Monolayer and bilayer Langmuir–Blodgett films of poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) (PBLG) were prepared on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), mica, silicon, and glass. The films were imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the contact and tapping modes to develop imaging strategies for ultrathin polypeptide films and to assess the effect of substrate on film microstructure. A better understanding of the local polypeptide film structure could guide future methods of device fabrication. The AFM tapping mode enables long‐term nondestructive imaging of PBLG mono‐ and bilayers for dimensions as small as 0.2 μm. In contrast, contact mode AFM readily damages PBLG films. PBLG has the best monolayer coverage on HOPG, although film is sometimes observed on each of the other three substrates. On HOPG, the monolayer has a predominantly ''lacey'' structure whereas for the hydrophilic substrates, mica, silicon, and glass, it is ''banded'' or ''solid.'' HOPG rarely exhibits a continuous bilayer film whereas the othe...


ABSTRACT This note reports the results of a Delphi panel priority setting exercise for English education research. An initial item-generating survey of 75 English education academics and teachers worldwide was conducted; a thematic analysis of responses generated 31 potential priorities for future research. An adapted Delphi panel consisting of 44 English education experts was invited to take part in two rounds of ranking; four major priorities were identified at the end of the second round. These were as follows: social justice in English education; race in English education; translating research into and out of the classroom; and the nature of the subject of English.


Magnetic properties of oleic acid/oleylamine coated magnetite nanoparticles of average diameter D=4, 6, 8, 10, and 12nm are reported. The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD) with XRD showing increasing disorder with decreasing D. Magnetization M vs temperature T data show the blocking temperature TB decreasing with decreasing D from TB=38K for 12nm to TB=6.5K for D=4nm. The saturation magnetization Ms at 2K also decreases from Ms=62emu∕g for 12nm to Ms=17emu∕g for 4nm but the coercivity at 2K increases with a decrease in D. It is shown that Ms fits Ms=92(1−2d∕D)3 with d=0.68nm for D>4nm and d=0.86 for D=4nm. This equation is derived assuming a core-shell model with shell of thickness d consisting of disordered spins not contributing to Ms.


In conducting talk exchanges,according to Grice(1975),people observe what he callsthe Cooperative Principle:'make your conversational contribution such as is required,atthe stage at which it occurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange inwhich you are engaged'(Grice,1975:46).Under this over-arching principle,there are fourmaxims:The maxim of quality:be truthful.The maxim of quantity:be informative.The maxim of relation:be relevant.


The invention discloses a rainwater two-stage filtering device which comprises a filtering part and a retention part, wherein the filtering part comprises a shell body and a ring-shaped filtering pipe; a water inlet is arranged at the top of the shell body; a water outlet is arranged at the bottom of the shell body; a filtered water outlet is arranged on the side wall of the bottom of the shell body; the top and the bottom of the ring-shaped filtering pipe are arranged at the top and the bottom of the shell body in a matching and contacting way; the water inlet and the water outlet of the shell body face toward a pipe opening of the ring-shaped filtering pipe; the diameter of the pipe opening of the ring-shaped filtering pipe is larger than that of the water inlet and the water outlet of the shell body and is less than that of the shell body; the retention part is arranged below the shell body of the filtering part and is of a groove body structure which is matched with the shell bodyof the filtering part; and a sewage discharging outlet is arranged at the bottom of the groove body. The rainwater two-stage filtering device is mainly used for filtering and collecting the rainwater, has the advantages of simple structure, convenience for installation and good quality of outflow water and is applicable to a roof rainwater discharging pipeline system in the field of building water supply and drainage.


A 20-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain, progressively incrreasing generalised abdomoinal distension and constipation for 3 days. Abdominal pain wasperiumbilical,moderate to severe in intensity and colicky in nature.She also complained of non projectilevomiting ,vomitus contained undigested food material, sometimes of previous day's, non billious, not associated with haematemesis or malena. on query she gave history of recurrent similar episodes abdominal pain and vomiting over last three years and was managed mostly conservatively. She underwent laproscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis and colonoscopic polypectomy in 2013 and 2014 respectively. She gave no history of similar illness amongst her family members. PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME


By means of economic analysis,differential equation which governs investment was derived,its general solution was given,and then combining S curve,the condition of sustainable economic growth was obtained.Simultaneously,a wrong conclusion in reference[3] was corrected,the reason for the wrong conclusion was pointed out and one counterexample was given.


This is the one-hundredth anniversary for Turkey wheat. This variety more than any other established the hard red winter wheat industry, answered for all time the critics who doubted the future of wheat as a crop on the Plains, and was the standard of quality on which the grain and milling industry of the Southwest was based. Turkey, like a famous herd sire, has contributed an ancestral stamp to modern varieties, for no variety of hard wheat grown in the Southwest today lacks this lineageTriumph, Scouts Kaw, Wichita, Lancer, Warrior, and Sturdy all have Turkey ancestry. In 1972, Russia purchased 400 million bushels of hard red winter wheat from the United States to supplement their supplies. Most of this grain was a blend of modern varieties, the offspring of the original Turkey brought here from Russia so long ago. The Agricultural Experiment Stations of Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Texas and the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, released a new variety in 1971, named Centurk to commemorate a century of Turkey wheat in this country. At several places in the Midwest, plans are under way for celebrations to commemorate the original introduction, and so it seems appropriate that at this symposium the story of Tllrkey be reviewed. Both authors are agronomists and grew up on farms in south central Kansas when Turkey vas the leading variety of wheat grown. We worked as student assistants in wheat breeding while we were in college and then spent many years breeding and testing wheats for the hard red winter wheat region o£ the United States. Turkey and Kharkof, a similar but later introduction, were the standards used in our yield tests. We have personal reasons for being nostalgic about a great wheat varietyTurkey. In this paper we will look at the Turkey story from an agrono mist's viewpoint. We have studied events as recorded by many historians


Photograph of Gayle Reaves. Reaves won a 1994 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting as part of Kerry Gunnels' reporting team at The Dallas Morning News. Reaves, later editor of the Fort Worth Weekly, earned a master of journalism degree from UNT in 2015 and is an adjunct faculty member at the Mayborn School. Reaves along with fellow colleagues are celebrating the Journalism's first 100 years at UNT.


Despite growing interest in culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP), little research has examined its effect on student performance. In this article, we place CRP in a sociohistorical context and document how one intervention, Fresh Prep, draws on CRP to engage and instruct high school students identified as high risk for not graduating. Using a quasi-experimental matching methodology, we examine whether the program improves academic performance. We find Fresh Prep students have higher scores and pass rates on state English Language Arts and history exams than students in a matched comparison group, as well as retakers attending the same schools before its introduction.


The soil mechanics and foundation is a course with strong theoretical and practical features. Based on the possible problems in the teaching process, the author provided some considerations and suggestions such as transforming teaching concept, strengthening the systematicness of the teaching content, electing textbook and improving teaching method, increasing the interest of student, valuing the practical teaching link. A series of inside and outside tests at school were introduced to help the student master knowledge in all aspects.


Emissions of mercury to the environment, in particular air emissions, are of increasing concern in the United States. The U.S. EPA has surveyed sources of mercury emissions, and coal-fired power plants were found to discharge the largest amount of mercury into the atmosphere as compared to other man-made sources. In December 2000, the U.S. EPA made a determination to regulate mercury emissions from coal-fired electric utility boilers. Compliance with the as-yet-to-be-determined regulations may necessitate additional air-pollution control devices being installed at utility power plants.There is a considerable amount of data in the literature showing that high levels of mercury removal can occur in existing control devices. Particulate control devices such as electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters are capable of removing mercury, but the level of removal is highly variable, depending on coal type, boiler configuration, mercury speciation in flue gas, and operating conditions in the control device. T...


Photographs, printed material, and signatures were transmitted over 10 miles of ordinary telephone lines in the first public demonstration of an industrial television system which operates without costly video pairs, microwave, or coaxial cables.


After more than 1 year after the initial pandemic wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the consequences of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are still affecting healthcare systems worldwide and over-whelming local medical resources. Beyond the well-known compli-cations related to COVID-19 in the acute phase of infection, a grow-ing body of evidence is emerging about the implications of pro-longed symptoms called "long COVID" [ 1 , 2 ]. Along with dyspnea and persistent respiratory impairment, up to 25% of recovered patients complain of anxiety or depression several weeks or months following the onset of symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 [3] . Com-pared to the estimates before COVID-19 outbreak, epidemiological data suggest that COVID-19 confers 7-fold increased risk of devel-oping depression and mental health issues [4] . While understudied


Analysis of the physiological characteristics of several sweet potato genotypes at various watering levels in rainfed paddy field indicated that the adaptability of sweet potato genotypes was resistant to drought stress. This research aims to determine the physiological character and yield quality of several sweet potato genotypes (Beta 1 Variety, Perbaungan Accession, and Cengkeh Turi Accession) at various levels of watering (P1 (1 month watering), P2 (2 months watering), and P3 (4 months watering)) in rainfed paddy fields. The research was carried out in the paddy field of Tandem Hilir I Village Deli Serdang and the analysis was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Sumatera Utara from March-July 2019. The results of this research indicated that some sweet potato genotypes had no significant effect on the physiological character but had a significant effect on fresh tuber grading. Cengkeh Turi accessions with orange colour tuber had the highest production in the A-class fresh tuber grading category while the Perbaungan accession with orange colour tuber had the lowest production in C-class fresh tuber grading. The watering levels treatment also did not have a significant effect on the physiological character and tuber yield quality.


Many research works has been done in the domain of static scheduling algorithms based on DAG. However, most of these work assumes that each processor can receive communication data concurrently, while ignoring the contention and delay on data links in real applications, which leads to low efficiency. This paper focuses on the issue of edge scheduling for dependent tasks in homogeneous environment. Combined with classically efficient heuristics, the proposed algorithm, OISA (Optimal Insertion Scheduling Algorithm), starts from the basic characteristic of the problem, selects route paths with relatively low load to transfer data by modified routing algorithm, and optimizes the start time of communication data transferred on links in form of theorems. Thus, the schedule length of our algorithm is reduced efficiently. The experiment result indicates that the proposed algorithm obviously outperforms other algorithms so far.


Single-particle optical trapping interferometry (OTI) allows us to detect the Brownian motion of a tracer bead immersed in a complex fluid with nanometric resolution and in the microsecond time-scale. By OTI, we study suspensions composed of filamentous actin (F-actin), a classic example of a semiflexible polymer, using two different kind of tracers: chemically-inert melamine resin and polystyrene depleted particles. One-particle microrheology permits to investigate the local fluctuations of the polymers in the network, but under the condition of a previous knowledge of the F-actin characteristic lengths in relation with the radius of the probes. In this work, we focus on the power-law behavior of the skeletal thin filament, composed by tropomyosin (Tm) and troponin (Tn) coupled to F-actin, which has a role in the muscle contraction by its interaction with myosin. We find that the elastic modulus for the F-actin/Tm/Tn complex in the presence of Ca 2+ is constant until the limit of high frequencies, and that the calculated values of the power-law exponent are less dispersed than in F-actin alone, which we interpret as a micro-measurement of the filament stabilization.


Gas-confined barrier discharge is studied using the one-dimensional Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo Collisions model for the conditions reported by Guerra-Garcia and Martinez-Sanchez [Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 041601 (2015)]. Depending on the applied voltage, two modes of discharge are observed. In the first mode, the discharge develops in the entire interelectrode gap. In the second mode, the discharge is ignited and develops only in the gas layer having smaller breakdown voltage. The one-dimensional model shows that for the conditions considered, there is no streamer stage of breakdown as is typical for a traditional dielectric barrier discharge.


This paper describes the purpose and initial results of a 5-year project to develop, implement and use a testbed to improve the teaching and learning of students partaking in global team based design projects. It is expected that the project will, when complete, fundamentally change the way design engineering is taught by combining the use of digital libraries with virtual design studios. The paper describes the first stage of the project to inculcate basic digital library skills in undergraduate students. Lessons learnt in this first stage are detailed. The project team will be using these lessons to design the next stage of the project.


Competition tightens business making the company a late improvement terlibas competitors. In this era of globalization and technology nowadays, the use of computers as one of the much-needed information technology tools being almost every aspect of life. Bangkel YAMAHA "G-RACE" ANUGERAH JAYA require an application process in performing customer data, service schedules, spare parts, as well as monthly reports. Because the application process running at the moment still less efficient so that, in making documentation of data and reports are still done manually and stored in paper form. This causes too much paperwork. The purpose of this computerized system development in order to produce good data processing according to the chill. The methodology used method of observation, interview and literature study, and using SQL Server 2000 software for databases and Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 as his tool. The contents of this computerized system created has the function of service data collection process. The conclusion of this new computerized system that can simplify the data collection process works so that customers can be done quickly and not spend a lot of time.


A dispensing system having a treatment cartridge utilizing linear translation of the treatment cartridge within the manifold to actuate a valve to dispense a fluid. To dispense the fluid, a person pushes their glass or other container against a dispensing lever that translates the treatment cartridge within the manifold causing a cam surface on the filter's circumferential exterior to actuate a valve sending the fluid from the valve though the treatment cartridge and out a dispensing orifice in the treatment cartridge into the glass.


Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been utilized to treat various symptoms in patients suffering from movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and essential tremor. Though ataxia syndromes have not been formally or frequently addressed with DBS, there are patients with ataxia and associated medication refractory tremor or dystonia who may potentially benefit from therapy. Methods A retrospective database review was performed, searching for cases of ataxia where tremor and/or dystonia were addressed by utilizing DBS at the University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration between 2008 and 2011. Five patients were found who had DBS implantation to address either medication refractory tremor or dystonia. The patient's underlying diagnoses included spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), fragile X associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a case of idiopathic ataxia (ataxia not otherwise specified [NOS]), spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17), and a senataxin mutation (SETX). Results DBS improved medication refractory tremor in the SCA2 and the ataxia NOS patients. The outcome for the FXTAS patient was poor. DBS improved dystonia in the SCA17 and SETX patients, although dystonia did not improve in the lower extremities of the SCA17 patient. All patients reported a transient gait dysfunction postoperatively, and there were no reports of improvement in ataxia-related symptoms. Discussion DBS may be an option to treat tremor, inclusive of dystonic tremor in patients with underlying ataxia; however, gait and other symptoms may possibly be worsened.


Few chapters in the history of medicine tell a more creditable story than that which relates our progress toward a better understanding of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. A combination of clinical, experimental and surgical experiences during the past twenty years has served to unveil many of the mysteries which formerly surrounded the function of these structures, whose normal activities prove to be so essential to the maintenance of physiologic equilibrium. Myxedema, cretinisn, exophthalmic goiter, surgical myxedema (cachexia strumipriva) and tetany have come to be understandable maladies, definitely amenable to rational methods of treatment—and organotherapy, when glandular activity is subnormal, or partial surgical removal to correct functional over-activity, is a triumph of the experimental method in medicine, at the hands of Horsley, Kocher, Halsted, Gley, Vassale and Generale, MacCallum and a host of others. Not the least memorable incident of the entire story was the recognition, first by the Italian


Purpose:
 Post-MI recovery requires major life adjustments, which may include a person's sex life. MI educational materials contain information on medications and activities, but often neglect sexual activity. A qualitative study of sexuality with post-MI women sought to identify what information would be helpful.

 Methods:
 Women in the U.S. TRIUMPH MI registry who reported being sexually active before and 12 months after their MI were randomly selected. In-depth telephone interviews 18-24 months post-MI were conducted until thematic saturation occurred. Transcripts were coded and content analyzed by a multidisciplinary team of a nurse, psychologist, public health researcher, anthropologist, and gynecologist.

 Results:
 The 17 female subjects averaged 57.6 years of age (43-75 years). Twelve stated they had not received any information about sexual activity even though they felt sex was still an important aspect of their life. Three thematic categories emerged: initiating the discussion; criteria for readiness to resume sex; and education content. Several women mentioned that they were uncomfortable
 initiating the discussion
 of sex post-MI; a 48 y/o woman said, "I think definitely the doctor (cardiologist) has to initiate it because most women will not bring it up." The
 criteria for when to resume sex
 safely was not communicated clearly. Several women said that when they asked their physician and were told 'when you feel like it,' they remained fearful. One 49 y/o stated she got her information from a popular movie where "Jack Nicholson had a heart attack and the doctor told him that when he could walk up a flight of stairs, he could have sex. That's kind of what I went by." The
 specific content for sexuality education
 was also missing. A 69 y/o described the lack of information: "I had cardiac rehab and there were lots of different classes I could go to. But there was nothing offered in the sexuality area. It was a missing link."

 Conclusions:
 Patients emphasized the importance of receiving guidance on timing and safety of resumption of sexual activity from their cardiologist, tailored to their specific cardiac condition and overall health. Initiating the discussion and providing information about sexual activity is an important opportunity for post-MI education.


Section I: Literature Review
A literature review examining the relationship between the formulation and the
therapeutic alliance in cognitive behavioural therapy. Various 'definitions' of the
formulation are reported, and the relative roles and merits of 'nomothetic' and
'idiosyncratic' formulations considered. The function of the formulation is considered
in relation to its development in conjunction with the therapeutic relationship and
alliance. Research and clinical case reviews are critiqued.
Section II: Research Report
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of clients' experience of the
formulation within cognitive-behavioural therapy. A sample of(N=8) of clients with
depression and/or anxiety were interviewed following the 'acute phase' ofCBT during
'follow-up'. Interviews provided five master themes: Somebody that listened and
understood - trust in therapist; Understanding what happens; A Foundation and
Direction - Something to start from, something to work on; Working to a plan; and
Effectiveness and Self -efficacy. These master themes and associated sub-themes
represent clients' experience of progress through therapy and the experience and
process of formulation.
Section III: Critical Appraisal
A critical appraisal describing the origin, planning and process of the research,
personal reflection and experience gained.


The present study is an attempt to explore the existing working capital management practices of the 3 (three) selected power sector companies listed in Dhaka Exchange Ltd. of Bangladesh. The study covered a period of 6 (six) years from 2010 to 2015. The basic sources of the collected secondary financial data are the DSE archive, published annual reports, and official websites of the selected companies. The study adopted quick ratio, cash to current liability, inventory turnover, receivable turnover, and cash conversion cycle as working capital management indicators of the sample companies. Through descriptive statistics, the study found that the working capital management practices over the study period of the selected companies are satisfactory though there is a scope to invest from the excess working capital in profitable investment opportunities. Student's t-test and ANOVA technique showed that the differences among the working capital management practices of the sample companies over the study period are significant concerning all the selected working capital ratios except inventory turnover.


Introduction: Guidelines have been formulated by several authorities regarding frequency of echo surveillance for valve diseases. There is however considerable variation between different guideline...


Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous human herpes virus with oncogenic activity, is a well-known risk factor for developing gastric carcinoma (GC). EBV infects over 90% of the adult population, mostly with a lifelong asymptomatic carrier state. Although how EBV infects gastric epithelial cells still remained unclear, cell-to-cell contactmediated EBV transmission from virus-infected mucosal B lymphocytes with EBV reactivation is a convincing hypothesis. EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC) is characterized by monoclonal proliferation of EBV-infected cells, indicating that EBV infection occurs in an early stage of carcinogenesis. In 2014, The Cancer Genome Atlas Network defined EBVaGC as one of the four subtypes of GC, based on its quite different molecular profiles from those of conventional GC. EBVaGCs exhibit a high frequency of DNA hypermethylation, and 80% have PIK3CA mutations, as well as amplifications of the JAK2, programmed death ligands 1 and 2 genes, while TP53 defects and microsatellite instability are unusual. EBVaGCs thus show distinct clinical features with a male predominance, younger age, a high frequency in postsurgical gastric stump, proximal location, and a better prognosis. Histologically, EBVaGC is particularly associated with GC with lymphoid stroma (GCLS), a rare histological variant, accounting for 1% to 4% of all GCs, and over 80% of GCLSs are associated with EBV infection as compared to 8.7% (range, 1.3% to 20.1%) of all GCs. GCLS is characterized by poorly developed tubular structures associated with prominent lymphoid infiltrate in a non-desmoplastic stroma. Increased tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes, which reflects a host immune response to tumor cells, is thought to be associated with a better prognosis in GCLS. Chronic inflammation is known for a risk factor for EBVaGC as it sets the optimal conditions necessary for gastric carcinogenesis. Helicobacter pylori (HP) is the greatest risk factor for GC, and HP-associated atrophic gastritis could serve as a lesion which enables cell-to-cell contact between infiltrated EBV-carrying lymphocytes and gastric epithelial cells. A previous study demonstrated that EBV and HP coinfection synergistically induced severe inflammation in gastric tissue and this might increase the risk of developing GC. However, it is unclear whether the carcinogenesis results from an additional inflammatory response with increased tissue damage by EBV and HP coinfection or is based on gene products interaction between EBV and HP. Since there have been also some studies which do not show any association between the two pathogens, further research is necessary to determine the clinical importance of EBV and HP coinfection in GC. In this issue of Gut and Liver, Noh et al. retrospectively enrolled 956 patients who had undergone surgery for GC between September 2014 and August 2015, and they aimed to investigate the effect of EBV and HP coinfection on the clinicopathologic features and prognosis in GC, as well as to evaluate the role of EBV infection in non-GCLS. In results, EBV and HP coinfection was significantly associated with male sex, proximal location, GCLS morphology, and equivocal p53 expression, although it did not show differences in overall survival (OS). In multivariate analysis, EBV infection alone (hazard ratio, 0.362; 95% confidence


Infinite-horizon average-cost Markov decision processes are of interest in many scenarios. A dynamic programming algorithm, called the relative value iteration, is used to compute the optimal value function. For large state spaces, this often runs into difficulties due to its computational burden. We propose a simulation-based dynamic program called empirical relative value iteration (ERVI). The idea is very simple: replace the expectation in the Bellman operator with a sample average estimate, and then use projection to ensure boundedness of the iterates. We establish that the ERVI iterates converge to the optimal value function in the span-seminorm in probability as the number of samples taken goes to infinity. Simulation results show remarkably good performance even with a small number of samples.


In construction industry the use of Design&Construct-contracts is currently stimulated by Public Sector Procurement. D&C-contracts are considered to result in a better quality-priceratio for projects. This is achieved due to the mechanism that the contractors hold most of the
responsibilities. However, the client (public owner) remains responsible for directing the behavior of the contractor in an effective and efficient manner to insure the best quality/priceratio. In practice clients use the bonus/malus-principle to affect the behavior of the contractor. Given the limited experience with the bonus/malus-incentives up till now, an increase of
knowledge is sought after. This research project contributes to further development of knowledge on the effective use of the bonus/malus-principle.
The D&C-contracts are supposed to lead to surplus value, but this research reveals a potential
problem. In theory it is well possible that the contractor fails to meet the client's demands due
to opportunistic behavior. This paper therefore focuses on the following research question:
In what way can the client direct the opportunistic behavior of the contractor by means of the bonus/malus-incentives within the framework of a D&Ccontract?


Development of renewable energy resources in the ne ar future is an urgent issue. One strategy is the d evelopment of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs); they are extrem ely promising, because they are made of low-cost ma terials and they do not need elaborate apparatus to manufacture . Titanium (iv) oxide is the most promising materia l for the electrode of DSSCs, while ruthenium complexes remai ns one of the best sensitizers for TiO 2. We studied the performance of anthocyanin-dyed TiO 2 as a DSSC material. Anthocyanin dye is an extract from hibiscus sabdariffa which is an adible plant called zobo by Nigerians. Optical absorbance measurements showed that anthocy anin-dyed TiO 2 electrode could absorb incident solar radiation be yond the ultraviolet region. Comparison of current- voltage characteristics with those of a bare (unstained) so lar cell revealed that the anthocyanin-dyed cell ha s an outstanding better photovoltaic behaviour than the bare cell. Out-door diurnal power variation measure ments showed that the anthocyanin-stained TiO 2 electrode was not stable under exposure to inciden t solar irradiation.


Government Boro procurement programme was evaluated with the help of primary data collected from different upazilas under Bogra and Naogaon districts during 2001. Additionally, secondary data were obtained from different sources. Farmers and millers directly sold paddy and rice respectively to the procurement centre. Faria and Bepari did not sell paddy or rice directly to the procurement centre but they formed a complex channel in procurement of rice in the study areas. Large differences were observed between procurement price and market price and procurement price and cost of production in different years. The highest difference between procurement price and market price was observed in the month of May for paddy and June for rice. Positive relationship was observed between the percentage of marketed surplus procured and market price of paddy. Small farmers sold the highest proportion of their surplus to the procurement centre compared with large farmers. The cost of selling paddy to procurement centre was more than double as much as the cost involved in selling paddy in the market. Majority of millers were not satisfied with the size of quota received for Boro rice. The factors such as marketed surplus, experience, education, metalled road and distance of procurement centre were found to influence the participation of farmers in procurement programme. The major reasons for not selling paddy to the procurement centre by farmers were lengthy procedure, loss of time and high transportation cost.


Summary The observation of dip-slip events during hydraulic fracturing is widely discussed in recent literature. Here we investigate the stress conditions for these type of events. We show, that local rotations of the ambient stress field are required. These rotations can be very probable, if the horizontal and vertical stresses are close to each other. The necessary local changes in the stresses are caused by changes in the lithology between different rock layers. In some locations, the stress field becomes appropriately rotated and preexisting fault planes having the preferred orientation to fail as dip-slip events. If the ambient stress field is in a thrust faulting domain, horizontal fault planes are most likely to fail. In a normal faulting domain vertical fault planes are failing. Using this additional information we can explain not only the occurrence of dip-slip events, but can also define the correct fault- and auxiliary plane, which is impossible by just using the source mechanism itself.


Recent experimental studies have detected the presence of anoxic microzones in hyporheic sediments. These microzones are small‐scale anoxic pores, embedded within oxygen‐rich porous media and can act as anaerobic reaction sites producing reduction compounds such as nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Microbes are a key control on nutrient transformation in hyporheic sediment, but their associated biomass growth is also capable of altering hydraulic flux, leading to potential bioclogging. Here, we developed one of the first computational modeling approaches that combined hydraulics and microbial conditions to explore the continuous evolution of microzones in stream sediments. The model assessed stream and sediment conditions with different hydraulic flux (0.1–1.0 m/day Darcy flux), nutrient concentrations (O2 = 8 mg/L, OrgC = 20 mg/L, NO−3 = 1.5–3 mg/L, and NH3 = 0.5–1 mg/L), and biomass scenarios (with and without). The model domain is a pore network model with random sized pore‐throat radii creating heterogeneous and anisotropic flow that is representative of a natural streambed composed of medium sand with a hydraulic conductivity of 0.8 m/day. Results from 30 day simulations indicate that hyporheic microzone formation will occur and microzone distributions are not simply controlled by residence time alone, rather by the complex interactions of hydraulic flux, nutrient concentrations, and biomass, with bioclogging having strong feedbacks on both hydraulics and nutrients. Under all conditions with biomass growth, anoxic microzones were unstable, perishing a few days after formation, because bioclogging primarily occurs near the influent (downwelling) area of the hyporheic zone. In turn, this bioclogging shifts transport conditions from advection‐dominated to diffusion‐dominated transport, removing all oxic regions in the hyporheic zone. Overall, results from the modeling show that anoxic microzones are likely to form under many hyporheic zone conditions, and be dynamic through space and time as they are dependent on both hydraulic flux and nutrient transport.


Rape is one of the most heinous crimes against women. The offence of rape in its simplest term is "the ravishment of a woman, without her consent, by force, fear or fraud", or as "the carnal knowledge of a woman by force against her will"i). In spite of strict laws against rape and the consequent punishment, it still remains a serious problem. In India, it is extremely difficult to prove the charges of rape against a person in a court of law.


In practical pediatrics specialists paid wrongly little attention to identification and treatment of cognitive disorders in children. At the same time it is difficult to overestimate the influence of cognitive functions on the formation of human personality and social maladjustment in this part of population. The paper is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairments. In addition, the classification of this pathology, highlighting aetiopathogenetic factors, prognosis are showed. One of the important problems of early revealing of cognitive impairments and appropriate management of children with this pathology according to the authors opinion are the following: the deficiency of educational programs for training specialists in neurology, lack of knowledge concerning the possibilities of psychological-pedagogical correction, inefficient system of neurological techniques for primary care. Key words: cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment, classification, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, social maladjustment, psychopedagogical support, children. ( Pediatric Pharmacology. — 2011; 8 (5): 37–41.)


The essence of multi-state system performance degradation is a process of deteriorating state transition. On the basis of hidden Markov model and graphic evaluation and review technique network, this article proposes a new reliability assessment method called hidden graphic evaluation and review technique network model for multi-state system. Specifically, nodes in graphic evaluation and review technique network represent hidden states of a system at different deteriorating times, and they can be expanded through a series of observable sequences. Baum–Welch algorithm in hidden Markov model is introduced to train parameters and when logarithmic likelihood function of the output reaches convergent, we can estimate the most probable output state and obtain the state transition probability eventually. Suppose performance degradation amount between different nodes follows gamma distribution, a method of improved maximum likelihood function is introduced to estimate parameters. According to signal flow graph theory and Mason formula, equivalent transfer function from the initial node to any other nodes can be obtained, then expectation and variance of performance degradation amount can be presented. In the real case study, we compare the reliability assessment method proposed in this article with other two traditional methods, which show the rationality of hidden graphic evaluation and review technique network model.


ABSTRACTResearch on Employee Attendance Information System Applications (SIAP) on this discipline is motivated by1) low level of employee discipline relating to attendance and punctuality at work, 2) easy application to be manipulated by employees, 3) frequent system disturbances (errors) in the application when used by employees, which have an impact on the ineffectiveness of the SIAP system. Research analysis using Information Systems theory from Davis and Discipline Theory from Singodimedjo.The method used is quantitative with associative models. Respondents were civil servants in the Regional Secretariat of Sukabumi, totaling 160 people. 61 samples were taken using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The results of data analysis showed a correlation coefficient of 0.918. The coefficient of determination is 84.3%. For this reason, researchers suggest that the local government of Sukabumi City improve the accuracy of the SIAP attendance system by adding a face camera system.Keywords: SIAP Application, Face Camera, Discipline, Information System


This study examines Benedikte Naubert's literary influence on the almost forgotten work of Ferdinand Grimm, the younger brother of the famous brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. It shows Grimm's affinity to the successful fairy-tale writer for the first time, taking up the trail and following it through the hitherto largely unpublished correspondence with his brothers and the literary labyrinth of the time. Exciting biographical details are revealed and a publication of Grimm - an obituary of Naubert - is discovered. The study shows that Grimm's work can be read as a monument to the writer Benedikte Naubert.


PurposeThis paper investigates how the gambling measure captures market bubble events, and how it predicts stock return and option return.Design/methodology/approachThis paper proposes a gambling activity measure by jointly considering open interest and moneyness of out-of-the-money (OTM) individual equity call options.FindingsThe new measure, CallMoney, captures excessive optimism during the dot-com bubble, the oil price bubble and the pre-GFC stock market bubble. CallMoney robustly and negatively predicts both OTM and at-the-money call option returns cross-sectionally. The option return predictability of CallMoney is stronger when stock price is further from its 52-weeks high, capital gains overhang is lower, and when information uncertainty of the underlying stock is higher. CallMoney also robustly and negatively predicts cross-sectional stock returns.Originality/valueThe gambling measure has the advantages of being economically intuitive, model-free, easy to measure. The measure performs more robustly than existing lottery measures with respect to option and stock return predictability and more reliably captures the overpricing of options and stocks. The work helps understanding the gambling related anomalies in equity option returns and stock returns.


Graeme J. Hankey MD, FRCP Section Editor:

Clinical trials of pharmacological agents in stroke have mainly focused on the very acute stage, eg, using thrombolytic or neuroprotective therapy. Thrombolytic therapy is, however, only effective within the first few hours of stroke onset and so far, no neuroprotective therapy has proven to be efficacious in humans. Thus, there is a great need for new pharmacological strategies to improve outcome after stroke. Experimental animal studies suggest that treatment with amphetamines improves recovery after focal cerebral ischemia. A similar effect in humans could have a major impact on recovery from stroke.

The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of amphetamine treatment …


The surface electrical conductivity of a thin semiconductor film with electric dipoles on the surface is calculated. Surface electron states connected with the semiconductor–dielectric interface are investigated and the influence of the image forces on the surface conductivity is evaluated. In some cases these forces give rise to two-dimensional surface energy bands at a depth of about 0.01 eV in the energy gap, so that they must be taken into consideration.

On a calcule la conductivite electrique de surface d'nne lame mince semiconductrice avec des dipoles electriques a la surface. On a examine les etats d'electron, associes a la surface qui separe le semiconducteur du dielectrique exterieur et on a evalue l'influence des forces de l'image sur la conductivitye de surface. Dans certains cas ces forces sont la cause de l'apparition a la surface de bandes d'energie a deux dimensions dans la bande interdite a une profondeur de 0,01 eV environ et par consequent elles doivent ětre prises en consideration.


In this paper, we introduce a novel way to use geometric deep learning for knot data by constructing a functor that takes knots to graphs and using graph neural networks. We will attempt to predict several knot invariants with this approach. This approach demonstrates high generalization capabilities.


Psychiatric illnesses are estimated to account for over 15% of the burden of disease, which is more than all kinds of cancer together. Since mental disease is often preceded by issues in emotion processing, a method to objectively measure emotions in daily life would be needed. The goal of this research is to investigate the possibilities of mental heart rate component, assessed with a real-time individualized algorithm that decomposes total heart rate in a physical, basal, and mental component, to classify discrete emotions. For this aim, twenty participants committed to wearing a wristband 24/7 for three months and to label the occurrence of fourteen emotions on their smartphones. In total, 1255 labels were added. The dynamics of the mental heart rate component responses to emotions were identified via data-based mechanistic transfer function models. For the classification, the numerator and denominator model orders and parameters, the four features that define transfer function models, were used as features in a support vector machine classifier. This resulted in an average classification accuracy of the mental heart rate responses of 51.1% over all participants, compared to a random classifier with an average accuracy of 28.5%. We concluded that the dynamics of emotions are not only highly variable between individuals, but that they are also time varying on an individual basis. To increase accuracy, more and higher quality labels are indispensable.


In this paper, imperfect multi-item production inventory models are considered over a finite time horizon with known dynamic demands. The production rates are functions of time which are taken as control variables. In the production process, reliability plays an important role to improve the quality of products and to decrease the defective rate. The said defective units are partially or fully reworked. The unit production cost is a function of production rate and also dependent on raw material cost, development cost due to reliability and wear-tear cost. There is a constraint on the total production cost termed as budget constraint which is crisp/imprecise/random in nature. The objective of the present investigation is to fix the optimum reliabilities of the production system to have maximum return. Thus, the models are formulated as optimal control problems for the maximisation of profit and solved using Hamiltonian (Pontryagin's Maximum Principle), fixed-final time and free-final state system, Kuhn–Tucker conditions and Generalised Reduced Gradient Method. Several particular cases are derived from the general model. The models are illustrated numerically and graphically and some managerial decisions are derived.


Abstract : This focus of this research was to determine if reliable goal-based semiautonomous algorithms are able to improve remote operator performance or not. Two semi-autonomous algorithms were looked at: visual servoing and visual dead reckoning. Visual servoing uses computer vision techniques to generate movement commands while uses internal properties of the camera combined with sensor data that tell the robot its current position based on its previous position. This research proved that the semi-autonomous algorithms developed increased performance in a measurable way. An analysis of tracking algorithms for visual servoing was conducted and tracking algorithms were enhanced to make them as robust as possible. The developed algorithms were implemented on a currently fielded military robot and a human-in-the-loop experiment was conducted to measure performance.


In this work, we address the simultaneous design and control of a binary distillation column. The problem is first formulated as a mixed-integer dynamic optimization problem that is then transformed into a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem using the simultaneous dynamic optimization approach (i.e., full discretization). This formulation is capable of designing the optimal feed tray location, tray sizing, optimal operating steady states, the optimal open-loop trajectory between them, and also the best controller paring and parameters that does the best tracking of the open-loop trajectory. For solving the complex mixed-integer dynamic optimization problem, an optimization decomposition strategy is proposed. The solution strategy is based on solving relaxed versions of the optimization problem and using the results to initialize complex problem versions. The full space problem was solved with the Bonmin solver. Two cases were analyzed, and in both the solver and the proposed decomposition strategy...


Syndrome X, composed of cardiac risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemias, is attributed, at least in part, to insulin resistance often accompanied by hyperinsulinemia. Although chromium (Cr) supplementation augments loss of fat mass and corrects dyslipidemias, its effects on elevated blood pressure (BP) had not been previously determined. Accordingly, we examined hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats on diets containing 18% or 52% of calories from sucrose to initiate insulin resistance and assessed the ability of chromium to overcome sucrose-induced elevations of systolic BP (SBP) acutely and chronically. In acute studies, chromium consistently and completely overcame sugar-induced SBP elevations in SHR (10–20 mm Hg), but did not overcome genetic hypertension. In chronic studies on normotensive F344/BN rats, a control group received a diet with 18% of calories from sucrose and no soluble fiber, whereas a test group received the same diet with Cr added (5 ppm) and two antioxidants: zinc (18 ppm) and a grape seed extract high in flavonoids (250 ppm). Initial SBP of both groups was 122 mm Hg. Over the first 7 months, the SBP of the control animals steadily increased to 140 mm Hg, whereas the SBP of SHR receiving Cr and other antioxidants initially decreased over the first several months to as low as 110–114 mm Hg. It eventually reached 120 mm Hg at the end of 7 months, still significantly lower than control (P < 0.000). We conclude that in a standard rat model for insulin resistance, Cr can acutely and chronically overcome the sucrose-induced elevation of SBP. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:125–130, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


Inspired by the philosopher and writer Helene Cixous, which whom the photographer and artist Roni Horn has collaborated before, "Index Cixous" questions the nature of language in its most fundamental sense and proposes a version--one without words, but which can be read as any other. Both Horn and Cixous are concerned with communication wrought out of material space. Cixous writes about women's language arising from the female body, and she argues for a new language, one not in thrall to patriarchy but that acknowledges the life-giving force and history of the feminine.


Standard k-e turbulence model was applied to simulate the liquid field on rotational flow sedimentation tank of integrated optimization in all regions. The characteristics of liquid field and the deposition characteristics were revealed on rotational flow sedimentation tank of integrated optimization, and the factors that influence the effect of solid-liquid separation were studied. These results were significant to guide the design of rotational flow sedimentation tank.


Literary translation not only needs the technological change in its external form from one language to another, but also requires the translator's profound understanding of the creative process of the author through the tool of the original language. During the process of translation, through cultural empathy, the translator can consciously surpass the framework of his native culture and thoroughly comprehend the culture of the target language in order to experience the psychological process of the original culture and reason out the closest equivalents in his own ideas about life and life examples. Then, through the use of another literary language, he can properly reproduce the artistic images and writing styles of the original works and provides the readers of the translated works with the same enlightenment, touch and aesthetic enjoyment of the readers of the original works.


Based on the geometries optimized via AM1 method, the effects of the peripheral NO_2 group substituents of subphthalocyanine(C_ 24H_ 12B_1Cl_1N_6) on the electronic spectra and second order nonlinear optical properties were observed by using INDO/CI-SOS method. The results show that the strong electron-withdrawing groups and the increased length of conjugated chain have the less effect on the structure and the maximum absorption wavelength, but have the more effect on the second order nonlinear optical properties. With increasing of the length of conjugated chain, the β value increases much. The calculated β_0 value of the unsubstituted subphthalocyanine agrees well which the experimental result, they are -0.73×10 -28 and -0.70×10 -28 esu, respectively. The β_0 of the studied compound with the longest conjugated chain increases one order of magnitude, -1.47×10 -28 esu, in contrast to that of the unsubstituted subphthalocyanine.


Introduction Controlling the seeds and the growth of Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability during the acceleration phase of imploding shells is crucial to the success of inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Since the RT growth is damped by the ablative flow off the shell's outer surface, target performances are greatly improved by target designs with enhanced ablation velocity. A significant increase in ablation velocity and shell stability can be achieved by shaping the entropy inside the shell. Following the standard ICF notation, we measure the entropy through the so-called "adiabat" defined as the ratio of the plasma pressure to the Fermi-degenerate DT pressure: α ρ ≡ ( ) ( ) P Mb g cc 2 18 5 3 . , where the pressure is given in megabars and the density in g/cc. The optimum adiabat shape in the shell consists of a profile that is monotonically decreasing from the outer to the inner surface as qualitatively shown in Fig. 101.8 on p. 14. Large adiabat values on the shell's outer surface increase the ablation velocity Va, which follows a power law of the outer-surface adiabat α α out out 3 5 , ~ , Va [ ] while low adiabat values on the inner surface lead to improved ignition conditions and larger burn.1–5 A more detailed history and target design implications of adiabat shaping can be found in the introduction of Ref. 6 by the same authors, which is devoted mostly to the adiabat shape induced by a strong decaying shock. Shaping by a decaying shock was introduced in Ref. 7 and requires a very strong prepulse aimed at launching a strong shock. This strong shock decays inside the shell shortly after the prepulse is turned off; the picket pulse is followed by the low-intensity foot of the main pulse. The decaying shock (DS) leaves behind a monotonically decreasing adiabat profile, which follows a power law of the mass coordinate


For two-way relay system,the transmission rate over three time slot is higher than over two time slot on certain scene.Therefore,this paper proposed multiuser two-way relay system over three time slot,which consisted of a base station,several users,and a relay node.Base station and one selected user exchange information with the help of the relay node,and the user selection criterion was to maximize the system average transmission rate.It analyzed the average transmission rate theoretically.It is very closed to that by simulated,which demonstrates the validity of theoretical analysis.


In EPOS,* software configuration management is based on the change-oriented versioning model. As part of a configured system specification, a version description is used to select the desired versions of different components that constitute the product. Furthermore, version descriptions are used to specify which versions are affected by a certain change. For large software systems comprising many variants, building a consistent configuration meeting specified requirements is not an easy task. In this paper, we propose a set of version description mechanisms and exemplify their use. An abstract description specifying the desired properties and functional requirements is expanded, using validities characterising properties of versions, preferences and defaults. We believe that the proposed mechanisms provide simpler, more intuitive and more compact descriptions of versions of large-scale software systems than conventional tools.


The spheroidizing annealing treatment of 60 Steel cold-drawn wire is researched in this paper.The results showed that a better spheroidized structure of cold-drawn wire can be obtained by thermal retardation of 3~5 hours at 700?℃,resulting in the lower tensile strength and better plasticity.


Shale with a rich organic is not only hydrocarbon source but also can be the storage and conservation of natural gas in shale gas reservoir. In nowadays, horizontal well completion and large-scale staged fracturing and stimulated reservoir volume(SRV) with staged fracturing and cluster perforation and drillable bridge has already became mainly shale gas development technologies. According to mineral types and different development degree of natural fractures, the shale can be divided into brittle shale and plastic shale. The fracturing fluids used in the former mainly include slick-water or slick-water combined with linear rubber system, meanwhile, the high viscosity cross-linking gel and foam fracturing fluids are often adopted in the brittle shale reservoir. With the 30 years development, China just began to explore and develop the unconventional gas reservoir when those in North American have achieved commercial development. Well W201 was the first pilot test well for shale reservoir exploration in domestic, which possess a formation with extremely low permeability, high brittle mineral content, well-developed nature fracture, high absorption gas content and easily to fracture network. Large scale slick-water fracturing was arranged in Well W201 based on the reservoir evaluation, fluid optimizing and selective treatment; and many breakthroughs in treatment technology, fluid system and fracture monitor were obtained through the operation.


Early detection of diseases in men and women can improve treatment and reduce the risk involved in human life. Nowadays techniques which are non-invasive in nature are popularly used to detect the various types of diseases. Histopathological analysis plays a major role in finding the nature of the disease through medical images. Manual interpretation of these medical imaging takes time, is tedious, subjective, and can have human errors. It has also been discovered that the interpretation of these images varies amongst diagnostic labs. As computer power and memory capacity have increased, methodologies and medical image processing techniques have been developed to interpret and analyse these images as a substitute for human involvement. The challenge lies in devising an efficient pre-processing technique that helps in analysing, processing and preparing the medical image for further diagnostics. This research provides a hybrid technique that reduces noise in the NITFI medical image by using a 2D adaptive median filter at level 1. The edges of the filtered medical image are preserved using the modified CLAHE algorithm which preserves the local contrast of the image. Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm extracts the ROI part of the image which helps in easy and accurate identification of the disease. All the three steps are run over the 3D image slices of a NIFTI image. The proposed method proves that it achieves close to ideal RMSE, PSNR and UQI values as well as achieves an average runtime of 37.193 seconds for EM per slice.


Load forecasting is one of the important working of the power system, which plays a very significant role in various departments of power system operation. Load accurate scientific prediction can make power decision-making departments economically and reasonably to adjust generator, power line, which makes it more reasonable. This paper introduces the optimal combination forecast model, and organically combine with several electric load forecasting models by the weight, come to more accurate results, with higher prediction accuracy, and the relative error is small, it has some practical value.


Transfer RNA after four decades tRNA: discovery, early work and total synthesis of tRNA genes Structure and expression of prokaryotic tRNA genes Transcription of eukaryotic tRNA genes tRNA processing nucleases Recent studies of RNase P Splicing of tRNA precursors Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of tRNAs Organellar tRNAs: biosynthesis and function tRNA-like structures in plant viral RNAs Biosynthesis and function of modified nucleosides Modified nucleosides and codon recognition tRNA sequences and variations in the genetic code Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: occurrence, structure and function Bacterial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: genes and regulation of expression The tRNA identity problem: past, present and future Small RNA oligonucleotide substrates for specific aminoacylations tRNA discrimination in aminoacylation Recognition in the glutamine tRNA system: from structure to function The aspartic acid tRNA system: recognition by a class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Recognition of aminoacyl-tRNAs by protein elongatin factors tRNA on the ribosome: a waggle theory Discontinuous triplet decoding with or without re-pairing by peptidyl tRNA Translational suppression: when two wrongs do make a right Initiator tRNAs and initiation of protein synthesis The selenocysteine-inserting tRNA species: structure and function Glutamyl-tRNA as an intermediate in glutamate conversions


The following article takes up the main approaches of the research entitled: About Laura Restrepo and Delirium. This research was developed in 2014 at th e Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga and it corresponds to a literary and critical approach to Delirium a novel written by the Colombian writer. I t won the prestigious Alfaguara prize. In this research, we u s the Critical Analysis of Discourse as a method .


ProE software is utilized to build the 3D model of the blood pump.Unsteady state 3D N-S equations,finite volume method based on non-structure grids and k-eturbulent model of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) technology are used to simulate the full three dimensional flow field of the blood pump numerically.The work of simulation and analysis focuses on the effects of the variation of the rotation speed and the angle of the rotating impeller on the flow field of blood pump.The simulation results show that the rotation speed and the angle of the rotating impeller of the blood pump should not exceed cer- tain value.Otherwise,the flow field will be too turbulent.If the rotating speed is too great,the characteristics of the pump will debase.The angle of the rotating impeller should be within certain value,otherwise the flow field can not keep steady.


We investigated the association between maternal use of vitamin D and omega‐3 fatty acids (n‐3 FAs) supplements during pregnancy and risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) in the offspring.


A scintillation pulse digitizing method, the n threshold voltage V_th The scintillation pulse characteristics; constituted by voltage receiving port n low-voltage differential signal comparing unit, when to be sampled pulse across any threshold value, the voltage comparison unit outputs a status jump variable and state hop threshold voltage of the corresponding; to state digitized samples jump time is by time to digital converter; also recognizes the state transition corresponding to the threshold voltage, obtained scintillation pulse voltage is time to complete the scintillation pulse digitized . An apparatus for digitizing flashing pulse, the pulse converter which includes a scintillator unit, a threshold value comparing unit, and digitizing unit time data processing and transmission unit. The present invention utilizes the field of digital differential programmable gate array interface comparison threshold value, obtaining scintillation pulse voltage is time, in order to achieve digital scintillation pulse, greatly simplifying the system structure, increase the integration of the system, reducing the system power consumption.


Cloud computing has emerged as a new computing paradigm where all IT infrastructure can be outsourced and working as on premise. It offers numerous advantages both for customers and providers and especially at the cost level that is typically low compared to buying your own resources, configuring and managing them. One of the tremendous services is the data sharing and the data storage. Customers can outsource a huge number of data in cloud without having to worry about the capacity of memory or the size of data as cloud system manage the scalability of servers needed to contains your data. Cloud is flexible, scalable and dynamic so don't worry about capacities. But, one of the predominant concerns encountered in cloud and that can change your mind about this nice view, is security. As more and more sensitive data and personal information placed in the cloud, security concerns grow up. Building trust in providers it is not an easy task with an amount of outages and threats declared since adoption of cloud computing. In this paper, we give a new approach to enhance the security of data outsourced in cloud environment. The approach is based on Cipher PolicyAttribute Based Encryption (CP-ABE) scheme. It consists of encrypting data before outsourcing it and controlling the access to it by encryption. Our method offers scalability, flexibility and fine grained access control of data in cloud. Also, it provides an efficient manner to share confidential data on cloud servers. Keywords—cloud computing; security; data; attribute based encryption; access control; data sharing


The invention discloses a device and method for comprehensively processing information in three-dimensional mineral resource prediction and evaluation. The method includes the steps that first, an initial prediction body for three-dimensional metallogenic prediction is constructed; second, prediction elements of spatial discrete points are fast extracted for the initial prediction body; third, the prediction elements expressed by a surface model are rasterized, values of the rasterization result are assigned to an attribute table of the initial prediction body; fourth, the attribute table of the initial prediction body is screened and optimized, and a prediction target body is acquired. The method is used for assisting geological specialists in solving problems about prospecting work in the deep position and the periphery of a known mine and can meet the requirements in the aspects of automatic simulation, comprehensive analysis and visualization of multi-element metallogenic information based on geological, geophysical and geochemical data and other data.


To the Editor—In Thailand, as of June 22, 2009, there were a total of 774 cases of influenza A 2009 HlNl. ' Notably, the majority of cases have occurred among persons who returned from countries with high attack rates and among school-aged children. Although the transmission of influenza A 2009 HlNl in communities is well recognized, limited data are currently available with regard to the potential impact of influenza A 2009 HlNl transmission among healthcare workers (HCWs). From May 1 through June 22, 2009, surveillance for influenza A 2009 HlNl was performed at Thammasat University Hospital in central Thailand. HCWs were screened for influenza A 2009 HlNl by means of rapid tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and viral culture if they had the onset of fever and influenza-like illness and one of the following: (1) recent travel to a country with persistent influenza A 2009 HlNl activity per the World Health Organization'; (2) contact with a suspected, probable, or confirmed influenza A 2009 HlNl case; or (3) contact with an ill HCW with suspected, probable, or confirmed influenza A 2009 HlNl. During the study period, 54 HCWs were screened for influenza A 2009 HlNl; 50 HCWs (93%) were returning from countries with high HlNl transmission activity, and 4 (7%) had contact with an ill patient with suspected influenza A 2009 HlNl. All screened HCWs had negative results for the rapid tests and PCR assays. Notably, 1 HCW (2%) developed fever and influenza-like illness on day 4 during his trip to the United States and received oseltamivir. He reported to the occupational health department 48 hours after returning to Thailand and had contact with 26 HCWs in the hospital without wearing a face mask. The index HCW was quarantined, and all contacts were monitored for fever and influenza-like illness. The results of the rapid tests for the index HCW and all contacts were negative. However, the index HCW had a repeatedly persistent HI band on PCR. Viral cultures obtained after the initiation of oseltamivir were negative. All contacts remained asymptomatic 14 days after exposure to the index case. Our report has some implications for the heightened virulence and drug resistance anticipated for the second wave of the influenza A 2009 HlNl pandemic. First and most importantly, surveillance of HCWs is essential. Implementing hospital-wide surveillance, early testing, and early empirical antiviral treatment may be crucial components of minimization of risk for transmission of influenza A 2009 HlNl among HCWs. Second, surveillance definitions for HCWs should be modified according to the pandemic level and transmission activity. When influenza A HlNl transmission activity is low in communities, exposure and transmission will likely continue among HCWs after travel to countries with high transmission activities and among HCWs with exposure to suspected, probable, or confirmed influenza A 2009 HlNl cases. However, the appropriate surveillance definitions for HCWs when transmission is high in communities remain to be defined. Third, judicious antiviral use among HCWs will be important to limit the emergence of antiviralresistant influenza A 2009 HlNl. Prescription of antiviral agents should be restricted to infectious diseases physicians or physicians responsible for public health after appropriate specimen collections. Because good knowledge and attitude toward influenza prevention does not necessarily imply good adherence to infection control practices, our study suggests the need to continually monitor infection control practices to help minimize influenza transmission during pandemics. In summary, additional studies are urgently needed to better define HCW surveillance strategies to minimize influenza transmission among HCWs in both resource-available and resource-limited countries.


Traditional Malay authors are authoritative figures in elevating traditional literature texts through creative writing techniques. Mythical and legendary elements were included in the texts to fulfil the function of traditional literary texts as a cultural document and as a mirror to the common sense of the Malay's. Wars are common occurrences in great civilisations, but the strategy in avoiding wars has never been the starting point to the success of a civilisation. There are several war-avoiding strategies are mentioned in historical literary texts, which could elevate the civilisation of a nation some time ago that should be recognized by the modern society. Traditional Malay authors played a very big role in designing the authority and leadership of the characters selected in the text. Therefore this article has two objectives, where the first is identifying authoritative figures in manoeuvring war-avoiding strategies found in traditional Malay literary texts, and the second objective is explaining the effects from the war-avoiding strategies to the nation state. This article will use creative thinking technique approach, which is analogy or figure of speech, where the first is the analogy of nature, the second is the personal analogy and the third is the analogy of fantasy (Abdullah Hassan and Ainon Mohd, 1996). The analogy of nature involves living things such as animals and plants. It means the author needs to take any living thing, examine the characteristics and study how it does something. After that, he comes up with similar methods that could be used to solve our problems. On the other hand, personal analogy requires the individual to visualize that particular object is oneself, and the analogy of fantasy allows the individual to think in an eccentric manner. Therefore, the role of traditional Malay author is very important in describing ideas or strategies to avoid wars through characters chosen in texts. Historical literary texts such as Sejarah Melayu and Hikayat Hang Tuah are examples of texts that ought to be examined to see the high level of common sense in the thinking of traditional authors who have advanced by thinking creatively and critically.


We present here the effect of intercalation of Pd (x=0.13) and Cu (x=0.15) on the transport and thermoelectric property of TiSe2 dichalcogenide alloy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that all the samples have layered growth. The room temperature thermopower (S) value of 60 μV/K and −80 μV/K has been observed for Pd0.13TiSe2 and Cu0.15TiSe2 samples, which is nearly an order magnitude higher compared to pure TiSe2. The electrical resistivity (ρ) measurement shows semiconductor behavior for Pd0.13TiSe2, whereas metallic behavior for Cu0.15TiSe2. The power factor (PF=α2/ρ) value of Cu0.15TiSe2 shows improvement of seven order magnitude as compared to pure TiSe2 sample. The PF does not improve for Pd0.13TiSe2 due to enhancement in the resistivity as compared to pure TiSe2.


This paper it is a subjective perspective on the birth and the raise of the field of Gender Studies in Romania. It is subjective because the author is the initiator of the field and she has a parental/maternal attitude towards the topic. Once her intellectual maternity is related to the MA program at National School of Political and Administrative Studies in Bucharest, the text is offering a reflective image of the evolution and the results of the research in the last decades at NSPSPA, as well as its impact beyond the academic space.


Research on the flow properties of 3He–4He mixtures in our group has resulted in a description of the 3He–4He flow properties taking into account both mutual friction and viscosity. In this paper the effects of these dissipative forces on the operation of 3He circulating dilution refrigerators are analyzed numerically. It will be shown that mutual friction leads to rather severe conditions regarding the diameter and the length of the dilute exit tube of the mixing chamber for a specified flow rate. The limiting temperature in the single-cycle mode is in the low flow-rate regime determined by viscous dissipation, but at higher flow rates the temperature increases with the molar 3He-flow rate as a result of the increasing influence of mutual friction.


Invention there is provided a surfactant, which is prepared from geraniol and itaconic anhydride by esterification. The surfactant may be used in the foamed resin, the resin is cured the resin participate in the reaction, the material is capricious increase, reducing the thermal conductivity. The present invention therefore relates to the use of the surfactant in the organic foam sheet. The present invention also provides a phenolic resin foam sheet, which uses the surfactant.


Structural-mechanical characteristics exert a significant influence on the processes of the medications releasing, absorption in ointments and their consumer properties: spreadability, adhesion, extrudability from the tubes. In this connection evaluation of the rheologic properties is an important and inevitable fragment of the investigations in the realm of making of the semisolid dosage forms for the dermatologic practice.
Efficient composition of the semisolid dosage form – ointment (cream) with praziquantel for the topical etiotropic pharmacotherapy of the acne similar dermatosis was developed on the department of technology of medication in Zaporozhye State Medical University as a result of the complex physico-chemical, pharmacotechnological and microbiological investigations.
The aim of this work is study of consistent properties of the developed ointment composition.
Study of structural-mechanical characteristics of the composition was carried out by the rotary viscosimeter Reotest-2 with cylindrical arrangement.
As a result of the experiment it was established that consistent properties of the cream for external use with praziquantel 3% are practically thoroughly situated within rheologic optimum of consistence limits. Mechanical stability (1,19) describes composition as an exceptionally thixotropic system which provides with restorability after applying tension and allows to predict stability of consistent properties during a long-term storage.
Calculated factors of dynamical flowing of the praziquantel topical dosage form on the emulsion base (Кd1 = 41,82%; Kd2 = 67,22%) quantitatively confirm satisfactory spreading degree of the system during application on the mucous membranes or in manufacturing process.
Insignificant divergence of rheologic characteristics of the cream with praziquantel 3% for external use and its base indicates a deficiency of interactions between active substance and excipients.


In this paper, we present all constant solutions of Yang-Mills equations with arbitrary non-Abelian current in the case of the Lie group ${\rm SU}(2)$ in Euclidian space ${\mathbb R}^n$ of arbitrary dimension $n$. Namely, we obtain all solutions of specific system of $3n$ cubic equations with $3n$ unknowns and $3n$ parameters. We use the methods of singular value decomposition and two-sheeted covering of orthogonal group by spin group to do this.


Physical prototyping is critical activity in the produce development process, but the cost and time required to produce prototypes hinders it use in the design process. Hybrid prototyping through coupling LEGO and FDM printing is presented as an approach to address these issues. After establishing the separate design rules for FDM printing and LEGO, this paper created new set of rules called Design for Fabrication (DfF) for hybrid prototyping. These cover the three main considerations (Technical, Process, and Design) that the designer and process planning must include to practically implement LEGO and FDM hybrid prototyping. The DfF rules were considered in a prototype of a computer mouse. While the fabrication time was not reduced as expected, it showed that the rules could be practically implemented in a real-world example. Additional considerations were identified that are to be included in the DfF rules.Further work is required to realise the predicted step-change reduction in fabrication time. The first approach is to leverage multiple printers to parallelise the printing. The second is to reduce fidelity while maintaining high fidelity in key regions of interest.


In this paper we discuss a simple and inexpensive method to study pendular movement and head-on elastic collisions, according to the Bring-Your-Own-Device philosophy. A popular toy, the Newton's cradle, can be used to provide a pendular or a collision system, and the movements of the spheres can be tracked by video analysis, using a smartphone. We show that the conservation of momentum and kinetic energy, upon collision of two or more spheres, can be easily confirmed and that the pendular movement can be studied in detail. A more complete analysis, appropriate for undergraduate students in STEM degrees, is also suggested.


Genetic diversity and relationship between population of one hundred nine individuals from four cattle breeds i.e. Rathi, Tharparkar, Gir and Kankrej were studied using 18 microsatellite markers, proposed by FAO and ISAG. A total of 144, 135, 147 and 155 alleles were identified across 18 microsatellite loci in Rathi, Tharparkar, Gir and Kankrej cattle, respectively. The heterozygosity was found higher in Kankrej breed with the value of 0.62±0.29. The Mean value of F-statistics significantly deviated from zero indicating that breeds are well separated. The present study indicates a significant deficit of heterozygotes in studied cattle breeds. The Nei's Genetic distance analysis of the four cattle breed population revealed close genetic similarity between Rathi-Tharparkar in comparison to other breeds with maximum genetic distance between Tharparkar and Gir. Phylogenetic analysis based on UPGMA method further supported close genetic relationship between Rathi-Tharparkar as they clustered in one group.


Tipping calibration is an important technique for the absolute calibration of ground-based microwave radiometers. The standard tipping calibration is usually used in clear atmosphere. The spatial variations of liquid water in cloudy atmosphere may lead to great calibration errors in the process of standard tipping calibration. A new method of tipping calibration for ground-based microwave radiometers is proposed, which uses an accurate channel to calibrate another inaccurate channel in cloudy atmosphere. The simulation and measurements show that the method proposed here can eliminate the radiation of cloud liquid water and calibrate the radiometer under cloudy-sky conditions effectively. A relative tipping calibration is also introduced to retrieve the parameters in cloudy atmosphere. It has been proven that the relative tipping calibration can reduce the retrieval error significantly in cloudy atmosphere even though neither of the two channels is accurate.


Gandhi, on a hunger strike to protest fighting between Hindu and Muslim after the Partition, is confronted by a man in agony: "I am going to hell. I killed an innocent child. My son was slain and in my rage I killed a Muslim child. And so I am going to hell." Gandhi's reply: "I know a way out of hell. Go, find a homeless Muslim child, adopt him and raise him as your own. But raise him in the Muslim religion." Gandhi knew a way out of hell. I think I know a way in—and why it is the route we must follow in addressing 9–11.


The purpose of this research is to identify an inhibiting factor of teachers and to seek a solution in mathematics learning process at senior high school in Dompu NTB. This is a qualitative-descriptive research. The subject of this research is five mathematics teachers who spread out at five high schools. Research data is gained by a means of: 1) a field note; 2) interview; 3) questionnaire, & 4) document. Datum analysis technique uses descriptive qualitative. The result of this research shows that the inhibiting factor of the teacher s in mathematics learning process: 1) students, low basic knowledge on mathematics concept they have, specially lack of mastering a basic subject; 2) teachers, the teachers only tend to teach the basic matter on mathematics concept; 3) learning process , teachers' low motivation in combining and implementing various models of learning approach which make the students miss mathematics; 4) a learning evaluation, lack of teacher's skill and knowledge in designing the learning evaluation instrument, and 5) a learning means and instrument, no proper media of mathematics learning at schools, no creativity, no innovation, and no teaching art of teachers in arranging the learning media.


An on-chip system for measuring fracture and fatigue properties of single-crystal silicon micro structures has been designed, in which the testing samples and the electrostatic comb actuators are integrated. The structures and operating principle of the testing system are detailedly described in the article. The relationship of driving voltage and driving force, structural stiffness and resonant frequency of the electrostatic comb actuators are calculated. The testing system is fabricated using MEMS(micro-electro-mechanical system) bulk-silicon processing techniques. Static and dynamic bending experiments of the fabricated testing system are carried on the microscope stage. The results of the experiments are compared and contrasted with those of the ANSYS simulation, which shows that this testing system is stable and is able to measure fracture and fatigue properties of single-crystal silicon micro structures. [KG(4x]


The ionization of the hydrogen atom by few-cycle ultrashort laser pulses is studied using classical and quantum mechanical models. The reliability of these models for various laser pulse parameters is discussed. Our attention is focused on the intra-pulse interference effects [1] and its dependence on the laser pulse parameters.


As the Internet is becoming a popular source of food recipes, studies show that they also contribute to health problems. A particular problem is that personalized food platforms promote recipes that contain large amounts of fat, sodium, and sugar. Filtering recipes on their health content would be possible, but this might lead to dissatisfaction among users, as unhealthy recipes tend to be popular. As a new contribution, we propose to not change the presented content but how it is presented: the decision context. We present a work-in-progress that aims to steer users of a recipe search portal towards healthier choices through the serial-position effect, which predicts that users are biased towards higher-ranked items. We report a 2x2-within-subjects experiment, in which 17 participants searched for four different recipes and were asked to choose one recipe they liked the most from each list. Search results were either presented from high (low) to low (sodium) content and were personalized or not. Our analysis suggested that matching the content towards the user's eating goals might overcome the effectiveness of serial-position nudges, while we found no average differences in user satisfaction levels across the two ranking scenarios.


The paper applies a displacement method to an inclined beam with sliding displacements.The formulas for sliding displacements and the slope-deflection equation for the case of one end fixed and the other end with a directional support are obtained,respectively.


A method is described which enables oxygen in numerous compounds to be isolated in the form of water as a preliminary step to the determination of the isotopic composition of the oxygen by a density technique. The oxygen in the compound is converted to carbon monoxide or dioxide. These gases are reduced by hydrogen in the presence of a pure nickel catalyst to yield water and hydrocarbons. A small memory effect is shown, but this is eliminated by the first sample put through the process. The process is carried out on a scale such that 1 mmole of water is produced for each reduction. The time involved is about 2 hr per sample.


This study analyzed library awareness and anxiety among people in their 20s living in East Asia. The objective is to develop the international library cooperation agenda for life-long education proliferation. User groups in Korea, China, and Japan were investigated to understand the differences in library awareness based on the situational contexts such as preferred resources, use frequency, educational level, and gender. Results of the data analysis showed the correlation between library anxiety and use patterns such as preferred information sources and frequency of use. Specifically, the user group in China has the highest level of library anxiety with every factor. Also, the Korean user group was measured to have the lowest level of library anxiety in terms of digital information factor. Based on these results, the study presents several recommendations for resolving library anxiety such as embracing new information need with regard to environmental change and suggesting a new space policy for libraries.


Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures, and by the neurobiologic, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition (Fisher et al., 2014). An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain (Devinsky et al., 2018). Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder, which is not only related to the imbalance between excitatory glutamatergic neurons and inhibitory GABAergic neurons, but also related to abnormal central cholinergic regulation (Wang & Chen, 2017). Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine, so its activity serves to terminate cholinergic synaptic transmission (Das et al., 2005). BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors and is mainly expressed in the brain, while it has an important role in normal neural survival, differentiation, morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity (Lu et al., 2014; Numakawa et al., 2010; Zheleznyakova et al., 2016). Furthermore, BDNF is involved in several neurodegenerative and neurological diseases, such as epilepsy. Epilepsy and anxiety share common neurological associations in different animal models (Beyenburg et al., 2005). Therefore, successful treatment of epilepsy should not only reduce the incidence of seizures, but at the same time alleviate the symptoms of anxiety (Beyenburg et al., 2005).
For treatment of epilepsy and epileptic seizures antiepileptic drugs are used and more than 20 drugs have been approved for the treatment of this neurological disorder (Devinsky et al., 2018). However, despite the availability of many ASDs, approximately one-third of patients fail to achieve seizure control (Devinsky et al., 2018). Therefore, the use of complementary medicine which proposes the combination between drugs and natural products is on the rise, including patients with epilepsy (Samuels et al., 2007). In the case of flavonoids, studies have shown that they have significant anticonvulsant activity and can thus be used to develop integrated future antiepileptic drugs (Griebel et al., 1999; Du et al., 2002; Kavadias et al., 2004). Rutin is a glycosylated flavonol, consisting of another flavonoid, quercetin and disaccharide routinose. Rutin has anticonvulsant activity and appears to be safe for patients with epilepsy as it does not alter the efficacy of administered antiepileptic drugs nor does it show any adverse effects (Nieoczym et al., 2014).
The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effect of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 60mg/kg, i.p.) on adult male mice (Balb-c mice) anxiety behavior, the activity of the two isoforms (G1 and G4) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and diencephalon), as well as BDNF levels in the hippocampus, because it is an area of marked neurogenesis. As for anxiety behavior, it was determined by the open field assay and the results showed that PTZ caused anxiety only after the administration of two and three doses and the induction of two and three seizures, respectively. The activity of the G1 and G4 isoforms of AChE was determined by the Ellman colorimetric method, with emphasis being placed on these two isoforms, because they are found in the mammalian brain and their ratio has been suggested as an indicator of neurodegenerative diseases. The administration of PTZ in three doses and the induction of three seizures caused a reduction in G1 isoform activity of AChE only in the hippocampus, whereas the decrease in G4 isoform activity was observed in all of the brain regions studied. Finally, the administration of three doses of PTZ and the induction of three seizures increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus, which were determined by Western blotting, while no change was observed following induction of a single seizure with a dose of PTZ.
The second aim of this thesis was to study the potential beneficial effect of flavonoid rutin (100mg/kg, i.p.) on the above markers. Rutin was administered to normal mice (Rutin group) for 7 consecutive days, while another group preceeded the administration of rutin for 7 days, then PTZ was given for 3 days and three seizures were induced (group PTZ + Rutin). Our results showed that rutin did not affect the behavior of normal mice, whereas in the case of mice that manifested seizures, rutin reduced anxiety. Administration of rutin in normal mice reduced the G4 isoform activity in all brain regions, but not in the G1 isoform, as compared to the control group. In the PTZ + Rutin group, the G1 isoform activity was decreased only in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex, whereas the G4 isoform was reduced in all of the study regions. Finally, rutin administration in epileptic animals (PTZ + Rutin) increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus compared to the control group, while there was no significant difference compared to the PTZ group. Therefore, this increase is probably mainly due to the effect of PTZ and to a lesser extent on rutin.
In conclusion, the administration of PTZ in repeated doses caused anxiety, changes in AChE activity in a tissue-specific manner and an increase in BDNF levels. In contrast, administration of flavonoid rutin had a beneficial effect, as it reduced anxiety behavior in mice which manifested seizures, decreased AChE activity in normal mice, whereas in epileptic animals, the decrease was due to the additive effect of the two agents. Finally, rutin did not alter BDNF neurotrophin protein levels.


PURPOSE: A contact lens for diagnosing a disease and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to check the occurrence of the disease by diagnosing the change of eye drops with a color shift phenomenon of polydiacetylene. CONSTITUTION: A hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomer, an ultraviolet (UV) photoinitiator, and a cross-linking agent are mixed. The mixture is hardened in a tray using UV. A HEMA lens (100) is obtained. The HEMA lens is dipped in a low band gap polymer solution. The low band gap polymer solution is fixed on the surface of the HEMA lens.


The rapid development of higher education in C hi na requires the exact defining to the relation between universities and their st udents on the basis of theory and legislation.The thesis summarizes several the ories on the problem abroad,and examines the features of,differences between and respective defects of the present Chinese statutes a nd judicial practice on the relation defining,and proposes the proper way the la w should adopt to deal with the problem.


Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the seeds of Camellia pitardii.Method: Chemical constituents were isolated by various chromatographic methods and were identified by physicochemical characters and spectroscopic analysis or comparison with standard compounds.Result: From the EtOH extract of the seeds of C.pitardii,seven compounds were isolated and identified as kaempferol-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside](1),kaempferol-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→ 3)-(4'''-acetyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside](2),D-galactitol(3),sucrose(4),daucosterol(5),β-sitosterol(6),lupeol(7).Conclusion: Compounds 1-7 were obtained from the seeds of C.pitardii for the first time.


The invention relates to an optical arrangement for multispectral image acquisition and multispectral image projection in a visor using a Schiefspiegler as achromatic objective.


ABSTRACT
The background of this research is the low learning achievement of students in mathematics subjects based on interview data. This study aims to improve the learning achievement of fourth grade students at SDN Ceungceumjaya by using a problem based learning (PBL) learning model. This type of research is a quantitative research method of pre-experimental designs in the form of one-group pretest-posttest design. The research subjects were class IV SDN Ceungceumjaya with a total of 28 students. The object of this research is learning achievement on the material of circumference and area of ??flat shapes using problem based learning (PBL) learning model. The instrument used in this study was a test. The data analysis technique used in this research is quantitative analysis and descriptive quantitative analysis.The results showed that the application of the PBL learning model could improve mathematics learning achievement in the material of circumference and area of ??flat shapes for class IV SDN Ceungceumjaya seen from the average pretest value for students who were not given treatment, which was 40.00 while for students who were given treatment or group. posttest that is 83.39. It can be seen that there is a significant difference between the results of student achievement before being given treatment and after being given treatment.

Keywords: Learning Achievement and Learning Model Problem Based Learning (PBL)

ABSTRAK
Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah masih rendahnya prestasi belajar peserta didik pada mata pelajaran matematika berdasarkan data wawancara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar peserta didik kelas IV SDN Ceungceumjaya dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran problem based learning (PBL). Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif metode penelitian pre-eksperimental designs bentuk one-group pretest-posttest design. Subjek penelitian adalah kelas IV SDN Ceungceumjaya yang berjumlah 28 peserta didik. Objek penelitian adalah prestasi belajar pada materi keliling dan luas bangun datar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran problem based learning (PBL). Instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah tes. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kuantitatif dan analisis kuantitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran PBL dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar matematika materi keliling dan luas bangun datar kelas IV SDN Ceungceumjaya dilihat dari nilai rata-rata pretest pada peserta didik yang tidak diberikan perlakuan yaitu 40,00 sedangkan untuk  peserta didik yang diberikan perlakuan atau group posttest yaitu 83,39. Terlihat perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil prestasi peserta didik sebelum diberikan perlakuan dan sesudah diberikan perlakuan.

Kata Kunci: Prestasi Belajar dan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL)