The present invention provides the use of the antibodies in the treatment of anti-VEGFR-3 monoclonal antibodies, pharmaceutical compositions comprising said antibodies and disease.


Background: Collection of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) by leukapheresis has become the dominant method in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell donation and also overpassed bone marrow donation in autologous transplantations. The circulating CD34 positive cells immediately prior to PBSC collection strongly correlate with the PBSC yield and have used to monitor donor's response to bone marrow mobilization. Methods: In this prospective study, a prediction method for PBSC collection that has been used in our facility was provided. Prediction accuracy is evaluated by comparison of predicted CD34 values to real PBSC yield. Results: The prediction method was used to determine first if a standard procedure with 12 L of blood processing could achieve the collection goal. Thirty seven donors were considered to have adequate PBSCs. Thirty four of them had a CD34 count above the target and only one donor had a CD34 count significantly below the target. For the donors whose PBSC were considered inadequate, an extended collection was performed based on the predicted blood volume that needed to be processed. The number of overestimated predictions was essentially the same as the number of underestimated predictions. Conclusion: The proposed prediction method was successful in identifying donors who needed extended collection without causing unnecessary prolongation of the leukapheresis procedure.


In this paper, the static load and dynamic load of light steel portal frame are simulated and analyzed by ABAQUS. The influences of these three factors on the mechanical behavior of the joint are considered, including the shape of the opening, whether the end plate of the joint provided with the stiffening ribs, end plate placement. On the one hand we simulate the influences of these three factors on the stress of beam flange, column flange stress under static loading; on the other hand, we simulate the influences of these three factors on the skeleton curve under the low cyclic loading test and the ultimate bearing capacity of each cellular node is further understood. The above simulation analysis has certain practical significance.


This paper reports on the effects of plant species diversity and sowing method on pasture yield and quality. Nineteen seed mixtures of perennial ryegrass (PR), plantain (Pl), white clover (WC) and red clover (RC) were sown on 26 March 2015 at Lincoln University. Four mixtures of PR, Pl and WC were repeated with species separated in alternate drill rows. Plots were grazed by sheep and irrigated. After 4 years, a mixture with 25% of each species based on seed count – equivalent to 7.5 kg PR, 5.6 kg Pl, 1.9 kg WC and 4.4 kg RC (19.4 kg total seed)/ha – produced an optimal balance of increased total yield (17.44 t DM/ha/yr), weed suppression (0% of total yield), metabolisable energy (11.4 MJ/kg DM) and crude protein (19% of DM). Sowing method had no effect. Plant diversity enhanced pasture production through positive interactions and identity effects among the legumes (WC and RC) and non-legumes (PR and Pl). The strength of interactions between species depended on the identity and relative abundances of the species involved. The diversity effects occurred alongside shifts in species relative abundances over time. This study demonstrated an experimental basis for the evaluation of multi-species pasture mixtures.


In this paper,a method based on the enhancement of the database application's expansibility is proposed.Adopting the data service administration structures,the function modules dynamic link libraries,etc., this method can improve the application's expansibility with a storage manner of the correlated data in database.This paper elaborates on the design method of application's expansibility and implementation of the code.


A new method to improve the directive gain of patch antenna array for ISM band of 2.4 G Hz with metamaterial is presented. This method is based on suppressing the electromagnetic interference between the elements of antenna array. The electromagnetic interference between elements of antenna array is reduced by using Split Ring resonator metamaterial. Here Split ring resonator metamaterial acts as a notch filter between the arrays elements thereby reducing the mutual coupling between the array elements. Suppressing of mutual coupling between the array elements allows for denser packing and enhanced directivity of antenna array. The electromagnetic characteristics of SRR metamaterial and patch antenna array with and without SRR mtamaterial are studied. Simulation results show that by introduction of SRR metamaterial into patch antenna array there is improvement of directive gain of patch antenna array thereby approaching a superdirective patch antenna array.


We performed an in-depth study of high molecular weight poly[3,6-(dithiophene-2-yl)-2,5-di(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-alt-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] P(DPP2OD-TT) synthesized through the Stille coupling polycondensation in order to understand the correlation between molecular weight, processing conditions and charge transport. We observed a rapid increase in its aggregation in solution with increasing molecular weight which strongly limits the solubility and processability for weight average molecular weights beyond 200 kg mol−1. This results in severe limitation in the charge transport properties of the polymer. We further observe the presence of bulk electronic defects in all different polymer batches that severely limit the current flow and manifest themselves in organic field effect transistors as apparent charge density dependence of the mobility. These defects are passivated by exposure to an ambient atmosphere, as confirmed by an increase in current and mobility that is no more charge density dependent. This is further confirmed by the result of chemical doping using 2,2-(perfluoronaphthalene-2,6-diylidene)dimalononitrile, F6TCNNQ, which leads to the filling of the trap states and a higher charge density independent mobility of up to 1 cm2 V−1 s−1.


Why have we, in political theory, not yet cut off the head of the king? Why does much modern political theory continue to concern itself with the extent and limits of centralised sovereign powers (such as the state and nation-states, elites and social classes)? Foucault posed this question in the course of his analysis of the disciplinary power relations he understood to be far more complex, diverse, diffused and productive than political theory wishes to admit. He argued that notions of power as residing within sovereign and predominantly repressive institutions remain widely accepted and practised in modern society for several reasons: they disguise real relations of domination and justify their necessity; they conceal the ubiquity of power relations and obscure the venal conditions of possibility of modern liberal democracies, and they help regulate and energise these disciplinary conditions even as they are being colonised by them. It is likely that the King's head will remain attached to his body until political theory is able to rethink the nature of the state in terms of everyday, disciplinary relations of power.


The demand--supply of grains and price fluctuation are viewed as the market regulator, for the market prices both reflect and regulate the demand--supply of grains. The paper holds that the prices to be controlled and enforced by the competent government authorities distort the self-regulation of the market while an overall price-open market will be the long-term mechanism in stimulating the productivity of grains. The paper argues that this measure is sure to guarantee the grains supply for the country.


The paper considers the problem of optimal control of a prosumer with a wind power plant in smart grid. It is shown that control can be performed in non-deterministic conditions due to the impossibility of accurate forecasting of the generation from renewable plants. A control model based on a priority queue of logical rules with structural-parametric optimization is applied. The optimization problem is considered from a separate prosumer, not from the entire distributed system. The solution of the optimization problem is performed by three swarm intelligence algorithms. Computational experiments were carried out for models of wind energy systems on Russky Island and Popov Island (Far East). The results obtained showed the high effectiveness of the swarm intelligence algorithms that demonstrated reliable and fast convergence to the global extreme of the optimization problem under different scenarios and parameters of prosumers. Also, we analyzed the influence of accumulator capacity on the variability of prosumers. The variability, in turn, affects the increase of the prosumer benefits from the interaction with the external global power system and neighboring prosumers.


—Components are heavily used in software systems, including robotic systems. The growth in sophistication and diversity of new capabilities for robotic systems presents new challenges to their architectures. Their complexity is growing exponentially with the advent of AI, smart sensors, and the complex tasks they have to accomplish. Such complexity requires a more flexible approach to creating, using, and interoperability of software components. The issue is exacerbated because robotic systems increasingly rely on third-party components for specific functions. In order to achieve this kind of interoperability, including dynamic component replacement, we need a way to standardize their interfaces. We desperately need a formal approach for specifying what an interface of a robotic software component should contain. This study analyzes the issue and presents a universal and generic approach to standardizing component interfaces for robotic systems. Our approach is inspired and influenced by well-established robotic architectures such as ROS, PX4, and Ardupilot. The study also applies to other software systems with similar characteristics to robotic systems. We consider using JSON or Domain-Specific Languages (DSL) development with tools such as Antlr or Xtext and automatic code and configuration files generation for frameworks such as ROS and PX4. A case study with ROS2 has been done as a proof of concept for the proposed methodology.


Using type-II GaAs0.5Sb0.5/In0.53Ga0.47As hybrid absorber in UTC-PD, significant enhancement (16.7%) in responsivity across 1.31–1.55μm wavelength is achieved. With top-illuminated structure and large active mesa (25μm), such device exhibits >40(33) GHz O-E bandwidths, good responsivities (0.53 (0.7)A/W), and high saturation currents (>5mA) under 1.55 (1.31)μm wavelength.


Full River City has a blacksmith center located in Koto Padang village, Tanah Kampung sub-district, Full River City. The average resident of the village of Koto Padang makes a profit from the products of blacksmiths such as machetes, knives, axes


Whether or not we are in the midst of yet another internet bubble, we can all agree that social media dominate the use of internet and smart phones. The emergence of apps and web-based user to user services, driven by an explosion of informal dialogues, continuous uploads and user-generated content have greatly empowered the rise of 'participatory culture'. At the same time, monopoly power, commercialization and commodification are on the rise as well with just a handful of social media platforms dominating the social web. Tension are on the rise what to make of the influence and impact of 'social media'...


Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA: C7F15COOH) in water is effectively decomposed by plasma generated at a gas–liquid interface. During the decomposition of PFOA, perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs: CnF2n+1 COOH ) with shorter carbon chains (n = 1–6) are generated as by‐products. Since these PFCAs are surfactants, they are adsorb onto the gas–liquid interface and show high surface concentrations. This study investigated the relationship between the adsorbed amount of PFCA and the rate of decomposition by a direct current plasma. The adsorbed amount of PFCA at the gas–liquid interface increased as the length of the carbon chain increased, resulting in a higher rate of decomposition. However, the reaction rate reached saturation at a certain adsorption amount, depending on the discharge current.


This article focuses on acts of resistance regarding reproductive politics in contemporary Britain. Drawing on empirical research this article investigates grassroots activism around a complex moral, social, and political problem. This article therefore focuses on a site of resistance in everyday urban environments, investigating the practice and performance involved. Identifying specifically the territory(ies) and territorialities of these specific sites of resistance, this article looks at how opposing groups negotiate conflict in public space in territorial, as well as habitual, ways. Second, the article focuses on questions around the impact, distinction, and novelty both in the immediate and long term of these acts of resistance for those in public space. Here, then, the focus shifts to the reactions to this particular form of protest and questions the "acceptability" of specific resistances in the public imaginary.


Background Illness in a child with cardiac disease causes stress, brings additional responsibilities, reorganizes family life, and changes the functioning of the family. Aim This study aimed to validate a new questionnaire evaluating the life situations of caregivers/parents of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and/or other cardiac diseases (OCD). Materials and methods The questionnaire comprised 10 questions aimed at assessing the life situation of an ill child's caregiver in two main areas: personal and spiritual. The total score of the questionnaire assessing the life situation of the caregiver of a child with a CHD and/or OCD can range from 0 to 32 points, with scores <26 indicating a poor, 25 to 32 indicating an average, and >32 indicating a good level of life situation in the personal sphere of the caregiver. The questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha tests, and repeatability was assessed using Cohen's Kappa test (retest) within a time interval of two to 4  weeks from the first measurement. Results The research covered 50 respondents. Cohesion in the personal sphere obtained a satisfactory value of Cronbach's α = 0.72, in the spiritual sphere: Cronbach's α = 0.83, and the result common for both sections was: Cronbach's α = 0.66. Conclusion The Life Situation Assessment Questionnaire for caregivers of children with CHD and OCD is a reliable and homogeneous tool for measuring the functioning of parents in the event of a child's illness.


Processing speed (PS) is a vulnerable cognitive skill in pediatric cancer survivors as a consequence of treatments and, less consistently, tumor region. Studies conventionally examine graphomotor PS; emerging research suggests other aspects of PS may be impacted. This study examined types of PS in pediatric brain tumor survivors to determine which aspects are impaired. Given discordance across studies, we additionally investigated the relationship between brain region and PS.


Objective:  The aim of this study was evaluation of intrapartum Doppler velocimetry changes in fetuses with signs of fetal hypoxemia in fetal pulse oximetry (arterial hemoglobin saturation <30%).


This paper analyzes the physical knowledge implied in the poems,and its application in physics teaching,and discusses the use of physical beauty in poetry,to stimulate students′ interest in learning,develop students′ open learning abilityies their comprehensive quality.


This study to find out whether Influence the Managerial Competence of the Principal and the Competence of Teachers on the Quality of Education in the Integrated Islamic Junior High School Bismillah and the Integrated Islamic Junior High School Arraudoh. The research method used Quantitative Research  a Correlation approach, the population is 50 people, the sample used is the entire population. The results of the study were simultaneously obtained F calculate > F table (211.43 > 3,190) thus Ha was accepted and H0 was rejected, which means the hypothesis is accepted and there is a significant influence between X1 and X2 on Y by 65.3%. Between the two schools shows the Influence of The Principal's X1 on Y in Arraudoh Integrated Islamic Junior High School 39.3%, Bismillah Integrated Islamic Junior High School 67.8%. The Influence of X2 on Y of Integrated Islamic Junior High School Education Arraudoh 53.5%, Integrated Islamic Junior High School Bismillah 26.1%. Influence of X1 and X2 on Y of Education in Integrated Islamic Junior High Schools) Arraudoh 92.8% Integrated Islamic Junior High School) Bismillah 93.9%.


The theory of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) clump instability in current driven plasma is presented. MHD clump fluctuations are current carrying bundles of correlated magnetic field lines. The instability occurs when turbulent mixing of the mean current density at island overlap produces clumps at a rate faster than their decay as a result of magnetic field line stochasticity. The renormalized dynamical equation describing MHD clump instability is derived from one‐fluid MHD equations and conserves the dynamical invariants of the exact equations. The renormalized equation is a nonlinear, turbulent version of the Newcomb equation of linear MHD stability theory and can be cast into the form of a nonlinear MHD energy principle. MHD clump instability is a dynamical route to the Taylor state.


A water hammer is an important natural phenomenon. The oscillatory injection of a column of water can be used to make a pipe water hammer. However, the optimal injection frequency to create a water hammer has not yet been found. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that there can be significant supercharging phenomena in a water-filled pipe. We first find the optimal pulse frequency to reproduce the supercharging process. We also clarify the supercharging mechanism at an optimal frequency. First, the weakly compressible Navier-Stokes equations are developed to simulate the flow of water in a water-filled pipe. The computation code is developed using the MacCormack method, which is validated by experimental data. Then the pulse effects are studied, including the effects of pulse frequency, amplitude, pipe length, diameter, and wave speed. Finally, a new universal frequency model is built. The results show that there is a family of frequencies for which the fluid peak pressure can be significantly enhanced, and these frequencies include the optimal pulse frequency. The optimal frequency of a square pulse depends on the pipe length and wave speed. At the optimal pulse frequency, the maximum peak pressure of the fluid can be increased by 100% or more, and cavitation occurs. These new landmark findings are very valuable for understanding pulse supercharging in an internal water wave. In addition, a new universal frequency model is built to predict optimal pulse frequency. This study proposes a practical frequency-control model for the first time.


Objective:The characters,properties and applications of D-7-ACA,a novel intermediate of cephalosporins,were studied. Methods:The applications in synthetic cephalosporin antibiotics for the intermediate D-7-ACA were summarized. Results:As an intermediate of semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotics,D-7-ACA can be used to synthesize cephalosporin antibiotics in a simplified procedure. Conclusions:D-7-ACA Can be used to compond cephalosporin antibiotics.


Given the growing ecological footprint of anthropomorphic activities, considering the environmental impacts of any process is becoming increasingly important. This is especially true for the healthcare industry, whose objective of maintaining human health standards is impeded by its own unsustainable practices. To this end, life cycle analysis is particularly helpful. There have not been many life cycle analyses performed on a healthcare device or on medical procedures. Many medical devices are single use, which leads to a significant waste management problem, particularly as plastic is widely used in their composition. The objective of this study is to present a life-cycle-thinking-based approach to compare the environmental impacts associated with single-use electrophysiological catheters with the sterilization of reusable electrophysiological catheters using hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, and peracetic acid. A life cycle assessment was conducted considering different use, disinfection, and disposal scenarios for electrophysiological catheters, using ReCiPe midpoint and endpoint analysis with the SimaPro software. The findings indicate that using single-use disposable electrophysiological catheters, instead of sterilizing a single catheter using either ETO or hydrogen peroxide and reusing multiple times, is preferable from a purely environmental perspective. However, the costs reduce drastically when equipment is sterilized and reused instead of disposing them after using one time. This in turn illustrates that depending on the process, sanitizing and reusing medical devices may not always be more resource-efficient than single device usage. From a cost perspective, ETO sterilization has the lowest costs, and yet it leads to an aggregate environmental impact of over 20 times compared to the single-use scenario, mainly due to the required detoxification process. The outcomes of this research will assist the health care industry in identifying the most suitable operational procedures considering patient safety, economics, and environmental stewardship, and in developing policies and guidelines for a more sustainable healthcare sector.


The problem of controlling a nonlinear system in the presence of disturbances and modeling inaccuracies is considered. The objective is to design a static state feedback controller that controls the system so that the combined effect of all disturbances and inaccuracies on the response of the closed loop system is below a specified bound.


Extremely low upper‐limit effective surface recombination velocities (Seff.max) of 5.6 and 7.4 cm/s, respectively, are obtained on ~1.5 Ω cm n‐type and p‐type silicon wafers, using silicon nitride (SiNx) films dynamically deposited in an industrial inline plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) reactor. SiNx films with optimised antireflective properties in air provide an excellent Seff.max of 9.5 cm/s after high‐temperature (>800 °C) industrial firing. Such low Seff.max values were previously only attainable for SiNx films deposited statically in laboratory reactors or after optimised annealing; however, in our case, the SiNx films were dynamically deposited onto large‐area c‐Si wafers using a fully industrial reactor and provide excellent surface passivation results both in the as‐deposited condition and after industrial‐firing, which is a widely used process in the photovoltaic industry. Contactless corona‐voltage measurements reveal that these SiNx films contain a relatively high positive charge of (4–8) × 1012 cm−2 combined with a relatively low interface defect density of ~5 × 1011 eV−1 cm−2. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A mechanism for the autoxidation of hydroquinone and its homologs was presented in a previous paper. From this mechanism it is now possible to calculate a lower limit for the absolute velocity constant of the formation of semiquinone ions from quinone and doubly charged hydroquinone ions, and an estimate of this constant can be given in the analogous case of Ψ‐cumohydroquinone. In both cases, the velocity constant is found to be remarkably high; under special experimental conditions the velocity of this reaction should become of the same order of magnitude as the velocity of the recombination of the doubly charged hydroquinone ions with hydrogen ions, thus providing a test for this latter velocity.


Background: Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell disorders provides a couple at risk the opportunity to make informed decisions whether or not to birth a child with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Aim: To explore the knowledge of prenatal diagnosis and its acceptability among parents at risk of having another child with SCD Methods: A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on sociodemographics, knowledge and attitude towards prenatal diagnosis. The respondents were parents of SCD patients seen at the haematology consultant paediatric clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching hospital. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Forty-six parents were interviewed and they were all Christians. Thirty-two (69.6%) were females and fourteen (30.4%) were males. All the respondents were from the south-south region of Nigeria. Four (8.7%) had lost children from complications of SCD. Twenty-four (52.2%), had heard about prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell disease while twelve (50%) of them heard about it from health care professionals. Four (8.7%) had done prenatal diagnosis in previous pregnancies while 32 (69.6%) were willing to do it in their next pregnancy. The most common reasons given for not doing prenatal diagnosis were religious beliefs, personal beliefs and fear of the procedure. Conclusion: There is still a gap in knowledge and utilization of prenatal diagnosis by at risk couples. Appropriate information and regular counselling should be given to at risk parents as a key method of preventing SCD. Original Research Article Chioma; JAMMR, 32(10): 65-71, 2020; Article no.JAMMR.57945 66


A polyvinylpyrrolidone (1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one or PVP)-assisted solvothermal method has been developed to synthesize porous LaCoO3 nanospheres. Appropriate PVP addition may effectively prohibit the growth of nanospheres and plays an important role in reducing the size of LaCoO3. The porous morphology of LaCoO3 nanospheres can be obtained by an annealing process to achieve a specific capacitance of 203 F g -1 at a current density of 1 A g -1 with good cyclic stability for LaCoO3 which has been prepared with 0.5 g PVP. This attributes to the synergistic effect of both size reduction and porous morphology.


Highway construction practices have historically been viewed as a major contributor of non-point source pollution. Damage control measures implemented for construction site erosion can include erosion control nets, open-weave geotextiles, geosynthetic mattings, erosion control blankets, loose mulches, hydro-mulches, and chemical soil binders. The Texas Department of Transportation is taking a proactive approach to erosion control research by investigating the use of shredded brush and composted organic waste from right-of-way clearing operations as erosion control measures. Testing was done at the TxDOT/TTI Hydraulics and Erosion Control Field Laboratory at the Texas AM shredded wood with a polyacrylide tackifier; and shredded wood with a hydrophilic colloid tackifier. Rain simulations for 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year storm events were tested for sediment loss on the plots. The percentage of vegetative cover was analyzed using the Vegetation Coverage Analysis Program. The results demonstrated that compost and shredded wood with tackifier are as effective as many of the standard erosion control materials and surpass others in cost effectiveness, vegetation establishment, and slope protection.


OBJECTIVES John Cunningham virus (JCV) is a polyoma virus that infects humans, mainly in childhood or adolescence, and presents no symptomatic manifestations. JCV can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunosuppressed individuals, including those undergoing treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). PML is a severe and potentially fatal disease of the brain. The prevalence of JCV antibodies in human serum has been reported to be between 50.0 and 90.0%. The aim of the present study was to review worldwide data on populations of patients with MS and NMO in order to establish the rates of JCV seropositivity in these individuals. METHODS The present review followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and used the following search terms: "JCV" OR "JC virus" AND "multiple sclerosis" OR "MS" OR "NMO" OR "neuromyelitis optica" AND "prevalence." These terms were searched for both in smaller and in larger clusters of words. The databases searched included PubMed, MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar, and Embase. RESULTS After the initial selection, 18 papers were included in the review. These articles reported the prevalence of JCV antibodies in the serum of patients with MS or NMO living in 26 countries. The systematic review identified data on 29,319 patients with MS/NMO and found that 57.1% of them (16,730 individuals) were seropositive for the anti-JCV antibody (range, 40.0 to 69.0%). CONCLUSIONS The median worldwide prevalence of JCV among adults with MS or NMO was found to be 57.1%.


The connector has arranged a main axis (3), at least one optical waveguide end (6a) and preferably symmetrically on the narrow sides of a connector housing (9), locking parts (14, 15) each with a detent element (17, 18). An actuator (30) moves as required, upon actuation of the locking elements from a locking position into a release position. The direction of movement (P) of the actuating element is substantially perpendicular to the main axis (3) of the connector and is different from the direction of movement (A, B) of the latching elements.


Of all the age groups, seniors aged 75 and older have the highest rates of suicide in most industrialized countries. Due to the aging of the world's populations, suicide is predicted to become the tenth leading cause of death by the year 2020.1 Seniors who commit suicide often consult their doctors a short time before they take their lives,2,3 but few communicate their suicide intent. Rather, suicidal seniors may focus on somatic complaints. How are physical illness and suicide connected? While the associations between depression and suicidal feelings,4 attempts5 and completed suicide6-9 are well established, our understanding of the link between physical illness and suicidality is more limited. Snowdon and Baume analysed coroners' data, and noted that physical ill-health or disability was a major precipitant in one-third of all senior suicides.10 Yet physical illness also is widespread among older people who do not commit suicide. Can physical illness be considered an independent predictor of suicide? This paper will review what is known about the connection between physical illness and suicide, with special focus on the elderly.


The invention relates to the technical field of network communication, in particular to an unvarnished transmission and cache downloading method of a personal computer (PC) suite. Firstly, available serial ports of a computer are checked and a serial port which is accessed by a POS terminal is selected; then, data are downloaded by utilizing a PC suite unvarnished transmission downloading mode or a cache downloading mode; the PS suite receives POS traffic data from the serial ports or a SOCKET to transmit to a server; the PC suite receives the data from the server to transmit to the serial ports or the SOCKET. The PC cache downloading method comprises that a data package of the server is downloaded to locality by the PC suite and the PC suite selects a corresponding data package of locality to transmit to the POS terminal after the PC suite receives request data of the POS terminal from the serial ports or the SOCKET. The method is not only suitable for the achieving online downloading of program files between the server and the POS terminal but also is high in automation degree and low in error rate.


This study aims to determine the effect of the adsorbents of marble powder and manure rock of laying hens on the percentage of bio-gas content, and to determine the optimization of the adsorbent treatment of manure rock of laying hens and marble powder in producing the percentage of bio-gas content and reducing the amount of bio-gas content other than CH4. The research material used was chicken manure rock and marble powder. The research method used was an experiment with RAL (completely randomized design), which consisted of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment is without using adsorbents; 100% laying hen manure rock; 100% marble powder; and 50% marble powder + 50% manure rock laying hens. The variables observed in this study include the volume and time required for methane gas to flow through the adsorbent, the time required for methane gas to pass through the adsorbent to the gas-holding balloon as a sample, and the gas content in methane gas before purification, the percentage levels of CO2, CH4, O2, and N2. The results showed that the use of marble powder and manure rock adsorbents for laying hens on the percentage of biogas content gave no significant difference (P > 0.05) to the percentages of CH4, O2, and N2 gases, but gave a significant difference (P <0.05 ) to the percentage of CO2 gas of 11.33% was found in the P2 treatment which used 100% marble powder adsorbent. P2 treatment was able to reduce CO2 levels by 59.70%. It can be concluded that the greater the CH4, the better the calorific value and is inversely proportional to CO2.


To the Editor: The horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) can be preserved after pathologically confirmed lesions of the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF).1-4 Deleu et a l 6 reported a patient with infarction of the left rostral PPRF and left medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), with preservation of the left abducens nucleus and fascicle. This resulted in a one-and-a-half syndrome with an intact horizontal VOR. The authors5 attributed preservation of the VOR after lesions of rostral PPRF to intact vestibular axons passing through the caudal PPRF. In support of this hypothesis, they cited a kainic acid lesion study by Henn et a l6 in monkeys and stated that those authors6 attributed loss of the VOR in lesions of the PPRF to damage of the fibers of passage through this region. In fact, Henn et a16 specified that the VOR is spared by electrolytic lesions of the caudal PPRF,? and that both chemical and electrolytic lesionaof the caudal PPRF abolish only ipsilateral saccades and nystagmus quick phases.6.7 They concluded that paralysis of the ipsilateral VOR results from damage to adjacent structures, the abducens nucleus, or vestibular projections in the MLFBJ-not the PPRF. Results of earlier electrolytic lesion studies of the simian PPRF are conflicting. Cohen et a l e reported loss of all ipsilateral horizontal eye movements, including vestibular smooth eye movements, after unilateral PPRF lesions. However, those lesions were more extensive, they were made without the guidance of cellular recording, and they also involved the dorsal tegment~m.~ Deleu et a15 also cited another caselo of a patient with one-and-ahalf syndrome and an absent horizontal VOR. The patient had a unilateral (right) lesion of pontine tegmentum that spared the right abducens nucleus but damaged the ipsilateral PPRF, MLF, and abducens nerve fascicle. Crevits et all0 attributed the one-and-a-half syndrome to a right PPRF lesion and a right INO. Since the left eye adducted to the midline, they inferred integrity of the left MLF. However, adduction of the left eye to the midline can result from inhibition of the left abducens motor neurons, and does not require an intact ipsilateral MLF.11 The one-and-a-half syndrome they described10 may be explained by bilateral IN0 and damage to the right abducens fascicle. Intemuclear fibers from the right abducens nucleus paas through the right MLF before crossing the midline to the left MLF.12 and may have been damaged by the extensive lesion described, but not illustrated.1o The horizontal VOR would therefore be abolished," even if the caudal PPRF had been spared. Axons of neurons in the vestibular nuclei of monkeys, that transmit the horizontal VOR, cross the midline at the level of the abducens nucleus.13 They give rise to 3 collaterals that terminate in the abducens nucleus and project caudally and rostrally in the MLF. Some rostral projections terminate in the dorsal PPRF, 0.5 mm rostral to the abducens nucleus. No vestibular neurons project to the contralateral abducens nucleus via the caudal PPRF.13 Since modem physi0logic6~~ anatomic,12.13 and clinicopathologic3~4 evidence indicates that the caudal PPRF does not contain fibers of passage that mediate the VOR, we conclude that loss of the VOR is not a manifestation of damage to the PPRF at any level.


Properties of maximum likelihood estimates of cointegrated systems are studied. Alternative formulations are considered, including a new triangular system error correction mechanism. We demonstrate that full system maximum likelihood brings the problem of inference within the family covered by the locally asymptotically mixed normal asymptotic theory, provided all unit roots have been eliminated by specification and data transformation. Methodological issues provide a major focus of the paper. Our results favor use of full system estimation in error correction mechanisms or subsystem methods that are asymptotically equivalent. They also point to disadvantages in the use of unrestricted VAR's formulated in levels and of certain single equation approaches to estimation of error correction mechanisms. Copyright 1991 by The Econometric Society.


A field experiment was conducted using N methodology to estimate the biological nitrogen fixation capacities of winter and summer lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) varieties and soil nitrogen conserving effect was observed following the cultivation of wheat under dryland conditions in Central Anatolia. First year, biological nitrogen fixation capacities of winter and summer lentil varieties were estimated by using N methodology. Second year, carry-over of N from the legume residue to wheat was determined. According to first year results, the average of fixed nitrogen were found as 70.0 and 45.0 kgN/ha for winter and summer varieties, respectively. Second year, the average of carry-over N derived from soil values were found 43.0 and 17.0 kgN/ha for succeeding wheat when the previous legumes were winter and summer lentil varieties, respectively.


Pb- and La-substituted (Bi,Pb)2(Sr,La)2Co2Oy samples were prepared by solid-state reaction method and the effect of element substitution on the high-temperature thermoelectric properties was investigated. It was found that the presence of Pb and La elements improved the thermoelectric properties of the Bi2Sr2Co2Oy system owing to the simultaneous increase of conductivity and Seebeck coefficients. The optimal thermoelectric performance was obtained in Pb and La co-substituted samples and the power factor could reach 2.1×10-4Wm-1K-2 at 1000K.


Through probing into the core of China's dual economy and two channels of rural labor force transfer, this paper points out that the current theories, which doesn't understand the essence of cities' absorbing the rural labor force, doesn't pay attention the rural entrepreneurship, an important channel for absorbing the local rural labor force, and holds that the rural entrepreneurship is the key for solving the restructure of China's dual economy and also is a new idea of solving the problem of agriculture, countryside and peasants.


Since the X oil reservoir was developed,it gone through several stages of development adjustment,the overall average water cut in lift is low,but the date of the oil-water phase region around rose more quickly,towards this problem,a research on producting wells' output in different zones using the reservoir engineering method is done,integrated with X oil reservoir's geology material,on the basis of Production dynamic data.While calculating the reasonable critical output of oil production wells in two-phase region,the influence factors and contrast with the current are analysed,Studied suggests when the liquid production of single well can be controlled under or near the intial critical production.Water coning and reach the porpose of stable oil in water control can be effectively prevened.


This study attempts to give a retrospective view of the status of Dalits in Indian media. The Dalits face exclusion in terms of social, economical and cultural perspectives. The collected literature confirmed the discrimination of the Dalits in each and every sphere of social life. The existing literature gave adequate evidence for under representation of the Dalits in the Indian media. The observers on the media coverage of Dalits argue that minimum space is devoted for the issues related to the Dalits. The collected literature revealed that the Dalits are under represented in terms of news coverage. It also showed that Dalits are misrepresented in the name of stereotyping. The studies discovered that the Dalits are excluded from the main stream media newsrooms. Although historically Dalits face exclusion from Indian media, Dalits too have a rich media history.


It has been recently conjectured that the state-independency of quantum contextuality may be lost when the indistinguishability of identical particles is taken into account. Here, we show that quantum state-independent contextuality exists for any system of more than one identical bosonic qudits, and for most systems of fermionic qudits. The only exception is the case of d fermionic qudits, since there the dimension of the antisymmetric subspace is 1, which is insufficient for contextuality. For all the other cases, either the symmetry precludes the existence of physical states, or we provide an explicit method to produce quantum state-independent contextual correlations.


From the point of view of the general theory of the hyper-Bessel operators, we consider a particular operator that is suitable to generalize the standard process of relaxation by taking into account both memory effects of power law type and time variability of the characteristic coefficient. According to our analysis, the solutions are still expressed in terms of functions of the Mittag-Leffler type as in case of fractional relaxation with constant coefficient but exhibit a further stretching in the time argument �


This paper presents an innovative, simple and creative approach to detect harmful level of ultra violet light on human skin. The harmful level of ultra violet rays is first defined with the existing harmful level standards identified by governmental and medical authorities, and then different existing detection mechanisms or apparatus are evaluated. Finally proposed affordable solutions and Matlab/Femlab simulations for personal UV sensor are presented using MEMS/MOEMS or chemical technology. This intelligent dynamic sensor detects the harmful level of UV and dynamically informs the user about the need of some kind of protection against the high UV radiation levels. The criteria for the choice of solutions are based on low cost, practical and reconfigurable wear, response time, non disposable, autonomous operation (visual-no battery) and handicap dependant operation (acoustic-with battery). Packaging of these devices would need to respect the above criteria.


Corruption is one of the actions included in the category of extra-ordinary crime. A large number of this criminal activity has led many researchers to analyze the sources and causes from various aspects, including theological aspects. Qur'an, the main guide that governs all aspects of life, does not specifically mention this term. However, some terms in Qur'an have an equivalent meaning and characteristics with corruption. This research uses a thematic method to collect verses that have the same theme and uses the social action approach of Alfred Schutz. Through the thematic method, this research found a term mentioned in the Qur'an that has a meaning and character equivalent to corruption. These terms are scattered in several Surahs in the Qur'an, namely al-Ghulul contained in the Q.S. Ali Imran (3): 161; al-hirabah in Q.S. al-Maidah (5): 33; al-idla' in the Q.S. al-Baqarah (2): 188; al-suht in Q.S. al-Maidah (5): 42, 62 and 63; and the term al-khasr in the Q.S. al-Mutaffifin (83): 3. By analyzing word structure and its chronological context, this study found two types of motives that underlie the act of corruption. First, because motive which is always related to property. This motive does not stand alone but is influenced by previous traditions and behavior that have accustomed acts of corruption. Second, in order to motive which is influenced by one's desire to achieve certain goals, thus encouraging acts of corruption.


Plans to restrict tobacco advertising throughout the European Union have been severely watered down after running into fierce opposition from a small but influential group of members of the European parliament (MEPs).

After blocking the proposed legislation for 16 months, the European parliament's legal affairs committee approved a series of amendments earlier this month that remove much of the substance from the draft legislation.

It is insisting that the new rules should not cover indirect advertising (the …


Chemical composition of enamel of intact permanent teeth and hair has been studied in 86 citizens of Minsk. Methods of nuclear emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma and scanning electronic microscopy with dispersion chemical analysis were used. The data correlated with the level of microelements forming hard tooth tissues in drinking water and soil. Deficient content of fluorine, strontium, phosphorus and potassium with optimal and excessive calcium and magnesium content has been revealed in the objects of the environment and in the body of the examined people.


Paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) can be caused by a variety of retinal, ocular, iatrogenic, and systemic factors. Patients with PAMM typically have a sudden onset of paracentral scotomata, difficulty focusing, and/or blurred central vision. Isotretinoin is associated with multiple ocular side effects, including eye dryness and loss of night vision. In this study, we present a case of PAMM after 13 months of isotretinoin treatment with no evidence of other causes or relevant medical history.


The authors evaluate the effects of nicotine and cannabis on neurocognitive function in individuals with schizophrenia and review potential pharmacological treatment strategies.


A computational implementation based on contact mechanics and on the Boundary Element Method is developed in order to simulate the interaction between disc cutters and rock mass. The contact simulation considers initially a potential contact area which is updated during an incremental load process, in such way the surface can include elements in separation, stick or partial slip. At each incremental load step the configuration of the model shall be evaluated and the values computed at such step are used as parameter to the next load step until the end of the loading process. The investigated model consists in two parallel cutter discs on a flat elastic foundation. In the first simulation the penetration of the discs are studied and the results are compared against a finite element simulation. In the second simulation, the stress distribution in the rock mass is evaluated considering different spacing between the disc cutters by keeping the same load. In addition, two benchmark problems of contact mechanics, such as the cylinder and the flat punch on a elastic foundation, were modeled in order to validate the proposed algorithm. The obtained results were compared against analytical and numerical solutions.


Police agencies across the country are struggling to respond to significant number of persons with serious mental illness, who are landing on their doorsteps with sometimes tragic consequences. Arguably, the most widely adopted approach, the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model, is a specialized police-based program designed to improve officers' ability to safely and effectively respond to mental health crises. Conducting research on CIT is challenging; thus, the evidence base is limited. In this article, the author reviews the emerging literature, present a conceptual model of CIT effectiveness, and describe a study of CIT in Chicago. Findings from Chicago suggest that CIT is increasing linkage to services and reducing use of force in encounters with persons with mental illness. Lessons learned are discussed.


SUMMARY This paper analyses the tourists' satisfaction level with leisure activities and services as well as with their free time enjoyment in the destination. Based on this, it is possible to obtain rates of satisfaction with the main attributes of the leisure services, and their future implications. With this objective, this empirical research is developed by means of 956 personal interviews in the Dominican Republic for its two main tourist regions: Punta Cana and Puerto Plata.


That part of northern Anatolia known in Greek and Roman times as Bithynia and Paphlagonia comprises a number of high ridges running from west to east, through which the rivers break their way in their tortuous courses down to the Black Sea. The region discussed in this article in fact comprises Paphlagonia, the eastern half of Bithynia and part of Phrygia, from the lower Sakarya to the mouth of the Halys; but, since these names do not apply to the Bronze Age, the whole will be termed northern Anatolia. As far south as the crest of the main ridge bounding the Anatolian plateau along its north side the land has a maritime climate quite different from that of either the plateau or the Mediterranean coast: rainfall is abundant, even at times in the summer; deciduous forests cover these north-facing slopes, right to the top. Sinop provides the best natural harbour on this coast. The change to the steppe country of the plateau is abrupt.


Interpreters for deaf people are naturally concerned with both ethical and linguistic issues. The special skills needed to interpret for deaf clients with varying competence in systems as different as American Sign Language (ASL) and the various manual codes and English itself, as well as to interpret in medical, legal, work-related, and educational settings, have led to certification at different levels by the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, which has also prepared guide- lines for various interpreting tasks. Interpreters of sermons and hymns in church services face additional challenges inherent in religious liturgy. Moreover, deaf churchgoers not sharing educational advantages and language skills present the interpreter with a heterogeneous group in situations where both interpreter and worshipper may be aware that spiritual welfare is at stake. Hymns, written as they are in archaic English, pose special problems; and matching words of a translation to music makes further demands. Obviously any interpreter needs competence in ASL and knowledge of signs for religious terms. Whether such competence and knowledge are sufficient for hymns to be of value to deaf worshippers is the question we address here. Specia 1 Because hymns are an important part of worship, h y mn a 1 s . the sign language interpreter has the responsi- bility of making hymns as meaningful as possible for the deaf congregation, or for deaf members of a hearing 217


Introduction. Serbian Dental Journal (SDJ) is a major source of formal communication for dentists in this region. The purpose of this bibliometric study was to examine articles published in SDJ in period 2002-2009, in reference to journal productivity and nature of authorships, citation patterns, most frequently cited scientific journals and the role of self-citations. Material and Methods. Bibliographic data, as well as metadata for all articles were taken from the Serbian national citation index SCIndeks. Bibliometric analysis of source articles included the number and type of article, author characteristics and cited literature. For each citation the following data was recorded: author(s), article title, journal title, monographic title, publication type, publication year and language. Results. In this period 193 articles were published and most of them were original research articles. In this period a total of 314 national and international authors cooperated, responsible for 538 authorships. The mean number of authors per article was 2.8. Most cited items in terms of publication type were journal articles (83.5 %), while the most frequently cited journals were just those most relevant in the field of dentistry. Results also indicate that the age of the cited literature is below the norm for medical literature. Conclusion. Obtained numerical indicators do not differ significantly when compared to other scientific and professional journals. However, it can be concluded that it is necessary to increase journal productivity and self-citation rate, as well as citation of current literature, up to five years old. This analysis allows evaluating patterns of scientific communication among dentists in this region, as well as journal's current management strategies in order to define useful future directions for the inclusion into the international system of scientific information exchange.


There is currently a great deal of interest in the use of small optical cavities to control the spontaneous emission characteristics from semiconductor light emitting diodes and lasers. Predictions of the magnitude to which the effect may be realized range from novel forms of lasers having "zero-threshold", to skepticism as to whether controlled spontaneous emission may impact practical devices at all since it simply represents "filtering". Therefore, experimental investigations which elucidate the role controlled spontaneous emission may play in present day realizable device structures are needed.


An analysis of a 1999 sample of ten no-till producers indicates that over a reasonable range of cotton lint prices, no-till cotton production may result in larger net returns per acre than conventional tillage. However, the authors caution that additional analysis based on a larger sample of commercial no-till growers on better cotton soils is needed.


For all their historical specificities subcontinental South Asian states and societies have kept a march ahead of the rest of the world in at least one important respect. The recent surge in assertions on 'ethnic' identity and demands for national sovereignty in the erstwhile Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, the United Kingdom, Canada and elsewhere is an old and familiar occurrence in the subcontinent. Indeed, the dialectic between centralism and regionalism has played a pivotal part in the more dramatic developments in subcontinental history. Frequently overlaid by communal, sub-regional, caste and class factors, the fluctuating balance between centre and region nevertheless has been something of a constant. Unflinching faith in the virtues of a strong central state authority proceeds from a clear recognition of the subcontinent's perplexing diversities, most with recorded histories of periodic defiance of attempts to bring the farflung frontiers of geographical India under a single political banner. As if the weight of pre-colonial history was not burden enough, the partition of India in 1947 followed by the disintegration of Pakistan in 1971 have served as sharp reminders of the potency of centrifugal tendencies in the subcontinent. Far from encouraging greater flexibility towards the fact of diversity, both developments have turned the hearts and minds of influential segments in political society, to say nothing about the guardians of the state, against loosening the screws of centralized structures.


My abuelito, Andres Rocha, was born in 1914 on a horse ranch in San Isidro, Texas, forty miles northeast of the Rio Grande River. His was the last generation of Texican vaqueros. His father, Crecencio Rocha, died from a head injury sustained while breaking horses, leaving a teenage Andres to look after his mother, eight brothers, and three sisters. He met my abuelita, Elida Vela, from a nearby ranch, at a weekend dance. They married soon thereafter. When the lease on the land where his family worked and lived for at least two generations was terminated, the young couple moved from San Isidro to Pharr, Texas, a town about fifty miles to the south, ten miles away from Reynosa, Mexico. They bought a plot of land — a solar — on what had been an orange orchard and began to build their home next to brothers and sisters who had already moved into town. More family followed thereafter. Both of my grandparents worked at the local bodega, packing vegetables, and traveled seasonally to pick crops around the United States. Unable to have children, they legally adopted my father, who was born in their home. They also unofficially adopted a number of homeless boys, like my Tio, Juan. The winter before my abuelito died, I phoned him from Columbus, Ohio, to wish him a merry Christmas. I tried to explain why I was absent. I wanted to describe what I was doing — writing my dissertation — so I told him I was writing a book and how time-consuming it was. I didn't want to talk about money because he didn't have any, and I didn't want him to feel bad about it. I felt guilty, but he understood. As distant as our worlds had become, he made sense of it all somehow and gave me his blessing in the final words I would ever hear him speak in person: "No le aflojes mijo."


Abstract Regarding the fact that model-based reinforcement learning has a superior performance over traditional RL, in this paper, we extend traditional model-based reinforcement learning for a group of self-interested agents with consecutive action selection trying to find the optimal policy. Every single decision making situation is modeled as extensive form games with perfect information. A modified version of prioritized sweeping is proposed in which subgame perfect equilibrium point is the optimal joint action. Finally, we discuss the algorithm analytically, and provide a formal convergence proof.


This paper aims at studying the legal aspects of the European Union (EU)'s fiscal policy, analyzing the statute of fiscal responsibility legal framework, the different measures undertaken in the last years with respect to European trends in fiscal governance and their implications for challenges in public finance sustainability. The research started from the presupposition that there is a lack of mechanisms capable of enforcing the area of public finance sustainability, and the implication of the events that created the economic conjuncture of recent years reveals that the solidity of public finances has reached an impasse and needs to be enhanced. The analyzed documents from the area of fiscal responsibility show formal respect for the legislative framework aimed at consolidating public finance sustainability and accentuate the need to use fiscal laws, independent institutions and mechanisms that put constraints on policymakers and determine them to spend more efficiently, invest more wisely, and obtain better results regarding public finance sustainability. We conclude that future policymaking processes need to consider the consolidation of independent fiscal institutions founded by Fiscal Responsibility Law framework, completed by fiscal rules and, therefore, need to redesign the fiscal risk management process.


This paper presents a positioning method for UUV using an anchor. The anchor system can be significantly effective means of the position control for the vehicle under strong ocean current. Adjusting the wire tension using the vehicle attached winch allows the position control of the vehicle. The modeling of the proposed system and the positioning performance under the steady state flow condition is discussed. This study focuses on the 3D motion of the model in the flow.


Ischaemic proctosigmoiditis caused by an idiopathic inferior mesenteric artery arteriovenous fistula (AVF) that is in the absence of previous trauma or surgery is incredibly rare, with only four documented cases in the English literature. Successful treatment of ischaemic proctosigmoiditis by embolization of an idiopathic inferior mesenteric artery AVF and thus avoiding surgery has not been reported. Here we describe a case of a previously well 24-year-old male presenting to hospital with a 2-week history of abdominal pain, weight loss, bloody diarrhoea and tenesmus. Stool culture, smear for ova, cysts and parasites and Clostridium difficile toxin were negative and the patient was treated empirically for acute inflammatory colitis with 4 days of intravenous hydrocortisone without improvement. Index colonoscopy revealed proctitis from the anal canal and notably, an inflammatory recto-sigmoid stricture with oedematous dusky mucosa, ulceration and slough with abrupt transition to normal mucosa in the descending colon at 30 cm. Biopsies revealed acute on chronic ischaemia. There was no history of preceding illness or exertion. Computed tomography angiography (Fig. 1) demonstrated a grossly thickened rectosigmoid with associated mesenteric fat stranding but no evidence of vascular abnormality. Vasculitic and procoagulant screen was normal. Trans-thoracic echocardiography was normal. Surgical recommendation was made for supportive care initially, with a salvage strategy of anterior resection and Hartmann's procedure. Despite supportive treatment, the patient deteriorated 1 week later with 20 bloody bowel motions/day, climbing C-reactive protein to 113 mg/L and a persistent tachycardia. A repeat colonoscopy demonstrated deep ulceration from the dentate line to the sigmoid at 30 cm. Biopsies again demonstrated ischaemia. Inferior mesenteric selective digital subtraction angiography demonstrated an inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) fistula (Fig. 2a) from the right superior rectal artery to a hypertrophied draining inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) branch. The draining mesenteric veins all showed stenoses or occlusion suggesting chronicity. Retrograde flow was visible in the veins of the sigmoid colon, confirming venous hypertension. Logically, venous hypertension in the IMV system resulted in 'back pressure' causing arterial insufficiency and tissue hypoxia in the affected colon down to the anal canal where the venous drainage is collateralized by the middle rectal and pudendal vessels. A successful embolization of the identified AVM was performed using Onyx liquid embolic agent (Fig. 2b). The patient's symptoms rapidly improved and he was discharged 5 days later. Repeat sigmoidoscopy 5 months later confirmed improved calibre of the stricture and healed rectosigmoid mucosa. The patient remains well with complete resolution of his symptoms. This inherent difficulty in defining IMA AVFs radiologically may go some way in explaining another rare cause of ischaemic proctosigmoiditis; idiopathic myointimal hyperplasia of the mesenteric veins (IMHMV). IMHMV is a rare cause of rectosigmoid ischaemia first described by Genta and Haggitt in 1991. The clinical descriptions of the published cases of this disorder are strikingly similar to our case of ischaemic proctosigmoiditis attributable to an AVF. As all patients previously diagnosed with IMHMV had definitive colonic resection, a particular focus on the histopathological definition of this condition has been established based on the surgical resection specimens. However, the characteristic 'arterialization' of the mesenteric veins in the affected bowel seen in IMHMV is entirely consistent with a mesenteric fistula. Authors such as Abu-Alfa et al. have speculated that an arteriovenous fistula maybe the potential cause. The venous myointimal hyperplasia seen in IMHMV is strikingly similar to changes found in other venous systems exposed to 'arterial' pressures, for example, failed saphenous vein coronary grafts. Despite this, only a single case report of IMHMV from Chiang


AIM: The aim of this study was to determine if the repeated sprint ability test (RSA-test) could be used to measure the repeated sprint ability for female floorball players and if a 7 weeks trainin ...


Meige pathogenesis of malnutrition of the tendons and channels.The cause is the muscle and vessel of XIE block,deficiency of the essence and blood cannot Ruyang.Treatment of 1 case meige card is dry overcast defect,Liver depression and spleen deficiency,Expelling Rougan nourishing,transportation spleen Shugan,take 7 agent healed.


A tungsten hexafluoride gas and a monosilane gas are supplied to a vacuum vessel contained in a film formation chamber, wherein a substrate has been placed in the film formation chamber. A thin tungsten film is formed selectively on an area of the substrate which has higher electrical conductivity than that of other area of the substrate. Prior to this film formation treatment, the monosilane gas is supplied to the vacuum vessel to cause the adsorption of the monosilane gas onto the highly electrically conductive area of the substrate. Subsequently, the film formation treatment is carried out while discharging excess monosilane from the vacuum vessel. In the film formation treatment, the tungsten hexafluoride gas and the monosilane gas are supplied to the vacuum vessel so that the partial pressure of the tungsten hexafluoride gas becomes higher than that of the monosilane gas in the vacuum vessel.


THE decision by the government to introduce a minimum wage policy is not only a significant step in the right direction, but also long overdue.


This paper report is an analysis of the title compound by means of X-ray crystallography, FT-IR, NMR and DFT calculations, in the context of structural and spectral characterization. The crystal and molecular structures of the compound were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum was recorded in the range from 400 cm –1 to 4000 cm –1 . The 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were also recorded. DFT calculations were employed to support X-ray molecular geometry and calculate IR and NMR ( 1 H and 13 C) spectral bands. The structural (bond lengths, bond angles, torsion angles) and spectral (vibrational modes and chemical shifts) parameters obtained from DFT levels (B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-31G+(d,p)) were compared with experimental findings, and an excellent harmony between the two data was ascertained.


Pseudomonas aeruginoza, що складає 58,5% та Klebsielia pneumoniae 56,1%, при чому шанс розвитку нозокоміальної інфекції складає 1,41 та 1,28 відповідно.SUMMARY Background. The incidence of infectious complications in patients with multi trauma on average 53±3%. The structure of pathogens of nosocomial infection in patients with multi trauma percentage Gr(-) bacteria is 59±2%, with the most common: P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae et S. aureus. Based on multivariate prospective study in the treatment of 41 patients with combined 142«Первый независимый научный вестник» # 1, 2015 severe abdominal trauma on the basis of individual de-escalation antibiotic therapy with cephalosporin's generation IV Cefepime (Pozineg™) assess the prevalence of pathology associated with nosocomial infection pathogens (ESKAPE). Methods. By clinical and nosological characteristics in subgroups was calculated integral risk of nosocomial infection, depending on the timing of treatment in the department intensive care and index of severity of combined trauma on a scale NISS. Results. Found that 50% risk of nosocomial infection is responsible 9th and 10th days of treatment in the department intensive care, primarily due to the treatment of patients with severe cranial-thoraco-abdomino-skeletal injury. Prevalence of pathologies associated with nosocomial infections, primarily caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, accounting for 58.5% and Klebsiella pneumonia 56,1%, whereby the chance of nosocomial infection is 1.41 and 1.28 respectively. Conclusions. Review of scientific publications on the prevalence of pathology associated with nosocomial infection pathogens (ESKAPE) and our study of integral risk of nosocomial infection in the treatment of patients with severe combined trauma indicates the effectiveness of individual de-escalation antibiotic therapy with cephalosporin's generation IV Cefepime (Pozineg ™)


Abstract. The paper summarizes the results of an extensive study conducted at the University of California, Berkeley. A test article representative of a piece of high-voltage substation equipment was studied on a shaking table. It consisted of a support structure and an insulator installed on its top. The support structure was constructed from a HSS with well-separated natural frequencies in both horizontal directions. A porcelain insulator typically used on a 230-kV system was used in the study. A set of four wire ropes was used as a seismic isolation for the system. Two installation cases were considered in the study: (1) fixed base and (2) isolated by wire ropes. As required by the latest draft of IEEE693, a number of component tests was conducted to evaluate the performance of the wire ropes. Based on the results of component testing, detailed numerical models of the seismically protected equipment were generated. Each equipment configuration was subjected to seven time histories matched to the same IEEE693 spectrum. Four of them were modified from historical records and matched to the IEEE693 spectrum in the time domain. The other three excitations were synthetic strong motions matched to the same spectrum. The main objective was to evaluate the variability of the seismic response of the equipment subjected to seven time histories matched to the same response spectrum.


Exopolysaccharides contribute significantly to attachment and biofilm formation in the opportunisitc pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Psl polysaccharide, which is synthesized by the polysaccharide synthesis locus (psl), is required for biofilm formation in non‐mucoid strains that do not rely on alginate as the principal biofilm polysaccharide. In‐frame deletion and complementation studies of individual psl genes revealed that 11 psl genes, pslACDEFGHIJKL, are required for Psl production and surface attachment. We also present the first structural analysis of the psl‐dependent polysaccharide, which consists of a repeating pentasaccharide containing d‐mannose, d‐glucose and l‐rhamnose:


Historically the function of the muffler is to muffle the results of the explosion in the combustion chamber, this explosion caused a very noisy sound. And the combustion gases coming out of the exhaust channel are not immediately released into the open air. The exhaust gas is channeled first into the silencer or muffler in the exhaust. The purpose of this research is to find out the results of dynotest comparison, weight test and noise test.
The process of this research was carried out by analyzing the comparison of standard Yamaha Byson exhausts with alternative exhausts. And then find out the results of the dynotest test, weight test and noise test of each muffler. The method used is to compare the maximum exhaust power, exhaust maximum torque, overall weight of the exhaust and exhaust noise with Yamaha Byson standard exhaust and galvanized alternative exhaust.
From the results of the comparison, the dynotest test on the standard muffler produces a maximum power of 12.4 Hp at Rpm 7336 and a maximum torque of 12.99 Nm at 6186 Rpm while the alternative exhaust produces a maximum power of 13.3 Hp at Rpm 7695 and a maximum torque of 13.81 Nm at Rpm 5501. Then the test weight on the standard muffler weighs 6,450 kg while the weight of the alternative muffler weighs 3.2 kg. In noise testing for standard mufflers that at Rpm 1000 to Rpm 6000, alternative mufflers can be almost the same as the results of standard mufflers, but at Rpm 7000 to Rpm 8500, alternative mufflers produce lower sound than in standard mufflers.


We developed an automatic slug storage microfluidic device using hydrophobic passive valves. In order to measure temporal concentration change of cutaneous anesthesia with high temporal resolution, we previously developed a slug flow device, which can automatically split solutions into small droplets, and suppress mixing old and new solutions just within a slug. However, the many droplets should be stored in different reservoirs without fusing them together. For this purpose, automatic slug storage microfluidic device was necessary, and we achieved the device by using hydrophobic passive valves with different pressure barriers. Using this device, slugs were automatically stored in different reservoirs.


ing the same thing (or the rights to the same thing) to different persons, often a thing that is not the fraudster's possession to begin with" (p. 208). The text's illustrative example of this term—"not just selling the Brooklyn Bridge, but selling it twice" (p. 208)—would liven up any hypothetical in a legal environment of business course. Finally, no doubt, every successful businessperson should have at least an awareness of the word nod-crafty, "an adjective meaning 'able to nod with an air of great wisdom'" (p. 146). Clearly, the words selected for this text have the potential to intrigue many individuals both inside and outside of the business world. In light of this potential, it is rather apropos that the text's final pages consist of sections that explain "How to Create Your Own Weird and Wonderful Words" and "Finding New Weird and Wonderful Words." Furthermore, the text concludes with "The Logophile's Bibliography" (p. 267), which provides a list of reference works with particular attention paid to the Oxford dictionaries. These creative offerings and the guide to more traditional references successfully invite the reader to continue to hone an interest in the expanding world of linguistic possibilities.


Attribution theory claims that people who are stigmatized experience more negative emotional and behavioral reactions from others when they are thought to be responsible for their problems. Accordingly, this study proposed a neurobiology‐based psychoeducational intervention, which attempted to reduce people's blameworthy attitudes toward and social distance from depressed individuals.


) Eusko Ikastunza-Sociedad de Estudios Vascos started the project in September 1996, funded by Fondo del Protocolo Aquitania-Euskadi-Navarra and will last until the end of 1998. The study includes indexing and computerizing of the last seventy five years of Art, Literature, Etnography, History and Documentation news about the region. The work performed by the project's six-person team plus a coordinator has about 28000 items in the first year and will be placed in Internet shortly.


In order to improve the mechanical properties of functional Mg alloys, the forming process was investigated using Mg powder mixed with Zr powder. Fine and coarse Mg and Zr powders were used and Zr content was varied from 1 mass% to 20 mass%. Milling time was 7.2 ks and the mixed powders were pressed at a temperature of 573 K and then extruded at an extrusion ratio of 30 at the same temperature. The mechanical properties of the hot-extruded alloys were examined and the effects of powder size and Zr content were discussed. In the hot-extruded Mg-Zr alloys using fine Mg and Zr powders, Zr particles were dispersed uniformly within its microstructure. It was found that the mechanical properties such as Vickers hardness, Young's modulus, bending strength and internal friction increased significantly with increasing Zr content, compared with the hot-extruded Mg material and the hot-extruded Mg-Zr alloys using coarse Mg and Zr powders. Furthermore, such mechanical properties of the hot-extruded Mg-Zr alloys using fine Mg and Zr powders were improved considerably compared with AZ31 wrought alloy, AZ91 casting alloy and the damping casting alloys such as MCM and K1A. Therefore, it was confirmed that the hot-extruded Mg-Zr alloys fabricated in this study has a potential as a structural and functional Mg alloy.


Pritz (2002) defined psychotherapy as a systematic application of defined methods in the treatment of psychic suffering and psychosomatic complaints as well as life crises of various origins. Madu (2015), also defined psychotherapy as a process that enables people to express their feelings in a protected environment, to a person trained to listen with understanding and compassion. In the African context, psychotherapy is a culture-based treatment, which starts with the recognition that culture is highly relevant to people's everyday behaviour (Grills, 2006). It includes social context, history, ethnicity and other issues that the client deems relevant. African Psychotherapy is therefore a holistic approach that encompasses the cultural, social, spiritual, psychological, and economic aspects of life. An estimate of 80% of Africans, seek traditional therapy and hence, the existence of both Western and African Psychotherapy, has posed a state of dilemma among the modern African psychotherapists as well as among the clients. The central argument of this paper is to look at how the Western and African Psychotherapies influence one another for the benefit of the black African. This paper is a systematic literature review on psychotherapeutic processes of African traditional and religious faith healers, the current western focused psychotherapy practices in Africa. The authors also used their own knowledge on the Africa Psychotherapy from both the Digo and the Kamba communities in writing this paper. The researchers hereby recommend a blended psychotherapy form, where the western, the traditional African, and the religious psychotherapeutic values are blended for the benefit of modern African clients.


The Euthyphro dilemma is widely deployed as an argument against theistic accounts of ethics. The argument proceeds by trying to derive strongly counterintuitive implications from the view that God is the source of morality. I argue here that a general crudeness with which both the dilemma and its theistic targets are described accounts for the seeming force of the argument. Proper attention to details, among them the distinction between the good and the right, reveals that a nuanced theism is quite unscathed by it. . Here I am referring to normative ethics; he does discuss some of the metaethical aspects of theological ethics. 150 PhilosoPhia Christi


: We analyzed the composition of constant ions in two primary rivers in the western section of the Tianshan Mountains: Ili River and Bortala River. Statistics and graphical illustration of water chemistry were used to examine the characteristics of water chemistry and their influence on these rivers. The water environment in the western section of the Tianshan Mountains was assessed to evaluate the irrigation suitability of the two rivers. Research results: The water bodies of the Ili River and Bortala River are weakly alkaline, with pH values of 8.01 and 8.55, respectively, and their primary ion concentrations were in the same order. Among them, cation Ca 2+ >Na + >Mg 2+ >K + and anion HCO 3 - >SO 42 - >Cl - . A Piper classification diagram shows that the water chemistry type is HCO 3 — Ca · Mg. The macro ions in the water bodies of the Ili River and Bortala River are primarily affected by the weathering of rocks. Ninety- three percent of the water samples had excellent water quality, indicating that the irrigation adaptability of the Bortala and Ili Rivers is suitable for irrigation. The research results are of substantial significance to the assessment of the water environment in the western section of the Tianshan Mountains and the sustainable use of water resources.


When resolving questions regarding information security, we encounter many approaches which we, with all sense of gravity, perceive as parallels in the domain of Crisis Management and the citizens' security. In every case, the aim is always a question of protecting something – anything that makes sense to protect and which can be considered to be threatened in some way (e.g. unauthorised access to a database, manipulations of data, assumed identities, misuse of communications possibilities of networks for illegal activities, etc., ... and ending with terrorism).


Identification of genetic variants, particularly the identification of differences between sequence variants that occur in a population of nucleic acid molecules, in particular identification or discovery of poly A site usage, or the determination of poly A site usage in the nucleic acid sample, and alternative poly A gene variants that arise from the site.


We present an analytical scaling theory for localization in a two-dimensional hierarchical network model that is designed to represent phase-coherent electron transport in the quantum-Hall regime. Scaling expressions for both the longitudinal and Hall resistivities are derived. In agreement with recent numerical studies, we find that the Hall resistivity is quantized in the metallic phase but diverges in the insulating phase. This suggests that the characteristics of a quantized Hall insulator can occur only in the presence of a strong dephasing mechanism.


According to the investigation,to have an epidemic analysis about sport injury of examineers for physical education,from P.E examiners of seven middle schools of lianyungang city,we have a sport injry rate of 15%,which cause very serious influence of physical and psychological to P.E examineers,to prevent sport injury,we should strengthen the students' virtue education,physical aspect,and complete exercises,reasonable organization and scientific training.


Tectonic deformation can influence spatiotemporal patterns of erosion by changing both base level and the mechanical state of bedrock. Although base-level change and the resulting erosion are well understood, the impact of tectonic damage on bedrock erodibility has rarely been quantified. Eastern Tibet, a tectonically active region with diverse lithologies and multiple active fault zones, provides a suitable field site to understand how tectonic deformation controls erosion and topography. In this study, we quantified erosion coefficients using the relationship between millennial erosion rates and the corresponding channel steepness. Our work shows a twofold increase in erosion coefficients between basins within 15 km of major faults compared to those beyond 15 km, suggesting that tectonic deformation through seismic shaking and rock damage significantly affects eastern Tibet erosion and topography. This work demonstrates a field-based, quantitative relationship between rock erodibility and fault damage, which has important implications for improving landscape evolution models.


AbstractWeather and Climate of Alaska is an undergraduate course for nonscience majors where students study meteorology from their home as part of a statewide network of classmates. The students draw on their experience of the weather and climate by observing weather locally and sharing their work with classmates across the state. The goal of the class is to have this cohort of students understand weather and climate through exploring the relationships between processes at the local, regional, and global scales. The class is organized around weekly investigations where the students use an equipment kit to make observations, report their work with videos, and discuss the work with the instructor and their peers. The students use NWS resources extensively, including station data to check the quality of their observations, weather maps and satellite images to understand the weather they have observed, weather forecasts to evaluate different forecasting techniques, and long-term data to compare their observat...


This paper describes a method for solving a common problem faced by test engineers today, especially in the military and aerospace arena. The problem is the task of updating a system that contains obsolete instruments without being able to make any changes to the original test program set. This is a challenging task given that the software programs often were written twenty or more years ago and cannot be modified at all to accommodate today's new technology. By using a combination of PXI hardware and software, an obsolete instrument can be replaced with a modern PXI-based modular instrument or a newer standalone instrument either of which can perform the same tasks.


Objective To study the expression of protein kinase C-theta (PKC-theta),a proapoptotic tumor suppressor,in human buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma.Methods Observed samples originated from tissues of operation resection in 36 patients with buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma and normal tissues of buccal mucosa in 13 subjects.The samples were fixed by 10% formaldehyde and embedded by paraffin.The pathological grading of buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma was defined as well-,medial-,and poor-differentiation.The expressions of PKC-theta were determined by SABC immunohistochemistry method.Results The positive expression rate of PKC-theta in the epithelium of buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma was markedly lower than that in the epithelium of normal buccal mucosa (30.6% vs 100%,P0.01).There was no correlation between expressions of PKC-theta and histopathological grade in buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma (P0.05).Conclusions PKC-theta is lost or poor expression in human buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma.


Killer applications of graphenes are always being pursued and critical for realizing industrialization. Since the first attempt for using graphene in lithium‐ion batteries, graphene has been demonstrated as a key component in electrochemical energy storage technologies. However, the unique roles of graphene beyond traditional carbon in energy storage are still unclear and need to be clarified. Here, this review starts with a glance over the history of graphene in electrochemical energy storage applications, and then briefly discusses the different dimensional graphenes and representative synthesis methods that are believed to be essential for energy‐related applications. Importantly, three typical graphene technologies showing their practical potentials in electrochemical energy storage are illustrated in details, including the uses as conductive additives, in heat dissipation, and compact energy storage. The methodologies of science and technology for the above applications are systematically elaborated. This review also gives perspectives on the opportunities and challenges of practical graphene technologies in electrochemical energy storage. The authors expect this review to provide a comprehensive view of how graphene can be uniquely and practically used for electrochemical energy storage, paving the way for promoting the development of the graphene industry.


On the basis of the polarization description of nondegenerate semiconductor plasmas, the surface model of a semiconductor with charged localized surface states and space−charge layers is treated. Additional boundary conditions are derived from the continuity equation and the motion equation. Attention is focused on the applicability of the boundary transverse displacement of the effective stream boundary. The stiff−boundary model for the crystal surface and the free−boundary model for the quasifree effective surface of the carrier stream in the case of space−charge layers on the crystal surface are discussed. In addition to the condition of a completely reflecting boundary (n⋅j1=0) usually applied to the crystal surface, the opposite condition of a completely absorbing boundary (ρ1=0) is obtained. This latter condition corresponds to the quasifree effective boundary of the carrier stream in the presence of depletion layers.


A single well preserved specimen of a cassiduloid echinoid from the Timber Lake Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maestrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) in south-central North Dakota, forms the basis of a new species of the Faujasiidae, Hardouinia waagei. The association of this form with Ophiomorpha major (Lesquereux) indicates, in this area, that this part of the Fox Hills Formation was deposited near the boundary of the littoral and sublit-


Disability representation---both the presence of people with disabilities and images depicting disability---is increasingly integrated into computing. But how do we make sure the processes we have for developing inclusive imagery are themselves inclusive?


The L‐aspartate family amino acids (AFAAs), L‐threonine, L‐lysine, L‐methionine and L‐isoleucine have recently been of much interest due to their wide spectrum of applications including food additives, components of cosmetics and therapeutic agents, and animal feed additives. Among them, L‐threonine, L‐lysine and L‐methionine are three major amino acids produced currently throughout the world. Recent advances in systems metabolic engineering, which combine various high‐throughput omics technologies and computational analysis, are now facilitating development of microbial strains efficiently producing AFAAs. Thus, a thorough understanding of the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms of the biosynthesis of these amino acids is urgently needed for designing system‐wide metabolic engineering strategies. Here we review the details of AFAA biosynthetic pathways, regulations involved, and export and transport systems, and provide general strategies for successful metabolic engineering along with relevant examples. Finally, perspectives of systems metabolic engineering for developing AFAA overproducers are suggested with selected exemplary studies.


This paper presents a frequency-tunable varactor-loaded single-layer triple-band miniaturized microstrip antenna (MSA) fed by an L-probe with straight shorted elements. The proposed antenna consists of three shorted patches with different sizes and a feeding L-probe arranged on a single-layer dielectric substrate. In order to change resonant frequencies of the three patches, a varactor diode is mounted on each patch near the shorted via hole and a bias circuit to apply a DC voltage to the varactor diode for each patch is placed on the back side of the ground plane. Therefore, three resonant frequencies of the patches are controlled independently by the bias voltages in different frequency bands. In this paper, measured performance of the proposed miniaturized varactor-loaded frequency-tunable triple-band MSA is presented. Measured resonant frequency ranges of the three bands are 2.608 to 3.416 GHz, 3.509 to 4.783 GHz, and 5.038 to 6.008 GHz, respectively, when the DC voltages applied to the varactor diodes are changed from 0 to 8 V.


We are reporting a case of breast tuberculosis (BT) that was initially misdiagnosed as a breast abscess. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) helped in diagnosing BT faster by avoiding different invasive diagnostic methods. FNAC can be used as the primary diagnostic method of choice for the diagnosis of BT.


"April 12" anti-revolution coup, especially the "April 15" anti-revolution massacre that Lu Xun experienced killed the National Revolution. This strongly stimulated Lu Xun and made him abandon Nationalist Party which he used to rely on. He was lost since he denied Nationalist Revolution. When Lu Xun reflected where China should go, what intellectuals can do, and what is the meaning of literature act, young people from Innovation society and Sun society criticized him, which brought about a debate about "Revolutionary Literature". After interaction with revolutionary literalists, Lu Xun found that they were not advanced, but "Proletarian Literature" was advanced. From 1928, Lu Xun bought and read a lot books regarding Materialism, Dialectics, Class Warfare, and Proletarian Literature, and explored issues of "Revolutionary Literature" and literature in revolutionary era. Considering actual situation in Chinese society, Lu Xun changed his attitude toward "Revolutionary Literature", and founded "League of Left-wing Writers" with left-wingers, supporting movement of Proletarian Literature and assisting proletarian revolution that Communists led.


Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Wonderful World, Beautiful People 2. Repressive Representations 3. The Personal is Political 4. Try, Just a Little Bit Harder 5. The Times, They are A'Changing 6. The Lonely Road 7. Daughters of Chaos 8. Challenging the Feminine 9. Madonna, Autoeroticism and Desire 10. k.d. lang, a Different Kind of Woman 11. Talkin' About a Revolution 12. Authenticity, Truthfulness and Community 13. Artifice and the Imperatives of Commercial Success


A survey of the development of statistical techniques of field experimentation refers to the unified approach of R. A. Fisher, in which analysis and design were closely linked. Randomization of treatment positions bypassed the need for a precise stochastic model, but sometimes at the cost of diminished accuracy. Alternative covariance methods associated with the name of J. S. Papadakis, taking note of the yields of neighbouring plots, have stimulated much research in recent years. The results to date suggest that, while improved accuracy can often be achieved, the assessment of accuracy is more dependent on the stochastic model. Robust methods for such assessment still need to be finalized; with these alternative methods a closer link between analysis and design is also advocated.


The sports product industrial clustering at present in China faces some problems as insufficiency of enterprise innovation ability,lack of the innovation agency service,risk of innovation difficult to elusion and reduce and lacks innovation culture.This paper analyzed the successful industrial clustering case of overseas,proposed the strengthened innovation ability of innovation core factors,constructed the system of innovation service support factor to optimize system of macro-condition innovation factors to boost the sports product industrial clustering in China.


Editor's note: This is the second in a series of articles exploring the dynamics of an increasingly diverse pediatric population.

In the free clinic where she works in California, Mika Hiramatsu, M.D., FAAP, receives patient immunization records in Chinese, Indian, Korean, Russian, Spanish and


The vegetation of macrophytes is known to be an important factor in order to succeed in wastewater treatment with constructed wetlands (CWs). The aim of present study is to select the effective macrophyte species for wastewater treatment performance. The removal efficiencies of BOD, CODMn, nitrogen and phosphorus were evaluated among ten different macrophyte species in laboratory-scale subsurface flow CWs under the same experimental conditions (e.g. loading rate, climate and flow pattern). In all experimental systems excluding the Hibiscus canabinus-planted CW, high and stable performance on BOD and CODMn removal was maintained during the experimental periods. However, there are differences in nutrient removal among macrophyte species. Especially, CWs planted with Canna generalis and Zizania latifolia were highly effective for wastewater treatment in these CWs. On the other hands, CWs planted with Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis which were commonly used in CWs showed an average purification


Fair use is often criticized as unpredictable and doctrinally incoherent—a conclusion which necessarily implies that the copyright system is fundamentally broken. This article confronts that critique by systematically assessing the predictability of fair use outcomes in litigation. Concentrating on characteristics of the contested use that would be apparent to litigants pre-trial, this study tests a number of doctrinal assumptions, claims and intuitions that have not, until now, been subject to empirical scrutiny. This article establishes that, based on the available evidence, the fair use doctrine is more rational and consistent than is commonly assumed. Fair use is more than simply the right to hire a lawyer and take one's chances in court.


A customer for the protein crystal growth facility fills the specially designed chamber with the correct solutions, fills the syringes with their quenching solutions, and submits the data needed for the proper growth of their crystal. To make sure that the chambers and syringes are filled correctly, a NASA representative may assist the customer. The data needed is the approximate growth time, the growth temperature, and the desired crystal size, but this data can be changed anytime from the ground, if needed. The chambers are gathered and placed into numbered slots in special drawers. Then, data is entered into a computer for each of the chambers. Technicians map out when each chamber's growth should be activated so that all of the chambers have enough time to grow. All of this data is up-linked to the space station when the previous growth session is over. Anti-vibrational containers need to be constructed for the high forces encountered during the lift off and the landing of the space shuttle, and though our team has not designed these containers, we do not feel that there is any reason why a suitable one could not be made. When the shuttle reaches the space station, an astronaut removes a drawer of quenched chambers from the growth facility and inserts a drawer of new chambers. All twelve of the drawers can be replaced in this fashion. The optical disks can also be removed this way. The old drawers are stored for the trip back to earth. Once inside the growth facility, a chamber is removed by the robot and placed in one of 144 active sites at a time previously picked by a technician. Growth begins when the chamber is inserted into an active site. Then, the sensing system starts to determine the size of the protein crystal. All during the crystal's growth, the customer can view the crystal and read all of the crystal's data, such as growth rate and crystal size. When the sensing system determines that the crystal has reached the predetermined size, the robot is told to pick up a syringe filled with the correct quenchant solution and inject it into the chamber to stop the crystal growth. The chamber is then removed from the active site and placed into its original storage slot. Another chamber is then placed into the active site and the process is repeated in all of the active sites until all of the chambers have complted their growth. After ninety days (the scheduled time between shuttle visits), the crystal growth is completed, and the old drawers are replaced with new ones. Once the customer extracts the crystals, the chambers are retrieved for future customers.