AbstractGaS thin films have been grown by the SILAR method, their structures have been analyzed, and their optical and photoelectric properties have been investigated. The internal structure of the samples obtained have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The GaS band gap has been determined from the absorption spectrum. p -GaS/ n -InSe heterojunctions have been formed on the basis of GaS crystals and InSe thin films. Current–voltage, optical, photoelectric, and luminescence characteristics of p -GaS/ n -InSe heterojunctions have been experimentally investigated.


Difference in various radiographic views for thoracic radiography of thorax like right lateral view (RLV), Left lateral view (LLV), ventrodorsal (VD) and dorsoventral (DV) was recorded. Choosing the different views to diagnose the various disease conditions of thoracic structures and their merits and demerits are discussed. The radiographic features of heart and pulmonary structures are documented.


Chronic pulmonary disease, particularly emphysema and fibrosis, may result in variable alterations in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, depending upon the severity of the disease. Changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions have been shown to have a profound influence on cerebral circulation in acute experiments on normal subjects (1). Recently Patterson, Heyman, and Duke (2) demonstrated that cerebral blood flow was increased above normal in a group of subjects with severe chronic pulmonary emphysema, most of whomhad cor pulmonale and were in congestive heart failure. Their studies re-emphasized the importance of the influence of blood carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions on cerebral blood flow, even though the alterations in the tensions of these gases were chronic. Their patients all had advanced' pulmonary disease, however, and it was felt that it would be of interest to study the effects of less severe pulmonary disease, and less profound and more variable alterations in blood gas tensions, on the cerebral physiology. Most of these patients were studied before and during moderate exercise, since mental status changes are known to occur in some patients with chronic pulmonary disease during exertion.


Beyond Methods concerns the world of qualitative research and the power of the arts to influence it. The book comprises an opening essay by Liora Bresler, followed by ten chapters each by different authors who represent dance, music, poetry, storytelling and the visual arts. The chapters are grouped into three sections: The Diverse Kinds of Lessons from the Arts; the Quest of Understanding an 'Other' situated in a different culture; Intersections between Research and the Arts to include Educational Practice. The review focuses particularly on the hindrances fieldworkers might encounter, as outlined by Bresler: the 'automatic pilot' habit of recognition; subjectivity, and attachment to knowing. IJEA Vol. 18 Review 4 http://www.ijea.org/v18r4/ 2 Beyond Methods: Lessons From the Arts to Qualitative Research Liora Bresler is a passionate advocate for qualitative research in relationship with the arts. A tireless traveller and evangelist for the cause, she is celebrated internationally for her inspirational addresses to conferences. I vividly remember meeting her for the first time. We were both new to the Research Commission of the International Society for Music Education in Miami in 1994. Her seminar paper was entitled "Curricular Orientations in Elementary School Music" (Bresler, 1995/6). It was based on a three-year ethnographic study, and its data sources were drawn from multiple perspectives (see also, Stake, Bresler, & Mabry, 1991). The paper caused consternation amongst some of our seminar colleagues, possibly because it was so different in style and content from the more usual presentations, which tended to adhere to mainly quantitative models. Others of us welcomed it for its freshness and originality. In the intervening years Bresler has continued to champion her cause, and her jointly written chapter with Robert Stake, on 'Qualitative research methodology in music education' is required reading for researchers new to the field (Bresler & Stake, 2006). At the same time she is committed to crossing boundaries and borders, particularly in relation to the arts. This is most evident in her editorship of the highly ambitious two-volume International Handbook of Research in Arts Education (2007). As for my own background as a reviewer of Beyond Methods, I am not a card-carrying qualitative researcher. My academic focus has rather been on historical research relating to music education, principally, but not exclusively, in schools. I have also carried out ethnographic fieldwork in Newfoundland, researched the life histories of a group of music teachers and student teachers, and have published a biographical study of a Salvationist musician. So in that sense I have some connection with the roots of qualitative research, specifically ethnography and biography as outlined by Bresler and Stake (2006, pp. 274-276). Beyond Methods is the result of collaborations instigated by Bresler, who, in 2010, had been invited to become the first recipient of the Hedda Andersson Chair at Lund University in Malmö, Sweden. It represents the fruit of her work there between 2011-2015. The book commences with an overture by Bresler followed by ten chapters, each by different authors who cover the full range of stages in an academic career, from advanced doctoral students and new PhD's, to veteran researchers. The ten chapters are grouped into three sections: 1) "The Diverse Kinds of Lessons from the Arts"; 2) "The Quest of Understanding an 'Other' situated in a different culture"; 3) "Intersections between Research and the Arts to include Educational Practice". As Bresler explains, each chapter "illuminates a fundamental aspect of researched lived experience through an aesthetic lens" (p. 8.) Cox: Beyond Methods 3 Bresler's Overture sets the scene. It is an authoritative essay, sub-titled "The Polyphonic Texture of a Collaborative Book: Personal and Collaborative Intersections". The venture, Bresler explains, is a methodological quest based on a belief that the arts can provide inspiration and support for the mission of qualitative research. Such a quest she admits is fraught with difficulty: "Qualitative research is inherently an impossible venture... Trying to stabilize experience through writing is not unlike pinning a butterfly." Undaunted, she concludes nevertheless that "the endeavour is a worthy one" (p. 1). As is common practice in this research tradition, Bresler shares her personal journey in which a key moment of illumination was that the familiar lenses of music analysis that structure the fluidity of sound can be used to analyse the fluidity of classroom life. It was an insight that was corroborated by her influential mentor and a pioneer of qualitative educational research, Elliott Eisner. Subsequently, she has striven to make explicit the relationships between artistic engagement and qualitative research, for example the resemblance between intent listening during interviews and musical listening. Bresler notes three hindrances that fieldworkers might encounter in developing fresh perception and meaning making in familiar settings: the automatic pilot habit of recognition; subjectivity; and, attachment to knowing. She makes the following suggestions. First, because the ordinary is extraordinary in its ability to go unremarked, researchers should juxtapose distances. To do this involves the creation of a polyphonic texture, including points of dissonance. In employing such multiple and sometimes contradictory perspectives researchers can develop a greater trustworthiness in their investigations. Second, as far as subjectivity is concerned, the only way to release its control is to bring it to our own awareness. Consequently the situatedness of the researcher has to be of central concern. Third, an attachment to knowing also involves a re-appraisal of not knowing. The commonly held notion that the beginner's mind is a hindrance, is rejected in favour of a view that it is a means of fresh seeing. The four pieces in Section 1 address the diverse kinds of lessons that may be learnt from the arts, and stem from the authors' doctoral dissertations completed in the last four years. Lia Lonnnert first of all probes the need for caring, in the sense of cultivating concern and empathy. A crucial lesson in her experience came from watching a performance of Christopher Marlowe's play, The Jew of Malta, in which the leading part was both danced and acted. Through the dance, she found that the complexity of the character was deepened: it was an emotional understanding beyond intellectual understanding. Consequently Lonnert began to understand that through art we could understand another human being, and maybe ourselves. She then makes a link to qualitative research in which an empathic understanding is key to the relationship between the researcher and the researched. Indeed, both researchers IJEA Vol. 18 Review 4 http://www.ijea.org/v18r4/ 4 and artists can touch the soul. Her essential point is that the communication of qualitative research is not only through results, but through reaching the reader's emotional understanding through empathy. Underlying Lonnert's analysis is the notion of the "unlived life" or "the life we could have lived" (p. 17), which not only involves understanding ourselves, but also understanding others. For Tyler Denmead, an artist and art educator, much of his stimulating chapter relates to Bresler's preoccupation with not knowing. He argues that not knowing is an intentional pursuit for artists which can also be used as a strategy in ethnography. His open-ended, exploratory and arts-based workshops with young people are underpinned by this notion. He talks from his own experience of the importance of decluttering spaces, allowing teachers and students to "take off the baggage of coming into the same place every day" (p. 31). In the process, settled routines are disrupted. Denmead argues that educational ethnographers might attempt to similarly peel back suppositions and patterns to create bare spaces where unexpected analytical findings might emerge. Researchers might, he suggests, "consider doing less, and perhaps being less in the field" (p. 33). The chapter includes a welcome description of the context in which the fieldwork was being carried out. Sven Bjerstedt, a jazz pianist, talks in a similar way to Bresler of the reciprocity between his research and his musical life: "My PhD studies helped me to play the piano better... While the artist shapes a dissertation, it in turn shapes the artist" (p. 37). The focus of his rather dense chapter, "It is all Process", is on what jazz improvisation might bring to qualitative research. He presents four characteristics of jazz improvisation: Collective Tradition versus Individual Voice; External Impulses versus Internal gestures; Change of Self through Narrative; Process versus Product. He then applies these characteristics to qualitative research, and poses the question: "Could qualitative research partake more of improvisation, less of composition?" (p. 46). Finally, in this first section, Bruno Faria explores "points of (im)balance through artistic research trans-actions". His personal story is that he noticed as a classically trained performer that the prevalence of standard score-based repertoire in his training and career meant that there was an (im)balance that kept in the margins other opportunities such as improvising. To rectify this (im)balance he took up as a challenge, sound-painting, a process originally devised by Walter Thompson, in which artists improvise on parameters that are conventionally attributed to specific musical signs and gestures. Meeting this challenge steered his own composing into new directions. He points to a similar (im)balance in interviewing between sound and silence. Fieldworkers would do well to consider what remains unsaid. Faria concludes that researchers and artists should embrace the value of what appears to be the C


Introduction Part One: The City in the Old Testament J.W. Rogerson 1. The Israelite City: History and Archaeology2. The Israelite City: Biblical Perspectives3. Making ConnectionsPart Two: The City in the New TestamentJohn Vincent4. Introduction5. The City and the World of Jesus6. The City and the First Christians7. Perspectives for our CitiesEpilogue: Making Connections


Prisoner of war camp Stalag 383, Hohenfels, Bavaria, Germany, circa 1941. From left to right: Man Of Confidence, Swedish representative, Mr E R Berg (YMCA), German security officer, Mr Hugo Cedergren (World Vice-President of the YMCA), and Camp Sergeant Major. Photograph taken by J K Welch, circa 1941.
Quantity: 1 b&w original negative(s).
Physical Description: Film negative


We examine whether there are systematic factors, i.e. commonality, that determine cancellations of limit orders. We document strong evidence of limit order traders exhibiting exchange, industry, global, and stock-level commonality. Our results are consistent with limit order traders acting in unison to news/informational events, or generally exhibiting correlated trading behavior.


Investment casting is a manufacturing process to make complex geometrical parts of meta l materials in mass production. But many times different types of defect occur such as shrinkage type defect. These defects can be minimized by appropriate changes in gating system. Existing gating system is critical to improve casting quality and productivity. It is necessary to improve casting gating systems based on analytical design of gating system and casting simulation with the goal of improving casting quality such as reducing casting shrinkage defects and increasing casting yield. Globe valve component is used for the experiment for gating system evaluation. First the existing design of globe valve gating system simulation has been done on simulation software. Then after by analytical design, redesigning of gating system design has been done and then after again re-simulation of the new gating system design has been done in software. Final this will be implemented in the industries. Both the results are match with each other. Keyword-Investment Casting; Gating System; Shrinkage Defect; Solidification; Simulation


Following the description of Saemisch (1870), authors of textbooks define ulcus serpens as a disk-shaped loss of substance in the superficial layers of the cornea, near the center, having a tendency to spread over the surface in one direction rather than to extend into the deeper layers, the process being associated with an exudate in the anterior chamber (hypopyon). To Axenfeld and Uhthoff (1896) belongs the credit of the discovery that the pneumococcus is the cause of the typical ulcus serpens. Many cases of ulcus serpens are complicated by the presence of an infiltration of leukocytes separated from the ulcer by a less infiltrated tissue, the so-called posterior abscess, in the proximity of Descemet's membrane, while other cases show no infiltration whatever in this region. The manner of the formation of the posterior abscess is still a matter of dispute. One school, headed by Elschnig, holds to the view that


In order to enable a shield machine to come out from fine sand stratum in tunneling operation,the methods of filling water into receiving well to the water level as the same as that of the Yangtze River and injecting sand of 6 m depth into the well are used.These methods can keep ground water pressure balance between the receiving well and the stratum so as to avoid water and sand gushing as the tunnel run-through.Application of the ground pressure balance method in Anqing Yangtze River Crossing Project in receiving shield machine phase is described in this paper including construction principle,characteristics,process,operation detailed rules,practical effect,reason analysis and technical measures.


The performance and sustained duration of long-pulse discharges for the 'ITER hybrid scenario' have been improved in JT-60U. The modification of power supply systems for three perpendicular neutral beam (NB) injections provides a long period of central NB heating up to 30 s, which is important for keeping the internal transport barrier (ITB). The peaked density profile in the core plasma can be maintained even when the density at the pedestal increased in the latter phase of the discharge due to the increase in the divertor recycling. Then, the peaked pressure profile attributed to the ITB can be kept constant through the discharge with the peaked power deposition profile. In these long-pulse discharges, MHD activity with toroidal mode number n = 1 is observed even when neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) are suppressed. When the amplitude of the mode in the peripheral region becomes large, the pedestal pressure is degraded. The mode amplitude is sensitive to the toroidal magnetic field (or edge safety factor) and heating power. After the adjustment of the toroidal magnetic field so as to reduce the mode amplitude, a high normalized beta (βN) of 2.6 and a high thermal confinement enhancement factor (HH98(y,2) > 1) are sustained for 25 s (∼14τR, where τR is the current diffusion time) under the ITER relevant small toroidal rotation condition. The peaked pressure profile in low safety factor plasma (safety factor at 95% flux surface q95 ∼ 3.2) is stable against NTMs up to βN ∼ 3. A high βNHH98(y,2) of 2.6 gives a high G-factor ( ) of 0.25 and a peaked pressure profile gives a large bootstrap current fraction (fBS > 0.43).


Designed to be used with students at intermediate to advanced level, this work features a progressive approach to learning and contains problem-solving and inductive activities in worksheet format. Providing full support for teachers, including lesson plans, timing guidance and alternative suggestions, it offers them the flexibility to cope with differing classroom situation and needs.


A new fiber-optic sensor was demonstrated for temperature measurement using multimode interference effect in single mode multimode single mode (SMS) fiber structure. Interference fringes were found to red-shift as the temperature increased and vice versa due to the thermo-optic effect, which changed the phase of the core and cladding modes inside the structure. The sensor probes were shown to measure temperature stably with a linearity of more than 99%. The temperature sensitivity of the SMS sensor was 21 pm/?C, which is twice the sensitivity of the conventional fiber Bragg grating sensor. Our proposed sensor is simple, cost-effective, and could operate at high temperatures.


The airfoil boats or ekranoplans are perspective type of a high-speed transport using a ground effect and operate near the water and other plane surfaces of the Earth. Many countries are interested in designing and production of the airfoil boats. The major problem of airfoil boats designing is overcoming of hydrodynamic resistance hump at the takeoff stage. Normally the powerful booster engines are used for solution of the problem. As we know the high power requirements for hump of the hydrodynamic resistance curve as a vessel attempts to climb out of the water are not new phenomena for designers. However, this power will be a redundant in ground effect stage. Thus, the enhancement of take-off characteristics and power reduction of booster engines are very important. In the paper a new method for solving of this problem is considered. The method based on a water-air mixture spraying under the ekranoplans wing by means of special devises. The method allows to reduce the engines power, running time, running distance and speed. In this paper, the theoretical aspects of this method are considered.


The Newman superposition model has been used to investigate the substitution of Mn 2+ for Sb 3+ site in Ammonium Pentaflouroantimonate (III) and for Zn 2+ site in Tetra Ethyal Ammonium (TEA) single crystal. The calculated values of zero field splitting parameter b 0 2 at room temperature fit the experimental one taken from the literature with average intrinsic parameters  b 2 (F) = -0.059 cm -1 for fluorine and b 2 (Cl) = -0.0443 cm -1 for chlorine taken t 2 = 7±2 and t 4 = 10± 2  for Mn 2+ doped in Ammonium Peta fluoro antimonite (III) single crystal.The values of b 2 determined for Mn 2+ doped in tetra ethyal ammonium are – 0.0443 cm -1 single crystal.The superposition model analysis shows that for large values of b 2 0 , b 2 2 , b 4 0 , b 4 2 and b 4 4 intrinsic parameters `b 2 and `b 4 can be estimated with suitable error but for small values of these spin – Hamiltonian parameters it is very difficult to predict the correct sign and magnitude. The present study about superposition model is very useful to get information about the zero field splitting of parameters ions in some host single crystals.


This article is a review of the evidence for involvement of nonmotor symptoms in the prodromal and manifesting stages of Parkinson disease


Sixty one observations on length-breadth and whole weight-meat weight relations of India crab (Scylla serrata) were made. From the length of crab (cm) the whole weight (gm) can be computed by the equation: log W=-0.1708+2.3341 log L. Similarly for any given length (cm) the meat weight (gm) can be found by the relation, log w=-1.5745+3.0148 log L.


For the past few years,the accidents of mines happened frequently.How to improve the security of mine has become an important issue.Aimed at some problems of the environmental monitor system of actual mine,such as the hidden trouble of security and non-real-time transferring data,the paper proposed the environmental monitoring system for mine based on WSN.The system realized the wireless communication by means of CC2430 as radio frequency chip,and the environmental monitoring system for mine integrated lots of key technologies such as the mode of information collection,processing and transmission and communication agreement of self-organization network to measure real-time data like temperature,humidity and gas density.After experimenting the system achieves real-time collection of environmental data,and it improves the security and stabilization of data transmission.So it has better engineering application market value.


[1] KLEIN: In your book WARM: A Feminist Art Collective in Minnesota you chronicle the history of the Women's Art Registry of Minnesota, a woman's art collective and gallery based in Minneapolis. In the introduction, you write that "thirty years after the founding of the WARM collective no studies about it had been written or published, even though the group has been well-known in Minnesota and recognized nationwide as one of the major feminist art cooperatives in the United States (xiv)." I wonder if you could begin by talking about how and why you became interested in WARM and what motivated you to propose an exhibition of 12 members of the WARM collective to the Weisman Art Museum of the University of Minnesota? [2] INGLOT: I first heard about WARM when I began teaching art history at the College of St. Catherine in St. Paul. One of my colleagues in the Art Department told me that the first registry of slides of a feminist art collective called WARM had been housed in my office. Since that moment I have been haunted by the spirit of WARM and I felt compelled to learn more about the collective. I began to meet artists who once belonged to the group. I got to know their work. Over time I developed a strong sense of professional commitment to document the work of this remarkable group of women who have gone practically unnoticed in the field of feminist art history. I was teaching a course entitled "Women in the Arts" at the same time and came across a photograph of the WARM Collective in Norma Broude and Mary Garrard, ed., The Power of Feminist Art, but that was it. I was surprised to discover that although many feminist circles in the country had heard of WARM and that the collective was well known in the Twin Cities there were no significant art historical analyses or historical studies that examined the nature and the contributions of the collective to feminist art movement and/or cultural life in Minnesota. Moreover, I realized that beyond the importance of this group for feminist art history that the members of WARM had produced some very good work. After seeing the work of many of the artists associated with WARM I was struck with the quality. I remember thinking that their art was as good as anything I was teaching about in my Women in the Arts class. I think it was that recognition that motivated me to propose an exhibit to the Weisman Art Museum. Since the museum does not have a large exhibition space, I had to limit the exhibit to 12 members. I selected long-standing members whose work gave a good cross-section of work produced by the collective. [3] KLEIN: How did working on the exhibition "WARM: 12 Artists of the Women's Art Registry of Minnesota" and book/catalogue differ from writing your first book: The Figurative Sculpture of Magdalena Abakanowicz: Bodies, Environments, Myths? Did you encounter any challenges by shifting your emphasis from a well-known artist to a group of feminist artists that had almost disappeared from art history/history? [4] INGLOT: My experience of working on these two books was quite different although surprisingly there were still many similarities. Abakanowicz was well-known but scholarship on her work was rather skimpy. Abaknowicz's work and her persona were veiled by the myth of the outsider loner artist who worked in the deep isolation of Communist Eastern Europe. Yet she is someone who has become a leading voice for artists behind the Iron Curtain. One of my major goals was to de-mythologize the artist and to present her work in the context of Polish sculpture and in dialogue with the international art scene. I also addressed the complexity of the artist's attitudes toward contemporary politics and the troubled history of her native country. In that book I wanted to draw attention to the lack of scholarship on the art of Poland and the marginalization of the entire region of post-World War II East-Central Europe caused by Cold War biases that impelled critics and art historians to see Eastern Europe as a uniformly backward and culturally isolated region, mimicking the developments of the Soviet Union. …


This study examines the impact of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) programme on poverty reduction in Sokoto State of North-western Nigeria, through the channels of the education policy. A total of 826 responses from 11 Local Government Areas (LGAs) were received through a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and the binary logit regression model. It is found that the NEEDS has had a significant impact on the education of the participating households, which could lead to poverty reduction in the study area. The results also reveal that the NEEDS educational policy is likely to empower the youth to be self-reliant and productive in order to combat poverty in Sokoto State. It is suggested that the government should plan educational policies in the context of poverty reduction, by creating a conducive atmosphere for learning. Further, those who have benefited from similar programmes can be involved in raising awareness of future programmes. In addition, the government should enact a law on children's education so that domestic work in the household and family businesses do not interfere with children's education.


—A clustering outcome for high-dimensional data is typically interpreted via post-processing, involving dimension reduction and subsequent visualization. This destroys the meaning of the data and obfuscates interpretations. We propose algorithm-agnostic interpretation methods to explain clustering outcomes in reduced dimensions while preserving the integrity of the data. The permutation feature importance for clustering represents a general framework based on shuffling feature values and measuring changes in cluster assignments through custom score functions. The individual conditional expectation for clustering indicates observation-wise changes in the cluster assignment due to changes in the data. The partial dependence for clustering evaluates average changes in cluster assignments for the entire feature space. All methods can be used with any clustering algorithm able to reassign instances through soft or hard labels. In contrast to common post-processing methods such as principal component analysis, the introduced methods maintain the original structure of the features.


The reader's duties in response to a writer's work, which should be devoid of fakery or falsity, are discussed. It is stated that readers should be patient enough to read and understand the intention of the writer's style and content, should acknowledge the author's vision and labour culminated in his work, and also understand the need of the author to display a pedantic style sometimes in his work for the sake of a particular type of reader.


This note supplements a previous note on the subject, and presents an alternative treatment, having independent interest, based on the infinitesimal transformations of the Lorentz group.


Objective To investigate the influence of shuxuetong injection to the carotid atherosclerosis. Methods One hundred and sixty-six patients with carotid atherosclerosis who were diagnosed by color doppler ultrasonography were divided into two groups,with 84 cases in treatment group(group A) , and 82 cases in control group(group B). Group A was treated with shuxuetong injection,and the group B with simvastatin dispersible tablet combined with mailuoning injection,simvastatin dispersible tablet was taken before resting qd, 20 days were a treatment course for two group. Results Intima-media thickness,long axis, total plaque area, average number in group A treated by shuxuetong injection were obviously improved and the effect was better than group B that treated by simvastatin dispersible tablet combined with mailuoning injection. Conclusion Shuxuetong injection has the good anti-atherosclerosis function.


In cases of allergic or intolerance reactions after drinking wine, some thought should be given to possible associations with substances used during enological treatments. Some substances with a high allergenic potential, such as sulfites or sulfur dioxide, were actually mentioned in the article. These substances, if used in quantities in excess of 10 mg per kg or liter, have to be declared in foods as well as in wine.

However, the use of other enological treatments, such as lysozyme or ovalbumin or casein from cow's milk, is less commonly known. The presence of such substances in wine can accordingly trigger undesirable reactions in patients with existing allergies to cow's milk or egg protein. According to Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 579/2012 of the European Commission of 29 June 2012, these substances will now have to be declared in wine, in the same way as in other foods, if they are present in the final product.

This is helpful for affected patients, but it means that in future, the declaration of allergens on the wine label will have to be read even more carefully.


Introduction: Severity of stroke impacts functional outcomes after stroke, but the role of this disability on secondary prevention is unclear. We investigated the effect of disability status on sec...


The present report is a study of earliness of certain F1 hybrid muskmelons and their parent varieties as measured by the time from planting
 to first pistillate flower and to first ripe fruit. The plants were studied in randomized
 blocks in different environments provided by different planting dates, locations,
 and cultural methods. The data were converted into logarithms and analyzed by the
 analysis of variance.
 The environmental effects encountered were greater than the genetic effects in determining
 the length of life cycle of the muskmelons in the different plantings. The plants
 grew faster in summer than in winter and early spring.
 Most of the nine parent varieties and eleven variety hybrids performed similarly in
 all of the five plantings. The parent varieties could be grouped into five significantly
 different earliness classes on the basis of the average lengths of their total growth
 periods in all five plantings. Some varieties, such as the Conomon, performed similarly
 in both growth periods. Others, like the PMR No.5, were early flowering and slow ripening;
 or, like the Kelly Sweet, were late flowering and fast ripening. The Melogold variety
 was more variable in different environments than were the other varieties.
 Five of the F1 variety hybrids were like the averages of their respective parents in length of period
 from planting to first ripe fruit. Three were significantly earlier than the averages
 of their respective parents; one was significantly later. Only two of the hybrids
 were significantly earlier than their respective early parents in total growth period.
 The F1 hybrids exhibited responses that ranged from no dominance to apparent heterosis for
 early flowering, slow ripening, and short total growth. Partitioning the total growth
 period demonstrated that a hybrid could exhibit apparent heterosis for early maturity
 without exhibiting heterosis for either early flowering or early ripening. Such apparent
 heterosis probably resulted from dominance interactions rather than from heterozygosity
 per se.


Many well-defined metrics have been developed for data fusion problems in the target tracking domain. However, much less is known about the proper evaluation of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) data fusion methods. In this paper we begin to address the issue of evaluating the performance of CBRN fusion algorithms. As a demonstration of the applicability of modified target tracking metrics to CBRN problems we apply such techniques to an illustrative data fusion method. Of the metrics we have studied one stands out among the rest, namely covariance consistency, and we pay special attention to its proper application to CBRN scenarios. Covariance consistency is of particular importance since it allows us to evaluate how accurately an algorithm is reporting the uncertainty of its estimates, and we would contend that uncertainty measures are of paramount importance in CBRN scenarios.


At 471 Menelaus himself totally reverses his own position. Then at 511 Agamemnon reverses his. Euripides has prepared the ground—and set the scene—for Iphigenia's famous reversal at 1368. My suggestion is that Euripides draws our attention to the location of the play by the Euripus with its famously shifting currents7—because he wishes it to be an external symbol—an 'objective correlative', to use T. S. Eliot's expression—for the extreme shifts the play's characters undergo. Thus he can ensure that such shifts can become an integral part of the drama. The shifting currents of human motivation are surely an essential feature of the play's geography. A fine irony is lent to Aristotle's criticism of Iphigenia's radical change by Procopius, who tells us (History of the Wars 8.6.20) that Aristotle quite literally worried himself to death because he could not solve the problem of the shifting currents of these very waters.


In the last decade transition Edge Sensors (TES) have found application both in calorimeters for particle detection and for high-resolution light detectors from X rays to the infrared waves. TES consists of a superconducting phase transition thermometer evaporated onto a substrate. The detector works within the superconducting-to-normal transition , where the strong temperature dependence of the electrical resistance makes the film a very sensitive thermometer. Among the superconducting materials,Ti films 1 and Ti based bilayers 2,3,4 have been investigated by several authors. Ti based TES operating around 300 mK have been used for X-ray detectors and for millimeter waves, both with a single layer 5,6,7 and with bilayers . At lower temperatures, TES have applications as sensors to detect dark matter in calorimetric experiments 12,13,14,15,16,17 and as photon counters in the UV-NIR region . In the case of a single layer, Tc depends mainly on the residual resistivity. In the case of bilayers, because of the proximity effect, it is possible to tune the transition temperature Tc according to the experimental requirements, by varying the relative thicknesses.


Decentralization of population and industry from the London County Council (LCC) area began before the end of the 19th century; it significantly gathered momentum in the 1920s. The 1909 and 1919 planning legislation proved unequal to the task of controlling and directing this suburban growth. Although a number of ad‐hoc joint regional plans concerned the Greater London Region, there was little sense of co‐ordination. Consequently, the Minister of Health, Neville Chamberlain set up the Greater London Regional Planning Committee (GLRPC), made up of local authority representatives, in October 1927. In January 1929, Raymond Unwin, who had been a principal officer with the Ministry since 1919, was appointed Technical Adviser to the GLRPC. Since 1912 he had developed Howard's Garden City cluster to regional scale; and a strategy of planned decentralization to satellite communities, within a protected green belt, was advocated by the Garden Cities and Town Planning Association and Unhealthy Areas Committee. Unwi...


We use a laboratory experiment to study the effects of disclosing the number of active participants in contests with endogenous entry. At the first stage, potential participants decide whether to enter competition, and at the second stage, entrants choose their investments. In a 2[Formula: see text]2 design, we manipulate the size of the outside option, [Formula: see text], and whether the number of entrants is disclosed between the stages. Theory predicts more entry for lower [Formula: see text] and the levels of entry and aggregate investment to be independent of disclosure in all cases. We find empirical entry frequencies decreasing with [Formula: see text]. For aggregate investment, we find no effect of disclosure when [Formula: see text] is low but a strong positive effect of disclosure when [Formula: see text] is high. The difference is driven by substantial overinvestment in contests with a small, publicly known number of players contrasted by more restrained investment in contests in which the number of players is uncertain and may be small. The behavior under disclosure is explained by a combination of joy of winning and entry regret. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, decision analysis.


In the construction of road Tunnel,will fall across the problem of landslide and coast often,this paper analyses the reason of tunnel collapse,at the same time,a practicing schedule for the construction of tunnel landslide breakthrough has also been proposed.


With advances in high-throughput measurement techniques, large-scale biological data, such as proteinprotein interaction (PPI) data, gene expression data, gene-disease association data, cellular pathway data, and so on, have been and will continue to be produced. Those data contain insightful information for understanding the mechanisms of biological systems and have been proved useful for developing new methods in disease diagnosis, disease treatment and drug design. This study focuses on two main research topics: (1) identifying protein complexes and (2) identifying disease genes from biomolecular networks. Firstly, protein complexes are groups of proteins that interact with each other at the same time and place within living cells. They are molecular entities that carry out cellular processes. The identification of protein complexes plays a primary role for understanding the organization of proteins and the mechanisms of biological systems. Many previous algorithms are designed based on the assumption that protein complexes are densely connected sub-graphs in PPI networks. In this research, a dense sub-graph detection algorithm is first developed following this assumption by using clique seeds and graph entropy. Although the proposed algorithm generates a large number of reasonable predictions and its f-score is better than many previous algorithms, it still cannot identify many known protein complexes. After that, we analyze characteristics of known yeast protein complexes and find that not all of the complexes exhibit dense structures in PPI networks. Many of them have a star-like structure, which is a very special case of the core-attachment structure and it cannot be identified by many previous core-attachment-structure-based algorithms. To increase the prediction accuracy of protein complex identification, a multiple-topological-structure-based algorithm is proposed to identify protein complexes from PPI networks. Four single-topological-structure-based algorithms are first employed to detect raw predictions with clique, dense, core-attachment and star-like structures, respectively. A merging and trimming step is then adopted to generate final predictions based on topological information or GO annotations of predictions. A comprehensive review about the identification of protein complexes from static PPI networks to dynamic PPI networks is also given in this study. Secondly, genetic diseases often involve the dysfunction of multiple genes. Various types of evidence have shown that similar disease genes tend to lie close to one another in various biomolecular networks. The identification of disease genes via multiple data integration is indispensable towards the understanding of the genetic mechanisms of many genetic diseases. However, the number of known disease genes related to similar genetic diseases is often small. It is not easy to capture the intricate gene-disease associations from such a small number of known samples. Moreover, different kinds of biological data are heterogeneous and no widely acceptable criterion is available to standardize them to the same scale. In this study, a flexible and reliable multiple data integration algorithm is first proposed to identify disease genes based on the


We examine whether the economy can be insured against banking crises with deposit and loan contracts contingent on macroeconomic shocks. We study banking competition and show that the private sector insures the banking system through such contracts, and banking crises are avoided, provided that failed banks are not bailed out. When risks are large, banks may shift part of them to depositors. In contrast, when banks are bailed out by the next generation, depositors receive non-contingent contracts with high interest rates, while entrepreneurs obtain loan contracts that demand high repayment in good times and low repayment in bad times. As a result, the present generation overinvests, and banks generate large macroeconomic risks for future generations, even if the underlying productivity risk is small or zero. We conclude that a joint policy package of orderly default procedures and contingent contracts is a promising way to reduce the threat of a fragile banking system.


This Book presents the various newest works in Topology of control for the wireless Sensor Network, which aims to save the life time of each Sensor and a better performance communication. The book also contains an introduction to the world of sensor networks with some examples of applications through the transport and physical layer, however, the book also contains a descriptive part of Attariya simulator designed for the Topology of control.


The functions of a financial capital budgeting system has been introduced. The main functions of this system include management of budget target, management of bills, management of detail account books, report outputs and system maintenance. The system architecture, programming method, general utilization, data security have been described and some implementation methods have been depicted also. Consideration of general utilization includes data input, report output, budget control. Consideration of data security includes user interface design based on authentication, password modification timely, control of the system administrator's operations, data encryption, data checking, backup and restore automatically, recording of user's operations. According to expert's opinion the method of design was advanced, the functions were perfect and the general utilization is good.


Cloud Computing represents one of the most popular new paradigms making utility computing a reality. In recent years, this concept has received a lot of attention because of the enormous benefits it brings: for instance the capability known as elasticity permits users to change the number of machines they use according to their needs and in a timely manner. Many large companies deployed public cloud systems such as Amazon EC2 or Microsoft Azure. Even though the popularity and usefulness of cloud systems is clear, there are still concerns around the use of public clouds: availability, data safety or privacy. Because of these concerns there is a need to deploy private cloud systems. Systems that run on machines owned by the organization that requires them, offering similar services as public clouds to different parts of the organization while maintaining a large degree of trust. With the need for private cloud systems a number of software solutions appeared. We concentrate here on Infrastructure as a Service, cloud systems where users are given full access to virtual machines. These are generally Open Source and capture large interest from the public. In this paper we make a through comparison between three of the most popular open source cloud software systems and describe our experience with installing and maintaining small deployments using these three software suits.


The application of Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC) in the cutter suction dredger cutter motor synchronous speed control system was presented in this paper, which aims at achieving the cutter motor synchronous speed control. It's necessary to adopt the parallel drive of two cutter motors to keep dredger secure and reliable because of the drastic change of the power of dredger cutter motor under different work conditions, thus the key issue is how to solve the synchronous speed control problem. The traditional PID controller cannot meet the requirement. To get better effect, the ADRC is introduced and adopted. In this paper, the ADRC technology is compared with the traditional PID control technology, and the ADRC algorithm is presented. The MATLAB simulation was carried out and the result has confirmed the feasibility and robustness of ADRC.


Introduction:The thyroid nodule is the most common clinical manifestation of thyroid diseases, and, among the procedures for its diagnosis, cytological examination is the most used. Due to the high accuracy of cytological examination, the value of intraoperative consultation (IOC) has become a matter of controversy. IOC is one of the most important and difficult procedures that a pathologist adopts, enabling the patient to be diagnosed, treated and staged in the same intervention.Objective:To evaluate the accuracy of IOC in thyroid at Instituto Nacional de Câncer (Inca).Methods:This study analyzed IOC in thyroid held in Inca from January 2001 to December 2012. The IOC diagnosis was compared with the histopathologic diagnosis, considered the gold standard, and was classified as concordant, discordant and indeterminate. From these data we calculated sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.Results:Among the 2,040 held IOCs, diagnoses were concordant in 1,770 cases (87%), discordant in 45 (2%) and indeterminate in 225 (11%). Among the 1,770 concordant cases, 1,252 (61%) were true negative, and 518 (25%), true positive. Among the 45 discordant cases, 38 (2%) were false negative, and seven (0,3%), false positive. The test sensitivity was 0.94%, specificity of 0.99% and accuracy of 0.97%.Conclusion:Our results indicate that IOC in thyroid is a highly accurate test, contributing to the surgical conduct.


Abstract Archaeology is not just about writing reports and interpreting ancient societies and their social structures, but it is also a process which should aim at the creation of a clear communicative message to the general public. Thus, archaeologists should be aware of every possible medium of communication – verbal, written, visual, sound – to express re-constructions of ancient pasts. In this essay I express some ideas about how archaeologists could collaborate with experts, for example theatre directors, in defining artistic way of communicating the past. Finally, I focus on the relationship between academia and fringe archaeology and I look into the political role of archaeologists in modern society.


Measurements of a reduced Mueller matrix in backscattering from diffusive, dielectric targets are reported as a function of the angle of incidence. It was found that the off-diagonal elements depend greatly on the angle of incidence, increasing to a maximum near grazing incidence. A theoretical model that accounts for the non-trivial behavior in the off-diagonal elements of the Mueller matrix is presented. We comment on the applicability of this model to the determination of the shape of the targets.


We consider the standard model of i.i.d. first passage percolation on $\mathbb{Z}^d$ given a distribution $G$ on $[0,+\infty]$ ($+\infty$ is allowed). When $G([0,+\infty])<p_c(d)$, it is known that the time constant $\mu_G$ exists. We are interested in the regularity properties of the map $G\mapsto\mu_G$. We first study the specific case of distributions of the form $G_p=p\delta_1+(1-p)\delta_\infty$ for $p>p_c(d)$. In this case, the travel time between two points is equal to the length of the shortest path between the two points in a bond percolation of parameter $p$. We show that the function $p\mapsto \mu_{G_p}$ is Lipschitz continuous on every interval $[p_0,1]$, where $p_0>p_c(d)$.


Group 4 metal complexes of the constrained geometry type, catalysts derived therefrom and polymerization processes using the same, characterized by a nitrogen containing aliphatic or cycloaliphatic moiety that is substituted with one or more aryl groups, an aryl-substituted silane bridging group, or one or more Group 14 organometalloid substituted hydrocarbyl substituents on the metal.


Flexible high barrier materials are needed for the use of future PV module technologies. R2R processes play a key roll for the production of e.g. a-Si, μc-Si, CIS, CIGS or CdTe modules. The requirements for such flexible high barrier materials are very demanding. Permeation values as low as 10−5 g/m2 day for water vapor transition (WVTR) and respectively 10−5 cm3/m2 day atm for oxygen transition (OTR) are needed. The basic way to produce such materials is combining oxide layers (e.g. AlOx, SiOx) and barrier coatings with suitable polymer substrates.


PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG NURSES by Gayla M. Kupris The purpose of this study was to describe and compare staff nurses perceived and actual levels of knowledge of diabetes mellitus. Little research has been done to study perceived diabetes knowledge. This study used a descriptive correlational design. A convenience sample of 60 staff nurses from a 248 bed suburban teaching hospital was surveyed. The Diabetes Self-Report Tool (Drass, Muir-Nash, Boykin, Turek, & Baker, 1989), was used to assess staff nurses' perceived level of diabetes knowledge. The Diabetes: Basic Knowledge Test (Drass, et al.,1989), was used to measure actual level of diabetes knowledge. Subjects were found to have an overall mid level of knowledge. There was a significant relationship between perceived and actual knowledge. It was found that as years employed at the study site increased, the knowledge level of diabetes decreased. Also, nurses attending a diabetes in-service less than 6 months ago to within 2 years reported a higher perception of diabetes knowledge. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents, whose love, support, and belief in my abilities made it possible for me to complete this degree.


Using the overall structure analysis of qualitative theory, Volterra model is proved to be ring E of non limitation in the first quadrant. And the detail analysis of point singularity is provided with the changes of parameter.


General concern of the Turks about religions all over the World caused to convert some of them such as Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Manichaeism and Islam sometimes in the same geography or in the same period. However, they have protected their own traditional thoughts related to national religion that is


Contact-based decision and planning methods are increasingly being sought for task execution in humanoid robots. However, formal methods from the verification and synthesis communities have not been yet incorporated into the motion planning sequence for complex mobility behaviors in humanoid robots. This study takes a step toward formally synthesizing high-level reactive task planners for whole-body locomotion in unstructured environments. We formulate a two-player temporal logic game between the contact planner and its possibly adversarial environment. The resulting discrete planner satisfies the given task specifications expressed in a fragment of temporal logic. The resulting commands are executed by a low-level 3D phase-space motion planner algorithm. We devise various low-level locomotion modes based on centroidal momentum dynamics. Provable correctness of the low-level execution of the synthesized discrete task planner is guaranteed through the so-called simulation relations. Simulations of dynamic locomotion in unstructured environments support the effectiveness of the hierarchical planner protocol.


Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare disorder of elastin which primarily involves the skin, cardiovascular system, and eyes, but also manifests in the central nervous system, skeleton, and gastrointestinal tract. Rigall first described the cutaneous lesions of PXE in 1881 and thought the disorder was akin to the xanthomatoses. In 1896, Darier2 showed the typical histological changes in elastin fibres, thus proving that PXE was a separate condition. Gronblad and Strandberg subsequently recognised the association between ophthalmological and dermatological features in PXE and their names are sometimes eponymously applied to the disorder.3


Few experts in medical genetics would argue that June 23, 2005 wasn't an important day. Consensus on whether it was a good or bad day is another matter. Some claim a major step on the long road to personalized medical care was taken. Others are far less convinced, suggesting it was the day the


To overcome the unfavorable factors of ground wheel-driven chain transmission when a no-tillage planter operates on straw mulching fields, a friction wheel transmission based on ground wheel transmission was designed in this research. The stability, i.e., the effects of friction wheel tyre pressure on stability of machine transmission was investigated via validation of main factors. The relationships among tyre pressure, deformation and load were determined via theoretical analysis. The tyre pressure extreme for transmission is 25.90 psi, the maximum pressure imposed on the friction wheel tyre is 14 kN, the maximum deformation of friction wheel is 8.7 mm. The stabilities of friction wheel slip rate and seeding distance were investigated via field tests and alteration of friction wheel tyre pressure. After processing the test data, it can be found that the minimum tyre pressure for acquisition of friction wheel slip rate was 24.35 psi. After processing the data of seeding distance, it can be validated that the tyre pressure was kept unchanged following the optimal transmission effect of the transmission through the abrupt change of working speed, which further proved the feasibility of the new friction wheel transmission. The transmission of friction wheel can reduce 14.67% in variation coefficient of seed spacing at the speed of 5 km/h, and 16.22% at the speed of 8 km/h.
Keywords: no-tillage planter, corn, friction wheel transmission, slip rate, field test, variation coefficient, seeding distance
DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20171004.2565

Citation: Jia H L, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Zheng T Z, Zhao J L, Guo M Z. Friction wheel transmission of no-tillage corn planters. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(4): 87–97.


Abstract Environmental factors may significantly increase the risk of, or buffer against, age-related cognitive decline, yet policies and practices to improve cognitive health outcomes to date largely overlook the role of neighborhoods and socio-physical environmental contexts. Residence in socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods may promote cognitive function through greater density of physical and social resources (e.g., libraries, parks, coffee shops, air conditioning, community centers) that promote physical activity, facilitate mental stimulation, and encourage social engagement. This symposium will identify natural, built, and social environmental factors linked to changes in cognitive function over time (assessed by animal naming and world list learning tests) based on secondary data analyses of a national, racially diverse (42% Black), population-based sample of over 30,000 Americans aged 45+ in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study followed annually since 2003. The first two papers investigate the roles of racial residential segregation and education on cognitive function disparities at the neighborhood and city scale. The third paper explores fast-food restaurants as socially interactive community spaces for older adults that may help buffer against cognitive decline. The fourth paper investigates effects of local air temperature on cognitive testing performance, and discusses how regional differences and seasonality may buffer or exacerbate temperature-cognition associations. Altogether, the symposium elucidates how cognitive health is impacted by a complex interplay of individual and geographic factors. The papers inform policy-making efforts to improve physical neighborhood environments and social community contexts, which are critical to the well-being of older adults aging in place.


Controlling pain in burn patients is one of the most important components of patient satisfaction. At our institution, pain specific HCAHPS scores indicate that burn patients consistently rate pain control less than the 25th percentile in the nation. Research shows that patients who felt that their pain was well managed reported more trust in their health care team and that pain management directly affects length of stay for burn patients. This project aims to increase HCAHPS pain scores to greater than the 75th percentile, encourage improved communication, and optimize patient education regarding pain management.

 A multimodal approach to pain management was identified as the best way to intervene. The multidisciplinary team met to assess the problem and completed a fishbone diagram and A3 to better understand the drivers of poor pain control. It is understood that patient satisfaction data is a lagging indicator and more real-time actionable data was needed. A focus was placed on improved communication, managing expectations, and education about types of burn pain and pain management. The self-reporting pain tool was developed as a daily assessment of pain satisfaction and a facilitator of communication between nurses and patients about pain.
 The self-reporting pain tool was implemented as a task for night shift nurses to be completed with their initial shift assessment.

 After implementation of the pain tool, daily compliance was documented and displayed on a visual management board on the unit. As a result of daily and intentional communication with patients about their pain using the pain tool, the pain HCAHPS indicators have sustained above the 75th percentile for quarter four of FY17.

 Both the patient and the nurse is more satisfied when they are effectively communicating about pain. Efficiency is improved because interventions such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and wound care are able to be more successfully completed when patients' pain management is optimized. Daily indicators and visual management are key components of successful implementation to ensure accountability and that nurses are seeing the progress of the project. The results of this project identify a need for standardized education about burn pain and pain management.


This paper presents the numerical resolution of unilateral boundary conditions able to effectively model several problems of unsaturated flow, as those involving rainfall infiltration and seepage faces. Besides the penalty technique, we also consider the novel regularization of these conditions by means of the more effective augmented Lagrangian method. The performance of the so‐obtained finite element method is carefully investigated in terms of accuracy and ill‐conditioning effects, including comparisons with analytical solutions and a complete identification of the analogies with the problem of frictionless contact. In this way, we provide a priori estimates of optimal and admissible ranges for the penalty coefficient as functions of permeability and spatial discretization. The proposed method and the estimated coefficient ranges are validated in further numerical examples, involving the propagation of a wetting front due to rainfall and the partial saturation of an aged concrete dam. These applications show that the proposed regularizations do not induce any detrimental effect on solution accuracy and on convergence rate of the employed Newton‐Raphson method. Hence, the present approach should be preferred to the commonly used iterative switching between the imposed‐flow and the imposed‐pressure conditions, which often leads to spurious oscillations and convergence failures.


Over the last three to four years, the adoption of inter-device connectivity and a multitude of other 'smart features' (e.g. adaptive control and device learning) into many traditional embedded products has drastically increased the level of underlying software and hardware complexity. In parallel, product development timelines are rapidly reducing with a corresponding tightening of quality requirements, especially in regulated markets such as the defence, automotive and health sectors. As we race towards a more connected world, with an estimated 26.6 billion devices connected to data networks by the end of 2019, the responsibility lies with designers and developers to ensure that the highly-interconnected systems are robust, reliable and secure. These factors converge to push the need for embedded software engineers to achieve more complex outcomes in less time. To succeed in this challenging environment, engineers need to be armed with adequate tools and efficient processes. A common issue with all embedded systems is the complexity and usefulness of the development tools (both compilers and debuggers). In particular, if a tool is difficult to use then the development process can be greatly hindered rather than assisted. Furthermore, developers are likely to include additional code for debugging purposes which can negatively influence the required timelines and proposed functionality. A need exists for tools which are lightweight, effective and provide complex debugging capability whilst minimising development overhead. This paper explores the role of enhanced debugging in a complex and everchanging field of wireless connectivity. An emphasis is placed on tools which assist in the visualisation of connectivity related data (MQTT, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi) between multiple nodes.


This paper use three time intervals' land use date of 1985, 1992 and 2005 in ABI lake area to estimate change in value of ecosystem services which arouse by changing of land use. It is proved that: cultivated land, forest land, pasture land, residential land, industrial and mineral land, water area had been considerably increased, only unused land had been decreased in 1980???1992; cultivated land, unused land and other land use types had been considerably increased, the rest of land use types had been decreased in 1992???2005; cultivated land, forest land, pasture land, residential land, industrial and mineral land and water area had been increased in 1985???2005, only unused land and the other land use types had been decreased. The ecosystem service value of ABI lake area separately were 0.14×108RMB, 0.20×108 RMB, 0.19×108 RMB in 1980, 1992, 2005, the ecosystem service value had been increased 0.06×108RMB in 1985???1992, the ecosystem service value had been lost 0.01×108RMB in 1992???2005, the ecosystem service value had been increased 0.05×108RMB during the 25 years, the main reason was that 82.14??? unused land had been transferred to cultivated land, forest land, grassland, water area.


A procedure based on the finite element method (FEM) is presented to determine the strongly distorted wave-forms of the magnetizing currents having given direct current (dc) components in each phase of a three-phase power transformer. The three phase voltages forming a symmetric sinusoidal system are assumed to be known. The relationships between the flux linkages of the three windings and the three values of the magnetizing current are determined using FEM and assuming static conditions. Suitable techniques are employed to establish the dependence of the dc components of the three magnetizing currents upon the three bias fluxes. The flux bias values yielding the given dc components are hence obtained by an iterative method yielding the wave-forms of the magnetizing currents having the prescribed dc values. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.


In the alluvial plain of Scarpe-Escault, in northern France, past emissions from a Zn smelter resulted in a notable Zn, Cd, and Pb-contamination of soils. The aim of this study was to assess the response of earthworm communities to a gradient of metal pollution. In 11 sites located within 4 kilometers of the smelter, according to the dominant wind direction, characteristic soil parameters and total metal contents were determined and 9 earthworm species were collected. The Kmeans clustering method, applied to the first two axes extracted by Principle coordinate analysis on species abundances, allowed to separate the 11 sites into 6 groups depending on their pollution status and the type of vegetation cover (cultivated soils, grasslands, poplar plantations). Significant differences were found between the 6 groups for the total density of earthworms, which varied from 392 ind.m - 2 in unpolluted grassland to 2 ind.m - 2 in the metallophyte grassland, where soil pollution was higher than in the other sites. Intermediate densities were found in unpolluted poplar plantations with 271 ind.m - 2 (but only 57 ind.m - 2 in polluted stands), and 52 ind.m - 2 in unpolluted cultivated soils. Metal pollution also reduced species richness (from 6 to 1 species). Aporrectodea caliginosa and Allolobophora chlorotica appeared to be the most sensitive to heavy metals. A. caliginosa was dominant in unpolluted grassland (about 45 ind.m - 2 ), absent in the most polluted site (35000, 8271 and 190 mg kg - 1 for Zn, Pb, and Cd, respectively), and present in polluted poplar plantation (1112, 616 and 12 mg kg - 1 for Zn, Pb, and Cd, respectively) although at a very low density (less than 1 ind.m - 2 ).


Concerns about the recruitment and retention of nursing staff are apparent in many healthcare systems. This paper describes a study which used a common methodology to assess nurses' perceptions of their work environment and changes over the past 12 months in the UK and Sweden. A census survey of all qualified nursing staff was undertaken in a large teaching hospital in Sheffield and Jonkoping, Sweden. Analysis of results reveal similar concerns with a perceived fall in the quality of nursing care, and increased demands in terms of workload at a time when staffing levels are being reduced. Although there were common trends, Swedish nurses were far less likely than their English counterparts to feel that they had opportunities to act autonomously, to develop their skills, and to access continuing professional education. The need for remedial action to enhance nurses' work environment and to increase their autonomy is highlighted.


Specht, M. (2008). New Technology = New Learning !? Keynote given at the 4th EduMedia Conference 2008. June, 2, 2008, Salzburg, Austria.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the UK. The majority of CRC cases develop sporadically, and the WNT signalling pathway is implicated in the aetiology of both sporadic and inherited forms. Environmental factors, including diet, modify CRC risk and non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs), such as dietary fibre and resistant starch (RS), appear to be protective. These beneficial effects are believed to result from the production of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, by colonic bacteria and evidence exists for the modulation of WNT signalling by butyrate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing healthy participants with NDCs on WNT-related gene expression and its functional outcomes in the bowel. It is hypothesised that increasing NDC intake will increase colonic butyrate concentrations and modulate WNT signalling. 75 healthy participants were recruited as part of the DISC Study and supplemented with RS and/or polydextrose or placebo for 7 weeks in a 2*2 factorial design. Rectal mucosal biopsies were collected preand post-intervention. RNA was extracted from OCT-embedded biopsies and reverse transcribed to cDNA for the quantification of CCND1, MYC and SFRP1 expression in duplicate by quantitative PCR.


The present invention is provided by the outermost surface of the EL element protective sheet for suppressing heat conduction, thereby providing a luminance unevenness hardly occurs in the surface of the EL element EL panel, EL display device and an EL illumination device. EL panel of the present invention, comprising a transparent substrate disposed on one side of the translucent substrate and having a light emitting medium layer sandwiched between the anode and the cathode of the EL element and disposed in the EL element protective sheet on the other side of the translucent substrate, the protective sheet on the opposite side of the surface having prismatic with rounded convex and the transparent substrate, and the convex circular band and words, as the belt from the bottom surface to the top of a round convex shape, and the bottom surface of the projecting portion is parallel to the unit cross-sectional area smaller, and when the furthest away from the bottom surface of the cross-sectional center point as a vertex, by the distance between the apex and the height of the apex of the best luminance unevenness hardly occurs in the surface of EL element EL panel, and EL illumination device and an EL display device.


The major aim of this study is to show how to carry out the process of structural and parametrical synthesis that is understood as a design method of the system with active suppression of vibrations. Active components are implemented as electric components. The other objective is to analyze how the active subsystem interacts with the overall investigated structure. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Isothermal sections for the system BN-Si{sup 3}N{sup 4}-Mg{sub 3}N{sub 2} at atmospheric and 5.0 GPa pressures have been constructed. Three new compounds Mg{sub 5}Si{sub 2}N{sub 6}, Mg{sub 7}SiB{sub 2}N{sub 8}, and Mg{sub 10}SiBN{sub 9} have been found, the first two of which are formed both at atmospheric and at high pressure and the last only at high pressure. P,T parameters of the {alpha}-BN {r_arrow} {beta}-BN conversion in the presence of Mg{sub 7}SiB{sub 2}N{sub 8} and MgSiN{sub 2} have been determined. 13 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.


Filarial nematodes infect more than 100 million people in the tropics, causing elephantiasis, chronic skin lesions, and blindness. The parasites are long-lived as a consequence of being able to evade the host immune system, but an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this evasion remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that ES-62 (2 m g/ml), a phosphorylcholine (PC)-containing glycoprotein released by the rodent filarial parasite Acanthocheilonema viteae , is able to polyclonally activate certain protein tyrosine kinase and mitogen-activating protein kinase signal-transduction elements in B lymphocytes. Although this interaction is insufficient to cause B lymphocyte proliferation per se, it serves to desensitize the cells to subsequent activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase and Ras mitogen-activating protein kinase pathways, and hence also to proliferation, via the Ag receptor. The active component of ES-62 appears to be PC, a molecule recently shown to act as an intracellular signal transducer, as the results obtained with ES-62 are broadly mimicked by PC alone. As PC-containing secreted products (PC-ES) are also released by human filarial parasites, our data suggest that PC-ES, by interfering with B cell function, could play a role in prolonging filarial infection in parasitized individuals. The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 160: 2692–2699. ,


The work presented in this thesis covers how laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and photofragmentation laser-induced fluorescence (PF-LIF) can be used to determine quantitative species concentrations in different combustion environments. To attain species concentrations with LIF it is of vital importance to investigate the influence of collisional quenching on the fluorescence signal strength, which can be done by measuring the fluorescence lifetime. A method for simultaneous measurements of fluorescence lifetimes of two species present along a line is described and discussed. The experimental setup is based on picosecond laser pulses from a dual optical parametric generator/amplifier (OPG/OPA) system tuned to excite two different species, whose fluorescence signals are detected with a streak camera. The concept is demonstrated for fluorescence lifetime measurements of CO and OH in laminar methane/air flames on a Bunsen-type burner. The measured one-dimensional lifetime profiles generally agree well with lifetimes calculated from quenching cross sections found in the literature and quencher concentrations predicted by the GRI 3.0 chemical mechanism. For OH there is a systematic deviation of ~30% between calculated and experimental lifetimes in the product zone. It is found that this discrepancy is mainly due to the adiabatic assumption regarding the flame and uncertainty in H2O quenching cross section.
 The second technique, i.e. PF-LIF, is used to study H2O2 and HO2, which both are molecules lacking accessible bound excited states. Here, a pump laser pulse of 266-nm wavelength dissociates the molecules into OH fragments, which after a short time delay (nanosecond time scale), are probed with LIF using a second laser pulse tuned to an OH absorption line. PF-LIF is for the first time used for two-dimensional imaging of HO2 in laminar flames and H2O2 in an homogenous charged compression (HCCI) engine. In methane/air flames on a Bunsen-type burner, relative species concentrations of HO2, H2O2 and CH3O2 are achieved via comparison of experimental signal profiles with simulated concentrations predicted by the Konnov detailed C/H/N/O reaction mechanism. An interfering OH signal contribution is observed in the product zone and found to originate from hot CO2. In the HCCI experiments, quantitative H2O2 concentrations at different piston positions are attained via an on-line calibration procedure. In terms of mass fraction levels, the crank-angle resolved experimental data agree well with profiles resulting from simulations using the software Digital Analysis of Reaction System (DARS), while shapes and profiles deviate slightly, which mainly is due to signal interference from HO2.


Abstract : The research dealt with computing methods for applications in aerodynamics, geophysics, hydrodynamics, meteorology, and oceanography. Analysis was done of adaptive numerical methods for time-dependent problems in complicated physical domains which can efficiently and reliably approximate singular and near singular features of the solution such as fronts and shocks. Work focused on development of algorithms which could be executed on parallel architectures and upon data structures and language constructs which allow this to be done efficiently and effectively.


The electrostatic waves excited during the formation of the thermal front are studied using a one-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation. The thermal front is defined as a sudden decrease in the local electron temperature. The results suggest that the beam mode and the electron acoustic waves are first excited, and then ion acoustic waves are produced. The thermal front just forms in the region of the plasma density depression. The nonlinear evolution of ion acoustic waves can be a potential mechanism for the formation of the thermal front which confines hot electrons and reduces their cooling time. According to the evolution of electron dynamics in phase space, the thermal front actually reflects hot electrons with low kinetic energy through the double layer which is driven by the ion-acoustic waves. That is, the thermal front is actually a double layer.The electrostatic waves excited during the formation of the thermal front are studied using a one-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation. The thermal front is defined as a sudden decrease in the local electron temperature. The results suggest that the beam mode and the electron acoustic waves are first excited, and then ion acoustic waves are produced. The thermal front just forms in the region of the plasma density depression. The nonlinear evolution of ion acoustic waves can be a potential mechanism for the formation of the thermal front which confines hot electrons and reduces their cooling time. According to the evolution of electron dynamics in phase space, the thermal front actually reflects hot electrons with low kinetic energy through the double layer which is driven by the ion-acoustic waves. That is, the thermal front is actually a double layer.


This paper researches the effect of electron beam irradiation dose on the content of pollutants in municipal sewage.The results show that electron beam irradiation can significantly eliminate colibacillus in municipal sewage.When the dose was 4 kGy,the colibacillus dropped down five orders of magnitude.Electron beam irradiation can remove the chemical oxygen demand(COD)of the city sewage to a certain degree.When the dose exceeded 20 kGy,the COD content changed a little.The highest removal efficiency achieved 63.5%.Electron beam irradiation can also remove the NH3-N of the sewage to a certain degree.When the dose was 120 kGy,the removal efficiency achieved 47.8%.Electron beam irradiation has no significant effect on pH of the sewage.


In an elegant set of genetic and biochemical experiments reported in this issue of Genes & Development, Bendig et al. (2006) show that integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a critical component of the cardiac stretch sensor. Their findings link the cell surface and actin cytoskeleton to central signaling pathways. Here we discuss the significance of this work in light of other recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms of cardiac stretch sensing. The heart has the extraordinary capability of responding to physiologic demand by rapidly altering the amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat. Similarly, in response to pathologic conditions, the heart expands to increase cardiac output, although continued expansion eventually diminishes its ability to pump effectively. Widely known as the Frank-Starling curve, this property was described by Otto Frank and Ernest Henry Starling in 1918 (Fig. 1; Starling 1918). The molecular and cellular basis for rapid alteration in the contractility of heart muscle has attracted intense scientific interest focusing on the ability of the myocardium to sense "stretch" and respond by increasing strength of contraction and hypertrophy of individual myocytes. The primary function of the heart is to supply oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues to meet metabolic demands. Heart failure—the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized countries—occurs when cardiac output cannot meet metabolic requirements (Molkentin and Dorn 2001). Although the etiology and manifestations of heart failure are varied, a common early sign is pathological hypertrophic remodeling of the left ventricle (Tarone and Lembo 2003). In cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocytes increase in size by adding more sarcomeres to myofibrils to normalize myocardial wall stress from hemodynamic overload. Through complex and unclear mechanisms, persistent cardiac hypertrophy often leads to decreased contractility and dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiac hypertrophy is triggered by mechanical stretching of cardiomyocytes and release of neurohumoral factors, such as angiotensin II and epinephrine in response to pressure overload (Wakatsuki et al. 2004). Mechanical stretching also promotes the release of autocrine and paracrine factors by cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts that activate hypertrophic and contractility signaling pathways (Sadoshima and Izumo 1997; Hunter and Chien 1999; Tarone and Lembo 2003). Ultimately, these pathways lead to the expression of stretch-responsive genes such as atrial natriuretic factor (anf) and vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) (Pan et al. 1999; Seko et al. 1999; Franchini et al. 2000; Molkentin and Dorn 2001; Domingos et al. 2002; Kim et al. 2002; Zhang et al. 2003). Vegf transcription is stimulated by PKB/Akt and increases calcium transients that result in greater cardiac contractility (Rottbauer et al. 2005). These signaling pathways have been studied extensively by many groups in an effort to develop therapies for hypertrophic remodeling (Frey et al. 2004), but only recently have we began to understand how mechanical stretching is sensed by cardiomyocytes.


A palynological approach was used to estimate overbank deposition rates in a forested catchment affected by logging. The palynological approach uses downcore variations in total fossil pollen and fossil pollen assemblage to calculate rates of overbank deposition and has a distinct advantage over radioisotopic approaches in that it is not limited by radioactive decay. Using this approach, we determined that overbank deposition rates increased over 400 per cent within years of logging events and that the increased rates persisted for less than 4 years. After logging‐induced deposition peaked, overbank deposition decreased over 60 per cent relative to the pre‐logging background values. The decreased deposition rates persisted for over 40 years. The immediate effect of logging in this catchment was to induce mass‐wasting events in hollows that produced rapidly travelling sediment pulses. In the subsequent recovery period, reduced sediment loading occurred as a result of a reduction in the volume of sediment available for transport. The reduction in sediment load led to a reduction in overbank deposition rates until subsequent logging disturbances destabilized and emptied other hollows. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The uses, classification, distribution and cultural requirements of the Japanese banana, Musa basjoo Siebold ex Baker (Musaceae) are discussed; an illustration is provided, together with a full description.


Object of the present invention is to provide a method and an injection material discharge net, the net injection method and spray material not only in cost but also in processing effects are very useful. (A) a spray material comprising a styrene ion exchange resin or waste generated by it, and / or sludge from the dry material, (b) injection of the resin material containing a resin comprising a rubber component comprising resin and a resin containing no rubber component, and (c) a spray material comprising at least one member selected from epoxy resin composition and an inorganic filler component, and a method using a jet spray net material.


In VLSI Industry testing is an essential process for making the assurance functionality of the chip. This paper is focusing one of the test methodology called built-in-self-test (BIST). To introduce a novel test pattern generator (TPG) called multiple single input change (MSIC) TPG for test the modules of the chip. This TPG generates single input change (SIC) test vectors in multiple scan chains. Scan chains count is equal to the number of modules inside the chip. MSIC test vectors are generated here with a re-configurable Johnson counter and a fixed seed values. Seed is a pre-defined bit for MSIC pattern generator based on the modules available in the chip. Bit EX-OR operation is performed between the Re-configurable Johnson counter and the seed. Analysis result shows that the produced MSIC sequences have the features of uniform distribution and low transition density. Simulation results with S344 benchmark demonstrate that MSIC can save the test power by 7.5%.


We describe an augmented reality (AR) marker that has both a virtual appearance and physical features. We integrate a blimp with an AR marker to overcome two problems found in conventional AR applications. One problem is mobility. While a conventional AR marker is generally paper-based and static, " Aero-Marker " floats in the air and moves toward the user. Thus, the relationship between the user and marker changes. The other problem is physicality. Unlike a paper-based marker, Aero-Marker has physical volume because it uses a physical blimp. Virtual information is overlaid on the entire surface of the blimp, like texture mapping in 3D computer graphics, making the virtual information tangible. Thus, the interaction between the user and marker changes.


The urgent and critical challenges of transforming patterns of behavior from current unsustainable ones are encapsulated in the 2015 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Central to these goals and targets are systems of sustainable consumption and production. This crucial goal depends on consumers and producers making choices that depend on knowledge available to them and on other factors influencing their preferences in accordance with norms and culture. This paper investigates how "green knowledge" (i.e., knowledge of ecologically and socially sound products and practices) influences sustainability in the intersections of knowledge, preferences, behavior, and economic and environmental performance. By employing a general equilibrium economic model, we show that consumers, producers, and industry regulators with different degrees of knowledge and concern about the health and environmental benefits of products and production would lead to different economic and environmental consequences. As "green knowledge" influences consumption patterns and government policy-making, our model shows that, in principle, there will be a shift in the content of the economy to that which supports the achievement of long-term sustainability.


On 6th October 2006, the Competition Appeal Tribunal (the Tribunal) ruled in favour of Albion Water, concluding that the access price offered by Dwr Cymru for the common carriage of non-potable…


Dvulit I. P. Лечебно-профилактическое действие мукозо-адгезивных пленок с лизоцимом при токсическом стоматите = Therapeutic-prophylactic action of mucoadhesive films with lysozyme on toxic stomatitis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(4):169-176. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16698 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%284%29%3A169-176 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/553807 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16698 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartośc merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., ze w roku 2014 nie bedzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktow co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received : 20.0 2 .2015. Revised 27.03.2015. Accepted : 05 .0 4 .2015. УДК 577.15 (088.8) ЛЕЧЕБНО-ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ МУКОЗО-АДГЕЗИВНЫХ ПЛЕНОК С ЛИЗОЦИМОМ ПРИ ТОКСИЧЕСКОМ СТОМАТИТЕ THERAPEUTIC-PROPHYLACTIC ACTION OF MUCOADHESIVE FILMS WITH LYSOZYME ON TOXIC STOMATITIS И. П. Двулит I. P. Dvulit Львовский национальный медицинский университет им. Данилы Галицкого (Украина) Lviv national medical university e- mail: email@example.com Abstract Introduction. Mucoadhesive films (MAF), containing some biologically active substance, have some advantaged over the other dosage forms, because they provides long-term local action of medicinal means with usage of minimal quantity of acting substance. Formerly we had shown the effectiveness of MAF with immobilized lysozyme usage, possessing the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect on the rats oral cavity mucous membrane (OCMM) after application of bee venom. Materials and methods. Experiments were conducted on Wister strain rats. In the homogenates of OCMM the elastase activity, malonic dialdehyde, urease, lysozyme and catalase activity were measured; the disbiosis degree and antioxidative were determined. Results and conclusions. The medocobiologic properties of MAF based on polyvinyl alcohol cryogel with immobilized lysozyme and preservatives, of complex action, were investigated. It was shown, the application of lipopolysaccharide on oral cavity mucous membranes of Wister strain rats induced inflammation development disbiosis, decreasing of antioxidant defence. It was established, that MAF with entraped lysozyme, chlorhexidine bigluconate and ethylenediamine letraacetate, promotes 50 % decrease of urease level-marker of microbial dissemination of rats cheek mucous membrane. Application on rats oral cavity mucous membranes of lysozyme-containing films, decreases both disbiosis and inflammation degree. Key words: LPS, stomatitis, mucoadhesive films, lysozyme, enzymes. Реферат Аппликация на слизистую полости рта липополисахарида вызывает развитие воспаления, дисбиоза и снижение уровня антиоксидантной защиты. Наложение пленок, содержащих лизоцим, снижает степень дисбиоза и воспаления. Ключевые слова: ЛПС, стоматит, мукозо-адгезивные пленки, лизоцим, ферменты.


1. The physical basis of quantitative roentgen absorption spectrophotometry is presented with special reference to the cytochemical applications. The properties of the continuous roentgen spectrum are discussed. The different investigations of the distribution of the intensity in the continuous roentgen spectrum are surveyed with special reference to continuous roentgen spectra generated at low voltages. The basic mechanism for the production of the characteristic roentgen emission spectra and the important properties of the roentgen emission lines are briefly discussed. 2. The general laws are given for the absorption of roentgen radiation. and the different coefficients utilized are defined. The negligible influence of the scattering process at wavelengths longer than 2.5 kX.U. is shown. The nature of the photoelectric absorption process is discussed with special reference to the absorption edges. The fine structure at the absorption edges and the influence of chemical combination upon the position of the absorption edges is surveyed. A review is given of different empirical absorption formulae and investigations of the magnitude of the absorption edges. 3. Different methods, utilized to obtain monochromatic roentgen radiation, are surveyed with special reference to methods applicable to soft roentgen rays. Bragg's law is given with correction for diffraction in higher orders. The advantage of bent crystals as compared with plane crystals is considered, and the method of bent crystal according to Johann is discussed. 4. Different methods to register the intensity of roentgen rays are discussed. The importance of photographic procedures at the cytochemical applications of roentgen absorption spectrophotometry is stressed. The photographic action of roentgen rays is discussed with special reference to the density as a function of the exposure. The ionization chamber, the proportional counter, the Geiger counter, and the scintillation counter are briefly described.


The observation that many parasites are transmitted in the food chain and that dominant host individuals take most of the food, lead to the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between high status of host and risk of infection (contact) with such parasites. The hypothesis was tested in the field using reindeer and the nematode Elaphostrongylus rangiferi as a model system. In a reindeer herd with subclinical infections, the heaviest calves (i.e. the calves of dominant mothers) were those which were infected. This is in accordance with the hypothesis. This relationship between dominant hosts and parasites may lower the overall pathogenicity of the parasite relative to that which would be observed with random transmission. This would also result in increased suppression of host population growth, counteract inbreeding within the dominant segment of the population, and act as a mechanism of stabilizing selection.


The EU has not been unaffected by the growing global interest in the issues of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility. During 2001, several initiatives came to a head in a way which suggests that this will be a major area of policy making and discussion in the years to come. The member states finally reached agreement on a Regulation (2157/2001) and a Directive (2001/86) for the so-called Societas Europea, or European company, thereby realizing a decades-long objective. A further significant measure was the adoption of Directive 2002/14 on national-level information and consultation of employee representatives. In their different ways, these legal provisions reflect a distinctively European conception of the corporation as a multi-stakeholder entity. Most continental European systems contain a similar emphasis, in contrast to the stress on the pursuit of shareholder value which, broadly speaking, characterizes American and British corporate governance. As if to emphasise this distinction further, the European Parliament, in a dramatic tied vote on 4 July 2001, rejected the draft Thirteenth Company Law Directive, which would have introduced a pan-European takeover code modelled on that which operates in the UK under the auspices of the City Panel on Mergers and Takeovers, and which is a principal buttress of the shareholder primacy norm in UK corporate governance. While the Internal Market Directorate of the Commission is attempting to revive the Thirteenth Directive, its rejection by the Parliament suggests that there remains strong political resistance at EU level to the shareholder-orientated approach. As is always the case when considering social policy developments (and as we have emphasized in previous contributions to this Annual Review), the wider legal framework of free movement and competition law under the EC Treaty must be taken into account. The market-building role assumed by the European Court of Justice has direct implications for the type of corporate governance systems which can be expected to emerge at both the national and transnational levels. In particular,


Abstract In this article, we introduce behavior-specific praise as a portable, feasible strategy for teachers and families to increase student engagement as well as to decrease off-task and disruptive behaviors in a variety of environments. We provide step-by-step guidance to illustrate how behavior-specific praise can be used by teachers during in-person and remote learning environments and how families can incorporate behavior-specific praise into daily routines at home.


This brief presents a low-power fast-transient capacitor-less low-dropout regulator (CL-LDO) for system-on-a-chip applications. A low-quiescent-current class-AB amplifier with embedded slew-rate enhancement (SRE) circuit is proposed to improve both current efficiency and load transient performance. As the SRE circuit is directly controlled by the amplifier, only a minimum hardware overhead is required. The proposed CL-LDO is fabricated in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mu }\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> standard CMOS process. It occupies an active area of 0.031 mm2 and consumes a quiescent current of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10.2~\mu \text{A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. It is capable of delivering a maximum load current of 100 mA at 1.0-V output from a 1.2-V power supply. The measured results show that a settling time of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.22~\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is achieved for load steps from 1 mA to 100 mA (and vice versa) with an edge time of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.1~\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.