencies were more significant in LM, in which the texture-related subspaces were smaller and closer to each other, enabling better stimulus decoding in this area. Together, our results demonstrate texture vision in mice, finding a linking framework between stimulus statistics, neural representations, and perceptual sensitivity—a distinct hallmark of efficient coding computations.


Aim: There seems to be a dearth of literature on how much Nigerian university libraries are spending on the acquisition of Online Electronic Database (OED). This study sets out to investigate the annual cost of acquiring this important and evolving aspect of library collection with the view of determining whether the returns in terms of utilization is commensurate with the invested fund.
Methodology: The study adopts a quantitative research method. A self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data from 55 librarians in 41 academic libraries across Nigeria. The data collected were processed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.
Findings: Academic libraries in Nigeria spend an average of ₦12,500,000 or $32,637 on OED subscriptions annually. The study has shown that Nigerian academic libraries usually subscribe to the EBSCOhost and Research4Life databases with few adding specialized databases such as Law Pavilion, HeinOnline, Legalpedia, and ScienceDirect. To ensure adequate returns on investment, the libraries are massively providing support infrastructures, user education, and other information services. However, challenges limiting the widespread use of online databases include irregular power supply and slow internet connectivity among others.
Conclusions: The study, therefore, concludes that there is a middling to low return on subscribed OED in Nigerian academic libraries. However, there are still various huddles that must be scaled for Nigerian academic libraries to reap adequate returns on their investments in online electronic databases.


The usual way in which a microwave measurement system is specified provides a statement of accuracy under stated conditions. Independently calibrated parts are employed to verify that the system is performing to specification at specific points. This contribution discusses the specification of a network analyser in terms of the effective characteristics of the measurement ports after calibration. It is then possible to calculate the accuracy of measurement possible for a given calibration technique and device under test and to devise a technique for the verification of the specification of the measurement port characteristics.


In this paper, a wireless power transfer (WPT) system design for charging the bio-implantable devices in the reactive near-field of the antenna is presented. The proposed system is designed to operate in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) of $2.40-2.4S$ GHz band. The WPT link is constructed with dual-ring slot antenna implanted in a single layer skin tissue model is used as a receiving (Rx) element and a simple patch antenna considered as transmitting (Tx) element. The patch antenna is designed to operate at the ISM of 2.45 GHz, whereas the dual-ring slot is used to obtain wideband characteristics that cover the entire ISM band. The strong mutual coupling between the Tx and Rx elements in the reactive near-field provide high power transfer efficiency for the proposed WPT system. Also, to reflect the real-life application scenario, the analysis of specific absorption rate (SAR) and misalignment between the Tx and Rx element is performed for the proposed system. Finally, the prototype of the Tx and Rx elements are fabricated and experimentally verified by using skin mimicking gel.


A sizable body of empirical evidence indicates political conversation—both face-to-face and online—drives participatory engagement. Digital, social, and mobile media provide new avenues and tools for political talk, with affordances that may be particularly conducive to expression effects—that is, the impact of message production on the sender. This essay contends that an emphasis on deliberative democracy has limited attention to the psychological implications of political expression and creative production via information technologies and digital media.


The field of biometrics has evolved tremendously for over the last century. Yet scientists are still continuing to come up with precise and efficient algorithms to facilitate automatic fingerprint recognition systems. Like other applications, an efficient feature extraction method plays an important role in fingerprint based recognition systems. This paper proposes a novel feature extraction method using minutiae points of a fingerprint image and their intersections. In this method, initially, it calculates the ridge ends and ridge bifurcations of each fingerprint image. And then, it estimates the minutiae points for the intersection of each ridge end and ridge bifurcation. In the experimental evaluation, we tested the extracted features of our proposed model using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier and experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately classify different fingerprint images.


This study evaluated the effects of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma technology on some physicochemical and structural properties of corn starch. Amylose content, solubility, water absorption index, turbidity, structural relationships, and surface morphology were measured at 100, 200, and 300 Hz excitation frequencies and at 10 and 20 min exposure times. The plasma treatment at 200 Hz and 20 min promoted the most significant modifications in amylose content, solubility, the water absorption index, and surface morphology. Turbidity did not change significantly. The surface of the granule became smoother with the presence of pores. Slight changes were observed in the ordered structure of starch. Plasma changed several physicochemical properties, significantly decreasing the amylose to amylopectin ratio. Plasma treatment at 200 Hz is recommended to increase the amylopectin content in starches.


202 Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among males with an increasing incidence rate since 2007. Bone metastases are commonly associated with prostate cancer. Prostate cancer patients with painful bone metastases can be treated palliatively with external radiation being the standard of care. The role of palliative care can be beneficial in metastatic prostate cancer given its largely incurable course even after intensive multimodal therapy. There has yet to be a study that explores the impact of race, insurance status, education level, facility type, rural/urban geography, and income level on the overall utilization of palliative care for the cancer, the palliative treatment the patients were more likely to receive based on the different demographic variables, and the palliative care disparity between socioeconomic groups. Methods: This is a retrospective study of adults diagnosed with all subtypes of AJCC staged metastatic prostate cancer between 2004 and 2017 in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to determine palliative care usage (n = 64,268). Demographic factors were studied in relation to the receipt of palliative care. Cross tabulation analysis was performed and evaluated using Pearson Chi-Square and ANOVA tests. Kaplan-Meier curves were utilized to calculate survival probabilities with log-rank analysis. Exclusion criteria included concurrent tumors and missing data. Results: Approximately 15.8% of the patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer received palliative care (10180/64268). The number of cases diagnosed has grown every year between 2004 (n = 2140) and 2017 (n = 6,961). The same pattern was seen for palliative care usage in these patients (n = 352 in 2004 and n = 1325 in 2017). The patients that did not receive palliative care were older (71.3 vs 70.7, range 40-90+, p < 0.001). The patients who did receive PC were more likely to be non-Hispanic (94.6%, p < 0.001), white (78.6%, p < 0.001) patients at a comprehensive community cancer program (40.9%, p < 0.001). Palliative care was more likely utilized in rural settings (2% vs 1.6%, p < 0.001), higher Charlson-Deyo score (0.41 vs 0.38, p < 0.001), all facility locations excluding Mountain or Pacific, lower levels of high school degree attainment, lower overall survival, and those in age groups ranged 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69. There was no statistical significant difference in great circle distance between those that utilized palliative care and those that did not. Conclusions: We identified trends among patients receiving palliative or not. Factors that were correlated with palliative care usage included race, Charlson-Deyo score, treatment facility type, region, education level, rural setting, and specific age groups. As palliative care continues to be utilized more frequently, we hope that this study can serve as a useful baseline for preventing disparities in care.


Big data has affected all walks of life including colleges and universities. The field of Secondary Vocational School has collected and stored vast amounts of educational data. In this paper, Learning Analytics is applied to information teaching platform of Secondary Vocational School based on Hadoop cloud platform. It can mine and use educational big data quickly and effectively, to improve teaching quality and meet the demand of individual learning for secondary vocational school students.


With regard to the sentence 'xiao min has many yi…'in On Poem recorded in Shangbo bamboo slip, the authorholds that it seems to be re-punctured according to its meaning. The pictographic character 'yi……'should be pronounced as 'yi'and its meaning is doubt. Under the character, originally there is a repeat symbol. Thus the first character should stand for a sentence, while the second one is used to explain it. The reason of doing so lies in that the character 'yi' involved in the poem xiao min has various meanings; besides, 'yi' had many usages in Spring and Autumn period. So, the author of On Poem limited the meaning of it to exactly make out the substance of Xiao Min.


Review on Pleistocene-Holocene marmots of Transbaikalia is given on the base of new detail analysis and revisions of the previous data.


New Student Enrollment (NSE) is a selection process of new student enrollment into higher education level. NSE implementation in every city or kabupaten has different regulation, according to the Education Department Policy of each city or kabupaten. Currently, NSE implementation in several cities has been done by online. But, the system only designed
based on certain city necessity. Online NSE information system divides into 4 modules, which are Recommendation, Registration, Data Processing and Website. This final project is discussing
about Registration module. This Final Project will take Surabaya and Jakarta as case study.
Surabaya using NSE regulation based on area distribution and vacant seat. Area distribution regulation is a school-optionrestriction
based on previous school or living place. The aim is to distribute the student, so student with high grade will not concentrated in one school. Vacant seat regulation aim is to rerank failed student or student who accepted in second-school option, to fill unfilled student quota. Meanwhile, Jakarta is using
free regulation and second period registration. Free regulation means student candidate can choose school location freely. Second period registration means failed candidate student can register again, the aim is to fill unfilled student quota. This Final Project's title is "Design Structure of Online New
Student Enrollment Information System, Module: Registration". This Projecl use READYSET as documentation standard and use PHP with CodeIgniter framework as programming language.
Regulation differences in each city will be solved by using arrangement stage before NSE implementation. This arrangement stage will arrange about standard regulation, vacant seat type,
and maximal school option limitation. Data input in arrangement stage will determine the business process that will be use in NSE implementation. By using arrangement stage, NSE implementation can be arranged according to the certain city's regulation. Thus NSE implementation in next year will not require designing structure anymore.


This paper presents the computional algorithm that is used for prediction of the cross-coupled charge pump static and dynamic properties. The calculation method is based on the state-space model of the charge pump for each phase of the clock signal. State equations are drawn from the symbolic relationships of the pump stage as an analog functional block using BSIM equations for long channel MOSFET. The algorithm was programmed in Maple SW and calculated values were compared with transistor-level circuit characteristics. The analysis results show high accuracy of the mentioned method, which allow to reflect many real effects compared to the equivalent digital model description. The algorithm will be used for synthesis procedure together with the application of formulae for optimal design circuit without long-time simulation process.


The material of strategy and instructional design of biology are applicable. Students are required to be able to apply it in the tasks and use it in teaching and learning process in school later. The results of the reflection showed the students get difficulty to apply the concept of material because lecturers don't have their own materials that appropriate with the product of learning. The student and lecturer use learning resources from the printed books only. The development of learning materials in the form of handouts is needed in this subject. The purpose of this research is to analyze of curriculum and learning resources (handout). It will be developed in the course of the strategy and design of learning biology. The method of this research is the development of ADDIE: Analysis, Design, Develop (development), Implementation (implementation) and evaluation. The results obtained the students need learning materials in the form of handouts accompanied mind map to understand topics in instructional design strategy of biology subject. Keywords—the analysis, development, handouts


Chronic kidney disease is described as a progressive and irreversible deterioration in kidney function. When there is less than 10% of nephron function pertained, patients face end-stage renal disease, where renal replacement therapy is needed. Data show that the most common method used to treat advanced and permanent kidney failure is hemodialysis. . Increased oxidative stress is a hallmark of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and protection of oxidative damage. The role of genetic polymorphism of antioxidant enzymes GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 in susceptibility towards end-stage renal disease development has become prominent recently. Furthermore, GST gene polymorphism may modulate the degree of oxidative stress byproducts in end-stage renal disease patients and, therefore, influence their overall and cause-specific cardiovascular mortality.


TEXT Background: African laboratories are increasingly performing the laboratory testing required for international trials. In general, these laboratories are not familiar with the intricacies of Good Laboratory Practice. Contract Laboratory Services (CLS) affiliated to the University of the Witwatersrand was contracted as a "Central Laboratory" to provide laboratory support for the local laboratories at the 6 clinical sites in the following African countries: South Africa (3 sites), Zambia, Uganda and Tanzania. Objectives: This abstract describes the baseline status of 6 laboratories, which will be partaking in the MDP 301 study and the capacity built at those laboratories within 12 to 18 months. The most frequently encountered difficulties, while in the process of moving these laboratories to certification, will be defined. Methods: For the baseline assessment, the laboratories were requested to complete a questionnaire, and this was followed by a site assessment visit. During the site visit recommendations were made regarding the requirements necessary for Good Laboratory Practice and Laboratory Certification for the phase 3 study. One year later a follow-up visit was performed and readiness of laboratories was re-assessed. Results: 2 of the 6 laboratories had good capacity at baseline (score > 70%), 3 of the 6 laboratories had a score of approximately 40% and one site was scored as weak (< 30%) in terms of laboratory capacity. The main criteria which needed to be addressed included: lack of sufficient number of staff trained in Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP), no standardized on-site testing methods, absence of adequate quality control procedures at on-site testing facilities and lacking courier networks. 12 months later, 4 of the 6 laboratories could be certified to start the phase 3 studies. Conclusion: This experience demonstrates that MDP laboratory sites differed in their baseline capacity. However, achieving certification is feasible within a 12 to 18 month period, even for sites with a baseline score of < 50%. This has been achieved through "multilevel support" and training, cocoordinated by the Central Laboratory MDP project manager in collaboration with the site laboratory managers. Dr Ute Jentsch Medical Microbiologist: Contract Laboratory Services Wits Health Consortium, email@example.com, tel +27 11 4898505, fax +27 11 4845812, Postnet Suite 181 Killarney, Houghton, JOHANNESBURG, 2193, SOUTH AFRICA


Objective:This study was designed to assess the therapeutic effect of Gan Fu Kang Decoction Combined with HD Liver Disease Therapy Instrument on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).Methods:80 NASH patients were randomly divided into two groups.Gan Fu Kan group treated with Gan Fu Kang Decoction,a mixture composed of more than ten Chinese traditional medicine and metformin,for 3 consecutive courses during three-month period,the combined group treated with Gan Fu Kang Decoction Combined with HD Liver Disease Therapy Instrument;each for three months.Before and the end of treatment,the data of clinical symptom and physical sign,blood glucose,blood lipids,B mode ultrasonographic image score of liver and liver function tests were serially measured.Results:After three-month treatments,both Gan Fu Kan group and combined group showed desirable effects in blood glucose,blood lipids,liver function and hepatic B mode ultrasonographic score,but the second group revealed superiority over the first group,the total effective rate was 90.0% and 70.0% in combined group and in Gan Fu Kan group respectively,P 0.05.Conclusions:Gan Fu Kang Decoction is a effective drug which is able to reduce blood glucose、blood lipids,relieve fatty liver and improve liver function in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,and the effectiveness would further increase when it combined with HD Liver Disease Therapy Instrument.


SUMMARY

Doctrinal divergences on the problem of Nationalisation. — The ideas of the Nation and the State. — The juridical personification of the nation. — The industrial and business State. — To establish State Control is not to nationalise. — How nationalise without establishing State Control?— The autonomous administration of public right. — The economic personification of the nation. — Definition of nationalisation. — Conclusions.


This paper is concerned with the Hankel norm model approximation for discrete-time Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems with time delay. For a given stable T-S fuzzy system, our attention is focused on the construction of a reduced-order model which not only approximates the original system well with a Hankel norm performance but also is translated into a lower-dimensional system. By employing the modified delay partitioning method, a delay-dependent sufficient condition is developed for the asymptotic stability with a Hankel norm error performance for the error system. Then, the Hankel norm approximation problem is solved by employing the convex linearization approach, which cast the reduced-order model construction into a convex optimization problem subject to linear matrix inequality constraints. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.


Provided is a system for advertisement management and search through bidirectional search of advertisement objects and advertisement companies. The system includes an information storing unit for storing information on individual or seller members, seller information, goods information, advertisement or event information; a search unit for allowing the advertisement requester to search for the advertisement objects; a selecting unit for allowing the advertisement requester to select the advertisement objects corresponding to an input search condition; a confirming unit for allowing the advertisement requester; and an incentive providing unit for providing incentive to the advertisement objects. The seller activity score as the search result order criterion is effective within a predetermined period which depends on an evaluation criterion item, a business type, and a region, thereby maintaining fairness and reliability of the evaluation result.


Ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) has emerged an effective therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease. Electroanatomical mapping is currently considered the gold standard in terms of VT ablation This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Goldman (1978) has proposed a formula derived from stable population theory for estimating growth rates from certain counts of younger and older sisters in a population. Computer microsimulation outputs show extraordinarily large statistical errors for estimation when stable population assumptions are modified to allow for random variability such as would be encountered with field work on small populations. A derivation of Goldman's formula on more interpretable lines than that in Goldman (1978) identifies a source of variance special to this particular formula so that the large statistical errors for this example need not count in general against the feasibility of estimating demographic rates from counts of kin.


This paper reports results on the evolution of m-services' market in a Western European context. We investigate Danish users' perceptions on a set of attributes similar to those utilised in an empirical research conducted during 2001, in what we expect to constitute a more mature market for m-services. Our objective is twofold: to confirm or reject the impact of the set attributes on consumer behaviour, and to highlight differences, which are bound to market evolution, between 'basic' and 'advanced' users. The results provide indications of an evolutionary path of strategic importance for firms with a competitive stake in advanced m-service's use.


An antimony (Sb)-doped substrate is used to fabricate high voltage power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) to prevent out-doping phenomenon. Since the contact resistance of Sb-doped substrate is higher than that of the phosphorus (P) and arsenic (As)-doped substrates, which are widely used for low breakdown voltage power MOSFETs, devices that are fabricated with an Sb substrate have a higher source–drain forward voltage (VSD). The increased VSD is associated with power loss while the device is under switching in an inductive load bridge circuit. In this work, devices were baked at different temperatures for various times to reduce the VSD. The VSD was efficiently reduced at 300 °C after 6 h baking.


Ion sources are used to modify surface layers of different materials and manufactured items. The minimization of radiation damage of treated surfaces sets the trend to decrease the ion beam energy (< 1.5 keV). The dynamic ion beam compensation and the ion beam plasma generation should be considered to control the transport of the metallic low-energy ion beam with ballistic focusing. The ion beam transport with ballistic focusing in the equipotential drift space is studied with numerical simulation by the 2.5D axial symmetric version of the KARAT electromagnetic PiC code. It is shown that the collector current changes to the pulsed mode when the injected ion energy $W < W_{c}$, where $W_{c}$ is critical energy that depends on the gas concentration and the injected ion current. The pulsed mode is the result of the virtual anode (VA) formation and its compensation by secondary electrons. In hemispherical drift space with curvature radius of 7.5 cm, the critical energy $W_{c}=2 \text{keV}$ when the transported ion current $I_{b}=1\ \mathrm{A}$ and the gas concentration $n_{g}=10^{13}\ \text{cm}^{-3}$. The oscillation frequency of the collector current depends on energy, the system geometry and the gas concentration. The oscillating mode of the collector current when decreasing the energy ($W < W_{c}$) of the transported ions is a result of the decreased role of secondary electrons in compensating the ion beam space charge. This leads to alternating formations: the VA formation when compensation of the space charge of the beam ions compensated. Plasma in the beam transport area is formed. A critical factor that impacts the ion beam transport mode is the electron heating under the increased plasma instability. All these processes are considered in the proposed PiC simulation. The time required to the ion-beam plasma formation and the period of the collector current pulses decrease as the transported ion energy $W$ and the gas concentration increase.


Disability is rapidly becoming a significant public health concern in the United States. The population with disabilities is increasing annually in all racial/ethnic and age groups, especially among older age groups, with over 54 million American adults reporting a disability. People with disabilities are at higher risk for developing additional disabilities or secondary conditions associated with their disability. Many of these secondary health conditions can be prevented. Health care costs for people with disabilities are four times higher than for those without disabilities; the social, employment, personal, family, and community costs are difficult to measure.


Thirty years ago analysts' earnings estimates were simply benchmarks against which to value a company. Since then the investment community has come to recognize that when analysts change their estimates, stock prices follow. It is also evident that when companies surprise the market by reporting earnings different from the analysts' estimates stock prices also follow. Therefore corporations are eager to report earnings above the analysts' estimates so that their stock prices will rise. This is reflected each quarter in a preponderance of pessimistic earnings pre-announcements followed by a preponderance of earnings reports that exceed expectations.


The importance of the Internet to trade unionism has not gone unnoticed by academics, and whilst many have perceived the need for unions to engage in social media, there has not been any study of how unions use social media. This paper provides a systematic examination of union social media use in terms of method, scope and content. The University and College Union (UCU) Twitter account was used as a case study. Tweets (n=1,615) were collected over a four-month period (1st January – 30th April 2014) from the official UCU account with followers (n=12,301) also categorised to determine who is listening. Findings are discussed with reference to earlier debates on union use of the Internet. We find that while UCU has moved with technological developments by using Twitter, the content of the union's messages remain in line with traditional union communication and the engagement opportunities of social media are underutilised. Introduction Following an extensive period of union decline, British unions have had to reassess their agenda to maintain levels of organisation. Alongside the union renewal debate, a body of literature emerged looking at the role the Internet can play in trade unionism (Greene et al, 2003; Diamond and Freeman, 2002, Freeman, 2005). The pace of online technological evolution requires an understanding of its current capabilities to determine what such new technology can offer unions (Howcroft and Taylor, 2014:2-3). Whilst recent work has established the views of trade unionists towards social media (e.g., Panagiotopoulos, 2012; Panagiotopoulos and Barnett, 2014; Upchurch and Grassman, 2015), there has not yet been any investigation into how unions use social media. This paper makes an important contribution to the literature by providing the first systematic examination of union use of social media in terms of scope and content. Specifically, we adopt a case study approach to the University and College Union's (UCU) use of Twitter. We 2 consider the content of communication in the context of mobilisation theory, and investigate the sender, message and receiver of UCU tweets. Twitter is one of the most popular social media platforms, boasting the ninth most Internet traffic globally (Alexa, 2014). In September 2014, Twitter had 284 million monthly active users who posted over 500 million tweets per day, with 80% of active Twitter accounts being accessed from mobile devices (Twitter, 2014). Moreover, Twitter data are publicly accessible, thus available to anybody with access to the Internet, unlike other social media platforms where a user account and established connection with another user are necessary. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. The next section outlines the extant literature on union communications, their use of the Internet, and the opportunities afforded by social media. The background for the study is then provided before a consideration of the methods. The findings are then discussed before the conclusions are presented in the final section. Review of the literature Studying union communication can indicate how unions 'use communication as a product and, concurrently, how communication contributes to the process of organizing workers' (Botan and Frey, 1983:237). Traditional forms of union communication are branch newsletters and union journals, and the relevance of these is undoubted. Yet with the advent of the Internet, unions have taken advantage of technological developments to utilise new forms of communication. In this section, we consider the literature on union use of Web 1.0 before examining the importance of these debates for the current world of Web 2.0, specifically social media. Despite unions' initial slow response to advances in technology, the use of the Internet by UK unions grew rapidly in the 2000s and quickly became part of union strategy. 3 Following Upchurch and Grassman (2015), we note that the extant literature on union use of Web 1.0 centred around debates on optimistic and pessimistic opinions about the possibilities for the Internet to enable union renewal. The optimistic thesis was first proposed by Lee (1996), who advocated the ways in which the Internet would enable union renewal, and this point was developed further by Diamond and Freeman (2002) and Freeman (2005). Freeman and Rogers (2002) even suggested that a model of 'open source unionism' may exist in the future. Central to this was the role the Internet could play in transforming internal union democracy through the concept of 'distributed discourse'. Hogan and Greene (2002:62) argued that technological developments 'clearly have the potential to refashion union democracy, reducing the distance between the bureaucracy and the rank and file that is so harshly criticised'. This enables a 'distributed discourse' (Clegg, 2002; Grieco, 2002; Carter et al, 2003; Hogan et al, 2010) through the flattening of union structures, providing a more 'distributed control over means of communication' (Greene et al, 2003:285). However, it should be noted that the Internet 'can be used by pre-existing technological and organisational elites both within and beyond leadership structures to close down or restrict discussions' (Martinez Lucio et al, 2009:117). Therefore proponents of the 'pessimistic' thesis were much more neutral with regards to the potential for the Internet to contribute to renewal, advocating the 'need to avoid the binary contrast between "bureaucracy" and the "internet"' (Martinez Lucio, 2003:338). Instead, a number of inter-related factors concerned with notions of identity, existing cultures of communication, and democratic processes were identified to show the complex realties of union use of the Internet (see Martinez Lucio, 2003; Martinez Lucio and Walker, 2005; Martinez Lucio et al, 2009). Separate to the distributed discourse debate, it is important to consider 'accelerated pluralism' (Bimber, 1998; Upchurch and Grassman, 2015:5). This concept centres on the argument that 'the Internet may enhance revitalisation of trade unions through "mobilisation" effects' (Upchurch and Grassman, 2015:5). In order to consider how mobilization may occur 4 requires an examination of message content (Dee, 1968). Outlining the future prospects of strategic union action, Hyman (2007:206) described the main issues as 'ideas, language and mobilisation', going on to state that the 'battle of ideas is also a battle of words' (207). Building on the social movement literature, and in particular the work of Tilly (1978), McAdam (1988) and Gamson (1992; 1995), Kelly (1998) introduced the concept of mobilisation theory into industrial relations, suggesting that the desire for unionism arises from employees who perceive that they are being treated unjustly. Employees must then attribute blame for the injustice to an agency (i.e., the employer or the state) and finally have a sense of efficacy the belief that something can be achieved from collective organisation and action. Central to this is the requirement for a visible collective organisation that is able to provide resources sufficient for such action, with a leadership both able and willing to mobilise members. In the context of union communication, the union in question would act as the visible, collective organisation. In reference to mobilisation theory Hyman (2007:207) stated the importance of 'effective linguistic means of "framing"' worker issues when communicating the union message. However, Hyman went on to suggest that 'the vocabularies of motive which legitimated traditional trade union action have an archaic ring today' (2007:207). The web, its functions and adoption have fundamentally changed in the shift from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0. Arguably, the technology behind communication in Web 2.0 existed in the previous era (Kim et al, 2009). Under Web 1.0, it was possible for messages to be sent on a one-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis using email, discussion boards and instant messengers. These same functions are exemplified by Web 2.0 platforms such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. The defining functions of Web 2.0 are its facilitation of interaction, critical mass and accessibility, underlined by more affordable, faster Internet connections across the Globe and the seeming transparency and speed at which messages can be transmitted (Shirky, 2011). Indeed, social media (a popular form of Web 2.0 technology) are now ubiquitous. Having developed predominantly in the early to mid-2000s (Boyd and 5 Ellison, 2008), social media have evolved on both desktop web browser-based platforms and smartphones. It has been suggested that social media do 'not have a single preordained outcome' (Shirky, 2011:29) and that 'highly visible users determine what gets amplified and what does not' (Fuchs, 2014:192). Unions have started to adopt social media, including social networking sites such as Facebook and microblogging services such as Twitter. A micro-blog is an 'Internet-based service in which: (1) users have a public profile where they broadcast short public messages/updates [...] (2) messages become publicly aggregated together across users; and (3) users can decide whose messages they wish to receive, but not necessarily who can receive their messages' (Murthy, 2013:10). Thus, it is important to consider the relevance of the theoretical debates which referred to union use of Web 1.0. It is clear that Web 2.0's ability to encourage user-generated content for redistribution exemplifies notions of distributed discourse. However, for example, whilst Twitter largely facilitates interaction and conversation between users, it still enables a union to control what message is coming from an account, and to monitor and control the content of such communication. Therefore the way in which social media platforms are used by unions can reinforce the power and authority of union leadership. Indeed, Fitzgerald et al (2012:95) note that 'unions have advance


The elimination of geomagnetic field (GMF), also called hypomagnetic field (HMF), is one of the major environmental hazards faced by deep-space astronauts and the workers in magnetically shielded rooms on Earth. We previously reported that long-term HMF exposure impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) and cognition by reducing endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in adult neural stem cells (aNSCs). In addition to the aNSCs themselves, adult neurogenesis is also regulated by the local environment, i.e., the neurogenic niche. Neurogenic niche is mainly composed of astrocyte, microglia, and vascular system. However, whether the HMF exposure affects the neurogenic niche in hippocampus remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of the HMF exposure on the neurogenic niche and adult neurogenesis in hippocampus, as well as the cognitive function in mice. The HMF is simulated by using the newly upgraded double-wrapped coils, different with our previous coils, which are capable of providing a very low-strength static magnetic field and identical electromagnetic field background between the HMF group and the GMF group. Here, we for the first time clearly revealed that 8-week HMF exposure significantly induced microglia activation and increased the number of astrocytes in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), suggesting the abnormalities in the neurogenic niche. Meanwhile, 8-week HMF exposure also markedly reduced proliferation and differentiation of aNSCs in the DG, and impaired the cognitive behavior of mice, consistent with our previous findings. In addition, we also found that 8-week HMF exposure significantly induced anxiety-like behaviors of mice. In summary, this study indicates that 8-week HMF exposure induces the neurogenic niche abnormalities, contributing to the AHN impairments, thus leads to the cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behaviors in mice.


Application of the Conservative Discrete Transfer Radiation Method to a Furnace with Complex Geometry Mario Baburić , Neven Duić , Alexandre Raulot & Pedro J. Coelho To cite this article: Mario Baburić , Neven Duić , Alexandre Raulot & Pedro J. Coelho (2005) Application of the Conservative Discrete Transfer Radiation Method to a Furnace with Complex Geometry, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 48:4, 297-313, DOI: 10.1080/10407780590945498 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407780590945498


Brick-and-mortar microstructures of graphene oxide–polyethylene glycol (PEG) composite papers were easily prepared with large area. The freezing point of the PEG intercalated into the shaped composite paper could be successively decreased down to room temperature, while the melting point was kept constant with that of bulk PEG, which means controlled heat release was thus achieved.


Objective To modify the model of heterotopic cardiac transplantation in rat abdomen. Methods The microsurgery technique was used to develop method of heterotopic heart transplantation in the rat abdomen. Results Heterotopic heart transplantation could be developed by microsurgery scuccessfully. Conclusion This technique can offer a reliable animal model of heterotopic heart transplantation.


The winding function theory is a proper tool to analyse machine magnetic constraints in an analytical way. This paper deals with guidelines to construct the winding functions for short pitched fractional slot concentrated winding machines (FSCW) with arbitrary phase number. The guidelines are applicable for FSCW machines with single layer or double layer winding layout. Further, the paper proposes an analytical way to calculate the flux linkage between the rotor field and stator winding of a surface mounted permanent magnet machine using the winding function. The results are compared to a conventional distributed winding design. Additionally an elaboration of the main harmonic inductance including harmonic leakage inductance for a FSCW and a distributed winding (DTBW) is performed.


The Helicinidae stored at the Museum and Institute of Zoology in Warsaw were studied in 2003. The 990 lots encompass the whole collection of A. J. WAGNER, and a minor part consists of material collected by W. LUBOMIRSKI. The Wagner collection contains a significant number of the original specimens for the volume of the "Martini & Chemnitz – Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet" on Helicinidae which represents the most recent comprehensive revision of the family. A brief description of the contents of the collection is given. Additional search for historic archive material revealed new biographic information about the malacologist ANTONI JOZEF WAGNER (1860–1928) which is presented here for the first time. The main sources were letters by WAGNER to RUDOLPH STURANY, Vienna, and EDUARD VON MARTENS, Berlin. Special attention is paid to the historical background of his studies on the Helicinidae. An annotated list of malacologists of WAGNER's time, who contributed most of the helicinid specimens in exchange, is included, based on label information in the collection and comments in an unpublished catalogue written by WAGNER.


This paper introduces and analyses the building of the INC standard with a STEP-NC extension based on the INC system theory. First it s does an introduction of the two sides of INC standard. And then the paper focuses on some important points which are relative to build up the INC standard. They are the building of INC interpreter, extended motion or control expression based on features, how to support bidirectional information flow and application of COM and RTDLL in INC to enhance the real-time performance. Finally it also gives a feasible method to get an INC file which contains the geometric information and machining information.


Web Service is a major computing resource and a main software paradigm.With rapid increase of Web Services in recent years,methods of accurately discovering the required service are becoming a research focus.By using service matching method,based on conception similarity,in this paper,the study transforms user requirements and Semantic Web Service description documents OWL-S profile into ontology trees separately.Next,by hierarchical and taxonomical method,according to the ontology trees,the study computes the conception similarity,attribute similarity,and structure similarity respectively,which effectively avoids complex reason.Thereafter,according to the relationship between conception similarity and structure similarity,the study defines the sets of constraints and restructures the requirement trees with constraints to improve the precision and recall of the service discovery.Finally,the paper presents the algorithm of Semantic Web Service discovery and conducts experiments by developing the prototype system OWLS-CSR,which proves the feasibility and affectivity of this method.


Analysis of the magnetic reconnection is one of the key elements in studies of the fast evolution of magnetic structures in variety of astrophysics phenomena and laboratory plasmas. In high temperature collisionless plasma magnetic reconnection can be facilitated by small-scale magnetic perturbations generated inside the reconnection layer around X-points of the magnetic islands. Present paper considers possible mechanisms of the small-scale plasma perturbations and represents detailed description of the diagnostic techniques used for identification of the perturbations in the T- 10 tokamak (R=1.5m, a=0.3m). The small-scale plasma perturbations are identified in the T-10 tokamak using Si surface barrier detectors with enhanced spatial and temporal resolution (dr~3-5mm, and dt~ 300 ns, accordingly), 3D X-ray tomographic arrays based on multi-wire gas detectors, AXUV detectors, and fast magnetic probe placed at the movable rod positioned close to the plasma surface. Simultaneous measurements of the nonthermal electrons (20-200keV) generated during the reconnection are provided by 2D CdTe tomographic arrays (10 vertical and 6 horizontal detectors), Ge PHA spectrometer, and miniature in-vessel X-ray spectrometer based on CdTe detector with movable 2D Soller collimators. Initial experiments have indicated generation of the small- scale X-ray perturbations in frequency range 150-300 kHz during fast stage of the magnetic reconnection during sawtooth collapse. The perturbations appear as bursts at multiple frequencies, which can indicate possible role of the nonlinear interaction of the MHD modes. Another type of the high-frequency perturbations (~300 kHz) are observed during minor disruptions in plasma with relatively low density. Perturbations in the case are accompanied by bursts of the nonthermal X-ray radiation, which can indicate possible connection of the perturbations with the nonthermal electrons.


This paper discusses the Gaggle, a mechanism for grouping and naming objects in a distributed system. Using Gaggles, client objects can access distributed replicated services without regard for the number of objects that provide the service. In this way they encapsulate plurality. Rather than imposing a particular design philosophy, Gaggles allow implementors of replicated distributed services full freedom to structure those services as they see fit. A Gaggle behaves very much like an object: it can be named in the same way as an object, and can be used as the invokee of an invocation. However, Gaggles can be used to represent individual objects, several ordinary objects, or even several other Gaggles, so they serve to encapsulate plurality. If a Gaggle is used as an invokee, oneof the objects that it represents is chosen to be the receiver.


A method, based on optical coherence angiography (OCA), for the intraoperative diagnosis of blood microcirculation in the ischemic intestine has been tested. The pilot clinical study involved 18 patients who had undergone urgent operations for thrombosis of segments II or III of the superior mesenteric artery, as well as for infringement of the bowel and the mesenteric vessels. In the OCA images regions of preserved blood microcirculation in the intestinal wall were characterized by the presence of branched networks of intramural microvessels and a bright background in the OCA images. Regions of the intestine in which the intramural vessels were interrupted or could not be visualized were considered as potentially non-viable. These data were used to determine the boundaries for intestinal resection. In comparison with the traditional method of intraoperative diagnosis of intestinal blood flow, the use of such OCA criteria meant the volume of bowel resection could be decreased by 21.5 [14.1; 36.0]% (p = 0.037). This observation demonstrates the great potential of OСA in the intraoperative detection of the boundaries of damaged and healthy intestinal wall in ischemic bowel disease.


Circa 1135, Geoffrey of Monmouth completed De gestis Britonum (On the Deeds of the Britons), which purported to be a true account of the ancient Britons based on a liber uetustissimus, a "most ancient book."1 Unlike their descendants, the colonized Welsh, the ancient Britons were a gloriously powerful people who enjoyed sovereignty over Britain from the time of Aeneas until the coming of the Saxons. Geoffrey's historia fantastica (fantastic history) was taken as fact by Welsh and Norman readers alike, becoming one of the single most influential texts of medieval Britain.2 While most discussions of De gestis Britonum focus on the text's portrayal of Britons, Bretons, Romans, Saxons, and Normans, one group in the text has gone almost entirely undiscussed.3 These are the Flemish, alternately called Moriani and Ruteni in the text, an apparently fearsome enemy of the ancient Britons, known to invade Northumbria with great frequency. The role of Flemish invaders in Geoffrey of Monmouth's De gestis Britonum


Land suitability evaluation is one of the main rings of the sustainable land management chain that lead to land use planning and food security. In this study, in order to comparative efficacy of the fuzzy method for land suitability evaluation, AHP weighting method for wheat were used in the southern part of Urmia plain and results of the fuzzy method were compared with results of the parametric method. The study area was divided into 16 land map units and seven major land characteristics of wheat production were selected as the evaluation criteria. The correlation (r 2 ) between land indices obtained from both methods and the observed performance in the region, are 0.85 the method based on fuzzy set theory and are 0.78 the parametric method .RMSE related to the fuzzy method is 542 where as for parametric method is 673 . The higher correlation between land indices and yield production, and smaller RMSE for the fuzzy method showed this method is more accurate than the parametric method. But the accuracy of results greatly depends on the selection of suitable membership functions, determination of critical points of functions and amounts of assigned weight with Analytical Hierarchy Process for different characteristics of lands.


Analysis of the characteristics of grain production of 965 gm-2 obtained by Shan You 63 (F1 hybrid rice) in 1991 was carried out Absorption of nitrogen reached 21 gm-2 up to the time of heading, and a large capacity of grain yield (50, 360 spikelets per m2) was obtained. Efficiency of increase in spikelet number per m2 by absorbed nitrogen up to heading was essentially the same as in west Japan. Mean Leaf Area Index 10 days before heading became exceptionally large (10.18). A large amount of translocation of accumulated assimilation products before heading improved the percentage of ripened grain. Increase in translocation of assimilated products stored in the culm and leaf before heading may remarkably increase yield in China.


Low temperature electron transport measurements on individual single wall carbon nanotubes are described in this thesis. Carbon nanotubes are small hollow cylinders made entirely out of carbon atoms. At low temperatures (below ~10 K) finite length nanotubes form quantum dots. Because of its small size a quantum dot has a discrete set of energy levels where electrons can be placed. Therefore, it resembles an atom in many aspects. The research presented here focuses on understanding the behavior of nanotube quantum dots. Until recently, we have fabricated nanotube quantum dots by just evaporating metal contacts on top of the nanotube segments. This way tunnelbarriers develop naturally at the nanotube-metal interfaces. The addition of a single electron requires a considerable energy due to the small size of the nanotube. At low temperatures this energy is absent, and the nanotube quantum dot is then in the 'Coulomb blockade' regime. Applying a bias voltage between the electrodes or changing the electrostatic potential of the quantum dot by a voltage on a nearby gate can lift the Coulomb blockade and hence allow single electron tunneling processes through the barriers. By measuring the current going through the nanotube we study the electron transport behavior of the nanotube quantum dot. We are primarily focussed on nanotube quantum dots in the 'closed' quantum dot regime. In this regime the tunnelbarriers are very opaque and the electrons are strongly confined in the quantum dot. Also, the energy width are sharply defined allowing for accurate spectroscopy measurements. In chapter 4 we report the first observation of the discrete energy spectrum of semiconducting nanotubes. Furthermore, the semiconducting nanotube quantum dot can be completely depleted from free charge carriers. Electrons or holes could be added one by one. This permits us to compare the excitation spectra for electrons and holes. We find that they are symmetric, as expected from the symmetry in the bandstructure. The energy spectra of metallic nanotubes in the closed quantum dot regime are explained in chapter 5. Using a model, which extends the 'constant interaction model' with exchange interaction effects and the orbital degeneracy of the nanotube bandstructure, the full measured energy spectrum of the nanotube quantum dot is identified and accounted for. Of recent interest in the field of nanoscience is the interplay between electrical and mechanical properties. In a theoretical study we predict that the tunneling of a single electron onto a suspended nanotube drastically modifies the quantized vibrational eigenmodes due to the electrostatic forces which bend and tension the nanotube. Measurements performed on quantum dots in freely suspended nanotube at low temperatures shows a small, harmonic excitation spectrum, which can not be identified with purely electronic excitations. We propose phonon assisted tunneling to be responsible for these excitations. Using a Franck-Condon based model, in which the phonon assisted tunneling processes are modeled as a coupling of electronic levels to underdamped quantum harmonic oscillators, we find good agreement with the measurements. Lately, the emphasis of carbon nanotube quantum dot research is shifting towards defining nanotube quantum dots with tunable barriers. In the last chapter we present a fabrication procedure for defining nanotube quantum dots with controllable barriers. This way it was possible to extend the system to form a double quantum dot. This last step was highly motivated by the possibility that double quantum dot systems could act as a solid state quantum bit. We perform transport measurements on the nanotube double quantum dot and observe the excited states of the systems. This opens up new possibilities for fundamental and applied studies on nanotube quantum dots.


The tale of Scylla in Metamorphoses Books 13 and 14 and the stories which branch off from it are a well-known case of Ovid's tendency to digress from his so-called main storyünes. As Aeneas approaches the region of Scylla and Charybdis, Ovid tells the readers about Scylla's history, and within this history tells several other episodes.1 The problem of die relationship between frame and inset stories is complicated by Ovid's wide use of internal narrators, sometimes on several levels of subordination,2 and by his habit of interrupting one story with a seemingly unrelated one, especially during long continuous episodes, such as that of Aeneas. The Scylla story raises questions about Ovid's pacing of his episodes and of his shrinking of some of his inherited material, questions of what G. Genette calls narrative "duration."3


century. In order to sustain in the knowledge – based economy and to deal with the job market demands, incorporation of CBC is emerging as a necessity in education sector (Chemagosi, 2020) Competency is the ability to choose and apply an integrated combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes with the intention to realize a task in a certain context, while personal characteristics such as motivation, self confidence and will power are part of that context. The effectiveness of any educational program is largely dependent on the philosophy of the curriculum design followed (Subsomboon, 2007). Competency based curriculum (CBC) shifts the concept of learning as a permanent attitude towards knowledge acquisition and objectives to thinking competencies. Curriculum based curriculum is designed with a view to help learners acquire knowledge, skills, values and attitudes that are likely to equip them with competencies that they can effectively use to serve the society. The rationale for Kenya adopting CBC was informed by need to align the education sector to constitution of Kenya 2010, vision 2030 and meeting the global standards (R.o.K, 2018). The global trends in education and training are now shifting their focus towards programmes that encourages optimal development of human capital. The young people are to develop for work and to actively participate in the society. According to Sudsomboon (2007) he summarises the idea of CBC as; instead of objectives, think competencies, instead of content think outcomes, learner activities will be based on performance of learner and accomplishment of criteria, teaching activities are learner centred and formative evaluation is necessary. CBC is considered the leading paradigm for innovation since it emphasizes the integrated nature of what students need to learn to face not only the labour market but also life in general (Edwards,et.al.2009). Curriculum reform is not a new phenomenon in Africa and around the world. By 1990's most African countries began to make attempts to change and revise the curriculum from a content based curriculum to a CBC one in order to cope with the political , social and sometimes harsh economic realities (Taasisi ya Elimu, 2013). In USA the idea of a competency broad curriculum can be traced as far back as 1957. The whole idea was provoked by the Soviet Union which launched the first satellite sputnik1 Abstract: Change in today's modern society are both rapid and intricate bringing both significant challenges and new responsibilities to the field of education. In order to deal with demands of job market, incorporation of competency based curriculum is emerging as a necessity in education sector. Early this year January 2019, Kenya inauragated the Competency Based Curriculum changing away from the 8-4-4 system of education. In this backdrop the paper examines the importance of curriculum based curriculum and constraints in implementation Inception literatures and deliberations from the stakeholders national conferences addressing the CBC is widely used to enrich this paper.


Guangdong is the international trade center of Ming Dynasty,and the administration of its international trade was greatly stressed. Since eunuch was appointed as governor of Shibo 市舶 (the customs house in ancient China) in Yongle Period 永乐年间,all the customs affairs began to be under the control of Shibo eunuch,and consequently the management system of Shibo established at the beginning of Ming Dynasty was changed. After the middle period of Ming Dynasty,the power of Shibo eunuch in Guangdong was increasing further and they became more unrestrained and undisciplined. Their behavior aroused strong opposition from authorities and civilians,and they were thus twice dismissed from their posts. Finally,they had no power to interfere with the Shibo administration in Guangdong. It had been a tradition for all Chinese dynasties to send central officials to intervene into the administration of Guangdong international trade. So in Ming Dynasty when eunuch threw their weight most severely,eunuch were sent to take the lead in the Shibo affairs in Guangdong,which was the natural tendency of the central government to strengthen economic control and the result from the expansion of eunuch power. The phenomenon was related to the strengthening of the ban on marine trade by the central government and also to the policies of tribute payment and trade.


Two versions of the extended Hill's lemma for non-Cauchy continua satisfying the couple stress theory are proposed. Each version can be used to determine two effective elasticity (stiffness) tensors: one classical and the other higher order. The classical elasticity tensor relates the symmetric part of the force stress to the symmetric strain, whereas the higher-order elasticity tensor links the deviatoric part of the couple stress to the non-symmetric curvature. Four sets of boundary conditions (BCs) are identified using Version I, and three sets of BCs are obtained from Version II of the extended Hill's lemma, which can all satisfy the Hill–Mandel condition. For each BC set selected, admissibility and average field requirements are checked. Furthermore, the equilibrium is examined for the cases with the kinetic BCs, and the compatibility is checked for the cases with the kinematic BCs. To illustrate the two newly proposed versions of the extended Hill's lemma, a homogenization analysis is conducted for a two-phase composite using a meshfree radial point interpolation method. The effective elastic constants obtained in this analysis are compared with those predicted by the Voigt and Reuss bounds and computed through a finite element model constructed using COMSOL, which verifies and supports the current method.


This article presents the performance of acoustic measures correlated to vocal breathability. The aim of this article is to evaluate the response of some acoustic measures from speech samples transmitted under non-ideal network conditions. Two sample banks are tested: a bank with synthetic speech samples and another one with natural voice of dysphonic patients. The experiments were run under the condition of packet loss during data transmission. Results show that the measurements are not significantly affected by packet loss up to 4%. The acoustic measures tested are CPPS, S2NR, SFR e PitchAmplitude. Keywords—Vocal Breathability, Acoustic Measures, Data Transmission, Network, Telecommunications.


The article presents a brief historical background about the epistemology of silicate brick. Well-known facts about silicate brick are given: the technological scheme of manufacture, modern grades for strength and frost resistance, information about thermal conductivity, classification by species, size and purpose. Advantages are considered, among which are noted: relatively low cost, environmental friendliness, compatibility with masonry mortars, aesthetics, wide color gamut, good geometric parameters, high strength characteristics, good soundproof ability, relatively high frost resistance, ease of processing. Disadvantages are given, among which are noted: high thermal conductivity, high water absorption, brittleness, and instability to acidic and alkaline aggressive environments. Particular attention is given to the consideration of the behavior of silicate brick and masonry from it in a fire. References to works devoted to this problem are given. The research of high temperature effects on the brickwork of the silicate bricks in the fire was held. A model for the possible collapse of brickwork as a re-sult of reducing its bearing ability due to fire was designed. The conclusion is drawn about the need for technical diagnostics of the structures of buildings made of silicate brick exposed to fire, as well as the special tactics of extinguishing fires in such buildings.


In accelerating spatial planning, an effective instrument is needed in planning so that the implementation of space utilization is in accordance with the expected goals, so that resources remain efficient, investment calculations become more real, and environmental balance in sustainable urban development is maintained. Housing development is often delayed (planning delay) due to the inefficient land provision process. On the other hand, the housing backlog is increasing to 800,000 units per year, thus it is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of planning, especially in the housing sector that has been running in Indonesia. Econometry as a quantitative approach with various variances of analysis techniques has many benefits but has not been widely integrated in planning, especially in calculating the effectiveness of instruments in achieving spatial planning goals. This article aims to examine the effectiveness of planning, especially related to land value and housing development through an econometric model approach by taking samples in Surabaya. The technique used is multiple regression analysis which shows the level of influence between six independent variables, namely land area, building area, land value, land price increases, property prices, and property taxes on the dependent variable, namely the effectiveness of planning indicated in the form of time required to implement the plan. The results show that there are 3 variables of the 6 independent variables that are proven to have an influence based on their significance value, namely land area, land value, and the percentage of increase in land value. Based on the regression results, it takes an average of -0.274 years to be constant, if other variables are considered absent, or it is interpreted that the phenomenon of housing development tends to precede or independent of housing planning in the sectoral plans and spatial plans.


This paper presents the method which allow classifying pixels of the internal boundary of objects on the binary image. The application of morphological tools allows grouping internal boundary pixels into four spatial classes: core boundary, isolated regions, branches and corridors. The classification of boundary pixels provides us with a tool for shape description both locally and globally. This description is used to characterize the pixels themselves as well as to describe the image objects. In the latter case the coefficients based on the quantity of pixels of different classes are calculated. These coefficients may be used as features for pattern recognition.


The article is devoted to the problems of identity and "narratives of self-determination" in the modern intellectual field. According to the author of the article, modern identity politics generates new and actualizes old narratives of cultural, civilizational, national and confessional self-determination. The article states the crisis of Euro-identity, which is developing under the influence of posthumanism and aggressive transatlanticism, as well as the general crisis of Western values responsible for ensuring "social interactions" in Durkheim's sense of this term. This may indicate a change in the development model and norms of self-identification in the Western world in the next decade. The author also points to the crisis of post-Soviet identity, which is gradually being overcome through the cultural synthesis of pre-Soviet and Soviet, "white" and "red" models of self-identification. It is stated that a society that does not develop its historical identity has to accept the globalist quasi-identity imposed on it, as evidenced by the post-Soviet period in Russia. The author explains the struggle between different norms for describing identity through the rivalry of socio-political groups in the course of the restoration of the basic Russian identity. The article points to the connection of the external, superficial semantics of identity with the influence of political ideologies, and emphasizes the difference between optimal ideologies and doctrinal super-ideologies, such as Marxist-Leninist and neoliberal. In contrast to the stable core of identity, ideology often changes under the influence of new historical conditions.. At the same time, the core of identity ("who we are") and the "zone" of ideology ("what we are striving for") refer to each other and explain each other, because without an understanding of its long-term goals, it would be problematic for society to develop a complete self-characterization.


PROSTHETIC heart valve replacement has become routine surgical procedure in the treatment of advanced cases of valvular heart disease. One of the most popular prostheses in current use is the Bjork-Shiley low-profile disk valve. The valve consists of a free-floating pyrolite disk contained in a polytefcovered alloy cage. The popularity of the valve stems from the ability of the disk to tilt in the direction of blood flow permitting a central, nearly laminar flow pattern that decreases turbulence and subsequent trauma to RBCs. Recent five-year follow-up data have demonstrated the durability of this valve and a low level of hemolysis.1Although initial reports also suggested a low thrombogenic potential,2recent reports have described massive thrombosis of the valve, with fixation of the disk.2-9 Report of Cases Case 1.— A 79-year-old man underwent valve replacement for aortic stenosis receiving a No. 23 Bjork-Shiley prosthetic valve in August 1974. After


This research investigates how semantic mapping strategy can improve students' reading comprehension. The subject of this research was the ten grade students consisted of 32 students. In this classroom action research, the researcher used quantitative data to see the improvement of the students' reading comprehension, and qualitative data to explain the change in students' behaviour during the implementation of the strategy. Based on the result of the test conducted at the end of the cycle and the analysis of the observation checklist and field notes, it could be concluded that both the students' reading comprehension and the students' attitude during the reading class have been improved. The students who passed the test improved from 43.75% at the baseline data to 87.5% at the end of cycle II. This improvement mostly influenced by the second and the third phase of semantic mapping strategy, which are brainstorming categorization. In this phases, the students activate their prior know and learn to visualize relationship between ideas and put them into categories. Thus, the students have a better comprehension of the text. The students also showed better motivation, interest, participation, and enthusiasm toward the learning process proven by the results of the observation. However, the materials in this present research were short reading texts. The implementation of the strategy on longer reading texts should be taken into a deeper study in the future research.


The advent of computer-supported IR spectrometers, especially Fourier-transform IR interferometers, made possible considerable progress in the fine-structure elucidation of the seemingly well-known polyethylene and ethene copolymers. This paper gives a review on the results obtained in several laboratories in the following fields: identification of side-groups and olefinic structures, characterization of ethene homo- and copolymers made with different catalysts, by spectral enhancement, difference and derivative spectroscopy, and measurements of the dichroism of oriented samples. In one chapter, recent results with amorphous poly(alkyl ethylene)s obtained with a modified Phillips catalyst are reported.


: Evidence from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is overwhelmingly convincing climate change is real and it will become worse. Like the other nations of globe, Ethiopia has begun a progressive strengthening collaborative resolve to address the problems associated with global warming. Anthropogenic processes are responsible for global warming. And methane (CH ) from agricultural sector is released annually 4 into the atmosphere with enteric fermentation has a contribution to emissions in a number of countries. This paper therefore, reviews enteric CH emission from domestic ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) in 4 Ethiopia, its contribution to greenhouse gas and mitigation opportunities. Though limited research work was done on Ethiopian domestic ruminant, this particular paper considers research results which deal with African condition (particular to east Africa domestic ruminants' enteric CH emissions including Ethiopia). Based on 4 the recent international data from the World Bank, Ethiopia's CH emissions are about 52Mt CO -equivalent 4 and the livestock sector contributes 45% of these CH emissions. Report by Global Methane Initiative indicates 4 that the livestock sector has one of the highest potential for CH reduction in Ethiopia and livestock production 4 in Ethiopia experiencing a rapid change in structure and function due to increased demands for livestock products. Some of these changes could lead to increased emissions of CH gas. Methane emissions per tropical 4 livestock unit (TLU, 250kg bodyweight) can vary from 21-40kg per TLU per year, depending on the production system and diet type. But, the average emission factors obtained from literature for this review, 31.1kg CH per 4 TLU per year. Based on this information, domestic ruminants in Ethiopia viz., cattle, sheep and goat emits about 1134.87kg, 112.89kg and 105.43kg respectively, were cattle by far emits more CH . Since complexity of livestock 4 production systems and feeding diversity can make estimations of emissions practically complex. Hence, in Ethiopia, different mitigation options of enteric CH emission should be practiced based on the feasibility, 4 sustainability, economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, it is important to identify mitigation measures that are acceptable to implement and cost effective in order to strengthen the capacity of ruminant livestock raisers for the abatement of methane.


Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is characterized by enhanced renal clearance, which leads to insufficient vancomycin exposure and treatment failure. In haematologic malignancy patients, determination of optimal vancomycin dosage is essential because of high stake of life‐threatening bacterial infection and increased clearance. The aim of this study was to describe vancomycin pharmacokinetic parameters in haematologic malignancy with augmented renal clearance children and define the appropriate dosing regimen to achieve an AUC0‐24h/MIC ≥400.


This paper is a welcome complement to the current knowledge of the nature of the crust in the Mediterranean back-arc basins. A debate has been active for many years on the nature of the crust and the existence or not of true oceanic crust. Recent investigations in the Tyrrhenian Sea suggest that a large part of what was previously interpreted as oceanic crust would in fact be exhumed continental mantle. This new paper addresses this question on the example of the Ligurian Basin, the north-easternmost part of the Liguro-Provençal Basin. If oceanic crust was so far supposed to be present in the center of the basin, it was always described a atypical with large volcanic intrusions


Mergers and acquisitions often exhibit asymmetric group structure and dynamics. Minority (low-status) merger partners frequently perceive themselves as less prototypical of the new organisation, potentially hindering corporate development. This research examines three variables – morality, indispensability, and merger patterns, which may influence prototypicality perceptions in minority merger partners. In respective online-based surveys, each of the variables is experimentally manipulated via scenarios and perceptions of relative ingroup prototypicality and indicators of merger support are measured as dependent variables. Ultimately, the aim of the studies is to give an insight into minority perceptions and suggest better practices for human resource management.


ABSTRACT
When students are exposed to digital stories about a particular nursing field, they feel more prepared to practice in that field. The purpose of this innovative teaching project was to introduce undergraduate nursing students to palliative care nursing through digital storytelling. Digital interviews with experienced nurses from five specialties were compiled and shared with students. Student responses indicated a positive impact on their professional identity and greater awareness about palliative care. Students benefited from hearing about "real" experiences and exploring diverse specialties and reported that this activity helped decrease their fear, find beauty in death, and value nursing presence.


PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. INTRODUCTION. Chapter 1-Defining Important Concepts. 1.1 Key Concepts in Molecular Biology for the Study of Human Nutrition. 1.2 The Inheritance of Genetic Packets of Information. 1.3 A Brief Overview of Evolutionary Biology and the Ascent of Man. 1.4 The -omics Revolution. Chapter 2-Molecular Mechanisms of Genetic Variation Linked to Diet. 2.1 A Brief History of the Human Diet. 2.2 The Role of Milk in Human Evolution. 2.3 Micronutrients and the Evolution of Skin Pigmentation. 2.4 Micronutrients Optimize Gametogenesis and Reproductive Fecundity. 2.5 Direct Dietary Selection of a Human Metabolomic Profile. 2.6 The Evolution of Taste as a Survival Mechanism. 2.7 The Mystery of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Polymorphisms and Ethanol Toxicity. 2.8 Evolution of Xenobiotic Metabolism in Humans. Chapter 3-Essential Nutrients and Genomic Integrity: Developmental and Degenerative Correlates. 3.1 Micronutrients and Genomic Stability and Function. Chapter 4-Nutrients and Cerebral Function in Human Evolution. 4.1 Human Encephalisation May be Linked to an Evolutionary Reduction in Gut Mass. 4.2 Weaning and Brain Development. 4.3 Micronutrients and the Cerebral Basis of Spirituality and Social Structure. 4.4 Pharmacotoxicology of Plants and Cultural Evolution. Chapter 5-The Evolution of Micronutrient Metabolism. 5.1 Antioxidants, Evolution, and Human Health. Chapter 6-Evolved Refinement of the Human Lifecycle Based on Nutritional Criteria. 6.1 Human Breast Milk-An Evolved Food. 6.2 Conflict between Parent and Offspring over Nutrient Requirements. 6.3 Natural Selection for Foraging Efficiency. 6.4 Evolution of Senescence. Chapter 7-The Evolution of Human Disease. 7.1 The Conflict between Agriculture and Ancestral Genes. 7.2 Obesity: A Chronic Plague of our Affluent Societies. 7.3 Prion Protein Locus and Human Evolution: The Link Between Variant Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease and Cannibalism. Chapter 8-Contemporary Dietary Patterns that Work: The Mediterranean Diet. 8.1 Tomatoes. 8.2 Olive Oil. 8.3 Red Wine. 8.4 Bioflavonoids. 8.5 Fish. Chapter 9-Some Non-Micronutrient Essential and Nonessential Nutrients with Molecular and Possible Evolutionary Impact. 9.1 Lecithins. 9.2 Lipid-Derived First Messengers-The Eicosanoids.1 9.3 Isoflavones-Genomic and Nongenomic Influence at the Estrogen Receptor. 9.4 Phytic Acid. Chapter 10-Natural Food Toxins and the Human Diet. 10.1 Dietary Zootoxins. 10.2 Dietary Phytotoxins. Chapter 11-Nutrigenomics. 11.1 What is Nutrigenomics? 11.2 Genetic Buffering Underpins Nutrigenomic Relationships. Chapter 12-The Evolution of Protein Function. Chapter 13-Leading Edge Laboratory Tools in Nutrigenomics and Human Evolutionary Studies. 13.1 Denaturing HPLC. 13.2 DNA Sequencing. 13.3 Nucleic Acid Microchip Techniques. 13.4 The Polymerase Chain Reaction. 13.5 Protein Mass Spectrometry. 13.6 Bioinformatics. References. Index.


Preface Introduction: The Feathers and the Mirrors and the Smoke 1. Fast Heaven, Through Earth, to Hell: A Bright Room Called Day 2. The Progress of Death in the Land of Pure Delight: Hydriotaphia, or The Death of Dr. Browne 3. Troubling the Waters: Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes 4. What Is To Be Done?: Slavs! Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness 5. Transformations and Convergances: Kushner's Adaptations 6. An Undoing World: Kushner's One-Acts 7. The Great Work Continues: Screenplays, Activism and Future Projects Appendices Production History Bibliography Index


Abstract The article presents a stone slab inscribed with a fragmentary annalistic text written in the name of the Assyrian king Sargon II (Šarru-ukin, 722-705 BCE). Based on photos of the slab recently posted on the internet, the author provides an edition of the text and discusses its historical significance.The main topic of the preserved portion of the text is the anti-Assyrian rebellion instigated by Yau-bi'di of Hamath at the beginning of Sargon's reign, an uprising in which Samaria, Damascus, and a few other Western cities participated as well. The depiction on the slab, the recarving it experienced at some point, and the question where the slab might have been found are briefly examined as well.


The interpretation of traffic sensor readings is an importan t practical domain for which the current theories are inadequate , and for which the current level of performance is no t acceptable . We have used qualitative physics to develop a ne w traffic model . The model describes the propagation o f qualitative variations in the traffic flow . The variations mov e downstream or upstream like waves and interfere with each othe r and with local changes in the capacity of the highway . On th e basis of that model one can build an inexpensive system that is able to discriminate in real time between recurren t congestions, incidents that require immediate intervention an d sensor failures . 1 . The problem The most common traffic sensing equipment is the inductiv e loop, that mesures the traffic flow (vehicles/hour) and the occupancy (percent of the total time during which a vehicle is 1 present above the loop) . More sophisticated sensors can mesur e the speed of each vehicle . Each sensor covers one lane, and the sensors are arranged in cross sections before and after each exchanger, and sometimes on the access ramps . Th e inductive loop and traffic sensors in general are discussed i n (1) . Such an installation can involve as many as 3000 sensors , and provide a complete set of readings every minute . The interpretation of the readings is not easy . The sensors are not fully accurate and prone to intermittent failure . Currentl y there is no program or humain expert that can discriminate i n real time on a routine basis between incidents that requir e immediate assistance, congestions and sensor failures . For a discussion of current algoritms and systems, see (2) . Beware of the very common confusion between " congestion detectio n " , which is relatively easy, and " incident detection " . Since there i s not much expertise, an automatic system must rely on a dee p model of the traffic process . 2 . Classical traffic model s There is currently a wide agreement on a model that describe s the relationship between the maximum capacity of an highwa y lane and traffic speed as a curve that goes through a maximu m of 2000 vehicles/hour for a speed of 35 miles/hour . At highe r speeds, the cars are too for apart and at lower speeds, the y are too slow . The exact shape of the curve and the position an d value of the maximum vary with many parameters, including th e width of the lanes, the slope of the highway, visibility an d 2 weather conditions . Below the optimum point, the occupation i s high, beyond 15 percent, and the traffic is "congested" . Abov e the optimum point, the occupation is below 10 percent, and th e traffic is " not congested" . The model is described in (3) . It is well supported by the mesurements that plot observed flow against observed spee d across a given lane cross section . However, the usua l interpretation of the curve is debatable . The common belief i s that the cause of the reduced maximum capacity is the reduce d speed . A more carefull examination of the experimental situation show s that another explanation is possible, namely that ° — the maximum capacity of highways below 35 miles/hour i s independent of the spee d — downstream from the cross section where the lane capacity i s mesured, there is a reduction in total highway maximu m capacity, such as a reduction in the number of lane s — the total flow upstream is equal to the flow that can leav e the constriction downstream . That flow is distributed acros s the available upstream lanes . That idea is put forth in (4), where the author has mesure d cars leaving the constriction downstream at the speed of 2 0 miles/hour, with a capacity of 2150 vehicles/hour/lane, in th e range of the maximum capacity that can be attained only at 3 5 miles/hour according to the classical model . 3 To get an estimate of the maximum free flow capacity at lowe r speeds, we have mesured the flow leaving the queue at a traffi c light, with an empty road ahead . We started counting at res t when the light turned green, and stopped when the last car i n the queue had crossed, at about 35 miles/hour . The mesured capacity was 1914 vehicles/hour, which is again in the 200 0 vehicles/hour range . 3. The flow model The main hypothesis of the flow model is that a reduction i n speed will never force a reduction in flow . The flow in a cros s section is then controlled ° — either by what comes from upstream, everything that comes i n can pass through, the free flow situatio n — or by what can leave downstream, everything that can pas s through is replaced, the forced flow situation . We make the second hypothesis that those two flow state s correspond to the states identified in the classical model o n the basis of occupation° below 10 percent no congestion an d free flow, above 15 percent congestion and forced flow, i n between undecided . 4 . The origin of congestion s If a speed reduction cannot force a flow reduction, a congestion can be caused only by a capacity limit° a n absorption limit at the end of the highway or at an exit, a


The variation in the maximum number of nucleoli per cell in diploid and triploid common carp Cyprinus carpio related to their age was found in attempts to verify the validity of nucleoli counting as an indirect method for polyploidy identification in fish. Although in most cases diploid com-mon carp have a maximum of two nucleoli per cell, some individuals with a maximum of either one, three, and four nucleoli per cell were observed. Anomaly in the silver-stained appearance and the maximum number and distribution of nucleoli were also found in the liver cells, but no clear dif-ference in the maximum number or distribution was found in other somatic tissues (gill, intestine, kidney, spleen, or caudal fin) in either male or female. Most triploids, calibrated by chromosome counts, derived from breeders with a maximum of two nucleoli per cell, had a maximum of three nucleoli per cell. But the distribution of nucleoli in diploid and triploid individuals showed considerable variation, and the maximum number of nucleoli per cell of some triploids changed from two at 1 year to three at 3 years after hatching.