AbsrAct: In vitro methods have been widely used in the conservation of threatened plants in recent years and it is clear that this trend is increasingly being applied to more plant species at risk of extinction. Herewith, an efficient protocol has been developed for mass-propagation of Sideritis scardica from apical buds and internode stem explants and conservation in natural habitats. Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing 2 mg L-1 zeatin + 0.2 mg L-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.25 mg L-1 zeatin + 0.2 mg L-1 indole-3-acetic acid were the best for shoot proliferation. The use of both types of explants was beneficial for micropropagation. Elongated shoots were successfully rooted in the MS half-strength basal medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L-1 IAA + 2 mg L-1 indole-3butyric acid + 0.5 mg L-1 gibberellic acid. Propagation and growth of plantlets under greenhouse conditions were managed successfully. The in vitro propagation of S. scardica may be applicable for other Sideritis species and for other economically important medicinal plants as well.


This paper examines the dynamic implications of different preference formulations in open-economy business-cycle models with incomplete asset markets. In particular, we study two preference formulations: a time-separable preference formulation with a fixed discount factor, and a time-nonseparable preference structure with an endogenous discount factor. We analyze the moment implications of two versions of an otherwise identical open-economy model—one with a fixed discount factor and the other with an endogenous discount factor—and study impulse responses to productivity and world real-interest-rate shocks. Our results suggest that business-cycle implications of the two models are quite similar under conventional parameter values. We also find that the approximation errors associated with the solutions of these two models are of the same magnitude.


Software measurement is a key factor in managing, controlling, and improving the software development processes. Software quality is one of the most important factors for assessing the global competitive position of any software company. Thus the quantification of quality parameters and integrating them into quality models is very essential. Software quality criteria are not very easily measured and quantified. Many attempts have been made to exactly quantify the software quality parameters using various models such as ISO/IEC 9126 Quality Model, Boehm's Model, McCall's model, etc. In this paper an attempt has been made to provide a tool for precisely quantifying software quality factors with the help of quality factors stated in ISO/IEC 9126 model. Due to the unpredictable nature of the software quality attributes, the fuzzy multi criteria approach has been used to evolve the quality of the software.


Abstract Autogenous welds were made on AISI 316 (UNS S31600) SS sheets, using tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process. All-weld metal (WM) and base metal (BM) tensile samples were made and tested ...


In this paper a high level functional architecture for frequency and voltage control for the future (2030+) power system is presented. The proposal suggests a decomposition of the present organization of power system operation into a "web of cells". Each cell in this web is managed by a single system operator who assumes responsibility for real-time balance and voltage control of the cell, minimizing the dependency on inter-cell communication for secure system operation. The web-of-cells architecture ensures overall system stability by a combination of decentralized and distributed control patterns for frequency and voltage control. In each control cell, the operator maintains an accurate view on the overall cell state, based on adequate monitoring capabilities, and ensures secure operation by allocating and dispatching reserves located in the cell. Intercell coordination provides for efficient system-wide management and economic optimization.


. There is considerable confusion about the meaning of the term management by objectives and of the appropriateness to the R&D environment of the various procedures which many organizations have adopted under the general heading of MBO. This short paper reports on a pilot study of five organizations, carried out in order to obtain information about the use, or otherwise, of MBO.


The development of materials engineering technology now has progress rapidly, one of them is a composite. The development of composite materials have now been shifted from Composite synthetic fibers into natural fibers. The ain of this research is to discover the effect of weight fraction variation and long fiber composite of a coconut midrib with the polypropylene matrix against tensile strength on the injection moulding process. Coconut midrib, one of natural fiber is used as reinforcement in this research, with weight fraction variation 3%; 5%; 7.5%; 10% and 12% and used fiber length variation 3 mm, 5 mm and 7 mm. Injection moulding is used methode for making composite. The parameter process use 190 o C barrel temperature, 8 bar pressure and 8 seconds holding time. From these results, the average value of the highest tensile strength was obtained at 5% weight fraction variation with 3 mm of fiber length is equal to 12 N/mm 2 . the average value of the lowest tensile strength was obtained at 12% weight fraction variation with 7 mm of fiber length at 9.17 N/mm 2 . The addition up to 5% weight fraction of fiber coconut midrib with 3 mm fiber length can increase the tensile strength of the polypropylene matrix composite. But the addition of the weight fraction of 7% to 12% tensile strength was decreased.


In recent years, the calculus happen occasionally in Songbo Town, the capital of Shennongjia forest district, and has a trend to be more and more frequent. In order to find out the relation between geoenvironment (especially drinking water) and the disease, the authors investigated the ill situation and some characters of drinking water at the scene,such as the source, chemical composition and radioactivity of all the drinking water (including river, spring water,and running water) . We used routine methods to analyse major ions and atom spectrum to analyse trace elements. Investigation was also made in Muyu Town for comparison. The result shows that all the indexes of surface water ground water in the two towns have not gone beyond the Water Quality Standard for Drinking Water Source(CJ3020-93).Water radioactivity (γ ray) in Songbo Town is higher than that in Muyu Town, however, the resident's ill rate in Songbo Town is higher than that in Muyu Town. So, we can conclude that there is no direct relation between the disease and water environment.


The remarkable electrocatalytic properties of silver for organic halide reduction have been applied to obtain quantitative direct dehalogenation of mono and polyphenols in acetonitrile and in water/acetonitrile 1:1 mixed solvent. Structure effects on the reaction pathways observed by electrolysis monitoring are discussed with the support of systematic cyclovoltammetric experiments on silver, mercury, and glassy carbon. The process, environmentally friendly as based on a nontoxic electrocatalytic material, also appears highly competitive on account of its mildness of operating conditions, selectivity, and current efficiency.


This paper presents the results obtained testing a tool designed to characterize and simulate the behavior of a Photovoltaic (PV) panel under real and/or simulated working conditions. The presented tool permits the continuous monitoring of the I-V (Current-Voltage) and P-V (Power-Voltage) characteristics of the panel and the comparison between actual and expected performance; in this way it is possible to prevent any possible decrease of the output power and to replace the monitored module before it goes out of order or its efficiency falls under a given threshold.


Homomorphic encryption schemes allow applications to perform operations on encrypted data without decrypting the data. This is possible due to homomorphisms between the plaintext space and the ciphertext space. The open source PALISADE software library implements a collection of homomorphic encryption schemes. The work described in this paper explores how metamorphic testing, a testing methodology alleviating the oracle problem, can be used to test the PALISADE library. Some faults are discovered and the applicability of metamorphic testing to homomorphic encryption is confirmed.


A disturbance accommodating controller (DAC) to reject wind speed perturbations is applied on a 5MW wind turbine mounted on a tension leg platform (TLP). Multi-blade coordinate (MBC) transformation is used to address the periodicity of the floating wind turbine system. A method to apply DAC after applying MBC transformation is developed and several implementation options are presented. Simulations were carried out to assess the fatigue loads of the system in accordance with IEC61400-3 standard design load case 1.2; however simulations were restricted to region 3 analysis due to the lack of region transition logic currently implemented for the DAC. A gain scheduled PI (GSPI) controller is used as a baseline/reference controller to compare the performance of the DAC. Simulation results show that the DAC significantly improves power and speed regulation, reduces tower fatigue loads, and maintains the fatigue loads of the blades and the shaft to a comparable level to the baseline controller applied on the TLP. This improvement is due to the use of individual blade pitching and rejecting wind speed variations. Relative to an onshore wind turbine with a GSPI controller, the DAC reduces tower side-side fatigue load and maintains the blade and shaft loads to a comparable level. Tower fore aft fatigue loads remain higher by 27% (instead of 45% increase by the baseline controller on the TLP).


Porous membranes of poly(vinyl chloride) were obtained from cation exchange membranes prepared by the soaking and paste method, by selective decomposition of the cation exchange resin component. The structure and properties of the membranes as filters were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, infrared analysis, water permeability measurement, and determiantion of rejections for some solutes and dispersers with widely differing sizes. They completely rejected two kinds of bacteria and polymer particles with a diameter of about 0.1 μm. The rejection of hemoglobin ranged from 90 to 100%, depending upon the preparative conditions. Heat treatment of the cation exchange membranes increased water permeability of the resulting PVC porous membranes and decreased hemoglobin rejection in varying degrees, depending upon the treatment temperature.


Choose a new type of intelligent material-piezoelectric with the functions of sensation and actuation and designed an actuator for the self-adaptive control of micro-vibration isolation plate. Based on the fundamental equation of the piezoelectric, we built a model of piezoelectric stack and designed a piezoelectric actuator which has the ability of driver and sensor and simple, manufacture easily after analyzed one chip of piezoelectric. Through the experimental research on the piezoelectric stack, demarcated the pre-pressure and choose a proper spring, which consisted the finished product. Finally, get out the valuation of hysteresis, linearity and repeatability. Support the control of micro-vibration isolation plate.


A generalization of the well known atom-diatom scattering hamiltonian to a coordinate system of two lengths and an angle is derived, another special case of which is a previously known bond angle-bond length hamiltonian. Different axis embeddings are also considered. The formalism is applied to the ro-vibrational levels of D2H+, CH+ 2 and HDHe (A 1 A′) and the advantage of a judicious choice of coordinates demonstrated. The vibrational band origins for HDHe*, the first predictions for this system for which previous calculations had failed, are obtained using a new geometrically defined coordinate system. It is suggested that these coordinates might be used to represent isotopically substituted van der Waals complexes.


paper, we attempt to show an integration of the two different concepts of culture and leadership that are typically viewed as at different levels of analysis. In terms of culture many theorists and researchers have conceptualized culture as varying from individualism to collectivism (Hofstede, 1980; Kagitcibasi, 1997; Kim et al., 1994; Triandis, 1994). The individualismcollectivism dimension refers to the relationship among individuals. Individualism is defined as a social pattern of loosely connected individuals who emphasize independence, whereas collectivism is defined as a social pattern of closely linked individuals who emphasize interdependence (Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Triandis, 1995). Therefore, along the individualism-collectivism continuum, individuals are viewed from the individual level


Abstract Objective: To explore the effect of maternal BMI class pre-pregnancy (overweight/obese v. healthy weight/underweight) on childhood diet quality and on childhood overweight/obesity risk. Design: Dietary data were collected using 3-d parental-completed food records for their children at ages 18 and 43 months. An index of diet quality was derived by classification of food items into core and non-core foods. Adjusted multiple linear regression analyses were used to explore the effect of maternal BMI class on diet quality in their children. Setting: Avon, UK. Participants: A 10% subsample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Nine-hundred and eighty children provided complete dietary data at 18 months and 769 at 43 months. Results: Children with overweight/obese mothers consumed greater amounts of energy from non-core foods than children with healthy weight/underweight mothers (0·20 MJ (48 kcal)/d more at 18 months (P < 0·001); 0·19 MJ (45 kcal)/d more at 43 months (P = 0·008)) in adjusted models. Diet quality deteriorated between 18 and 43 months (children reduced their dietary energy intake from core foods (P < 0·001) and increased intake from non-core foods (P < 0·001)). However, this change was not associated with maternal BMI class in adjusted models. Having an overweight/obese mother was associated with an increased odds of the child being overweight/obese at 43 months (OR 1·74 (1·17, 2·58)). Conclusions: Children aged 18 and 43 months with overweight/obese mothers are likely to have a poorer quality diet than those with healthy/underweight mothers. Parents should be supported in discouraging the consumption of non-core foods in children at these ages.


Mr. Campbell sets down a few basic assumptions about what education - true education - is and outlines how we might attempt to determine whether or not it has been accomplished. SEVERAL times a year I volunteer to prepare future teachers for the "general knowledge" section of the Praxis Series examination - a typical standardized test. It is mostly a test of recall of information, and I treat it as a test of short-term memory. It is filled with trivia of little significance for effective teaching. This sort of test controls the future for these students, just as such tests now control just about all of our lives. A great deal has already been written about such tests, and I'm not about to add much more. But I am going to propose that, if we must have such a written assessment at all, it at least be an authentic test. First, let me set down a few basic assumptions about what education - true education - is. Then I'd like to outline how we might attempt to determine whether or not it has been accomplished. I'm not going to argue these points but simply to state them, because most people apparently have no idea what true education is. They confuse scores on standardized tests and performance on television quiz shows with education. Neither of these popular entertainments has very much to do with education. They are essentially a "let's pretend" kind of education that keeps a great many rather dim people happy - among them, unfortunately, many school and government officials. Here goes. * Education is not memorizing facts but rather connecting information to achieve understanding. Such connection is accomplished by each individual; it is based on previous experience and not usually, if ever, determined by the organization of textbooks and courses. * No "subject" (not algebra and not Latin) trains the mind or teaches one to think "abstractly" so as to be transferable to other subject areas. The best estimate of the proportion of people who really need to know algebra, for example, is somewhat less than 10%. * Not knowing what everyone needs to know, the public schools (and too many colleges) attempt to teach everyone everything, a just-in-case curriculum. * The popular assumption is that, after "taking" many courses throughout their entire youth, students will somehow manage to integrate all this information into a general understanding of how the world is constituted and works. Only rarely does this happen; most people, including teachers, never make such connections. * The idea of "academics" has been stolen from higher education - mostly from graduate school - and then imposed upon the general population, of whom no more than 20% learn in that fashion and for whom such narrowly focused, academic studies are absolutely inappropriate. The same dim people who are reassured that they're really doing education when they pursue a "bunch o' facts" then consider that this "let's pretend" academic education should be the standard suitable for everyone. Thus most people, at least in their formal schooling, have never experienced true education. On the other hand, many of them have experienced real education in their out-of-school lives, but no one counts that as education. And a very few schools do achieve some hint of real education, but it is rarer still in academic classes. * Authentic education cannot really be measured accurately in any formal way - at least not immediately after it has taken place. Real education usually requires a long period before it becomes evident. Of course, this makes it messy; it's not neat, orderly, and reducible to a set of scores. Thus no attempt is made to assess real education. It's neater, cleaner, and simpler to use standardized, guess-the-correct-answer tests. What follows is my attempt to measure real education, even if we are determined to use a written or oral examination format rather than a performance format (e. …


The P–T phase diagram of CdTe has been determined by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation at pressures up to 5 GPa and temperatures up to 1173 K. We have confirmed the existence of an intermediate cinnabar phase between the zinc-blende and the rock-salt phases, as reported previously in a room temperature study. This intermediate phase appears only in a very narrow pressure range and can be isolated only in the pressure decrease. We show that there is a quickly reduction of the pressure range in which the cinnabar phase is observed as the temperature is increased. As a matter of fact, at 773 K and above, the transition occurs directly between the zinc-blende and rock-salt phases, showing the existence of a triple point (2.6 ± 0.1 GPa, 735 ± 20 K) involving the three solid phases. Above that triple point the solid phase transition boundary compares very well with the results obtained by resistance measurements as well as with the solid–solid–liquid triple-point coordinates determined by differential thermal analysis.


Based on the official correspondence of the Livonian Order's leaders from the Secret State Archive of the Prussian Cultural Heritage (Geheimes Staatsarchiv preu?ischer Kulturbesitz) in Berlin, the author argues that the appeal of the Livonian Masters to the idea of "Russian threat" in the 80s and early 90s of the 15th century depended not on the character of Russo-Livonian relations, but on the internal political situation in Livonia, which was extremely destabilized by the fight of the Livonian Landsherrs for redistribution of power within the Livonian Confederation. The Order's discourse of the "Russian threat" had pure pragmatic connotations and was used to legitimize the Livonian masters' policy aimed at subordination of the Livonian bishops and incorporation of their land into the Order State. For this reason, the presence of this idea in the Order's documents can not be attributed to the presence of the expansionist ambitions among the Livonian Order's leaders.


Details the policies approaches and strategies of the National Family Planning Program of Indonesia and describes program resources (manpower finances logistics systems) program management functions (planning implementation/coordination evaluation supervision) management support (training research management information systems) and program constraints (political commitment coordination management manpower innovation). An official commitment to family planning was begun in 1967 with a National Family Planning Institute established the following year and replaced by the National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) in 1970. This organization is fully responsible for all government family planning activities and reports to the President. During the 1970s the Program developed from an initial phase of clinic based services in Java and Bali to a community based distribution network there and expanded clinic services in the rest of the country. 39% of married women of reproductive age were using contraceptives in 1982 up from only 1% in 1970. Birth and population growth rates have fallen by about 30%. The government of Indonesia now provides 73% of the Programs funds.


An interview with U.S. diplomat Robert R. King is presented. When asked about his role as special envoy for North Korean human rights issues, he mentioned working with other international agencies on human rights issues. King believes that North Koreans ought to make improvements and changes to move away from such violations. He also discussed the grave human rights abuses being suffered by North Koreans.


The study focuses on competency-based employer's model and extends it by using a systemic approach to modeling. The models are focused on the inability of the system to refill the declining competence of the earliest stages of development and indicates future problems in specialized systems.


Zero-dimensional (0D) Mn2+-based metal halides are potential candidates as narrow-band green emitters, and thus it is critical to provide a structural understanding of the photo-physical process. Herein, we propose that a sufficiently long Mn-Mn distance in 0D metal halides enables the all Mn2+ centers emit spontaneously, thereby leading to near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield. Taking lead-free (C10H16N)2Zn1-xMnxBr4 (x = 0-1) solid solution as an example, the Zn/Mn alloying inhibits the concentration quenching that is caused by the energy transfer of Mn2+. (C10H16N)2MnBr4 exhibits highly thermal stable luminescence even up to 150 °C with a narrow-band green emission at 518 nm and a FWHM of 46 nm. The fabricated white LED device shows a high luminous efficacy of 120 lm/W and a wide color gamut of 104% NTSC, suggesting its potential for liquid crystal displays back-lighting. These results provide a guidance for designing new narrow-band green emitters in Mn2+-based metal halides.


The paper discusses the feasibility of applying synergetics to the research of financial regulation and supervision.It is helpful to systematically analyze the synergetic effect in financial regulation and supervision by applying synergetics to the cooperation mechanism.After analyzing the order parameters of the mechanism mentioned in China,suggestions about establishing a cooperation mechanism based on synergetics theory are put forward.


The Web has created an incredible growth environment by making business applications easy to deploy,manage,and access.As such,it has displaced the client-server model fairly quickly.But,the Web has created a user experience that is considered quite uni-versally as a step backward from what existed previously in the client-server world.There are many technologies emerging to fill the gap between the richness of the client-serverand browse-server modes.The JavaServer faces technology and how to apply this new technology to the real application are introduced.JavaServer faces is the most recent technology,which provides developers with a rich library of user interface components,and an easy way to combine the presentation layer with the back end business logic.All of these make Ja-vaServer is the ideal technology to develop a Web application.


AbstractThe Upper Jurassic Haynesville Shale Formation in the East Texas Basin, North America, is a black, organic-rich, calcareous mudstone that lies below the Bossier Shale and above the Cotton Valley Limestone. The reservoir quality was controlled by primary depositional process and secondary diagenesis. The best lithology type in terms of drilling, completion, and production is the organic-rich, silty calcareous mudstone with low clay content. The studied well traversed the entire Haynesville Formation with the objective to assess the production potential of this formation. We acquired open-hole, triple-combo logging while drilling (LWD) logs, two types of production logs, and regional microseismic data. Postdrill log modeling confirmed that the horizontal well stayed on the planned trajectory, based on the log correlation between the horizontal and offset wells. Log modeling demonstrated that the LWD resistivity logs in horizontal wells are subject to resistivity anisotropy and polarization horn effe...


Peterley! Enigma and ambiguity dog the word! Does it refer to a person or a place?~ Who is he or where is it? Attempts to clarify the mystery of Peterley can begin at many points over several centuries. This account will begin nearly thirty years ago. In the fall of 1960, a startling literary event, a cause celèbre, rocked the British literary establishment when a slim book was issued by the very respectable publishing house of Hutchinson of London. Indeed the sensation began even before its issue, as reviewers armed with advance copies started their thundering prior to its appearance in the bookstores. To this day, the book continues to attract considerable comment, some laudatory some derisive. But mostly the book is a source of uncertainty, speculation, and gossip, fueled by its scarcity due to being issued in such limited numbers until Penguin Books released a paperback edition in the summer of 1987. In other words, it has become one of the most discussed unread books of its generation. The book is, of course, Peterley Harvest and the reasons for its particular concern to a Canadian audience are three: first, its Foreword claims it to be an edited version of the life of David Peterley based upon papers deposited in the McGill University Library, Montreal; second, the book's self-styled editor is Richard Pennington who at the time of first publication was University Librarian of McGill University (1947-1·964); third, the Toronto publishing house of McClelland and Stewart played a critical role in the book's publication. Reaction by the London reviewers in 1960 was savage. Writing in the Observer, Philip Toynbee said:


The invention discloses a method for manufacturing an iron-silicon-aluminium metal magnetic powder core. The method comprises the steps of (1) proportioning magnetic powder; (2) conduct surface passivation treatment on the magnetic powder; (3) conducting insulating coating on the magnetic powder; (4) conduct dry pressing; (5) annealing in an inert atmosphere; and (6) conducting insulating coating on the external surface. According to the method for manufacturing the iron-silicon-aluminium metal magnetic powder core, deionized water is mixed with a phosphoric acid and a zinc nitrate solution for passivation treatment, a sodium silicate aqueous solution is mixed with kaolin for powder insulation, the whole process is free from emission and environmental pollution, low in cost, low in loss of manufactured products and good in direct current superposition characteristic, the overall performance of the method is better than the industrial standard.


Cotton quilt, hand appliqued, embroidered, machine assembled, and hand quilted at 8-9 stitches per inch. Designed and assembled by Esther Johnson circa 1932-1949. Quilted in 1988 by Betty Schoenhals. Requilted with new pattern and backing by Lucy Hilty in 1996.


sion to atomic orbitals. The problem remains that, as one physicist has put it, we have no words for the quantum world. Trefil is a physics professor who served time as a high-energy physicist,and his entries in the physical sciences are accordingly the most authoritative. There are some curious errors nevertheless: what, for instance, is the Rydberg constant doing in the Clausius–Clapeyron equation? Was this introduced (in place of the gas constant) by the errant hand of a copy-editor? The shear elastic modulus is wrongly defined, the description of Oersted's famous experiment misses the point, and the section on spectroscopy recognizes only the electronic sort, with not a mention of vibrational, nuclear magnetic or electronspin-resonance spectra. The biological topics are for the most part clearly laid out, but again they are not altogether devoid of errors. Most are trivial, but blue-eyed children are not born to brown-eyed parents, nor does a B-cell display many kinds of antibody on its surface; the experiments of Miller and Urey and their successors on the origins of life have never given rise to anything that can decently be called a protein or a lipid; bacteriophages do not all contain DNA, nor, when they do, is it necessarily stitched into the host genome; and there are 20 protein amino acids. The material is abundantly cross-referenced, yet there is a good deal of repetition. A few entries, says Trefil, are "just plain fun"; so there is the 'beauty criterion', Occam's razor and Murphy's law (although without the various well-known corollaries — when you want to do something, there is always something else you have to do first, and so on). Fermat's last theorem surfaces, presumably because it has of late entered into public consciousness (as reflected by the graffito in the New York subway: "I have a beautiful proof of this theorem but can't give it here because my train is coming"). This is a handsomely produced and stylishly illustrated volume, and should make a helpful and attractive basic reference source. I am now better informed on several topics of which I knew little before for having read it. So more power to Trefil for a brave and largely successful effort. ■ Walter Gratzer is at the Randall Centre for Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Function, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, St Thomas Street, London SE1 1UL, UK. Mergers and acquisitions


Summary form only given. We present /spl gamma/-radiation resistance tests of N-doped fibers. The basic idea of this work is to compare radiation-induced loss in N-doped fibers and conventional fibers for radiation environments.


FCC gasoline hydroupgrading dual function catalysts were synthesized using Hβ zeolite as carrier, non-noble metal nickel as main catalyst and phosphorus as auxiliary. Influence of mass fraction of phosphorus on catalysts has been studied. The results show that weak acid centers of dual function catalysts fall obviously, middle acid centers increase a little, and strong acid centers increase obviously when minor phosphorus is added. Activity of hydrogenization and dehydrogenation of metal in catalysts is enhanced and the rate of metal active centers to acid active centers is adjusted efficiently at the same time. Hydrogenization activity and isomerization selectivity of the catalysts are enhanced obviously. Acid content of the catalysts falls considerably, and hydrogenization activity and isomerization selectivity of the catalysts are reduced with excessive P. Influence of reaction temperature, WHSV, and V(H_2)/V(Oil) on product distributions is studied. Ni-P/Hβ catalyst has excellent properties of isomerization and aromatisation under the reaction conditions that reaction temperature is 280 ℃, WHSV is 3 h~(-1), hydrogen-to-oil volumic ratio is 300∶1, and reaction pressure is 2.5 MPa. Octane number of gasoline does not fall under condition of deceased alkene.


Over recent years the use of simulation has a growing demand for industrial applications. Globalization has increased competitiveness and companies are finding ways to improve the quality of their products, managing better the project implementation time, optimizing resources, among others. In this context, there is a demand for tools that can improve the processes and alternative method to simulate control in a simple and reliable way. Nevertheless, the available tools on the market are still difficult in measuring the impacts caused by problems related to the ways of transmission such as time-varying communication delays, slow and non-periodic updates, among other types of interference that cause difficulty to the performance of industrial controllers in process control. Another difficulty is finding ways to simulate functions of transfer that provide the scenarios analysis proximate to those found in the industry in application process networked control systems. Therefore, in this work it is intended to develop an embedded functional block regardless of technology, which allows simulate industrial processes of different characteristics considering the network communication delays involved. In order to validate this objective, the embedded Modbus protocol and a PID controller experimental results are presented. A comparison and evaluation of PID control in different simulation environments for application under sampling conditions and variable communications delays were performed. The results are analyzed from the point of view of control performance.


World Wide Web technology on the Internet provides a cost-effective means for reaching AIDS service providers and researchers across the world. It provides a means for obtaining and disseminating information worldwide in a time-sensitive environment. However, because of cost restrictions, many underserved communities have not been able to tap into this resource. Thus, Critical Path AIDS Project has developed its own infrastructure for accessing this vast information highway. Critical Path AIDS Project has created a service that provides access through their own organization as an Internet service provider, networking software to connect to the Internet, and offering applications programs for accessing resources on remote computers. The service is free of charge to individuals in the Philadelphia region so as to reach the underserved communities who also require HIV/AIDS information and resources. The services include direct Internet access, remote login access, file transfer, resource location, electronic mail, mailing lists, Usenet News, conferencing, and access to the World Wide Web.


A SSH library from the salt tolerant upland cotton cultivar,CCRI 35,was constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH) and pGEM-T Easy Vector under salt(0.4% of NaCl) stress at the first,third,fifth and seventh day after the beginning of salination.The library was evaluated to be of good quality with high efficiency of SSH.Total 200 positive clones were randomly selected and then sequenced,and 160 high quality sequences were obtained.According to BLAST screening and functional annotation,there were 62 unigenes(38.8%) without or only with weak similarities to the existent proteins in the NR database from NCBI and 42 unigenes(26.2%) significantly matched with hypothetical protein.While the unigenes assigned to stress-tolerance,metabolism,signaling conduction and transcription regulation accounted for 8.8%,6.9%,6.3% and 5.0%,respectively.The functions of these unigenes under salt stress were discussed.


This research tests the hypothesis that social identities play a key role in the success or failure of democracy, since individuals often hold ethnic and regional identities in particular in a mutually exclusive fashion, resisting calls to act politically on other identities that cut across them. Activists in women's non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were interviewed in Latvia, Poland, and Ukraine, in order to examine the policy process in an area that cuts across ethnic and regional lines. In newer democracies, the effects of identities should be strongest, since institutions are new, and have less ability to constrain political behavior. The hypothesis that ethnic and regional divisions inhibit cooperation within and between NGOs was tested against alternative hypotheses that attribute cooperation, or the lack of it, to outside funding. The results support the argument that ethnic and regional divisions harm cooperation on women's issues, though the other hypotheses cannot be ruled out.


Abstract The pore structure of porous oxide pellets commonly used as catalyst supports or as adsorbents in separation processes continues to attract much attention. This paper presents the results of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging study of various alumina and silica pellets. Both spin-echo and gradient-reversal techniques have been employed to produce two-dimensional maps of the spin density, spin-lattice relaxation time, and self-diffusion coefficient in the samples. NMR images show that the porous pellets contain significant structural heterogeneity, and this is reflected in the spatially resolved liquid-phase diffusion coefficients. The work suggests that NMR imaging techniques provide additional information which may be used to complement existing porosimetry and adsorption methods in characterising pore structures. These data will aid in the development of more realistic models of porous solids, which may then be used to predict transport phenomena. The advantage of NMR imaging methods is that they allow the characterisation of pore structure and transport processes within the same experimental environment. The NMR images presented in this paper represent the first application of this technique to visualize the internal structure of and diffusion within porous catalyst support pellets.


The combined effect of limb structural constraints basically determines the reduction of mobility of lower-mobility parallel mechanisms.The limb constraint and the combined effect of all limb constraints can be described using screw theory.The linear dependence of all limb constraints can be judged geometrically and the properties of mobility can be obtained.Further, the geometrical conditions of existence of common constraint and redundant constraint are proposed with corresponding equations.Consequently,a revised Grubler-Kutzbach criterion and a mobility criterion in terms of constraint analysis are proposed,both of which can be applied to mobility analysis of general lower-mobility parallel mechanisms.The methodology introduced here is applicable to both symmetrical and asymmetrical lower-mobility parallel mechanisms.


Millimeter-wave reconfigurable bandpass filters with the ability to operate between 60 GHz and the E-band, capable of providing good channel isolation, are presented. A fully integrated filter with all reconfigurable elements embedded for compactness and a switchable filter that uses radio frequency micro-electro-mechanical system (RF MEMS) single-pole double-throw switches are designed. A new method that increases fractional bandwidths is introduced. It uses inductively coupled inverters without requiring their tuning. New circuit models are offered for inverters, reconfigurable resonators, and reconfigurable bandstop stubs. Our compact bandpass filter achieved a footprint of only 4.75 mm × 3.75 mm. Measurements for our filters show good agreement with the results of simulations.


In performing the music scores transcribed from the orchestral score of a concerto,the performer should have the ability to analyse the text(score).When the orchestra is replaced by the piano,the piano concerto performer as a matter of fact shoulders up a dual duty as performer and director.The piano concerto performer should be clearly aware of that to build up an positive team work spirit instead of a passive one.Having a rational analysis and awareness is the first step.The performance of the piano concerto after all is quite different from that of a piano solo.Therefore,a corresponding adjustment in the performing concept and performing skills is necessary.


Flame extinguishment results for mixtures of physical and chemical agents have been obtained with a new total flooding apparatus. Mixtures of agents that operate primarily through enthalpic (heat capacity, phase change) effects and radical chain stoppers show pronounced synergism. The enhancement in flame suppression occurring in mixtures is predictable with a simple model employing an Arrhenius-type equation to account for the steady state concentration of free radicals in the flame and adiabatic flame temperature calculations using heat capacities of agents and other gases in the combustion chamber. The advantage of synergism in fire fighting is that chemical agents approved for fire suppression use can be employed in mixtures with the much safer physical agents, so that the required amounts of both agents are greatly reduced. The new testing procedure makes it possible to study the flame suppression ability of agents having partial pressures under ambient conditions of only a few torr or less, yielding percentages of individual agents or agent mixtures required for flame suppression in total flooding and related applications. Results are quite consistent with those obtained in standard cup-burner tests. Predictions can be made of the compositions of mixtures of physical agents (including COz, inert gases, FM200, and water) and chemical agents (the halons, iodinated or brominated HFC's, metal carbonyls, and halogenated methanes) required to suppress flames.


Cow's milk is the secretion of a cow that has perfect nutritional value but is easily damaged. Efforts to extend the shelf life of milk, milk is usually stored in a box freezer or by thermal pasteurization. However, this thermal processing can change the smell, taste, colour and reduce the nutritional content of milk, especially protein, which is a heat resistant substance. Alternative non-thermal technology that HPEF can apply. The method of this research was descriptive, describing the nutritional value of milk before and after had been HPEF Implementation. After non-thermal pasteurized cow's milk with HPEF, the nutritional value of cow's milk was better than fresh cow's milk. In unprocessed milk with HPEF, the fat content decreased by 3,77%. Protein content increased 0,15%, lactose 0,29%, and increased mineral content 0,05%. The TPC test on milk showed 6,91 x 102 cfu/ml. HPEF implementation can effectively reduce fat levels, increase protein, lactose levels, and increase mineral levels in milk. Non-thermal pasteurized cow's milk with HPEF can be immediately ready for consumption


We are constantly exposed to radiation in some form or another from our environment. High frequency electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet light and X-rays, cause damage to living organisms due to ionization events. Microwaves are known to cause heating and may also induce non-thermal effects in living organisms. It is therefore important to distinguish between thermal and non-thermal effects of microwave radiation and provide evidence for their biological effect. In this thesis we use light scattering to show that microwaves have a non-thermal functional effect on a protein complex called microtubules, which are biological nanotubes that stretch for several microns in length in eukaryotic cells. We also use X-ray scattering to measure whether or not microwaves cause a structural perturbation to microtubules in solution. Finally, this thesis examines the potential of coherent diffractive imaging at an X-ray free electron laser for single-particle imaging of biological fibres, including microtubules.


We study axisymmetric solution to the conformally invariant wave equation on a Kerr background by means of numerical and analytical methods. Our main focus is on the behaviour of the solutions near spacelike infinity, which is appropriately represented as a cylinder. Earlier studies of the wave equation on a Schwarzschild background have revealed important details about the regularity of the corresponding solutions. It was found that, on the cylinder, the solutions generically develop logarithmic singularities at infinitely many orders. Moreover, these singularities also 'spread' to future null infinity. However, by imposing certain regularity conditions on the initial data, the lowest-order singularities can be removed. Here we are interested in a generalisation of these results to a rotating black hole background and study the influence of the rotation rate on the properties of the solutions. To this aim, we first construct a conformal compactification of the Kerr solution which yields a suitable representation of the cylinder at spatial infinity. Besides analytical investigations on the cylinder, we numerically solve the wave equation with a fully pseudospectral method, which allows us to obtain highly accurate numerical solutions. This is crucial for a detailed analysis of the regularity of the solutions. In the Schwarzschild case, the numerical problem could effectively be reduced to solving (1 + 1)-dimensional equations. Here we present a code that can perform the full 2 + 1 evolution as required for axisymmetric waves on a Kerr background.


This paper is an extension of the literature on pregnancy and work, and it introduces miscarriage as an important topic of study in management. Miscarriage starts with a pregnancy, so a woman who has miscarried deals with many of the same workplace issues as women who carry to term. The experience of miscarriage, however, often leads to physical and emotional trauma and/or grief that many women hide from their co-workers. In this paper we also explore how secrecy is an integral part of the miscarriage experience. The combination of secrecy and grief that is layered on top of a difficult physical experience makes miscarriage a unique experience that, to date, has mostly been ignored in management literature and practice. It is well documented that contemporary corporate structures have little room for addressing procreation, health and grief, it is perhaps unsurprising then that despite miscarriage being seen as a relatively common event it remains silenced.


Chick embryonic lens, either dissected clean, or with a collar of optic cup left attached, was studied in defined medium in tissue culture. In the case of 6-day lenses without collars in tissue culture, the last cells to degenerate are found in a band at the equator. If a collar of optic cup remains attached, a band of cells at the equator is again last to degenerate but does so significantly later than if collar is not present. When lenses with only the preserved band of equatorial cells are transplanted to lentectomized embryo eyes, complete new lenses are regenerated. The experiments are taken to indicate that, at least in vitro, physiologically important substances can be presumed to pass from optic cup to lens.


The paper introduces the pumping system of the hydraulic system of EBZ200 tunnellers and explains the working principles,the structures of different parts,performance characteristics and technological parameters.


Paper cutting is a traditional art form of China, the history of which goes back many centuries. This art form has been shaped by being influenced by the social, cultural and economic structure of the people. While different techniques have been used in the past, new methods and techniques are also being used in parallel with the development of technology today. To be synthesized of traditional techniques with contemporary art practices has become a very popular approach. Toronto-based artist Christine Kim interprets her discourses in the context of contemporary art while preserving tradition by uses this technique. In particular, the artist, who is seeking to establish abstract and concrete connections between portrait art and traditional paper-cutting, shows that she also has an original attitude with his compositional fictions. In this research, which uses the document analysis and interviews author with artist, the paper cutting technique will be expressed in the context of the concept and working style, and the works of Christine Kim, who has produced important works in this field, will be evaluated with examples. Starting with a brief overview of the Chinese tradition of paper cutting, the article will move along an axis where Kim's work is analyzed and evaluated and how this original art practice has gone from randomness to stabilization. It is considered that the study will be useful to those who aim to produce works in this field and to educators who are looking for new techniques and methods in art education. For this reason, it is considered that there is not a lot of resources in the field of paper cutting art in the Turkish literature make our work important.


The invention discloses separation equipment for a grinding machine of a roller press with an aim to solve the technical problems about large civil engineering workload, high material conveying height, low equipment dispersion efficiency, high air volume used in the system and high power consumption in system operation when a scatter grading device or a V-shaped powder selecting machine serves as scattering and grading equipment of finished products of the roller press in a semi-finish system of the roller press in the prior art. The technical scheme includes that the separation equipment for the grinding system of the roller press comprises a shell, a powerful scattering portion, an air filtering device, a separation portion and a semi-finished product regulating portion, wherein the shell is used for forming separation working areas, the powerful scattering portion is high in scattering performance and is used for scattering materials fed from a feed inlet; the air filtering device is used for supplying grading force field for the scattered materials, the separation portion is used performing finished-product separation on the materials scattered through the air filtering device, and the semi-finished product regulating portion is used for regulating the amount of the materials to be ground.


This article examines how the Canadian immigration regime socially organizes the everyday lives of queer and trans migrants with precarious status. Drawing from key findings from an institutional ethnographic study, this article maps out the disjuncture between the actual experiences of queer and trans migrants with precarious status and the ideological and textual production of precarious status by the Canadian state. Making explicit this disjuncture reveals how the Canadian immigration regime enacts structural violence upon queer and trans migrants. This article also engages with the response-based approach to violence in order to understand how queer and trans migrants actively respond to this violence. In doing so, this article highlights the ways in which queer and trans migrants respond and resist the structural violence integral to the Canadian state's production of precarious status.


By the summer of 1996, 34 Danish firms were certified according to BS 7750. In this paper we will examine how these firms have formulated their environmental policies and how many and which subjects are treated in them. Furthermore, we will look into the development since 1993, when the first firm was certified, until the present, concerning the formulation of environmental policies. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.


We experienced unusual acoustic vibration in the operation of a tubular heat exchanger, or, a gas heater. This phenomenon is not one dimensional acoustic vibration in the direction perpendicular to the gas flow and tube axis. Experiment shows the vibration is in the direction of the gas flow. Therefore, it is very difficult to suppress by a conven.tional method after the onset of the vibration. So we have to confirm acoustic vibration characteristics. We performed scale model tests of a one-stage gas heater and checked some countermeasure methods which are effective.


The Air Force has recently embraced Evolutionary Acquisition (EA) as its acquisition strategy of choice. EA is an especially difficult method of acquisition and presents some extraordinary challenges at the system engineering level. Multi-Attribute Tradespace Exploration (MATE) is a tool at the system engineer's toolbox that can provide some focus on a project in EA. MATE, a tool initially developed by Adam Ross and Nathan Diller at MIT, is a method of developing models to simulate the product user's preferences for the attributes of a design. Once these preferences are well known, they can be used to guide the design choice. The design choice is further guided by the creation of system level computer models that represent the design choices available to the engineer. These choices are then varied systematically to create a "tradespace" of possible designs. This tradespace exhaustively enumerates all of the possible design choices for the engineer. Then, through the preference models previously developed, each possible design is ranked in order of user utility and cost. The result can be graphed, giving a visual representation of the utility and cost of literally thousands of architectures in a single glance. This thesis shows that MATE is a useful tool for a systems engineer working on an EA system. There are many benefits to the use of MATE in EA, including but not limited to: a better understanding of the end user's desires and requirements for the system; the ability to optimize the system for the first evolution; the possibility of understanding what will become optimal in later evolutions; quick redesign time if circumstances or preferences change; and further insight into systems level considerations. In addition to showing some of the benefits of MATE, this thesis furthers the application of MATE itself into systems not involved with space. Previously all applications of MATE had been concerned with space systems.


Object detection and tracking has been a widely studied research problem in recent years. Currently system architectures are service oriented i.e. they offer number of services. All such common services are grouped together and are available as a domain called as service domain. One such service domain of our interest is LBS (location based service). The service of our interest is tracking. Tracking of moving objects is done in applications like surveillance systems, human computer interactions, object recognition, navigation systems etc. In real world, 3D, the object which we want to track is called as object of interest (OOI). Tracking has been a difficult task to apply in congested situations due to inaccurate segmentation of objects. Common problems of erroneous segmentation are long shadows, partial and full occlusion of objects with each other and with stationary items in the scene. Difficulties in tracking objects can arise due to abrupt object motion, changing appearance patterns of both the object and the scene, nonrigid object structures, object-to-object and object-to-scene occlusions, and camera motion. In this paper we analyze different approaches for moving object tracking and detection.


Active queue management algorithm(AQM) is a research area in network congestion control.There are many active queue management algorithms such as RED,ARED,SRED,PI,REM have been proposed.In this paper,design an active queue management algorithm of variable structure based on control theory.By analyzing the robustness and performance of control scheme for the nonlinear TCP/AQM model,show that the proposed design has good performance and robustness with respect to the uncertainties of the round-trip time and the number of active TCP sessions,which are central to the notion of AQM.NS simulations are provided to validate the design and compare its performance to other peer schemes' in different scenarios.Simulation shows that it takes the stability and robustness indices into consideration,proposed design outperforms the other AQM schemes.


In this paper, the authors study the existence of positive solution of the following BVP on the semi-infinite interval. By considering characterization of the nonlinearity, they obtain some new existence results.


In this paper, we present a new iso-density surface reconstruction scheme based on a hierarchy on the input volume data and the output mesh data. From the input volume data, we construct a hierarchy of volumes, called a volume pyramid, based on a 3D dilation filter. After constructing the volume pyramid, we extract a coarse base mesh from the coarsest resolution of the pyramid with the Cell-boundary representation scheme. We iteratively fit this mesh to the iso-points extracted from the volume data under O(3)-adjacency constraint. For the surface fitting, the shrinking process and the smoothing process are adopted as in the SWIS (Shrink-wrapped isosurface) algorithm[6], and we subdivide the mesh to be able to reconstruct fine detail of the isosurface. The advantage of our method is that it generates a mesh which can be utilized by several multiresolution algorithms such as compression and progressive transmission.


The weathering mechanism of historic stones and the role of reinforcing materials were reviewed. The protecting principles, characteristics and applications of inorganic and organic reinforcing materials commonly used in historic stone preservation were analyzed. In this paper, we also introduce several prospective reinforcing materials, such as organic fluorinated polymers, nanometer materials, biomaterials and so on.


BACKGROUND: Low-molecular-weight heparins are increasingly being used for prophylaxis of thromboembolic events (TE) in children. Fragmin offers the advantage of once-daily dosing. However appropriate dosing and pharmacokinetics (PK) of Fragmin in children are unknown. The objective of the study was to determine

1. once daily dose of Fragmin required in children to achieve anti-Xa levels of 0.10–0.40 Anti-Xa U/mL.

2. PK of Fragmin over all age groups.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study in non-selected children at increased risk for TE who were being treated at Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton or Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. All children received a starting dose of 100 mg/kg, an Anti-Xa level was drawn 4 hours post and dosages were adjusted until the target 0.1–0.4 μ/ml was reached. Children then entered the pharmacokinetic phase and blood was drawn at specified timepoints over several different days for Anti-Xa levels. A sparse sampling scheme and population-based, nonlinear mixed effect model approach were used to assess exposure targets. The primary outcomes were:

1. dose required to achieve therapeutic anti-Xa levels in each of the age groups.

2. observed maximum plasma activity (Cmax), time that Cmax was observed (Tmax), half-life (t1/2) and extravascular plasma clearance (Cl/F).

Safety was assessed by collection of data on bleeding and thrombotic events.

RESULTS: 43 children were enrolled, 1 developed a TE prior to receiving Fragmin 42 received drug. Two patients developed TE after one dose, 5 withdrew voluntarily and 1 had CVL removed early. 34 received the drug, 31 contributed PK data. A once compartment model with allometrically-scaled clearance and volume best explained observed concentration-time profiles. The median maintenance dose in children under 5 yrs of age was 100 IU/Kg whereas 5–10 and 10–16 yr old required 88 and 63 IU/Kg respectfully. The PK parameters are summarised in Table I. In terms of safety, there were no major bleeding events reported. Minor bleeds were reported in 4 patients: 3 bleeding at insuflon site and 1 oozing from PICC line. Two patients had asymptomatic thrombosis discovered on chance finding: 1 patient with a portal vein thrombosis discovered on routine renal ultrasound which did not resolve on treatment. One patient had a small clot at tip of CVL discovered on routine echocardiogram which did resolve on treatment.

CONCLUSIONS: Dosing of Fragmin is age-dependent. The PK studies showed an increase in clearance of Fragmin in younger children. The volume of distribution is approximately equal to plasma volume and remains constant across the studied age ranges. The shift in time to maximum Anti-Xa level maybe due to absorption-related differences which means the 4-hour sampling paradigm is not adequate to judge therapeutic exposure across age groups.

| | 0−2 months (n=6) | 2–12 Months (n=8) | 1−5 Years (n=6) | 5−10 years (n=4) | 10–16 years (n=7) |
|:---------------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | --------------- | ---------------- | ----------------- |
| Cmax [IU/mL] | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.34 |
| Tmax [hours] | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.6 |
| T1.2 [hours] | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.77 | 0.90 | 1.08 |
| CL/F [L/hour/kg] | 0.046 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.024 | 0.019 |

Table I:
Pharmacokinetic parameters


The objective of this work is to use artificial intelligence methods for the optimal design of solar energy systems. The lifecycle savings of the system is used as the optimisation parameter. The variable parameters in this optimisation are the collector area, slope and mass flow rate and the volume of the storage tank. An artificial neural network is trained, using the results of a small number of simulations carried out with TRNSYS program, to learn the correlation of the above variable parameters on the auxiliary energy required by the system from which the lifecycle savings can be estimated. Subsequently, a genetic algorithm is employed to estimate the optimum size of the variable parameters, which maximises lifecycle savings. As an example, the optimisation of a large hot water system is presented. The optimum solution obtained from the present methodology is achieved very quickly as compared to the time required to obtain the same solution by the traditional trial and error method, which would require thousands of runs of TRNSYS to cover all possible combinations considered by the genetic algorithm.


The cellular neural network (CNN) architecture utilizes some features of fully connected analog neural networks, along with the nearest neighbor interactions found in cellular automata. In our research, an already built neuronal sigmoid activation function was used to realize the basic component of a CNN, a "cell". Our eventual goal is to facilitate rapid prototyping, a design technique that enables the use of the basic building block of CNN, a "cell" available in the standard library, for the hardware realization of CNNs. Our experience shows that the application-specific needs of the basic analog cell must be taken into account from the beginning of the design process in order to avoid extensive redesign. This is important to remember as analog designers attempt to utilize techniques such as hierarchical design and hardware description languages (HDLs).


Quantum mechanics (QM) has been criticized for its violation of locality and reality since it was put forward. A series of hidden variable theories (HVTs) were evolved to ensure reality. In this paper, a new method to distinguish QM and HVTs is proposed. The angle between two decay planes is introduced as the observable and the distribution of it under two conditions is deduced. The feasibility to test it on BESIII experiment is discussed.


This paper reports experimental and modeling work concerning alcoholysis reactions between butanol and ethyl butanoate, catalyzed by Lipozyme™ in n -hexane, using a batch stirred system at 60°C. Description of the reaction kinetics was based on a postulated multisubstrate Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism, and appropriate rate expressions were derived for all components in the reaction medium. Simplified models were fitted by non-linear multiresponse regression analysis to data (experimental or calculated from mass balances, as appropriate) encompassing the concentrations of free butanol, ethyl butanoate, ethanol and butyl butanoate. Finally, incremental F -tests were performed to assess the simplest model form that was able to provide a statistically good fit throughout the entire reaction time frame.


Examination of material in spirit, however, shows that the viscidia are quite naked, there being no bursicles as invariably in the genus Orchis, while the viscidia themselves are linear and placed in a parallel position as in Gymnadenia. Vermeulen also could find no bursicles when examining dried material in the Kew Herbarium. It seems, therefore, that the species is correctly placed in the genus Gymnadenia, not in Orchis, and this is borne out by the general structure of the flower. So far as I can see from the material available the tubers are elongate, cylindrical or ovoid and possibly shortly lobed ; I have not seen any that are spherical, as illustrated and described by Reichenbach. Tang and Wang state that the type specimen of G. graminifolia in the Reichenbach Herbarium lacks any tubers so it is not clear from what source Reichenbach obtained his information. EPIGENEIUM Gagnep. In 1853 Lindley (Lindl. & Paxt. Fl. Garden, 1, 136, 155) proposed the name Sarcopodium for a group of orchids. Some of these are now by common consent included in the genus Bulbophyllum, while the remainder have been treated by many authors as a section of Dendrobium. Rolfe and Kraenzlin, however, both considered that this latter part, which contained Lindley's type species (S. amplum (Lindl.) Lindl.) should be maintained as a genus distinct from Dendrobium, a view with which the present writer concurs. In a recent paper in Lloydia (19, 94-98 : 1956) A. D. Hawkes pointed out that the name Sarcopodium Lindl. is a later homonym of Sarcopodium Ehrenb. ex Schlechtend., a genus of Fungi. He therefore proposed the new name Katherinea for the orchid genus, as emended by Kraenzlin and Rolfe, which he also maintained as distinct from Dendrobium, and he made a number of new combinations for the various species which he recognised.


The results produced in the research carried out in this grant have contributed to important new pathways to understanding regional climate change and in the interaction of climate with the marine biosphere.


Abstract : This program supported the development of metamorphic heterojunction bipolar transistors (MHBTs). We accomplished this by growing an InP based HBT layer structure on GaAs substrates. InP metamorphic buffer layer was chosen in thermal point of view. Peak values of current-gain cutoff frequency (f(sub t) = 207 GHz) and power-gain cutoff frequency (f(sub max) = 140) were obtained from If devices at bias conditions of V(sub CE) = 1.5 Volts and J(sub c) = 4 x 10(exp 5) A/sq cm. These are the highest values reported for metamorphic HBTs.


Golden jackal optimization (GJO) is an effective metaheuristic algorithm that imitates the cooperative hunting behavior of the golden jackal. However, since the update of the prey's position often depends on the male golden jackal and there is insufficient diversity of golden jackals in some cases, it is prone to falling into a local optimal optimum. In order to address these drawbacks of GJO, this paper proposes an improved algorithm, called a hybrid GJO and golden sine (S) algorithm (Gold-SA) with dynamic lens-imaging (L) learning (LSGJO). First, this paper proposes novel dual golden spiral update rules inspired by Gold-SA. These rules give GJO the ability to think like a human (Gold-SA), making the golden jackal more intelligent in the process of preying, and improving the ability and efficiency of optimization. Second, a novel nonlinear dynamic decreasing scaling factor is introduced into the lens-imaging learning operator to maintain the population diversity. The performance of LSGJO is verified through 23 classical benchmark functions and 3 complex design problems in real scenarios. The experimental results show that LSGJO converges faster and more accurately than 11 state-of-the-art optimization algorithms, the global and local search ability has improved significantly, and the proposed algorithm has shown superior performance in solving constrained problems.


Solar energy is the most popular renewable energy source, but solar energy harvesting suffers from a series of serious obstacles in effective utilisation. In case of suboptimal conditions such as partial shading of photovoltaic (PV) module, PV cell mismatch, early ageing and different fault conditions, the overall system efficiency and robustness are severely degraded. The use of bypass diode and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques doesn't offer anymore a near optimal solution for the above-mentioned problems. In the past, reconfigurable PV arrays have been proposed with the possibility to interchange PV cells with spare cells. In this paper, the efficiency and robustness enhancement given by dynamic PV array reconfiguration is investigated in order to minimise the negative effects of suboptimal conditions and to offer the golden ratio in output energy in case of hybrid solar energy harvesting systems.


There have been proposed spoken dialog systems that utilizes simple database consisted of example sentences and the corresponding reply sentences. However, it is costly to prepare this database manually. In the present study, we propose a framework in which both the example and reply sentences are automatically generated from a database description table that describes minimum information for describing a task. Experimental results indicated that the system using the generated database performed as well as one using manually prepared database. Besides, performance of the system was further improved by the language model adaptation for the generated example sentences.


ABSTRACT This paper examines the expansion of journalism boundaries and explores a new type of company in the field. For that, the case of Hearken is taken as an emerging category of enterprise in journalism related to interloper media [Eldridge 2014. "Boundary Maintenance and Interloper Media Reaction: Differentiating Between Journalism's Discursive Enforcement Processes." Journalism Studies 15 (1): 1–16; Eldridge 2017. Online Journalism from the Periphery: Interloper Media and the Journalistic Field. Routledge], which does not produce content, but still influences the field. The investigation addresses the following research questions: RQ1: What is the nature of Hearken as a company connected to journalism?; RQ2: How do its workers contrast their skills and experiences with journalism?; RQ3: what does this mean for the ecosystem of post-industrial journalism? A participant observation was conducted along with staff interviews. Hearken provides a new model for a journalistic company, which is not involved with content directly, organizes itself differently, but seeks to affect journalism and its ecosystem. It evidences the expansion of the skillsets related to journalism, unveiling different career paths and conceptualizations. Finally, Hearken and its employees seem to embody a journalism definition based on impact, not on method.


In this paper, it is observed that there is an empirical relationship between performance management and measure on employee performance. With the help of this study, a functional manager or HR professionals are unable to measure the performance or willingness of the employees and workers towards the organization's desired objectives. To check the data, KSE-100 index listed companies are taken and 05 evaluation forms from each company have been taken. In this research, all hypothesis are accepted and results found that there is a significant impact of performance management over employee performance, significant impact of performance management on employees' willingness for the objectives of the organization, there is a relationship between employee initiative and work quality and there is an impact of punctuality on employee performance: Keywords: Performance, Grading Scale, Punctuality, Dependability, Initiative, Work Quality, Job Knowledge, Communication/Listening Skills


In this work, we studied the statistical distribution of marks obtained by students in ENEM (National Examination of Medium level Education – High School). We found that in language and essay examination, the distribution is given through gaussian (normal). For objective examination which include social, biological and exact sciences, the gaussian distribution is a very poor fit. We obtain a good fit considering sum. Of three diferent normal distribution. As objective examination in multi-discipline, power law distribution is not clearly observed. However we found empirical probability more than normal probability for higher marks as happened in power law distribution. We feel that in language, informal education is more important and it is same for all, there by giving normal distribution. In objective examination, school teaching is more important. We also compare four States: Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio grande de Sul and São Paulo with diferent economical level. We observed that higher percentage of people in São Paulo appeared in this examination followed by Minas Gerias, Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia, indicating better level of education in São Paulo. It appears that education and economical developement go together.


This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior on organizational learning of the human resource management network of the National Iranian South Oil Company. This is an applied causal study. The research population consists of 347 of the official staff of the human resource management department of National Iranian South Oil Company. Using the stratified sampling method, 185 were selected. However, 200 questionnaires were administered and data analysis was conducted based on 185 using the SPSS and LISREL software. The measurement tools included questionnaires of organizational commitment, organizational learning, and organizational citizenship behavior. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and SD) and referential statistics (Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equations) were used. The results showed that organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior have a positive effect on the organizational learning and organizational commitment has a positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior (P<0.05).


The influence of partial slip on the pulsatile flow of an ionized gas between two porous plates is studied. The channel is inclined at an angle 0 with the horizontal. The ionized gas is injected into the channel from the lower porous plate with velocity V and is sucked out of the upper porous plate with the same velocity. The analytical solutions are obtained for velocity and mass flux. Influence of various parameters on the flow characteristics have been discussed with the help of graphs. The numerical results obtained reveal many interesting behaviors. It is observed that the velocity decreases with increased Hartmann number M and increases with increasing hall parameter m, Reynolds number R and slip parameter β in both fully and partially ionized cases.


On Thursday evening last I took the liberty of laying on the table of the Society, for exhibition, a few ancient Watches which I had collected, and I availed myself of that opportunity of doing so, because, on the same evening, the valuable paper by our excellent Director, on the curious ancient Bohemian clock in the Society's collection, was to be read, to which I thought the subject of Watches might well form a sequel, and at the same time bring a new matter under the Society's consideration. I also undertook to throw together a few Observations on them in the shape of a paper, which I now take the liberty of sending you, and in which I hope to be able, in some degree, to exhibit the progress of the art of watchmaking from the earliest period to modern times. I can scarcely expect to communicate to the Society any knowledge of which its members are not already in possession; but I rather hope to elicit from those of our Fellows who are more learned in these matters that information which I should desire to obtain, and which they are always so kindly ready to impart. Besides this, I also hope to direct some attention to a subject hitherto but little heeded.


Importance: Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a severe form of secondary glaucoma has a varying prevalence of 0.01 to 3.9% of all glaucoma in different regions of world. Majority of them are affected with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Although NVG overall prevalence is low but it is a dreadful condition led to blindness. If not detected earlier of the disease by latest investigating majors and treated systematically on different stages of the disease along with taking care of the alleviation of different aggravating factors for retinal hypoxia. Objectives: To summarize published evidence on etiopathogenesis, clinical feature, stages of NVG and to provide treatment recommendation on different stages of the NVG for ophthalmologists based on published evidence. Evidence Review: A literature search of PubMed was conducted from January 1, 1974 to June 30, 2022. Publications describing prevalence, etiopathogenesis, clinical staging, investigation and treatment modality were included in the study. Findings:  NVG is characterized by development of new vessels on iris and fibrovascular tissue proliferation in the anterior chamber angle with increase in IOP, principally driven by Retinal ischemia and among the commonest causes are proliferative diabetic neuropathy (PDR), central retinal venous occlusion, and ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS).


The invention discloses a method for supporting underground layer increasing of an existing building by a supporting structure and an underpinning structure. The method comprises the steps that an annular reinforced concrete underground continuous wall is constructed on the outer side of a frame structure independent foundation; (2) reinforced concrete underpinning piles are constructed on the outer sides of the four corners of several rows of independent foundation frame columns in the middle and the outer sides of two corners on the inner side of an outer side independent foundation frame column; (3) a horizontal underpinning beam is constructed at the height position on the top of the independent foundation, the beam wraps the frame columns from the periphery, the lower end of the beam is supported at the top ends of the underpinning piles, the frame columns in different axes are also connected into a whole through the underpinning beam, and the two ends of the underpinning beam are connected with the underground continuous wall on the outer side; (4) the independent foundation at the lower ends of the frame columns is cut off; (5) a layer of basement earthwork within the layer high range is dug, and the next layer of horizontal underpinning beam is constructed at a pit bottom; (6) the step (5) is executed again until the bearing earth stratum of a basement bottom plate is reached; (7) the basement bottom plate, all layers of floor slabs and a top plate are constructed from bottom to top, and the basement structure construction is completed.


Effects of drought on plants range from morphological to molecular level. The severity of drought depends on many factors like rain fall distribution, temperature, water holding capacity of soils and the severity varies from crop to crop. The quality and quantity of Mulberry leaf, the sole food source of silkworm Bombyx mori L. plays a major role in sericulture industry. Carbohydrates, Proteins and are the major plant metabolites which influence quality and quantity of leaf yield. Phenols are responsible for plant defense mechanism and synthesis of various metabolites. Analysis of mulberry leaf helps in identification of mulberry leaf quality there by selection for silkworm feeding. Hence the present study was carried out to know the effect of drought on mulberry growth, development, and biochemical and post cocoon parameters in control and drought induced plants. In this study it was found that growth parameters like total plant height (cm), fresh weight of 100 leaves, (g), Single cocoon weight (g), Single cocoon weight (g) etc. were decreased in drought induced plants. Biochemical analysis in drought induced plants showed significant changes like protein (%), carbohydrate (mg/g) and chlorophyll (mg/g) content. The post cocoon parameters like larval weight (g), number of cocoons harvested, cocoon weight (g), cocoon shell weight(g), cocoon shell percentage (%), total filament length (m), Non breakable filament length (m), denier etc. were decreased in drought induced plants.


The recreational cannabis market has been under transition from the black market into a legal regulated one. This has been happening due to: an increase in acceptance rates; medical research depicting cannabis as less harmful than alcohol; the economic impact. Uruguay tried to be a pioneer in legalization, but the over-conservatism created several barriers for trade, causing a lack of legal supply, pushing up the black market, and currently illegally selling a legal product. Nevertheless, the industry is expected to continue its growth once more data on health issues gets released and once cannabis companies get easier access to credit and a clear road to the market.


The clinical, radiological and histological aspects of acute histiocytosis X of Letterer-Siwe disease are reviewed after personal observation of such cases. In spite of many advanced hypotheses the etiopathogenesis of Histiocytosis X is wide open to research. The diagnosis became possible by the discovery of histiocyte cells of a special order, the X-bodies, under the E. M. Recent research allows a classification of Letterer-Siwe disease, Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, and the eosinophilic granuloma under the same nosologic grouping. Finally, the prognosis of the Letterer-Siwe disease-so far much in the dark-may be improved by a properly conducted therapy.


The full far-field characteristics of an underwater ultrasonic transducer can be predicted from either a 2-D planar scan of the complex pressure in the near-field of the source or a transducer surface velocity scan. A Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) can provide such a scan of the radiating surface and hence has the potential to be a fast, non-invasive method for source characterisation and, in turn, field prediction. Such measurements are, however, significantly complicated by the acousto-optic interaction - that is, the effect on the measurements of the acoustic field through which the laser beam passes. Initial examples of surface velocity measurements and field predictions are presented to show the possibilities of the approach. The results of a theoretical study of the effect of the acousto-optic artefact on LDV measurements for a circular, plane-piston transducer are also presented. The use of a transient pressure field is important both for simulation and experiment, such that measurements are made over a time window which ends before any acoustic signal reaches the water tank boundaries. The simulation results show a significant acousto-optic artefact in the surface velocity data, but also that in spite of this useful field predictions may be made for some applications


The first transnational adoptions to the United States or "intercountry" as they were originally called, began in the wake of World War II, but it was not until after the Korean War that international adoption to the United States became institutionalized. Transnational adoption changed ideas around family and kinship as children were not only being adopted cross-nationally but also cross-racially. Because transnational adoption quickly began to transgress the race-matching procedures that guided initial intercountry and domestic adoptions, this new form of family making drew both public attention and research interests. This article primarily focuses on transnational adoption to the United States and the controversies, politics, and outcomes surrounding it. Initial research studies in the 1960s and 1970s in social work and psychology began with a focus largely on children's psychological and social adjustment into their adoptive families before continuing across disciplines such as law; gender and family studies; cultural studies; and sociology. As research continued, attention reflected disciplinary foci expanding from outcome studies to examinations of the effect of policies, politics (domestic and geopolitical), and race, class, and gender. Given the growth of transnational adoption globally, in 1995 the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption entered into force with the goal of securing the "best interests of the child" and preventing child trafficking and other abuses. In recent decades, new sending countries have open and closed relatively quickly, though China remains a major sending country to the United States for the past two decades, while longer-standing sending countries such as Korea have changed their policies, resulting in decreased adoptions to the United States. These changes, along with a growing awareness of the inequalities inherent in transnational adoption and increased consideration for first families, raise new research questions around the future of adoption.


For the first time, V2O5/carbon nanotube (CNT) porous microspheres (VCMs) constructed from V2O5 particles homogenously wrapped in highly conductive CNTs have been synthesized through a facile spray-drying route by using commercial V2O5 and CNTs as starting materials. Compared with bare commercial V2O5 particles, the electrochemical performance of VCM is significantly enhanced: it exhibits a large specific capacity of 242.3 mAh g−1, which is about 69 % higher than that of bare commercial V2O5 (145.4 mAh g−1); the capacity remains 223.8 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C (1 C=294 mAh g−1) after 80 cycles with a high capacity retention of 92.3 %. The C-rate capacities at 1, 2, 5, and 10 C are 180.8, 154.1, 134.8, and 109.3 mAh g−1, respectively; these values indicate excellent rate performance. The remarkable performance enhancement is attributed to the interconnected network of conductive CNTs, which guarantees high conductivity and enables fast electron transport between CNTs and V2O5 of the uniformly dispersed VCM. Moreover, VCM provides a hierarchical template to accommodate the structural degradation and delamination of V2O5 particles during electrochemical cycling. The proposed spray-drying strategy is facile, effective, and easy to realize on a large scale for the low-cost industrial production of V2O5/CNT composite cathodes, which can be extended to produce other high-capacity electrode materials with large volume variations and low electrical conductivities.


PURPOSE: An exclusive references signal transmitting method and an exclusive reference signal receiving method are provided to restrict or remove the interference of a signal by using exclusive signal of other terminal if it is multiple user MIMO. CONSTITUTION: A transmission resource is determined(S510). By using the determined transmission resource, an exclusive reference signal is transmitted to a terminal. The terminal is an object of a cooperative multi-point transmission. Information about a layer using the terminal is provided to the terminal(S520). The transmission resource can be one among time-frequency resource location transmitting the exclusive reference signal and a sequence of the exclusive reference signal.


The current notion in implantology is to utilize techniques that can provide function, aesthetics and comfort with a minimally invasive surgical approach. The flapless implant surgery has been suggested to fulfil these requirements. Traditionally, the flapless implant surgery was performed by using a tissue punch technique, which may be potentially harmful because of the inherent blindness of the technique. Today, computer software programs and 3D radiographic techniques, such as CT technology, have been developed to provide the practitioner with precise implant placement planning. Although this sophisticated approach has many advantages, transferring this information to the surgical phase has only recently been developed. The purpose of this paper was to introduce a more predictable flapless approach for treatment of a patient's maxilla through principles of computer-assisted implantology.


A quarter of UK universities are failing to produce an annual report on research integrity, a parliamentary inquiry has found.

The report by the Commons Science and Technology Committee identified a "lack of consistent transparency" in reporting data on the number of misconduct investigations, and inconsistency in the way the information is recorded.

These failings have made it difficult to calculate the scale of research misconduct in the UK, it concluded.

The report examined what is known about problems arising from errors, questionable practices, and fraud in research, and what action is needed to make sure that …


A corrugated steel plate protection type rubber dam is provided to promote the effective management of water resources by preventing the decomposition of water kept in store and the accumulation of soil on the upper reaches of a dam, to preserve an ecosystem by installing a simple fishway, and to reduce the production costs of a panel and to prevent the water leakage caused by deformation by having large bearing capacity per unit weight and low strain against temperature difference in wintertime and summertime. A corrugated steel plate protection type rubber dam, for controlling the water level according to the operation of an air bag rising or overturning with pneumatic pressure, comprises an air bag(1), a corrugated steel plate panel(3-1) stood erect or turned over by the air bag, a band or a rope for controlling an opening and closing unit fixed or supported to the air bag or the panel to be pulled or loose, a drainageway connecting the upper reaches and the lower reaches of a dam, and an opening and closing unit installed to the drainageway. The corrugated steel plate protection type rubber dam enables to discharge deposits like soils accumulated on the bottom and bottom water gathered in the bottom to be decomposed easily through the opening and closing unit, without discharging the whole quantity of water kept in store, contrary to the existing rubber dam, and to function as a fishway with the drainageway connecting the upper reaches and the lower reaches of the dam.


Valveless pulsejets are lightweight, effective in action, low in cost and very simple in assembly. It is excellent to show (for example for students) how this kind of engine works, what parameters we can measure, what type of fuel it is using etc. The main problem is how to control the thrust and preliminary ignition of this engine. The article shows a device to solve this problem. The first part of the article shows mechanical construction made of solenoids and mechanic valves controlling by servomotors creating simple thrust control device. It changes the gas flow. Also, fuel dose can be controlled by a potentiometer on the control panel. What is more, the gas supply can be shut off immediately. The second part of the article shows the ignition system that is created from an ordinary spark plug and electronic silicon board that is using for converting 12V current from the battery into the spark in the spark plug. The last part of the article shows possible uses of the engine and the results of measurements of dependence between fuel flow to creating thrust and dependency between the time of action on full thrust to the temperature of the engine. The article is showing only theoretical approach of the construction, and the operating algorithms which were created on the knowledge acquired during the creation of the psychical prototype showed in the end.


The complexity of modern devices poses great challenges to their simulation. This paper presents existing features as well as latest advances in CST STUDIO SUITE, meant to allow the efficient simulation not only of stand-alone devices, but also of entire technical systems.


A field experiment was conducted at research farm of Jubilant Organosys Ltd., Gajraulla, University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut ,U.P. in collaboration with G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar to investigate the response of effluent with and without fertilizer application on growth, yield attributes and yield of sugarcane (var. CoS 767). The levels of irrigations were viz., irrigation with fresh water, pre-sowing irrigation of undiluted effluents, one irrigation with 1:3 dilution and two irrigation with 1:4 dilution and the fertilizers levels were viz., without fertilizers and half dose of the recommended fertilizer (75:30:20 NPK) in split plot design. The highest cane yield (104.83 t ha-1) was found in the treatment receiving two irrigations with 1:4 dilution along with 50% recommended dose of fertilizers. Treatment receiving two irrigation with 1:4 dilution of effluent without fertilizer gave almost similar yield (99.94 t ha-1) to the treatment receiving one irrigation with 1:3 dilution along with 50% recommended dose of fertilizer indicating that, almost 50% of NPK have been saved. Again, the treatment receiving one irrigation with 1:3 dilution without fertilizer gave similar yield (94.11 t ha-1) as that of pre-sown undiluted with 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (95.55 t ha-1), showed saving of 50% of recommended dose of NPK.


Short outcome/impact statement: During 2020, the MINAE used the CCAFS future scenarios methodology to enhance the country's NDC. UCI designed and facilitated an online participatory consultation in which more than 350 stakeholders participated to develop multiple sets of future scenarios based on contextual uncertainties that could positively or negatively influence Costa Rica ́s ability to reach climate goals. These scenarios were used in all NDC sectors to critically discuss and robust the countries ́ intended measures to reduce emissions and increase resilience to climate change.


Catalytic techniques for deep desulfurization, denitrogenation and dearomatization in production of clean gasoline and diesel fuels were reviewed, especially those for producing lowsulfur and extralowsulfur gasoline and diesel oil,among which technologies arousing most attention are sulfurreducing FCC catalyst and additives, selective hydrogenation catalysts and technologies, adsorptive desulfurization of gasoline and diesel oil, biologically catalytic desulfurization of diesel oil,and selective oxidative desulfurization.


In recent years, the amount of available data is growing exponentially, and large-scale data is becoming ubiquitous. Machine learning is a key to deriving insight from this deluge of data. In this paper, we focus on the large-scale data analysis, especially classification data, and propose an online conjugate gradient (CG) descent algorithm. Our algorithm draws from a recent improved Fletcher-Reeves (IFR) CG method proposed in Jiang and Jian[13] as well as a recent approach to reduce variance for stochastic gradient descent from Johnson and Zhang [15]. In theory, we prove that the proposed online algorithm achieves a linear convergence rate under strong Wolfe line search when the objective function is smooth and strongly convex. Comparison results on several benchmark classification datasets demonstrate that our approach is promising in solving large-scale machine learning problems, viewed from the points of area under curve (AUC) value and convergence behavior.


Children with asthma, hay fever, and food allergy may have several factors that increase their risk of speech disorder, including allergic inflammation, ADD/ADHD, and sleep disturbance. However, few studies have examined a relationship between asthma, allergic disease, and speech disorder. We sought to determine whether asthma, hay fever, and food allergy are associated with speech disorder in children and whether disease severity, sleep disturbance, or ADD/ADHD modified such associations.


Phenomena or social phenomena are able to influence human attitudes and behavior in society. This study aims to reveal the general description of groups/buskers dressed as roadside character dolls and their intended use. The research method used is a qualitative method. The data sources were selected by purposive sampling. Data was collected by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. Analysis of research results using data reduction, display, and verification steps. The results of this study indicate that, The existence of the buskers dressed in character dolls is motivated by education, and age so they decide to become gamers on the side of the road. The use of character doll costumes aims to attract the sympathy of road users, the results of which are used to meet the necessities of life such as food/drink, shelter and education in order to survive. Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested for the local government to be able to open up employment opportunities and not support the existence of clown groups as a profession to earn a steady income and street clowns should also be given a place to study or be included in equivalency schools so that they can get a diploma and can apply for jobs. which is more suitable, for example being a security guard or cashier at Indomart or Alfamart and for clowns it is better to have other ways or other businesses to keep making money.


Abstract An advance in the state of the art of force platform design is reported. Extension of the excellent work of Barany and Whetsel has given a platform with additional capability, greater sensitivity and better repeatability.