Local deposition of material can be induced by a focused electron beam delivering materials with a high purity and a clear interface to the substrate. Based on a commercial variable-pressure scanning electron microscope custom-tailored equipment was developed that allows introducing precursor gases through a nozzle system directly to the spot of deposition. For the deposition of material tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) was chosen, yielding a silicon oxide based material. The deposition process was investigated and optimized for high deposition rates. Variation of acceleration voltage and dwell time was performed, by depositing the material with a univariat parameter change. A higher deposition rate was obtained for lower electron energies. This result suggests a deposition mechanism based on the interaction with secondary electrons. Also effects of dwell time were discussed.


The present invention provides a compound of formula (I) [Formula 1] In relates to a compound represented, in particular, their use as medicaments, for example in urinary incontinence.


The smell of old books. The crinkle of the yellowing pages. While browsing the stacks of a library, have you ever wondered how paper ages and why some sheets last longer than others? You wouldn't b...


The development of Language Education Tourism destinations in Karanganyar Regency is a model that can be used for developing tourism villages in Indonesia. The goal of the research is to discover how language education is able to become a tourist attraction and boost the local economy. The research method is qualitative and uses a case study approach to explore how language education is integrated with local potential to create a model for the development of a tourism village. In a case study, data collection includes various sources, such as observation, interviews, FGDs, audio visual material, documents, and reports. Informants in this study were local communities, village officials, leaders of Isy Karimah Islamic boarding schools, head of tourism village development associations, the young people's organization (Karang Taruna), souvenir craftsmen, local financial institutions. Data analyzed by interactive analysis. The research results show that the integration of education of three languages (Arabic, English, and Javanese) with local potential (art, culture, agriculture, and stockbreeding) is an important entity in developing the local economy. The integration of the education of these three languages with local potential is found in a number of destinations of tourism villages.


UV absorpt ion spectra of phenylamine (PA), o-phenylenediamine (OPDA) m-phenylenediamine ( M P D A ) and p-phenylenediamine (PPDA) have been studied in pcrchloric acid ( f rom 6 0 to 10" mol d m " 3 ) water and potassium hydroxide (from 10~ to 0 5 mol dm ) at 25C. Basically it has been characterized a maximum number of three bands for each species and their extinction coefficients have been measured in those cases they satisfy the Lambert-Beer law. The findings showed the existence of some different protonaled forms of these species that allow to think in its use as acidbase and or H a m m e t t ' s indicators. Spectrophotometric results are discussed in an unitary form.


This paper is concerned with the finite‐time boundedness (FTB) problem of a class of cascade switched affine nonlinear systems. In order to avoid unnecessary waste of network communication and Zeno behavior, a dynamical event‐triggered scheme is proposed, which is more general than some existing event‐triggered schemes with a common parameter matrix. By using the average dwell time method and multiple Lyapunov function technologies, sufficient conditions for the existence of controller gains are first proposed such that the closed‐loop system is finite‐time bounded with a finite‐time disturbance attenuation performance. It is also proved that the Zeno phenomenon is excluded. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.


In the game of memory, pairs of matched cards are placed in an array. The present author has previously enumerated configurations by dominoes -- where matched pairs are adjacent. In this paper, we introduce a generalised game of memory where pairs are replaced with matched sets of size $k$, and obtain several results for one-dimensional arrays. We generalise the notion of linear chord diagrams to the case of matched sets of size $k$, which we call $k$-chord diagrams. We provide formal generating functions and recursion relations enumerating these $k$-chord diagrams by the number of polyominoes, where the latter is defined as all members of the matched set being adjacent, and is the generalisation of a short chord or loop in a linear chord diagram. We also enumerate $k$-chord diagrams by the number of connected components built from polyominoes and provide the associated generating functions in this case. We show that the distributions of polyominoes and connected components are asymptotically Poisson, and provide the associated means. Finally, we provide recursion relations enumerating non-crossing $k$-chord diagrams by the number of polyominoes, generalising the Narayana numbers, and establish asymptotic normality, providing the associated means and variances.


Uncertainty analyses are necessary to identify, evaluate, and report the main sources of errors in modeling studies and their impacts on the model predictions. Although uncertainty analysis has been a subject of increased interest by the water resources community during the last couple of decades, in estuarine hydrodynamic modeling this is an emerging topic that requires more research. Some of the most relevant problems remaining in the practice include the identification of the principal sources of errors affecting the model predictions, and the identification of effective and computationally feasible methodologies for their quantification. This investigation evaluates the impacts of input data errors on the predictions of a 3D hydrodynamic model of the Weeks Bay estuary, Alabama. The uncertainty analysis is performed using the First Order Variance Analysis (FOVA) and the results compared to a standard Monte Carlo Uncertainty Analysis (MCUA). A procedure to implement a skill assessment as a fundamental component of the FOVA method is presented. The uncertainty analyses are performed temporally as well as spatially distributed over the model domain. The results indicate that the uncertainty in a prognostic variable is not homogeneously distributed over the computational domain, and that there are areas prone to a higher or lower uncertainty. The identification of these areas is relevant for the design of data collection plans intended to improve the confidence in the model results. The comparison of the methods indicates that both are effective to provide uncertainty estimates, although FOVA tends to overestimate the predictions obtained by MCUA. In general this overestimation can be considered as a conservative estimation of the uncertainty given the existence of other sources of errors more complex to evaluate.


Layered ejecta craters on Mars have been interpreted to indicate the presence of volatiles in the substrate, making them important targets for the investigation of sites of astrobiological significance. If the ejecta are associated with the presence of water in the substratum, specific surface grain size trends are expected. In this study we explore the distribution of grain sizes in the layered ejecta of impact craters located in Chryse Planitia, using Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) thermal infrared data. Ejecta grain size trends, in conjunction with ejecta mobility and lobateness values, are applied to assess the degree of surface flow of the ejecta, and in turn to constrain the plausible volatile abundance, cohesion, and fine particle content of the target materials. Craters with a larger fraction of small grain sizes in their ejecta showed greater ejecta mobility and lobateness, consistent with a water‐rich and/or a low‐cohesion target. Craters displaying decreasing grain size with increasing radius had smaller diameters and lower ejecta mobility and lobateness, indicating only a minimal component of surface ejecta flow. Ejecta grain size trends varied with crater diameter, from which the presence of vertical compositional stratigraphy in Chryse Planitia is inferred and interpreted. Our observations are synthesized into a number of plausible geologic scenarios for Chryse Planitia.


Abstract : The purpose of the Mobilization Training and Networking Resources Inventory is to aid in awareness, coordination and information exchange within the Army mobilization planning community. This listing includes a wide range of mobilization related courses, recurring conferences, seminars, and exercises. These mobilization training resources extend throughout the Department of Defense, federal agencies and private organizations. We believe that these mobilization resources should increase mobilization planners' awareness of available training and information sharing opportunities. This inventory was compiled as part of the ESC Army Mobilization Integration Cell study effort. AMIC was formed at the Engineer Studies Center (ESC) in 1987, to improve coordination, promote information exchange and help preclude duplication of effort in mobilization planning. Keywords: Army training; Military exercise;Conferences workshops.


In this paper, a multilevel cross-layer feedback based adaptive video coding scheme is proposed to enhance the robustness of the wireless video transmission. Two level cross-layer feedbacks are developed in this work to achieve timely and accurate channel-aware: one is the feedback from physical (PHY) to applying (APP) layer, named PHY-APP feedback, which is used to get the available bandwidth of the physical channel using the feedback mechanism of adaptive modulation and coding (AMC); The second one is the feedback from data link (DL) layer to APP layer: an agent is deployed at the DL layer to predict the possible frame losses by analyzing the DL layer's automatic repeat request (ARQ) , and then the frame losses information is sent to APP layer for proper reference picture selection (RPS). By exploiting the two-level feedback, the methods of rate control and RPS are combined to achieve channel-adaptive video coding. Experimental results show that: compared to the existed scheme without the multilevel feedback, the proposed method can get a significant improvement in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) for the wireless video transmission.


Contemporary porous media that are used in cooling designs include metal and graphite foam. These materials are excellent heat transfer cores due to their large surface area density and the relatively high conductivity of the solid phase. Engineering models for convection heat transfer in such media are needed for thermal system design. When the cooling fluid has a low conductivity, e.g., air, its conduction can be set to zero. Engineering analysis for the fully-developed convection heat transfer inside a confined cylindrical isotropic porous media subjected to constant heat flux is presented. The analysis considers the Darcy flow model and high Peclet number. The non-local-thermal equilibrium equations are significantly simplified and solved. The solid and fluid temperatures decay in what looks like an exponential fashion as the distance from the heated wall increases. The effects of the Biot number and the Darcy number are investigated. The results are in qualitative agreement with more complex analytical and numerical results in the literature. The solution is of utility for initial heat transfer designs, and for more complex numerical modeling of the heat transfer phenomenon in porous media.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


We develop two models for obtaining cross-secions at any angle through an object consisting of black-and-white line drawings and these two models both allow us to calculate the value of every pixel in the section, and thus a pictare of the section can be produces. We use a spherical co-ordinate system to describe the asction and vector p (φ,θ, ρ) can be uded to determine the section, if point p is in the section and the direction of vector p is the same as the orientation of the section. The method of smooth filtering is adopted in both models to filter sharp boundaries.Further-more, some other methods of filtering for special uses can be added to our model in the real practice, thus the model can be used in a larger range.We wrote a program using Visual Basic 5 .0 to implement our algorithm , created three data sets of simple three-dimensional object by functions, and produced fairly clear and accurate pictures of the slice of the three dimensioal array by several arbitrary planes in space. And we believe our model would significantly maintain the accurcy of pic-tures, even when the date from the object is more complex.


A self-consistent study of the structure of the nuclear surface is done using the semi-infinite nuclear matter approximation. It is found that surface thickness strongly depends on the nuclear matter saturation density. It is also shown that the extended Thomas-Fermi calculations fail to reproduce this important feature. Its implication on the effective surface compressibility coefficient ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{s}}$, and on the extraction of the nuclear matter compressibility coefficient ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$ from the measured finite nuclei values ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{A}}$, are also illustrated.


This journal contains two feature articles. The first article reports on the background, design, and capabilities of the Portable Tritium Processing System currently being used to clean up and decontaminate the Laboratory`s Tritium Facility. The second article discusses the development of a x-ray lasers as a probe to obtain high-resolution images of high-density plasmas produced at the Nova laser facility. Finally, two research programs are highlighted. They are silicon microcomponents and modern technology for advanced military training.


"Social antagonism" is one of the most important notions and, at the same time, the most difficult one to understand in the discourse theory. One of the most important reasons for that is the fact that the very formulators, Laclau and Mouffe, have been presenting reformulations to this concept after its earlier introduction in 1985. According to this referred difficulty, the aim of this article is to propose a theoretical exercise on this category, starting from Laclau and Mouffe's works towards the texts of their main commentators. Moreover, one intends presenting a new way to think this concept, arguing the ideia that this notion should be understood according to what I call its political value of political identification.


Big data systems have been a major requirement today owing to the huge amount of data being produced by various sensor networks, IOT applications and more. Since big data technologies require costly hardware solutions and expert personnel's, borrowing such services for cloud is one feasible solution for those industries that cannot afford dedicated big data systems. Using the cloud for big data services would allow scalability, flexibility, and elasticity as per user requirements. In present work contributors have proposed a service delivery model for big data applications hosted on the cloud. This model achieves quick deployment over other models and two classes have been proposed to provide API access to the client for the given service model on SaaS layer of cloud.


In 1842 Horace Hovey was collecting 'encrinites' along the banks of Sugar Creek, north of Crawfordsville, Indiana. He was collecting in response to an advertisement offering $5 per bushel for 'encrinites.' In addition to 'encrinites', this nine-year-old boy discovered a calcareous 'warty toad', the first crinoid calyx (a specimen of Abatocrinus grandis; see Fig. 154 for a complete crown) from the now-famous Crawfordsville crinoid beds. Perhaps it is fitting that the first crinoid calyx discovered at Crawfordsville was found by someone who was fossil collecting for profit, because the magnificent Crawfordsville crinoids have been highly prized fossils ever since. Crawfordsville is one of the richest accumulations of exquisitely preserved crinoids in the world, and it has attracted numerous scientists, amateur collectors and professional collectors for the 150 years since the 'warty toad' was discovered. As in the latter half of the 19th century, today Crawfordsville crinoids are actively being studied by palaeontologists and sought by professional collectors.


Superelasticity is one of the most important properties of shape memory alloy(SMA).Considering the advantages of steel strands in mechanical properties,a new form of SMA wires — SMA strands,is proposed,which can be applied to concrete members.The superelastic mechanical properties,such as stress-induced martensite phase transformation stress,residual strain,maximum phase transition strain and damping properties,of the SMAs in both the ordinary SMA wires and the strands are compared with respect to strain amplitude and cyclic number.By analyzing the test results,a conclusion can be drawn that the mechanical properties of the SMA strands are better than those of the SMA wires.The form of SMA is suggested as an influencing factor of the superelastic mechanical properties.


Fig.1: a) Google Earth Image indicating the location of Herschel Island in the Southern Beaufort Sea and showing a zoom of Herschel Island. b) Aerial photo of the surveyor camp. c) Shoreline positions of Simpson Point, Pauline Cove and Collinson Head from 1952-201


Summary

The detection and evaluation of anisotropy in realistic earth structures by P-wave measurements is difficult. It is generally assumed that absolute velocity variations with azimuth must be measured but it has also been shown that heterogeneity may make it impossible to do this. It may even be impossible to establish that anisotropy has any part in the generation of the observations. We have found, however, that the whole appearance of wide-angle seismic sections generated by a realistic anisotropic lithosphere changes systematically with azimuth and propose that this can be an important diagnostic. As long as the degree of lateral heterogeneity is not too great, it is even possible to measure anisotropic structure at depth using vertical component seismic sections only.


Nominally "diffraction amorphous" materials represent a pervasive challenge in establishing classical structure-property relationships. This stems from the difficulty in defining the structure of nominally amorphous materials and experimentally differentiating the short-range (<10 A) and medium-range (10 to 30 A) order as a function of process parameters which are important due to their influence on physical, chemical, or transport properties. Herein, we report on the determination of short- and medium-range order in nominally amorphous zinc and tin co-substituted indium oxide In1.4Zn0.3Sn0.3O3 (a-ZITO) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. These thin films are being explored as transparent conductors that exhibit changes in transport properties depending on deposition temperature while remaining "diffraction amorphous." Reduced density function (RDF) analysis from electron diffraction accompanied by density functional theory molecular dynamics simulation of a liquid quench suggests ordering at sho...


Nodular fasciitis is known to be a benign mimic of sarcoma, both clinically and histologically. Accurate diagnosis, particularly on small biopsies, remains a challenge, as the morphology can be varied and the immunophenotype is essentially non‐specific. Recently, rearrangement of the ubiquitin‐specific protease 6 (USP6) gene has been reported as a recurrent and specific finding in nodular fasciitis. The aim of this this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of USP6 fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in a subset of spindle‐cell proliferations in which nodular fasciitis enters into the differential diagnosis.


Being as a systematic engineering,the internal control has formed a set of organically combined theoretical system and strict operating methods in the developed countries.And in China,being as an important content of the internal management of the units,the internal control attracts more and more attention of various circles of the society.This paper expounds the connotations and main components of the internal control system,probes into the target positioning and contents of the internal control system of our country's enterprises,and puts forward some countermeasures and presumptions of perfecting the internal control system of our country's enterprises.


The event highlighted the challenges and opportunities that cities and urban environment will face in regard to the climate crisis ahead, focusing on shaping what the city of 2050 will look like, on the importance of policy making for market and behavioral transformation, and on the business and finance market transformations. By bringing together the experience of climate experts and transformation leaders, the event presented the fundamental role of cities and their built environment in climate action, the importance of all stakeholders' involvement – including the private sector and civil society, and the many projects and initiatives that are already and will be taking place in the LAC region.


This article shows the parallelism between Mario Vargas Llosa and Francisco Umbral, two contemporary authors whose bio-bibliographical encounters in the vocational, family, personal and intimate fields converge in a common umbilical cord: women, as the raw material of their total experiences and literary conception.


The bi-directional radiation characteristics and corresponding performance under high CW power of a planar log-periodic (LP) antenna is investigated experimentally and demonstrated within a wide bandwidth. Two LP configurations are designed and built on 20 mil and 60 mil substrates with tapered and multi-section microstrip feeds, respectively. Results show that the developed LP antennas are able to handle at least 50 W and 200 W of CW power at 5 GHz.


WHEN the Harrier GR 5 begins operations, the Royal Air Force will have an aircraft of which one quarter of the structure weight is composites and one half of the structure area. Major primary structure components are fabricated from carbon fibre composites (CFC) whose characteristics are notably different from light alloys. These differences have to be taken into account when appreciating the problems of supporting such an aircraft and providing the best methods of effecting repairs to damaged structure.


A theoretical study has been undertaken using the two layer elastic theory to generate the stress circles that occur in the upper layer during the passage of an idealised wheel load. Modular ratios between the base course and the subgrade of 1, 2 and 3 are considered. For modular ratios greater than 1, relatively high tensile stresses develop at the bottom of the base course if the change in modulus between subgrade and base course is sudden. If this change is gradual, the tensile stresses are very much less. Inflation pressures and base course depths are considered, and the envelopes of the theoretical stress circles are compared with the Texas classification chart. The shear strength requirements of the base courses are expressed in terms of classification numbers. The effects of poisson's ratio, modular ratio, base course thickness, tyre inflation pressure, tyre load, and multiple loads are discussed, together with the significance of the predicted tensile zones (a).


This paper presents a novel method to double the computation rate of convolutional neural network (CNN) accelerators by packing two multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations into one DSP block of off-the-shelf FPGAs (called Double MAC). While a general SIMD MAC using a single DSP block seems impossible, our solution is tailored for the kind of MAC operations required for a convolution layer. Our preliminary evaluation shows that not only can our Double MAC approach increase the computation throughput of a CNN layer by twice with essentially the same resource utilization, the network level performance can also be improved by 14∼84% over a highly optimized state-of-the-art accelerator solution depending on the CNN hyper-parameters.


The field of corporate governance is at a crossroads. Over the years, research on corporate governance was tremendously focused on large firms whilst according less importance to other categories of enterprises.
Since 2000, researchers (Charreaux; Hirigoyen; Amann; Gomez…) have begun recognizing the interest of governance for family firms. In fact, family firms represent a significant social and economic institution in both emerging and advanced economies.
Family firms are considered as a specific research field because of the intersection between family and firm systems.
Otherwise, social capital in family firms is especially important. In fact, family firms share many similarities with social capital. Moreover, social capital indicators such as trustworthiness, shared vision, unique language, culture, external relationships and strong social ties may appear in family SME.
Accordingly, the strong presence of social capital in family SME helps to practically decrease governance costs. This idea implies that social capital should be considered as an informal mechanism of governance that decreases governance costs and is supposed to have a central role in value creation within the family SME.


The most common agents prescribed for the treatment of moderate to severe heartburn are histamine-H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). A stepwise approach has been widely used in the management of patients with GERD. It begins with simple treatments, such as antacids or over-the-counter H2RAs for mild symptoms, and steps up to high dose H2RAs or PPIs, for more severe symptoms. Lifestyle changes have not been studied extensively; however, patient counseling and implementation of non-pharmacological measures are integral to the treatment of all stages of GERD. H2RAs were historically the mainstay of therapy for GERD, particularly for the symptomatic treatment of heartburn. More recently, PPIs have assumed a more prominent role due to their potent and long-term suppression of acid release and superior efficacy in healing documented esophagitis. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluated the healing rates and the degree of symptom relief provided by H2RAs and PPIs in patients with GERD and moderate to severe esophagitis (Grade II to IV). The overall healing proportion was greatest with PPIs (83.6%) compared with H2RAs (51.9%), sucralfate (39.2%) or placebo (28.2%). The proportion of patients who were heartburn-free was highest with PPIs (77.4%) compared with H2RAs (47.6%). Overall, PPIs showed faster healing rates and more complete heartburn relief. The studies included in this meta-analysis were restricted to those that assessed acute healing of esophagitis rather than maintenance therapy for recurrence. Various PPIs have been approved in Canada for the initial therapy of patients with more severe GERD symptoms, those with endoscopically documented esophagitis, or those who have not responded to four to eight weeks of H2RA therapy (Table 1).


Objective:To observe the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) mRNA expression in the cardiac tissue in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) rats.Methods : The rat models of NIDDM were made. The GLUT4 mRNA expression in the cardiac muscle was observed with Northern blotting method.Results:The GLUT4 mRNA expression in the cardiac muscle was decreased to 54% in NIDDM rats of that in normal rats (P0.01). Conclusion:The present study showed that in NIDDM rats the GLUT4 mRNA expression in the cardiac muscle is lower and this response is considered to be related to the lowing of insulin secretion in NIDDM rats.


For a discrimination problem $\Phi_\eta$ consisting of $N$ linearly independent pure quantum states $\Phi=\{|\phi_i\rangle\}$ and the corresponding occurrence probabilities $\eta=\{\eta_i\}$ we associate, up to a permutation over the probabilities $\{\eta_i\}$, a unique pair of density matrices $\boldsymbol{\rho_{_{T}}}$ and $\boldsymbol{\eta_{{p}}}$ defined on the $N$-dimensional Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_N$. The first one, $\boldsymbol{\rho_{_{T}}}$, provides a representation of a generic full-rank density matrix in terms of the parameters of the discrimination problem, i.e. the mutual overlaps $\gamma_{ij}=\langle{\phi_i}|{\phi_j}\rangle$ and the occurrence probabilities $\{\eta_i\}$. The second one on the other hand is defined as a diagonal density matrix $\boldsymbol{\eta_p}$ with the diagonal entries given by the probabilities $\{\eta_i\}$ with the ordering induced by the permutation $p$ of the probabilities. When the set $\Phi$ can be discriminated unambiguously with probability one then $\boldsymbol{\rho_{_{T}}} \rightarrow \boldsymbol{\eta_{{p}}}$. On the other hand if the set lacks its independency and cannot be discriminated anymore the distinguishability of the pair, measured by the fidelity $F(\boldsymbol{\rho_{_{T}}}, \boldsymbol{\eta_{{p}}})$, becomes minimum. This enables one to associate to each discrimination problem $\Phi_{\eta}$ a unique distinguishability problem between two states $\boldsymbol{\rho_{_{T}}}$ and $\boldsymbol{\eta_{{p}}}$, and define the maximum fidelity between them (maximum over all permutations of the probabilities $\{\eta_i\}$) as the extent to which the set is discriminable. Calculating this quantity does not require any optimization and we study its behaviour with some examples.


Purpose. The aim of this paper is to present the retrospective clinical performance of 11 endocrowns, placed in a single private practice in an 8-to-19-year period. Materials and Methods. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the sample and the restorations were established. One hundred and thirty patients were selected at random. Eleven endocrowns had been placed in 11 patients. Three restorative materials and three resin cements were used. Cohen's Kappa coefficient, on the quality analysis of the restorations, ranged from 0.78 to 1. Due to the small sample, inferential statistical methods could not be used. Therefore, statistical descriptive methods were applied. Results. At the moment of the clinical examination, 10 (90.9%) endocrowns were in function and 1 failed (9.1%). Conclusions. Endocrown is a conservative and aesthetic technique-sensitive procedure used to restore posterior endodontically treated teeth, mainly molars, with a very good biomechanical and functional performance, and very acceptable longevity.


Prior research has demonstrated that the presence of a designated driver increases alcohol consumption of non-driving patrons. This prompts the question of whether the presence of a designated driver would increase the willingness of alcoholic beverage servers to over-serve, disregarding other types of intoxication-related harm. A qualitative project was undertaken to examine circumstances under which alcoholic beverage servers working in college bars would hypothetically be willing to knowingly serve a patron beyond intoxication. Because overconsumption is a particularly acute public health problem on college campuses, a set of indepth qualitative interviews were conducted with servers who reported that they worked in bars commonly frequented by college students. Three findings were very clear: 1) most servers expressed a hypothetically willingness to serve beyond intoxication if the patron were accompanied by a designated driver; 2) non-driving-related harm due to intoxication appeared to be far removed from the conscious awareness of most servers; and 3) when awareness was primed, servers neutralized their personal responsibility for non-driving-related harm by assigning most of the responsibility for any and all types of harm to the patrons, especially the designated driver. Denise M. Reiling Professor of Sociology Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Criminology Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti, MI 48197 email@example.com 734.476.2730 Michael R. Nusbaumer Professor of Sociology Department of Sociology Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, IN 46805 email@example.com 260.481.6670


Privacy protection of the traditional location-based services(LBS) needs a third party as an intermediary between LBS provider(referred to as the LSP) and users to exchange information,but this model can be easily subjected to the attack of the attacker.So a spatial cloaking algorithm based on K-anonymity mechanisms KABSCA(k-anonymity based spatial cloaking algorithm) is proposed in the paper,which independently uses mobile devices to establish a distributed network for LSP communication directly and thus avoids security threats from a third party.The extensive simulations show that with the implementation of this algorithm,users can enjoy high-quality information services and a high degree of privacy protection.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a symptom-based outcome measure for clinical trials in nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD). -- Methods: Patients referred to the GI outpatient clinic with chronic upper abdominal pain were approached for this study. Participants with normal endoscopy who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled and classified into standard subgroups of NUD. The ulcerlike subgroup received acid suppressive therapy and the dysmotilitylike subgroup received prokinetic agents. -- Each subject completed a questionnaire at the initial visit (T1), one week later before treatment (T2), and after one month of treatment (T3). Each subject selected the symptom most important to them. The frequency and severity of the selected symptom was recorded as was a global assessment by the subject of their overall status. Other data recorded included a physician global assessment, the subject's and physician's impression of change in symptoms with treatment, and the subject's antacid use. -- Results: Forty-four subjects were enrolled. The primary outcome measure of the study was the product of the selected symptom's frequency and severity. Instrument reliability was assessed by Spearman rank correlation r=0.85 and the intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83. -- Good correlation between the measure and patient global assessment (lrl=.596) and between the measure and patient assessment of treatment response (Irl=.584) was noted. The physician global assessment was moderately related to the measure (lrl=.437). Some relationship was seen between the measure and physician assessment of treatment response (lrl=.329). There was no relationship with change in antacid use (lrl=.143). -- Conclusion: The main measure was reliable in untreated subjects and responsive in subjects who responded to therapy. This measure also appeared to be valid. The method of combining frequency and severity of the subject-selected symptom into a product was shown to be a useful means of assessing treatment effect in NUD patients. This study documents a reliable, responsive, and valid new outcome measure for use in clinical trials of NUD.


We present high-quality spectroscopic observations of the two most-metal deficient blue compact galaxies known, I Zw 18 and SBS 0335–052. We use the data to determine the heavy element and helium abundances. The oxygen abundances in the NW and the SE components of I Zw 18 are found to be the same within the errors, 7.17±0.03 and The observations reported here were obtained at the Multiple Mirror Telescope Observatory, a joint facility of the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Arizona, and at the W.M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M. Keck Foundation. Visiting astronomer, National Optical Astronomical Observatories.


On the base of the review of research advances of Acacia species tissue culture,this paper analysed the existed problems of Acacia species,and gave related solving methods by combining with the facts,which might provide references for promoting the industrialized culture and breeding of Acacia species.


A semitransparent Ta3N5 photoanode is designed for efficient and durable solar water splitting. The Ta3N5-CuInSe2 tandem device exhibits an initial and stabilized solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of ∼9% (highest for metal oxides/nitrides) and 4%, respectively.


Petrophysical evaluation is one of the most important factor in management, production, development and oil field reservoir estimation. In this research, petrophysical properties such as lithology, saturation, porosity and shale content calculated in Ilam formation in two zones by using well log data. The calculations made by the Multimine probabilistic method in Geolog7 software in the exploration well A. On the basis of NPHI-RHOB cross plot the lithofacies of Ilam formation consists of more calcite and less dolomite and shale. The final evaluation based on this research showed that there is ideal porosity (13%) in the whole Ilam and the oil is present at a depth from 2964 to 3000 meters. For more investigation, the results compared with the acoustic impedance attribute section which obtained from seismic inversion by using ناریا کیسیفُئژ سوارفىک هیمٌدسواش 2 Hampson-Russell software. It is observed a good consistence between the results of petrophysical evaluation and acoustic impedance attribute section in porosity and shale volume estimation.


Do not be afraid of confrontation ... Even the planets collide and from chaos the stars are born." — Charlie Chaplin "The battle for the future of mobile money really took off – and, because the opportunity lies at the meeting point of mobile phones with banking, payments, retailing, media and analytics – the stakes are high." — Visa Europe Annual Report 2012, Business review, CEO's foreword The payments sector was considered structured, stable and steady, but in the last couple of years it suddenly attracted investment and flourished with innovations. We are witnessing a new Gold Rush era in payments. It's estimated that between 2010 through to mid-2011, more than 700 companies brought about USD $3.4 billion in funding for innovations related to the payments sector [27]. The annual research & development funds of Samsung are USD $8.2 Billion, Google USD $4.8 billion, Apple USD $2.5 billion. [62] Meanwhile, financial institutions are keeping pace with new entrants. They are actually spending more on IT than any other industry. [78] 7.3% of the revenues goes into information systems against 3.7% in other industries. But is this money well invested to be on the front row of future banking? That's a question we'll be addressing in this paper. A true economical war is upon us. Fierce battles of innovation are already taking place and shaping the future of payments. The advent of Internet allowed for the creation of virtual markets and the rise of electronic commerce. The deployment of mobile phones and smartphones, which combine the power of Internet and telecommunication means, are introducing fascinating new ways of making transactions. The technological innovations are bypassing the systematic structuring measures taken around card schemes. Europay Mastercard Visa (EMV) with smartcard chip-and-pin security measures, in addition to the panel of 3D Secure norm and Payment Card Industry (PCI) standards such as PCI DSS, haven't been globally deployed and have already become insufficient to cover the needs of keeping pace with the new payments innovations. This Paper will assess mobile payments (m-payments), contactless payments, smartphones payments with diverse technologies, biometric security, the advent of virtual currencies such as Bitcoins, new transformation of smartphones into card acceptance terminals, etc. In addition to all those innovations, the competition between Payment Service Providers and Banks is starting to create a motion towards innovative inter-banking schemes that would allow for better reachability, improved porting, and stronger control of fraud rates. This paper takes also on the challenge of mapping the global payments innovations and attempts to help forecast the future of payments, or at least bring an educated guess to the Rise of Smart Payments.


Abstract: An adaptive PID controller is used to control of a two degrees of freedom under actuated manipulator. An actor-critic based reinforcement learning is employed for tuning of parameters of the adaptive PID controller. Reinforcement learning is an unsupervised scheme wherein no reference exists to which convergence of algorithm is anticipated. Thus, it is appropriate for real time applications. Controller structure and learning equations as well as update rules are provided. Simulations are performed in SIMULINK and performance of the controller is compared with NARMA-L2 controller. The results verified good performance of the controller in tracking and disturbance rejection tests.


Green Construction is a continuous movement to create quality construction. The government in responding to the management of the implementation of green construction issues regulations that are expected to become development guidelines. This study aims to identify the application of green construction in the implementation of the construction of The Alton Apartement to achieve the performance that has been determined with a rationalistic positivistic approach. The research methodology uses qualitative methods with in-depth interviews with triangulation to determine its validity. The result is the level of normative application of green construction in the implementation of apartment construction projects, three levels of application are obtained which show the results of the identification of the normative application of green construction. The level of implementation of III was 37% where these aspects have been carried out in a sustainable manner. The level of implementation of II reached 41%, where the implementation has been carried out well. The level of implementation of I is at 22%, which means that the implementation in the field has not been implemented properly.


A 56-year-old man, suffering from rapidly worsening general fatigue, dyspnea on exercise and epigastralgia, was referred for evaluation and treatment of a cardiac tumor. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a 6-cm large mass occupying both the right ventricle and atrium. Gallium scintigraphy showed high uptake in the tumor site. Lymphoma was highly suggested. Urgent operation was performed and as much tumor and thrombus were removed as possible. The postoperative course was good, with cessation of right heart failure. Pathological examination suggested malignant lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell type. The patient was treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP-R) postoperatively and has survived for 2 years without signs of recurrence.


We present direct logarithmically optimal in theory and fast in practice algorithms to implement the tensor product high order finite element method on multi-dimensional rectangular parallelepipeds for solving PDEs of the Poisson kind. They are based on the well-known Fourier approaches. The key new points are the fast direct and inverse FFT-based algorithms for expansion in eigenvectors of the 1D eigenvalue problems for the high order FEM. The algorithms can further be used for numerous applications, in particular, to implement the tensor product high order finite element methods for various time-dependent PDEs. Results of numerical experiments in 2D and 3D cases are presented.


In 2013 I was convenor (with Jeanette Hoorn) of a now well-established academic event, the Viith International Women and the Silent Screen conference. This provided a forum where researchers explored the significance of gender and early cinema in all its facets. Rather than a specialist forum within a broader disciplinary field, the conference offered an opportunity to present research that reframed the significance of gender in early cinema. I also programmed the film screenings, introduced these to audiences, and provided the opening and closing remarks on the conference.


A method to design the excitation controller of single-machine infinite-bus system is proposed based on iterative learning control theory,which removes the restriction of perfect tracking in limited time span. It takes the memory and modification of expected control ud(t) instead of output control u(t),and fits the controller parameters by using the least square method. The control law can be obtained by making minimal the difference between set control and expected control. An excitation control system for generator is simulated with Matlab. Results show its good dynamic performance and strong robusticity.


Parallel-channel two-phase flow systems under ocean conditions suffer from very serious parallel-channel instability,depending on the inherent characteristics of each channel and operating conditions.The influences of ocean conditions on the instability of parallel channel are very intensive.The trajectory of mass flow is very complex.The traditional methods cannot analyze such curves effectively.In this paper,Fast Fourier Transformation(FFT) method is used to analyze the complex curve of mass flow.Based on this method the oscillation curve can be decomposed.Some basic motions and inherent characteristics can be shown by the decomposition.The accurate analysis of the influence of ocean conditions is achievable.The onset of inherent parallel-channel instability is also analyzed.


Let $\mathrm{VI}$ be the category of finite dimensional $\mathbb{F}_q$-vector spaces whose morphisms are injective linear maps, and let $\mathbf{k}$ be a noetherian ring. We study the category of functors from $\mathrm{VI}$ to $\mathbf{k}$-modules in the case when $q$ is invertible in $\mathbf{k}$. Our results include a structure theorem, finiteness of regularity, and a description of the Hilbert series. These results are crucial in the classification of smooth irreducible $\mathbf{GL}_{\infty}(\mathbb{F}_q)$-representations in non-describing characterisitic which is contained in Part II of this paper.


Current and projected UK activities with the Systeme Hydrologique Europeen (SHE) hydrological modelling system are examined. Development of the SHE arose from the need for a new modelling approach for use in assessing the environmental impacts of river basin development and the system is particularly suited to predicting the impacts of land use and climatic changes and to applications to basins with sparse data sets. the basic hydrology model is now being developed into a powerful contaminant and sediment transport modelling system called SHETRAN-UK and components are also being proposed to account for landslide and gully erosion. Applications of the SHE have been made at spatial scales ranging from 30 m2 to 5000 km2 and in a variety of environments. These have demonstrated an ability to achieve calibration on the basis of short time series records and field evaluation of parameters, to provide multiple outputs on a spatially and temporally distributed basis, and to explore basin response mechanisms. They have also indicated the importance of integrating field measurements within the calibration process. the effect of the scale of model grids on parameter evaluation and on simulation results still needs to be investigated and there is a need for field process studies in areas where there is a poor understanding, to improve certain of the process representations within the SHE. However, new ideas are being explored to account for subgrid spatial variability in parameter values and to develop a validation methodology for testing the predictive capability of the SHE. Future developments will include the use of geographical information systems and data processing packages to aid data handling, expert systems to improve the efficiency of calibration, and parallel processing and other new computational techniques. an expanding range of applications will see physically based hydrological modelling systems at the core of decision support systems and integrated at the continental scale with general circulation modelling systems.


Abstract Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome is a rare cancer predisposition syndrome in children. Its main associated tumor types include brain and CNS tumors, hematologic malignancies, intestinal polyps and colorectal tumors, and other malignancies. Tumor genesis within this population is highly complex and poorly understood. We describe a case of a patient with two occurrences of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), each with unique NF1 mutations. The patient is a female with CMMRD who was first diagnosed with GBM of the right frontal lobe in 2015. She subsequently underwent gross total resection, radiation to the field and concomitant and maintenance therapy with Temozolomide and Everolimus, due to high suspicion for NF-1. Genetic studies didn't show NF-1, instead revealing a diagnosis of CMMRD. Molecular testing of the GBM showed a high mutational burden and an NF1 mutation. Later, screening revealed stage IV colon cancer, for which she underwent subtotal colectomy, partial liver resection and chemotherapy. Molecular testing from the colon cancer found a hypermutant malignancy without mutations in NF1. Surveillance imaging detected a mass at the original site of her GBM, for which she had a resection. Notably, the genetic profile of the second tumor substantially different from the original tumor and the colon cancer sample, but had new mutations in NF-1. These findings highlight the significant variability in the genetic profiles of tumors in the context of CMMRD. It is also worth considering that NF1 is one of the first in a cascade of mutations leading to GBM in these patients.


The annual costs of the most common basic therapies in Germany will be analyzed. The costs in Deutsche marks will be divided as drug charges, physician charges and laboratory expenses. There are significant price differences also in equipotent preparations.


Aiming at the complexity of its geometric shape and individual error measurement,the detection and analysis of contact spot of high-order bevel gear pair was proposed based on the gear engagement theory and bevel gear detection technique,and the mathematical model of bevel gear cutter's tooth surface was also deduced. Then,the influence rules of contact spot of each component force were analyzed according to the force analysis of high-order oval bevel gears. Meanwhile,the influence rules of contact spot of tangential force were mainly discussed,and a new characteristic that the size of contact spot presents a certain periodicity with tangential force was also obtained. Furthermore,the locating distance alteration of oval bevel gear pair was modeled and the influence rules of contact spot of tangential force were also obtained. Meanwhile,the regulation means of this gear pair were summarized. Then,the rolling experiment was performed on the oval bevel gear entities to verify the influence rules of contact spot of tangential force. The contact spots under different locating distances were detected and analyzed at the same time. As a result,the influence rules of contact spots under different locating distances were also verified.


The study of the inter-crossings of people, places, and communication forms, technologies, and practices that shaped nineteenth-century knowledge networks provides an unprecedented opportunity to understand the development, circulation, and impact of ideas and practices across a broad spectrum of scientific, intellectual, religious, political, cultural, and social domains. William Colenso (1811-1899) was a man of prodigious talents: printer of Te Tiriti o Waitangi and witness to its signing, classifier of native botanical species, compiler of a ground-breaking Māori lexicon, zealous evangelist and educationalist, indefatigable explorer, and a remarkable politician. Through his published writings and voluminous correspondence with more than eighty historically significant figures in New Zealand and overseas, he was extremely well connected, despite living at the uttermost end of the earth. How does the researcher assemble the many, often conflicting, facets of the polymathic figure of Colenso, position him in relation to the places and spaces of the Victorian republic of letters, and create new, composite, collaborative, and entangled biographies of historically networked subjects based on both their published and unpublished writings and their reading practices? This talk probes how serendipity provides opportunities to rethink biography in the digital age as a complex system of meshworks, lifegrids, and palimpsests.


Using the counterflow flame technique, laminar flame speeds of mixtures of ethane, ethylene, acetylene and propane with oxygen and nitrogen have been accurately determined over extensive lean-to-rich fuel concentration ranges and over the pressure range of 0.25 to 3 atm. These data are then compared with the numerically calculated values obtained by using the various kinetic schemes in the literature as well as one compiled in the present study. The present scheme yields close agreement with all of the experimental flame speeds except for diluted, rich acetylene flames, for which the calculated values are higher. The relative importance and influence of the individual reactions on the flame speed and reaction mechanism are assessed and discussed with the aid of sensitivity analysis. The study also demonstrates that C2 schemes validated through comparisons based on methane flame speeds may not be accurate enough for flame speed predictions of the C2 fuels, and that the C2 schemes developed through comparisons with the flame speeds of the C2 fuels are rather insensitive to the details of the C3 sub-mechanism. The importance of having accurate values of the thermophysical properties of radicals for flame simulation is also emphasized.


Snack occasions account for up to 25% of total daily caloric intake among children aged 2–11 years, but it is unclear how snacking is related to dietary quality and obesity. The objective of this study is to describe snacking characteristics and patterns in children and to examine their associations with dietary quality and body mass index (BMI).


The design of dynamic observers for nonlinear Lipschitz systems has considered great attention in past decades. Instead of applying the standard strictly explicit designs or LMI-based heuristic solutions, in this paper, an efficient systematic method is deployed by considering the existence of some arbitrary bounds on the nonlinear Lipschitz terms. The method enables to relax the observer design from the conventional restrictions and it is easily solved analytically without needing the solution of LMIs. As proven in the paper by a detailed and rigorous analysis, its main advantage is that it guarantees global asymptotic stability and ensures the observer response with desired decay characteristics satisfying simultaneously the Lyapunov equation.


Gliomas are the most common type of primary central nervous system tumors and are often aggressive with a poor prognosis. In this study, a new murine brain tumor model, ALTS1C1was established to investigate the alteration of tumor microenvironments after radiation therapy (RT). This new brain tumor model is derived from SV40 large T antigen-transfected astrocytes, ALTS1C1 recapitulates several histopathological features of human high-grade glioma, such as: increased cellularity, active mitosis, prominent cellular pleomorphism, geographic necrosis, abundant infiltrating microglia/macrophages and extensive invasion of tumor cells into adjacent brain tissues. Microarray data and immunohistochemical staining indicated that ALTS1C1 tumors expressed a relatively high level of angiogenesis/vasculogenesis-associated genes and a higher microvascular density (MVD) in vivo than GL261 tumors. To further define the role of angiogenesis/vasculogenesis-associated gene SDF-1 on tumor growth and the responses to RT, lentiviral shRNA particles were used to down-regulate SDF-1 expression in ALTS1C1 cells. SDF-knock down (SDFkd) ALTS1C1 cells formed tumors more slowly than parental ALTS1C1 cells. In contrast to the wild type tumors, they had well-defined regular borders, lacked infiltration tracts, and exhibited a lower MVD and more hypoxic areas. A single dose of irradiation decreased tumor microvasculature network and led to the development of avascular hypoxia associated with the aggregation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in both ectopic and orthotopic models, a response that was diminished in SDFkd tumors. This study not only provides a new insight into the role of SDF-1 in brain tumor invasion and into the relationship between TAMs and hypoxia, but also provides a new pre-clinical brain tumor model to design new treatment options for invasive cases.


Two 914‐day samples of ambient noise were processed and evaluated at 50 and 100 Hz as a function of four bandwidths and five averaging times. For 10‐min averaging, the second moment of the sample population appears independent of bandwidth. For the 0.2‐Hz bandwidth the noise level distribution is nearly log‐normal for 10‐sec averaging time, whereas for the 10‐min averaging time a skewness toward the higher noise levels is apparent. Decorrelation times for 0.2‐Hz bandwidth levels averaged for 1 min were observed to range from 1 to 246 min. With averaging time increased to 10 min, decorrelation times ranging from 20 to 280 min were observed. The results show that statistical parameters are a function of bandwidth, averaging time, and time. [Supported by ONR and ARPA.]


There existed certain limitations in the subjectivity of the investors in both rounds of infrastructure investment in China over the last two decades.Foreign investors acting as the major player in the first round usually charged high and preferred operating projects in more developed regions in China while state-owned enterprises as the main player in the second round had relative low operation and management efficiency,which largely restrained the liscencing advantages.Therefore,there is an urgent need to examine the situation and future of private enterprises,another potential player in the economic market,in infrastructure development.Based on a comprehensive literature review,this paper identifies the private enterprises′ strength and weakness as well as opportunities and threats they are faced with in infrastructure development.The findings could be a valuable reference for private enterprises engaged in developing infrastructure projects in China.


In this paper, a comparison and evaluation of three resamplingmethods for gridded DEM is implemented. The evaluation was based onthe results of bilinear resampling, bi-cubic and Kriging resamplingmethods for an experiment using both degraded and sampled datasets at 20m and 60 m spatial resolutions. The evaluation of the algorithms wasaccomplished comprehensively with visual and quantitative assessments.The visual assessment process was based on direct comparison of the sametopographic features in different downscaled images, scatterplots andprofiles. The quantitative assessment was based on the most commonlyused parameters for DEM accuracy assessment such as root mean squareerrors (RMSEs), linear regression parameters m and b, and correlationcoefficient R. Both visual and quantitative assessment revealed greateraccuracy of the Kriging over the other two conventional methods.


Applying Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) in real-time systems is not a trivial task. Real-Time tasks are bounded to timing constraints in such a way that a simple performance degradation may cause the system to totally fail. Thus, this work aims at gathering two DVFS approaches (intra and inter-tasks) to define a methodology for optimizing energy consumption in hard real-time systems. The intra-task approach analyzes execution flow of a task and identifies where new instructions can be inserted in order to change supply voltage and frequency when the worst-case path is not followed. On the other hand, the inter-task analyzes how long a task waits due to interferences (e.g. preemption, shared resources), verifies system schedulability, and defines a set of initial optimal frequencies in multi-task environment. The proposed method generates a new code with the same functionality as the original one, but with the advantage of having instructions to change voltage and frequency while taking into account the task interferences, and the new added overheads. Moreover, the experimental results show not only timing constraints were satisfied, but also the energy consumption was reduced around 16% and 18% compared to the total consumption of the highest available frequency in two evaluated paths.


The paper describes a process of design of a fuzzy control system for the Amira PS600 Inverted pendulum system. The control system is realized in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and uses the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. A connection of the Simulink scheme to the PS600 system is realized through the Real Time Toolbox. 1 Inverted pendulum Inverted pendulum is a typical example of an unstable nonlinear system and is often used to test the performance and efficiency of control methods. The goal of the control process is to move the pendulum from the lower (stable) equilibrium position to the upright (unstable) equilibrium position and keep it in this position. Movement of the carriage acts as an actuator of the control system. Moreover, the control system should be able to move the carriage to the desired position while keeping the pendulum in the upright position. 2 PS 600 Inverted Pendulum System The Amira PS600 Inverted Pendulum System consists of the carriage which can perform rectilinear motion along a guiding bar, the pendulum which can freely rotate around the spindle connected to the cart and a DC motor connected to the belt which is used to move the cart. The scheme of the system is shown in Fig 1. Figure 1: Functional scheme of PS 600 pendulum (1-Servo amplifier, 2-Motor, 3-Drive wheel, 4Transmission belt, 5-Guiding bar, 6-Carrige, 7-Pendulum weight, 8-Guide roll, 9-Pendulum rod) The following quantities of the PS 600 Inverted Pendulum System can be measured and used in the control system: • Carriage position using incremental encoder • Angle of the pendulum rod (Ф) using incremental encoder The system can be controlled by control voltage (US) of the servo amplifier which is connected to the DC motor. The photo of the system is presented in Fig 2. Figure 2: PS 600 system A mathematical model of the pendulum can be found in the [1]. 3 Design of a fuzzy control scheme Classical approaches to the control of such a nonlinear unstable system are based on either adaptive control techniques [2] or model predictive control [3]. Such techniques require model of the controlled system. This model can be obtained by mathematical-physical analysis of the system or computed from measured data by either off-line or on-line identification techniques. One of the main advantages of the fuzzy control approach consists in fact that the design of the controller does not require model of the controlled system. The controller is based on fuzzy rules which are set using knowledge about the controlled system. This knowledge base is obtained from experiences of similar group of the system or from experiments performed on the particular control system. As well as most control schemes used to control inverted pendulum systems, the proposed fuzzy control scheme acts in two relatively independent phases: • Swing-up of the pendulum from the stable equilibrium to the position close to upright position • Control of the pendulum in the upright position The second phase can be promoted to the task of the control of the cart position while keeping the pendulum in the upright position. 3.1 Swing-up The fuzzy control scheme used to perform the swing-up of the pendulum is presented in the Figure 3. Figure 3: Simulink scheme of the swing-up of the pendulum The control scheme is based on fuzzy control of the cart position. The set-point of the position is being changed according to the pendulum angle. The scheme adds energy to the pendulum and thus swings with increasing amplitude occur. The scheme uses carriage position and pendulum angle as inputs and produces control voltage of the DC motor as its output. 3.2 Control in the upright position The fuzzy control scheme used to control the cart position while keeping pendulum in the upright position is presented in the Figure 4. Figure 4: Scheme of control of carriage position The control scheme consists of three fuzzy control blocks. The first one generates of the angle on base of carriage velocity and current control error i.e. difference between desired and actual carriage position. The next fuzzy control block is used to compensate friction between carriage and guiding bar. The output of this block is added to control signal produced by the third fuzzy control block. The third and last fuzzy control block produces control voltage of the DC motor on the basis of angle velocity of the pendulum and difference between current pendulum angle and angle produced by the first fuzzy block. 3.3 Supervisory logic The scheme of the supervisory logic is presented in Figure 5. Figure 5: Supervisory logic The supervisory logic is responsible for switching among three regimes of the whole control scheme: • Swing-up • Control of the cart position while keeping pendulum in upright position • Idle The Idle regime occurs when an external disturbance causes too fast rotations of the pendulum and thus the second regime is not able to catch the pendulum in the upright position. The carriage is not moved in the idle regime and the supervisory logic switches to swing-up regime after several seconds in the idle regime. 3.4 Complete control scheme The whole control scheme is composed by interconnection of the control schemes described in the previous subchapters. The scheme is presented in the Figure 6. Figure 6: Complete control scheme 4 Real-time control The connection between Simulink control schemes presented in the previous chapter and the Amira PS 600 system was realized by Real Time Toolbox and MF614 data acquisition board. The tuning of individual fuzzy control blocks was quite complicated tasks because almost 40 fuzzy sets was defined and about 170 parameters had to be defined and set. One of typical control courses is presented in the Figure 7. Set-point Carriage pos. Angle Control signal Figure 7: Control course It can be seen that in the first approximately 25 seconds the swing-up is performed and then step and ramp is applied to the set-point. The controllers were able to reach zero control signal in the steady states. On the other hand a small steady state control error occurred as can be observed in Figure 8 which was obtained from the same control process. Set-point Carriage pos. Figure 8: Courses of set-point and carriage position These small control errors in steady states are caused by setting the fuzzy set for the zero control error. This set is has a triangular shape and contains not only zero but also values close to zero. 5 Conclusion A fuzzy control scheme for control of the inverted pendulum system was proposed and verified in this paper. The aim of the control system is to track set-point of the carriage position while keeping pendulum in the upright position. The control scheme consists of three relatively independent parts: swing-up controller, position controller with the pendulum angle constraint and the supervisory logic. The proposed control scheme is able to perform swing-up of the pendulum and is also able to cope with external disturbances. The main shortcoming of the control scheme consists in small steady state control error. 6 Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic under grant No. 102/06/P286.


Proposes to apply the method of moments not to the spectral density itself but rather to one of its derivatives. The spectral density obtained by integration is therefore continuous or smooth depending on the order of the derivative which is used. The problems arising from the fact that the derivatives of the spectral function are generally not positive definite have been resolved. An additional advantage of the method is its ability to reproduce singular spectral densities (e.g. van Hove singularities) as is shown for three illustrative examples; a one dimensional crystal, a two-dimensional lattice and a three dimensional simple cubic lattice.


Organic semiconductors generate a tremendous interest in the development of light weight and flexible electronic devices owing to their ease of fabrication and suitability to large area applications. However, there are many possibilities left unexplored for these conjugated materials. We discuss here a new structure that permits efficient integration of both light and current generation functions from a rubrene/fullerene heterostructure into an efficient Organic Dual Device (ODD)6'7. The solar power conversion efficiency reaches 3 % with 5.3 mA/cm2 short-circuit current density and almost 1 V open circuit voltage under AM 1.5 illumination. Surprisingly, the EL turn-on voltage is below IV, about half of the rubrene band gap (2.2 eV), that cannot be explained using current models of charge injection into organic semiconductors. A physical interpretation is proposed in terms of the so-called Auger fountain mechanism that we could implement into our molecular heterojunction.


Summary

Two topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva populations were studied in adjacent ponds in Northwest England to determine the influence of density on the expression of their life history traits. Initial introduction into one of these ponds had been in 2000, with establishment of an abundant population (density in March 2005: 6.1 ± 3.2 m−2). Their transfer into the adjacent pond only occurred during brief periods of seasonal connection; this population was of low abundance (density in March 2005: 0.6 ± 0.5 m−2) and was still colonising the pond at the time of sampling. In the low-density population, individuals were significantly faster growing, maturing earlier (generally in their first year of life) and more fecund at length and age (mean batch fecundity at 50 mm: 883 compared with 473 eggs). These traits were advantageous in maximising early life reproduction, facilitating their colonisation and population establishment, a process already completed in the high-density population.


The aim of this study was to determine the perspectives for sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas in the Commune of Kościerzyna. There was used a diagnostic survey method (a survey), the questionnaire was filled by 167 farmers. Due to the complexity and comprehensiveness of the sustainable development concept, it is difficult to answer the question about the chances of sustainable development of local government units, including communes. Nevertheless, the presented research results showed that there are good perspectives for the future sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas in the studied commune.


A surprising breakthrough in the coding theory is that the Kerdock codes can be viewed as cyclic codes over the ring Z_4,which leads to a new direction in the coding theory over the ring Z_4.The Gray map is the most important tool in studying the coding theory over rings. In this paper,a sectionally cyclic transformation and a special permutation are defined, and the Gray map from Z~n_4 to Z~(2n)_4 is generalized to that from Z~(~n)_(_(p~(k+1))) to Z~(np~k)_p. Two important propositions of the maps are given. Based on the propositions, researchers may study the Gray image of (1-tp~k)-cyclic code over the ring Z_(p~(k+1)).


Background and aims: dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by patterned, directional and usually sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing repetitive twisting movements or abnormal postures. It affects more than 40,000 people in the UK. Medical students in the UK have only a 5-6 week attachment within a neurology department to come across this important condition. The primary aim of this study is to determine the extent of awareness and knowledge medical students in their clinical years posses about this condition. In addition, as a secondary aim, we also wanted to observe if undertaking a clinical attachment in neurology or observing/clerking patients with dystonia have a significant impact on their knowledge of this condition. Methods: a questionnaire comprising of a range of choice based (single best answer and multiple choice) and mental recall based assessment techniques (short answer questions) were constructed with expert input to assess knowledge of dystonia. Following two pilot studies and revision of the questionnaire, it was administered to a group of medical students. A total of 51 medical students out of 140 who were contacted participated in the study. The outcomes for the secondary aim were analyzed via the Chi-squared test and, where not possible due to sample size, the Fisher's exact test. Results: in terms of the overall knowledge and awareness of dystonia, a large number of students seem to already have a good grasp of what the term dystonia implies, its basic pathology and epidemiology. In addition, there is strong evidence to suggest that undertaking a clinical attachment in neurology or clerking a patient with dystonia does not contribute significantly to developing a sound knowledge base and awareness of this medical condition. However, caution must be applied to interpreting these results, as there was a large difference between the provision of correct answers to choice-based and mental recall based assessment techniques as proven in this study. Conclusion: medical students in their clinical years appear to have an acceptable awareness of dystonia in choice based assessments; however this appears to decline in mental recall based assessments. In addition, a clinical attachment within a neurology department or clerking a patient with dystonia does not appear to significantly increase their overall knowledge of the condition. We conclude by proposing that incorporation of this condition within the curriculum of medical students and exposing them to a patient based lecture on dystonia may help to increase their awareness of this condition


Atom probe tomography (APT) is a powerful characterization technique for obtaining three-dimensional structure and materials composition at the atomic scale. Typically, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and APT techniques are combined for a complete characterization of structure, morphology and chemistry. However, the full potential of these techniques is typically hindered by artifacts from specimen preparation (e.g., Ga implantation) and environmental conditions degrading the specimen's surface (e.g., surface oxidation). Low energy (< 1 kV) Ar milling has been shown to improve TEM and APT specimens quality by removing Ga damage from FIB preparation [1, 2] and surface oxides [3]. Here, we present a post-FIB specimen preparation of APT specimens under controlled environments using concentrated beam (< 1 μm), low energy Ar milling for the removal of surface oxides and FIB-induced damage for TEM and APT analyses. This controlled environment is integrable to current APT sample transfer system as in [4].


Can Machine Learning predict multiple pregnancy based on data specific to the embryos and the patient?

 Embryo data are useful in determining which embryos are likely to lead to multiple pregnancy. Patient age has low predictive value compared to embryo data.

 Our previous assessment of the HFEA data demonstrated that single embryo transfer (SET) in the UK occurred in a minority (45%) of fresh cycles, with a marginal increase in live birth rate (LBR) in some patient cohorts in favor of multiple embryo transfer (MET). Current policies on determining number of embryos for transfer tend to be generic and do not account for detailed embryology data. Generic policies may compromise LBR for some patients that would benefit from MET. Artificial Intelligence has the potential to assist in this decision process.

 Retrospective cohort analysis from 2013 to 2020 of 193 cycles with 386 embryos used in double ETs on day 5 at POMA fertility clinic with positive live birth outcome. ML model, xgboost, was trained to predict multiple live birth (N = 54) versus single live birth (N = 139). Detailed embryology data from day 1 to day 5 were used as input.

 Input of the machine learning model included patient age and 18 morphological parameters collected on days 1, 2, 3 and 5 (symmetry, number of cells, blastocyst status, fragmentation, ICM and troph grades) from the two transferred embryos. An xgboost algorithm was trained on 80% of the data (n = 154) and tested on 20% of blind data (n = 39).

 Xgboost machine learning algorithm predicted multiple live birth on the blind dataset with an accuracy of 72%, with an AUC of 0.60, showing better results than random. PPV (true prediction of multiple births) was 64% and NPV (true prediction of single birth) was 75%.
 The following parameters ranked high in the predictive power of the machine learning (in order of predictive power): blastocyst status on day 5 of both embryos, symmetry on day 3, number of cells on day 2, scores on day 2 and 3. Limitations, reasons for caution: The dataset was derived from a single clinic with manual annotations and may not be transferable to other clinics. The risk of bias is important as the model was trained only àon embryos that were transferred and led to at least one birth
 Wider implications of the findings: A tool to help identify which patients are at increased risk of MP with MET would be clinically useful to help patients and clinical team make the best personalised decision for a specific embryo, finding the balance between maximising success rate whilst minimising multiple pregnancy rate and its associated risks.

 Not applicable


In this article, I examine the lived experiences of two young women from urban slums in India who participated in an after-school program focusing on issues of gender inequality within their homes, communities, and schools. Through unstructured and semi-structured interviews and observations, this paper argues that young women from marginalized spaces resist patriarchal structures of society through everyday acts of resistance. Using narrative inquiry, the data reveal that young women use different yet interconnected means to resist oppression in their daily lives. The article makes a case for expanding feminist resistance scholarship to be inclusive of young women at the periphery and their everyday resistance for finding a voice.
Keywords: youth activism, narrative inquiry, lived experiences, pedagogical praxis, feminist resistance


Burns injury is a common emergency encountered by surgeons. Its pathophysiology and occurrence are complex. Understanding of the physiology and metabolic interactions and involvement of major organ systems, nutrition, immunology, psychological issues is inevitable for the optimal management of these patients. It is a painful condition. Topical management of burns is a challenging task. A good topical dressing should allow faster healing, pain reduction, prevents infection, better scar formation and cost effectiveness. Extensive researches on collagen and its properties favours the use of collagen dressing for burns patients. Further study is required to compare the effectiveness of collagen dressings in comparison with other conventional dressings in partial thickness burns in terms of pain, healing time, better scar formation and cost effectiveness.


The paper constructs a model of three forms of evolution of industry chain,and based on industry life cycle,explores and discusses the evolution characteristics and rule of automobile industry chain. The research findings reveal that the auto industry chain has diverse features at different stages of industry life cycle; industry life cycle is the determinant which leads to the organizational evolution of industry chain,and thus impacts the value and space pattern of industry chain indirectly.


We prove here an identity for cocycles associated with homogeneous spaces in the context of locally compact groups. Mackey introduced cocycles (λ-functions) in his work on representation theory of such groups. For a given locally compact group G and a closed subgroup H of G, with right coset space G/H, a cocycle λ is a real-valued Borel function on G/H × G satisfying the cocycle identity λ(x, st) = λ(x.s, t)λ(x, s), almost everywhere x ∈ G/H, s, t ∈ G, where the "almost everywhere" is with respect to a measure whose null sets pull back to Haar measure null sets on G. Let H and K be regularly related closed subgroups of G. Our identity describes a relationship among cocycles for G/Hx, G/Ky and G/(Hx ∩ Ky) for almost all x, y ∈ G. This also leads to an identity for modular functions of G and the corresponding subgroups.


We implement a decision procedure for answering questions about a class of infinite words that might be called (for lack of a better name) "Fibonacci-automatic". This class includes, for example, the famous Fibonacci word f = 01001010..., the fixed point of the morphism 0 -> 01 and 1 -> 0. We then recover many results about the Fibonacci word from the literature (and improve some of them), such as assertions about the occurrences in f of squares, cubes, palindromes, and so forth. As an application of our method we prove a new result: there exists an aperiodic infinite binary word avoiding the pattern x x x^R. This is the first avoidability result concerning a nonuniform morphism proven purely mechanically.


Sports-related injuries can be severe, resulting in death or significant disability. Blunt upper airway injuries in the athlete are rare; however, when they occur, they can be associated with high mortality. Airway injuries in ice hockey players are even more uncommon. The National Hockey League (NHL) Sports Injury Monitoring System registry, a database of all injuries occurring in the NHL, reports no airway injuries other than the three presented in this article over the last 10 years. When encountered, these injuries require prompt recognition, appropriate care, and transport to a definitive care facility to prevent catastrophe. Injuries to the upper airway in hockey players can occur secondary to receiving a direct blow to the neck from a puck, stick, skate, elbow, punch, or goalpost. There are currently no reports of upper airway injuries in ice hockey players in the literature; however, we have seen several of these injuries over the years in both professional and amateur athletes. Catastrophic injuries in hockey players have been described in the literature. These injuries are secondary to players being struck from behind or falling and hitting the crown of their head on the boards. Here we report 3 cases of airway injuries in professional ice hockey players in the NHL to give an overview of the spectrum of injuries and their management. We then outline an approach to the required preparedness for airway trauma in hockey players, the diagnosis of these injuries, the on-scene and prehospital management of these patients, and the anticipated complications. This article is designed to aid not only physicians and trainers treating professional ice hockey players, but also those treating semiand nonprofessional ice hockey players as well as those treating athletes with the potential for blunt upper airway injury in any other sport. Given the possibility that the players could be identified by the nature of the public profile of these injuries, the players in all 3 cases gave their written consent to have their cases published.


This paper demonstrates the integration of droplet manipulation by electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) with in-droplet manipulation of parasites (i.e. Cryptosporidium oocysts) by hybrid AC-electrokinetics (ACEK) [1]. While other techniques have been reported for in-droplet manipulation, this is the first time that ACEK (i.e. combined effect of dielectrophoresis, electroomosis and electrohydrodynamics) is used to concentrate/separate biological particles in droplet-based microfluidics. Parasites concentration/separation in a sub-volume of the mother droplet has been successfully performed with better efficiency than competing works reported in the literature.


At best, the small rooms typical for music teaching and practice are unnatural environments for music production. Given the usual constraints of budget and practicality, a small room cannot be made to approximate the acoustics of a fine concert hall. If all normal modes are suppressed completely by sound‐absorbing treatment, the room will be unnaturally dead or anechoic, and will be disliked by students and instructors. Yet, if normal modes are not controlled and the small room left "live," it will not sound like a normal concert hall but be "boxy," with a very uneven frequency response, and will be equally disliked. Compromise solutions involving fixed treatment on one wall or two adjacent walls, or adjustable treatment, with varying degrees of room irregularity and splaying, which have provided satisfaction in music teaching buildings, will be discussed. Organ practice rooms pose a separate problem, and solutions involving no applied sound‐absorbing treatment, but considerable splaying or irregularities...


Market participants who wish to develop and maintain their positions on it, systematically search for ways to increase competitiveness. Its components include environmental factors,increasing the significance of which raises the question of continuous improvement of environmental management systems.


The purpose of this senior capstone project is to examine the factors that inhibit the formation of relationships between teachers' and their students' families. In this study, both social and cultural factors are examined as well as the support given by teacher preparation programs to promote these relationships. This information was gathered through literature review as well as interviews done with pre-service and in-service teachers, parents, previous educators who are both remaining in the education field, as well as those who have retired. The results concluded that both parties have past experiences that play a big role in the inhibition of forming successful teacher-family relationships. In addition, understanding their past experience is important in taking the next steps towards building and promoting the formation of collaborative relationships between parents and teachers followed by some suggestions on how to remedy some of these inhibitions. It is important to continue finding ways to promote and support the formation of these relationships to ensure the success of our students through collaborative relationships and family engagement in each student's academics. Formation of Parent-Teacher Relationships CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, MONTEREY BAY 3 Introduction and Background Throughout my career as a college student at California State University, Monterey Bay, I have heard little to no emphasis placed on creating strong relationships with our students' families let alone how to do so. In a lot of my service learning sites as well, I did not hear advice given as to how or why it is beneficial to create strong relationships with our students' families. This may be true for my education however; in speaking with any professional, it is apparent how important forming these relationships are not only to the students, but also the structure of the school and its classrooms. In examining what inhibits strong relationships from being built between elementary school teachers and families today, it is apparent that many factors come into play. Growing up, I remember my mother being very heavily involved in my classroom. However, I have seen very little parent presence in many classrooms that I have been in to date. Through my research, I have chosen to frame these inhibitions through social differences and systematic factors. As I mentioned before, I have not learned much during my college career of how to engage families into my prospective classroom, nor have I seen this modeled at any service learning placement sites. A lack of relationship between the families and the teacher can ultimately endanger the quality of education for the children. Research shows that family engagement matters when it comes to student success. Family engagement has been defined as "a dynamic, interactive process [between teachers and families] that provides a pathway to student success" (Harvard Family Research Project, 2010, p.2). The Harvard Family Research Project also states that family engagement has been shown to "improve school readiness, student achievement, as well as social skills" (p.2). As a prospective teacher, this project will help me to identify the possible social and systemic reasons as to why families are not actively engaged in their children's classrooms through collaboration with the teachers. Along with looking Formation of Parent-Teacher Relationships CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, MONTEREY BAY 4 at the families' responsibilities, I wanted to also examine what social and systematic factors play a role in why teachers may not feel or be prepared to build these relationships. Lawrence-Lightfoot (2008) states, "In the last quarter century, social scientists have become increasingly interested in documenting the complex interactions between schools and the families they serve.... And almost every study of school achievement has included at least a rhetorical bow to the importance of positive relationships between families and schools, even though there has been little suggestion of how these alliances might be supported and sustained" (p. 2). Bringing awareness to the lack of "framework" provided to prospective and in-service teachers for building relationships with families, can help me to become a more conscious teacher in making sure that I am building these relationships. In making sure the effort is placed in establishing these relationships, I hope to produce a more collaborative learning environment in my classroom that can help to produce more productive and successful students. Again, the purpose of this project is to examine the factors that inhibit the formation of relationships between teacher's and their students' families. In this study, both social and cultural factors are examined as well as the support given by teacher preparation programs and federal and state standards to promote these relationships. I have framed my research through the following questions: The primary research question I wish to explore is: How do social difference and systematic factors inhibit the formation of partnership between elementary schools and families? The secondary research questions I am posing are: 1. What does research say about the social difference and systematic factors that inhibit a close partnership between elementary school teachers and families? Formation of Parent-Teacher Relationships CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, MONTEREY BAY 5 a. What are the causes that create barriers between elementary school teachers and families? 2. How does the system (teacher preparation programs and state or federal standards) affect teachers' process in forming relationships with students' families? 3. Do past social and/or educational experiences of the parents and teachers play roles in how, or even whether or not, these relationships are formed? a. How do the social differences of families and teachers past schooling affect the formation of their relationship? b. What hesitancies do teachers have and which biases do families bring to their relationships?


This study presents an Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) based chronology for the evolution of the barrier island Rømø and related back-barrier lagoon deposits in the Danish Wadden Sea. The chronology is constructed using 78 quartz OSL ages obtained using a Single Aliquot Regenerative dose (SAR) protocol; samples were retrieved from seven sediment cores, each up to 25 m long, taken from locations on the island and within the back-barrier lagoon. The reliability of the OSL results is assessed using preheat plateaus, thermal transfer tests, and dose recovery measurements, and by comparison with independent age control. The OSL ages compare favourably with three 14C age estimates, and range between 220±20 and 15 800±1200 years. Rømø appears to have developed as a progradational barrier system, and the island appeared for the first time approximately 8000 years ago. It then gradually expanded towards the west, north and south as a result of an abundant sediment supply. Luminescence dating is concluded to be well-suited for establishing precise and accurate chronologies for barrier island deposits, and the technique has provided an excellent basis for the reconstruction of barrier island evolution.


One of the problems in GIS application in Shanghai is that remote sensing data don't get its real role,though as a type of data which abounds in information.In this paper,the construction and application of the information management GIS for the Shanghai old resident block reform is used as an example,and the way of using remote sensing data in this GIS is also shown.Since remote sensing data has become the key source of the macroscopic management in Shanghai old resident block reform,we can get some idea about how to bring the function of remote sensing data of Shanghai base data platform into full play from this example.


Analysis of the expression of genes encoding the β-conglycinin seed storage proteins in soybean has been used to extend our understanding of developmental gene expression in plants. The α, α′, and β subunits of β-conglycinin are encoded by a multigene family which is organ-specific in its expression. In this study we report the differentially programmed accumulation of the α, α′, and β subunits of β-conglycinin. Multiple isomeric forms of each subunit are present in the dry seed, but the timing of their accumulation is unique for each subunit. The previously reported variation in amount of α′ and α subunits in axis and cotyledons is also reflected in the amount of subunit specific mRNA which is present in each tissue. The β subunit, previously undetected in soybean axes, is found to be synthesized but rapidly degraded. These differences in β-conglycinin protein accumulation may be reflected by the morphological differences observed in protein bodies between these two tissues.


Accessible summary
Many researches now include people with learning disabilities, which is really positive, but people with profound and multiple learning disabilities are often left out.
It is important to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in research to make sure all voices are represented.
This article talks about how a research method called photovoice can be used to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities.

Abstract
Background: It is now expected that projects addressing the lives of people with learning disabilities include people with learning disabilities in the research process. In the past, such research often excluded people with learning disabilities, favouring the opinions of family members, carers and professionals. The inclusion of the voices of people with learning disabilities is a welcome and much needed change. While there has been many valuable inclusive researches carried out in the past 10–15 years, much of this research has included people with mild and/or moderate learning disabilities. Far less published research has included people with profound and multiple learning disabilities.

Materials and Methods: This research article outlines how the visual method 'photovoice' can be successfully used to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in the research process.

Results and discussion: It is argued that inclusive research is often limited by the choice of research methods, which result in the exclusion of people with profound and multiple learning disabilities from the research process. The article advocates a mediated and flexible approach to inclusive research that embraces and supports the needs of all involved. A practical example of photovoice research with people with learning disabilities demonstrates how this can be achieved.

Conclusion: When planning inclusive research, researchers should be mindful of both the variety of needs that people with learning disabilities can bring to the research process and the need to tailor methods to these needs. Such action requires a flexible approach to the inclusive research process.


Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a collection of different symptoms and disorders that affect the shoulder and upper extremity area, resulting from the compression of the neurovascular structures at the superior aperture of the thorax. The diagnosis of TOS, which includes a physical examination and clinical tests is often difficult. Indications for surgical treatment are debated and often reserved for cases which involve the failure of conservative management. The most common surgical approaches are the supraclavicular and transaxillary while minimally invasive approaches are gaining popularity. This manuscript will discuss the different approaches to the surgical treatment of TOS described over the past 50 years of surgery, focusing on the supraclavicular and the transaxillary approaches. Both techniques offer good results in expert hands, however the key to success in TOS surgery remains proper patient selection. By a supraclavicular approach it is possible to achieve an accurate diagnosis and an adequate treatment. It is safe and provides an excellent exposure of the neurovascular structures.