Objective To evaluate the tear function in patients with pterygium.Methods Tear break-up time(BUT),Schirmer I test,tear fern test(TFT) and conjunctival impression cytology were evaluated in 72 patients(72 eyes) suffered from pterygium before and after pterygial excision.Results The results of BUT,FTF and conjunctival goblet cells density were significant different before and after pterygial excision.When compared with the BUT before surgery(9.76±3.38)s,BUT prolonged significantly one month after surgery(11.50±3.74)s(q-test,P0.05).Before surgery,only 19.44% of the patients showed normal crystallization in TFT,and the ratio increased significantly to 90.28% one month after surgery(Ridit analysis,P0.05).The mean globlet cell density in conjunctival impression specimens was(39.73±18.46)/10 fields before surgery,and the globlet cell density increased significantly one month after surgery(48.85±18.80/10 fields)(t=6.58,P0.05).No significant difference was found in Schirmer I test before and after surgery(P0.05).Conclusions Tear function in patients with pterygium is significant different before and after pterygial excision.Pterygial excision can partly restore the tear functions into normal state in patients with pterygium.This may due to the increasing density of the conjunctival goblet cell and the recovery of mucus secretion.


Turkish born writer, artist, and former popular singer Zerrin Atakan talks to Peter Cross about her career and new post as lead consultant at the National Psychosis Unit


The present invention discloses a notebook computer having a touch screen that functions as an assistant input and display device. The notebook computer of the present invention comprises: a main body having an upper surface on which a keypad and a palm rest area are formed; a display unit hinged to the main body; and at least one touch screen located on the palm rest area of the main body. The touch screen is disabled when a touch screen contact area or a touch screen contact pressure exceeds a preset value. The notebook computer of the present invention is advantageous in that the palm rest area thereof can be utilized to improve the utilization of space, and the additionally mounted touch screen functions as an assistant display device and as an input device to provide a variety of GUIs and improve the convenience of use as compared to conventional notebook computers. Further, the notebook computer of the present invention provides a convenient I/O interface which can be operated and checked even without using the function keys on the keypad.


Sensitivity of bilateral cochlear-implant (CI) listeners to interaural time differences (ITDs) in electric pulse trains is degraded compared to normal-hearing (NH) listeners presented with ITDs in pure tones. This degradation manifests both as an elevated ITD threshold and upper perceptual limit of stimulation rates. Similar limitations were observed for temporal pitch, despite the difficulty to disentangle temporal and place pitch cues in NH listeners. We tested the hypothesis that ITD and monaural rate-pitch sensitivity of CI listeners at high rates of electric stimulation can be improved by introducing extra pulses with short inter-pulse intervals (SIPIs) at low rates in amplitude modulated high-rate pulse trains. Results show that SIPIs significantly improved ITD and monaural rate-pitch sensitivity at low modulation depths. These similar improvements suggest a possible overlapping benefit of SIPIs for CI listeners in everyday environments requiring high rates for encoding speech. Considering the docum...


Proteomics is a new developing subject in the last decade.The proteomics technology and methodology plays an important role in life science,medicine,agriculture and other areas.In recent years,many universities set up a proteomics course.However,the rapid development of proteomics disciplines,including all kinds of new technology,new methods and emerging applications,brings the teaching of the course very challenging.In this paper,teaching ideas and methods of proteomics is discussed.


. Sentiment analysis is a natural language processing (NLP) technique used to decide if the underlying sentiment is positive, negative, or neutral. Subjective information from the text can be extracted using sentiment analysis by recognizing its context and position. Data from a variety of sources, like social network comments, news stories, consumer reviews, and more, can be used for sentiment analysis. Sentiment analysis uses different algorithms to analyze words, phrases, and context available in text and different procedures to determine the overall sentiment communicated. There are various ways in which sentiment analysis is performed, ranging from rule-based methods that use lists of positive and negative terms as labeled data for training machine learning algorithms to building classifiers. Understanding social sentiment, underlying intents, and responses to various characteristics of humans can be done with the help of sentiment analysis, which helps in decision-making. The primary goal of this work is to provide the audience with the knowledge needed to understand sentiment analysis, highlight potential opportunities and challenges, and investigate recent studies that have been published in reputable resources focusing on the field of sentiment analysis in NLP.


Understanding of the social development depends on the treatment of concept of the society, but ignoring at the theoretical level spiritually-cultural components of the person and society inevitably leads to the complex of local and global problems. Modern Belarus cultural strategy should include national language protection, support of all forms of the Belarusian culture, strengthening of the national identity and development of the constructive intercultural dialogue.


Synthesis of Pols^neric and Oligomeric Ultraviolet Stabilizers David B. Bailey, B.S., Lowell Technological Institute M.S., University of Massachusetts Directed by: Dr. Otto Vogl Polymeric ultraviolet absorbers were synthesized by the polymerization of vinyl substituted ultraviolet absorbers and by mild polymer modification reactions. Oligomeric ultraviolet absorbers were synthesized by endcapping of oligo(oxyethylenes) varying in molecular weight from 62 to 400. Methyl salicylate, a commonly used ultraviolet absorber, was substituted in the position para to the phenol group with a vinyl group by a five-step synthesis. The overall yield of methyl 5-vinylsalicylate was 37%. Methyl 5-vinylsalicylate was polymerized and copolymerized with methacrylic acid or acrylic acid in order to obtain polymeric ultraviolet absorbers. Methyl 5-vinylacetylsalicylate was also synthesized and polymerized to yield a high molecular weight polymer. Polymerizable derivatives of the commonly used ultraviolet stabilizer, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, were synthesized. Both 2,4-dihydroxy-4'-vinylbenzophenone and 2.4diacetoxy-4'-vinylbenzophenone were prepared; however, both


Background: New targeted therapies such as nilotinib and dasatinib show promise as options for patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant CML; however, concerns exist for these agents related to myelosuppression. The objective of this study was to compare the short-term cost of myelosuppression, from a global perspective, for chronic and accelerated phase CML patients treated with nilotinib and dasatinib. Methods: A global systematic literature review of the past 10 years was conducted using MEDLINE, Econlit and EMBASE to examine the potential costs of myelosuppression (specifically anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia) in adult cancer patients, from the perspective of a health-care payer. An economic analysis was then developed using the ranges of cost data reported in literature, as well as the incidence rates of Grade 3/4 anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia from nilotinib phase II clinical study reports and the dasatinib package insert for chronic and accelerated phase CML. All costs/currencies were converted to US dollars and inflated to 2006 using the country-specific medical inflation rates. Results: The cost of managing myelosuppression varied widely among countries based on patterns of inpatient compared to outpatient treatment, as well as the use of transfusions compared to recombinant growth factors. The reported cost ranges per AE episode were $124–$12,646 for anemia, $300–$27,440 for neutropenia and $239–$12,223 for thrombocytopenia from the following countries: UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Finland, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada and the US. Expected 6-month costs per patient for Grade 3/4 myelosuppression adverse events with nilotinib and dasatinib are shown as ranges below: Chronic Phase Accelerated Phase Nilotinib $238–$5,550 $394–$9,064 Dasatinib $415–$9,929 $1,155–$23,674 Conclusions: Reflecting a broad range of countries, the expected short-term costs of Grade 3/4 myelosuppression with dasatinib may be 1.7 to 2.9 times higher than that associated with nilotinib. When considering the economic implications of different treatment options for imatinib-resistant or -intolerant CML, both the cost of the drug and the cost of managing adverse events should be taken into account. Future observational studies should be conducted to prospectively assess real-world adverse event costs with the second generation TKIs.


Earthworms alter soil structure through their bioturbation activity: the creation of burrow paths and the production of casts in their burrows or at soil surface. Thus, they may alter some soil functionnal properties (e.g. hydraulic conductivity) and ecosystem services. In cultivated fields, earthworms are a key structuring process and play a major role in the maintenance, the improvement and even the degradation of soil structure. However, bioturbation patterns of the different endogeic species are still not precisely known. This study aims at describing the burrowing and casting activity of three endogeic earthworm species with two different organic matter (OM) locations.


A ring-slot element excited by a zeroth order mode (no angular variation) E-field across the slot behaves as a monopole. It is a duality of a loop antenna with constant current distribution. A study of monopole array was reported by Fenn (1985). A monopole array is suitable for applications that require a null at broadside and a higher gain beyond 50/spl deg/ and towards endfire. For example, a low profile belly-mounted airborne terminal designed for naval communications can make use of such an element. However, the lack of mechanical rigidity of a monopole array makes it less desirable for a highly vibrating environment compared to all equivalent flush mounted ring-slot array. The characteristics of a finite array or ring-slot elements are presented and they are compared to that of a monopole array.


3rd National Workshop on Data Science (SweDS) Workshops allow members of a community with common interests to meet in the context of a focused and interactive discussion.


Acne has long been recognized as a widespread skin condition, and its prevalence is currently increasing. One of the top 10 epidemics in the world right now, it has a serious psychological toll on its victims. Four interconnected processes, including inflammation, increased sebum production, follicular infundibular hyperkeratosis, and Chlamydia acne growth, make up the disease's complicated pathophysiology. Antibiotics that target P. acnes have been a successful and popular way to treat acne for the past 40 years, even though the pathophysiology of acne is not entirely understood. The emergence of antibiotic resistance, however, is a persistent issue with a variety of negative consequences. Isotretinoin and antiandrogen therapy are frequent therapies for certain of them. This article summarizes the effectiveness and safety of oral antibiotics for acne treatment in recent years as well as some other recent treatment research, operating under the premise that the current domestic and international clinical trials of acne vulgaris are insufficient. The goal is to raise awareness of acne vulgaris.


Recent events have heightened the need for fast, accurate, and reliable biological/chemical sensor systems for critical locations. As droplet-based microelectrofluidic sensor systems become widespread in these safety-critical biomedical applications, reliability emerges as a critical performance parameter. In order to ensure the operational health of such safety-critical systems, they need to be monitored for defects, not only after manufacturing, but also during in-field operation. In this paper, we present a cost-effective concurrent test methodology for droplet-based microelectrofluidic systems. We present a classification of catastrophic and parametric faults in such systems and show how faults can be detected by electrostatically controlling and tracking droplet motion. We then present a fault simulation approach based on tolerance analysis using Monte-Carlo simulation to characterize the impact of parameter variations on system performance. Finally, we present experimental results on a droplet-based microelectrofluidic system for a real-time polymerase chain reaction application.


Strategic product placement can have a strong influence on customer purchase behavior in physical stores as well as online platforms. Motivated by this, we consider the problem of optimizing the placement of substitutable products in designated display locations to maximize the expected revenue of the seller. We model the customer behavior as a two-stage process: first, the customer visits a subset of display locations according to a browsing distribution; second, the customer chooses at most one product from the displayed products at those locations according to a choice model. Our goal is to design a general algorithm that can select and place the products optimally for any browsing distribution and choice model, and we call this the Placement problem. We give a randomized algorithm that utilizes an $\alpha$-approximate algorithm for cardinality constrained assortment optimization and outputs a $\frac{\Theta(\alpha)}{\log m}$-approximate solution (in expectation) for Placement with $m$ display locations, i.e., our algorithm outputs a solution with value at least $\frac{\Omega(\alpha)}{\log m}$ factor of the optimal and this is tight in the worst case. We also give algorithms with stronger guarantees in some special cases. In particular, we give a deterministic $\frac{\Omega(1)}{\log m}$-approximation algorithm for the Markov choice model, and a tight $(1-1/e)$-approximation algorithm for the problem when products have identical prices.


The PETRRA positron camera consists of two 60 cm /spl times/ 40 cm detectors mounted on a rotating gantry. Each detector contains a layer of 1 cm thick barium fluoride (BaF/sub 2/) crystals interfaced to a multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC) filled with 4.2 mbar of the photosensitive vapor tetrakis dimethylamino ethylene (TMAE). The camera acquires data in list mode and produces 3D images which can contain high levels of scatter and random coincidences. Scatter comes from the patient and the detector support structure whereas randoms rates depend on the detector count rates and coincidence timing resolution. The camera has little energy resolution but low energy scattered photons produce a smaller range of pulse sizes and can be discriminated against using signal thresholding.


Abstract A freshwater diatom flora has been shown to exist on sand grains. The species have been determined from samples of four bodies of water. This epipsammic flora is composed of minute diatoms, many of which require electron microscope study before their identification can be made certain. The chemistry of the water undoubtedly influences the association of species.


The adsorption potential of animal charcoal (BC/RHA/WH composite mixture to remove Zinc (II) ions from industrial wastewater was investigated using a fixed bed column was investigated. The effects of bed height (2 10) cm, flow rate (5 10) ml/min and feed concentration (diluted in the ratio 1:1 and 1:2) on the break through characteristics were determined. The highest bed capacity of 476.2 mg/g mg/g was obtained using 10 cm bed height, 1:2 feed concentration and 5 ml/min flow rate. The results indicate that adsorption capacity increased with increase in the inlet ion concentration and bed height and decreased with increase in flow rate. Adsorption data was fitted to Adam-Bohart, Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models.


The efiect of trace Sn on the pitting morphology of high voltage anode aluminum foils was investigated. The distributions of microelement Sn, Fe, Si, Cu and Mg in the surface layer of aluminum foils with difierent Sn content were determined by using a secondary ion mass spectrometer. It was found that the micro-alloyed Sn is enriched at the external surface. The mechanism of pitting behavior of trace Sn on aluminum surface is similar with that of lead. Enrichment of Sn in the surface layer provides large numbers of sites for initiation of pitting corrosion, while pitting sites appeared relatively inhomogenously in the foils without Sn. Sn, as an eco-friendly microelement, can be applied to replace Pb in improving the homogenous pitting behaviors of high voltage aluminum foils, in which the volume fraction of cube texture is not reduced.


On considering workplace thefts as a major problem, there is a requirement of designing a vandal proof door hardware and locking mechanism for ensuring the security of our property. So the door lock system with extra security features with a user friendly cost is suggested in this paper. When a stranger comes at the door, he/she has to pass three security levels for unlocking the solenoid locks present at the door and if he fails to do so, the door will remain locked. These three levels are of three extraordinary security features as one of them is using Fingerprint sensor, second is using a knocking pattern, and the last lock is unlocked by the preset pin/pattern entered by the user. Since, in addition to these features, there is one more option for the case of appearing of guest at the door and that is the Image capturing using web-camera present at the door and here the owner of the house is able to unlock all the locks if he wants the guest to enter the home. This all will be monitored by Node MCU.


We present a study on the electronic properties of grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin films. As grown as well as KCN-treated films were comparatively investigated. No influence of the chemical treatment on the electronic properties of GBs was found. GBs in general exhibited a large variation of their electronic properties. By means of a novel method of data analysis, both potential barriers for holes and electrons were found at GBs, in a range from -118mV to +114mV, as well as uncharged GBs. No dependence of the electronic GB-properties on the Ga-content was found. Consequently we therefore conclude that there is no correlation between electronic GB-properties and the obtained maximum efficiencies of CIGSe thin film solar cells as a function of the Ga-content.


On the pedagogical plane, the topic of intercultural education and new citizenship ought to be seen in the perspective of a positive interlinking with two realities. The more fruitful direction of research and of action, in fact, is that of an education to citizenship that comprises the intercultural dimension and has as its objectives openness, equality and social cohesion.


In this study, we investigate the luminosity and energy spectrum of neutrinos from a collapsar, which is one of the most probable candidates for Gamma-Ray Bursts. We also estimate the event number from a burst, as well as the detection rate. We show that the total energy of neutrinos depends strongly on many environmental physical parameters, such as the total accreting mass and the mass accretion rate. This is in striking contrast to the case of Supernova. We estimate that the total event number R measured by TITAND will be R ∼ 1 whenthe source is located 30 Mpc away from the earth. The detectionrate could be approximately 10 events per year as measured by TITAND. Since the total event number is much larger than that of a normal collapse-driven supernova, our results suggest that we will detect more neutrinos from a collapsar in the next generation of neutrino detectors than expected for a normal collapse-driven supernova, and, at the same time, we will observe the remnant of a collapsar naturally with optical telescopes as is the case for supernova. Such results would provide strong evidence for another mechanism of the central engine that is quite different from that of normal collapse-driven supernovae.


The PolyJet material jetting process is uniquely qualified to create complex, multimaterial structures. However, key manufacturing constraints need to be explored and understood in order to guide designers in their use of the PolyJet process including (1) minimum manufacturable feature size, (2) removal of support material, (3) survivability of small features, and (4) the self-supporting angle in the absence of support material. The authors use a design of experiments (DOE) approach to identify the statistical significance of geometric and process parameters and to quantify the relationship between these significant parameters and part manufacturability. The results from this study include the identification of key variables, relationships, and quantitative design thresholds necessary to establish a preliminary set of design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) guidelines for material jetting. Experimental design studies such as the one in this paper are crucial to provide designers with the knowledge to ensure that their proposed designs are manufacturable with the PolyJet process, whether designed manually or by an automated method, such as topology optimization (TO).


Thrombocytosis as an initial feature of histiocytosis × has never been reported. In 8 of 12 patients with histiocytosis × seen at Children's Hospital of Buffalo in the past twenty years, platelet counts were available; seven of them were greater than 400 × 109/ 1 at diagnosis ( [xmacr ] ± SE = ± 54 × 109/ 1). All seven patients, who had an initial Lahey-Lucaya score averaging 3.1 (range: 2–4), are in disease-free remission ranging from 1 to 12 years. The eighth patient, who was thrombopenic at presentation and had a score of 7, is lost to follow-up. Following onset of therapy, platelet counts decreased progressively; they averaged 540 × 109 / 1 in treated but still symptomatic patients; 430 × 109/ 1 in treated, disease-free patients; and 375 × 109 / 1 in patients in complete remission and off all drugs. The difference between platelet counts at diagnosis and during remission is significant (P < 0.01). In the only patient who relapsed, thrombocytos is also recurred and disappeared again with subsequent remission. The etiology of the thrombocytosis is unknown, although in two cases, iron deficiency may have been contributory. Whether or not the heretofore undescribed initial thrombocytosis indicates a favorable prognosis is open to question.


The phenomenon that compost temperature was higher in experiment group than in control group demonstrated Composting Aid could shorten the composting process and save energy. Measuring the components also showed this product could help to prepare ligh quality compost.


Abstract Properties of air are interrelated in a drying process. Equations of psychrometrics and fluid dynamics developed by previous researchers enable the development of simulation models, which become an indispensable tool for the study of drying technology. A Windows based software, entitled SAPGD (Simulation of Air Properties and Grain Drying), written in MATLAB, was developed to simulate the equations/models related to the following four aspects: 1. The equilibrium moisture content of grains under the diverse conditions of atmosphere. 2. The pressure drop to airflow of various grains. 3. The relationship between drying time and moisture content under the model of thin layer drying of grains. 4. The relationships among drying time, moisture content, grain depth, and grain temperature under the logarithmic model of deep bed drying of grains.


The goal of this work is to mitigate the degree of damage to passengers caused by automobile collisions. Crash phenomena involving road vehicles were investigated for the purpose of developing an impact attenuation design that can withstand speeds higher than the current specified range of up to 4 km/h (for a bumper). Different impact attenuation systems in the vehicle were studied with emphasis on the bumper modeling, analysis and design. A mathematical model for a bumper was developed. Simulation of impact of the bumper against a fixed barrier was performed. A passive friction element was introduced into the bumper system to improve on the attenuation of the impact and kinetic energy absorption capacity. A mathematical model of the bumper-damper system was formulated and used to simulate impact phenomena for a 1900 kg mass moving at a speed of 70 km/h (19.4 m/s), 17.5 times the speed of a typical design specification. The simulation revealed that the energy absorption capacity of the bumper was improved with the addition of a friction element. Design parameters for the friction damper were extracted from the results of the simulation. The extracted design parameters include stiffness, k, and coefficient of the damping, c, of the bumper. The use of the results from the simulation in the design of the bumper was pursued with success. Friction damper designs were proposed. Two of these designs were built and used in experiments to verify their effectiveness and to validate the simulation results. The experiments revealed that higher energy absorption could be achieved with the addition of a friction element to traditional


A method of repairing a large diameter water pipes of concrete, concrete first large diameter water supply pipe for water leakage check, intended to fix the concrete surface of the tube section and cutting hair decontamination segment pit excavation work, the method comprising the steps of :( 1) a plurality of pipe sections disposed within the steel-lined concrete large diameter water supply pipe; (2) a plurality of steel lined pipe sections composed by welding steel liner tube mounting section, the steel liner tube is fixed to the large diameter concrete pipe of the water supply pipe walls; (3) defines a plurality of holes and the grouting a plurality of exhaust holes in the steel liner drain pipe, the pipe ends of the steel liner for sealing and leaving in a plurality of observation hole grouting; (4) above grouting ; (5) sealing the pit work, checking for water test repair effect. A method of repairing large diameter concrete water pipes provided by the invention can solve the problem of repairing a large diameter concrete water pipes, construction convenient, durable, low cost, safe and reliable.


Cartographies of social ties seem to have changed so rapidly that it is difficult today to read the old and new maps of social connectedness together. In the heydays of modernisation theory just thirty years ago solidarities of caste, community and religion were considered to be undesirable relics of the passing of "traditional" societies destined for the dustbin of history. There were no communitarians then who would have shared the prevailing Indian "backward" belief that individual identities were shaped by communities whose ways of life must be preserved and protected. Theorists of social capital were yet to discover that dense social networks of any variety whatsoever were good for civil society and democracy. Those were the days before bowling together, or rather playing cricket, had been found to further civic ties or democratic values. Religious communities were viewed with deep suspicion in India as they were believed to be an obstacle in the realisation of a secularist ideal which societies in the West were assumed to have achieved long ago. We were brought up to believe that the ills of traditional societies like ours, and its inability to modernise rapidly, were due to too dense a network of social ties, or at least social ties of the wrong kind. Affiliations of caste, solidarities of religion, parochial loyalties of language, ethnicity or region were seen as signs


Objective This study was designed to evaluate the laws of local recurrences and metastases of postoperative rectal cancer (TME), which confirmed the postoperative radiation fields. Methods The 133 cases of this review analysis were from rectal adenocarcinoma confirmed by pathological diagnosis after radical mastectomy. These patients' pelvic recurrences and metastases (from February. 2000 to April. 2006) were confirmed by CT and MRI. We devided the recurrences into 5 types. ①Anastomotic recurrence. ②Pelvic metastases and seeding, including not only recurrences before sacrum, around rectum and in pelvic lymph node, but also pelvic seeding. ③Perineal recurrence. ④Abedominal wall, artificial anus and subcutaneous recurrence. ⑤Other recurrence. According to the certain recurrent position by CT and MRI, we dotted the position in pelvic anatomy map. Then we designed the postoperative radiation fields through the density of the dots. The modified fields were smaller than tradional fields. Results The median recurrent time was 18 months. The one-year, two-year and three-year recurrent rates were 35.3%, 68.4% and 92.6% respectively. The incidences of pelvic metastases and seeding, anastomotic recurrence, abedominal wall, artificial anus and subcutaneous recurrence and perineal recurrence were 75.9%, 47.4%, 5.3% and 2.3%. The modified fields were smaller than tradional fields. Conclusion The radiation fields for postoperative rectal cancer could be reduced properly.


An effective scheme of multiple description video coding is proposed for transmission over packet loss network. Using priority encoding transmission, we attempt to overcome the limitation of specific scalable video codec and apply FEC-based multiple description to a common video coder, such as the standard H.264. Firstly, multiple descriptions can be generated using temporal downsampling and the frame with high motion changing is duplicated in each description. Then according to different motion characteristics between frames, each description can be divided into several messages, so in each message better temporal correlation can be maintained for better estimation when information losses occur. Based on priority encoding transmission, unequal protections are assigned in each message. Furthermore, the priority is designed in view of packet loss rate of channels and the significance of bit streams. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme with better performance than the equal protection scheme and other state-of-the-art methods.


The presence of a chymotrypsin-like enzyme in rat mast cells has been confirmed, and it has been shown that intact mast cells contain the fully activated enzyme without losing their histamine content. It has been shown by means of inhibitors that the chymotrypsin-like enzyme is distinct from the heat-labile SH enzyme required for the histamine releasing action of compound 48/80. The synthetic ester used as a substrate for chymotrypsin released histamine from rat mast cells probably by a non-enzymic reaction.


We present the stability estimation results of the reciprocal acoustic transmission data collected during the tomography experiment performed by Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) in 1999 in the Central Equatorial Pacific. Travel-time perturbations due to ocean currents are correspondingly one to two orders of magnitude smaller than travel-time signals due to sound-speed perturbations. It is important to estimate the stability of signals of reciprocal transmission. The standard deviation of the phase of the ray signal is very stable within 130 s. Between reciprocal transmissions, the overall structures of the signal are similar, however, the fine structures are different. The standard deviation of the effective phase is a useful index for determining whether or not the ray exists. The received signal is judged as an arrived ray when the standard deviation of the effective phase of 13 consecutive shots is less than 1 rad. The combination of the amplitude and phase information is effective for observing the ocean structure change.


Howard A. Mclain, Ph.D. Member ASHRAE Because of their low operating and mai11tenance costs, geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) are an increasingly popular choice for providing heating, cooli11g, and water heati11g lo sthool.1· and other i11slitutio11s. Recog11izi11g these be11eflts, the Linco ln, Nebraska, school district in I 99 5 com111issio11ed four new identical 69,000jl.2 (6400 m2) elementary schools served by GHPs. T//e decision to use GHPs was based on an analysis thal compared the estimated life-cycle cost of a number of dijfere11t HVAC technologies. The existence of extensive oper ating data from tire schools· energy management systems allowed the authors lo develop a calibrated simulation model thm (1ccurately predicts the energy use of a/f major building subsystems, i11cludi11g the GHPs. for one of tlte four schools. This model, combined with i11depe11de11t estimates of installed costs and actual cost information from the school districts maintenance database, allowed a more rigorous comparison of the life-cycle costs of GHPs and three other space-condi tioning options. This paper presents the results of/'hat compar ison and shows that when capital, operating, and 111ai11te11a11ce costs are considered for the Li11coln applicatio11, geothermal heat pumps have the lowest life-cycle cost, about 15% lower than the next most attractive option. The GHPs also have the lowest source energy consumption and the lowest total pollut ant emissions of any of the tecli11ologies considered. For this applicatio11, geothermal heat pumps also /rave a lower first cost than any of the other systems curremly used for space conditioning in new schools.


Overview D. Narayan, P.Petesch & D.Nitikin Community Wellbeing and Household Mobility in Post-Conflict Cambodia H.Jalilian & B.Ballard Violence, Forced Displacement, and Chronic Poverty in Colombia P.Petesch & V.Gray Disturbing the Equilibrium: Movements out of Poverty in Conflict-Affected Areas of Indonesia P.Barron, S.Kusumastuti Rahayu, V.Febriany & S.Varada From Milking Cows to Coconut Trees: Moving Out of Poverty in Mindanao C.Hull & C.Echavez Sri Lanka: Unequal Mobility in an Ethnic Civil War P.Petesch & P.Thalayasingam Epilogue A.Varshney


It has been a year since the establishment of the Islamic State (ISIS), the so-called 'caliphate' that openly advocates such atrocities as beheadings, rape, the sexual subjugation of women, slavery (al-sabi), violent persecution of non-Sunnis, a radical interpretation of Sharia law, and is widely considered a terror group, which many other terror and anti-government groups refuse to associate with. As ISIS proliferates extremist ideology through increasingly nonproprietary, easily accessible, and open source channels on social media sites, online forums, and real-time videos, the focus of countertenor organisations has expanded from military containment, capture and interrogation of terror suspects and propagators, to proactive deterrent via community intervention programs, interfaith forums, and social media use. This is an under-researched area, with a lack of structured empirical research, whereby most data is thematic, qualitative and derived from anecdotes and interviews via opportunistic circumstances. Given the rise in homegrown radicalisation, domestic terror events, and the exportation and repatriation of Western nationals to and from the Islamic State (ISIS), the focus of exploring non-lethal alternatives via emerging communication technologies can contribute significantly to the research literature on contemporary counter-terrorism efforts.


The spectral BRDF of various common urban materials has been measured for the purposes of facilitating the further development of remote sensing in urban scenes. It is seen that the usual assumption of lambertian surfaces only hold for highly rough surfaces. For smooth manmade materials, the point of specularity not only has a higher magnitude, but could also differ in spectral shape from reflections at other angles. In terms of correcting for secondary irradiance for purposes of reflectance retrieval, which in turn allows material identification and improved scene classification, assuming a lambertian assumption for these materials would not be adequate. The collected data has been placed in the MEMOIRES database belonging to ONERA.


We compute the following upper bounds for the maximal arithmetic genus Pa(d,t) over all locally Cohen ‐ Macaulay space curves of degree d, which are not contained in a surface of degree These bounds are sharp for t ≤ 4 abd any d ≥ t.


The onset of the coronavirus pandemic led to profound changes in populations' everyday lives. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the factors that affected life satisfaction during the first-wave lockdown in Greece. A web-based survey was developed, and 4305 questionnaires were completed corresponding to all Greek regional units. Statistical modeling (multivariate logistic regression) was performed to evaluate to which extent significant geographical attributes and socioeconomic characteristics are likely to influence life satisfaction during lockdown due to the pandemic. In the course of the present work, some key findings emerged: social distancing and confinement measures affected mostly women in relation to men; there was a strong positive association between life satisfaction and age, especially as regards the older population; changes to employment status, increase in psychosomatic disorders, and increased usage of social media were also likely to negatively impact people's life satisfaction. By contrast, trust in the government and the media and limited health concerns seem to have a strong association with subjective wellbeing. Finally, life satisfaction does not depend much on geographical characteristics such as urbanity or insularity, highlighting that the lockdown had an impact on the Greek population regardless of the physical isolation.


Integrative therapies constitute a very wide range of disciplines from around the world. Many of these therapies can be utilized to treat pet birds, although none was specifically developed for avian species. Because birds have not been domesticated, remaining genetically and evolutionarily close to their wild counterparts, they tend to be very responsive to natural therapies. Certain modalities, such as chiropractic and acupuncture, must be modified for differences in avian anatomy and physiology. Others can easily be extrapolated to pet birds from human or other mammals with only slight adjustments. Some examples include homeopathy, flower essences, nutriceuticals and many herbs. Other therapies, such as diffusion aromatherapy, must be used with caution to avoid toxic reactions. Integrative therapy in birds has existed for centuries in poultry medicine through acupuncture and herbal therapy in China.


This paper describes the critical Eocene section at Canada de Santa Anita, Santa Barbara County, California. The "Tejon" formation of early workers is subdivided into the Anita shale (new name), "Matilija" sandstone, "Cozy Dell" shale, Sacate formation (new name), and Gaviota formation in ascending stratigraphic order. Detailed study was confined to the Eocene strata below the type Gaviota formation. The general east-west trending anticlinal structure is complicated by strike faulting. Foraminifers in the Anita shale, which is disconformable on Cretaceous beds, suggest a middle Eocene age for the formation. The molluscan faunule in the "Matilija" is believed to belong in Clark and Vokes' (1936) "Transition stage" below the Tejon and above the Domengine. Of particular sign ficance are faunules from the "Cozy Dell"; these belong in Laiming's (1940) Zones A-1 and A-2. The upper member of the Sacate formation contains a Turritella related to T. variata, the abundant Gaviota species.


Weyl semimetals host chiral fermions with distinct chiralities and spin textures. Optical excitations involving these chiral fermions can potentially induce some exotic carrier responses, and in turn give rise to inspiring optical phenomena. Here, we discover strong coherent terahertz emission from the Weyl semimetals TaAs and NbAs, which is demonstrated as broadband source of chiral terahertz wave. Such controllability is achieved via polarization-dependent, colossal ultrafast photocurrents in Weyl semimetals generated using the circular and/or linear photogalvanic effect.


One of the most important problems affecting coordinated and acceptable application of the total quality management concept is the calibre of the maintenance personnel.Managers in charge of the affairs of building maintenance have a direct and significant relationship with the outcome of maintenance operations in any organization because management is a living force and it is the force that gets things done to acceptable standards. Hence, the research was undertaken to analyse the level of professionalism of the personnel in the application of total quality management approach in building maintenance with a view of enhancing continuous quality improvement. Literature reviews suggested that certain virtues of TQM can be adopted to improve organisational effectiveness and solid conceptual foundation for strategic performance if the concerned managers posses the basic academic and professional wherewithal. To achieve the objectives of the study, senior personnel of the Works and Maintenance department of three Nigerian Universities were surveyed. The sample size was calculated using Kish formula. 75 responses, which accounted for 99% of the total respondents, were received. Simple bar charts and tables were used for the data presentation. The findings from the study indicated that most Universities are dominated by unqualified, ill-trained and unprofessional personnel. Hence, it was recommended that Universities should employ competent personnel, and engage in their training and development.


The effect of zeolite on removal of ammonia-nitrogen and organics was evaluated in the condition of different modified methods.The experiment was focused on the effect of organics on removing of ammonia-nitrogen and influence of Ca 2+ on removal of ammonia-nitrogen.It was found that modified zeolite was effective in removal ammonia-nitrogen.Higher removal efficiency was obtained by acid-modified zeolite than by base-modified zeolite.Higher content organics could decrease the removal of ammonia-nitrogen.The removal efficiency of organics was limited for acid-modified zeolite and poor for base-modified zeolite.When calcium existed in water,the removal of ammonia-nitrogen was decreased to a limited extent,with a higher organic removal.Zeolite removes organics with large molecular weight effectively and has poor efficiency for lower molecular weight.


Experiments on unsteady separating flow past a sudden expansion in an open channel are described. To simulate tidal flow the flow rate in the approach channel varied as a half-sine with time. Different visualization techniques to obtain an insight into the behaviour of the separating vortex in time and space were used. Laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) was employed to measure velocities and turbulence characteristics. The data obtained from the LDV-measurements was processed on a computer using the ensemble-averaging technique. Results at different flow rates of the visualization experiments, measured mean-velocity fields, and characteristics of the turbulence - such as intensities, Reynolds stresses and turbulence energy - are shown. Some examples of velocity power-spectra and statistical distributions are presented also. The experiments also provide information about the generation of turbulence related to the separation mechanism and that owing to boundary-layer instability.


Stationary, two‐dimensional solutions of Euler's equations which contain closed regions of constant vorticity are studied. Formal approximations valid when the eddy is slender are used to reduce the interaction problem to a nonlinear integral equation. Solutions of the integral equation which represent (i) wake bubbles reducing to Riabouchinsky's model for zero vorticity and (ii) finite, cusped wakes attached to a slender wedge are derived. The branch structure of single‐eddy solutions is discussed.


Gold-catalyzed [4+1]-annulations of 4-methoxy-1,2-dienyl-5-ynes with anthranils are described. The mechanism of these annulations involves nitrene formation of α-imino gold carbenes that undergo a 1,2-allene shift to form (pyrrol-2-yl) methylgold intermediates. With allenyl ester substrates, these gold intermediates become enolate species to enable intramolecular aldol reactions to form useful pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline derivatives.


In order to study the effect of reclaimed wastewater on the growth of ryegrass and the distribution of heavy metals,a pot experiment in greenhouse irrigated by reclaimed wastewater is conducted to investigate the biomass of ryegrass,heavy metal concentrations in ryegrass and soil.Results show that as compared to the clean water irrigation,reclaimed wastewater increases the biomass of ryegrass significantly,aboveground part,root,total biomass increases by 26.79%,10.55%,24.91%,respectively.Ryegrass aboveground part and root Pb,Cu,Zn,Cd concentrations significant increases under reclaimed wastewater treatment.Trace contaminants such as heavy metals in soil not accumulated and soil Pb,Zn concentrations decreased considerably.Reclaimed wastewater decreases soil pH and increases soil organic matter concentration largely,resulting in the change of heavy metal biological activity.


A workshop presentation on the impact of the recession and changes in government policy on the objective of attaining sustainable development in planning and housing


Content directed towards a user is identified and the content is modified to include confidential data. The confidential level of the data is determined and used in the creation of a personalized RSS feed that gives a user controlled access to the data. Thus, commercial content providers can be utilized to create content to be delivered, such as through high-volume email, and the content can be modified to include confidential information that a company does not wish to disclose to outsourced service providers.


Ningde city,located in the eastern part of Fujian Province,has been the main settlement of She Nationality.And the population of She group in this region is as many as 190,000,making up a quarter of the whole country's.With the development of the economy,culture and education,science and technology as well as the widespread of the modern transportation,telecommunications and media,the inheritance and growth of She language have already been confronted with a serious challenge.On the basis of the survey,this paper reveals that the number of She people in the East of Fujian who have good grasps of their own native language is less than 36 per cent;Furthermore,the functions of She language have been in a declination judged from the criteria used to define what an endangered language is,and the declination will become increasingly obvious with the great changes of the society.Consequently,more concerns should be given to the endangered language of She.


Abstract Pyroelectric thick film ceramics with the dimension 10x10x0.036mm were prepared by tape casting shaping and "sandwich" sintering. The D* value of small area IR detector made by this thick film is 2.87×108 cmHz1/2 W−1. The advantage of this method is to prepare high quality large and smooth focal plane with required hicknessby eliminating the complicated processing procedure encounted in block ceramics.


In the arid and semi-arid climate of Central Asia, the endorheic rivers and their ecosystems play a crucial role as regional hotspots of biodiversity and for the provision of ecosystem services for local people. The Naryn River in Kyrgyzstan as the object of interest of this thesis is one of these rivers. On a flow length of more than 600 km, it is still in a widely natural condition making it an interesting study object in a world where most large rivers are distorted by anthropogenic activities. Despite this relevance, no comprehensive scientific studies are available about the Naryn River except water resource related research. In particular, large scale information about the structure and functioning of the Naryn River system from an interdisciplinary perspective is missing. Against this background, this thesis aims to fill the research gap and deliver up-to-date information about the Naryn River corridor with a special focus on biogeomorphology, i.e. the dynamic interaction between hydromorphology and vegetation. First, this thesis delivers the necessary background information about the Naryn River corridor including a general overview, an assessment of ecosystem services, a field based overview of the structure of the riparian ecosystems and an in-depth analysis of hydrology. Basing upon this background, remote sensing methods adapted to the data-scarce environment of Central Asia are used to derive various parameters of the structure of the Naryn River on the scale from reaches to the entire river corridor. Then, the large scale biogeomorphological structures and dynamics are assessed based on dense time series of multispectral satellite imagery. From the results, it becomes obvious that the structure of the corridor of the Naryn River is heterogeneous and mainly controlled by geological contraints. Only in a laterally unconfined segment, dynamic braided river reaches can form. In these reaches, the majority of biogeomorphological interactions take place. The outcome of this thesis is on the one hand the provision of large scale and up-to-date information about the structure and functioning of the Naryn River corridor as a basis for further research or decision making. On the other hand, this thesis presents innovative remote sensing methods for large scale characterization of river corridors. In particular, an approach for the characterization of dynamic processes of biogeomorphological interactions on a large scale is developed based on time series analysis of satellite imagery. This approach can complement biogeomorphological research on smaller spatial scales by delivering spatially and temporally continuous information for entire river corridors. This has the potential to obtain new insights of the processes and emergence of structure in river systems across multiple scales.


Abstract X-ray and optical studies have been made on the naturally occurring fluid materials of plant systems Jatropha curcas, Claotropic gigantea, Carica papaya and Ficus carica. X-ray diffraction and refractive index and difrefringence studies indicate that these materials have optically birefringent phases with three dimensional structures in them in their natural form.


The present study gains importance through investigation of the damage analysis considering that most of the impact parameters have been undertaken experimentally. This work is focused on a qualitative and quantitative study of the low-velocity impact response of four different types of specimens with glass fabric reinforced plastics. The laminate specimens were fabricated according to the manufacturers' recommendations. The specimens were impacted experimentally using an instrumented impact tester with a hemispherical tip.


Prototypes of the RF separator for CEBAF have been made and successfully beam tested. The structure is a new design which has a high transverse shunt impedance together with a small transverse dimension compared to more conventional RF deflecting structures. Five RF separators will be used at CEBAF to allow beam from any one of the five recirculation passes to be delivered to any of the three experimental halls. We have already described the basic design of the structure and theoretical calculations. We have also reported some results from RF measurements and beam tests. In this paper we present more beam test results, our final design parameters, and test results of coupling two 1/2 wavelength cavities together.<<ETX>>


The electric vehicle needs the induction motor to run efficiently over the entire speed range, the dynamic torque response should also be good. Based on analyzing vector control and minimum losses control of induction motor, an efficiency optimization strategy of induction motors over wide speed range taking the dynamic torque response into account is presented in the issue. The strategy applies the decoupling idea of vector control to minimum losses control, so the efficiency and the dynamic torque response performance of motor are both considered; meanwhile, it adopts a method that compensates the rotor flux observed position in terms of reactive power in order to improve the control performance over the entire speed range especially in the field weakening region. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the strategy can increase the efficiency of induction motor and provide a good dynamic torque response performance.


The cycloaddition of 8-styrylcyclohepta[b]pyrroles with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate give the 7H-6a-azacyclobuta[j]cyclopenta[1,2,3-cd]azulene ring system, which rearranges thermally into the 3H-2a-azacyclopenta[cd]azulene ring system.


An appreciation os offered about the information transparency that focuses on the right to information of the states while proposing a model for a System of  Free Access to the States Information. Then, a brief analysis of the connection between credibility and transparency of politician is made


Such is the elaborate inscription of a large, thickly printed book, which, in the copiousness and minute detail of its materials, is a fitting counterpart to its title page. The remarkable aggregation of references, the multiplied cases, the impossibility of determining the precise relations of the symptoms of female sexual disease which are detailed, and the suggestive rather than didactic character of the work, make it also better suited for the careful personal study of our readers than for our analysis. It seems to


For monitoring of the engine power of fishing vessels permitted for fishery in the plaice box with engine power of 300 HP or less at sea three different portable power measurement systems are developed and tested. A system measuring the twist of the propeller shaft by two divisible gearwheels mounted on the shaft worked well at shafts with roller bearing at both sides of the measured interval of 100–300 mm length. Only at a very few fishing vessels this system is applicable and therefore for monitoring purposes not suitable.
The application of a commercial available system measuring the stress at the surface of the shaft was simplified for application by non experts. The torque is measured by strain gauges. The calibration of the system, measuring and recording of the power is done by a PC automatically. A small polished facet on the shaft protected against oxidation is needed for easy and quick application. In this case the system can be used by technical personnel of supervision boats for monitoring of the engine power at sea in a short time. A third power measurement system determinates the torque by measuring the displacement of two supports clamped on the shaft at a distance of 100 mm. The displacement is measured by a micrometer gauge
mounted on one of the supports. Readout of the rotating gauge display is possible taking advantage of stroboscopic effect. The system needs no conditioning of the shaft and can be used by non technicians. The development is not finished until now and some additional investigations and tests are required. Additional measures for monitoring of the power on fishing vessels by self recording power measurement systems and sealed fuel racks with limited injection are reported and discussed.


In 2001 only 44% of women in the UK had a normal birth, that is, birth without a caesarean section, or regional anaesthesia, assisted delivery or episiotomy (www.birthchoiceuk.com). Recent data from the Department of Health (BirthChoice UK, 2003) indicate that the caesarean section rate has risen yet again, from 21.5% for the year 2000–2001 to 22.3% for the year 2001–2002. There has been a slight fall in the instrumental birth rate from 11.1% to 10.9% in the same period. This means that the caesarean section rate has virtually doubled since 1989 when it was 11.3% with an instrumental rate of 9.7%. So the figure for women having a normal birth will be even lower now. Normal birth is clearly in the minority.


The subject of the research is one of the most important points in financial dealings. The research talks about (al ena) sale, and it aims to explain this item. The research talks about the proofs of this item and its differences. The result of this research is that (al ena) sale is not allowed. Then the research talked about many of contemporary practical examples of (al ena) sale.


This article brings forward the institution of a "Qing Dynasty Culture Heritage Corridor-From Beijing to Shenyang".This corridor spans more than 600 km,composes of more than 50 important historic nodes.There are 6 nodes in the world culture heritage list;12 nodes in the national cultural relic protection unit list and 18 nodes in the cultural relic protection unit list of Liaoning or Hebei Provinces.To establish and protect the "Qing Dynasty Culture Heritage Corridor-From Beijing to Shenyang" is the demand of protecting this linear cultural sight heritage1,is also the demand of constructing high effect and basic forward-looking zoology establishment,is the demand of developing cultural tour even more.Especially,this heritage protecting method like heritage corridor is not sufficiently recognized today,instituting one heritage corridor provided with characteristic of our country has important meanings.


of Japanese Patent No. 059303/75 from Patent Index of Derwent Publishing. Primary Examiner-Michael R. Lusignan Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Spencer & Frank


Abstract : The development of mercury cadmium selenide (HgCdSe) material for infrared (IR) applications was initiated in fiscal year 2010 (FY10) at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) under a Director s Research Initiative (DRI) program. Material growth conditions using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were identified to achieve reasonably good material quality in terms of surface morphology, defect density, and crystallinity as measured by x-ray diffraction. Additionally, it was determined that the bandgap of HgCdSe could be tuned by controlling the selenium (Se) to cadmium (Cd) flux ratio during growth. This research has continued in fiscal year 2011 (FY11) with an emphasis placed on developing composite substrate technology (zinc telluride [ZnTe]/silicon [Si] and Zn(Se)Te/gallium antimonide [GaSb]) for HgCdSe as well as understanding the electrical properties of HgCdSe material. An etching process was developed to identify dislocations in HgCdSe. Finally, the continued study of MBE growth parameters and their impact on material properties was conducted.


Islamic and conventional banks are in the same banking competitive industry. This study examined the comparison between the effects of external and internal factors on the bank's financing problems (NPF with NPL), with the period January 2003 - October 2015. External factors comprise of economic performance (EK), inflation (INF) and the global financial crisis dummy (D07). Meanwhile, internal factors consist of financing (FIN / LOAN) and the financing rate of return (FR). The results of cointegration test indicated that there was a long-term relationship between the external and internal factors of banks' NPF and NPL. The results of research in general shows that external factors significantly affect the bank's NPL but not the NPF. Internal factors of the bank had a negative effect on NPF and higher influence than the NPL. This suggests that the increase in financing rate of return of Islamic banks lower the NPF. It is concluded that the financing of Islamic banks is healthier compared to that of conventional banks.


This investigation is derived from an earlier project that dealt with sport and games in the prisoner-of-war camps during the Anglo-Boer War. Against all expectations, the findings revealed that the "Burghers" in the concentration camps did amuse themselves with a variety of sports and games, like football, track and field athletics (called 'Sports' in those days), cricket, tennis, swimming, marbles, croquet, quoits, drilling and physical exercises, and other rural or indigenous games. In this article the focus is on external factors that either hindered or made these activities possible. Hindering factors include the trying camp-life (boredom, lack of space, subjection to extreme cold and heat, and the conscientious of some inhabitants, etc.), while the factors that promoted sport and games were the camp school system, the British authorities and camp superintendents, and British imperialism. The camp school system was used to submit the Boer children to British influence, of which their sporting culture was predominant. The British government and the camp authorities also promoted sport by providing funds and sports equipment.
 Keywords: Anglo-Boer War, South African War, Concentration camps, Sport, Games, British imperialism South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation Vol.26(2) 2004:117-130


The whole process of coal self-heating was simulated form the normal temperature to above 160℃ on the UQ 2-m column last for 5 days.The process was mastered,which hot spot develop and dynamically change.Features of moisture transfer and hot spot migration were clearly visible.In the initial stage of the heating,the air stream transfers moisture and thermal to the coal nearest the air outlet,the temperature was rise and the thermal was increased more and more.So the hot spot moved to the 145 cm from the air inlet at the beginning.After 2 days,the hot spot moved down as the coal dries out and the heat accumulated and temperature rose more and more.Because the thickness of coal at the bottle was consistent more and more as the gravitational effect,the heat due to exothermic reaction can't be dispersed.The results shown that a sub bituminous coal can reach thermal runaway in 5 days,this is confirmed by observations made at the mine site.


The subject of legal expertise in the criminal proceedings, under which the author proposes to consider the establishment on the basis of legal knowledge the circumstances for the determination of rights and the circumstances of the act faces legal regulations is explained.


Tens of thousands of adoptions took place in Australia from the 1950s through to the early 1980s, and although the majority of mothers willingly relinquished their children, many consider that their children were taken by force - that consent was coerced, taken under duress, or not granted at all. The practice of forced adoption can be considered within the paradigms of post-war conservatism and the nuclear family, yet it has also had lifelong consequences for many women and their children. Viewed as a phenomenon of mid-twentieth century Australia, the experience of adoption has been classified as that of a prism with many faces: love, law and morality, charity, but also shame and punishment.


In this paper, analytical and numerical tools are combined to explore the dynamics of a quadratic boost converter supplied with a PV source and interlinked to a grid-tied dc-ac inverter with the aim to determine its subharmonic instability boundary in terms of different system parameters. First, numerical simulations from the detailed switched model of the system shows that it can exhibit subharmonic instability at relatively high irradiance levels. A simplified dynamical model is derived mathematically by taking into account the power stage, the controller, the PV generator working at the maximum power point. Using the simplified model of the system and a closed-form expression for predicting subharmonic oscillations, the stability boundaries are located in terms of weather conditions as well as circuit parameters, hence, obtaining the system safe operation domain. The dependence of the inductance values on the operating current, determined from a linear regression analysis and a least square algorithm applied to experimental data, is also taken into account in the analysis.


With the currently abuses in archives management,the colleges and universities should put up reform and innovation,such as archivist quality training,the perfection of management system and mechanism,and the modernization of archive management in order to get rid of irregular management mechanism and method.


The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) has two parameters: the mother of wavelets and the number of iterations. Selecting different parameters for different DWT of the same signal, different energy concentrations in the wavelet domain are obtained. So, for a particular signal there is a better pair of parameters that realizes the best energy concentration in the wavelet transform domain. In applications is difficult to find this best pair of parameters. This is the reason why the aim of this paper is to introduce a new DWT less sensitive to the parameter selection. This transform is built using a technique very modern in telecommunications, the diversity enhancement. The diversity is enhanced in the wavelet transform domain computing different DWT, of the same signal, with different parameters. So, the input signal, represented by a vector, is transformed into a matrix. Each column of this matrix represents the DWT of the input signal, computed with a different pair of parameters. This matrix represents the result of the new discrete wavelet transform, named the Diversity Enhanced Discrete Wavelet Transform, (DEDWT). The new transform can be used with good results in denoising applications, especially for low SNR signals. The discrete wavelet transform, DWT, realizes a concentration of the energy of the input signal in a small number of coefficients. This concentration's enhancement is useful for the reduction of the number of operations in the application considered. For a given signal, using different wavelet's mothers, different energy concentrations are obtained. So, for a given input signal there is a best wavelet's mother, that realizes the higher energy concentration. The aim of this paper is to propose a new DWT less sensitive to the selection of the wavelet's mother. The construction is based on the diversity enhancement's principle. Such a transformation is useful for the denoising of low signal to noise ratio, SNR, signals. In the second section of this paper is presented the construction of the new transform, the DEDWT. The computation of its inverse is also described. The central result of this paper, described in the third section, is the application of the new transformation in denoising applications. In the forth section some simulation results are presented. The last section is dedicated to conclusions.


This paper studies the determinants of individual location choices of manufacturing production units by foreign affiliates. It concentrates on the specific case of FDI location in France over the period from 1985 to 1995 and evaluates, in particular, how regional policies in favour of French regions by both national and EU authorities compare to other determinants of the location choice. It is shown that foreign investors are, to a large extent, not sensitive to public investment incentives, and are primarily driven by conventional forces such as the market potential, labour costs and agglomeration effects in the region considered for investment. Proximity to the home country of the investor also has a robust positive effect on location choice.


The widespread use of cement replacement materials in concrete has generated interest in the potential use of gasifier slag (GS), a new replacement material with a chemical composition intermediate between that of ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) and pulverized fuel ash (PFA). A partial understanding of how the material behaves in concrete can be obtained through a study of the hydration of GS cements. New information on the hydration products has been gained by an examination of the composition of hydrates in GS cement pastes. Electron probe microanalysis has been used to study the composition of hydration rims around alite and slag grains in two GS cement pastes. The results are expressed in terms of atomic ratios, depicted graphically and compared with published probe data for GGBS and PFA cement pastes. The presence of GS modifies the composition of the hydrates in the rims around alite grains, particularly by the incorporation of aluminium. The composition of the hydrate around the GS grain...


A crucial function for foreign investors assessing a potential investment jurisdiction is the rate of tax applicable for the investment, as well as the familiarity of, and the ease with which they can understand the applicable local laws. It is crucial to understand how taxation systems apply to residents and nonresidents, and indeed, how such terms are defined, in order to correctly assess the investment attractiveness of a particular state.


Derrida's seminar "The Phantom of the Other" (1984–1985), reads Heidegger's "Language in the Poem" (1953), which has the poetry of Georg Trakl at its center. Among the principal themes of Derrida's seminar and/or of Heidegger's essay are Heidegger's effort to "place" Trakl's presumably single, unsung poem; the relation of pain (Schmerz) to poetry; the two "strokes" of Geschlecht, a word that in part means the sexes, the first stroke being neutral, the second being evil; the German language and the Heideggerian idiom; philosophical nationalities and nationalisms; Derridean double-reading.


ABSTRACT The 11-kb sequence encompassing the alkylbenzene upper pathway inPseudomonas putida 01G3, a psychrotrophic strain able to degrade alkylbenzenes at low temperatures, was characterized. Together with a potential regulator (EbdR), six putative enzymes (EbdAaAbAcAdBC) were identified, and they exhibited highly significant similarities with enzymes implicated in the equivalent pathway in P. putida RE204. ebd genes appeared to be preferentially induced by ethylbenzene. Multiple-alignment data and growth rate measurements led us to classify 01G3 and closely related strains in two groups with distinct substrate specificities. Close to identified genes, remnants of IS5-like elements provided insight into the evolution of catabolic sequences through rearrangements from a less complex ancestral cluster.


The distribution of total oxygen, its forms of binding and geochemical bonds have been studied in Bulgarian Paleogene coals. Various petrographical and chemical analyses have been carried out. The analytical data are quantitatively evaluated by means of statistical, regressional and cluster analyses. The quantitative distribution of the oxygen forms in the coal macromolecule enables the estimation of the coalification processes development. The good correlation between oxygen-containing functional groups and the different macerals suggests that the hydroxyl (phenol), carbonyl and carboxyl groups can be used as genetic indicators. The dependences established between the carbon content, respectively, the reflectance and >CO and -COOH content points that these groups are coalification indicators.


Plant secondary metabolites are having the great application in human health and nutri‐ tional aspect. Plant cell and organ culture systems are feasible option for the production of secondary metabolites that are of commercial importance in pharmaceuticals, food ad‐ ditives, flavors, and other industrial materials. The stress, including various elicitors or signal molecules, often induces the secondary metabolite production in the plant tissue culture system. The recent developments in elicitation of plant tissue culture have opened a new avenue for the production of secondary metabolite compounds. Secondary metab‐ olite synthesis and accumulation in cell and organ cultures can be triggered by the appli‐ cation of elicitors to the culture medium. Elicitors are the chemical compounds from abiotic and biotic sources that can stimulate stress responses in plants, leading to the en‐ hanced synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites or the induction of novel secondary metabolites. Elicitor type, dose, and treatment schedule are major factors de‐ termining the effects on the secondary metabolite production. The number of parameters, such as elicitor concentrations, duration of exposure, cell line, nutrient composition, and age or stage of the culture, is also important factors influencing the successful production of biomass and secondary metabolite accumulation. This chapter reviews the various abiotic and biotic elicitors applied to cultural system and their stimulating effects on the accumulation of secondary metabolites.


In the present agricultural product logistics reform environment,the existing model of agricultural products logistics has serious shortcomings,which has restricted the development of Chinese agriculture."Farmer-Supermarket Direct Supply" is an innovative business model,in which agricultural products are directly supplied to supermarket.This can bring far-reaching influence to agriculture development and the supermarket management.In this research,supply chain collaboration is divided into five patterns according to different role characteristics of farmers and supermarkets.This research also explores the influences of "farmer-supermarket direct supply" to farmers,supermarkets and consumers.


This poster present 3 years research on how to provide support for lifelong learners with mobile technology. The aim of this research is facilitating adapted feedback services to foster self-regulation in adult lifelong learners.


Due to the growth of social network systems (SNS), big data are realized and Hadoop was developed as a distributed platform for analyzing big data. Enterprises analyze data containing users' sensitive information by using Hadoop and utilize them for marketing. Therefore, researches on data encryption have been done to protect the leakage of sensitive data stored in Hadoop. However, the existing researches support only the AES encryption algorithm, the international standard of data encryption. Meanwhile, Korean government choose ARIA algorithm as a standard data encryption one. In this paper, we propose a HDFS data encryption scheme using ARIA algorithms on Hadoop. First, the proposed scheme provide a HDFS block splitting component which performs ARIA encryption and decryption under the distributed computing environment of Hadoop. Second, the proposed scheme also provide a variable-length data processing component which performs encryption and decryption by adding dummy data, in case when the last block of data does not contains 128 bit data. Finally, we show from performance analysis that our proposed scheme can be effectively used for both text string processing applications and science data analysis applications.


In order to understand what we really do when we use selection tests we must realize that all tests are achievement tests. Such tests measure the results of past learning and in part reflect past opportunities for learning. This is true of IQ tests, non-verbal tests, psychomotor tests and probably clerical tests, even of personality tests. All tests are unfair to those who have had other than an average chance to acquire the skills sampled by the tests. But it isn't the function of a test to be fair; its function is to give an accurate assessment of the presently developed skill level of the subject. The fairness must come in the use and interpretation of the test.


ABSTRACT College students are an important priority population, and higher education is an opportune setting for chronic disease prevention and health promotion. Yet many people do not understand why enhancing the well-being of college students is of value. In this commentary, we address 3 common misperceptions about college health promotion: (1) College students are privileged and do not reflect most of the United States population; (2) college students are generally healthy; and (3) it is not the university's responsibility to focus on students' health. We contend that in actuality, college students increasingly represent the US population; that college students struggle with numerous health concerns and are in fact unhealthier than many other subpopulations; and that institutions of higher education are a unique setting that can not only improve the health of a large segment of the US population but that doing so is actually integral to the mission of higher education. Topics that merit additional research are discussed in an effort to further enhance college health promotion practice.


Abstract Limited data support the use of bendamustine in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of bendamustine in 28 patients with refractory HL or relapsed HL after autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) used as part of a compassionate use program. The median number of therapies before bendamustine was 5 (3–8). ASCT and non-myeloablative allogeneic transplant were previously performed for 25 and six patients, respectively. The median number of bendamustine cycles administered was 3 (1–12). The objective response rate was 50% with complete response (CR) in 29% of patients. The median progression-free survival was 5.7 months, and 10.2 months in patients with CR. During the first six cycles, two patients had a febrile neutropenia and four patients had grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia. Bendamustine was effective in these highly pretreated patients with HL. It might be used earlier in the treatment strategy of HL and in combination with other active drugs.


The soil nutrients contents of 18 soil samples of tea gardens selected from main producing tea counties were determined to analyze the soil fertility of tea gardens in Guizhou according to the classification standard of soil fertility posed by Second National Soil Survey.The results showed that major soil nutrients content of tested tea gardens is suitable or very suitable to tea production,most soil of tea gardens are short of phosphorus and potassium,the soil samples with active phosphorus and potassium deficiency accounts for above 40% in total tested samples,and the soil nutrient distribution of tea gardens is not balanced and the variation range of soil nutrients contents among different regions is great.


What can happen when memory and intersectionality are brought together to bear on historical Jesus studies? Pondering this question in light of a recently launched multiyear project, Jesus in Cultural Complexity, I propose that the intersectional figure of the cyborg and haunting as a form of memory offer resources for practicing this conjunction. The cyborg as an intersectional figure productively expands our field of salient intersections beyond the usual anthropocentric range; haunting, when considered as a form of memory transmission that requires ethical response by the living but demands we grant agency to the non-living or non-human, helps to clarify how we might speak about temporal intersectionalities. The first section of the article sketches my understanding of the key insights of intersectionality, in light of examples of its current deployments in analysing the figure of Jesus and the enterprise of historical Jesus studies. The second section articulates what the cyborg as an intersectional figure can add to this work, drawing especially on the work of Donna Haraway. The last section of the paper argues that the figure of the cyborg is one well-suited to cultivating an approach to forms of memory we might describe as hauntings, drawing especially on the work of Avery Gordon and Jacques Derrida.


Synergies between evolutionary game theory and statistical physics have significantly improved our understanding of public cooperation in structured populations. Multiplex networks, in particular, provide the theoretical framework within network science that allows us to mathematically describe the rich structure of interactions characterizing human societies. While research has shown that multiplex networks may enhance the resilience of cooperation, the interplay between the overlap in the structure of the layers and the control parameters of the corresponding games has not yet been investigated. With this aim, we consider here the public goods game on a multiplex network, and we unveil the role of the number of layers and the overlap of links, as well as the impact of different synergy factors in different layers, on the onset of cooperation. We show that enhanced public cooperation emerges only when a significant edge overlap is combined with at least one layer being able to sustain some cooperation by means of a sufficiently high synergy factor. In the absence of either of these conditions, the evolution of cooperation in multiplex networks is determined by the bounds of traditional network reciprocity with no enhanced resilience. These results caution against overly optimistic predictions that the presence of multiple social domains may in itself promote cooperation, and they help us better understand the complexity behind prosocial behavior in layered social systems.


Abstract.
 Newly eclosed adult bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), feeds on carbohydrate from plants and other exudates before dispersal and reproduction. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not this nocturnal behavior could be used to attract the insect to a feeding-based attracticide mixed with a toxicant. Commercially-formulated abamectin (Agri-mek 0.15EC) was evaluated as a toxicant mixed with a 2.5 M sucrose solution against bollworm adults, relative to toxicity, mortality, gustatory and proboscis-extension response, and reproduction. Sublethal doses of abamectin at 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg litre-1 fed to laboratory-reared females within 24 hours of emergence significantly reduced by 10–73% the percentage of eggs that hatched as compared to females fed sucrose only. Mating frequency was significantly inhibited by 2–70% at 0.25 mg litre-1 or more. A detailed examination of the effect of abamectin on toxicity, mortality, gustatory and proboscis-extension response, and reproduction of laboratory-reared and feral bollworms showed a potential exists for the use of this insecticide in a feeding-based adult control system. The dramatic decrease in fecundity and inhibition of mating frequency show a premise for the use of abamectin as a toxicant for suppression of bollworm adults.


The problem of residual stress distribution in welded tubes is paid a lot attention in recent years because of it is the one of the fracture reason of welded tubes both in production process and in service of products made of them. Since the plastic forming process is performed in cold condition the residual stress appearance (σrs ) in welded tubes is found in the every operation of production process. In this regard it is important to carry out the experimental investigations that make possible the determination of the residual stress nature in the formable workpiece using modern nondestructive methods. This article describes the experimental results of residual stress measurement in the different points around circumference of the outer surface of both small-diameter and large-diameter tubes with the application of portable X-ray diffractometer "DRP-RIKOR" based on X-ray diffraction method.


. Abstract : In this paper, we carried out the basic design of 36 MTD natural gas BOG re-liquefaction system to recover the generated natural gas during performance test of LNG pump and natural gas compressor. The re-liquefaction process of natural gas is designed to have 1500 kg/h of liquefaction rate with reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle. With the designed process, the variat ion of liquefaction rate is calculated for various inlet conditions of feed gas. From results, the liquefaction rate is more sensitive for inlet temperature than gas composition. The specifications of equipments such as gas blower, natural gas compressor, cryogenic heat exchanger and nitrogen compander are determined on the basis of the designed process. The requirement of power consumption and cooling water are also determined through the basic design.


A surgical technique is described for introducing a bacterial culture into the vas deferens of a ram close to the epididymis in such a manner that the infective material spreads to the lumen of the ductus epididymidis.


Nowadays, most of attackers try to attack an unsecured network operating system and scanned a subnet by using a tool such as Nmap.The attacker then tried to attempt the server or important network parts through ports on the network.Regarding that situation, it will be cause some of the host on the network unusable.To overcome this problem, one system has been developed for network administrator
and it be used in the area of computer and Internet security. It is a resource,which is it intended to be attacked and compromised to gain more information about the
attacker and his attack techniques. By using this technique the administrator can gather more information about the attacker. The administrator will get the pop up message based on each suspicious traffic on the network. Honeypot used to save information from attacker such as JP address, Mac Address,time attack, local port and remote port that honeypot deal with. When honeypot was attacked,the administrator uses the information to learn about vulnerabilities of the current network and improve it for the future. The expected from this honeypot, it will help
the administrator to detect and know what port that is use by the attacker in the network. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 and Microsoft Access 2003 will be used to develop interface and database of honeypot.The investigation on this system can be used in future and can be extensive.


A water-releasedly coated fiber was presented.The natural plant fiber was coated with mixed colloid composed of sop organic macromolecule(PVA) and ultra-fine montmorillonite grain.The micro-appearance of the coated fiber was described by the environment scanning electronmicroscope.The desorption of the mixed colloid was detected by thermogravimetry.The water-releasing characteristics with various soil moisture were analyzed by fast watere-quipment.The water-releasing mechanism was proposed. The results showed that the montmorillonite grain were distributed evenly throughout PVA.At the side of high flow of wateron of the fiber,PVA swelled to transfer water.At the other side,PVA shrinked so that the montmorillonite grain join to form the transferring channels due to the low flow of water,by which,the water-releasing mechanism that water were trasferred because of different water potential caused by discordant energy barriers was realized.


Rigid polyurethane foam insulation materials belonged to the organic polymer insulating material,and the thermal conductivity of insulation materials was the lowest of all and had the most superior thermal performance.The combustion process of polyurethane thermal insulation material was introduced,and the flame retardant methods of rigid polyurethane foam insulation materials and its development trend were elaborated.


In recent years, Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) have become a very popular research topic. By providing communications in the absence of a fixed infrastructure MANET are an attractive technology for many applications such as resource app, military app, environmental monitoring and conferences. However, this flexibility introduces new security threats due to the vulnerable nature of MANET, there will be the necessity of protecting the data, information from the attackers as it is an infrastructure-less network. Thus, securing such demanding network is a big challenge. At this point, IDS came into existence to secure MANET in detecting at what point they are getting weak. In this review paper, we will discuss, MANET and its vulnerabilities, and how we can tackle it using different techniques of IDS (Intrusion Detection System).


Starting from the insight that interpersonal communication and face to face encoun ter are the basis of dialogue, that dialogue presupposes trust and understanding, and that the culture of communication and dialogue ought to be on a significantly higher level in the times of media(ted) and virtual communication, this article analyses the role of interpersonal communication in the contemporary media society, with a special emphasis on pastoral work. Apart from an analysis of the importance of communica tion as a constituent part of every human being and an analysis of the role of priest as a communicator, this article presents results of a study of attitudes of believers in the Archdiocese of Zagreb on priests. The study shows that believers value their communi cation skills quite highly. Efficient communication has an extremely significant role in the proclamation of gospel and is one of the key tools of the priest in his daily mission.


The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has two mating‐types, h+ (P) and h‐ (M). The mam2 mutant exhibits an h(−)‐specific sterile phenotype. Nucleotide sequencing of the mam2 gene isolated from an S. pombe genomic library revealed an open reading frame composed of 348 amino acids. The deduced mam2 product is a hydrophobic protein of 39 kDa that has significant sequence similarity (26.3% for identical amino acids) with the transmembrane domains of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE2 product, the alpha‐pheromone receptor. Hydropathicity analysis suggests that the Mam2 protein contains seven possible membrane‐spanning domains and a carboxy‐terminal hydrophilic region. The mam2 gene was disrupted and found to be non‐essential for growth. An h‐ haploid strain harbouring this disrupted null allele failed to respond to the pheromone of h+ cells, P‐factor. These observations imply that the mam2 gene encodes a receptor for P‐factor. Transcription of mam2 was induced only when strains containing functional mat1‐M allele were cultured under conditions of nitrogen starvation. The mam2 gene was also transcribed in h+/h‐ diploid strains. The fact that the map1/mam2 homozygous diploid cells are incapable of sporulation implies that the pheromone signalling system is necessary for sporulation in diploid cells.


In order to study the antibacterial activity of propyl cinnamate,the Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were selected as specimens for antibacterial experiments.Minimum inhibitory concentration and inhibitory curves were investigated using medium turbidimetry assay with medicine.The effect of pH on antibacterial was also studied.The minimum inhibitory concentrations of propyl cinnamate for the four specimens were0.20g/L,0.20g/L,0.35g/L,and 0.20g/L,respectively.Under the minimum inhibitory concentration,the growth adaptation period of these bacteria could not be extended but their number was inhibited.The most favorite pH values for the 4bacteria were changed to 8.5,6.0,7.5,and 5.0 respectively,proving the antibacterial activity of propyl cinnamate.


Temperature effects in gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4) vibrating beams are reported. In addition to the well-known, thickness-shear AT-cut, temperature-compensated cuts exist in GaPO4  for length extensional modes. Experimental evidence of a temperature-compensated cut in GaPO4 rectangular beam resonator vibrating in length extension is given


CQI and rank prediction A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system and method that facilitates integration of the list sphere decoding design in a wireless communication environment is described about the A list sphere decoding and ML MIMO receiver . The various aspects, the CQI calculation on the optimal rank selection and optimal rank, a non-linear receiver, such as a maximum likelihood (ML) MMSE receiver, can be carried out in conjunction with a non-linear receiver, such as having a list sphere decoder. Optimal rank selection may be performed using the highest rank selection protocol, other suitable protocols that facilitate the protocol based on the channel capacity, or the rank selection, CQI information is determined with respect to the optimal rank has been selected can be generated based in part on the effective SNR was. .FIELD 7


The development of assistive technologies for visually impaired people are increasing as computer systems advanced. Such systems are needed to enhance the quality of life for the visually impaired people. A major challenge facing the visually impaired is that of recognizing colors. The perception of colors is very important in interacting with people and the environment. This paper presents the design and implementation of a hardware-based solution that can help the visually impaired people recognize colors, interact, and take decisions based on their perception of colors. The system can detect a given color and generate an acoustic representation for its HSV values. A set of preliminary experiments on the new system has been performed with the help of visually impaired and blindfolded volunteers. The experimental data showed that the proposed design is easy to use with average training time for nine minutes and 85% of success rate.


This chapter explores the connections between the Amazon Rain Forest and global climate change. The first connection is the contribution the deforestation of the Amazon makes to global climate change. The second is the impact climate change has on the rain forest by exacerbating droughts and forest fires. The chapter also discusses the roles of forests in the planetary carbon cycle, and tropical forest loss and climate change. One conclusion is that, thus far, the responses to this crisis have been woefully inadequate.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present an up-to-date estimation of the tax gaps (TGs) of 35 countries (28 EU member states and 7 additional countries – Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Turkey, Switzerland and the USA, both as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP) and a nominal value (in US$).

Design/methodology/approach
The authors' empirical study was carried out on 35 selected countries. To estimate the TG, indirect methodology has been applied, where the basic components used in the estimation procedure are the level of the shadow economy estimated with the multiple indicators multiple causes method, the GDP at current prices (in US$), the total tax rate (TTR) of a given country and the indirect method of follow-up and estimation of lacking data.

Findings
The basic finding of the research is that the level of the TG is determined individually for a given country and is strongly correlated with the GDP, i.e. if the GDP is high, the TG as the percentage of the GDP is lower in the majority of countries. It is particularly easily noticeable in countries such as the USA (TG – 3.8 per cent of the GDP), the Great Britain (TG – 3.2 per cent of the GDP) or Japan (TG – 4.3 per cent of the GDP).

Research limitations/implications
A limitation of the adopted research method is the lack of application of direct (supplementary) methods which would include potentially lost contributions from foreign sources and not registered taxpayers. Another research constraint is that the authors' estimations do not take into account the so-called direct top-down approach based on the VAT Theoretical Total Liability. The weakness of the adopted procedure of estimation is also the use of TTR only instead of comparative approach including tax burdens and average tax rate.

Practical implications
TG has recently become a hotly debated issue and poses a big challenge to the public finance in many countries. The paper provides some recommendations for the policymakers how to reduce the size of the TG.

Social implications
Tax evasion and tax avoidance leading to the emergence and expansion of the TG erode the business ethics and distort the rules of fair competition, thus undermining the social trust and moral infrastructure of business transactions.

Originality/value
One of the major research findings is that 30 per cent of the TG in a given country is determined by the TTR, which – for the first time – provides empirical proof that tax policy (as part of overall economic policy) plays an important role and that it may determine the fiscal effectiveness of a given country.


By means of video and analyzing,the thesis studies and analyzes the jump-off actions of step jump of thebasketball players from Physical Worker Basketball Team in Heilongjiang Province and Harbin Physical EducationInstitute.The findings indicate that the result of step jump is closely related with the buffer ability of knee joint,the pushing and stretching ability of ankle joint and the proper force order of hip,knee,ankle joints.


The precise nature of W. S. Jevons's utilitarianism as a guiding rule for economic policy has yet to be investigated, and that will be the first issue treated in this paper. While J. A. Schumpeter, for instance, asserted that 'some of the most prominent exponents of marginal utility' (including Jevons), were 'convinced utilitarians', he did not investigate the further implications for Jevons's policy analysis.