Significance Edge detection is a fundamental tool in image processing, computing, and machine vision. Compared with digital processes, optical analog approaches show enormous advantages owing to its intrinsic parallel nature for high-speed operation. Recently, optical metamaterials and metasurfaces have performed edge detection via analog spatial differentiation, which shows superior integration capability compared with the traditional bulky system. Unfortunately, experimental realization of optical-edge detection with metamaterials and metasurfaces remains challenging based on previous theoretical proposals. Here, we demonstrated a mechanism to realize an optical spatial differentiator consisting of a designed metasurface sandwiched by two orthogonally aligned linear polarizers. This approach relies on spin-orbit interaction of light and the metasurface, showing versatile edge-detection capability with exceptional quality. Optical edge detection is a useful method for characterizing boundaries, which is also in the forefront of image processing for object detection. As the field of metamaterials and metasurface is growing fast in an effort to miniaturize optical devices at unprecedented scales, experimental realization of optical edge detection with metamaterials remains a challenge and lags behind theoretical proposals. Here, we propose a mechanism of edge detection based on a Pancharatnam–Berry-phase metasurface. We experimentally demonstrated broadband edge detection using designed dielectric metasurfaces with high optical efficiency. The metasurfaces were fabricated by scanning a focused laser beam inside glass substrate and can be easily integrated with traditional optical components. The proposed edge-detection mechanism may find important applications in image processing, high-contrast microscopy, and real-time object detection on compact optical platforms such as mobile phones and smart cameras.


Titanium and aluminum were deposited on the SiC fiber by magnetron sputtering according to a certain power ratio. The precursor wires of SiC fibers with Ti-Al matrix were fabricated and then close-packed in the canning. The specimens of SiC fiber reinforced titanium-aluminium intermetallic compound matrix composites were prepared by hot isostatic pressing. Microstructure was observed by SEM, the effects of hot isostatic pressing and vacuum heat treatment on the interfacial layer were analyzed. The influences of magnetron sputtering power on the Ti/Al atomic ratio and variation of phase composition during titanium aluminum in-situ reaction were researched using X-ray diffraction and energy spectrum analysis. Kinetic analysis of Ti-Al reaction was conducted through differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that Ti/Al atomic ratio is directly affected by the sputtering power of Ti and Al targets. When the power of TC4 and Al targets is 13 and 4.5 kW/m(2), respectively, the Al content is 27at%; when the power of TC4 and Al targets is 13 and 8.3 kW/m(2), respectively, the Al content is 49at%. In addition, studies on kinetics show that Al3Ti is the priority generation phase of Ti-Al in-situ reaction. TiAl, Al2Ti and Ti3Al will be gradually formed with the diffusion of Al. However, after full diffusing of Al, the final stable reaction product depends on Ti/Al atomic ratio. When the Ti/Al atomic ratio is 1:1, TiAl can be obtained, and TiAl and Ti3Al can coexist in the region with the different Ti/Al atomic ratios.


personnel the writer devoted one part of it to the recently published Classification and Pay Plans for Libraries in Institutions of Higher Education—University Libraries. 1 A sketchy comparison was drawn between the classification and pay plan and the personnel organization of the Pennsylvania State College Library. Skeletal as the comparison was, the several disparities revealed between theory and practice were rather startling, startling enough perhaps to prove of some interest to other library staffs. The first step in making the comparison was to determine the service load of the Pennsylvania State College Library. The pay plans wisely abandoned the former concept of the service load as being based on total enrolment and developed a method of computing the service load in terms of service units which are based on varying numbers of underclass and upperclass stu-service unit is obtained by adding the number of units in each category. The service load of the Pennsylvania State Col-The class of the library established, the next step was to compare the total staff organization, including professional and clerical help of our library, with the standard set up by the schedule. Minimum standards for a class six university library called for twenty-nine professional librarians in addition to the chief librarian. Actually there are twenty-five professionals in addition to our chief librarian. The clerical service should result in not more than 60 per cent or less than 40 per cent of the total staff hours being of clerical or student service. Penn State's clerical service was 54 per cent of total staff time, a figure which came within the set limit. Only four departments were selected to carry on the comparison of the theory with the practice: the catalog, reference, order, and circulation departments. They were chosen primarily because they lent them


We report a novel and simple approach to realize terahertz (THz) dynamic two-dimensional (2D) beam steering and forming antennas, based on reconfigurable photo-induced Fresnel zone plates (PI-FZPs). The FZPs are formed by directly illuminating a high-resistivity silicon wafer with the desired patterns using a digital light processing (DLP) projector, without any circuit or device fabrication. At 750 GHz, the THz beam from a diagonal horn antenna has been steered two dimensionally over a range from approximately -12° to +12° from the antenna boresight, by projecting different PI-FZP patterns. In addition, using PI-FZPs with different focal lengths, the THz beam size can be dynamically tuned. Both the beam steering and forming can be performed simultaneously without affecting the antenna performance, making this an enabling technology for emerging THz applications such as sensing, imaging, tracking, adaptive wireless communications and short-range high-speed interconnections.


In the case of zero failure data under the lognormal distribution,the hierarchical Bayesian Estimator of the failure probability which has prior Beta distribution has been received using decreasing function method.Based on the failure probability,the estimator of reliability target has been given.So,the reliability analysis problem for the lognormal distribution in the case of zero failure data has been resolved.


We discuss the the GLV (Gyulassy-Levai-Vitev) Reaction Operator formalism for computing the non-Abelian energy loss of jets propagating through hot and dense matter. We incorporate our results on induced gluon bremsstrahlung together with the effects of nuclear shadowing and multiple scattering in a two-component soft+hard description of heavy ion reactions at RHIC energies. We demonstrate that good agreement between data and theory can be achieved in the measured moderatepT≤ 5 GeV window at √s=130 AGeV and we extends our prediction for the high-pT part of the hadronic spectra. We focus on the perspectives of using jet tomographic methods for probing not only the density and geometry of the quark-gluon plasma but also its parton composition at various center of mass energies.


D URING the last ten years, it has become the fashion among econDJ) omists to emphasize the decreasing importance of natural resources in economic growth. This applies especially to the renewable resources used by agriculture [21, 23]. Use of these resources is strongly influenced by economic institutions, both in developed and undeveloped economies. It is not surprising, therefore, that there has been, in recent literature, a de-emphasis of the role of institutions paralleling that of natural resources. In the current mathematical models of economic growth, the role of institutions is not explicitly considered [11, 14, 10]. In a wellknown book on transforming traditional agriculture [24], the author devotes the only two pages on the influence of economic institutions to land tenancy.' Emphasis has shifted from natural resources and economic institutions to technological change or, in production function terminology, to "new" or "modern" factors of production. If institutions are considered at all, they are treated as factors furnishing services like other factors of production. Changes in the kind and quantity of institutional services are regarded as determined by an economic demand-supply scheme [22]. In accordance with my assignment, I should like to focus on this doctrine of the decreasing importance of natural resources and the relatively insignificant and passive role of institutions in economic growth. I should like to analyze its validity, inquire into its relevancy, and show its implications for policy in developing countries.


Cincalok is a typical food from West Kalimantan made from fermented rebon shrimp containing astaxanthin, the most potent antioxidant in nature. This study investigated an efficient method for extracting astaxanthin from the cincalok using vegetable oils as solvents. Olive, sesame, grape seeds, coconut, and virgin coconut oil were used as alternative solvents. The effect of various parameters on extraction yield was also studied. N-hexane and acetone were also used for comparison. Amplitude level and extraction time were the factors investigated concerning extraction yield. Comparative studies between traditional extraction methods and extraction assisted by ultrasonication have also been carried out. The astaxanthin content as total carotenoids in oil extract was analyzed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer with a standard external method. The optimum ultrasound-assisted extraction condition of astaxanthin from cincalok was 40% amplitude for 3  minutes, with 100.62  μg/g of astaxanthin extraction yield when used virgin coconut oil as a solvent. In this way, oils enriched with astaxanthin are produced.


The strained-Si approach from the contact etching stop layer (CESL) stressor with two kinds of Young's modulus spacer has been investigated. From the TSUPREM4 simulation of the CESL tensile stressor, the tensile channel stress induced by the SiN spacer material is found to be 60% more than that by the oxide spacer material. With the use of a tensile CESL stressor for the 90-nm n-FETs, an extra 10% enhancement in drive current IDsat was obtained in the device with a high Young's modulus (270-290 GPa) SiN spacer as compared with that with a low Young's modulus (66 GPa) SiO2 spacer. The electrical data are in good agreement with the prediction of the stress simulation.


For galactic N and late R type irregularly variable carbon stars, we make a comparison of airborne infrared spectrophotometry to spectral flux distributions derived from model atmospheres. Although the agreement is good in several respects, the H/sup -/ emission peak at 1.6 ..mu..m, so prominent in the models, is significantly weakened in the stellar spetrophotometry. It seems unlikely that molecular bands in the stars can completely obliterate this peak. A plausible explanation is that hydrogen is deficient in these stars, most probably from an episode of mass loss. The resultant cold shells surrounding these stars should be amenable to observation by IRAS, or other far-infrared observatories.


Justicia Linnaeus (1753: 15) is the largest genus of Acanthaceae (Wasshausen 2002). It comprises about 600 species (Graham 1988), distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres, extending into the temperate regions of North America, with one species found as far north as Quebec in Canada (Wasshausen 1992a). In Brazil, the genus is represented by 128 species (Profice et al. 2015). Among them, Justicia andersonii Wasshausen (1992b: 666) is an illegitimate name, as it is a later homonym of J. andersonii Ramamoorthy (1976: 551). Therefore a new name, J. wasshausenii , is proposed as a replacement name for J. andersonii .


2014 We have investigated the spin-lattice relaxation of localized states in evaporated amorphous silicon films. Temperature and concentration dependences of the relaxation rate have been measured in the temperature range 4.2-290 K. Below 10 K a phonon bottleneck is present. Between 10 and 100 K, a single phonon process predominates. It can be accounted for assuming a significant exchange interaction. Above 100 K, spin-lattice relaxation is governed by hopping. J. Physique LETTRES 42 ( 1981 ) L-21 L-24 1 er JANVIER 1981,


The treatment of all wound etiologies, including chronic, burn and acute (trauma) wounds has significantly evolved over the last three decades. Thousands of products, including wound dressings, biological matrices, regenerative tissues, growth factors, and topical agents are available to assist with the wound healing process. Extensive literature is available related to the treatment of chronic wounds [1-5]. Changes in the treatments of burns and trauma related wounds are of particular interest as they are often life threatening and pose problems with effective tissue repair [6-8]. The use of biological, synthetic and semi-synthetic matrices are particularly important as they may provide a skeletal structure for cell migration, attachment and activity leading to tissue regeneration and wound closure.


This article probes into a new type of uncertain integral and gives detailed resolvement,which enriches the subsection integral and offers some guidance to the teaching of uncertain interal in advanced mathematics.


Thermal runaway occasionally happens in batteries. A single battery, after thermal runaway, will release heat and transfer it to neighboring batteries, leading to thermal runaway of battery packs. Thus, it is necessary to explore the diffusion law of thermal runaway in battery modules. Heating is by far the most common way to trigger thermal runaway propagation of battery modules. In this paper, experiments and simulations were conducted to explore the influence of different heat insulation thicknesses on the thermal propagation of lithium iron phosphate batteries, and the result shows that the best thickness between adjacent batteries is 2 mm. For complex modules, the simulation analysis shows that when the spacing between adjacent modules in the battery pack was 10 mm and thermal runaway occurred on one side of the battery pack, it did not occur on the other side for a certain period of time. Therefore, the recommended spacing between modules in the battery pack is 10 mm. This lays a foundation for the safe design of battery modules.


In the article presents results of treatment of acute pancreatitis in three groups of patients. In the first group complex conservative therapy was conducted usual, in the second group sandostatin was used, but in third onesandostatin and roncoleukin together. The best results were received in the last group of patients. Elaborated complex conservative treatment allovs to reject septic complications and operation in most cases of acute destructive pancreatitis.


A concept is proposed for the selection of testing methods for automated driver assistance systems ADAS, taking into account the statistics of road traffic accidents in the Russian Federation. The stages of the choice of methods for testing the ADAS system are described, including the identification of typical scenarios of road accidents and their attendant conditions, the formation of test scenarios and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the system under study. An example of the implementation of the proposed concept when choosing a methodology for testing advanced emergency braking systems of AEBS is given.


We present a solution to the general problem of estimating multiple orientations in multidimensional signals. The solution is divided in a linear part that provides the mixed-orientation space (MOS) and a nonlinear part that gives the actual orientation spaces. We show that the angle between two overlaid orientations is an invariant that can be derived from the MOS without solving the nonlinear part and that all other invariants are generated by this angle. Results obtained for synthetic images illustrate that the above invariant is a useful image feature for various applications such as pattern recognition and texture segmentation.


Heterogeneous CPDP (HCPDP) attempts to forecast defects in a software application having insufficient previous defect data. Nonetheless, with a Class Imbalance Problem (CIP) perspective, one should have a clear view of data distribution in the training dataset otherwise the trained model would lead to biased classification results. Class Imbalance Learning (CIL) is the method of achieving an equilibrium ratio between two classes in imbalanced datasets. There are a range of effective solutions to manage CIP such as resampling techniques like Over-Sampling (OS) & Under-Sampling (US) methods. The proposed research work employs Synthetic Minority Oversampling TEchnique (SMOTE) and Random Under Sampling (RUS) technique to handle CIP. In addition to this, the paper proposes a novel four-phase HCPDP model and contrasts the efficiency of basic HCPDP model with CIP and after handling CIP using SMOTE & RUS with three prediction pairs. Results show that training performance with SMOTE is substantially improved but RUS displays variations in relation to HCPDP for all three prediction pairs.


Bi-level programming is a tool for modeling decentralized decisions that consists of the objective of the leader at its first level and that of the follower at the second level. This paper deals with interactive fuzzy programming in combination with weighting approach to bi-level quadratic fractional programming problem (BLQFPP . Here we propose an interactive fuzzy programming method for obtaining a satisfactory solution to a "bi-level quadratic fractional programming problem" with two decision makers (DMs) interacting with their optimal solutions by allotting due weight. After determining the fuzzy goals of the DMs at both levels, a satisfactory solution is efficiently derived by updating the satisfactory level of the DM at the upper level with consideration of overall satisfactory balance between both levels


This paper investigates the effects of group interaction in a storytelling situation for children using two robots: a reader robot and a listener robot as a side-participant. We developed a storytelling system that consists of a reader robot, a listener robot, a display, a gaze model, a depth sensor, and a human operator who responds and provides easily understandable answers to the children's questions. We experimentally investigated the effects of using a listener robot and either one or two children during a storytelling situation on the children's preferences and their speech activities. Our experimental results showed that the children preferred storytelling with the listener robot. Although two children obviously produced more speech than one child, the listener robot discouraged the children's speech regardless of whether one or two were listening.


Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the body mass index (BMI) of breast cancer patients and non-cancer females of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Methods: The weight, height and age was obtained from the patient records of 706 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and of 20,872 non-cancer female patients who consulted the two largest hospitals in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia between 2006 and 2012. Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the association between the BMI, age and breast cancer status. Results: The mean BMI of the non-cancer females was 29.4 and the percentage of obese patients of the different age groups ranged from 23.9% to 66.5%. The BMI increased significantly with age. The ANOVA revealed that breast cancer patients older than 50 years had a significantly lower BMI compared to their non-cancer counterparts (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Our data confirm the high BMI of the Saudi Arabian female population. The reason for our finding of a lower BMI of postmenopausal breast cancer patients compared to their non-cancer counterparts is unclear. Future studies are warranted to assess the impact of possible confounding factors on the association between obesity and breast cancer risk. An interesting factor to investigate in future studies would particularly be the use of the anti-diabetic and cancer-protective drug metformin considering that diabetes mellitus is endemic in Saudi Arabia with a prevalence of 30%.


Abstract : The paper is a fifth in a series of reports on lake and river ice and land-fast sea ice, records ice thicknesses observed throughout the North American arctic and subarctic during the 1966-67 and 1967-68 seasons. Information on ice surface conditions, dates of first ice, freeze-over and breakup, and detailed measurements of ice thickness across Alaskan rivers are also included. Continued reports from the Alaska National Guard Network on ice thickness measurements on lakes and rivers in the remote regions of interior Alaska are presented. Analyses on maximum observed ice thicknesses reported during the two winters in North America and deviations from the mean ice thickness amounts measured across Alaska rivers between 1965 and 1968 were conducted. (Author)


In French nursery schools ("l'ecole maternelle francaise"), primary school teachers take charge of the content organised into teaching areas of activities. The prescribed teaching activity "Discovering the world of life sciences, objects and material" refers to biology, physical sciences, chemistry and technology. The children's learning path concerning these worlds represents the early stages of the curriculum. Many research studied these children's learning (e.g. Bisault, 2005; Fleer, 1996; Ravanis & al., 2013). This paper focuses on teachers and aims at describing and analysing the implementation of the practices of this early childhood education. In a curriculum perspective (Dillon, 2009; Martinand, 2003; Ross, 2000), an inquiry about the practices reported both in teachers' logs and questionnaires, reveals the contents, activities and issues associated with these educational experiences. The results show biology is privileged and preferred to technology by the teachers. The research indicates an interrelated scientific and technological curriculum and a science and technology mostly found, in what I called, "compositional schemes". The discovery of this world, through these compositional schemes, takes various positions according to the priorities assigned by the teachers. The research at last allows me to discuss the professional training of preschool teachers in order to improve the teaching practices in science and technology.


Tomato plants were set Mar 2, 1.5 ft apart on 30 inch-wide by 8 inch-high plastic mulched beds of Myakka fine sand. Insecticide was not applied but beds were fumigated with 350 lb/acre of Dowfume MC-33 prior to covering with plastic. Soil-filled screen troughs (2 ft long x 6 inches x 6 inches) were buried flush lengthwise with the top of the beds in 5-ft sections of row which had not been planted. Troughs were spaced 15 ft apart within rows spaced 4.5 ft apart. Five insecticide treatments were randomly applied to the soil surface in 5 troughs of each of 4 replicates (rows) on Jun 18. One trough in each replicate was untreated. Granule and bait formulations were applied by sprinkling over the soil surface. An Orthene liquid preparation was applied with a hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 55 gal/acre. Immediately preceding treatment, 10 field-collected adult mole crickets were placed in each trough. Screen lids were attached following treatment and troughs were covered with the plastic mulch. Five days later, the numbers of living and dead or moribund crickets were determined for each trough. Percent mortality was calculated using Abbott's formula and values were transformed arcsine %100 prior to analysis.


This contribution examines the role of Marie‐Hélène Lefaucheux, the French representative in the UN Commission on the Status of Women between 1948 and 1953. By focusing on Lefaucheux's activism and connection with the French government, this article intends to analyse how French post‐imperial policy carried out by reformist women's organisations pursued the expansion of women's and human rights whilst supporting the empire. Using a range of archival sources and the Commission's reports, this work argues that the role of reformist imperial women and organisations was crucial in influencing the Commission which was both a place of contestation and protection of the gendered and colonial order.


Marine information resource is very important in the development of Marine science field. However, in our country, the marine information resource is lack of effective organization and management. It leads resource disorderly dispersed and makes the marine information using and sharing with low efficiency. Those all caused a huge waste of investment. In this paper, aiming at problems of marine information, we use the web information extraction algorithm to extract marine information in the Internet. This web information extraction algorithm is based on the VIPS algorithm, using the structural and visual features of the web page to extract information. Then based on the metadata theory, we integrate the information and data resources from bottom to top. Finally we store the information in a database and establish a unified and complete marine information retrieval system.


Malcolm Gower, "Phase Conjugate Mirrors." Tutorial T8 pp. 1-5. Rick Trebino et al... "Chirp and Self Phase Modulation in Induced Grating Autocorrelation Measurements of Ultrashort Pulses." 15 Opt. Lett. No. 19. pp. 1079-1081 (October 1990). Rick Trebino et al., "Forth Order Partial Coherence Effects in the Formation of Integrated Intensity Gratings wipulsed Light Sources," 3 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. pp. 1295-1304 (Oct. 1986). USOO5754292A


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the levels of customer orientation in nurses whose work experience was between 1 and 5 years and to examine factors associated with customer orientation and nursing productivity. Methods: For this descriptive correlational study, nurses (N=164) were recruited from a University Hospital in B city, from November 1 to 23, 2012. Questionnaires included measures of customer orientation, nursing productivity, organizational commitment, job stress, and turnover intention. Data were analysed with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean age of participants was 25 years, 96% were single, and 54.9% had a bachelor degree. Organizational commitment (β=.387) and job stress (β=.280) significantly explained the variance in customer orientation (R 2 =15.8). Customer orientation (β=.479), education level (β=.196), and turnover intention (β=-.184) significantly explained the variance in nursing productivity (R 2 =35.3). Customer orientation was the most important factor in explaining the variance in the nursing productivity. Conclusion: This study highlighted the relationship between customer orientation and nursing productivity. Improving the customer orientation could result in increasing nursing productivity. Future managerial intervention to improve customer orientation is warranted.


Mathematical models are developed to examine the population—level response of an herbaceous plant species (teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.) which was experimentally introduced into several habitats and monitored for 5 yr. Models based on morphological stages (size) rather than chronological age give more satisfactory results. Populations growth rates (λm) range from 0.63 to 2.60, which are likely typical for fugitive plants. Values are interpreted as responses to both external and internal factors. Grass litter, and the presence of other dicotyledonous species, and the overall primary productivity of the rest of the community are important factors determining the success or failure of an attempted colonization by teasel. Individual plant and population—level growth rates seem to be determined independently.


This review summarizes current knowledge of macrophages in helminth infections, with a focus not only on delineating the striking similarities in macrophage phenotype between diverse infections but also on highlighting the differences. Findings from many different labs illustrate that macrophages in helminth infection can act as anti-parasite effectors but can also act as powerful immune suppressors. The specific role for their alternative (Th2-mediated) activation in helminth killing or expulsion versus immune regulation remains to be determined. Meanwhile, the rapid growth in knowledge of alternatively activated macrophages will require an even more expansive view of their potential functions to include repair of host tissue and regulation of host metabolism.


Extracellular vesicles (EVs) being released from two adjacent adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1)-producing 293T cells are shown by electron microscopy. We have shown that AAV vectors can associate with EVs and enter the media. Furthermore, we have recently reported that EV-associated AAV has robust gene delivery and antibody evasion properties in vivo.


This research first presents a hybrid quadrature polar modulator to drive the power amplifier (PA) highly efficiently in a wireless RF transmitter required for multi-mode operation. The proposed modulator consists of a quadrature modulator for processing the RF modulated carrier and a class-S modulator for processing the envelope signal. Since both quadrature and class-S modulators deliver signals with envelope variation, the double amplitude modulation distorts the RF modulated signal at the PA output. Therefore, a digital predistorter is required in front of the hybrid quadrature polar modulator for compensation. The use of such predistorted drive signals can help reducing the average DC and input RF drive powers and the output feed-through levels so as to enhance the power added efficiency and adjacent channel power rejection remarkably


A central goal in the implementation of 64-bit addressing on the OpenVMS operating system was to provide upward-compatible support for applications that use the existing 32-bit address space. Another guiding principle was that mixed pointer sizes are likely to be the rule rather than the exception for applications that use 64-bit address space. These factors drove several key design decisions in the OpenVMS Calling Standard and programming interfaces, the DEC C language support, and the system services support. For example, self-identifying 64-bit descriptors were designed to ease development when mixed pointer sizes are used. DEC C support makes it easy to mix pointer sizes and to recompile for uniform 32- or 64-bit pointer sizes. OpenVMS system services remain fully upward compatible, with new services defined only where required or to enhance the usability of the huge 64-bit address space. This paper describes the approaches taken to support the mixed pointer size environment in these areas. The issues and rationale behind these OpenVMS and DEC C solutions are presented to encourage others who provide library interfaces to use a consistent programming interface approach.


ABSTRACTOpioid substitution therapy is a life-saving, first-line treatment for patients with opioid use disorder. It is a key intervention to prevent further mortality and morbidity during the opioid crisis that is claiming lives across Canada. Traditionally, patients must be experiencing at least m


Diana Lary's book China's Civil War contributes greatly to our understanding of the times from 1945 to 1949 when the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) laid the foundations for its ascendancy to power i...


Dams are a form of effort to conserve or protect water resources. The function of the Dam as a reservoir for water, irrigation, power generation, and flood control. However, in addition to its huge benefits, dam construction also can endanger the community's safety, namely in the form of dam breaks. The main causes of dam break are overtopping and piping. So that analysis is needed related to dam break to minimize the impact. Based on the Zhong Xing HY21 software, the most severe impact of the break of the Gembong Dam was due to overtopping using the QInflow PMF design flood of 724.142 m3/s. It resulted in an inundation area of 54.682 km2 with a maximum inundation height of 5.129 m. As a result of the break of the Gembong Dam, 37 villages downstream of the Gembong Dam were flooded. There are 80.819 people affected by this risk. It is stated that all affected villages are at the 4th hazard classification level or very high hazard.


Residue levels of endosulfan were determined in cabbage heads after being sprayed with a formulation containing the insecticide and upon storage at room temperature (15–27°C) and in a refrigerator (2–5°C). The half-life was calculated to be 4.8 and 5.5 days. Peeling removed the residues by 92%. Similarly, washing and washing followed by cooking removed 72% and 97% residue in cabbage stored at room temperature. These treatments were slightly less effective for samples stored in a refrigerator. Household processes such as peeling, washing, and washing followed by cooking should be regular practice before the vegetables are used.


Our group has been focusing for years on the synthesis and on the study of chiral macrocyclic ligand. Their complexes with metal ions – specially copper(I) and silver(I) – are competent catalysts in various organic reactions. The synthesis of this class of compounds is simple and fast (scheme 1). It does not involve either complex procedures nor expensive reagents, since the macrocycles can be obtained from enantiomerically pure and naturally available aminoacids in good yields (overall 40-50%).


Densities, speeds of sound, and viscosities of binary mixtures of diethylene glycol dimethyl ether+methyl acetate have been measured in the temperature interval of 298.15-313.15 K. From these data excess molar volume, viscosity, and speed of sound deviations have been derived. The results are fitted to the Redlich- Kister polynomial relation and are presented as a function of composition


In the last decades the development of computational approaches has undergone a major breakthrough. The growing fields of virtual screening and X-ray crystallography have a huge impact on structure-based drug design (SBDD) in developing new therapeutic agents. Drug discovery is a challenging and time-consuming process, Consequently SBDD has given a significant rule in reducing these challenges and there is a new compound is found every year, which is not introduced into the market, which indicates that the electronic information of these possible compounds needs to be stored in a database and better understand the known chemistry. In the past decade, the role of molecular modeling in sedate plan, which has been improved, increase in computing resources and molecular models, and software development, finally introduced a competitive advantage in the first early stages of drug discovery. The process of bringing effective drugs to market requires a lot of money and time investment, in this review which shows a brief advance of SBDD in the current stages of drug discovery.


The surface residual stress of the large-size generator's shaft is one of the most important test items after completing the process of the shaft of the generator.At present, there are two kinds of test methods, cutting ring or ring-core method, to measure the surface residual stress of the large-size generator's shaft. The practice to apply the ring-core method to measure surface residual stress of the large-size generator's shaft was introduced briefly as well as the comparison was done between the cutting ring and ringcore methods. The measured data by the ring-core method was a little higher than that by the cutting ring method in certain extent. Also, the cause to produce difference coming from the two types of method was analyzed.


A range sensing technique by Moire contour mapping based on beat-frequcncyand electronic scanning method is reported.Some experimental results of measurementof 3-D coordinate data of an object are given.


The necessity of a revolution in the electrical system is obvious, and smart meters will be the solution. The development of smart grids will be built over the new electronic measuring devices, wh ...


Background: The aim of the present study was genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus isolates from dogs and jackals in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, and using partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1). Methods: E. granulosus isolates (n = 15) were collected from 42 stray dogs and 16 jackals found in south of the Caspian Sea in northern Iran. After morphological study, the isolates were genetically characterized using consensus sequences (366bp) of the cox1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis of cox1 nucleotide sequence data was performed using a Bayesian Inference approach. Results: Four different sequences were observed among the isolates. Two genotypes [G1 (66.7%) and G3 (33.3%)] were identified among the isolates. The G1 sequences indicated three sequence profiles. One profile (Maz1) had 100% homology with reference sequence (AN: KP339045). Two other profiles, designated Maz2 and Maz3, had 99% homology with the G1 genotype (ANs: KP339046 and KP339047). A G3 sequence designated Maz4 showed 100% homology with a G3 reference sequence (AN: KP339048). Conclusion: The occurrence of the G1 genotype of E. granulosus sensu stricto as a frequent genotype in dogs is emphasized. This study established the first molecular characterization of E. granulosus in the province.


Abstract In the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, 32 coastal beach sites, 23 lake beach sites, and 31 river swimming hole sites were sampled for enterococci as indicators of bathing suitability over 3 summers (from 1991 to 1995). The median enterococcal numbers of 5 samples collected from each site over each season were compared to the guideline medians: 35 and 33 enterococci per 100 ml for marine and fresh waters, respectively. The "5‐sample median" values generally agreed with longer‐term medians (n = 24, 28) from river and estuary sites sampled between 1990 and 1994. During the summers of 1991 and 1993, high enterococcal numbers at marine and lake swimming sites were assumed to be derived primarily from sewage effluent and farm run‐off, either directly or from freshwater inflows. Enterococcal numbers dropped significantly in these waters when effluents were either treated or removed from the waters. In 1995, all marine bathing waters complied with the guideline value of 35 enterococci per 100 ml. Evidence fr...


Endohedral fullerenes in general and cluster/molecule encapsulated endohedrals in particular exhibit a very complex dynamic behaviour, that has necessarily to be considered when investigating or characterizing these systems by spectrosopic measurements. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations along with the calculation of dynamic spectra provide a detailed insight into the intra‐cage dynamics of these systems and help to clarify its impact on spectroscopic investigations. The effects are shown exemplarily for Sc3N@C80, Sc3N@C78 and Sc2C2@C84.


position of l-methyl-l-nitrosourea, a bone marrow toxin in animals, results in the formation of a nonmyelosuppressive but diabetogenic antitumor agent streptozotocin (10). An additional observation was the identification of a class of NO nitrosoureas and nitrosamine compounds with a R@!!4@ (C H 2)12H end group that depresses pyridine nucleotide concentrations in liver, the proposed mechanism of dia betogenicity of streptozotocin (8, 9). Nitrosoureas pos sessing a chloroethyl end group, represented by BCNU and CCNU, were shown not to affect NAD concentrations (8). The subject of this report is the preliminary investigation of a newly synthesized aminoglucose nitrosourea containing a chloroethyl end group, GCNU (Chart I). The toxicity and biochemical activity of this compound is compared with previously studied nitrosourea antitumor agents in an attempt to confirm the importance of the aminoglucose carrier in modifying bone marrow toxicity. The importance of NAD depression for nitrosourea-related diabetogenic activity is also examined.


AIM : To explore a method to develop a stable and repeatable murine model of acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL),which progression could be observed.METHODS : For the model,Nod / SCID mice were irradiated by 60 Coγ ray and the level of leukocytes was very low at the fifth day,then Nod / SCID mice were injected with HL60cells intravenously via tail vein.The percentage of HL60cells in the peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry,which was used to observe the distribution change of HL60 cells in the peripheral blood.The development of solid tumors in the superficial parts of body was observed daily,and to confirm the characteristics of tumor spread in the mice with histopathological methods.RESULTS: Day 7 post injection,HL60 cells could be detected in the peripheral blood of Nod / SCID mice.About day 30 post injection,solid tumors were observed through the whole body of mice.About day 40,mouse physical fitness began to decline,and mice began to die.The leukemic infiltration was found in the hematopoietic system and non-hematopoietic system.The results of two trials were coincidence.CONCLUSION: For the model,Nod / SCID mice were irradiated by γ ray from 60 Co,injected with HL60 cells intravenously via tail vein in the day 5 post irradiation.The course of disease could be kept in about 40 days,and leukemic progression in the Nod / SCID mice with APL was similar with clinical leukemic progression.The model could be used for anti-leukemia drug screening and pharmacodynamic evaluation of candidate drugs with low bone marrow toxicity.


Through the laboratory test of the effect of salt contents on the strength of cement-mixed non-organic clays,The threshold of 3.5% was obtained.When the salt content of the clay is lower than this value,the strength of cement-soil will be increased due to solute salt's dcrystallization and expansion.Conversely,when the soil have a higher salt content than the threshold,the strength of cemented clays will be greatly reduced due to structural destruction of cemented clays by the excessive crystallization and expansion of the salt.In addition,the corrosion mechanism of sulfate,chloride and magnesium salt to cemented clays is also discussed.And finally,based on the mechanism of the effect of salt on the strength of the cement-mixed clays,the prevention measures are suggested in case of the destruction to the cemented-mixed clays under high salt content conditions.


United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals set the policy priorities for confronting the economic, social and environmental risks that our planet is facing, with equitable education and clean water and sanitation to be designated among these goals. As the main United Nations organization focusing on education, science and culture, UNESCO fully supports the implementation of the goals that lie within its respective fields of competence, such as education and natural sciences, as well as triggers frameworks and programmes such as the Education and Sustainable Development 2030 and the UNESCO's UNITWIN and Chairs towards this direction. In European Union, the well-established education programmes, i.e. the ERASMUS+ programme, play an important role on the enhancement of education systems with the perspective of sustainable development not only at the Union's level but at the global one. The specific work presents the potentiality of integrating frameworks that are supported by different international organizations and programmes for achieving the enhancement of higher education with regard to sustainable environmental management. We demonstrated the water resources management problems in three heteroclites geographical areas of the word and the way that integrated actions of higher education institutions with the UNESCO Chair INWEB, under the umbrella of ERASMUS+ programmes, deal with the specific objectives. A key issue for the successful implementation of the programmes was the willingness of the partners to reform their educational structures and adopt innovative solutions that promote water resources sustainability.


China began as an agrarian society with the traditional notion that men should work outside while women should stay inside and take care of the home. With the passage of time and social changes, the female sense of self has gained ground, and female participation in issues of public policy has increased. However, taking into account traditional beliefs, women's role in the family is more or less lost after they enter the workforce. Therefore this study holds that a worthy topic for in-depth investigation is how women are able to take on both the familial and professional roles after beginning a career in the political arena. In order to understand how f female politicians are able to gain voter recognition while maintaining a balance between their family and their profession, illustrated by the case of female politicians in this research. Factors affecting service performance and voter loyalty are taken for study and verification. Using the questionnaire survey method, a total of 120 questionnaires were handed out with a total of 103 valid questionnaires collected with an effective collection rate of 85.8%. The results indicate that work pressure and service quality have a significant positive effect on voter loyalty. At the same time, there was a significant positive effect between voter loyalty and service performance. At the end of this study, based on information gathered, management advice and follow-up suggestions that will positively impact public service will be offered under the premise of the re-election of female representatives.


Background: Drug addiction is a very common issue in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa due to easy availability of drugs on account of sharing border with Afghanistan, illiteracy and lack of implementation of laws to deal with drug trafficking. There is need to study the pattern of misuse of illicit drugs in this region. Objectives: To determine the pattern of drugs misuse among patients attending Iftikhar Psychiatric Hospital, Peshawar Material and Methods: It was a descriptive study, carried out on 135 persons, with history of drugs misus, who were presented to Iftikhar Psychiatric Hospital, Peshawar, from January 2019 to December 2019. Urine samples of every subject were screened for various drugs using immune chromatography technique. Results: The most frequently misused drug in the study was Opiate (84%) followed by Marijuana(76%), Benzodiazepines(43%), Methamphetamines(8%), Tricyclic antidepressants(4%) and cocaine(0.74%). Out of the total 135 patients, 133(98.5%) were males while 2(1.5%) were females. Poly substance misuse was more predominant in the study. Conclusion: Drug addiction is a very serious public health issue globally including Pakistan. Male addiction predominance and opiates overuse is observed high in the present study. There is need to take all necessary steps to curb the curse of drug abuse.


panies, playing" and "provincial companies, tours" mention only touring in England, patriotically ignoring the Continent. The most glaring omission concerns early modern constructions of race. I found only one short article, "Moors," that addresses the topic in any detail. Certain topics that cry out for a deft touch and a catholic mind receive cursory treatment. I turned to "art" expecting a few paragraphs on the intersections among poetry, drama, and visual culture, perhaps mentioning Reformation iconophobia; or on the use of painted figures, emblems, and impresas in pageants, entertainments, and masques. With an air of regret, a single paragraph informs us that there are few references to art in Shakespeare, that the English were backward in artistic achievement, and that the first images of Shakespearean subjects were portraits of the poet. All true enough, but the summary gives the misleading impression that visual art is not a very rich topic for investigation. "Science" fares even worse, rigidly bound by a semantic approach. Its tone is brisk: experimental science simply didn't exist until Bacon's Novum Organum (1620); before that, science meant something closer to "special knowledge." Instead of providing a glimpse of a turbulent intellectual world, the entry limits its discussion to what Shakespearean characters say about nature and the cosmos. The article makes no reference to the proto-science of alchemy nor to the spread of skepticism and uncertainty seen everywhere from Hamlet and Doctor Faustus to Copernicus, Reginald Scot, John Donne, Galileo, and Bruno; a student would have no idea that Shakespeare lived during an intellectual revolution. Thankfully, such oversimplification is not the norm elsewhere. "Religion" receives a thoughtful treatment in a long article by Steve Sohmer that packs in a tremendous amount of history and doctrine without sacrificing clarity."Education," by Stanley Wells, is remarkably lively and reassuringly up-to-date, rich with apt references to the plays and long poems. "Sexuality" merited a much longer article, but Kate Chedgzoy manages to deal with sodomy laws, early modern marriage, same-sex desire, bisexuality, Freud, Foucault, and ongoing debates in an essay distinguished by its economy and grace. All in all, despite the mustiness that hovers over some of its contents, this Oxford Companion represents a noteworthy entrant to the crowded field of Shakespeare guides. The volume deserves a place on the shelves of all kinds of readers, and the editors and contributors are to be commended for producing a volume that generally manages to be inclusive and scholarly.


After pure titanium Ingot(G2) with 400mm in diameter was manufactured, the analysis of its ingredients showed that the oxygen content was 0.073wt% and the iron content was 0.03wt%, which made ASTM Gr.2 standardization satisfactory. The processed titanium ingot produced 42mm wire rod, and hot rolling of 18th phase produced 9mm wire rod. The hardness analysis of 15.8mm wire rod, which was processed in hot rolling of 10th phase from the surface to the center, resulted in almost constant value with Hv150~200. The last 9mm wire rod had a different yield strength and elongation percentage depending on the temperature as it was led in to a hot roller. However, tensile strength revealed an approximate value and made ASTM B863 standardization satisfactory.


A review of some methods in sheaf theory is presented to make precise a general concept of regularity in algebras or spaces of generalized functions. This leads to the local analysis of the sections of sheaves or presheaves under consideration and then to microlocal analysis and microlocal asymptotic analysis.


Mixing in Ellis Fjord, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, is controlled by processes which are influenced by the extent of ice formation. A study of water temperature and salinity at a site near the middle of the fjord was undertaken from May 1994 to February 1995 after a summer (1993–94) in which the ice cover of the fjord was largely retained. Vertical mixing resulting from the exclusion of salt during the limited winter formation of ice was insufficient to mix completely the non-meromictic basins of the fjord. In contrast, a previous study during a winter with far more ice production recorded much stronger vertical mixing throughout the fjord. Warming and freshening of the fjord during the 1994–95 summer, when the ice again did not melt significantly, was attributable to the flow of warmer, less saline water along the fjord. This process was probably related to the formation of tidal jets at the narrow and shallow entrance to the fjord, and was thus influenced by the ice conditions around the entrance. These jets would also have introduced significant amounts of extra-fjord water (along with any resident biota) into the fjord.


This critical assessment of Harvey Perloff's influential paradigm for education planners begins with a survey of the core offerings of 20 North American planning schools. It proceeds to ask what is specific to planning education, leading into a discussion of the planning "core." Planning programs are then challenged to stretch the period of graduate study so that students can acquire true mastery of a specialization which rests on a foundation that includes a knowledge of the urban habitat and its dynamics as well as the skills, methods, and approaches common to all urban professionals.


Investigating the total heating energy consumption over the entire heating season and its distribution data can help policymakers to adequately understand the current status and development trend of heating energy consumption, as well as to formulate effective policies to improve the indoor comfort and energy performance of residential buildings. This paper aims to explore a method for obtaining the space heating energy consumption demand of dwellings to guide energy conservation and energy supply with heating. A survey questionnaire was carried out to obtain detailed information on the occupant behaviour on space heating in a multi-unit high-rise residential community in Nantong. The statistical results of some factors were obtained from the questionnaire, such as occupants' space heating behaviour, window-opening behaviour, and indoor temperature setting. Then, energy consumption by space heating was simulated and analysed based on the survey data, and the reliability of results was verified by comparing modelled results with measured energy consumption from 1625 households. The results reveal that the heating energy consumption simulation method based on occupant behaviour survey can be used to predict the distribution of the energy consumption over the entire heating season in this region and areas with similar climate.


Coherence lifetimes (T2) of excited states of a hydrogen-like arsenic donor in germanium (Ge:As) have been determined by nonlinear two-dimensional (2D) ultrafast time-domain terahertz spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures. The derived coherence times for the 2po and $2p\pm$ donor states are 2 ps and 0.15 ps respectively.


Non-perturbative properties of QCD, such as color confinement, are encoded in the infrared behavior of correlation functions, e.g. propagators and vertices. Various analytic predictions have been suggested for these quantities in various gauges. Here we numerically test these predictions using lattice gauge theory. In particular, we present results for the 2- and 3-point functions for SU(2) Landau-gauge Yang-Mills theory in three and in four dimensions. Special attention is paid to systematic finite-volume effects. The gluon and ghost propagators are also evaluated in the so-called interpolating gauge (between the Landau and the Coulomb gauge), in order to study their gauge-dependence. Finally, we consider these propagators in Landau gauge at finite temperature, with the aim of understanding the effect of the deconfinement phase transition on their infrared behavior. All our results are compatible with the so-called Gribov-Zwanziger confinement scenario.


This paper analyzed the variety trend and characteristics of the thickness and the grade of main orebody in Jiaojia gold mine,and made the quantification to its change.The variety coefficient of thickness is 31.7%-123.7%,namely "comparative unstable";and the variety coefficient of grade is smaller than 93%,and general is 27.5%-85.3%,namely the distributing of useful component is "uniformity".The variety tendency of the thickness and the grade is big in direction of tilt than strike slightly.


The cuttings along this new line of railway from Annesley to a little south of Rugby have been described by Mr. Fox-Strangways, and it is now proposed to note the chief geological features along the line as far as Quainton Road, near Aylesbury. This portion of the railway crosses the country from north to south, and south-east for a distance of about 35 miles. The following notes were made partly in November, 1895, when the cuttings were examined from Willoughby, near Rugby, to Helmdon; and partly in May of the following year, when the examination was continued to Quainton Road.


A sort of P/M material consisting of Fe-Ni-Cr-RE used in cylinder liner of mud pump was developed.The effects of microstructure and content of rare earth elements on wear resistance of Fe-Ni-RE alloy was studied.The result shows that by adding rare earth elements the higher density and uniform microstructure can be obtained in the material,and the material possesses high hardness and good wear resistantce.


Four families caring at home perspectives on the move from home the problem of independence looking at the alternatives planning and undergoing a move letting go - dilemmas and responses further reading some useful organizations.


To investigate the adherence and the self‐reported barriers to general and respiratory exercises reported by individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF).


WASA have been concerned for a number of years that the volume of Hillsborough Dam was decreasing due to the deposition of sediment in the reservoir. In 2004 Inter-American Bank funding was obtained by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago to let a contract for the feasibility study and detailed design for desilting and rehabilitation works at Hillsborough Dam, Tobago. The project was carried out between January and August 2005.


Due to many nonideal conditions such as the channel gain/phase response error and multi-channel range-doppler images coregistration error, the performance of radial velocity estimation of moving targets with the traditional adaptive match filtering algorithm will degrade. For the purpose of overcoming this influence, a new radial velocity estimation algorithm based on data reconstruction and signal fitting is proposed. The validity and superiority of this method are experimentally verified by the simulated and real synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. The results illustrate this method has a good robustness to image coregistration error and channel response error.


1. Preliminaries. Let Ζ be the line of integers, Ω = { 0, 1} z the set of all possible states of the lattice Ζ (the set of all double sequences, going to infinity in both directions), / ε Ω some state of Ζ (a double sequence), f(x) e {0, 1} the state of χ <E Z. On Ω there acts a local deterministic operator Τ defined as follows. At each χ e Ζ we fix a neighbourhood Ux = {x — r l t . . ., χ + r 2 }, where rl > 0 and r 2 > 0 are given integers. We call UQ the neighbourhood of the operator T, and its diameter, that is, the number D(T) = D = r^+r2 the diameter of Τ (D is 1 less than the number of points in UQ). Next let ψ: {0, 1 } D + 1 -> {0, 1} be a function of D + 1 arguments for which ψ(0, ..., 0) = 0 and ψ(1, ..., 1) = 1. By this function the operator Τ is defined according to the formula


In this unique and compelling text, Denzin explores the connections between the cultural history of Yellowstone Park, the ''official'' history of Native Americans, and the personal history of himself and his family. Within this framework, he considers issues of gender within the narrative of Yellowstone and Native Americans more generally, addresses the dichotomy of use of Native American symbols, invokes understandings of visual rhetoric, and points to the connections between understandings of self and larger contexts of family, place, and time. As such, the volume should be of interest to communication scholars throughout the discipline. In addition to content that reflects a wide variety of arenas within communication studies, this text is also intriguing in the methodology employed. In this work, Denzin employs a mixture of rhetorical visual analysis, cultural critique, performance studies, and autoethnography, and presents them in a format that is equally unique (including script, prose, and poetic form). In the opening chapter of the book, Denzin sets up the remainder of the text, establishing how he wishes the text to be understood and read. A careful review of this argument is necessary for a full understanding of the later writing. Denzin argues for a metaphoric reading of Yellowstone history as a form of resistance against overdetermined understandings of history. He also argues here that the text is best experienced primarily (with four chapters as exceptions) as performance rather than as a solo read.


Objective To evaluate the middle-and long-term intervenient effects of Naoan capsule(a traditional Chinese medicine) on patients with high-risk of stroke.Methods 320 patients with one of the following risk factors,including hypertension,heart disease,diabetes mellitus,lipid abnormality and family history of stroke were screened.All the patients were under 40 years old and their accumulative scores of cerebral vascular hemodynamic indexes(CVHI) were 75.The patients were randomly divided into a Naoan group and a aspirin group.The patients of the former group were given Naoan 2 capsules twice a day;the patients of the latter group were given aspirin 100 mg,once a day.The intervenient period was 24 to 36 months.The patients were followed up once a year about their blood pressure,lipid,CVHI,as well as the prognosis of the patients.Results ①The accumulated follow-up time was 470 person-years in the Naoan group,and the morbidity and mortality of stroke were 1.915% and 0.851%,respectively;The accumulated follow-up time was 460 person-years in the aspirin group,and the morbidity and mortality of stroke were 4.130% and 2.931%,respectively.The comprehensive morbidity and mortality of stroke in the Naoan group were lower than those in the aspirin group(P0.05).②The systolic and diastolic pressures before and after the intervention were 162±11 mm Hg and 130±7 mm Hg,101±9 mm Hg and 83±6 mm Hg in the Naoan group,and the CVHI scores were 49±13 and 82±9;While those in the aspirin group were 161±10 mm Hg and 137±5 mm Hg,99±7 mm Hg and 90±4 mm Hg,and The CVHI scores of the two groups were 49±12 and 70±11 respectively.There were significant differences in the systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,and the CVPI scores between the two groups after the intervention(P0.01).Conclusions Naoan capsule may reduce the morbidity and mortality of stroke and improve cerebrovascular function.The long-term efficacy is superior to aspirin for prevention of stroke in high-risk population.


ABSTRACT: Fifty patient of leprosy have been screened for bacillaemia by buffy coat method. 20 cases (40 percent) showed bacillaemia and bacilli were found in monocytes and polymorph nuclear cells. In 4 cases bacilli were uniformly stained (believed to be the viable form). None of the patient towards tuberculoid spectrum showed bacillaemia. A definite correlation was observed between the bacterial index (BI) in the skin and detection of bacilli in the blood.


High bias electrical transport characteristics of freely suspended metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are investigated at 250-400K in vacuum and various gases. Self-heating is exploited to examine the temperature dependence of phonon transport and optical phonon decay in SWNTs. The acoustic phonon thermal conductivity of a SWNT follows ~1/T at high temperatures. Non-equilibrium optical phonon effects in suspended nanotubes decrease as the ambient temperature increases. Gas molecules assist the relaxation of hot optical phonons along the tube length and enable enhanced current flow. In vacuum, high bias breakdown of suspended SWNTs can occur via melting caused by electrically emitted hot optical phonons at a low acoustic phonon temperature.


Deregulated metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer. It is well-known that tumour cells tend to metabolize glucose via glycolysis even when oxygen is available and mitochondrial respiration is functional. However, the lower energy efficiency of aerobic glycolysis with respect to mitochondrial respiration makes this behaviour, namely the Warburg effect, counter-intuitive, although it has now been recognized as a source of anabolic precursors. On the other hand, there is evidence that oxygenated tumour cells could be fuelled by exogenous lactate produced from glycolysis, and that glycolytic tumour cells export lactate to the environment. Using a multi-scale approach combining multi-agent modelling, diffusion-reaction and stoichiometric equations, we simulated these cell populations and their environment, and studied the metabolic co-operation between cells exposed to different oxygen concentration and nutrient abundance. The results show that the metabolic cooperation between cells reduces the depletion of environmental glucose, resulting in an overall advantage of using aerobic glycolysis. In addition, the environmental oxygen level was found to be decreased by the symbiosis, promoting a further shift towards anaerobic glycolysis. However, the oxygenated and hypoxic cell populations may gradually reach quasi-equilibrium. A sensitivity analysis based on Latin hypercube sampling and partial rank correlation shows that the symbiotic dynamics depends on properties of the specific cell such as the minimum glucose level needed for glycolysis. Our results suggest that strategies that block glucose transporters may be more effective than those blocking lactate intake transporters to reduce tumour growth by blocking lactate production. AUTHOR SUMMARY Metabolic alteration is one of the hallmarks of cancer and the well-known metabolic alteration of tumour cells is that cells prefer to do glycolysis over mitochondrial respiration even under well-oxygenated and functional mitochondrial conditions. On the other hand, there is evidence that oxygenated tumour cells could be fuelled by exogenous lactate produced from hypoxic glycolytic cells in which it can create a metabolic co-operation between oxygenated and hypoxic cell populations. This metabolic co-operation could allow tumour cells to economically share oxygen and glucose and promote tumour survival. Using a multi-scale approach combining multi-agent modelling, diffusion-reaction and stoichiometric equations, we studied this metabolic co-operation between different populations of cells, exposed to a changing microenvironment. We predict that the tumour environmental glucose depletion is decreased while the oxygen depletion is increased by this metabolic symbiosis, promoting a further shift towards glycolysis. Our results also show that blocking glucose transporters could be more effective than blocking lactate intake transporters, because the former would disrupt both glycolysis and lactate production, drastically reducing tumour growth.


Based on feature analysis of control system for water network of 1000 MW unit in Zhongdinatou Pingdingshan Luyang Power Generation Co Ltd,a control system of water networks has been constructed by using Profibus-DP and FF H1 fieldbus and taking DCS as the basis,the problems needing to pay attention in the design of fieldbus control system being summarized up.The practical application shows that the said control system is stable in operation,and each index of its function and performance can satisfy the requirements of water network control.


The role of foreign aid in assisting nations that are grappling with conflicts, non-democratic regimes, under-development amongst other malaises has been questioned by several scholars. The debate has been structured as to whether foreign aid achieves its objective/s without other unintended consequences to the developing nations, such as the interference in local issues which result in the compromised sovereignty. This essay reviewed related literature on foreign aid and its challenges to developing nation's sovereignty. On the basis of the conducted assessment, the essay concluded that there cannot be blanket funding without any conditions as some of the opponents seem to be demanding. Conditionality's around human rights, around good governance, around women empowerment amongst others are deemed necessary and fair. However, conditionality's around the reduction or eradication of social welfare and trade policies that are detrimental to the recipient nation are unfair. Further, imposing similar condition's right across without taking into account the fundamental differences within the recipient nations is also unfair. The conclusion in this regard is that foreign aid does pose a challenge to the sovereignty of recipient nations. Evidence as provided by the opponents of foreign aid points to the fact that foreign aid does lead to interference and thereby seeking to divert policy (trade or otherwise) away from what the intentions of the recipient nations are. Those that are in the neutral will argue that interference would only impact policy autonomy but not the state's right to rule'. Our view is that the inability to self-determine and have your policies dictated somewhere dilutes your right to rule which in essence undermines your sovereignty.


Sindh province has large number of its governmental institutions, where Islamic studies is being taught as compulsory subject by large number of teachers... This research presents a focused brief introduction and analyze of Islamic studies' curriculum's Aqa'id section, from Class 1-8 in the institutions. In addition to this statistics of the government institutions are discussed concisely. At the same time the research examines the teacher's capability and skills to teach the syllabus in the province, resulting a survey and data collected by cooperation of the teachers and the institutions. Furthermore the research discussed the learning methods, processes and tools being used by teachers during the teaching process. Finally, the research proposes recommendation for advancement of the teaching Aqa'id section as effective and productive for the individual and the Nation.


Social Aspects of Ancient Egyptian Domestic Architecture Aby Aikaterini Koltsida How important is the study of the domestic architecture of a society in order to reveal the everyday life of its inhabitants? How significant is the space within which people live and interact in order to understand the structure and function of a family? How much does the space influence the relationships developed among the people living under the same roof? Is there a characteristic house plan to cover the everyday basic needs of an ancient Egyptian? In this study, the author looks at the function and use of a domestic unit and the everyday life of its occupants.


Rats had learnt special abilities in a test chamber. The next step was to test whether these special abilities would have any influence on social interactions in a test chamber. The behavior of male BDE-rats was tested in three different situations. 1. Rat A was able to handle a central lever to get food (ability f) and rat B had learnt to press a lever in front of the test chamber to get water (ability w). 2. Rat A had learnt both abilities (f and w) and rat B had learnt neither. 3. Both animals had learnt the abilities f and w. Subsequently it might be possible that in some special test-situations one of the animals will learn from the other. In control series, therefore, other rats had to learn the ability f or w, or f and w without the presence of another rat.

The results suggested that the behavior of the rats was influenced by the learnt ability. Another result was that there is no connection between the learnt ability of an animal and its social rank. The learning results of the rats which learnt alone in the test chamber (control group) were better than the results of the subjects which had the chance to learn in the presence of a partner.


The invention relates to a soil conditioner, which belongs to the technical field of agriculture. The soil conditioner solves the problem that the reuse period of a ginseng field is long. The soil conditioner is prepared through the piling decay of the following components in percentage by weight: 0.30 to 0.50 percent of ammonium nitro-humate, 0.50 to 1.50 percent of compound amino acid, 0.30 to 1.00 percent of chito-oligosaccharide, 2.00 to 4.00 percent of urea, 0.30 to 0.60 percent of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.04 to 0.08 percent of ferrous sulfate, 0.05 to 0.15 percent of boric acid, 0.05 to 0.15 percent of manganese sulphate, 0.04 to 0.08 percent of copper sulphate, 0.10 to 0.30 percent of zinc sulfate, 0.05 to 0.15 percent of ammonium molybdate, and the balance being crushed plant straws. The soil conditioner is used for the soil improvement of the ginseng field in the process of planting ginsengs, and can shorten the reuse period of the ginseng field.


A $k$ -out-of- $n$ : $F$ system is considered, and its reliability is studied under degradation performance. The effect of the presence of a cold standby component is investigated on likelihood and reliability functions. A Gamma process is assumed for degradation of active and standby components, and the effect of varying the shape and scale parameters is studied on system reliability. The maximum likelihood estimator and also the asymptotic confidence interval for reliability of the system are investigated. Finally, the results are illustrated via a real degradation dataset.


This report summarizes development of borehole-miner extendible-nozzle water-jetting technology for dislodging and retrieving salt cake, sludge} and supernate to remediate underground storage tanks full of radioactive waste. The extendible-nozzle development was based on commercial borehole-miner technology.


Modified polyurethane prepolymer was prepared using the segmental synthesis method. Then, pectiniform polycarboxylate was synthesized at normal temperature in the complex initiation system of H2O2, APS, sodium bisulfite, Vc, and Rongalit according to the free radical polymerization reaction mechanism, using TPEG, AA, and PEG as raw materials and TGA as the chain transfer agent. Compared with commercial Sika polycarboxylate, its flowability, strength, drying shrinkage, and auto-shrinkage were studied. The experimental results show that the synthesized polycarboxylate could be better dispersed. Adding silica fume can enhance the compressive strength of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), while slag may decline its strength. By incorporating slag and silica fume, the drying shrinkage of UHPC was reduced, but its auto-shrinkage was increased.


Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GB) is the deadliest type of primary brain tumor. Following diagnosis the patient´s median survival is only 16 months. There are currently around 450 clinical trials focused on the development of more effective therapies for GB. Nevertheless, radiotherapy remains the most clinically relevant and effective treatment for this devastating disease. Unfortunately, radiotherapy resistance (radioresistance) is frequently observed in GB patients. As a consequence tumor regrowth (recurrence) occurs and eventually the patient succumbs to the disease. It is crucial to fully understand the mechanisms by which GB cells become resistant to radiation in order to improve the sensitivity of these cells to radiotherapy and develop novel strategies to overcome this issue. In this review, we examined how low tumor oxygenation (known as hypoxia) which is a main feature of GB contributes to radioresistance to better understand the implications of this tumor microenvironment in GB treatment and recurrence. Abstract Glioblastoma (GB) (grade IV astrocytoma) is the most malignant type of primary brain tumor with a 16 months median survival time following diagnosis. Despite increasing attention regarding the development of targeted therapies for GB that resulted in around 450 clinical trials currently undergoing, radiotherapy still remains the most clinically effective treatment for these patients. Nevertheless, radiotherapy resistance (radioresistance) is commonly observed in GB patients leading to tumor recurrence and eventually patient death. It is therefore essential to unravel the molecular mechanisms underpinning GB cell radioresistance in order to develop novel strategies and combinational therapies focused on enhancing tumor cell sensitivity to radiotherapy. In this review, we present a comprehensive examination of the current literature regarding the role of hypoxia (O2 partial pressure less than 10 mmHg), a main GB microenvironmental factor, in radioresistance with the ultimate goal of identifying potential molecular markers and therapeutic targets to overcome this issue in the future.


In order to better serve for the sales operation,Sales department integrated sales ERP system and logistics system seamlessly, which not only offset the amount that sales ERP system can't provide professional management of logistics,but also keep consistent among operations,procedures and plans in the field of Sales department,therefore,the interface between sales ERP system and logistics system will be popularized soon in the sales sector of CNPC.This paper briefly introduces the features of three systems and describes the interface scheme between sales ERP system and logistics system from interface scheme background,design,assessment of strengths and weaknesses, etc.


In the present study, Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes have been prepared by reacting metal Nitrate with the ligand (Alprazolam), which have the general structural composition [(L) M(NO3)2], where M=Cu(II) and Co(II) and L=Alprazolam [8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-trizolo (4,3-a) (1,4) benzodiazepine].The complexes were characterised on the basis of elemental analysis, molecular weight and IR data. The shift in the characteristic infrared frequencies of the free ligand bands confirm the coordination. The IR data of the complexes reveal the bidentate nature with [N(1) and N(4)] sites of the ligand. All the complexes, ligand and metal salts have been screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities against selected microbes. Biocidal studies show that the Cu(II) complexes is more effective than Co(II) complexes.


In response to the increasing world-wide need for reliable, lowest-cost and environmentally compatible generation of energy, Siemens Energy has developed a new generation of H-class gas turbines with a power of 530+ MW and an efficiency of more than 60% in combined-cycle. The SGT5-8000H has been developed based on an evolutionary innovation concept which can be characterized by a technology platform strategy and prior component pre-validation. To ensure that the new product line can be brought to market with extensive testing and operation experience under real power plant conditions, a comprehensive validation program was launched in December 2007 at the prototypical power plant in Irsching. The 18 month validation program consists of multiple measurement campaigns, covering the full operation range starting from the hot commissioning to a final endurance test in single-cycle configuration. To gain the required data for the validation, the SGT5-8000H prototype has been equipped with close to 3000 measuring sensors and an extensive data acquisition system. For the realization of the largest gas turbine validation program ever conducted by Siemens, innovation in various aspects of test execution and evaluation had to be realized. Dedicated teams are operating and monitoring the engine operation from on-site and from the world-wide engineering locations utilizing real-time data acquisition, monitoring and evaluation methods. This paper describes the infrastructure and settings of the validation program in terms of the testing scope, facilities, methods and tools.Copyright © 2009 by Siemens Energy, Inc.


The paper briefly introduces the accuracy requirement of the wear-resisting layer on the sliding shoe,and expounds the existing problems in the present processing technology.It puts forward semi-automatic overlaying welding to replace the manual overlaying welding,and conducts prior feasibility analysis on welding parameters and welding path etc.based on the structural characteristics of the existing test equipments and the guide shoe.The study plays a guiding role for the actual production work in the future.


Simple Summary Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms including over 70 different subtypes. Its biological characteristic of deriving from lymphoid tissues makes it ideal for immunotherapy. In this paper, we provide insights into lymphoma-specific clinical trials based on cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy. We also reviewed pre-clinical lymphoma models where CIK cells have been used along with other synergetic tumor-targeting immune modules to improve their therapeutic potential. From a broader perspective, we will highlight that CIK cell therapy has potential, and in this rapidly evolving landscape of cancer therapies its optimization (as a personalized therapeutic approach) will be beneficial in lymphomas. Abstract Cancer is a complex disease where resistance to therapies and relapses often pose a serious clinical challenge. The scenario is even more complicated when the cancer type itself is heterogeneous in nature, e.g., lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphocytes which constitutes more than 70 different subtypes. Indeed, the treatment options continue to expand in lymphomas. Herein, we provide insights into lymphoma-specific clinical trials based on cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy and other pre-clinical lymphoma models where CIK cells have been used along with other synergetic tumor-targeting immune modules to improve their therapeutic potential. From a broader perspective, we will highlight that CIK cell therapy has potential, and in this rapidly evolving landscape of cancer therapies its optimization (as a personalized therapeutic approach) will be beneficial in lymphomas.


Dengue type 2 virus (DV) infection induces production of a cytokine, the cytotoxic factor (CF) in the spleen of mice. The present study was undertaken to investigate the production of nitrite (NO−2) by the spleen cells of mice in vitro and in vivo following inoculation of DV or CF. Maximum NO−2 production occurred at 45 min after inoculation of 5 μg CF, both in vitro and in vivo. The NO−2 was produced by macrophages and T cells and not by B cells. Pretreatment of CF with anti‐CF antisera inhibited production of NO−2. DV‐stimulated spleen cell culture supernatants showed peak production of CF and NO−2 at 72 h. In DV‐infected mouse spleen, maximum NO−2 production occurred at 8–11 days post‐infection, which correlated with peak cytotoxic activity in the spleen. Pretreatment of spleen cells with NG‐monomethyl l‐arginine (NMMA) inhibited NO−2 production. NO−2 production was abrogated in a dose‐dependent manner by treatment of spleen cells with Ca2+ channel blocking drug, Nifedipine. The findings demonstrate that DV‐induced CF induces production of NO−2 in spleen cells, probably in a Ca2+‐dependent manner, and may be a mechanism of target cell killing.


The availability of pure samples of o-Br8OPS, 2,5-Br16OPS, and Br24OPS provides a rare opportunity to synthesize sets of corresponding stilbene derivatives: o-RStyr8OPS, RStyr16OPS, and RStyr24OPS where R = 4-methyl (Me), Boc-protected 4-amino (NBoc), or 4-acetoxy (Ace). These derivatives show unique UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescent behavior that points to interesting interactions between the organic tethers and the silsesquioxane cage. o-RStyr8OPS shows blue-shifts in the absorption spectra compared to p-MeStyr8OPS, suggesting that the stilbene groups sit over and interact with the face of the electrophilic silsesquioxane cage as is the case with the parent molecule, o-Br8OPS. The emission spectra of o-RStyr8OPS are similar to p-MeStyr8OPS indicating similar excited states involving the core LUMO. RStyr16OPS exhibits absorption and emission spectra as well as ΦPL similar to 1,4-distyrylbenzene, pointing to disruption in conjugation with the silsesquioxane cage because of steric interactions. RStyr24OPS offers absorption maxima that are blue-shifted and emission maxima that are red-shifted relative to RStyr16OPS. We speculate that RStyr24OPS is so sterically hindered that interactions with the cage face must occur. NBocStyr24OPS and AceStyr24OPS show moderate ΦPL and high two photon cross-section values, leading us to conclude that there are two excited states of nearly equivalent energy in these molecules with similar decay rates: a normal radiative π–π* transition and charge transfer involving the silsesquioxane cage. These same functional groups can be anticipated to offer much greater two photon absorption if different methods can be found for protecting the free amine from oxidation or replacing the acetoxy group (e.g. perhaps using alkyl or aryl groups).


A novel series of hybrid arylisoxazole‐chromenone carboxamides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity based on the modified Ellman's method. Among synthesized compounds, 5‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐N‐{4‐[(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐yl)oxy]phenyl}‐1,2‐oxazole‐3‐carboxamide depicted the most acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (IC50=1.23 μm) and 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐{4‐[(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐yl)oxy]phenyl}‐1,2‐oxazole‐3‐carboxamide was found to be the most potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor (IC50=9.71 μm). 5‐(3‐Nitrophenyl)‐N‐{4‐[(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐yl)oxy]phenyl}‐1,2‐oxazole‐3‐carboxamide was further investigated for its BACE1 inhibitory activity as well as neuroprotectivity and metal chelating ability as important factors involved in onset and progress of Alzheimer's disease. It could inhibit BACE1 by 48.46 % at 50 μm. It also showed 6.4 % protection at 25 μm and satisfactory chelating ability toward Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+ ions. Docking studies of 5‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐N‐{4‐[(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐yl)oxy]phenyl}‐1,2‐oxazole‐3‐carboxamide and 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐{4‐[(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐yl)oxy]phenyl}‐1,2‐oxazole‐3‐carboxamide confirmed desired interactions with those amino acid residues of the AChE and BChE, respectively.


e15557 Background: BRCA+ OCs appear to have enhanced sensitivity to platinum chemotherapy due to impaired homologous recombination, the DNA repair pathway responsible for the high-fidelity resolution of platinum-induced double-stranded DNA breaks. Topoisomerase I inhibitors, topotecan (T) and irinotecan (I), also cause double-stranded DNA breaks and are commonly used in platinum-refractory OC. We performed a retrospective analysis to determine the response rate (RR) and progression free survival (PFS) of BRCA+ and BRCA- patients (pts) to these two agents.

METHODS
Eligible pts: (1) were seen at Memorial Sloan Kettering from 1995-2011, (2) had histologically confirmed ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer, (3) were tested for BRCA1/2 mutations, and (4) received treatment with T or I. Responses were adjudicated by the treating physician based on imaging. Progression was defined as radiologic progression, worsening of disease related symptoms, intolerance of treatment, or death.

RESULTS
79 pts were identified. 22 pts were excluded because they were still receiving treatment or had received treatment concurrently with an additional anti-neoplastic agent. Data from the remaining 57 pts were analyzed (9 BRCA+, 48 BRCA-). The median age of BRCA+ and BRCA- pts was 60 and 62, respectively (p=0.22). The median number of prior therapies for both groups was 5 (range 2-9). All pts had high-grade serous carcinoma. All BRCA+ pts received T. Among BRCA- pts, 85% (41/48) received T and 15% (7/48) received I. The clinical benefit rate in BRCA+ and BRCA- pts was 0% and 25% (6 PRs, 6 SDs), respectively (p = 0.18). Median PFS in BRCA+ and BRCA- pts was 1.71 months (mon.). (95%CI: 0.95 - 2.80) and 2.52 mon. (95%CI: 1.94 - 2.80), respectively (p=0.88). Median time to best response was 1.97 mon. and median response duration 2.65 mon.

CONCLUSIONS
The RR reported here is consistent with the phase II data of T in platinum-refractory OC. This analysis does not support the superiority of topoisomerase I inhibitors in BRCA+ OC. Preclinical data suggest some BRCA+ tumors may reactivate normal BRCA function after treatment. It is unknown whether a different outcome would be observed in a less heavily pretreated cohort of pts.


The usefulness of the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) in computing the surface current and charge density induced on aircraft is illustrated. This is a high-frequency solution for an arbitrary incident plane wave and fuselage observation points. A pattem is presented for an arbitrary incident plane wave as well as a series of frequency and time domain plots for roil plane incidence. A 3-dimensional pattem is presented for plane wave incidence (as a function of incidence angle) as well as examples of roll plane results in both the frequency and time domain.


Summary and Conclusion Rabbits transfused after one to 2 hours in hemorrhagic shock nearly always recover. During the immediate post transfusion recovery phase the sensitivity to a purified E. colt toxin is increased 100,000 times normal. Return to normal tolerance to the endotoxin requires about 48 hours.


M Y discussion' of this topic does not presume to include a solution of the problem. Indeed, it is my intention only to "open the problem"-as if it were a festering sore that needs lancing. The services of a council of surgeons will be required to bring about the cure of a difficulty so complicated and dangerous for the success of our language program. My task will be to define and delimit the problem in such a way that the full light of information will fall squarely on the sore spots. The proling will be concluded with the suggestion of some instruments which may be used to effect an ultimate cure.


This article discusses approaches to defining the criterion of low interpretation as an integral part of the technique of low interpretation. Under the criterion of low interpretation refers to the normative priority set forth the legal principle, the identification of which is the task of highest courts of the Russian Federation. The author stresses the leading role of highest courts in the formation of the criterion of low interpretation in order to counter the legal nihilism and the implementation of the principle of uniformity of judicial practice.


The present invention provides the preparation of a kind of armorphous nano oxide noble metal heterojunction structure catalyst for anode of fuel cell oxidation reaction, belongs to catalyst field.The present invention first with slaine and carbon carrier ultrasonic disperse in protonic solvent, reacts at a certain temperature, heat treatment, obtains carbon-supported nano oxide;Make carbon-supported nano oxide react with precious metal salt again, obtain heterojunction structure catalyst.TEM, XRD detection shows, in heterojunction structure catalyst prepared by the present invention, nano-oxide is presented in unformed in the catalyst, there is obvious interface between noble metal nano particles and nano-oxide, the heterojunction structure of formation is the basis of high catalytic oxidation activity.Oxidation of ethanol performance test shows, heterojunction structure catalyst prepared by the present invention shows good catalytic oxidative and catalytic stability, and its noble metal utilisation is high, and low cost, is ideal catalyst of anode of fuel cell oxidation reaction.


Abstract There has been much recent interest in the extent to which the teaching in higher education delivered by non-academic staff has increased in the recent past. Within the Biosciences there has always been a tradition of engaging postgraduate students to support the delivery of some forms of teaching. In this paper we report on the findings of a survey of bioscience departments in the UK to explore the delivery of teaching by graduate teaching assistants (GTAs). A key finding is that there does not appear to have been a significant increase in the amount of teaching delivered by GTAs: only 18% of responding departments reported an increase in the use of GTAs over the last five years. The most common form of employment of GTAs is in supporting the delivery of practical classes, particularly in year 1, though GTAs are engaged to varying extents in all forms of teaching. All of the institutions that responded indicated that some forms of training were provided, though this varied in range and in perceived quality. Overall, the academic staff indicated general satisfaction with the quality of the teaching undertaken by GTAs


Consumers expect fresh meats to be red. and cooked meats to be brown. Consumers often interpret red or pink color in cooked meats as an indication of undercooking. Consumers are especially sensitive to pink color in pork, due to concern with trichinosis in undercooked pork. Processors experiencing problems with red or pink color in cooked products first check to assure that the desired internal temperature has been reached. If pink color persists in products reaching desired cooking temperatures, processors often suspect that nitrite, nitrate or nitric oxide contamination of product or ingredients has resulted in a pink, cured meat color reaction. It is now known that three distinct pigments may commonly cause red or pink color in cooked meats. They are 1) undenatured myoglobin and oxymyoglobin, the red pigments of fresh meat, 2) nitrosyl hemochrome, the pink pigment of cured meat, and 3) reduced globin hemochromes of well-cooked meats. Occasionally, exposure of cooked meat to carbon monoxide causes formation of globin carbon monoxide hemochrome. The undesired red or pink color may be present immediately after cooking, or it may gradually develop during distribution or retail display. Initial meat pH, cooking temperature, cooking method, processing procedures, packaging and microbial growth have all been shown to influence pink or red color in cooked meats. The first step in preventing pink color problems is to identify the responsible pigment. Appropriate changes in product formulation or processing procedures may then be taken to eliminate or minimize pink color problems. The following procedures are recommended for pink pigment identification.


Abstract A comparison of ESCA with wet chemical and other analytical techniques has demonstrated agreement within about a factor of 2 for sulfate and carbon but gave much larger deviations for nitrate and ammonium in analysis of atmospheric particulate samples collected in California's South Coast Basin. Analyses for nitrate and ammonium were low by a factor of 5 to 10 relative to the wet chemical methods. Loss of volatile ammonium- and nitrate-containing materials under the high vacuum and localized X-ray beam-induced heating conditions of ESCA was the most reasonable explanation of the discrepancy. Detailed temperature programmed ESCA studies support this conclusion and suggest the significance of highly volatile nitrate (e.g. nitric acid) and ammonium compounds in the atmospheric particles.


"Headline" inflation, as measured by the consumer price index (CPI), has been creeping up lately. Yet Canadians remain complacent about this rise since the behavior of the "core" inflation rate — which ignores food and energy prices, as well as indirect taxes — continues to be subdued. The main reason for recent differences between the two inflation measures is rising energy prices, but it would be a mistake to focus on the effects of energy prices in assessing the amount of inflationary pressure building up in the Canadian economy. In addition to headline inflation, other indicators, such as rapid money growth, unsustainably high real economic expansion, a tightening labor market, and perhaps the low level of the Canadian dollar exchange rate all suggest that monetary policy has been a bit too easy over the past 18 months or so. Those indicators also suggest that the increase in the overnight rate last May was not enough to correct these inflationary pressures and that a further modest tightening of monetary policy would be in order.


Distribution of media in the fast growing world of digital stored content and multimedia supporting devices with connectivity, calls for a new media distribution architecture. The user should be provided with the experience of having an overview of his full media collection, regardless of the time, the place, and the connectivity. The architecture presented in this paper, fulfils these needs and can cooperate furthermore with non-compliant devices.


Objective: In the present study, we investigated the Optimization of SFE extraction of three sesquiterpenes from Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl using orthogonal test design and subsequent isolation by HSCCC chromatography. Methods: An orthogonal L9(3)4 test design was applied to select the optimum extraction parameters including pressure, temperature, modifier and sample particle size on yield using an analyticalscale SFE system. The crude extract from preparative SFE was successfully isolated and purified by preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane–chloroform–methanol–water (10:11:11:10, v/v) by increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase stepwise from 1.2 to 2.2 ml/min after 120 min. Results: The process was scaled up by 80 times using a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of 20 Mpa of pressure, 30 °C of temperature, 40-60 mesh of sample particle size and modified CO2 with 20% methanol. The target compounds isolated and purified by HSCCC were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The separation produced total of 50.8 mg of 15-norcadina-2-en-5,9-diol at 99.0% purity, 35.4 mg of guai-9-en-4ß-ol at 98.5% purity and 39.0 mg of 14,15-dinorguai-1,11-dien-9,10-dione at 98.8% purity from 200 mg of the crude extract in one-step separation. Conclusion: The sesquiterpenes were isolated from Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl may serve as a potential source of useful drugs in the near future.