W contemporaries regularly looked to the similarities of the Irish and Finnish experiences, even as informed a student of European politics as Gladstone needed tutoring on the topic. In undertaking his preparatory research on home rule in 1885–6, Gladstone had worked hard on a range of continental European and imperial analogies, emphasising (somewhat prematurely, as it happened) the perceived success of the united kingdoms of Sweden and Norway and of the constitutional arrangement of 1867 which had delivered the Austro–Hungarian empire. He looked with similar care at the Canadian and United States constitutions. All of these exemplars served to illustrate, for Gladstone, the dividends which flowed from combining selfgovernment within different forms of union settlement. But – as an earnest young Helsingfors (Helsinki) student, Alexander Grönberg, pointed out in April 1886 –Gladstone, in searching for global paradigms for Irish legislative independence, had made a striking error of omission: the Grand Old Man had apparently forgotten Finland. Grönberg argued that, whatever might be said about Sweden–Norway or Austria–Hungary, Finland, as a largely autonomous grand duchy within the Russian empire since 1809, constituted 'a more striking instance of a welldirected self-government' than those publicly highlighted by Gladstone. Grönberg's rather flattering portrayal of the Finnish condition emphasised the 700 years of foreign domination (by Sweden), now replaced by a constitution wherein Finns enjoyed their own parliamentary government, with their own established church, two official languages, their own finances and their own legislation more generally, and supposedly minimal Russian intervention. In this assessment, Finns were broadly content with the Russian connection, and


Abstract In previous work the derivation of turbulence parameters from single-Doppler radar observations was performed with data acquired along a horizontal circle. Here the technique is extended to all the radar data within a horizontal cylindrical slice of finite depth using the same basic assumptions of linearity of the mean wind field and horizontal homogeneity of the turbulence. The method allows the extraction of the six Reynolds stress components, together with their vertical derivatives, and the turbulent fluxes of a scalar quantity deduced from the reflectivity data. Experimental data were used for the performance evaluation of the methodology. A simple testing procedure was carried out to remove erroneous results. The statistical uncertainty in the measured Reynolds stress terms was found to be about 0.05 m2 s−2, except for the variance of the vertical component, which was poorly retrieved because of an absence of data at high elevation angles. Calculations showed that contamination of the verti...


This paper examines the effect of the quality of economic institutions on health outcomes for the E.U. countries from 2000 to 2018. Using data from the World Bank and the Fraser Institute, the paper uses fixed effects and random effects models to investigate the relationship between institutional quality and health. The results suggest that an improvement in the quality of economic institutions has a favourable effect on health. Specifically, the results highlight that an efficient legal system, a stable macroeconomic environment, and fewer regulations improve health outcomes in the E.U. countries. The paper also finds that higher per capita income, increase in education, and faster urbanization enhance health outcomes.


45 apillary cystadenoma of the epididymis (PCE) is the second commonest benign neoplasm of this organ following adenomatoid tumor.1 Its is a rare epithelial tumour which is thought to develop within the efferent ductules.2 It was first described in 1956.3 It may occur sporadically or as a manifestation of von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHLD).4 Only 60 histologically documented cases have been reported in the English-language literature since the original report by Sherrick in 1956.5


Joint inversion is a mathematical technique in which we use more than one geophysical method to perform the inversion, so the entire data set's processing is done at once using all available information on the physical properties obtained by each method. We apply this technique to the MMT and MCSEM data sets simultaneously and then compare with the inversions for each data separately. These two methods provide complementary information, while MMT provides information about deep structures. MCSEM identifies thin resistive bodies, sharing the same receivers that can collect both datasets. The inversion method used was the Gauss-Newton method with the Marquardt strategy to mitigate computational expenditure. To introduce a priori information, we apply the global smoothness and total variation regularization. We analyzed singular values to measure the amount of data; each method contributes to the solution. We tested the effectiveness of our joint inversion technique using a complex marine model wich represents a layer and a salt dome and another body symbolizing a hydrocarbon reservoir. The results were satisfactory, where we can


We study solvability of the inverse problems of finding, alongside the solution $u(x, t)$, the positive parameter $\alpha$ in the differential equations
$$u_{tt}+\alpha\Delta u-\beta u=f(x,t),\;\alpha u_{tt}+\Delta u-\beta u=f(x,t)$$
Where $t\in(0,T)$, $x=(x_1,\dots,x_n)\in\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^n$, and $\Delta$ – the Laplace operator in variables $x_1,\dots,x_n$. As a complement to the boundary conditions defining a well-posed boundary value problem for elliptic equations, we use the conditions of the linear final integral overdetermination. We prove the existence and uniqueness theorems for regular solutions, those having all generalized in the S. L. Sobolev sense derivatives in the equation.


Coexistence of antiferromagnetism and d-wave superconductivity within a CuO_2 plane was recently observed in a wide doping region for multilayer high-temperature cuprate superconductors. We find that the experimental phase diagram is well reproduced in the slave-boson mean-field scheme of the two-dimensional t-J model by including antiferromagnetic order. We argue that weak three dimensionality coming from a multilayer structure is sufficient to stabilize antiferromagnetic order and its coexistence with superconductivity.


ABSTRACT West Nile virus surveillance was conducted at five sites in New Castle County, DE, and one site in Salem County, NJ, from June through September, 2004, using dry ice-baited Centers for Disease Control miniature light traps, infusion-baited gravid traps, and resting boxes. All trap types were simultaneously placed at each site every two weeks and run overnight. Collected mosquitoes were identified to species, pooled, and analyzed for virus using a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test. In total, 47, 972 mosquitoes in 29 species or species groups were analyzed. Light traps collected 60, 201 mosquitoes in 28 species or species groups. Gravid traps collected 3, 195 mosquitoes in 19 species or species groups. Resting boxes collected 99 mosquitoes in nine species or species groups. In total, 1, 500 mosquito pools were tested for WNV resulting in ten positive pools. All positive pools consisted of Culex pipiens, Culex restuans, or Culex salinarius. Seven positive pools were from gravid traps and three were from light traps despite testing almost 14 times as many pools from light traps. The overall infection rate from gravid traps was nearly 33 times greater than the infection rate from light traps, 2.29 and 0.07 infected mosquitoes per 1, 000, respectively. The results demonstrate the advantage of using gravid traps for West Nile virus surveillance over light traps or resting boxes.


Easy to manufacture a micro mirror equipped with an optical waveguide manufacturing method of the light transmission and reception over the reflective surface of the substrate with respect to. This method includes a first step to a substrate having a cladding portion of the convex side surface of the taper (12) is formed on the upper surface (10), a convex surface thereto inclined side cladding portions (12) of the reflective film (13) forming a convex portion inclined side surface of the second step, and this cladding layer (12) of the optical waveguide (14) in the third step. The convex portions are formed by an isotropic etching process.


AIM For the evaluation of algorithms for circulator drug delivery, a new simulator was developed. METHODS The Clement Yu's non-linear canine circulatory system model was modified for the use of the part of digital dog of the simulator. And the other parts of the simulator were built by the means of object-oriented designing (OOD) with Visual C++ language. The proportion of mean arterial blood pressure in the range of±0.667 kPa of the object value was contracted to T_ MAP , and the average value of integral of excess of the range above was contract to S_ MAP . The difference of T_ MAP and S_ MAP of SPN MMAC(Multiple Model Adaptive Control) controlled hypotension and SPN constant-rate-controlled hypotension had been studied in vivo. This process was repeated in simulation system. The difference of simulator and animal experiments was studied while they were evaluating the SNP MMAC algorithms for controlled hypotension. RESULTS The mean arterial blood pressure graphs of the simulator and animal experiments acted similarly when they evaluated the SNP MMAC algorithms. The graph of mean arterial blood pressure of simulation was similar to that of the animal experiment when the MMAC was evaluated. CONCLUSION The new simulator can evaluate algorithms for circulator drug delivery and it's helpful to the building of such systems.-


Abstract A long-time concern of library paraprofessionals has been the lack of opportunities for advancement. This became a particularly pressing problem at Auburn University Libraries when we began challenging support staff to take on increasing responsibilities. We asked them to perform more complex duties, yet we were unable to reward their efforts. In 1999, a new career-ladder structure was put into place at AU Libraries wherein an employee could be promoted within a job "family." Our system is composed of two such families: the Library Assistant and the Library Associate. The benefits of such a system are numerous, and although it is only in its first year of implementation, over thirty-five employees were promoted by October 2000. This article discusses the history, development, implementation, and outcomes of the career ladder model at AU Libraries.


What is learned during mastery of a serial task: associations between adjacent and remote items, associations between an item and its ordinal position, or both? A clear answer to this question is lacking in the literature on human serial memory because it is difficult to control for a "naive" subject's linguistic competence and extensive experience with serial tasks. In this article, we present evidence that rhesus monkeys encode the ordinal positions of items of an arbitrary list when there is no requirement to do so. First, monkeys learned four nonverbal lists (1–4), each containing four novel items (photographs of natural objects). The monkeys then learned four 4-item lists that were derived exclusively and exhaustively from Lists 1 through 4, one item from each list. On two derived lists, each item's original ordinal position was maintained. Those lists were acquired with virtually no errors. The two remaining derived lists, on which the original ordinal position of each item was changed, were as difficult to learn as novel lists. The immediate acquisition of lists on which ordinal position was maintained shows that knowledge of ordinal position can develop without the benefit of language, extensive list-learning experience, or explicit instruction to encode ordinal information.


The distributed generations (DGs) along with nonlinear loads and unbalanced loads bring new technical challenges to the efficient control of isolated distribution network power quality. Distributed static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) is well known to be the most suitable custom power device capable to improve DGs stability, reduce harmonics and have good performances on the regulation of point of common coupling (PCC) under power system disturbances. In this paper, investigation on the performance of DSTATCOM using kernel incremental metal earning algorithm (KIMEL) have been made for voltage stability, harmonics reduction and load balancing in three-phase three-wire isolated distributed generating system based on Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) driven by biogas/biomass diesel engine as prime mover. The simulation results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink software verify the robustness, efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy used in DSTATCOM which achieved the whole study system power quality enhancement.


The utility model discloses a metal wire precision straightening cutting device which comprises a double-layer machine frame. A front end guiding cylinder, a rotary straightening cylinder, a traction mechanism, a rear end guiding cylinder, a cutting mechanism and a mechanical sizing mechanism are arranged on the top of the upper layer of the double-layer machine frame. The rotary straightening cylinder comprises a rotary straightening cylinder support, a straightening guiding cylinder and multiple straightening modules. The traction mechanism comprises a traction mechanism support, a servo motor, a driving friction wheel and a driven friction wheel. The cutting mechanism comprises a cutting wheel bracket, an air cylinder, a cutting wheel motor and a slice type cutting wheel. The mechanical sizing mechanism comprises a horizontal scale plate, a pressure sensor, an infrared emission sensor and an infrared reception sensor. A trough is mounted in the upper layer of the double-layer machine frame, a material receiving box is arranged on the bottom of the trough, and a control cabinet and a variable frequency motor are arranged on the lower layer of the double-layer machine frame. The metal wire precision straightening cutting device is high in automation degree, shape and size precision of cut metal wire segments is high, notches are smooth without burrs and splitting, subsequent processing cost is shortened, and popularization and application value is high.


Agricultural organic waste chopping machine are tools that can be used to chop leaves, twigs and could be used to help farmers in processing of the agricultural disposal products such as stalks and corn stalks, cassava stems, rice stalks in order to accelerate farmers in processing of those disposal in order that the plantation land can be prepared immediately for subsequent cultivation, as well as the chopped products can be reused for various purposes such as animal feeds and composts fertilizer. The research of this engineering method is carried out with the following stages: (1) study of the characteristics of several organic wastes to be enumerated, (2) analysis of the Chopping machine elements, consists of Chopping Blades, the house of the chopper blades, hopper, frame and transmission system. (3) A Prototype chop up mechanism manufacturing. And (4) Functional testing machine. The Copping Machine design resume as follows: Production capacity of enumeration 220 kg / hour. The cutting mechanism uses 2 static blades and 6 rotary blades. Transmission system using Belt-Pulley mechanism. The 24 Hp Diesel engine is used.


Tungsten carbide based cemented carbides, often simply termed hardmetals, are established forefront materials for tools, structural components, and wear parts with stringent requirements. Several of the technological applications in which they are used include exposure to chemically aggressive media. Under these conditions, failure induced under applied load may be accelerated; and consequently, the service life may be decreased. Within this context, this work addresses the influence of corrosion-induced damage on the mechanical integrity and load-bearing capability of hardmetals at different length scales, i.e., from 100s nanometers to 1000s microns. Experimental data acquired by means of nanoindentation, pyramidal, and spherical indentation, as well as sliding contact (micro- and nanoscratch) techniques, are presented. The attained results allow for identifying guidelines for the microstructural design of these materials under combined consideration of corrosion and mechanical contact as service-like conditions. Discussion of the reported findings includes a critical analysis of corrosion effects on the evolution of microstructure-property-performance interrelations for the materials under consideration.


By analyzing the failure of Charpy impact test of the thick-walled channel forgings,corrective measures were presented,and it showed the importance of heat treatment process of the thick-walled channel forgings.


Success rates of carbonate acidizing, when upscaling from single, aqueous-phase laboratory analyses to field scale levels have been poor. Analyzing matrix acidizing performances in carbonate reservoirs with two-phase environments. i.e., oil and water, has picked up importance currently in the stimulation industry. A lack of understanding of the mechanisms taking place in this complex subsurface process still exists, particularly with carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution from limestone dissolution, and the presence of a secondary fluid phase in the medium.
 A detailed investigation via experimental core studies and fluid modeling / characterization has been performed for oil/water environments in the porous media. Moderate permeability carbonate cores, with an average of 14% porosity were used for this study. Six acidizing experiments with 15 wt% hydrochloric (HCl) acid were performed using outcrop Indiana limestone cores, at temperatures of 150°F and initial pore pressures of 600 and 1,200 psi. The presence of a light crude oil in the cores at residual conditions was tested for acid efficiencies in un-aged and aged conditions. Rock wettability measurements via contact angle experiments, and oil/water interfacial tension, σow, measurements were conducted, and the effects of CO2 to alter the rock-wettability, oil/water interfacial tensions, was studied. Characterization of the crude oil was performed using Equation of State based simulations, and the behavior of CO2-crude oil systems were evaluated via simulated minimum miscibility pressure and swelling tests.
 Cores with residual oil at water-wet conditions yielded the least acid pore volumes to breakthrough (PVbt), at all tested pore pressures. An increased oil-wetness of the rock resulted in greater acid PVbt's, when compared to water-wet systems with both residual oil and fully water saturated cores. CO2's capability to alter rock-wettability did not show any benefits toward improving acid efficiencies in cores at residual oil saturations, Sor. The acid efficiencies in porous media containing oil and water largely depend on the access of sufficient rock surface to the acid species, for which rock-wettabilities are a governing factor.


The October 2014 decision issued by the Fourth Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China calls for the perfection of constitutional interpretation and supervision systems. The Fourth Plenum Decision and recent leadership statements have generated speculation that Chinese leaders may consider concrete institutional reforms to strengthen constitutional supervision. They are unlikely to turn to the courts. One alternative to judicial review is supervision by a constitutional supervision committee within the National People's Congress structure. A range of models for constitutional committees that uphold the unity of state power in supreme people's legislatures and one-party rule emerged in socialist legal systems. This experience could be applied in China. Arguably, a constitutional supervision committee would strengthen the Party's narrative that it is building a socialist rule of law state and promote some current governance goals. However, the obstacles to such a committee in China, including leadership precedents, lessons derived from earlier stages of political-legal reform and the collapse of other communist regimes, problems of political sensitivity and capacity, and the importance of flexibility and adaptation in the Party's governance posture, are significant. For a conservative Party leadership that places a premium on flexibility to maintain its leadership status and to address political-legal tensions in a rapidly changing system, the perceived risks of establishing a constitutional supervision committee are likely to outweigh the perceived benefits.


from many of his own councillors, created an information vacuum that the popular press filled with speculation – often assuming that no news was bad news. Part Five, 'Marriage and Continental Europe', focuses on the Hapsburg courts, including examining the relationship of Spain and its Italian territories and the influence of the Brussels court on the Anglo-Spanish relationship. The stand-out chapter in this section is Rubén González Cuerva's discussion of the Austrian Match – the concurrent negotiations for the infanta Maria Anna with both England and Austria which demonstrate attempts to thwart both the Spanish Match for Charles as well as a move to block the French Match by offering a Hapsburg prince for Henrietta Maria. The first chapter by Melinda J. Gough in the final section 'Marriage and Ceremony' also looks at attempts by Spain to create matches with France, including a proposed triple match, as well as with the Stuarts by means of diplomatic 'stroking'. Finally, the collection ends with Andrea de Meo Arbore's consideration of a physical impact of the Stuart negotiations for Catholic brides, the Queen's Chapel at St. James, which demonstrates stylistic links to the royal nunnery of Descalzas Reales in Madrid through the input of diplomatic negotiations to create a suitable place of worship for an infanta. In sum, this is a strong collection which offers new perspectives and crucial context for early Stuart matrimonial diplomacy. However, a few of the more contextual studies would benefit from making more explicit connections to the marriages and wider negotiations for more cohesion with the rest of the chapters in the collection. Overall however, this volume is a solid contribution to the fields of early modern studies, political history, royal studies and British and European history, and would make an excellent addition to any academic library.


Genetically modified food (GMF) provides human kind the great interests and potential risks as well. The principle of genetically modified technology was introduced. And security issues like feeding security, environmental security were discussed. To get more information and check the understanding to genetically modified food security of people, an investigation was carried out. The results show the risk of GMF from the perspective of the public, putting forward new security issue of genetically modified food.


This paper employs the perspective of governance to analyze the internal relations between urban grassroots governance and community building in the rapid social transition, and the means and social bases of different governance modalities. It holds that a basic task of urban grassroots governance is to solve the political effectiveness of grassroots governance and build modern urban communities capable of self-government. The current direct election of Urban Residents Committee (URC) is a helpful experiment that, under the direction of governments, empowers community autonomous organizations and enables the transfer and reconstruction of community power. A centralized grassroots governance network around URC may be established relatively promptly and effectively and work to reduce the gap between state governance and private governance. Based on observations and interviews on the 2006 election of URC in Shanghai, this paper tentatively generalizes the favorable changes and new challenges in grassroots governance created by the direct election, and proposes policy suggestions as for how governments should steer and manage the direct election of URC.


Abstract The influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of an aluminum-lithium alloy and two aluminum-lithium-copper alloys was investigated. Aging the Al-Li alloy r...


In engineering, conservation performance is monitored using the percent reduction in energy rate method and the design energy savings report. For existing facilities, energy conservation is monitored using the activity method, energy rate method, variable energy rate method, and tracking charts. For capital projects, the percent reduction in energy rate is determined by comparing the project product energy rate to the existing plant product energy rate. The design energy savings report covers energy saving ideas incorporated in the design of projects. The activity method measures anticipated energy savings during the year from conservation activities as compared to the energy purchased. The energy rate method measures BTU's per pound of product taking product mix into consideration. It uses 1972 as the base year for calculating energy conservation results. The energy rate method does not compensate for changes in energy efficiency as the production rate varies. The variable energy rate method, also measures BTU's per pound, but compensates for energy efficiency variations due to changes in production rate. Tracking charts are used to track plant production, purchased energies, generated utilities and product energy rates. Tracking charts are excellent for establishing trends in conservation.


1. Aircraft engine comprising: circuit 20, the primary air stream; ! a high pressure compressor 26 which is supplied with the aforementioned primary air; ! circuit 18 and the secondary air flow! at least one heat exchanger 28, 28 'disposed in the primary air flow circuit upstream of the compressor 26, a high pressure heat exchanger comprises a cold aforementioned second loop 28b, 28'b and hot primary circuit 28a, 28'a, wherein the above a first circuit supplied with hot air from said primary air flow circuit and the aforementioned second cold circuit 28b is supplied with air from the circuit 18, the secondary air stream, the cold entrance 28c of the second circuit of the heat exchanger 28, 28 'is connected with means 30a air intake arranged in the loop of the secondary air flow is symmetric with respect to said axis of the engine, and the output 28d cold circuit heat exchanger is connected with means return air 32b in the above-mentioned circuit of the secondary air flow, disposed symmetrically with respect to said axis of the engine, characterized in that the means for sampling air and air return means are formed by first open ends 70a, 72b of pipes 70, 72, the second ends of which are connected to the aforementioned heat exchange ICOM 28 ', the aforementioned first open ends are distributed uniformly along the circumference at an angle to the motor axis. ! 2. Aircraft engine according to claim 1, characterized in that said heat exchanger 28, 28 'is annular and has the same axis of rotation as the engine. ! 3. Aircraft engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the above-


Traditional studies of unethical behavior in organizational settings have focused on negative or selfish motives; however, an emerging concept known as Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior (UPB) p...


ABSTRACT Since the 1973 event which led to the identification of a grouping of signs and symptoms labelled as the Stockholm Syndrome, the label has been used as a cover-all, shorthand device by journalists and (too many academics) seeking to simplify complex human behaviours. The bonding which occurs in some hostage incidents is reduced to friendship and many of the associated symptoms seen in the full syndrome are ignored. This article re-assesses the scientific basis for identification of a syndrome affecting hostages and their captors and provides a definition, based on experimental science, which may readily serve as an aid to hostage rescue teams, negotiators and their managers. Traditional explanations of the effect are based on weak or nonexistent scientific foundations and consequently have little or no predictive power. Using a formulation based on the experimental examinations of human behaviour (principally, but not exclusively, those of social psychology), the aetiology of the condition may be identified in such a way that it may be used by law enforcement and other officials to assess whether a hostage/captor effect is likely to occur. It is concluded that, for the hostage negotiator and associated professionals, knowledge and understanding of the structure of the model is essential in formulating strategy but also is crucial in ensuring the objectivity of law enforcement officials.


An autosomal dominant condition caused by mutation(s) in the LGI1 gene, encoding leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1. It is characterized by partial seizures originating in the temporal lobe and often accompanied by auditory sensory manifestations.


A s many have already pointed out, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, Black Lives Matter movement, and political upheavals of 2020 have laid bare the inadequacies and inequities of society and the social safety net in the United States. In addition to the enormous impact of COVID-19 in loss of life, loss of health, and disruption to systems of support, this reckoning has been painful to grapple with. Although these realities are present in nearly every aspect of our lives, there are few sectors in which these issues and their intersections have presented more starkly or been more deeply felt than education. Despite the heroic efforts of administrators, educators, social workers, and other school-based providers, the response of U.S. public education as a whole to COVID-19 could justifiably be characterized as inadequate and inequitable. As the school year began, hundreds of thousands of U.S. students continued remote schooling, a reality which has placed new burdens on families and communities. Many others went back to school in person, absent appropriate resources to prevent the spread of COVID-19, facing the possibility of frequent closures due to quarantine or the more serious threat of illness for students, families, and educators. "There are no good answers," became the mantra of parents and educators in 2020. Although acceptance of the inescapable realities presented by COVID-19 was critical to survival and resilience, the fact that we did not have better answers for so many of our students is still deeply troubling. Many feel as if they have been shouting into the void. How is this possible? How could we open restaurants and college campuses while many of our most vulnerable youths were learning online without being provided systematic resources for accessibility or adult support? How could we ensure a COVID-safe National Basketball Association season but not a COVID-safe kindergarten experience? Why were we unable to address the dual risks faced by so many of our students for whom online learning is not accessible or adequate, but who come from the families and communities most at-risk of bearing the health consequences of COVID-19 should they attend in person? We can all agree that COVID-19 has offered no easy answers. And yet, it is hard to escape the conclusion that our political system has largely abdicated responsibility to find the best answers for our most vulnerable students. The failures of the public health response nationally and the absence of federal guidance or support have truly left most schools with no good answers. Although many of us have been asking, "How is this possible?," it might be more appropriate to ask why we expected anything different. A reality in which schools struggle to contain the fallout of public policy decisions that ignore or harm our most vulnerable children and families is nothing new. Notwithstanding the valiant efforts of social workers, educators, administrators, and so many others who make success stories possible, the terms "inadequate" and "inequitable" have characterized our public education system for most of its history. Although this reality has existed for decades, its acceptance has been marked, not by apathy or inaction on the part of schools, but by increased willingness to take responsibility for a wide range of nonacademic concerns. Despite their foundations in structures and systems that are fundamentally inequitable and unsustainable (Anyon, 1997), schools regularly offer services and supports that go far beyond their official mandate. Schools provide assistance with everything from nutrition to transportation, health care and mental health, adult education, housing support, and even laundry. Whereas those


As an exercise in interreligious learning, this essay explores the question of multiple religious identity (participation and belonging) of Lakota Catholic Nicholas Black Elk in the context of spirituality and sacramentality. By examining Black Elk's multiple religious identity and his desire to experience the Wakan, however manifested, in the context of various aspects of Lakota spirituality, a pansacramental worldview emerges in the form of panentheistic and liberal openness. From a non-Native Christian theological perspective, this essay examines Black Elk's Lakota spirituality insofar as it yields a promising opportunity for non-Native Christians to accept without scandal the possibility of multiple religious identity.


Wireless subscriber equipment capable of operating in a cellular communication network communiques system operates with existing cellular communication networks to provide communiques communication services to subscribers. It used to communicate with communiques system for cellular communication networks the wireless subscriber devices are fully functional characteristic specific communiques communication equipment to the communication equipment or received communiques, including WAP allow cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, Palm Pilots, personal computers, and the like; Or MP3 audio players (essentially a radio (radio) receiver or radio communiques); Or MPEG4 video receiver (TV communiques); A specific communication or other equipment.


Abstract This paper presents MHeTRep, a multilingual medical terminology and the methodology followed for its compilation. The multilingual terminology is organised into one vocabulary for each language. All the terms in the collection are semantically tagged with a tagset corresponding to the top categories of Snomed-CT ontology. When possible, the individual terms are linked to their equivalent in the other languages. Even though many NLP resources and tools claim to be domain independent, their application to specific tasks can be restricted to specific domains, otherwise their performance degrades notably. As the accuracy of NLP resources drops heavily when applied in environments different from which they were built, a tuning to the new environment is needed. Usually, having a domain terminology facilitates and accelerates the adaptation of general domain NLP applications to a new domain. This is particularly important in medicine, a domain living moments of great expansion. The proposed method takes Snomed-CT as starting point. From this point and using 13 multilingual resources, covering the most relevant medical concepts such as drugs, anatomy, clinical findings and procedures, we built a large resource covering seven languages totalling more than two million semantically tagged terms. The resulting collection has been intensively evaluated in several ways for the involved languages and domain categories. Our hypothesis is that MHeTRep can be used advantageously over the original resources for a number of NLP use cases and likely extended to other languages.


The Ear, Nose and Throat-department (ENT) of University Medical Center Utrecht experiences long waiting times for patients, as well as high idle time and overtime for doctors at the ENT outpatient center. The management of the department believes that the number of patients seen at the outpatient clinic will increase in the future. However, increasing patient numbers without changing the way of working will also increase the experienced waiting time and overtime. The main area that has been identified by the management as opportunity for decreasing these waiting times, idle time and overtime is the patient and staff scheduling at the outpatient clinic. In order to find ways to achieve the desired improvements, this study aims to quantify the current performance, and identify and prospectively assess interventions to the patient and staff scheduling systems. We develop a simulation model of the outpatient clinic and use it to determine combinations of interventions that are able to simultaneously decrease patient's waiting time by 30% and doctor's overtime by 20%.


The results of various diagnostic procedures performed on six cases with solitary and minimal (<2 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that was later surgically resected were comparatively reviewed. The tumor was detected in 6/6 patients by ultrasonography, 1/6 by scintigraphy, 2/6 by CT, and 4/6 by angiography, and hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in 3/6 by angiography and 6/6 by ultrasonically guided fineneedle aspiration biopsy. Since there are not a few HCCs that can be detected only by ultrasonography, fine‐needle aspiration biopsy with ultrasound guidance is strongly recommended to confirm cases with a minimal lesion in the liver visualized only on a sonogram.


Regional science technology resource sharing platform serves the regional innovation and entrepreneurship activities,and constantly provides effective support for innovation driving development strategy implementation. In the face of the evolution trend from"resource-oriented"to"demand-oriented"of sharing platform service,the classified acquisition methods of sharing platform service demand are given; Then,the sharing platform service demand is carried on multi-dimensional identification from user dimension,resource dimension and service dimension; After that,according to the service demand decomposition and priority principle,the integration process and integration modes of sharing platform service demand are designed including general demand,key demand,major demand. The research provides method guidance and decision-making basis for improving the service efficiency and service level of regional science technology resource sharing platform.


The title of the writing of this law is strengthening the authority Regional Representatives
Council Republic of Indonesia in the legislative process by constitutions of the Republic of
Indonesia year 1945. Writing the law begins from the understanding of the author about
existence of a legislative function that owned by high institutions in Indonesia especially in the
sector of legislation. Regional Representative Council is a state agency that exist at national
level that represent an district or provinces. The principle of check and balances between
institutions and in the branches of legislative power itself would be achieved by the presence and
balance function of this institution. In fast nowadays the legislative function of the Regional
Representatives Council reduced with a variety of existing arrangements so that the Regional
Representatives Council can't perform its role properly. It is undenieable the cause of the limited
authority of the legislation Regional Representatives Council is about arrangements the
Regional Representatives Council in the constitutions of 1945, followed by the legislations
derivatives Based on this legal it writing will try to describe about the ideal legislative function
and efforts that can be done in order to strengthen the legislative function of the Regional
Representatives Council in order to bring the check and balance among state institutions
especially in branch of legislative itself.


ADAMTS13 is a metallopeptidase primarily synthesized in the liver. Its main function is to cleave von Willebrand factor (VWF) on the endothelial surface, and thus regulate platelet adhesion at the sites of vascular injury; VWF acts as a scaffold at the site of injury for platelet activation, platelet binding, and clot formation. Platelet activation also results in the release of platelet-dense granule components (such as cytokines, pro- and anti-inflammatory factors and other bioactive molecules) that are essential regulators of coagulation, but are also associated with inflammation.
 Reduced activity of ADAMTS13 is found in human patients with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TPP), sepsis, and DIC. Both human TTP and equine colic are histologically characterized by the presence of microthrombi. Cleavage of VWF is dependent upon allosteric activation of ADAMTS13, which is broadly conserved in many animals, including horses. Human TTP and equine idiopathic colic share several interesting clinical similarities. Both have seasonal variations, typically in summer, can be associated with viral and bacterial infections, may be hereditary, have autoimmune associations, and recur. Both TTP and equine colic are clinically characterized by fever, abdominal pain renal failure, and neurologic symptoms. Microangiopathy is the predominant pathology in both TTP and equine colic.
 Using tissues obtained from thirteen horses euthanized for non-thrombotic conditions, immunohistochemical stains indicate the presence of ADAMTS13 in equine liver and colon. Furthermore, in one horse with colic, immunohistochemical staining of the resected colon indicates the presence of ADAMTS13 in the aboral margin (Figure 1) and the absence ADAMTS13 staining in the diseased tissue.
 These findings suggest that equine colic may be an animal model of thrombotic microangiopathy, very similar to TTP. Future studies will investigate immunohistochemical detection of ADAMTS13 in human tissues.
 Figure 1

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Objective:To observe the behavior and electroencephalogram of a new mouse model of epilepsy induced by Bayk-8644, an L-type Ca 2+ channels agonist. Method: Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: Bayk-8644 group and Kainic acid (KA) group. Each group included 6 mice. The Bayk-8644 group was injected intraperitoneally with Bayk-8644(5mg/kg) and the KA group was injected intraperitoneally with KA( 30mg/kg ). The behavior and electroencephalogram were observed and compared between Bayk-8644-treated mice and KA-treated mice.Result:The epileptic mouse model by Bayk-8644 was characterized by quick induction and high rate of success as compared with the KA induced model. The epileptiform discharge of Bayk-8644 model were more obvious than that of KA model. But the mice model induced by Bayk-8644 showed only tonus in the present study. Conclusion:The acute epileptic mouse model induced by Bayk-8644 might be a stable and reliable model of epilepsy.


We propose here an interpolation method based on a decomposition of the data in largeand small-scale variation. This decomposition was performed using a two-way directional decomposition, similar to the decomposition used by Cressie in his median-polish kriging (1993), though we applied decomposition by means instead of medians. We considered the effects isolated by the decomposition as associated to intervals along the two directions, and not to a row or column coordinate. We replaced the "plating" used by Cressie to interpolate large -scale variation between grid rows and columns by the fit of a more continuous surface, with surface mean over each interval accounting for its associated mean effect. Residuals were predicted by kriging. However, as residual variance appeared to be strongly linked to large-scale-variation structure, we did not assume variance stationarity. Rather, we built a variance predictor based on this structure and modelled the data continuity through a relative variogram, relative to the sum of predicted variances at the tail and head of the lag vector. In the kriging equations, the variogram value used to characterize the variation between two locations was the relative variogram corresponding to the lag separating these two locations, rescaled by the sum of variance predictors at these two locations.


Aarthi Ramlaul, 'Podcasts & Electronic Voting Systems', Paper presented at the Achieving Excellence in Radiography Education and Research Conference, Manchester, UK, 23-24 September, 2013.


Summary
Elasmobranchs are commonly landed without fins and heads; however, the knowledge of total length is necessary for fishery management. We provide useful equations to extrapolate partial from elasmobranch carcasses lengths, to total lengths. Length-Length Relationships (LLR) are described for 16 commercial elasmobranch species all included in the IUCN Red List: Hexanchus nakamurai, Heptranchias perlo, Squalus cubensis, Squatina dumeril, Scyliorhinus boa, Mustelus minicanis, M. higmani, M. norrisi, Carcharhinus acronotus, C. falciformis, C. limbatus, Galeocerdo cuvier, Rhizoprionodon lalandii, R. porosus, Sphyrna lewini and Pseudobatos percellens. This study provide new LLR equations and rsepresent an improvement in the knowledge of these species.


The performance of RTV coatings on insulator was not efficient due to degradation of their electrical and mechanical properties with age. The degree of ageing of the RTV coated insulators depends upon the severity in the pollution level of the environment and service voltage. Polymer surface of the insulator exposed to stress for long term due to pollution mechanical and electrical properties will be lost. In present study tracking and erosion test for 1000hrs as per IEC 61109 standards is performed and ageing performance of Type-A, Type-B insulators are evaluated. Inclined plane test is conducted as per IEC 60587 standards for different lengths of RTV coated Insulator to optimize and economize the performance of RTV coated insulator. It was possible to conclude that ageing test on RTV coated insulator is essential to evaluate long term performance of coatings and 1/4 length of the RTV coated insulator is sufficient to withstand the pollution severity.


The production of electrical energy from renewable energies has become a hot topic. This work proposes a new MPPT for a photovoltaic system based on the fuzzy logic approach. The studied system consists of a PV generator, a DCDC Boost converter, a full H-bridge single-phase inverter, (RL) filter and the grid. To extract the maximum power from the PV generator we have used a new proposed MPPT based on Variable Step Size P & O and compared it with a classical Perturb and observe (P & O). In addition, the complete inverter topology of the H-bridge as well as two control loops; a voltage control loop and a current control loop are used as a link between the system and the grid. To reduce parasites in the form of voltage and current, a low pass filter with a resistor inductance (RL) has been designed. The various simulation results have shown the efficiency of the system.


This is a statement by Eugene Miagkov at the meeting of March 30, 2000 concerning the Country Assistance Strategy, the Fiscal and Administrative Reform Special Structural Adjustment Loan, and the Second Social Security Special Structural Adjustment Loan for Brazil.


Livermore will have an operational Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) by mid-1989 as part of its new Multi-user Tandem Laboratory. The spectrometer was designed primarily for applications in archaeology and the geosciences and was co-funded by the University of California Regents. Radiological control for personnel protection, ion sources and injection systems, the tandem and all beam handling hardware are operated with a distributed processor computer control system. The Tandem is the former University of Washington injector FN which has been upgraded with Dowlish tubes, pelletron charging and SF/sub 6/ gas. Design goals for the AMS system, computer aided operation, automated measurement capability, initial results and some of our intended applications will be presented. 5 refs., 2 figs.


The orthodox quantum mechanics has been commonly regarded as being supported decisively by the polarization EPR experiments, in which Bell's inequalities have been violated. The given conclusion has been based, however, on several mistakes that have not been yet commonly known and sufficiently analyzed. The whole problem will be newly discussed and a corresponding solution will be proposed.


This paper considers the problem of output feedback stabilization of continuous time linear systems with a constant time-delay in the state. We develop a delay-dependent method, which is based on linear matrix inequalities, for designing linear dynamic output feedback controllers which ensure global uniform asymptotic stability for any time-delay not larger than a given bound. We also consider the problem of delay-dependent robust stabilization via output feedback for state-delayed systems with norm-bounded parameter uncertainty. In this situation, the solution is given in terms of a generalized eigenvalue problem. The developed stabilization methods can be implemented numerically very efficiently using existing convex and quasi-convex optimization techniques.


The biotechnology revolution offers great hope for new therapies based on rational approaches to target discovery and drug design based on genomics, proteomics, advanced chemistry (3-D modelling, combinatorial chemistry) and high throughput screening.


Earlier this year the President of IPENZ invited his Executive Committee for Engineering Science to consider the establishment of a register of computers and computer programs being used for engineering design in New Zealand. He proposed that IPENZ could publish this.


Background/Aim: Margin size during wide excisional surgery for invasive melanoma treatment have been established by national guidelines. This study identified factors associated with wider than recommended excisional margins and its impact on survival. Patients and Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried to identify patients with primary invasive melanoma. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Overall survival was compared using Kaplan–Meier method. Results: A total of 26,440 patients were included in the analysis. Melanomas located on the trunk were more likely to be treated using wider than recommended excisional margins for certain Breslow depth groups (p<0.05), while the opposite was true for those being treated in an academic/research program (p<0.05). The practice of taking wider than recommended margins was not associated with improved survival. Conclusion: Tumor location and facility type influence non-compliance with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Lack of survival benefit in patients with wider excisional margins seems to support guideline recommendations.


Abstract: Quantum mechanics present many specific difficulties, and among them are the questions related to the changes in the problems when one tries to observe the phenomena. Another question comes from the environment of the quantum system. Usually, one deals with an isolated quantum system whereas this is never the case and one has to take into account the environment of this quantum system. It is of major interest to investigate the behavior of a quantum sytem under the effect of an external force, usually due to an external electric field. Trying to describe the possible behavior of the system leads to a control problem, the control variable acting through a potential in the equation, this potential coming from the external electric field. This question is important in quantum chemistry when one tries to break molecules or create new molecules. It is also important for physical reasons in order to drive a quantum system to a prescribed configuration. It could lead for example (in the future or is it only science fiction?) to quantum logical gates which could be a basis for future quantum computers. At the scale of a molecule or of an atom, in the non relativistic case, the basic equations to be considered are the Schrödinger equations. The environment can usually be described by microscopic or macroscopic Maxwell equations. Up to now, very few works have been done on the coupled Schrödinger-Maxwell systems and this could be a very important new subject for control theory. On the other hand, control of (isolated) Schrödinger equations has been extensively studied in the last years, but still many important questions remain unsolved. In this series of lectures we will describe some of the problems arising in quantum control, including many open problems. We will also give the known results for the control of Schrödinger equations. The main properties of Schrödinger equations will be recalled, so that this series of lectures will be accessible to most of the people who are familiar with Hilbert spaces and possibly to Sobolev spaces.


When assisting an undergraduate in accessing materials, academic librarians must balance the task of conducting a reference interview with instructing the student on how to use the electronic database. This article presents a method for connecting these tasks via the construction of a search strategy which is wholly dependent on the user's information need. Using this method, the librarian assesses and explicitly labels the undergraduate's information need (using a diagnostic tool based on Kuhlthau's and Taylor's concept of "focus"), then assigns the most appropriate online search strategy for the satisfaction of this need.


This exploratory study had as objective to identify the behavioral modifications occasioned by the mother-son's separation during the hospitalization of the child: The results obtained were the following: children that "BEFORE" the hospitalization "formed frases", "always played with other children" and presented "normal or tranquil patern of sleeping", had these behavings modified "DURING" the hospitalization and these data were considered by the statistical study of hypothesis as significant


INTRODUCTION The decision of the German parliament to relocate the seat of parliament and government from Bonn to Berlin represents a major challenge and opportunity for information and communication technology [2]. It is the goal that ministries and parliament must be able to work (almost) as if they were at the same location. But the Bonn-Berlin problem is not unique. It is only one example of distributed cooperative work, e.g. in a united Europe or in a multinational company operating at a world-wide level. In order to meet this challenge, the German Federal Ministryof Research and Technology instructed the National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD) to develop a research programme named POLIKOM (POL,is+ KOMmunikation = communication between cities). This programme is intended to establish a joint effort of leading companies, research institutes and universities with projects starting soon.


Chemically modified screen printed electrodes (CM-SPE) using [UO2(4-MeOSalen)(H2O)] ⋅ H2O films were employed in the voltammetric determination of cocaine. The chemical modification was performed by dip coating electrode surfaces (carbon, gold, and platinum) with methanolic solution containing the Schiff base complex with subsequent drying step at room temperature. The optimized amount of the chemical modifier over the working electrode was found to be 2.39 µg mm−2 (geometric area). The voltammetric measurements were carried out in 50 : 50 v/v methanol:water solution containing 0.05 mol L−1 KCl and 0.1 mol L−1 LiCl as a supporting electrolyte without oxygen elimination by inert gas flow. The best results were obtained with carbon electrodes. Cocaine exhibits a well defined irreversible anodic peak current (ipa) at a potential (Epa) of 0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl. The current is directly proportional to the drug concentration. An optimal accumulation potential (Eprec), and time (tprec) of −0.80 V (vs Ag/AgCl), and 120 s, respectively, were determined. The linear dependence of ipa with square root of scan rate (υ) indicates that the mass transport at the electrode surface is controlled by diffusion. An optimized scan rate of 100 mV s−1 was obtained for analytical purposes. A limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in 110 and 390 µmol L−1, respectively, with intra and inter-day repeatability of 2.61 % and 3.77 %, respectively, were obtained. In interference studies the proposed method demonstrated high specificity for cocaine in the presence of morphine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethanphetamine. The above results demonstrate that this method provides a fast and low cost procedure for determination of cocaine in trace levels.


Pinus yunnanesis is one of the superior forest trees growing in China. Em-bryogenic cultures were inititated from mature zygotic embryos of yunnan pine on modified P6 medium supplemented with 2,4-D 10 mg/L, KT and BA each at 4 mg/L. Whitish, translucent calli with early stage proembryos were maintained and multiplicated on modified P6 medium supplemented with 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L, KT and BA each at 0.4 mg/L. Robust late
stage proembryos were obtained when the calli were cultured on modified P6 medium containing 9,000 mg/L myo-inositol and NAA 0.5 mg/L, KT and BA each at 0.2 mg/L. The combination of abscisic acid and PEG promoted the formation of cot-yledonary embryos. Mature somatic embryos can germinate and develop further into plantlets when they were isolated and cultured on a hormone-free P6 medium.


The article explores the digital media skills and vision that media professors can use in teaching—furthermore identifying the factors that form the technical knowledge of media professors towards digital media skills. It has adopted the descriptive approach using the questionnaire as a data collection tool. The random sample has been (66) media faculty members in Jordanian universities. The results showed that media professors have a vision of the requirements and skills of digital media highly. Furthermore, it found a correlation between the technical knowledge of media professors and their attitudes towards digital media skills. The authors recommended that professors acquire the skills of using digital media effectively, as it reduces the effects of variables that affect how this type of media is used in lecturing or general everyday life.


In a manufacturing system, efficient production is often disturbed by unexpected events such as interruption of urgent jobs and failures of machines, which cause some delay in the production process. In such cases, execution of rescheduling could partially or completely recover the delay. POP (point of production) systems, which can detect any delay occurring in the production process in real time are becoming popular. On the basis of the information obtained using a POP system, the present study proposes a policy for the rescheduling of planning and provides a formulation for optimal planning. The policy proposed in this study is to conduct rescheduling when the number of problems causing delay in the production process beaches a prespecified value. The conditions under which an optimal solution exists are also clarified. Numerical examples are presented to indicate the characteristics of the proposed method.


months, we may assume that the median incubation period coincides with the observed lag. This observation is consistent with clinical and experimental data on the incubation period of the disease in other countries.'*'^ However the incubation period is influenced more than anything else by the size of the inoculum of flagellates,̂ "** Sixteen of the cases were of the chronic type, characterized by the presence of non-ulcerating nodules, single or coalescing in plaques, sometimes scaly with little inflammatory reaction, A case was characterized as chronic when, in addition to fulfilling the morphological criteria, it had a duration of more than six months. Finally, seven cases were ofthe recidivans type. Two patients developed squamous cell carcinoma on a substrate of papulonodular ulcerated lesions that histologically exhibited a granulomatous picture with pseudocancerous hyperplasia. Currently, a program of preventive measures is being formulated to protect the population at risk. These measures include spraying of large areas with insecticides, improvement of household hygiene, use of insect repellents by individuals and elimination of diseased carrier animals.


Introduction Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis refer to a primary lesion of the hepatic parenchyma with hepatocellular death, fibrosis and inflammation. However, inflammation and fibrosis and sometimes hepatocellular death are not restricted to primary parenchymal disorders but also can be seen in primary biliary and circulatory disorders. Differentiation in general is possible through careful histological examination and evaluation of the combination of the parenchymal, vascular and biliary lesions present in the affected liver.


Background: Cochlear implantation with preservation of residual low-frequency hearing enables patients to utilize acoustic and electrical stimulation. It is widely accepted that preservation of residual low-frequency hearing is beneficial in both background noise and for music appreciation. The extent to which patients may benefit is not fully understood, but the importance of these concepts is reflected in electrode design developments and also refinement of surgical technique. Greater understanding is needed around factors that may affect hearing preservation. This study reports experience in adults using standard length cochlear implant arrays. Objective: The study reviews hearing preservation outcomes using the HEARRING GROUP method for factors such as gender, electrode type, insertion depth, laterality, preoperative hearing level, and time between surgery and audiogram. Furthermore, the study reviews rates of electroacoustic stimulation use in those with postoperative functional residual low-frequency hearing. Methodology: Retrospective case series. Inclusion criteria: preoperative ≤ 85 dB HL at 250 Hz and aged ≥ 18 years. The hearing preservation percentages were calculated using the HEARRING group formula S=[1 − ((PTApost − PTApre)/(PTAmax − PTApre))∗100]%. Preservation of > 75% was considered complete, 25 to 75% partial, and 1 to 25% minimal. Standardized operative technique with facial recess approach, posterior tympanotomy, and minimally traumatic round window insertion was performed for each implant. Results: Fifty-three implantations in 52 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age at implantation was 55.5 years. The average time since the last audiogram was 10 months. The mean average total pre and postoperative pure-tone averages were 92.4 dB, 99.2 dB, respectively, using minimum reporting standards for adult cochlear Implant (CI). Thirty percent demonstrated complete hearing preservation, 35.8% partial hearing preservation, and 20.8% minimal hearing preservation. Overall, mean hearing preservation was 52.9%. Sex, age at implantation, insertion depth, lateral versus perimodiolar electrode, and preoperative hearing level did not statistically significantly affect rates of hearing preservation in our study. There was a statistically significant deterioration in hearing preservation outcomes difference at 3 months compared with 12 months postoperatively. Only two patients within our study out of 17 with functional postoperative hearing went on to use electroacoustic stimulation. Conclusion: Hearing preservation varies between patients and postoperative outcomes are difficult to predict. This study adds to existing literature in terms of likelihood of hearing preservation following cochlear implantation. In turn, this improves our ability to counsel patients as to the chances of preserving residual low-frequency hearing postoperatively and their ability to use electroacoustic stimulation.


The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II has an interesting C-terminal domain, which consists of a multiple tandem repeat of a heptapeptide with the consensus sequence Ser–Pro–Thr–Ser–Pro–Ser–Tyr. However, the functional role of this sequence is unclear. One might assume that the conformation of the tandem repeat is very important for its function. The conformation of poly(Ser–Pro–Thr–Ser–Pro–Ser–Tyr) and H–Ser–Pro–Thr–Ser–Pro–Ser–Tyr–OH, corresponding to the repeat and the repeating unit of the C-terminal domain, respectively, were investigated exhaustively by circular dichroism (CD). The CD spectrum of H–Ser–Pro–Thr–Ser–Pro–Ser–Tyr–OH indicated the presence of a turn structure in water, which was further stabilized in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and in acetonitrile. The CD spectra of the polyheptapeptide poly(Ser–Pro–Thr–Ser–Pro–Ser–Tyr) suggested that the disordered conformation was predominant in water and that the turn structure was stabilized by increasing the content of TFE or acetonitrile in the ...


Pain and touch thresholds to a needle stimulus were measured on a finger of each of 11 subjects as a function of the presence or absence of continuous, 100-hertz, 1-msec electrical stimulation delivered proximally to the digital nerves of the finger tested at intensities of either 10 to 12 v, 22 v, or 50 v. At 10 to 12 v touch threshold alone was elevated; at 22 v both touch and pain thresholds were elevated; and at 50 v anesthesia and analgesia resulted. The averaged median nerve compound action potential resulting from either periodic bursts or continuous 50-v, 100-Hz, 0.5-msec duration electrical stimulation to the digital nerves of a finger was studied in each of five subjects. An A-delta wave was recorded with periodic bursts of stimuli, but was absent with continuous stimulation. These results indicate that analgesia from electrical stimulation results from peripheral blockade of A-delta fibers.


For positive displacement type machines, the "specific speed" parameter used for turbomachinery, will not be a relevant performance parameter. Capacity and shaft speed for ?isplacement ~ompressors will be given by specific displacement, rotor d1amet~r and ~1p speed. For dry (non-injected) compressors, relations bet~~en maJOr des1gn parameters and thermodynamic parameters determinmg compressor performance and optimum tip speed have been established. These parameters are size-independent and repr~sent any geometry concel?t. Scale influ~nce due to clearance variation with rotor size will also be mcluded. ~g10ns of operation (capacityshaft speed) could then be mapped ~or arb1tra~y concepts. Limitations set by mechanical components a~d effic1ency req~rements have been considered. For screw compressors, 1nfluence of maJOr geometry parameters like nurober of male and female Iobes, lobe depth and length/diameter ratio could be studied. Feasible types of compress.ors for different capacity regions and applications could then be determmed. 15


The Physics of Colloids in Space (PCS) experiment was accommodated within International Space Station (ISS) EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) Rack 2 and was remotely operated from early June 2001 until February 2002 from NASA Glenn Research Center's Telescience Support Center (TSC) in Cleveland, Ohio, and from the remote site at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. PCS was launched on 4/19/2001 on Space Shuttle STS-100. The experiment was activated on 5/31/2001. The entire experimental setup performed remarkably well, and accomplished 2400 hours of science operations on-orbit. The sophisticated instrumentation in PCS is capable of dynamic and static light scattering from 11 to 169 degrees, Bragg scattering over the range from 10 to 60 degrees, dynamic and static light scattering at low angles from 0.3 to 6.0 degrees, and color imaging. The long duration microgravity environment on the ISS facilitated extended studies on the growth and coarsening characteristics of binary crystals. The de-mixing of the colloid-polymer critical-point sample was also studied as it phase-separated into two phases. Further, aging studies on a col-pol gel, gelation rate studies in extremely low concentration fractal gels over several days, and studies on a glass sample, all provided valuable information. Several exciting and unique aspects of these results are discussed here.


240 Background: MEK1/2 is an integral component of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, implicated in uncontrolled cell proliferation and cell survival, a key hallmark of cancer. AZD6244, a novel inhibitor of MEK1/2, is currently completing Phase II clinical trials in biliary cancer, with modest antitumor activity observed as monotherapy. Gemcitabine is a cytotoxic drug commonly used in biliary cancer therapy but many patients showed early resistance. In this preclinical study, we investigated the sequence-dependent antitumor effects of AZD6244 combined with gemcitabine in biliary cancer models.

METHODS
Two biliary cancer cell lines (EGI-1 and TFK-1) were used. In vitro the effects of single drug or three combination protocols(concurrently; AZD6244 followed by GEM or Gem followed by AZD6244) on cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and cell cycle distribution were evaluated by MTS, clonogenic assay, EdU uptake and flow cytometry. Drug interactions were analyzed by Chou-Talaly method. In vivo, 4 tumor models subcutaneously xenografted in SCID mice from the two cell lines and 2 human patients were set up to compare the therapeutic effects of different sequence-scheduled combinations.

RESULTS
AZD6244 caused G1-S cell cycle arrest in biliary cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and this effect is correlated with the MEK/ERK signaling pathway blocking. Synchronized progression of the population through S phase were observed in 15h after removal of AZD6244 in cell culture or 48h after final dose of acute AZD6244 treatment in vivo. Antagonistic or additive effects was observed in vitro when combination were given as concurrently(CI=2.03~2.46) or Gem followed by AZD6244(CI=1.34~1.78). In contrast, a synergistic antiproliferative activity was obtained when AZD6244 was given first followed by a drug-free interval before Gem treatment (CI=0.53~0.69). In vivo, the best therapeutic effects were obtained with the sequence of AZD6244 followed by Gem, compared with concurrent or reverse sequence.

CONCLUSIONS
This study provides a sound rationale for a Phase II trial of a potentially synergistic sequence of MEK inhibitor AZD6244 followed by gemcitabine in patients with advanced biliary cancer.


In metallic surfaces, highlights are very strong and illuminant shapes are often observed as specular reflections. In order to control specular reflection components of metallic surfaces, a set of real images are taken under various lighting conditions and photometric linearization is introduced to control diffuse reflection components as well as to reduce specular reflection components. Experimental results show that specular reflection components can be effectively reduced in realistic images of metallic surfaces using this technique


One of the outstanding challenges in the field of human-computer interaction is building assistive interfaces that help users with the perception and control of complex systems, such as cars, quadcopters, and prosthetic limbs. In this thesis, we propose machine learning algorithms for automatically designing personalized, adaptive interfaces that improve users' performance on sequential decision-making tasks. First, we present work that uses theory of mind to model irrational user behavior as rational with respect to incorrect internal beliefs about how the world works, and leverages this assumption to assist users by modifying their observations and actions. Second, we present work that uses model-free reinforcement learning from human feedback to fine-tune user actions, with minimal assumptions about user behavior. We demonstrate the e ff ectiveness of our methods through experiments with human participants, in which users play the Lunar Lander video game, perform simulated navigation tasks, and land a quadcopter. to learn the internal dynamics models of human users given demonstrations of their failed attempts to solve the task in the default environment. We manipulate whether or not the user receives assistance in the form of internal-to-real dynamics transfer using the learned internal dynamics. The dependent measures are the success and crash rates in each condition.


A study by electron diffraction and high resolution microscopy of the BaFeO 3−y system shows that in the 0.07<y<0.13 range a perovskite-related phase appears with 12H hexagonal symmetry. The structure of the BaFeO 2.93 compound has been refined using the Rietveld method on the basis of the R3m space group. The main structural features and its relationship with the cubic perovskite subcell are discussed


Wildlife refers to all non-domesticated plants and animal species which live and grow in areas which are uninhabited by human. It also includes organisms and fungi. Wildlife is found in all ecosystems such as forests, plains, grasslands, deserts and all other areas with a specific characteristic and different forms of wildlife.This article mainly focuses on the wildlife in India and the available legal provisions to protect and conserve the wildlife. India is a country with rich and diverse forms of flora and fauna which makes it a biodiversity hotspot in the world. As human induced activities increased and development started taking place on a large scale, the wildlife and the ecosystems began to be affected by it. This called for some measures by the government to protect the wildlife and their habitat with the help of stringent legal provisions and conservation strategies. The Article highlights on the importance of conservation of wildlife and the problems faced in implementing these conservation measures with a reference to various forms of threats faced by these wild animals and plants. The article further goes on to describe the various legal provisions and Acts enforced and enacted in India in consonance with the international standards towards protecting and conserving the wildlife and biodiversity of the country. This article also highlights various problems and challenges in implementing these Acts and their reasons and also provides possible solutions for effective implementation of these legal provisions so as to maintain a balance of the environment and life forms on the earth.


This paperinvestigated theformation control of multi-mobile robots undertheenvironment without obstacles, thefeedback linearization isusedfortherobot, a nonlinear sliding modecontroller isproposed inaccordance withmulti- robotsystemtocoordinate a groupofnonholonomic mobile robots sothatadesired formation canbeachieved. A prescribed trajectory isfollowed byusing sliding modecontrol approaches, Weprovetheoretically thatundercertain reasonable assumptions theformation isasymptotically stable, thatis, theproposed sliding modecontroller canasymptotically stabilize theformation. The simulation results verify theeffectiveness ofthecontrol laws. IndexTerms-Formation Control, Feedback Linearization, Nonholonomic Mobile Robot, Sliding ModeController I.INTRODUCTION '~~~~~ ,,


Migrant networks play an important role in explaining the size and 10 structure of migration flows. They affect the private costs and benefits of migration 11 ( assimilation channel) and lower legal entry barriers through family reunification 12 programs (policy channel). This paper presents a micro-founded identification 13 strategy allowing to disentangle the relative importance of these two channels. 14 Our empirical analysis exploits US immigration data by metropolitan area and 15 country of origin. We first confirm that the elasticity of migration flows to network 16 size is around one. More interestingly, we show that the policy channel accounted 17 at most for a quarter of this elasticity in the 1990s, and the magnitudes of the total 18 network effect and the policy channel are greater for low-skilled migrants. Our 19 results are strongly robust to sample selection, identification assumptions, and 20 treatment for unobserved bilateral heterogeneity. Furthermore, the policy channel 21 was stronger in the 1990s than in the 1980s, possibly reflecting the changes in 22 the US family reunification policies. Finally, we conclude that the government 23 capacity to curb the migration multiplier exists, but is limited. 24


Objective To study the function of anti-HIV activity of TRIM5α.Methods The full-length cDNA encoding TRIM5α in American green monkey(AGM) was obtained using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) method after extracting the total RNA from vero cells.The cDNA fragments corresponding to the B30.2 and coiled coil region of TRIM5α from human,rhesus monkey,and AGM were amplified with routine PCR method and ligated into the expression vector pEGFP-C3.After fusion expression with green fluorescence,the cellular location of the protein was observed under fluorescent microscope.Pseudotyped viruses were generated by co-transfection of HIV Δenv-expressing plasmid and VSV-G-expressing plasmid.The anti-HIV activity of TRIM5α and its fragments were quantitatively tested by the inhibition of pseudotyped virus infection.Results The plasmids expressing TRIM5α and its fragments fused with GFP tag were constructed successfully.The TRIM5α and its fragments from human,rhesus monkey,and AGM were all located in the cytoplasm,among which the hTRIM5α,rhTRIM5α,AGMTRIM5α,rh-TRIM5α CC/B30.2,AGM-TRIM5α CC/B30.2 were distributed as oligomer.But h-TRIM5α CC/B30.2 and TRIM5α B30.2 from different species were distributed evenly in the cytoplasm.The inhibition rate of pseudotyped virus infection was about 70% for rh-TRIM5α,AGM-TRIM5α,rh-CC/B30.2 and AGM-CC/B30.2,and that was less than 20% for h-TRIM5α and different species B30.2.Conclusion TRIM5α CC/B30.2 domain of rhesus monkey and AGM could inhibit HIV-1.Reliable experimental data helping determine the TRIM5α functional domains were obtained.


Background: Many activities require a complex interrelationship between a performer and stimuli available in the environment without explicit perception, but many aspects regarding developmental changes in the use of implicit cues remain unknown. Aim: To investigate the use of implicit visual precueing presented at different time intervals in children, adolescents, and adults. Method: Seventy-two people, male and female, constituted four age groups: 8-, 10- and 12-year-olds and adults. Participants performed 32 trials, four-choice-time task across four conditions: no precue and a 43 ms centralized dot appearing in the stimulus circle at 43, 86 or 129 ms prior the stimulus. Response times were obtained for each trial and pooled into each condition. Results: Response times for 8-year-olds were longer than for 12-year-olds and adults and for 10-year-olds were longer than for adults. Response times were longer in the no precue condition compared to when precues were presented at 86 and 129 ms before the stimulus. Response times were longer when precue was presented at 43 ms compared presented at 129 ms before the stimulus. Interpretation: Implicit precues reduce response time in children, adolescents and adults, but young children benefit less from implicit precues than adolescents and adults.


Three trifluoromethyl-substituted bis-styrylbenzenes were synthesized: 1,4-bis(2-trifluoromethylstyryl)benzene (2CF3), 1,4-bis(3-trifluoromethylstyryl)benzene (3CF3), and 1,4-bis(4-trifluoromethylstyryl)benzene (4CF3). Although these compounds did not exhibit marked differences in their solution-phase spectra, the fluorescence spectrum shape of 2CF3 in the solid state was different from those of 3CF3 and 4CF3, showing a longer peak wavelength and larger full width at half maximum. Furthermore, the fluorescence quantum yield of 2CF3 in the solid state was much higher than that in diluted solution, indicating the occurrence of aggregation-induced emission. The ionization potentials (IPs) decreased in the order of 2CF3 > 4CF3 > 3CF3, showing that the introduction of the trifluoromethyl group in the 3-position was most effective for decreasing IPs.


For most scientists, it seems, there's always been the hope that the entirety of the scientific endeavour all of the observations, analyses, experiments, and theorizations would eventually lead to an understanding of life and of the Universe, its origins, and, most importantly, its purpose an understanding profound and deep, like a scientific counterpart to the sense of understanding which religions and philosophies have brought to men since times much earlier than the development of science. Recent discoveries and developments in cosmology and quantum physics have, however, led many of the world's physicists to suggest that the Universe, as we think of it, is not all that exists. Reality, it turns out, might be "far grander" and "far stranger" than previously thought, and, alas, "mostly hidden," perhaps forever, from human observation (Greene 2011: 8). According to American physicist and writer Alan Lightman's article from Harper's Magazine, titled "The Accidental Universe," also published in the 2012 edition of The Best American Essays collection, "dramatic developments in cosmological findings and thought," mainly those of two particular modern physics theories eternal inflation and string theory as well as the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the cosmos driven by a mysterious "dark energy" and the astonishing apparent "fine-tuning" of its density in space for the emergence of life in the Universe led to the proposition, by many prominent physicists and cosmologists, that the physical reality which we observe and call "The Universe," is actually one constituent part of an "enormous," perhaps "infinite" po-


Is IT NOT LOGICAL to assume that the Staff Organizations Round Table, of all the groups in the library profession, represents the one best acquainted with —and the strongest proponent of—the art and science of interpersonal relations in library organization? If it were a general-interest group rather than a specialinterest group this assumption could not be made, and a great deal in the way of definition of subject would be in order; for in all philosophies definitions must be stated first, or no one knows what you are tacking your small contribution on to. And interpersonal relations is nothing less than a philosophy; with many it is a theology; and with many more, a belief which has existed so long in their minds that it must appear to them to be inherent. Certainly many of the experts feel it is inherent, being spiritual rather than practical, and, as has been expressed by one author, "... he who goes out to meet a person meets God." 1 There are those who feel, and to some extent justifiably, that the exploitation of interpersonal relations for increasing work production is a misuse of management. From an administrative standpoint it can readily be concluded that it is not* a misuse, but a convenient justification for proceeding humanistically, or at least individually, with the business o personnel administration. That is, ir aft institution which recognizes the value of interpersonal relations, it is no long^f necessary to justify adopted policies of treating the individual as an inax. Ual instead of merely as a member of th^* group, even though this at times in


Rethinking Nationalism and Ethnicity: The Struggle for Meaning and Order in Europe. Hans-Rudolf Wicker. ed. Oxford: Berg, 1997. 332 pp.


This paper describes mobility management for the third-generation mobile networks. We focus on the evolution from General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) to Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). In this evolution, the radio access network UTRAN has been introduced, and radio-related management is moved from the core network to UTRAN. We elaborate on how this architecture change affects the mobility management functionality, including the attach and detach procedures, location update, serving radio network controller relocation and intersystem change between GPRS and UMTS. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Zeaxanthin is one of only two dietary carotenoids accumulated in the human macula. A key role of zeaxanthin is to protect the eyes' photoreceptors from damage induced by blue light. Photoreceptor damage can lead to macular degeneration, which is the leading cause of blindness in Australia. Unfortunately, zeaxanthin is fairly rare in our diet. Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) is a good dietary source of zeaxanthin, but the creation of zeaxanthin-biofortified popcorn potentially allows less popcorn to be consumed for an increased dietary dose of zeaxanthin. As zeaxanthin is an orange pigment, breeding for zeaxanthin gives popped kernels a naturally buttery colour, unlike standard popcorn, which is virtually white. The creation of naturally buttery-coloured popcorn potentially negates the practise of adding artificial butter-colourants, while also providing an excellent source of dietary zeaxanthin. The action of popping involves a combination of high-temperature and high-pressure, sufficient enough for starch to liquefy, and for the tiny beads of moisture within starch bodies to reach an extremely high pressure. Eventually, the kernel pericarp can no longer withstand this pressure, and an explosion occurs, resulting in butterfly-shaped popcorn. These extreme conditions, however, lead to an approximate 50% decline in zeaxanthin concentration following popping, and a gradual further 25% reduction over the next 24 h. Consequently, in order to optimise zeaxanthin intake, popcorn should be eaten as soon as possible after popping. Zeaxanthin-biofortified popcorn provides an additional dietary source of zeaxanthin, potentially reaching a sector of the community more prone to low zeaxanthin intake.


We present some statistics of turbulence monitoring at the Plateau de Calern (France), with the Generalised Differential Image Motion Monitor (GDIMM). This instrument allows to measure integrated parameters of the atmospheric turbulence, i.e. seeing, isoplanatic angle, coherence time and outer scale, with 2 minutes time resolution. It is running routinely since November 2015 and is now fully automatic. A large dataset has been collected, leading to the first statistics of turbulence above the Plateau de Calern.


Nurses use simple questions to assess pain in older patients in hospital, including those who have difficulty communicating, despite the availability of validated pain assessment tools, a qualitative study has found.


A new method of cascade extraction and separation of active constituents from Jatropha curcas L. seeds was designed to explore the multi-utilization of Jatropha oil cake. Effort has been devoted to convert the Jatropha oil cake into high value-added products. The Jatropha oil was extracted by an ultrasonic method and other active constituents were prepared by means of flash extraction and resin chromatography etc.; the Jatropha oil was analyzed by GC-MS and the contents of the active constituents were determined by UV spectrophotometry. The yields of Jatropha oil and the active constituents were as follows, Jatropha oil 37.42 g/100 g dry seeds, polysaccharide 0.46 g/100 g dry seeds (purity 75.72%), protein 2.06 g/100 g dry seeds (purity 72.61%), respectively. Furthermore, the contents of flavone was 0.90 g/100 g dry seeds, phytosterol was 0.50 g/100 g dry seeds, anthocyanin was 0.12 g/100 g dry seeds and alkaloids was 1.90 g/100 g dry seeds. Additionally, the molecular weight and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Jatropha curcas L. seeds were also evaluated.


This paper describes CAE's second major project, Our Waste: Our Responsibility, completed in 1992. This project considered four aspects of waste management relevant to New Zealand; waste minimisation, hazardous waste management, landfill guidelines, and the impact of waste management practices on water supplies. An over-riding philosophy arising from the project is the increasing relevance of reduction of waste at source and the importance of this, not only in the minimisation of wastes produced, but also in the efficient use of resources including energy.


The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of effective preconceptional testing for carrier status in women at risk for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (D/BMD) on the prenatal diagnosis.


A model to calculate the residual tempering stresses arising during the thermal tempering of flat glass in a static position in an industrial tempering unit has been developed. The model is a 3D finite-element model, based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) estimation of the heat transfer distribution on the glass surface, and takes structural and stress relaxations into account. First, the inhomogeneous distribution of the residual stresses for a reference air-impinging velocity value are presented and validated by photoelasticity measurements of the surface compression. For other velocities corresponding to the unit's processing capabilities, the numerical results highlight the relationship between heat transfer and stress in terms of average values and inhomogeneities on the glass surface.


Saul is the only person in the Chronicler's genealogies not to be linked to one of Jacob's twelve sons. He is linked instead with Gibeon, a city which typifies Canaanite religious and political traditions. He is therefore unsuitable to be king, and the future belongs to David and a revived Davidic state. The MT of Samuel associates Saul instead with Gibeah (2 Sam. 21.6), and thus prefers prophetic ideals of the kingship and of the future.


Involved margins after surgery for early breast cancer increase the risk of local recurrence (LR), but international guidelines suggest that' no tumour' on ink is sufficient margin clearance after breast conserving surgery (BCS). Data on the effect of margin clearance on distant recurrence (DR) are lacking. Our aim was to determine the association between margin involvement, recurrence (DR) and breast cancer deaths. Methods Data from breast cancer units in Greater Manchester (GM) and the UK National Cancer Registry (NCRAS) were analysed. Margin status was prospectively recorded after surgery according to National Health Service Breast Screening Pathology (NHSBSP) minimum pathology data standards All patients underwent curative surgery and received adjuvant therapy according to local guidelines. Patients not undergoing curative surgery(T4, inflammatory or metastatic cancer) were excluded .Cox-proportional hazards models investigated factors associated with LR, DR and risk of breast cancer death.NCRAS records breast cancer deaths . Results GM analysis included 3270 patients from 2010 to 2014, 2295 (70.2%) had margins (>2mm) ,302 (9.2%) close (1-2mm) margin clearance and 673 (20.6%) involved (<1mm) margins. Median age was 61 years (range 24-100 years) and median follow up was 64.4 months (range 0.0-126.6 months). Breast Conserving Surgery (n=2030) and Mastectomy (n=1240) surgery was used as appropriate and most patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapy (71%) and/or hormone therapy (84%).160 patients (4.9%) developed LR and 231 patients (7.06%) DR. Time-to-DR (p=0.035) and time-to-LR (p=0.012) differed by margin status. At 5-years, the probability of LR was 3.1%, 3.5% and 5.8% and for DR was 4.9%, 5.9% and 7.1% for clear, close and involved margins, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, involved margins<1mm were associated with increased hazard of DR (HR 1.459, 95% CI: 1.050, 2.027, p=0.025) and LR (HR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.63, p=0.004) compared to a clear margin>2mm. For Breast Conservation margins<1mm increased DR (HR 2.09,1.22-3.58:p<0.009 ) compared to clear margins. Similar findings were found in several subgroup analyses including screening, symptomatic and by cancer treatments. NCRAS data from 2010-2013 included 40,849 patients with invasive cancer of whom 27,589 margins >1mm (67.5%) and 3,935 (9.6%) were classed as "clear margins" and 9,325 (22.8%) cancer patients had involved margins <1mm, There were 3,160 deaths from breast cancer with a median follow-up of 80.2 months. Multivariate analysis in NCRAS indicated excess cancer mortality (HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.08-1.28) in the 9325 (22.8%) patients with margins <1mm (p<0.001), tumour stage (stage 3 HR 7.01 (6.28-7.82), p<0.001), age (HR 1.02 (1.02-1.03, p<0.001), symptomatic detection (HR 2.21 (1.98-2.46), p<0.001) and lower socio-economic status HR 1.31 (1.16-1.47, p<0.001). Conclusions Margins>1mm were associated with reduced DR and should be essential surgical management. Current guidelines about surgical margins need to be re-evaluated to achieve reduced DR and cancer deaths.
 Citation Format: Nigel James Bundred, Sarah Michael, John Broggio, Anne Armstrong, Glen Martin, Mohamed Absar, Jane Ooi. Increased distant recurrence following margin involvement in early invasive breast cancer in two large UK cohorts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-20-01.


Algebraic access graphs model the logical connectivity of database implementations. They supercede the string model of DIAM, eliminating the typed string concept and replacing it with digraphs disciplined by relational algebra. Navigations over algebraic access graphs are well defined, and it is possible to compute the information resolved by a navigation in the form of a relational algebraic expression.


There are estimated to be 2,077,000,000 people now alive at a given moment on the 51,104,000 square miles of the continents, subcontinents and islands which constitute the earth's inhabited land surface. They make extensive use of the 144,478,000 square miles of the world's water area. Within the past century the living generations have come to control the entire surface of the earth with substantial completeness through the mechanisms of society which they have created; but they do not even yet utilize its land areas fully.


In a paper published in the 1917 volume of this Journal, pp. 59 ff., I attempted to make available for the general student the results of some recent research on coins. The present paper is designed to continue the task thus begun. It follows the same plan and is subject to the same restrictions. General principles are stressed, while for details reference is made to the special publications noted on pp. 263, 264. Only the imperial issues, not the purely local or provincial, are considered.


Introduction: Several factors have been proven to be related to mortality in patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism (PE), for example, age, history of cancer, history of COPD, vital signs at presentation, level of troponin, or d-dimer. However, there is no trial reporting relationship between coagulopathy and an outcome of PE. The aim of this study is to determine if coagulopathy at presentation is related to mortality of PE. Methods: Retrospective medical records review of 135 patients diagnosed with PE. The demographic data, clinical manifestation, and laboratory findings including PT, PTT, INR were collected and compared between patients in dead group and alive group, using the living status at 1 year after diagnosis of PE. Results: From 135 patients (mean 59.6 ± 19 years old, 42.9% male), 20 patients died after 1 year (dead group), whereas 115 patients survived after 1 year (alive group). When compared between dead and alive group, PT (16.8 vs 11.6, p = 0.056), INR (1.56 vs 1.10, p = 0.070), and PTT (34.7 vs 27.8, p = 0.033) were found to be higher in dead group. There is no difference between gender, ethnicity, and comorbidities. Conclusions: From our analysis, we found that higher PT, INR, and PTT were related to mortality in patients diagnosed with PE. The mechanism is still unknown but these findings might be related to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy which was shown to be related to severe PE in prior study. Our study suggests that coagulopathy might be able to be used as prognostic indicator for PE.


Epicurus confronted Cicero with a singular situation: a philosopher whom he thought had managed, despite professing erroneous doctrines, to live a philosophical life and thus overcome the incoherence of his doctrines. Schooled in Epicureanism in his youth and surrounded by Epicurean friends, Cicero nonetheless retained a strong aversion to Epicurean doctrines. Too many of the basic assumptions of Epicurus's philosophy ran at cross-purposes with the deepest currents of his personality. Accepting Epicureanism would have required him to admit that society and ethics were grounded in the unstable vagaries of individuals' desires for pleasure. So too, the Epicurean tendency to build everything upon self-interest appeared to deprive traditional Roman axiology of any true foundation. What is more, for him who had placed such importance on the concept of free will as a self-generated cause, the connection fashioned by Epicureans between voluntary action and the swerve of atoms governed by chance failed to provide a plausible rational explanation and, he thought, would inevitably act to dilute individual responsibility. Epicureanism, which counted immediate sense perceptions as necessarily true; rejected a philosophical language inaccessible to the masses; made its gods distant and indifferent yet all-too-visible; built an ethics so easy to grasp—and caricature; claimed to illuminate everything with a shining light; advertised its distrust for social and political hierarchies—all this was ultimately too distant, both intellectually and emotionally, from the conception of the world that was Cicero's own.


Standard fatigue design procedures are often simply based on the endurance of a component, that is the number of cycles to cause the component to fracture at the peak of the cyclic load. Therefore, these procedures are of little value in assessing the effect of overloads on the strength of structures that have been subjected to fatigue loads, or in assessing the performance of an existing structure prior to fracture through fatigue. A fatigue methodology is developed that is based on the residual strength of a component during cyclic loading and not on the endurance. Hence, this procedure can be used to assess the remaining strength and endurance of a structure that has been subjected to cyclic loads, the effect of remedial work on the structure, as well as provide a more accurate design procedure based on the true performance of the structure.