Several types of salsify or goat's-beard, Tragopogon species (Asteraceae), are found in Canada as biennial or monocarpic perennial herbs with yellow or purple flowers. Introduced from Eurasia, T. pratensis and T. dubius have become established in all provinces in Canada except Newfoundland and the territories. Tragopogon porrifolius tends to be more local, but is also found in southern areas of most provinces. Tragopogon species hybridize readily, and the tetraploid species T. mirus and T. miscellus have resulted from crosses among the three diploid Tragopogon species in North America. Salsify species produce relatively large umbrella-like pappuses which promote long-distance dispersal. These species also invade rangeland, and are considered noxious weeds in some parts of Canada. Key words: Tragopogon dubius, Tragopogon pratensis, Tragopogon porrifolius, Tragopogon mirus, Tragopogon miscellus, salsify, goat's-beard, Asteraceae, Compositae, hybridization, weed biology


The thermal behavior of three different walls, made with and without by-products, is assessed by means of the Finite Element Method, aiming to evaluate its performance in terms of the sustainable construction of the blocks. Results were compared to those obtained from an experimental campaign, aiming at validation of the model. The by-products used for the blocks were "lime sludge" and "sawdust", whose performance was compared against the traditional blocks made of concrete as a reference, aiming to demonstrate its sustainability, showing decreases of the thermal transmittance up to 10.5%. Additionally, following the same methodology, the thermal behavior of these above-mentioned blocks but now with added internal insulation made of "recycled cellulose" was assessed, showing higher decreases up to 25.5%, increasing sustainability by addressing an additional reduction in waste, so the right combination of using by-products and the insulating filler in their cavities has been revealed as a promising way of optimizing the walls, offering a relevant improvement in energy savings. Finally, when comparing the U-values of the blocks made of concrete without insulation versus those made of by-products, with insulation, improvements up to 33.3% were reached. The adaptation of the procedure through a moisture correction factor was also incorporated.


The aim of this paper is to provide information about big data and cloud used in health care system. This paper includes guidance as well as strategies for design to help evaluation and comparison between cloud computing from different cloud providers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big but also high and very large in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using tools and techniques. Amount of data produced within health informatics has grown to be quite vast and analysis of these data information can improve quality of healthcare offered to patient. However there are number of issues that arises when dealing with cloud computing ,heath care consumers must have clear understanding of unique benefits and risks associated with cloud computing. Including Big data analytics in health care system, it provides users which have potentials to advance personalized care for improving patient details and avoid unnecessary costs.


The paper discusses some results of one of the federal programs that directly impact on the modernization of production. It is noted that the development and implementation of priority high technology involves coordinating the efforts of business, science and the state, development of public-private partnership.


STRUCT is a system that learns structural decision trees from positive and negative examples. The algorithm uses a modification of Pagallo and Haussler's FRINGE algorithm to construct new features in a first-order representation. Experiments compare the effects of different hypothesis evaluation strategies, domain representation, and feature construction. STRUCT is also compared with Quinlan's FOIL on two domains. The results show that a modified FRINGE algorithm improves accuracy, but that it is sensitive to the distribution of the examples.


The discrepancy between the plow width and the tractor width leads to the asymmetry of plowing units. The geometry of the plowshare surface of the moldboard plow contributes to the generation of lateral forces on the working tool. All this leads to the imbalance of the tool and the deviation of the tractor from straight-line movement during plowing. To maintain straight-line movement, the driver has to adjust the machine every 5-10 meters, which is highly tiresome. To study the causes of lateral slips of the plowing unit, we constructed a mathematical model, which consists of the equations of controlled movement and equations of the tractor's uncontrolled shear under the action of external forces from the plow. The description of the force interaction of the drive with the ground is based on the mathematical theory of friction, taking into account anisotropy and elastic properties in contact. Based on the passive shear model, we constructed a hodograph diagram of the maximum tractor shear force from the side of the working tool. We found that the shear force reaches its maximum friction value only in the case of a translational shear, when its line of action passes through the tractor's center of gravity. In all other cases, the shift (slip) of the tractor is caused by a lower force. We formulated the features and assumptions of the model as applied to caterpillar and wheeled tractors. As a result, we found that, regardless of the direction of the lateral displacement of the plow's traction resistance, the tractor is slipped towards the plowed field. The result of the numerical experiment showed that the main reason for the slip of the wheeled plowing unit is the difference in soils along the sides of the tractor but not the deviation of the plow traction resistance.


of the Dissertation Cognitive RF Energy Harvesting: From Design to Applications by Ufuk Muncuk Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering Northeastern University, August 2019 Dr. Kaushik Roy Chowdhury, Advisor Radio frequency energy harvesting (RF-EH) allows powering low-power electronic devices without wires, and batteries, and promises self-sustainable and energy-neutral paradigms for Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. The objective of this dissertation is to advance the design of RF energy harvesting circuits interfaced with commercial-available IoT and wireless sensor motes, and design specialized circuit variants applicable for example selfpowered (battery-free) and wireless charging applications. The distinguishing contributions of the dissertation include: (i) spatio-temporal and multi-frequency study of RF signal strength distribution, (ii) design, optimization and application of re-configurable multiband RF energy harvesting circuit, (iii) distributed RF beamforming for wireless charging of IoT, (iv) design and implementation of capacitive touch energy harvesting system, (v)design of battery-less Bluetooth Low Energy Beacon (BLE) device. Our study of RF signal strength distribution conducted in Boston, USA, indicates locations and associated RF bands for practical outdoor deployment of RF-EH technology. Our design incorporates an adjustable circuit for harvesting from multiple spectrum bands, including LTE 700MHz, GSM 850MHz, and ISM 900-MHz bands using one single circuit. Our design is fabricated on printed circuit board with comprehensive evaluations at each associated frequency for the power conversion efficiency (PCE). In addition, we characterize the charging performance and demonstrate powering COTS sensors outdoors. Results reveal more than 45% PCE for our prototype design. We introduce a new architecture for next-generation wireless charging systems that acts as an integrated hardware and software solution. It consists of a software controller, programmable energy transmitters with distributed energy beamforming, and multi-band energy harvesting circuits. Our system realizes a software-defined wireless charging system through separation of controller, energy, and hardware planes. We demonstrate the working our indoor prototype with extensive


We consider the problem of transcommunicative competence of students a group of psychologists in the psychological work. There is rationale of the groups of «life experience» for first-year students. The dynamics of transcommunicative potential of the individual on the basis of group work as a transition from stress a condition characterized by the closeness of man as a psychological system for trans-state conditions for the realization of internal resources and capabilities of the individual.


Undoubtedly, the commercialization of the Internet will also have an influence on the Internet culture. First, traditional businesses will increasingly want a presence on the Internet, in the form of electronic storefronts. Second, there's a new breed of cyber-entrepreneurs exploiting new niches. We do not belong to the group of people who deplores this development. We believe business is a legitimate activity, and that it will not destroy the net. The barter economy and the new cyber-entrepreneurs will find a modus vivendi. The free services and knowledge sharing will survive, supplemented with feebased services and electronic commerce. There are powerful technological and social reasons why these forces will not dominate the net: the nature of the medium simply does not allow for centralized control and for intrusive broadcasting. Only Invited Persuaders' will be culturally acceptable. As has been proven many times by now, the users of the Internet have enough retaliatory power at their kill unsavory practices in the bud.


In order to better respond to emergencies and disclosure the evolution mechanism of network opinion,the evolution mechanism of network opinion is divided into four stages,which are the gestation, diffusion, outbreak and decline.Then the formation mechanism, driving mechanisms, affecting mechanism and termination mechanism of the internet opinion emergencies are discussed.In the end, the guidance and control strategies targeted public opinion are proposed.


This volume is dedicated to the study of the field-fortifications on the Finestre and Fattieres hills located in Piedmont on the Italian Occidental Alps; being the unique easily passable transit between the Chisone valley and the fortress of Susa, they had a special strategic meaning and importance.


The main object of the investigation is that of the basis and the goal of punishment considered from a critical standpoint vis-a-vis the right to punish. Given the depth and diversity of approaches, an interdisciplinary perspective is adopted when dealing with punishment in general, whilst developing punishment in spheres distinct from Criminal Law. The need for a multidimensional focus on the punishment topic stems from the theme's very depth and complexity. In the future, punishment should be seen as something to view not solely from a criminological or legal perspective, but rather as a complex, social institution in both its function and its meaning, which, studied with sufficient care and attention reflects a form of life that brings with it a clarity of analysis as to the type of society in which it is imposed and as to the people which compose it.Keywords: criminal law; interdisciplinary perspective; multidimensional focus; punishment; social institution


This study develops residents' community attachment scale in tourist destination. Based on literature review. three underlying dimensions of the residents' community attachment are identified: identity, dependence, and social friendship. Thirty items used in previous studies are viewed and modified. Fifteen items are selected based on reliability test of the pilot study data. A survey is conducted in Hahoe village in Andong, Kyongsang Buk Do Province, Korea. Final attachment scale is found after verification process with reliabili쇼 and validity tests. Fourteen items for three dimensions are found as valid in measuring community attachment. The construct and scale of community attachment are found to be useful in tourism development by estimating the residents' behaviors.


The results of steroid in pediatric after cardiac surgery with steroid during extracorporeal circulation.
 Objectives: Evaluating the clinical and laboratory characteristics in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery using steroid. Methods: A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial on 106 pediatric patients who underwent surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass at Hanoi Heart Hospital. Results: The rate of postoperative infection of the group using corticosteroids was 85.5%, the group not using corticosteroids was 96%. The rate of fever after surgery of the group using corticosteroids was 32.7%, the group not using corticosteroids was 35.3%. Troponin T concentration of group using corticosteroids was 1729.3 ± 1874.8 ng/L, group not using corticosteroids was 1855.0 ± 2658.0 ng/L. The time of mechanical ventilation and the time of recovery of the group using corticosteroids was 19.7 ± 23.6 hours and 61.8 ±
53.0 hours, the group not using corticosteroids was 19.8 ± 25.0 hours and 52 ,5 ± 39.1 hours. Conclusion: High-dose corticosteroids in this research did not cause adverse effects as mentioned in some studies, but did not bring any significant benefit to pediatric patients after cardiac surgery.


Because the relationship of faults and their expressions in FCCU system is a fuzzy one.The fault diagnosis model was based on the the relationship between FCCU fractionating system malfunction characteristics and malfunction symptoms.This model takes into account the influence of the acquirable symptoms and introduced symptom confidence and rule confidence.The expert knowledge of identifying the fault of FCCU was reviewed.In order to reduce the developing period of fault diagnosis expert system and increase its developing flexibility this paper had discussed a method by using of developing Visual C++ and expert system tool CLIPS the fault diagnosis expert system of FCCU fractionating system.This method has good transplant ability and can develop effective expert system frame in a short time.


Language means of communication who is very important for human life. Because by language we are very easy to understand whether mean and purpose it. In this case language as medium which have function to give a information for other people include English . So that, English is one of the important element to communicate with other people both of teachers and students. In the classroom learning activities English is used to communicated between teachers and students even though they combine between English and Indonesia. So that, English in the school is used to equip the students' knowledge with related the four basic language skills in English, such as : listening, speaking, writing, and reading. To make the students understand or mastery the four skills in English ,In English teaching activities the English teacher should be more creative and fun in creating interesting of English teaching method and comfortable classroom. So, before teaching a teacher always choose some method and strategies that will be applied in the classroom to increase the English skills of the students. But the reality now, there are a lot of English teachers lack of methods, strategies to increase the students' skills because they only focused on the course the book. To teach the four basic language skills in English. The teachers have to integrated the all skills. Beside that, the English teacher have to also create good instructional for the students to do the request of the teacher in learning process. Teacher's instruction make the students is easy to understand the material and do the exercise in the text or course book. But the teachers have to combine between English and Indonesia because there are a lot of students do not understand if the teacher use English only or monolingual language in giving instruction. In this case the teacher used bilingual or she did code switching and code mixing. According to Fhatos Sandra, a bilingual is an individual who knows or understand at least two languages and multilingual is an individual who knows and understand many languages. Based on the problem above, the writer formulate two questions as follows;why do the English teachers use code switching in giving instructional and giving material; why do English teachers use code mixing in giving instructional and giving material.


In the development background of the new era, enterprise performance evaluation is an important part of enterprise management. More and more enterprises have begun to pay attention to the importance of enterprise performance evaluation. Although the research results of performance evaluation index system construction are significant today, the performance evaluation index system constructed is often banned from the evaluation of performance results, ignoring the impact on performance results. This paper constructs a performance evaluation system from the perspective of enterprise performance determinants. We must understand the formation process of enterprise performance, the formation mechanism of clear performance, and then analyze the impact process of each influencing factor on performance.


The word leather worker is mentioned as LUASGAB in ideograms in the Hittite cuneiform texts. As the leather workers are only mentioned in few documents and because the cuneiforms yvhich contain these documents are only fragments or their context doesn't lend itselfwell to provide broad Information about them, it has not been possible to determine the importance of leather workers in the Hittite's social and economic life. According to results of research on cuneiform tablets this craft was put into practice in Hittite and other Anatolian towns not only by free men but perhaps by slaves. The leather workers were buying and selling leather besides tanning and processing it. it is clearly understood that this profession, which was passed on from generation to generation by means of a master-apprentice releationship, was taken up by palace staffin the palace as well.


A zeolite pellet is formed by binding large numbers of small crystals with microporous material. The adsorption properties of a zeolite pellet depend on its micro-structure. In this paper, two physical models of a 5A zeolite pellet with the crystals dispersed or clustered are established. Mathematical models to describe nitrogen diffusion and adsorption occurred inside the pellet are proposed. The N2 adsorption properties on pellets with different micro-structure are compared. Very detailed results regarding the effects of the crystal fraction, crystal distribution are revealed.


The concentration of atmospheric CO 2 has been measured at Baring Head, near Wellington, New Zealand, since December 1972. In the period January 1973 to January 1977, the CO 2 concentration was observed to rise by 4.6 p.p.m. Superimposed on the long-term increase was a seasonal oscillation with an amplitude of 1.1 p.p.m. having a maximum in October and a minimum in April. The oscillation was in phase with, and of nearly the same amplitude as, the seasonal oscillation observed at the South Pole. The mean CO 2 concentrations at Baring Head and the South Pole over the period January 1973 to January 1977, were almost the same, each being about 2 p.p.m. lower than at Mauna Loa in Hawaii for the same period. The problem of intercomparison between different atmospheric CO 2 monitoring stations has been minimized by chemical analyses of all reference gases used at the stations. The reference gases were analysed both before and after use at the field stations by a single calibration laboratory at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1979.tb00882.x


Quality of Service (QoS) has gained more importance with the increase in usage and adoption of web services. In recent years, various tools and techniques developed for measurement and evaluation of QoS of web services. There are commercial as well as open-source tools available today which are being used for monitoring and testing QoS for web services. These tools facilitate in QoS measurement and analysis and are helpful in evaluation of service performance in real-time network. In this paper, we describe three popular open-source tools and compare them in terms of features, usability, performance, and software requirements. Results of the comparison will help in adoption and usage of these tools, and also promote development and usage of open-source web service testing tools.


Planetary gearbox (4) comprising at least two planetary gear trains (5, 9), each planetary gear set (5, 9) comprising an input shaft (11, 15), an output shaft (13, 17), the shaft outlet (13) of the first planetary gear set (5) being coupled to the input shaft (15) of the second planetary gear set (9). The first planetary gear set (5) comprises a first satellite (25) comprising a magnetic drive portion arranged to cooperate with a complementary magnetic portion of the first planetary gear set (5) by a magnetic interaction effect. The first carrier (25) includes a mechanical drive portion adapted to mechanically cooperate with a complementary mechanical drive portion of the first epicyclic train (5). The magnetic drive portion and the mechanical drive portion are integral in rotation about an axis of revolution (29) of the first satellite (25).


The utility model belongs to the technical field of the civil engineering structure damping, a frequency continuously adjustable type mass damper is provided. Mainly comprise stand, weight box, counter weight steel sheet, crossbeam, bottom plate, clamp plate etc. The bottom of stand sets up rectangular column base, and the top sets up rectangular cushion cap, the column base of stand is fixed in between clamp plate and the bottom plate through bolt I, and the both ends at the column base of stand are pressed respectively to two clamp plates promptly to form the transprotable gap, before pressing from both sides tight stationary mast, the stand is portable between two clamp plates to this span of adjusting the crossbeam reaches mass damper frequency continuously adjustable, be applicable to the high -frequency vibration control of floor in striding the overpass of people's bank of china, harbour landing stage greatly and striding building structure greatly. Harmonious mass damper compares with the tradition, the utility model discloses a crossbeam replaces the spring to provide damping system's rigidity, realizes reducing high -frequency vibration's purpose.


She sat at 6 months, walked at 12 months and showed no gross motor delay. The fine motor delay was suspected at 2 years because of difficulty picking up small items, along with chewing difficulty and drooling. She spoke her first word at ~20 months. She attended a mainstream school with limited additional support and was noted to have autistic traits but no Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) assessment. Additional problems included feeding difficulties ('picky eating') and orthotic assessment for in-turning gait.


In this work, a low leakage current and high responsivity GaN p-i-n ultraviolet (UV) photodetector (PD) is fabricated for a photocurrent instability study. When the illumination condition shifts from dark to constant UV illumination, the PD's photocurrent is found first to increase sharply and then go through a slow rising process until reaching its saturation value in tens of seconds. The degree of photocurrent instability lessens as UV illumination intensity increases. Meanwhile, when the PD is illuminated by periodic square-wave UV light, its transient response time is measured to be ∼1–2  μs. The observed photocurrent instability behavior is likely due to photocarrier trapping by yellow luminescence band related defects in GaN, which is supported by multiwavelength light illumination and photocurrent decay measurements.


The invention relates to an epoxy resin composition for vacuum introduction formation of a fibre reinforced composite material and a preparation method of the epoxy resin composition. The epoxy resin composition comprises a component A and a component B, wherein the component A comprises the following ingredients in parts by mass: 100 parts of epoxy resin, 5-20 parts of diluent, 0.5-5.0 parts of silane coupling agent, 0.5-5.0 parts of inorganic filler; and the component B comprises the following ingredients in parts by mass: 25-45 parts of amine curing agent and 0.5-5.0 parts of accelerant. According to the invention, blend type epoxy resins of hydantoin epoxy resins and low-viscosity epoxy resins (4,5-epoxy cyclohexane-1,2-dioctyl phthalate diglycidyl ester, bisphenol F type glycidyl ether epoxy resin or bisphenol A type glycidyl ether epoxy resin) are adopted as a resin matrix, so that the requirement of vacuum introduction formation of the fibre reinforced composite material for the resin low viscosity can be met, and a composite material product has excellent high temperature resistance property.


Objective
To evaluate the concordance of artificial rank with single epiphyseal nucleus in skeletal age(SA) assessment between observers and the total concordance.

Methods
From March 2006 to May 2009, 128 children with central precocious puberty were admitted to the West China Second University Hospital. They were divided into case group (n=61) and control group (n=67). In control group, 6 girls started breast development at age 8. Left hand-wrist X-ray radiographs before therapy were retrospectively blindly analyzed by two doctors with radius, ulna and short bones (RUS) skeletal age of TW2 method. Then the two doctors ranked artificially and calculated skeletal age. Kappa values were calculated and u test was performed in SPSS 13.0.

Results
① The Kappa values of the 13 epiphyseal nucleuses were: Radial bone (0.812±0.051), ulnar bone (0.944±0.022), first metacarpal bone(0.925±0.028), metacarpal bone (0.703±0.050), fifth metacarpal bone (0.789±0.042), first proximal phalanx (0.964±0.021), proximal phalanx (0.941±0.026), fifth proximal phalanx(0.887±0.034), middle phalanx (0.917±0.031), fifth middle phalanx (0.919±0.030), first distal phalanx (0.772±0.050), distal phalanx (0.883±0.040), fifth distal phalanx (0.856±0.041). For the 13 Kappa values, u test was performed and P values were all smaller than 0.05. ② Total concordance: Kappa=0.776 and standard error=0.044(u=16.128, P<0.05).

Conclusion
The concordance of artificial rank with single epiphyseal nucleus in skeletal age assessment between observers is high. In practice work, concordance between observers is developed by regularly training, then diagnostic results are correlated and accuracy is advanced.

Key words:
age determination by skeleton; TW2 method; concordant evaluation; Kappa value


A 59-year-old man developed pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) during treatment with pembrolizumab for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma [ route and dosage not stated ]. The man, who had metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, presented with two days of pleuritic chest pain and dyspnoea. Over the past five months, he had been receiving treatment with pembrolizumab, fluorouracil [5-fluorouracil] and carboplatin. CT chest showed pulmonary lesions with a large right bronchial mass. EKG revealed sinus tachycardia with right axis deviation. Troponins were found to be elevated. Echocardiography revealed normal left heart function with a dilated right ventricle (RV), right atrium and high RV systolic pressure. Heparin was initiated due to high concern for pulmonary embolism (PE). However, chest CT angiography was negative for PE. To further investigate the aetiology of the elevated RV pressures, a right heart catheterisation was performed, which revealed a high mean pulmonary artery pressure and vascular resistance. Pulmonary vasculature compression from metastatic lesions was ruled out. The clinical findings were suggestive of a WHO Group 1 PAH. Pembrolizumab was discontinued, and sildenafil was initiated. After four weeks, he showed rapid clinical improvement. He did not require supplemental oxygen and was able to perform most activities of daily living and return to work. He was diagnosed with pembrolizumab related cardiac toxicity with primary PAH.


Analysis and examination of 220 families allowed to reveal the presence of interfamily concentration of chronic HBV-infection in 30.9% cases. The role of interdependence of the different haptoglobin (HP) phenotypes with the genotypic properties of the virus in the formation of «family cases» of chronic hepatitis В (CHB) were defined and the peculiarities of the profile of HBV markers depending on the carrier and HP viral genotype in children from family cases with CHB were discovered.


Multiple upsetting-sliding tests are performed at sliding velocities in the range of 20-200 mm.s -1 and at different plastic deformations to reproduce the local contact conditions experienced at the tool/workpiece interface during cold forming of a 6082 aluminium alloy. An original approach, able to evaluate accurately the volume of galled aluminium by means of surface topography acquisitions and energy dispersive spectrometry analyses, is presented. Galling is observed whatever the testing conditions and two types of regimes are underlined according to the sliding velocity. An interesting and strong correlation between the wear volumes and the friction coefficient is also highlighted. Mots clefs : 6082 aluminium alloy, wear, galling, upsetting sliding test,


Some strong acids and acid anhydrides are known to activate sulfoxides giving the sulfonium cations, which could undergo aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions [1]. This reaction has been applied to the polycondensation of methy phenyl sulfoxide derivatives to produce poly(arylenesulfonium salt)s [2, 3]. The polymers are useful as a soluble precursor for the preparation of high-molecularweight poly(arylene sulfide)s [4, 5]. Several polysulfonium analogs with methyl, propyl, or phenyl substituents have also been prepared. Our objective is the development of these sulfonium-containing aromatic polymers as a novel class of functional polyelectrolytes. One of the successful examples is that the polymer acts as an efficient methylation reagent for phenol, aniline and benzoic acid [6]. Introducing long alkyl chains onto the hydrophilic polymers has been studied for the application of making a monomolecular layer by the LangmuirBlodgett method [7-9]. The self-aggregation of the polymers via side group association in solution has also been examined [10]. Some of these polymers form a crystalline-amorphous layered structure in the solid, whose properties have been investigated for practical applications such as displays [11-14]. In this paper, we report a novel poly(arylenesulfonium salt) bearing n-octadecyl groups as the side chains, which was synthesized via the acid-induced polycondensation of alkyl an aryl sulfoxide. DSC analyses revealed that the polymer has two endothermic tranJ. MACROMOL. SCI.—PURE APPL. CHEM., A38(8), 851–859 (2001)


The continuity, global coverage, and high temporal and spatial resolution of satellite data make them an important tool for monitoring and characterizing the habitat and ecosystems that influence marine resources. Remotely-sensed variables such as sea-surface temperature (SST), sea-surface height, ocean colour, ocean winds and sea ice, characterize critical habitats that influence marine resources. Most of the physical features that are important to ecosystems, such as ocean fronts, eddies, convergence zones, river plumes and coastal regions, cannot be resolved adequately without satellite data. Similarly, satellite data are crucial for resolving the timing of processes such as upwelling, harmful algal blooms (HABs), seasonal transitions and El Niño events. Satellite ocean colour is particularly important, since it is the only remotely-sensed property that directly measures a biological component of the ecosystem. For example, chlorophyll derived from ocean colour data can be used to observe changes in the timing and magnitude of the phytoplankton blooms that can affect future fish populations via recruitment (Platt et al., 2003; Friedland et al., 2008), to classify the productivity of the oceans (Pauly and Christensen, 1995; Sherman et al., 2005), to detect interannual differences in the frontal structures that are important to fisheries (Polovina et al., 2001; Bograd et al., 2004) and to map the spatial extent of the part of the ocean experiencing reduced productivity during El Niño events (Wilson and Adamec, 2001). This Chapter shows some specific examples of how satellite data have been applied to improve the management of fisheries.


The evaporation path in emulsions of a water/5‐phenylvalerate/4‐pentylphenol lamellar liquid crystal in toluene was calculated using an algebraic method to extract information from a partial phase diagram. The equations for the tie lines between the emulsion phases and the evaporation path were established and used to evaluate the variation in the composition of the liquid crystal during the evaporation. The evaporation lead to significant changes in the composition of the liquid crystal and the modification of the vapor pressure during the process was estimated from published values for similar systems. The deviation of water pressure from the value for p was too small to influence the evaporation path to a significant degree, but the departure from the native toluene pressure were sufficient to cause a discernable change in the evaporation path. These deviations were small in comparison with the ones caused by the relative humidity on the evaporation path. The results also gave an example of a situation in which the assumption of equilibrium between the vapor and the compound in the emulsion is no longer valid providing an example for which the phase diagram approach to evaporation is not relevant.


In this article a limitation of the conventional 2D Smith chart has been highlighted and discussed. An extension to the Smith chart has been proposed in an attempt to overcome these limitations. The extension involved transforming the 2D impedance plane into three dimensions and mapping it onto the surface of a sphere. This is believed to be the first time that this formulation of the Smith chart has been presented. A number of representations of the spherical Smith chart were then considered. These included the use of constant resistance, reactance, impedance, and reflection coefficient lines. Finally some of the issues associated with the graphical displaying of the 3D Smith chart were discussed.


In order to retrieve stored long-term memories, the human brain needs to select goal-relevant against interfering, irrelevant information. The prefrontal cortex is thought to support this ability. The catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism is found here as well. Here the homozygous expression of methionine causes, due to a thermolabile enzyme a reduced enzymatic degradation and higher concentrations of cortical dopamine. However the influence of the COMT gene on the neural mechanisms of memory inhibition in the prefrontal cortex remained unclear. Functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI) were recorded from fifty-four subjects, eighteen per genotype, while they performed the retrieval practice paradigm (Anderson et al. 1994). In this paradigm subjects learn categorized word lists and repeatedly retrieve some of the words from some of these categories. This repeated retrieval typically involves the inhibition of interfering memories from the same category, which can be observed as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) on a later recall test. The experiment revealed significantly larger amounts of RIF in the Met/Met genotype (8,5%) compared to the Val/Val genotype (2,6%) and replicated previous findings (Kuhl et al. 2007) of decreasing activation in prefrontal areas across retrieval practice cycles. Notably, Met/Met carriers showed the largest RIF, with a significant genotype by retrieval cycle interaction in the right inferior prefrontal (BA 47/10) cortex. In conclusion our study expands knowledge concerning the linkage of the prefrontal cortex to dopaminergic systems and showed a dopaminergic influence on long-term memory control for the first time.


In this paper, A generalized multi-objective model is presented for minimizing the range of lateness and make-span of multi-processors based on JIT technique, It is proved that the job scheduling problem is a NP complete problem. A heuristic algorithm is given to solve the scheduling problem. The numerical example illustrates that the heuristic algorithm is designed very well and can find very good solution of the scheduling problem.


Agricultural modernization is the key and base of "four synchronization", the degree of modern agriculture reality, Sinan County was evaluated according with the "national modern agricultural demonstration zone construction monitoring and evaluation methods(for trial implementation). The results showed that the total implementation degree is 63.48%. For elements around the modern agriculture, the basic ideas, objectives and key construction task of modern agriculture development of the county in the future four years were proposed. That is focused on creating three core agricultural park, Zhangjiazhai tea, Tangtou fruits and vegetables and Xujiaba livestock breeding, and six big dominant, grain and oil, fruits and vegetables, ecological tea, ecological animal husbandry, tobacco and traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry, and three interrelated industries, the processing of agricultural products,agricultural products logistics industry and leisure and sightseeing agriculture; building five support systems, a financial services,technology support, disease prevention and control of the quality, safety and environmental protection.


Plastic mulching or intercropping combined with pruning and fertilization not only increased the biomass yield of Japanese honesuckle ( Lonicera japonica Thumb) but also improved its water- and soil-conserving effect, for such management technologies decreased soil bulk density, increased soil porosity and enhanced the water-holding capacity of the soil.


Subject area
Forecasting.

Study level/applicability
The case is intended for Postgraduate level management students.

Case overview
The purpose of this case study is to explain various forecasting techniques, their applicability and the importance of forecasting to the students. This case also explains the management situations where the application of one technique may not be sufficient, thereby explaining the importance of simultaneous usage of qualitative and quantitative techniques for making crucial decisions. The case is focused on the district of Etah of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. The real-life situation of elections in this district of an Indian state has been taken to explain the critical nature of forecasting accuracy in a management situation where the manager has only one chance to execute his project. Discussion in this case is limited to explaining various techniques available for forecasting and their applications and does not provide a solution to a management problem.

Expected learning outcomes
The students are expected to understand various forecasting methods and the managerial situations where these can be applied. The case also explains situations where it becomes extremely important to have fairly accurate estimates of future requirements and the application of one technique may not be sufficient, thereby explaining the importance of simultaneous usage of qualitative and quantitative techniques for making crucial decisions.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email email@example.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 9: Operations and Logistics.


We propose a mechanism for the origin of matter in the universe in the framework of Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity in higher dimensions. The new static black hole solution recently discovered by the authors,1 with the Kaluza–Klein split of space–time as a product of the usual with a space of negative constant curvature, is indeed a pure gravitational creation of a black hole which is also endowed with a Maxwell-like gravitational charge in four-dimensional vacuum space–time. This solution has been further generalized to include radially flowing radiation, which means that extra-dimensional curvature also produces matter distribution asymptotically, resembling charged null dust. The static black hole could thus be envisioned as being formed from anti–de Sitter space–time by the collapse of radially inflowing charged null dust. It thus establishes the remarkable reciprocity between matter and gravity — as matter produces gravity (curvature), gravity produces matter. After the Kaluza–Klein generation of the Maxwell field, this is the first instance of realization of matter without matter in the classical framework.


Additional evidence for the existence in the early solar system of live Fe-60 has been found in the basaltic achondrite Juvinas. The relative abundance of Fe-60/Fe-56 of about 4 x 10 exp -10 at the time of meteorite solidification is one order of magnitude lower than that previously observed for the eucrite Chervony Kut. This difference corresponds to an about 4.7 Ma time interval between closure of the Fe-60-Ni-60 isotopic system in the two meteorites. The factor two higher initial Ni-60/Ni-58 ratio in Juvinas is consistent with this time difference and a common bulk Fe/Ni ratio in the two meteorites. Using the Fe-60-Ni-60 isotope system as a chronometer various models for the evolution of the eucrite parent body of different degrees of complexity are discussed. Regardless of the detailed differences between these models a short time interval of only a few million years between planetary differentiation and basaltic crust formation is indicated.


This paper summarizes the portion of the panel session on Distributed Design of Computer Based Systems devoted to a discussion of academic programs. Some of the key elements identified by the CBSE Task Force for Distributed Design of Computer Based Systems in both research and practice are briefly reviewed. Academic programs and some comments on supporting research follow. The basic conclusion is that current teaching programs are inadequate in content and emphasis on the Systems Engineering aspects and that university‐based research, in general, lacks a focus on solving problems of significance to practitioners and rarely is "scaleable" to real‐world situations.


Chronic kidney disease patients are malnourished due to poor food intake, hormonal disturbances, increased resting energy expenditure, inflammation, polypharmacy and comorbid diseases. Malnutrition can be determined by Body Mass Index (BMI), which is a useful, easier and reliable clinical tool. It is useful in primary care setting than other anthropometric variables which have significant operator variability. In addition dietary assessment by 7 day usual dietary recall method identify patients nutrient intake and hence any discrepancy in intake and the standard recommendation can be detected and rectified since the gap between two can be very harmful and may lead to further progression of disease. The present pilot study determines malnutrition and difference in the actual intake and standard recommendation among patients. anthropometric initiative risk factors of CKD. It has been found that there is a variability in protein intake among all patients. In addition their calorie, potassium and calcium intake is very less and phosphorus and fat intake through diet is high when compared with standard recommendation. This suggest further investigation to know the actual compliance of patients to their diet plan. Dietary modification, increase in physical activity is needed along with improvement in compliance for diet. Further study is needed to validate whether there is any need of restriction is potassium in diet or not. ABSTRACT We report a case of left-sided laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy with extraction of the kidney through the vagina.


Ti-Si-C films were prepared on cemented carbide by chemical vapor deposition. The reactive gas system was CH4, (CH3)4Si, TiCl4 and H2. The film was analyzed and tested by SEM, AFM, EDS, XPS, microhardness tester, friction and wear tester. The results indicate that the film is continuous and dense. At higher substrate temperature, the hardness of the film will be higher. When the substrate temperature is 850°C, the adhesion of the film is highest with coefficient of friction only 0.14.


This research investigates consumer reactions to changes in information provision regarding organic production. Quantitative analyses focus on the implementation the National Organic Program and the unique nature of the fluid milk market. Our results suggest the appearance of the USDA organic seal on milk containers had an important effect on consumer milk purchasing choices and offer empirical support for the involvement of the USDA in developing uniform and standardized organic labeling guidelines.


36 college students were involved in a decision task in which the two optional choices were varied to create either a large difference, a small difference, or no difference in attractiveness. It was predicted that conditions which produce high perceived choice, i.e., a small difference in attractiveness, would cause an individual to attribute his decision to an internal factor while conditions mediating low perceived choice, i.e., a large or no difference in attractiveness, would lead to attributions based on an external factor. Data from 36 college Ss confirmed these predictions.


Background. The creative life of Ludwig Spohr (1784–1859) coincides with at least three historically-cultural periods: Late-Classical, Romantic and LateRomantic, thus creating a straight line from Classical works of XVIII century to those of the middle of XIX century. First works by Spohr having opus number chronologically coincide with the beginning of Beethoven's central period of life, and in this light, he is rather seen as heir of pre-Beethoven generation of composers. But, having outlived the last Viennese Classicist by 32 years, Spohr assimilated both his experience and innovations of the new generation of musicians, his junior contemporaries. In spite of the fact that Spohr wasn't inclined to radical innovations, unlike his coeval Weber, he became one of the first harbinger of the new music. Yet we should note that situation of drastic change of musical culture, in which the composer was brought up, programmed his lifestyle and general direction of his creativity. Moreover, "intersection of times" defined contradictions in Spohr's legacy, that hitherto hurdle his unambiguous evaluation. Literature review. It would be unfair to state that name of Spohr doesn' figure in musicologists' researches at all. Although one has to admit that while in Western musicology a certain tradition of studying his creative life has been established, in Soviet and post-Soviet scientific area creativity of Spohr hasn't ever become on object of separate dissection, with a single exception of Raaben's essay (Raaben, 1967). But even in this work Spohr only listed alongside with other musicians, but not as a self-sufficient phenomenon. Scattered facts of Spohr's creative life are incorporated into brief outlines of his works or spheres of activity, created by M. Cherkashyna (1998), N. Antipova (2007), V. Ferman (1961), V. Pluzhnikov (2006). Researches are actively trying to reveal diverse connections between Spohr and the past of the musical culture: his "Mozartness" (Heussner, 1957), efforts to revive music by Bach, Handel and other masters of the past (Homburg, 1958; 1960). Much less attention is drawn to historical typology of Spohr's legacy, to his place in the spacetime of music. H. Riemann (1961) regards him as a Romantic composer, having more in common with Shubert and Mendelssohn than with Weber, Schumann and Marschner. K. Huschke (1939) notes his soft, elegiac and lofty feelings, beauty of the melodies, his nobility in stark contrast with Weber's art founded in folk intonations, although claiming both of them to be German in spirit. Although wholistic image of Spohr in research literature, unfortunately, has not been created yet. The aim of this paper is an attempt to present complex creative personality of Spohr, comprised of the opposite constituents, as a whole. Results. On the verge of XVIII–XIX centuries even tradition, that is one of the most profound and fundamental factors of culturally-historical process, is subjected to reconsideration. For Spohr, tradition means mainly possessing skills, professionality. Spohr endeavoured mastership in every single thing he did: practicing violin 10 hours daily, polishing his Kapellmeister art, or embodying appearing musical ideas in his compositions. It was rather predictable that he had become one of the most prominent pedagogues of XIX century, progenitor of violin school and glorious Violinschule. According to the tradition dating back to the Baroque era, Spohr reveals a tendency towards inventio: both in the terms of technology (invention of a chinrest) and in creativity. In the latter case inherited meets modern. Spohr precisely formulates artistic ideas appearing to him thus becoming one of their generators. Spohr's attitude to tradition can be understood through his favouring of musical classics as vivid reality. Almost all scholars of his legacy unanimously agree that he had enormous adoration of Mozart during all his life. One may say that in mind of Spohr two different approaches to tradition overlap: from the standpoint of XVIII century (when it was regarded as a continuity of knowledge, well-developed skills, order) and from the vantage of XIX century (as an object of reconsideration, adaptation in the context of new stylistic system and Romantic worldview). Not only did ambiguous approach to the tradition defined his art, but also affected societal, political views, spheres of activity and personal traits. Conclusions. Observations on creative life of Spohr allow to demonstrate paradoxes of his personality. He was simultaneously a court musician and a "free artist"; a proponent of musical past and critic of the modernity – and its indefatigable champion as opera Kapellmeister and as symphonic and concert conductor; performer-virtuoso – and serious, ruminant creator of large-scale oratorios, operas and symphonic conceptions; advocate for normativity in art – and pioneer in many respects, – these are pairs-oppositions defining the image of Spohr's personality.


In Spain, the contribution of BRCA mutations to the population incidence of early‐onset breast cancer was unknown. We carried out a mutational analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in 124 Spanish women diagnosed with breast cancer before the age 41 and who were not selected for a family history of this disease. The genetic study was performed by PCR‐SSCP analysis and DNA sequencing. We identified 6 pathogenic BRCA mutations in 7 unrelated probands (5.6%; 95% CI=2.3% to 11.3%): 1 BRCA1 (c.2080delA) and 5 BRCA2 (p.Y3006X, p.Q1994X, c.9204_9217del14, c.9254_9258del5 and c.295+2T>C). Three out of 6 mutations were novel (BRCA2 p.Y3006X, c.9204_9217del14, and c.295+2T>C), and two further mutations had not been previously found in Spain (BRCA1 c.2080delA and BRCA2 p.Q1994X). The one remaining (BRCA2 c.9254_9258del5) was detected in two probands of our sample. Additionally, we identified two new missense mutations: BRCA1 p.P1812A and BRCA2 p.G2044A. Our data support the notion that Spaniards represent a heterogeneous population with its own spectrum of BRCA mutations, some of which appear as founding mutations. We categorized patients into familial or non‐familial groups on the basis of her family history of breast/ovarian cancer; this analysis indicated that among Spanish women with early‐onset breast cancer, an even moderate family history is a good predictor of being a BRCA mutation carrier. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Brunetti and Bo1 raised a number of comments to our recently published Forum Article2 on the potential benefits of measuring anticoagulation levels in patients who use direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). We would like to respond to these comments. First, Brunetti and Bo argue that "major bleeding incidences observed in DOAC experimental and observational studies are quite reassuring", thereby referring to major bleeding rates (1.6%– 2.3% per year) among elderly individuals not receiving antithrombotic therapies.3 We agree that major bleeding is a multicausal disease and that DOACs are not the only factor that can induce bleeding. Still DOACs have, like all anticoagulants, the side effect of bleeding, as for instance has been shown in placebocontrolled trials in which the risk of major or clinically relevant bleeding is elevated for DOAC use.4 In a recent trial among elderly Japanese patients who were not appropriate candidates for standard doses of DOAC therapy for atrial fibrillation due to various reasons (impaired kidney function, major bleeding history, low body weight, or continuous use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or antiplatelet drugs), patients were randomized to a low dose (15 mg once daily) of edoxaban or placebo.5 The annualized rate of major bleeding was 3.3% in the lowdose edoxaban group and 1.8% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90– 3.89), emphasizing the contribution of even lowdose edoxaban to a substantial increased risk of the annual major bleeding rate.5 As such, there is room for improvement in decreasing the number of bleeds (and herewith associated mortality, comorbidity, and healthcare costs) among patients who are anticoagulated with DOACs. Second, we agree with the authors that a careful medical history and identification and management of risk factors for bleeding are important in the individual patient. In fact, we stress this issue in our Forum Article by arguing that measuring DOAC may be most optimal in patients who are at a priori high risk of bleeding such as patients with impaired kidney function. The presence of such risk factors, however, does not imply the absence of a potential relationship between DOAC plasma concentrations and outcomes. In the cohort study mentioned by Brunetti and Bo,6 the risk of major bleeding among atrial fibrillation patients receiving no anticoagulation, vitamin K antagonists (VKA), or DOAC increased "only mildly (1.4 vs. 2.3 and 2.2 per 100 patientyears, respectively)." What remains unknown, however, is whether there were differences in DOAC plasma concentrations between patients who had a major bleeding event versus those without. Several studies have shown that there is a dose response between DOAC plasma concentrations and major bleeding events.710 We agree with the authors that a focus on modifiable risk factors is a priority, and doseadjustments based on DOAC drug levels11 could potentially be one of those. Third, Brunetti and Bo mention that "both in the ROCKETAF and in the ARISTOTLE trial, risk of major bleeding was consistently higher among those receiving reduced doses of rivaroxaban and apixaban, respectively." This is true. The reason for this is that patients who received reduced doses of DOAC in those trials had underlying comorbidity like impaired kidney function and being elderly people (in other words: per the protocol of these trials, these patients received a reduced DOAC dose).12,13 Patients with impaired kidney function and elderly people have less stable and more unpredictable clearance of DOAC levels.14,15 This was shown for instance in the RELY trial, in which the magnitude of the effect of dabigatran plasma concentrations on thromboembolism and major bleeding was strongly related to clinical characteristics like older age and impaired kidney function.7 This does not imply that "these findings strongly suggest that patient's characteristics (including older age, [...]) rather than anticoagulant activity are major drivers of clinical events in this population," for the precise reason (as Brunetti and Bo state) that "Onlabel use of reduced doses is not synonymous of low DOAC plasma concentrations," which is a crucial addition. Brunetti and Bo furthermore state that "the use of plasma concentrations requires consistent proof of relatively low intrapatient DOAC level variability." Currently, it is not well known whether DOACs have a high or low betweenand withinperson variability, due to the lack of studies on this issue as we acknowledge in our Forum article.2 But absence of evidence is not similar to evidence of absence. In a cohort study among atrial fibrillation patients, high betweenindividual variation but low withinindividual variation in DOAC plasma levels was identified.16 This suggests that DOAC plasma level measurement soon after treatment initiation could give an acceptable impression of future DOAC plasma levels, but as also stressed in our Forum article, more research on this is needed before solid conclusions can be made.


Background. The incidence of sphenoid sinusitis has decreased significantly since the pre‐antibiotic era. Intracranial complications from isolated sphenoid sinusitis are rare but have a high morbidity and mortality.


Objective:To find out the pathogens which cause food poisoning.Method:PCR detection kit instructions under the regulation GB/T 4789-2003 were used.Result:Enterotoxigenic(LT)Escherichia coli from 5 shares dejecta and 2 shares vomit has been examined,while other intestinal pathogens have not been examined out.Conclusion:This case of food poisoning is caused by enterotoxigenic(LT)Escherichia coli.


Introduction___________________________ Acknowledgments. ___________________ Previous palynological work in the area_____ Methods._______________________________ Processing samples and preparing slides. Quantitative and qualitative counts. _ _. Fossil palynomorph localities ______________ Stratigraphy___________________________ Midway-Sabine Stage boundary _______ Sabine-Claiborne Stage boundary. _____ Page


The first set of sulfur-contained natural gas purification treatment facility in the Tarim basin is in the Sangnan Oil Gas Processing Station,situated in the operation zone of Sangji.It was put into production in 2005 with capacity of 150×104m3.The excessive degree of natural gas purification will result in unqualified transported gas and the gas needs to be released,which will cause huge resource waste.To meet the quality requirement for the transported gas,natural gas purification degree should be well controlled.This paper analyzed the problems caused by the excessive degree of natural gas purification in summer in desulfurization unit of Sangnan natural gas purification treatment facility.Based on the studies of the air cooling effect of MDEA lean solution cooler and the efficiency of regeneration tower,the paper found out key factors which restricted the stable operation of Sangnan desulfurization unit.Proper controlling measures were applied,for example,properly increasing the concentration of MDEA solution,boosting the solution regeneration operation,controlling the stable inlet air for absorption tower,controlling the stable operation of regeneration tower.The facility can run sustainably in summer and the purification degree of the transported natural gas can be guaranteed.


Summary form only given. The natural helix of the chiral smectic S/sub c/* phase of ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLC) permits quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second harmonic generation (SHG). QPM is achieved when the nonlinear susceptibility alternates in magnitude with the appropriate spatial period. In this work the theory of the collinear quasi-phase-matched SHG in FLC with a natural helix is developed.


The reliability of welded structures with shallow and deep cracks were calculated by using three dimensional stochastic FEM. This method has overcome the shortcomings of conservative results in safety assessment with deterministic fracture mechanics method.The calculation of reliability was based on the three dimensional perturbation stochastic finite element program which was developed by ourselves. The effect of welding residual stress on structure reliability was also calculated. The effect of variables (such as fracture toughness, external load, crack depth) on structure reliability was also discussed. The calculation results indicate that the welding residual stress has great effect on structure reliability. Among the three variables ( K ⅠC , p, a ), the fracture toughness K ⅠC has the greatest effect on the structure reliability. The next is external load p . The crack depth a has lower effect on reliability than both K ⅰC and p .


The paper investigates the propagation of a shock wave when interacting with a loosely packed granular medium. The continuous two-phase mathematical model presented in this work allows one to numerically describe the propagation of a shock wave in the channel of a shock tube, the achievement of a layer of granular filling by the shock wave, and the reflection of the wave. It was shown that the granular medium partially transmits the shock wave, but mostly corresponds to it. This reflection differs from the reflection of a shock wave from a solid wall. The nature of the reflection of the shock wave depends on the density of the granules. In particular, it has been shown that a granular medium of lower density, due to the increased mobility of individual particles, leads to some amplification of the reflected wave. It is also shown that the reflected wave in this case forms two pronounced peaks. It should be noted that the pressure passed in the layer of the granular medium, on the contrary, turns out to be the greater, the heavier the particles of the granular medium.


The profile of ozone formtion in a propene-NO x -air-irradiation system was studied at 20, 30, 40, and 50 o C in order to clarify the effect of temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster the formation of ozone and the longer the duration of a high concentration of ozone. The former phenomenon was due to the effect of temperature on the stability of HOONO 2 , and the latter was due to faster decomposition of PAN at higher temperatures


Low seam underground coal mines require use of heavy machinery having interior cab heights that may be lower than 33 inches. Current mining machines typically provide operators with non-adjustable seats consisting of heavy metal slabs or, in many cases, provide no seat at all. However, the limited workspace height forces the operator to control his machine from a reclined or supine position that requires special support. The problem may be exacerbated by the presence of a canopy that may further reduce the workspace height by several inches or more. While some Air Force research has examined low-profile seating anthropometry, the special ruggedness and low-level technology of the mining environment imposes unique design requirements not addressed by the Air Force research. This paper describes the development of a special anthropometrically adjustable seat that can provide comfortable body and head support in mining machines having very low workspace heights. Anthropometric analyses using published data and 1/4 inch scale drawing board manikins were used to establish design parameters for a medium fidelity adjustable seat mockup. Formal evaluation of the mockup confirmed, and in some cases altered, seat design parameters. The final seat design integrates refinements from the evaluation results and solutions to the adjustment problems.


The British Association was founded in 1831; geography was at first of little importance, being included in the Geology Section, but in 1851 it was accorded a Section of its own. This paper traces the story of Section E over 130 years. In the nineteenth century, with a secretariat, and often a President, too, provided by the Royal Geographical Society, it was largely concerned with the advancement of geographical science through exploration and travel. The first decade of the twentieth century witnessed the beginnings of 'academic' geography, and the Section was taken over by university geographers. Exploration and description were replaced, between the wars, by Presidential Addresses which were often reviews of the academic discipline and its functions, and by research papers presented by university lecturers. Local studies, and excursions, became an integral part of each annual meeting. Signs of change appeared in the mid-1950s, with structured symposia tending to replace the miscellaneous research topics, and a changing audience in the Section as the Institute of British Geographers 'captured' the academics. The changing character of the subject in universities, in the 1960s and 1970s, with increasing emphasis on theory, model-building and quantification, and the near-abandonment of regional geography, has not been closely reflected in Section E programmes, which must cater for more general interests, for the junior section of the Association (British Association Young Scientists), and must present to the general scientific public, in jargon-free language, symposia and reports on regions and themes of current interest.


The article contains critical assessment of approaches to classification of investments, which are given by different authors and is specified in regulatory and legal documents of Ukraine. It establishes that the literature contains a view regarding differentiation of types of investments, but not a consideration of their classification by different properties. It makes a conclusion that the issue of scientific justification of classification of financial investments is still not developed and absence of regulation by law creates difficulties with respect to classification of financial investments, which, in its turn, results in an improper reflection of this object of accounting on accounts and in accounting. On the basis of differentiation of users of information and their interests, the article offers to relevantly differentiate information about investments. It of a need in co-ordination of classifications in Accounting Regulations (standard) and Tax Code of Ukraine.


power amplifiers are of great practical interest for wireless technology frontends. The design of the microwave power amplifier with load modulation network is discussed. The original design of the tunable impedance transformer allows load modulating at the output of a transistor is proposed. The proposed tunable impedance transformer is based on J-invertor where the transformation impedance are varied by tuning capacitors. A load-pull procedure for a GaN HEMT transistor is used to achieve optimal impedance range providing high-efficiency operation. Results of analysis of the proposed design of the load modulated power amplifier that contain proposed tunable impedance transformer demonstrates that load modulation technique allows enabling high-efficiency operation over 60% in a wide output power dynamic range (7 dB) at 5 GHz operation frequency.


We compare real and synthetic data directly to complete numerical relativity simulations of binary black holes. Even though our method largely agrees with [2], our method goes beyond the existing semi-analytic models that were used. Comparisons with only the quadrupole modes constrain the redshifted mass Mz ∈ [64M⊙ − 82M⊙], mass ratio 1/q = m2/m1 ∈ [0.6, 1], effective aligned spin χeff ∈ [−0.3, 0.2], where χeff = (S1/m1 + S2/m2) · L̂/M . If we include the octopole modes, we can constrain the mass ratio even better. Even though the spins are correlated, both magnitude and directions are not significantly constrained by the data. We determine that an upper limit for the spin magnitudes up to at least 0.8 but with random orientations. When we interpolate between nonprecessing binaries and reconstruct the posterior distribution, we find it is consistent with the results in [2]. We found a final total black hole redshifted mass is consistent with Mf,z in the range 64.0M⊙ − 73.5M⊙, and we found a final dimensionless spin parameter to be constrained to af = 0.62 − 0.73. To better understand and quantify the impact of potential sources of error, we calculated mismatches between waveforms and the KL Divergence(DKL) between PDFs derived from fits to our lnLmarg from our integrate_likelihood_extrinsic code (called ILE ). The error due to Monte Carlo integration was found to have a insignificant effect on the PDFs giving DKL ∼ 10−5. The impact of extracting the waveform was also found to be minimal assuming a high enough extraction radius is possible; we found DKL ∼ 10−2− 10−3 for PDFs corresponding to sources with different extraction radii. The resolution of a simulation was also found to have an extremely low impact with DKL ∼ 10−4. Our most noticeable source of error was the low frequency cutoffs, which producedDKL ∼ 2 for two PDFs with the biggest differences; however, this effect becomes less significant after marginalizing over all dimensions. We also use different sources for three end-to-end runs: zero spin, equal mass; aligned spin, unequal mass; and precessing, unequal mass. For all three cases, we were able to constrain the same parameters as with the analysis of the real event. For all three cases, the true system parameters lied within our reconstructed posterior. For the aligned case, we ran comparisons using the octopole modes and found, as in the real event analyses, we could further constrain the mass ratio.


On the basis of expounding the important significance of university library's promotion activities,this paper analyzes the contents of the promotion activities such as the collection resources,retrieval skills,multi-level services,and service concept,etc.,and promotion means and ways such as freshmen's library entry education,micro-blog,print poster,and three-dimensional integrated promotion,etc.,and points out that university library should pay attention to the feedbacks to the promotion activities,improve the promotion promotional language,connect with instructional needs,and strengthen the basic services.


This article presents numerical and experimental investigations of the structural control of multilayer high temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes, using eddy current thermography at room temperature. A rotating magnet wheel is used as inductor to avoid the thermal disturbance of current supplied inductors. A 3-D magnetothermal modeling approach based on an integro-differential formulation in terms of the electric vector potential is developed for eddy current computation in the HTS tapes; associated to a thermal modeling using the finite difference method. The source magnetic field is calculated using the magnetic surface charge model. The simulation results are confirmed by the measurements, both highlighting the potential of such control to detect structural defects, such as delamination.


Background: The importance of inductive instruction in medical education is increasingly growing. Little is known about the relevance of prior knowledge regarding students' inductive reasoning abilities. Purpose: The purpose is to evaluate this inductive teaching method as a means of fostering higher levels of learning and to explore how individual differences in prior knowledge (high [HPK] vs. low [LPK]) contribute to students' inductive reasoning skills. Methods: Twenty-six LPK and 18 HPK students could train twice with an interactive computer-based training object to discover the underlying concept before doing the final comprehension check. Results: Students had a median of 76.9% of correct answers in the first, 90.9% in the second training, and answered 92% of the final assessment questions correctly. More important, 86% of all students succeeded with inductive learning, among them 83% of the HPK students and 89% of the LPK students. Conclusions: Prior knowledge did not predict performance on overall comprehension. This inductive instructional strategy fostered students' deep approaches to learning in a time-effective way.


This paper presents an application of artificial neural networks (ANN) to power systems. ANN are tested to construct dynamic equivalents, which is considered a hard task in the context of power systems. The main objective is to reproduce the complex voltage at frontier nodes. The simulation results prove the applicability and robustness of this innovative approach.


This paper reports the performance of a LC resonant magnetic thin-film sensor. The impedance of the sensor changes according to the magnetic field dependence of the permeability and LC resonance of the sensor at high frequencies. To obtain high sensitivity, the conductor layer was covered with insulating layers and magnetic layers. As a result, a large impedance change of 105% was achieved.


Novel nonlinear optical effects photonic flame effect (PFE) and stimulated globular scattering (SGS) have been discovered. SGS was observed both in forward and backward direction. Pure opal crystal, consisting of the close-packed SiO 2 globules with diameter 200 nm, and crystal with pores, filled with molecular liquid, have been studied. Two Stokes components, shifted from the exciting light frequency by 0.4 – 0.6 cm , have been observed in SGS. Photonic flame effect consisted in the appearance of the few seconds' duration emission in blue-green spectral range under 20 ns ruby laser pulse excitation.


Purpose: This study was done to identify the relationship of life satisfaction, family support, physical health and demographic characteristics to perceived health, and to identify factors affecting perceived health of elderly participating in programs in welfare centers for senior citizens. Method: The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design using a convenience sampling. Data collection was done using self-questionnaire with 211 elders from 2 welfare centers for senior citizens located in Seoul, ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients and hierachical multiple regression with the SPSS Win 12.0 Program were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean score for degree of perceived health was 3.27±0.91. Perceived health had a significant positive correlation with life satisfaction (r= .362, p< .001), family support (r= .403, p< .001), physical health (r= .424, p< .001). The explained variance for perceived health was 37.9%. Among the variables, physical health (β= .175, p= .014), life satisfaction (β= .208, p= .002), and family support β= .277, p< .001) significantly predicted the degree of perceived health. Conclusion: Findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of perceived health and related factors for elders in Korea. However, further study with a larger random sample from various living environment is necessary.


Boring Trepanning Association (BTA) drills are capable of machining holes having large length to diameter ratio in a single pass. The study of the accuracy and surface finish of holes produced would reveal quite useful information regarding the process. This paper deals with the experimental results obtained during BTA drilling on EN-9 steel for different machining conditions. The data presented here are mainly on size variation, straightness of axis, out of roundness and surface finish. A different approach has been followed to study the error on the straightness of axis.


The fully unintegrated, off-diagonal quark-quark correlator for a spin-1/2 hadron is parameterized in terms of so-called generalized parton correlation functions. Such objects, in particular, can be considered as mother distributions of generalized parton distributions on the one hand and transverse momentum dependent parton distributions on the other. Therefore, our study provides new, model-independent insights into the recently proposed nontrivial relations between generalized and transverse momentum dependent parton distributions. We find that none of these relations can be promoted to a model-independent status. As a by-product we obtain the first complete classification of generalized parton distributions beyond leading twist. The present paper is a natural extension of our previous corresponding analysis for spin-0 hadrons.


In today's era the women plays a vital role in the development of nation and its economy. In india, women has an important role in the society and status. The hidden business potentials of women have been increasing and now they comes in the list of top entrepreneurs of the world. The main purpose of this paper to show that womens have equal rights. There are equal opportunities to both the genders. On the basis of this study there are some suggestions to encourage women entrepreneurship for the growth and development of womens.


In this paper,the author gives the definition of the integral means firstly,then by using the relations between holomorphic function and its gradient,proves that the integral means of the gradient of the holomorphic function can be controlled by the integral means of holomorphic function;And with the help of the radius of integral means,the author gets the other direction domination of the difference of the integral means by the gradient integral means.


Ethiopia, situated in East Africa, has an area of 1,112,OOO square kilometres and a population of 58 million. Much of Ethiopia is on an elevated plateau of 2,0oO to 3,000 metres. Ninety per cent of the population live off the land, mainly as subsistence farmers. Approximately 50% of Ethiopians are under 20 years of age, with the average life expectancy of 47 years. Over 75% of the population have no access to safe drinking water. Health care in Ethiopia is provided by government hospitals, government and private clinics, and nongovemment organizations. Public health care is not free. There are less than 10,OOO hospital beds in Ethiopia and health care covers 38% of the population. In many regions, accessibility to hospital care is often difficult due to the mountainous terrain with few sealed roads, the unavailability of motorized vehicles and the cost of public transport. Less than 15% of expecting mothers receive any antenatal care, and over 90% are delivered by traditional midwives. The crude birthrate is 47.3 per 1,OOO women and average fertility rate is 7.5 children per woman. Contraception is used by only 4% of couples. Accurate perinatal and maternal mortality rates are difficult to obtain as many deaths go unreported. Maternal mortality is estimated at 750820 women per 100,OOO livebirths. Perinatal mortality rate is 60 per 1,ooO livebirths with an infant mortality rate of 101 per 1,OOO.


In A Vast Machine, Paul Edwards documents the evolution of a broad scientific field that began with the curiosity of a few 19th-century explorers and scholars and now spans a worldwide community of scientists, engineers, and other specialists working with huge quantities of data, immensely complex computer models, and many sophisticated instruments and measurement platforms. As a scholar in science and technology studies, Edwards provides historical context and insightful perspectives on how observations of Earth's weather and climate have shaped scientific theories and models underpinning weather prediction and climate change—and how these in turn have dramatically affected our "knowledge infrastructure": the ways in which environmental measurements are now made, analyzed, interpreted, and used both in science and in global debates about environmental policy. In particular, he elucidates what scientists often take for granted—that models and observational data together form an inseparable basis for scientific understanding and prediction—in the context of current policy debates that have often tried to characterize observational data as independent, immutable representations of "truth" and computer models as imperfect tools subject to scientific bias and error.

A compelling aspect of A Vast Machine is Edwards' careful history of the development of weather observations and prediction in conjunction with the simultaneous and often intertwined evolution of climate monitoring and modeling. Weather data networks and numerical weather prediction models have grown rapidly in response to immediate societal needs and interests, evolving into ubiquitous technologies and well-oiled systems for delivering useful information to a wide range of users. Climate data networks and climate models share many similar components and approaches, but require a shift in perspective in analyzing and using data and model predictions. For example, long time series of climate data need continual reassessment and reanalysis because improvements in our current knowledge and understanding of what determines and influences climate also affect how we interpret measurements made in the past.

Because the global climate system is so complex and interconnected across land, oceans, atmosphere, the cryosphere, and the biosphere, the process of making observations collected from around the world—even through Earth-orbiting satellites—into truly "global" data sets requires significant innovation and investment. Edwards identifies different types of "data friction" that affect the flows and transformations of data and information, not only technical bottlenecks and constraints but also challenges stemming from coordinating scientists and systems across different disciplines, countries, and cultures. He also examines the institutional and structural histories of national agencies, international organizations, and other stakeholders that have shaped the evolution of weather and climate science and observational systems, including the strong influence of war, the military, politics, and the emergence of global environmental institutions and awareness.

For anyone interested in global warming or more generally in climate or weather issues, A Vast Machine is well worth a careful read. It provides an unusually broad and long-term view of the development of climate science and associated climate data, models, and information infrastructure, supplemented by useful figures and very detailed notes and references. Edwards begins with helpful guidance on what chapters might be of strongest interest to some readers or too technical for others. For those more generally interested in science, science and technology policy, and data and information management issues, he offers a sprinkling of comparisons with analogous issues and pointers to relevant literature.

As someone who has been closely involved for several decades in many of the research, data, and assessment activities and institutions documented in this volume, I found it indeed a rare and unexpected opportunity to learn so much about how these endeavors have fit into a vast and vibrant scientific enterprise that is of critical importance to the sustainability of our planet. The volume is also a testament to the vision and breadth of interests of the late Stephen Schneider of Stanford University, who helped Edwards with many aspects of his research (and who was a key mentor for this reviewer as well).


Reports of social dominance by females in avian winter flocks are few but have been described in the Bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula; Hinde 1955, 1956; Nicolai 1956) and the House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus; Thompson 1960). I have noted this dominance in the Purple Finch (Carpodacus p. purpureus), and it is evident in this study of Cassin's Finch (Carpodacus cassinii). The significance of female dominance in winter flocks is not known nor is the importance clearly evident for any pattern of avian social dominance during the winter (Watson and Moss 1970). The purpose of this study of winter flocks in Cassin's Finch was to (1) assess patterns of social dominance, (2) suggest their possible ecological significance, and (3) describe displays involving agonistic or anti-predator behavior. Cassin's Finch is an irregular winter resident of the Cache Valley in northern Utah (K. L. Dixon, pers. comm.) where I studied flocks during the winters of 1972-73 and 1973-74. I found no flocks in the area in 1971-72 or 1974-75. Aside from fragmentary observations by those engaged in faunistic or winter surveys (Orr 1968 and references cited therein), little is known of the winter behavior or biology of Cassin's Finch.


We refute a recently proposed thought experiment namely the Dead-Alive Physicist (DAP) whose authors claim it to be the falsification of the von Neumann interpretation in Quantum Mechanics. We discover major flaws in their model and our justification serves the purpose of disregarding further claims and assertions made in the paper at various stages. Thus, in a yet another situation, it is proven that the formalism advanced by von Neumann is non-trivial and non-falsifiable.


We report the case of a 57 year old female patient presenting with longstanding diffuse ankle pain. SPECT-CT was useful in making the diagnosis of an intraosseous ganglion of the posterior talus. The patient was treated with posterior arthroscopic debridement of the cyst via a two portal approach and grafting with an injectable synthetic bone graft substitute (PRO-DENSE®). The patient experienced rapid relief of pain and made a quick recovery. The surgical technique is discussed as well as a review of the current literature.


Berberine, an bioactive isoquinolin alkaloid from traditional Chinese herbs, is considered to be a promising agent based on its remarkable activity against hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the clinical application of this nature compound had been hampered owing to its properties such as poor aqueous solubility, low gastrointestinal absorption, and reduced bioavailability. Therefore, we developed Janus magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Fe3O4‐mSiO2 NPs) consisting of a Fe3O4 head for magnetic targeting and a mesoporous SiO2 body for berberine delivery. A pH‐sensitive group was introduced on the surface of mesoporous silica for berberine loading to develop a tumor microenvironment‐responsive nanocarrier, which exhibited uniform morphology, good superparamagnetic properties, high drug‐loading amounts, superior endocytic ability, and low cytotoxicity. Berberine‐loaded Fe3O4‐mSiO2 NPs exerted extraordinarily high specificity for hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which was due to the pH‐responsive berberine release, as well as higher endocytosis capacity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells rather than normal liver cells. More importantly, an external magnetic field could significantly improve antitumor activity of Ber‐loaded Fe3O4‐mSiO2 NPs through enhancing berberine internalization. Taken together, our results suggest that Janus nanocarriers driven by the magnetic field may provide an effective and safe way to facilitate clinical use of berberine against hepatocellular carcinoma.


Carbamate anticholinesterase pesticides are widely used for plant protection. Their common application together with the high toxicity, are responsible for the increasing number of intoxication accidents with wild animals (mammals and birds). The present experiment aimed to determine the changes occurring in blood enzyme activities of quails after experimental acute intoxication with the carbamate insecticide carbofuran (Carbosan 35 СТ). Quails were divided into 5 groups: one control and 4 experimental. They were treated by increasing single doses of the tested pesticide: 1.05 mg/kg (experimental group I), 2.1 mg/kg (experimental group II), 5.25 mg/kg (experimental group III) and 10.5 mg/kg (experimental group IV), corresponding to 1/10 LD50, 1/5 LD50, 1/2 LD50 and LD50  oral doses for albino rats, respectively. Prior to the treatment (hours –48, –24 and 0) and 1, 3, 5, 7, 24 and 48 hours thereafter, blood was sampled from v. subcutanea ulnaris for analysis of activities of serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), creatine kinase (СК) and gamma glutamyltransferase (-GT). The tested carbamate insecticide caused reduction in AChE activities, along with increased ASAT, ALAT, AP and СК concentrations. There were no changes in -GT concentrations.


Recently it has been shown that string instanton effects may give rise to neutrino Majorana masses in certain classes of semi-realistic string compactifications. In this paper we make a systematic search for supersymmetric MSSM-like Type II Gepner orientifold constructions admitting boundary states associated with instantons giving rise to neutrino Majorana masses and other L- and/or B-violating operators. We analyze the zero mode structure of D-brane instantons on general type II orientifold compactifications, and show that only instantons with O(1) symmetry can have just the two zero modes required to contribute to the 4d superpotential. We however discuss how the addition of fluxes and/or possible non-perturbative extensions of the orientifold compactifications would allow


This study examined stress and affiliation relationships in a natural setting by assessing the preoperative roommate preferences of 70 patients facing major (coronary bypass) surgery. No support was found for the notion, derived from social comparison theory, that novel, fear-inducing situations produce selective preferences for affiliation with others who are of similar emotional status (i.e., likewise facing threat). On the contrary, patients demonstrated a strong overall preference before surgery for a roommate who was postoperative (dissimilar emotional status) rather than preoperative (similar emotional status). The preference for a postoperative roommate held regardless of patient fear level and, with slight qualification, regardless of actual roommate assignment. Theoretical implications for social comparison formulations that have been applied to stress and affiliation research are discussed.


The current paradigm of agricultural research and extension in support of rural development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is to disseminate improved technologies designed to increase the generally low crop yields per hectare on individual farms. Using data from a baseline survey (n = 7,539) from a large rural development programme implemented in five countries in SSA, we calculate the increases in yield per hectare required to significantly contribute to poverty alleviation for households managing such farms. We estimate the gap between current crop productivity and the productivity required to reach a poverty line of $1.90 per capita per day adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). We find this gap to be very large, both in percentage and absolute terms. Median additional gross crop productivity required to reach this poverty threshold was: $324/ha/year (254% increase) in Mali; $1,359/ha/year (1,157% increase) in Niger; $4,989/ha/year (665% increase) in Ethiopia; $1,742/ha/year (818% increase) in Burkina Faso; $2,893/ha/year (1,297% increase) in Kenya. The required additional productivity taking account of production costs including the opportunity cost of family labor would need to be even higher. Given that (a) values of net productivity of improved rainfed crop technologies reported in the literature rarely exceed $1,000/ha/year; and (b) the majority of arable farms in SSA are two hectares or less with increasing trends toward land fragmentation, we argue that closing the yield gap among smallholder farmers in SSA will never—alone—be sufficient to meaningfully alleviate the high levels of poverty and deprivation many currently experience.


Objective: Report a keratoconjunctivitis outbreak in a single family, and assess the epidemiologic role of family doctor. Patients and Methods: A prospective cohort study of an outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis in a single large family attended in a family medicine office was done, based on the genogram. Also, a case-control study was done to identify risk factors associated with contracting conjunctivitis. The location was a family medicine office, in Toledo, Spain. Results: We found 18 patients with keratoconjunctivitis from May 1, 2017 and June 20, 2017, and who were evaluated prospec tively (10 men and 8 women ranging in age from 25 to 86 years). The primary case in the outbreak was the mother of the family, who had been visited in the hospital consultation. The Attack Rate was 53% and the Secondary Attack Rate 50%. Analyzing possible sources and pathways of the infection, the illness was clearly related only with family characteristics. In all 18 patients (100%) recalled that a family member had also had conjunctivitis during a period of 1 week before the onset of symptoms. Patients with keratoconjunctivitis were more likely than control patients to be coexisting with another case, and especially maintain a close relationship with another case. The Relative Risk was only strong in the close relationship with one case (RR = 3.2), and moderate in the presence of polypharmacy RR = 1.5. Conclusions: This outbreak illustrates the potential for transmission of keratoconjunctivitis infection in the family. Family medicine is a major source of information about health problems and their outbreaks, and family physicians should be alert to cases of keratoconjunctivitis, and using their specific tools, cases diagnose ("Numerator"), characterize the family (Genogram, Relation -ships, Pathways Of Transmission), monitor the course of the disease and the outbreak (Continuous Care), and to know all the people at risk or attended ("Denominator"), to obtain epidemiological measurements -Attack rate, incidence and prevalence-, and implement measures to prevent and treat such epidemic infection.


In this paper it is proved that with the disappearance of equilibrium states of the type saddle-saddle there appear singular sets homeomorphic to a suspension over a certain topological Markov chain. It is established that the corresponding bifurcation surface can separate Morse-Smale systems from systems with a countable set of periodic motions and is Ω-attainable on both sides. On the basis of the results obtained a description is given of the structure of basic sets connected with the appearance of homoclinic curves. Cases are indicated when the description of the structure of the neighborhood of a homoclinic curve coincides with the description of a basic set.Bibliography: 21 items.


The purpose of this work was to assess the potential effect that chronic inhalation of diesel exhaust may have on lung mechanics and lung volume. Noninvasive pulmonary function tests that produced data on lung air flows and volumes have been conducted repeatedly on 25 male Fischer‐344 rats exposed to diesel exhaust at a particulate concentration of 1500 μg m−3, 20 h per day, 51/2 days per week, for 612 days. The same tests were conducted on 25 clean air control animals. When the data were normalized, the majority of tests did not reveal any significant deviation from the norm for the first year of exposure. In the second year, the functional residual capacity and its component volumes – expiratory reserve and residual volume, maximum expiratory flow at 40% of vital capacity, maximum expiratory flow at 20% of vital capacity and the forced expiratory volume in 0.1 s – were significantly greater in the diesel exposed animals. The data are inconsistent with known clinically significant adverse health effects. Although the lung volume changes in the diesel exposed animals could be indicative of emphysema or other forms of chronic obstructive lung disease, this interpretation is contradicted by the air flow data which suggest simultaneous lowering of the resistance of the smaller airways. The observations are not consistent with documented clinical lung disease in man.


This paper explores the use of a perceptually-based color space in the context of color image enhancement. Both algorithmic processing of images as well as visualization of the effects of processing algorithms are examined using CIELUV as a uniform perceptual model. Both the methodology and observations regarding the limited nature of real world device color gamuts are not specifically tied to the LUV color space, and should apply to other
uniform perceptual color models as well.


The impact of traditional support vector classification machine on unbalanced data sets was analyzed in this paper,and an adjustment method of separating hyperplane offset-averaging distance ratio MDR method was proposed.The average distances from positive and negative support vectors to the separating hyperplane were calculated separately,then let this average ratio be equal to the inverse of the numbers of positive and negative samples to get the value of the offset b*.Experiments show that this method is better than the standard SVM for the issue of unbalanced data sets.


CAROLINE J. TOLBERT is professor of political science at the University of Iowa. She is coauthor of Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society and Political Participation, which was ranked one of the twenty best-selling titles in the social sciences by the American Library Association. Her latest book is entitled Why Iowa? How Caucuses and Sequential Elections Improve the Presidential Nominating Process. AMANDA KELLER is a doctoral student in the department of political science at the University of Iowa. Her dissertation focuses on campaign contributions and political psychology, including personality and politics. TODD DONOVAN is professor of political science at Western Washington University. He is coauthor of Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy and eight other books. His latest book is entitled Why Iowa? How Caucuses and Sequential Elections Improve the Presidential Nominating Process. *On 23 October 2009 the Academy of Political Science sponsored a symposium on the presidential nominating process and American democracy. The symposium was funded by Carnegie Corporation of New York and took place in the Academy's conference room in New York City. In this issue of PSQ we publish two of the papers presented at the symposium—one by Caroline J. Tolbert, Amanda Keller and Todd Donovan and the second by Costas Panagopoulos. The topic of the symposium was provoked by the 2008 election campaign, which raised several fundamental questions about the current system of selecting presidential and vice-presidential candidates. 1 Rob Richie and Paul Fidalgo, "Primary Power to the People," accessed at www.fairvote.org, 17 July 2009.