The /sup 18/O isotope-induced shifts in /sup 13/C and /sup 31/P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to establish the position of bond cleavage in the phosphatase-catalyzed and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions of benzyl phosphate. The application of the /sup 18/O-isotope effect in NMR spectroscopy affords a continuous, nondestructive assay method for following the kinetics and position of bond cleavage in the hydrolytic process. The technique provides advantages over most discontinuous methods in which the reaction components must be isolated and converted to volatile derivatives prior to analysis. In the present study, (..cap alpha..-/sup 13/C,ester-/sup 18/O)benzyl phosphate and (ester-/sup 18/O)benzyl phosphate were synthesized for use in enzymatic and nonenzymatic studies. Hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by the alkaline phosphatase from E. coli and by the acid phosphatases isolated from human prostate and human liver were all accompanied by cleavage of the substrate phosphorus-oxygen bond consistent with previously postulated mechanisms involving covalent phosphoenzyme intermediates. An extensive study of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of benzyl phosphate at 75/sup 0/C revealed that the site of bond cleavage is dependent on pH. At pH less than or equal to 1.3, the hydrolysis proceeds with C-O bond cleavage; at 1.3 < pH < 2.0, there is a mixturemore » of C-O and P-O bond scission, the latter progressively predominating as the pH is raised; at pH greater than or equal to 2.0, the hydrolysis proceeds with exclusive P-O bond scission. (S)-(+)-(..cap alpha..-/sup 2/H)Benzyl phosphate was also synthesized. Hydrolysis of this chiral benzyl derivative demonstrated that the acid-catalyzed C-O bond scission of benzyl phosphate proceeds by an A-1 (S/sub N/1) mechanism with 70% racemization and 30% inversion at carbon. 37 references, 4 figures, 2 tables.« less


A bore-hole seismic experiment was carried out in Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 504B, in the Costa Rica Rift area of the east Pacific. In this experiment the clamped bore-hole geophone was deployed deeper into oceanic crust (542 m) than in any previous seismic experiment. Comparison of travel-time data for the geophone at two depths in the hole and an ocean-bottom hydrophone demonstrates clearly the advantages of bore-hole receivers in interpreting shallow crustal structure in the presence of a sediment layer (in this case, 275-m thick). The lowest velocity directly detected by the ocean-bottom receivers was 5.11 ± 0.18 km/s, compared to 4.59 ± 0.09 km/s for the geophone clamped at 52 meters into basement. A velocity model of the upper crustal structure consistent with the travel-time data at all three levels was constructed. The scatter in observed Layer 2 velocities can be explained by sampling different parts of the same velocity-depth structure and does not require lateral inhomogeneity. As in previous oblique seismic experiments, no evidence for anisotropy was found from travel-time analysis. INTRODUCTION The objective of the bore-hole seismic experiment was to determine the small-scale velocity structure of the crust penetrated by the drill hole (< 10-km radius). Anisotropy, attenuation, and lateral inhomogeneity were considered as aspects of the velocity structure. A description of previous oblique seismic experiments (OSE) can be found in Stephen (1979), Stephen, Louden, and Matthews (1979, 1980), and Stephen, Johnson, and Lewis (in press). In the Leg 70 OSE, only travel time-data were acquired in the bore-hole and particle-motion analysis of anisotropy (Stephen, 1981), and attenuation measurements could not be made. Amplitude information on ocean-bottom hydrophones (OBHs), which were also deployed in the area, was inconsistent between lines, and no amplitude analysis was carried out. The travel-time data were interpreted by the slope-intercept method, and no anisotropy was observed. THE EXPERIMENT The Leg 70 OSE was carried out in Hole 504B, in the Costa Rica Rift area. The significant depths in the hole are shown in Table 1. Three ocean-bottom hydrophones (Koelsch and Purdy, 1979) were also deployed, as shown in Figure 1. The shot locations for the geophone at 52 and 542 meters into basement with OBHs and for the OBHs alone are also shown. Shot sizes ranged from 7 to 27 kg. The shooting ship was the R/V Gillis. DATA REDUCTION AND INTERPRETATION Because the reflection-profiling data are too sparse to permit compilation of a sediment-thickness map, the travel times were corrected for topography, assuming that basement contours follow bathymetry (Fig. 2). (The Table 1. Significant depths in Hole 504B. Sea level Mudline Basement Shallow geophone position Deep geophone position Depth from Rig Floor (m) 10 3473 3748 3800 4290 Depth from Mudline (m)


The stems of Vitis amurensis two varieties'Shuanghong'and'Shuangyou'which have cold resistance were chosen as raw material.The influence of adventitious buds induction,proliferation and rooting culture,and the determination of the most appropriate matrix in transplanting stage were explored through several aspects including the choice of explants,sterilization time and the ratio of the different hormone.The results showed that the sterilization effect was best when the stems were disinfected with 75% alcohol first and then sterilized for 8min in 0.1% HgCl2 solution.Survival rates were 86.67% and 90.00% for'Shuanghong'and'Shuangyou'.The optimizing medium for proliferation of test tube plantlets was GS+NAA 0.1mg/L,value multiples could be achieved 4.00.The best rooting medium was GS+IAA 0.05mg/L,the root number could be over 9per plant.The average length of adventitious roots was above 5cm.The best matrix for transplanting plantlets was sand∶perlite∶vermiculite=1∶1∶2,survival rate up to 70.00%.


In this letter, an efficient synthesis of an array of poly-substituted quinolines from 2-aminoaryl ketones and β-ketoester, p-diketones and α-methylene ketones using KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ·12H 2 O-SiO 2 (Alum-SiO 2 ) under solvent-free conditions is described. Compared with the classical Friedlander synthesis this new synthetic method has the advantage of excellent yields (90-98%), shorter reaction time, and reusability of the catalyst.


In this paper, a novel method to build under-voltage-lockout (UVLO) circuit has been developed. The method based on bandgap reference voltage comparator, which take advantage of a reference voltage produced by itself realizes voltage compare, stability of parameters such as threshold point voltage, hysteretic range, without utilizing an extra bandgap reference voltage. An abstractive feature of the proposed circuit is that it achieves UVLO function by a simple structure, without complicated logic components. Therefore, its power consumption is low. With the presented method, the novel under voltage lock out circuit achieves hysteretic range of 2.39V; its turn-on voltage is 12.0V, and turn-off voltage is 9.61V at 25°C.Simulation results are based on 0.5 μm BCD process technologies.


Travel digital footprints can be used to analyze tourists' spatio-temporal behavior to customize travel plans and recommendations. This study focuses on Chinese tourists in Malaysia as the research subject and uses the tourism digital footprint of Chinese tourists' travel texts on Qunar.com as the primary data source. It connects traditional quantitative analysis with complex network analysis to study tourists' behavior, time pattern, and complex network effects. The research results were as follows: (1) there was an uneven distribution of core tourism nodes with structural holes in Malaysia, which form a network pattern of imbalanced power and fierce internal competition; (2) the digital footprints of Chinese tourists were mainly concentrated in traditional tourist hot spots in Malaysia; (3) besides the competition between domestic islands, Thailand and Singapore are Malaysia's main competitors for Chinese tourists. These results provide helpful information for the tourism management departments of Malaysia to improve their marketing and development efforts directed for Chinese tourists.


The present thesis proposes new methods for obtaining objective and accurate diagnoses in modern healthcare. Non-invasive techniques have been used to examine or diagnose three different medical co ...


e14027Background: Accurate staging is critical in determining treatment strategies in the management of breast cancer (BC) patients. FDG PET/CT is used to identify the presence of metastatic diseas...


Background: The effects of obesity on asthma severity, diagnosis and control are increasingly recognized. Primary objective of our study was to find out the relationship between BMI and severity of asthma in children. Secondary objectives were to study associated co-morbid conditions viz., atopic eczema and allergic rhinitis in children with asthma and the relationship between family history of asthma, atopy and allergic rhinitis with severity of asthma. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the tertiary care centre in Thrissur, Kerala. Children of age 6 to 14 years diagnosed as asthma according to Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines were included. One hundred children qualified for the study during the stipulated time period. Children with symptoms and signs of asthma, were classified to intermittent and persistent based on GINA guidelines. BMI was calculated in all. Preliminary details and details on the risk factors were collected. Results: Mean age of the study population is 8.8 years. The study group had male predominance (57%). 39% had mild intermittent, 33% had mild persistent, 22% had moderate persistent and 6% had severe persistent asthma. Intermittent, mild persistent and moderate persistent were grouped as non-severe. 50% children had normal BMI, 28% were overweight and 22% underweight. Family history of asthma and atopic dermatitis was 47% and 38% respectively. Maximum children belonged to low socioeconomic status. Conclusion : Did not find any statistically significant association between severity and duration of asthma with obesity or overweight in children with asthma (p>0.05).


This study is a discourse study on the teachers' scaffolding talks in reading
classes. The study was conducted in order to find out the kinds of teachers' scaffolding
talks, the speech functions used in teachers' scaffolding talks and the linguistic features
that characterize the teachers' scaffolding talks.
It is a qualitative study. The subjects of the study were the teachers of Reading IV
in the Faculty of Language and Cultural Studies of Unisbank. The data for the study are
the teachers' scaffolding talks in Reading IV classes for morning as well as evening
programs. The data were analyzed qualitatively through several stages as follows: 1) data
transcription, 2) data classification, 3) data analysis by finding the speech functions used
and the linguistic features that characterize the teachers' scaffolding talks, and 4) data
interpretation.
The teachers of Reading IV were recorded for two times each in order to obtain
the data i.e. the teachers' scaffolding talks. The scaffolding talks were analyzed by
classifying them into their main talks and scaffolding ones. As the temporary
construction, the scaffolding talks were analyzed in terms of the speech functions used
and also the linguistic features characterizing them. The model used in the scaffolding
talks is offered by Gibbons (2002). The teachers of Reading IV also made some errors
namely grammar errors and vocabulary one. The tense errors are appeared when the
teachers used the copula be or the agreement in the scaffolding talks. The vocabulary
errors are appeared when the teachers used the conjunction improperly in the scaffolding
talks. The number or errors is just a few and do not give significant impact on the
teachers' talks. The kinds of scaffolding talks made by the teachers of Reading IV are
modeling since they used their talks as model for the students. The speech functions used
in the their scaffolding talks are the opening, initiating, pointing, responding and closing.
These speech functions refer to the model offered by Gibbons (2002) by simplifying the
IRF interaction model. Their scaffolding talks are teachers' monologues so the interaction
was not analyzed in this study. The linguistic features characterizing the teachers'
scaffolding talks are mostly the material process mentioned by Gerrot and Wignell
(1995).
Based on the findings in the study, there are some suggestions that can be offered.
They are as follows: 1) The teachers of Reading IV should be good models for their
students so that the students can learn from them, 2) The teachers' scaffolding talks in
Reading classes should be varied so that the students will not get bored during the
teaching and learning processes, and 3) The teachers of Reading IV should be aware of
the linguistic features which characterize the scaffolding talks.


Objective To discuss the prevention and treatment of the complication after auto fat granule mammaplasty.Mothod Using negative pressure moist liposuction and then injecting pure fat granule to the breast for 171 cases.Result There were 1 case with haematoma;25 cases with fiorous tubercle;1 case with cystoid pathological changes ;2 cases with nodulone cheese like neciosis; 1 case with lipoma.After positive treatment,all were cured. Conclusion To be successful in the auto fat granule mammaplasty and reduce the complication to the large extent,the key point is to prevent infection ,filter the pure,vital and atraumatic fat cell,inject equably with each layer.Through active prevention and treatment ,the complication of this operation may reduce to the larger extent.


The effects of mulching films on the profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from two strawberry cultivars, namely Elide and Sabrina, were evaluated by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Strawberries were grown on two biodegradable mulching films, named N5 and N18, in comparison to black polyethylene (PE). PCA models, separately performed on the VOCs dataset of the two cultivars, showed that the observations for each of the three mulching films lie in corresponding regions of the PCA plot, suggesting that the mulching films represented the main source of data variation, and hence, the variability of the VOCs profile induced by the mulching films overcame the cv-related one. For both the cultivars, a higher number of VOCs with a positive impact on the "sweet" taste sensation and consumers' preference were positively correlated with strawberries produced on the biodegradable films compared to PE. However, there was an interaction between the type of cultivar and the mulches, as Elide responded better to N18 and N5 mulching films, while Sabrina responded better only to N18. Altogether, these results could contribute to assessing the effects of mulching type on putative volatile markers of the desirable sensory perception and consumers' acceptability of strawberries.


Penile fracture is a rare urological emergency requiring immediate surgery, ideally in the first 24h, to prevent complications which are dominated by erectile dysfunction and penile curvature. The highest rates are reported in the Middle East and the Maghreb, most often secondary to false step in coitus or penile manipulations during erection such as the "taqaandan" maneuver. We report the case of a 34-year-old patient with no specific pathological history presenting to the Emergency Department with penile pain associated with swelling and deformity. The patient reported cracking sound during false step in coitus followed by acute penile pain with complete detumescence of the penis, with no associated urinary signs. Clinical examination revealed swollen penis, the seat of a hematoma, suggesting aubergine sign and a small painful induration on the dorsal side of the right corpus cavernosum on palpation. Emergency ultrasound confirmed the presence of a fracture line in the albuginea of the corpus cavernosum at 5 cm from the suspensory ligament of the penis. Direct approach based on elective incision of the induration was performed, which revealed longitudinal fracture measuring 18 mm in length involving the albuginea of the dorsal face of the right corpus cavernosum. After evacuation of hematoma, suture of the edges of the fracture line was performed with separate stitches of Vicryl 3-0. The post-operative suite was simple. At the follow-up visit the patient had recovered normal erectile function, with no induration or fibrosis at the level of the incision or penile curvature.


The original chaos game has been applied to the triangular attractor points. With the rules for selecting attractor points randomly, the points generated in large iterations will form like a Sierpinski triangle. Several studies have developed it on the attractor points of quadrilaterals, pentagons, and hexagons which are convex in shape. The fractals formed vary depending on the shape of the attractor points. This paper will study the development of chaos game at attractor points in the form of arbitrary convex and non-convex polygons. The results obtained are consistent with previous results. The resulting fractal is in the form of a convex polygon built from the outermost points of its attractor.


We develop a discrete-time stochastic volatility option pricing model, which exploits the information contained in high-frequency data. The Realized Volatility (RV) is used as a proxy of the unobservable log-returns volatility. We model its dynamics by a simple but effective (pseudo) long-memory process, the Leverage Heterogeneous Auto-Regressive Gamma (HARGL) process. Both the discrete-time specification and the use of the RV allow us to easily estimate the model using observed historical data. Assuming a standard, exponentially affine stochastic discount factor, we obtain a fully analytic change of measure.


growth retardation perinatal mortality occurs only when end-diastolic velocities are absent, typically before 34 weeks of gestation. Infants with absent end-diastolic velocities are more likely to have aneuploidy, and even if euploid are likely to have severe hypoxia and metabolic acidosis. If these infants are delivered there is a high chance of neonatal death and neurological handicap in the survivors. Kingdom and colleagues then discuss the controversy over the pathological mechanisms of absent end-diastolic velocities. The authors recommend that neurological disability and not perinatal mortality should be the primary outcome in trials of Doppler ultrasound in women with severe intrauterine growth retardation and advocate more basic research into the changes in maternal and fetal blood vessels which are responsible for abnormal umbilical artery velocity waveforms.


Objectives : We have examined the vasoconstriction response to the various extracts of Crotonis Fructus (CF, Seed of Croton tiglium L.), defatted CF (DCF), roasted CF (RCF), and Croton oil in rat isolated thoracic aorta. Methods : We have examined the thoracic aorta segments obtained from rats immediately after delivery were mounted in organ baths superfused on a polygraph. Results : We found that the thoracic aorta segments responded to various extracts of CF with a dose-dependent vasoconstriction. In comparison to the 100 mM KCl induced contraction, it was contracted by 150% (water extract of CF), 144.5% (70% ethanol extract of CF), 80.1% (water extract of DCF) and 96.6% (ethanol extract of DCF) after addition of the 3 mg/ml each extract. The thoracic aorta segments were contracted by 118.5% (0.01 mg/ml Croton oil), 133.8% (3 mg/ml RCF for 10min), 123.1% (20min), 117.8% (30min), and 103.9% (40min). Conclusions : In the conclusion, CF, DCF, and RCF induced dose-dependent contraction in the isolated rat thoracic aorta. And it's major component, Croton oil, has potent vasoconstriction effect.


Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) consist of short repeat motifs of 1-6 nucleotides and are found in DNA sequences.The present study was conducted to detect SSRs in chloroplast genome of Tetraphis pellucida (Accession number: NC_024291), downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The sequence was mined with the help of MISA, a Perl script, to detect SSRs. The length of SSRs defined as ≥12 for mono, di, tri and tetranucleotide, ≥15 for pentanucleotide and ≥18 for hexanucleotide repeats. In total, 41 perfect microsatellites were identified in 127.489 kb sequence mined. An average length of 13.56 bp was calculated for mined SSRs with a density of 1 SSR/3.04 kb. Depending on the repeat units, the length of SSRs ranged from 12 to 20 nt. Dinucleotides (14, 34.15%) were the most frequent repeat type, followed by tetranucleotides (10, 24.39%), trinucleotides (7, 17.07%), mononucleotides (6, 14.63%) and pentanucleotide (4, 9.76%) repeats. Hexanucleotide repeats were completely absent in chloroplast genome of Tetraphis pellucida. The mined SSRs can be used to develop molecular markers and genetic diversity studies in Tetraphis species.


This research is motivated by the researchers' concern about children,  especially adolescents with autism. Autism is not a mental illness but it is a disorder that affects  the brain, causing it to not function properly. This can be seen in the behavior of children with autism. The purpose of this research is  to find out the experiences of parents of  children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. This research uses a qualitative research design with a research approach to phenomenology. The result of this research showed that sex knowledge of children with autism spectrum disorder is still limited to  knowledge of differences between male and female sexes. They obtained sexual knowledge education from schools, while some received it from teachers, therapists, and parents. The level of independence is high. Sexual prohibition is important to give children the knowhow to maintain behavior towards the opposite sex. To improve the sexual health education of parents who have children with autism spectrum disorder, they can attend sexual education seminars.


In view of the non-linearity, time-variable, splashes characteristic of the material question to be controlled with difficulty in vacuum evaporation coating technological process, this paper ,introducing the fuzzy operator in the traditional PI control foundation, using fuzzy PI the control method, has displayed that the PI control is of structure simple, the serviceability strong and the stable state unmistakable inferior merits and that the fuzzy control may have a quicker response and a smaller over modulation, is insensitive to the process parameter change, has the strong robustness and may overcome the non-linear factor influence , has obtained the good control effect in the coating craft, and may promote to the same profession and the related field.


This article analyzed the opportunities and challenges of Indonesia maritime diplomacy in the context of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). As part of the effort to realize the policy of global maritime fulcrum, Indonesia utilizes maritime diplomacy to look for the close cooperation and agreements with IORA member countries. Up to date, Indonesian foreign policy, specifically in the maritime field is tending to be more dominant to the Pacific Ocean rather than the Indian Ocean. Thus, this paper will explain how Indonesia implements its maritime diplomacy within IORA, and what the opportunities and challenges faced by Indonesia inside the association. Using the method of literature study, this descriptive paper uses the concept of maritime diplomacy and global maritime fulcrum in order to explain the study. This paper argues that IORA's strategic policy in maritime security and economic policies, links with Indonesia policy in global maritime fulcrum. Thus, Indonesia uses maritime diplomacy to take the advantages and opportunities to enhance maritime connectivity and cooperation with IORA members. Nevertheless, several issues challenge Indonesia like the increasing of great power states maritime influence such as India and China in the Indian Ocean, as well as challenges in integrating IORA member states.


Abstract Experimental results indicate that persuasive effects of commercials with alternative claim strategies depend on receivers' product involvement, commitment and familiarity. When objective and subjective claims are used, positive brand beliefs and evaluations (Σbiei) are directly related to receiver involvement and commitment, but not familiarity. Effects of product involvement and commitment on attitude are mediated by (Σbiei). When only subjective claims are used, (Σbiei) is directly related to product involvement, but not commitment OT familiarity. In contrast, attitudes are directly linked to familiarity and product involvement and inversely related to commitment. In each case, predispositions indirectly impact purchase intention.


Objective To explore the pattern that entrainer extracts the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine applied in supercritical CO2. Methods A summary of research achievement on the effect of entrainer on the solubility of supercritical CO2,the principle and computational method about entrainer in terms of improving the SC-CO2 extraction rate,entrainer extracting active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine and wiping off the heavy metal in traditional Chinese medicine had been done. Results Entrainer can change the solubility of supercritical CO2. The selection of the appropriate dosage of entrainer can greatly improve the extraction efficiency. Conclusion The scope of supercritical CO2 can be expanded when entrainer was affiliate. It was worth to be applied more extensively.


Web services are the basic building blocks for every e-business applications now'sa-day. They provide efficient reusability mechanism, thereby reducing the development time and cost. Mostly the source code of web services is unavailable to other developers who use these services. Thus automated testing needs to be developed for testing these web services, which is possible by adding semantics to web services description language (WSDL). Also the test case reduction technique is very much required for regression testing. Previous work generates test cases for web services using case pri8oritization is need to done in reducing the test effort for web services using reducing techniques pair wise testing (PWT) and orthogonal array testing (OAT).in this work test case prioritization is need to done in reducing the testing effort for regression testing. To implement priority base testing than find test specification for web based data. After that perform orthogonal testing, pair wise testing and compare with strength generation.


To solve those traffic accidents during conscious lane change of vehicles on highway under dangerous conditions, a new safety lane change model is established on the basis of the lane departure warning system which Jilin University has developed. This model is studied under a typical scenario on highway, and also considered with the actual driver behavior that most vehicles always accelerate during lane changing process. Simulation software is developed to testify the model performance based on Matlab7.0. The results show that the new lane change model can offer certain technical foundation for actualization of safety lane change system of vehicle assistant driving on highway.


Malcolm Cross, Migrant Workers in European Cities: Concentration, Conflict and Social Policy (Birmingham, SSRC Research Unit on Ethnic Relations, Working Paper on Ethnic Relations, No. 19, 1983). Pp. 31. £2.75. John Solomos, The Politics of Black Youth Unemployment: A Critical Analysis of Official Ideologies and Policies (Birmingham, SRC Research Unit on Ethnic Relations, Working Paper on Ethnic Relations, No. 20, 1983). Pp. 23. £2.25.


This paper analysis and study the mechanism and checking countermeasures of harmonics produced power electronic devices in power systerms. And it is expounded that the extending applications of power electronic should be simultaneous with controling its harm in useing.


Phase-pure nanocrystalline diamond thin films grown from plasmas of a hydrogen-poor carbon argon gas mixture have been analyzed regarding their hardness and elastic moduli by means of a microindentor and a scanning acoustic microscope.The films are superhard and the moduli rival single crystal diamond. In addition, Raman spectroscopy with an excitation wavelength of 1064 nm shows a peak at 1438 l/cm and no peak above 1500 l/cm, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy a shake-up loss at 4.2 eV. This gives strong evidence for the existence of solitary double bonds in the films. The hardness and elasticity of the films then are explained by the assumption, that the solitary double bonds interconnect the nanocrystals in the films, leading to an intergrain boundary adhesion of similar strength as the intragrain diamond cohesion. The results are in good agreement with recent simulations of high-energy grain boundaries.


─ ─ 1 recently. When the seawater pollution becomes severe, more operational issues in these pretreatment processes arise, such as the increase of filtration resistance and sludge amount, the higher possibility of sludge leakage into treated water. Substances that may contribute to the pollution load include particulate matter, such as sand, mud, microorganisms (algae, carcasses, and excretion), flocculants used in pretreatment, and dissolved organic matter, such as proteins, humic substances, and polysaccharide (metabolites) derived from seawater. It is reported that the fast increase of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) of UF membrane, or the fast RO membrane fouling without effective removal during the pretreatment by the sand filtration or DAF, happened caused by the high concentration of organic pollutants, particularly for the transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) from phytoplankton and bacteria, or for the biopolymers, the dissolved organic matter that could be detected by liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). Therefore, the effect of these organic substances on the treatment performance of RO Abstract For the seawater desalination facilities based on reverse osmosis (RO), the pretreatment technologies, such as sand filtration and UF filtration, is essential to maintain the performance of RO membranes. To ensure the stable performance of the solidliquid separators as pretreatment processes, prior to them, a foam fractionator is proposed to firstly remove turbid components, transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), and biopolymers, and its performance was reported in this paper. In labscale experiments, we have verified the performance of the foam fractionator and studied the effect of TEP on the treatment performance of RO membranes. We also conducted pilot-scale experiments to verify the effectiveness of the foam fractionator during long-term continuous operations carried out both in Tokyo, Japan, and in Jakarta, Indonesia.


In order for a transponder arrangement having a transponder TR arranged on a object to achieve longer ranges than would be possible with a purely field-supplied response mode, the transponder is provided with a chargeable electrical energy store SP and an inductive supply of energy from a pump circuit situated on the object is used to hold the energy stored in a charged state. The transponder TR arrangement can advantageously be interrogated not only in the active mode which this makes possible but also in a passive mode and is supplied purely by the interrogation field.


Increasing demands of LCD panel with high color depth and resolution makes it hard to design a buffer with such resolution. Since buffer design determines the speed, resolution, voltage swing and power dissipation of LCD drivers. But the resolution of the buffer amplifier depends upon settling time, low offset voltage and slew rate. Generally the methods used to reduce offset voltage are output offset storage technique and input offset storage technique. In this paper a complementary amplifier which has Rail-to-Rail feature with offset cancellation technique to enhance high resolution Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) drivers is implemented. The dual complementary differential pairs are divided into main and auxiliary trans-conductance amplifiers to obtain Rail-to-Rail input-output swing and an offset cancelling ability. The offset cancellation and charge conservation, which is used to reduce the dynamic power consumption, are to be operated in the same time slot so that the driving period does not need to increase. The implemented buffer exhibits a very high DC gain with good phase margin. The offset voltage is considerably reduced thereby reducing crossover distortion. The implemented buffer is stable and is providing Rail-to-Rail output swing.


Early iterations of the existing Global Positioning System (GPS)-based or radio lateration technique-based vehicle localization algorithms suffer from flip ambiguities, forged relative location information and location information exchange overhead, which affect the subsequent iterations. This, in turn, results in an erroneous neighbor-vehicle map. This paper proposes an extended information overlap measure (EIOM) algorithm to reduce the flip error rates by exchanging the neighbor-vehicle presence features in binary information. This algorithm shifts and associates three pieces of information in the Moore neighborhood format: 1) feature information of the neighboring vehicles from a vision-based environment sensor system; 2) cardinal locations of the neighboring vehicles in its Moore neighborhood; and 3) identification information (MAC/IP addresses). Simulations were conducted for multi-lane highway scenarios to compare the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithm. The results showed that the flip error rates were reduced by up to 50%.


Diversification is widely viewed as the "only free lunch" of finance. Unbeknownst to the free lunch crowd, skewness is typically positive for individual stocks and negative for diversified portfolios and thus diversification is not free. This undesirable move from positive to negative skewness that comes with diversification is the skewness loss of diversification. We quantify the economic value of skewness loss using option pricing models, and show that skewness loss is a meaningful cost for investors with skewness preferences and short horizons.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the deleveraging impact of the anti-corruption campaign since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) on private firms with political connections, relative to those without political connections.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, taking the anti-corruption campaign employed from the end of 2012 as an exogenous shock, the authors design a quasi-experiment difference-in-difference approach to examine how the loss and failure of political connections impacts private firms' debt financing.

Findings
The authors find that the loss and failure of political connections following the anti-corruption campaign since the 18th CPC National Congress causes the yearly new debt ratios of treatment firms with political connections to decrease, relative to those of control firms without political connections. This outcome is more pronounced for provinces with more cadres excluded in the anti-corruption campaign since the 18th CPC National Congress, which rendered politically connected firms susceptible to lose connections with central or provincial cadres. To explore the mechanism, the authors find that following the anti-corruption campaign since the 18th CPC National Congress, politically connected firms limit rent-seeking activities, whereas resource acquisition is weakened. The authors also find that the impact of the anti-corruption campaign since the 18th CPC National Congress on the debt financing of politically connected firms, relative to their counterparts, is more pronounced for groups with high levels of information asymmetry and for less explicit guarantee groups. Finally, politically connected firms are more likely to be dominated by internal funds in dealing with a loss of advantages in debt financing, compared with their counterparts without political connections.

Research limitations/implications
The findings in this study suggest that the loss or failure of previous political connections following Xi's anti-corruption campaign make politically connected firms lose the advantages in debt financing through the rent-seeking, resource acquisition, information asymmetry, implicit guarantee channels, which provide new evidence for research on the impact of the anti-corruption campaign since the 18th CPC National Congress on private firms' financing behaviors via the loss or failure of existing political connections.

Practical implications
The findings in the study will have some inspiration for policy makers and entrepreneur.

Originality/value
This study provides new evidence on the different impacts of Xi's anti-corruption campaign on private firm's debt financing between politically connected and unconnected firms.


We demonstrate that an electric field could activate the three low-energy eigenmodes of the Néel-type skyrmion lattice via the electrically induced Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. In particular, we predict that the relative intensity of the clockwise rotation mode against the counter-clockwise rotation mode is significantly enhanced for the electrical activation in comparison with the magnetic activation. We also discover that the electrically and magnetically active modes obey unique selection rules. These findings promise a fresh pathway towards energy-efficient electrical manipulation of skyrmion excitations for future skyrmion-based magnonics.


The invention relates to a method and a device for controlling heat flows at least on the basis of a current load state of the engine pertaining to a motor vehicle and current vehicle operation and ambience conditions, whereby said flows are produced by heat generators and heat consumers in the motor vehicle. The invention is characterised in that a control device (21, 22) foresees future load states of the motor cooling system on the basis of a model which considers vehicle operating-relevant variables and thermal inertia of the motor cooling system and on the basis of future engine load-relevant ambience conditions which are detected by a satellite navigation system (GPS, 24). Said control device correspondingly controls all the heat flows in the motor vehicle and especially of the motor cooling system.


Renal cell cancers are among the great mimics in surgery as they present with myriad symptoms unrelated to the renal cancer. This patient also interestingly had an incidental finding of porcelain gall bladder.


Human activities, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions, have accelerated global warming. As the transportation sector accounts for roughly one-quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions, an imperative is to find efficient transport solutions that reduce our footprint. Advancing this goal, in this paper, we leverage state-of-the-art techniques to compute optimal energy and travel time paths on the road network, thus enabling conventional and electric vehicle users to traverse the roads efficiently by reducing time spent in congestion and promoting routes with lower energy consumption. Consequently, significantly reducing their emissions footprint. The results present the opportunity and effectiveness of employing graph theory algorithms to address the identified issues and minimise travel time and energy consumption.


The frictional heat has a significant effect on the tribological behavior of the braking units. The high level frictional heat has not only changed the tribological performance of the brake pad material but also result in many thermally induced problems in the brake disc, such as thermoelastic instability (TEI) and disc hot spotting , which will leading to thermal buckling of discs. The TEI is a major source of thermal disc distortion including coning, hot judder and braking squeal. High vibration and harshness leads to premature failure. A systematic review is given firstly in this paper focusing on the recent research work in this field. Finally, a summary is presented and indicated. And some suggestions are put forward for future research.


The chapter examines two key roles from different stages of Vivien Leigh's career that highlight her work as an active collaborator in adapting roles from stage and page to screen. It looks firstly at her work on A Streetcar Named Desire in the early 1950s, considering how she exercised authorial agency in assisting with the adaptation of the script from stage to screen. The chapter then examines how she navigated the interlocking issues of age and gender and their impact on star labor in the 1965 adaptation of Ship of Fools. I consider how materials such as script annotations, paper correspondence, and phone call transcripts speak more broadly to the archive's potential to deconstruct the film performance by mapping out its prehistory, interrogating this as a process of personal and collaborative development. The chapter also considers the material record of projects documented in Vivien Leigh's archive that did not come to fruition.


The need for an aphasia screening tool validated in Greek speaking population is long overdue. Until now, clinicians are relied on informal assessment and observation. The aim of this paper is to present the process of adaptation and validation of the Aphasia Screening Test (Whurr, 1996) in Greek speaking population. This test was used mainly due to its use widely across different countries and languages.


In this work a biomechanical model is used for simulation of muscle forces necessary to maintain the posture in a car seat under different support conditions.


The invention relates to the field of laser technology, and discloses a direct semiconductor laser, which comprises an LD (Laser Diode) chip array, an array-coupling optical fiber, a laser beam combination unit and a partial output coupling lens; the array-coupling optical fiber comprises a plurality of parallel optical fibers, the section of the core of each optical fiber is of a rectangular or quasi-rectangular structure, single-mode laser is propagated along the short side direction of the rectangular or quasi-rectangular structure, and multi-mode laser is propagated along the long side direction of the rectangular or quasi-rectangular structure; one end of each optical fiber corresponds to the LD chip array, the other end is an output end, and the output ends are densely arranged into a straight line along the short side direction of the rectangular or quasi-rectangular structure. By adopting the specially made array-coupling optical fiber to couple the laser of the LD chip array, the distances between the laser beams of each laser are greatly shortened, so that small-sized multi-beam parallel laser output is obtained, wavelength beam combination is then carried out for the laser beams of the output ends of the array-coupling optical fiber, and thereby a small-spot, high-power, high-brightness and high-quality laser beam can be obtained; moreover, the direct semiconductor laser is structurally simple, and is easy to put into practice.


The juncture of citizenship and marginalized groups is particularly dramatic when those groups include people who are doubly or triply challenged by homelessness and criminal justice histories. We discuss core themes in the literature on citizenship followed by a review of two of our citizenship research projects: a randomized controlled trial that tested intervention and a community-based participatory research study to develop an individual outcome measurement of citizenship. We then discuss lessons learned from this research, with implications for theory and practice on citizenship in regard to marginalized groups.


IntroductionBroad consensus exists about the importance of teachers' mathematical knowledge (Adler & Venkat, 2014; Ball, Lubienski, & Mewborn, 2001; Baumert et al. 2010; Dohrmann, Kaiser, & Blomeke, 2014). Studies have linked mathematical knowledge for teaching to the quality of teachers' mathematics instruction (Eisenhart, Borko, Underhill, Brown, Jones, & Agard, 1993; Hill et al., 2008). Mathematical knowledge for teaching has also been linked to student achievement gains in the elementary grades (Hill, Rowan, and Ball, 2005). However, many U.S. teachers lack the deep, nuanced, and specialized mathematical knowledge needed for responsible teaching. This finding is persistent over time, grade levels, and both national and international contexts (e.g., Hill & Ball, 2004; Ma, 1999; Tatto et al., 2008). Simultaneously, the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, 2010), which have been adopted by 47 states and territories, have set out rigorous standards for K-12 mathematics learning that consequently increase the mathematical demands of teaching. To ensure that teachers are well-positioned to help students meet these more challenging learning goals, it is now -- more than ever -- critically important to focus on developing their mathematical knowledge for teaching.To investigate and grow teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) it is crucial to be able to measure and track the development and uses of MKT. Most work to develop measures of MKT has typically been done by groups of experts in relevant fields, such as mathematicians, mathematics educators, and teachers who have worked together to draft and revise assessment items (Hill, Schilling, & Ball, 2004). The early work in this area was focused on developing and refining the construct of mathematical knowledge for teaching while simultaneously and iteratively developing measures of the construct. The process of item development was therefore often time consuming and challenging. Because of the promising results of these earlier efforts, there is now a broad need for assessments of MKT. Building tests at scale means, however, that people who are not deeply immersed in research on MKT will have to be able to write valid MKT items. This will require detailed supports to help test developers understand the nuances of the construct of MKT and ways to assess it. In this paper, we present a framework that identifies the different ways that teachers make use of mathematical knowledge as they go about the work of teaching and provides support to assessment developers. We begin by articulating and specifying what we mean by mathematical knowledge for teaching and its relationship with the mathematical work of teaching that arises in everyday practice.Theoretical FramingConceptualizing Mathematical Knowledge for TeachingBuilding supports for assessment development of mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) rests on a clear conceptualization of what we mean by MKT, how MKT is drawn upon in practice, and the specific areas of the work of teaching that we seek to assess. Scholars of mathematical knowledge have examined such knowledge in action as it is used in the practice of teaching (Ball & Bass, 2002; Rowland, Huckstep, & Thwaites, 2005).Our work builds on a particular practice-based perspective on mathematical knowledge for teaching that begins with the premise that, to understand the specific knowledge of mathematics needed in teaching, one must first examine the mathematical work that arises in the context of teachers' instruction in classrooms, a form of job analysis (Ball & Bass, 2002). Through detailed analysis of instruction in a 3rd grade classroom over an entire year, Ball and her colleagues identified mathematical problems that teachers regularly encounter and must solve while teaching, such as "interpreting and evaluating students' non-standard mathematical ideas" (Ball & Bass, 2002, p. …


This article on the proposed 1982 land deal between the Kingdom of Swaziland and the South African Government to cede the KaNgwane Bantustan and Ingwavuma to Swaziland, focuses upon the geopolitics of southern Africa and the trajectory of the struggle for national liberation in South Africa, particularly on the role of the African Nationalist Congress (ANC) in Bantustan politics. By focusing specifically on the geopolitics of the liberation struggle in southern Africa, this article adds new dimensions to the work of Shireen Ally, Hugh Macmillan and other scholars, whose research on the proposed cession of the KaNgwane Bantustan focuses primarily on ethnic nationalism and ethno-nationalistic politics.


The temperature dependence of the energy gap in Hg 1-CdxΤe (HCT) and other similar narrow-gap alloys has been the subject of numerous investigations. Most of the experiments has been done in the temperature range of 77-300 K. The widely used, empirical expression for the Eg(x,T) in HCT [1] contains the temperature independent dEg/dT coefficient. There are however some, not numerous, experimental data on the nonlinear temperature dependence of the energy gap in HgTe [2, 3] and HCT [4, 5] in the liquid helium temperature range. In this paper we present the results of the new experimental investigations of this effect in HCT and, for the first time, in HgCdMnTe (HCMT) alloys and we try to link the nonlinear behaviour of the Eg(T) function with crystal lattice dilatation.


The present invention provides a double set of slag cooler drum comprising an outer drum and an inner drum, both inside and outside by the outer cylinder and inner cylinder configuration, an annular water chamber between the inner tube and the outer tube; and outside of the drum water inlet chamber connected with one end, one end connected to the return pipe connected to the inlet into the water pipe, the return pipe connected to the return water pipe, into the return water pipe connected to the cooling water out of the rotary joint of water; and outside the inner cylindrical wall of the drum the blades are welded a plurality of longitudinal and transverse blades. Characterized in that in an inner cylinder in the outer cylinder, since this smaller inner drum the inner and outer tubular walls are the heat transfer surface, so the heat exchange area itself only with large inner cylindrical wall of the drum of the heat exchanger area close , i.e. a double jacket heat transfer area of the drum almost single drum dimensions corresponding to 2 times. Therefore, double sets of slag cooler drum to meet the requirements of large volumes of small output.


Recently voting over the Internet has become a hot research topic. E-Voting appears to be a reasonable alternative to conventional elections. This paper focuses on various security flaws in the design of EVM hardware for voters and voting protocols that support the voting process, without implementing the security mechanisms required for preventing fraud and protecting voter's privacy. Slew of security concerns have been raised and various references have been added in this paper to support our issue of security in EVMs'. This paper describes the overall security issues in the hardware of EVMs' , microprocessor of the EVMs', the EVM's firmware is stored in masked read-only memory inside the microcontroller chips, and there is no provision for extracting it or verifying its integrity. The main objective of this paper is to describe the primary role of E-Voting (Internet Voting) and its security in securing the voters privacy, verifiability, coercion and accountability by implementing cryptographic algorithms while transmitting Electoral Voting Data in a Centralized Pool.


The number of applied behavior analysis (ABA) classrooms for students with autism is increasing in K-12 public schools. To inform instruction of students with autism in public school settings, this study examined the relation between performance on mastery learning assessments and standardized achievement tests for students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in an applied behavior analysis (ABA) classroom. The measures included ABLLS-R, DIBELS-R, and DIBELS-M. Results of the study indicate that all students acquired new skills across domains and met their IEP goals measured by the mastery learning assessment, but they scored low on reading and math for their grade level according to standardized achievement tests. Suggestions for prompting good autism practice in public school settings are discussed.


Most of Safes lock system is still using conventional methods nowadays. The conventional method leads to the safes' burglary. Some of the causes are the safes' code that can be tracked easily and the key can be duplicated. Previous research on safes' security has ever been done. The weakness of the study is there is no security system using cryptographic algorithms for data security. The development of a safes security system by implementing ElGamal algorithms is done by following the engineering approach with the stages of methods analysis and design system, implementation and testing of the analysis and the discussion of the overall system. In the analysis and design of mathematical models using ElGamal algorithms, uses fast powering theorems and applications design uses Object Oriented Programming. In the analysis of hardware refers to the datasheet and calculation of the value of electrical characteristics of the circuit. In the safes lock system, the outcome of the research is a safes prototype which is equipped with enhancements that include a series of processing algorithms, the data viewer, a wireless data transfer device, the Android smartphone as a system of user authorization. For the lock safes systems is using a locked solenoid. The control system is done by a lock safes android smartphone via Bluetooth communication. The test results also indicate the system will open the safes if the code and the public key is entered correctly, and the system will not open if one of the codes or the public-keys are wrong or both are wrong.


Because vanadium ions such as vanadyl (VO) and vanadate (VO3−) ions were demonstrated to normalize blood glucose levels of diabetic animals and patients, the action mechanism of vanadium treatment has been of interest. In this study, we focused on understanding interactions among trace elements in diabetic rats, in which a multitracer technique was used. The effects of vanadyl sulfate (VS)-treatment on the tissue distribution of trace vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were examined, and were evaluated in terms of the uptake ratio. The uptake ratio of both elements in tissues significantly changed between STZ-rats and those treated with VS. These results indicated that vanadium treatment in STZ-rats alters the tissue distribution of endogenous elements, suggesting the importance of the relationship between biotrace elements and pathophysiology.


The work is intended to create and analyze mathematical model, to compare it with created information model. Matlab and Simulink is used for mathematical and information model creation correspondingly.


Energetics of a 100 litre per day (lpd) solar water heating system, being used to meet the day-to-day hot water requirement of a typical Indian family, has been studied to estimate the primary energy required in manufacturing process and in maintaining it over an average useful life of the system viz. 10, 15 and 25 years. Energy input values have been calculated for Cu-Cu, Cu-steel, Cu-Al and polypropylene solar flat plate collector type system. The energy payback period and energy yield ratio (EYR) have been calculated. It is observed that Cu-Cu and Cu-steel collector type systems have relatively low embodied energy as compared to Cu-Al collector The EYR increases if the average life of solar water heating system increased as energy required to maintain the system even in most pessimistic case is not much compared to energy saved. Life cycle cost analysis has been carried out to evaluate annualized uniform cost (Rs/kWh) of the system. If this type of project is installed only at 20% of the Indian rural areas then the carbon credit earned by the system is Indian Rs. 2196 crores annually.


A laboratory technique has been devised for removal of solution from soils at field water content. A soil sample can be placed directly in a closable centrifuge tube, thereby minimizing changes which could be induced by altering gaseous equilibria. Water need not be added to the soil sample, so changes in electrical conductivity (EC) and in concentration of species present are avoided. The soil solution is obtained from the sample by immiscible displacement with CCl₄ using centrifugation. The technique is simple and relatively rapid. Values for EC in successively displaced solution samples from a given soil sample were found to be essentially constant. The values for EC obtained for an assortment of soils were significantly higher than those obtained using 2:1 or saturation extracts but were well correlated with them.


The Ancient Egypt was a highly militarized society that operated within various theaters of war. From the Middle Kingdom period to the following times, warfare was always present in the foreign and internal policy of the pharaohs and their officers. One of these was to build a network of defensive structures along the river Nile, in the regions of the Second Cataract and in Batn el-Hagar, in Lower Nubia. The forts were relevant in both the defense and offensive affairs of the Egyptian army. Built in Lower Nubia by the pharaohs of the XII dynasty of the Middle Kingdom, these fortresses providing support to the armies that usually came from the North in campaign and allowed the ancient Egyptians to control the frontier with Kush. In fact, one of the most important features of these fortresses was the possibility to control specific territorial points of larger region which, due to it's characteristics, was difficult to contain. Although they were built in a period of about thirty-two years, these strongholds throughout the reign of Senuseret I until the rulership of Senuseret III, they demonstrate a considerable diversification in terms of size, defenses, functions, and the context operated. They were the main reason why Egypt could maintain a territory so vast as the Lower Nubia. In fact, this circumstance is verified in the Second Intermediate Period when all the forts were occupied by Kerma, a chiefdom that araised in Upper Nubia during the end of the Middle Kingdom, especially after c. 1720 BC, at a time when Egypt had bigger problems in the North (Delta) due to the Hyksos presence. Besides this fact, the lesser might of the central power in Egypt is also one reason why this society had lost control over these structures and, as a consequence, over Lower Nubia.


The present study aimed to remove the heavy metal compounds present in wastewater. In this study, we used hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) as a heavy metal compound, and coconut shell was used as a promising green bio‐sorbent to remove Cr (VI) from wastewater. Coconut shells are readily available and are termed as waste materials. Various parameters such as contact time, pH of the solution, initial Cr (VI) concentration, and amount of coconut shell were studied. The adsorption data were fitted with various isotherm models. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were the best fit for the experimental data, and the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 16.39 and 12.19 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed to assess the feasibility of the process. The pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model is also signified that the Cr (VI) adsorbent capacity was due to particle diffusion. To identify the morphological properties of the adsorbent various analysis such as Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) and BET surface area were performed. The experimental results and rate of adsorption, and the adsorption process was found to be feasible and endothermic in nature.


One of the most important technological processes of water treatment is the process of filtration. Scientists and producers keep on searching new filtration materials which allow for better water purification, are simple in exploitation and do not add chemical substances to the treated water. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze physical and chemical parameters of two unknown porous masses X1 and X2. Such physical parameters as color, granulation, bulk density, the equivalent diameter, the coefficient of uniformity and the porosity of the material were measured and determined. Additionally, the possibility of water treatment was studied during the filtration process in the laboratory tests. Chemical parameters were examined in the water flowing through the mass, such as pH, conductivity and COD-Mn as a general indicator of the content of organic substances in the water. Both studied porous masses were characterized by uniform size of particles. But they were not efficient enough in satisfactory reduction of oxygen consumption. Mass X2 slightly better adsorbed organic substances. It was found that the tested unknown mass filter slightly increase the pH of the filtered water.


Most empirical contributions to the normative power Europe (NPE) debate concentrate on whether and when the EU promotes its core internal norms abroad. In contrast, we investigate how norms emerging from international fora come to be accepted and internalised by the EU in the first place. We examine the case of the emerging responsibility to protect norm (R2P) and argue that the EU's implementation has been more limited and slower than one would expect from the NPE procedural ethics of 'living by example'. We examine the potential reasons for this failure to 'live by example': the role of persuasion by norm entrepreneurs; the role of inducements and costs; the goodness of fit between R2P and existing EU norms; and the clarity of the norm. We find that the lack of goodness of fit and clarity of the norm are important factors, but argue that low levels of bureaucratic receptivity were the greatest obstacle.


By Authorware,the multimedia courseware was made to use lively page layout to show the relating teaching content of satellite communication system in bilingual teaching.In order to enhance the effect of the courseware,the multimedia software Fireworks 8,Cool Edit Pro 2.1 etc.are also used in the design process.


Despite university faculty's efforts to maintain rigor and high expectations in their classrooms, grade inflation continues to rise. While numerous factors exist to explain this problem, the primary contributor is the ubiquitous pressure of neoliberal forces on the university. Neoliberalism has inculcated society, namely undergraduate students, to resist the belief that the university is a place in which they collectively gather to learn, think, be challenged, grow through failure, and build character. Rather, students now largely believe that they university is merely a business from which they purchase a product—a degree. This producer-consumer mindset has created a deleterious situation for both students and faculty. Students believe that they are merely purchasing a degree; and, they demand that high grades accompany that degree. To them, high grades, coupled with their degree, are the currency with which they purchase a career. Because of this prevalent ideology, faculty are placed in a perilous position because they feel internal and external pressure to reduce the rigor of their courses and/or artificially inflate the grades that students earn. Although all faculty feel the pressure to conform to this neoliberally driven practice, it is especially troublesome for tenure-track, non-tenure track, and other contingent faculty because their continued employment is, often to a large extent, dependent of student ratings of teaching effectiveness.

This chapter will address these issues through the lens of critical communication pedagogy (CCP) by offering ways in which faculty can resist the neoliberal pressure to engage in grade inflation by teaching students about the neoliberal system which has inculcated them to believe that profit, success, and individualism are the only measures of a meaningful life. Following CCP, I will discuss how instructors can challenge students to resist neoliberal hegemony, hold high academic standards for themselves, and tie learning to outcomes that affect their futures—power and their response to it. Overall, I will argue that in order for tenure-track and contingent faculty to be able to resist the pressure to inflate grades, they must work to teach students to resist neoliberal ideology that instills the thought processes that lead to grade inflation. In so doing, students may begin to learn to engage in resistance behaviors to neoliberal power structures that marginalize them.


In modern life the exchange and transfer of information has become an integral part. The enormous development of computer networks and the information communication of every form, has brought a new massive problem on the surface, the need to protect this information.The science of Cryptography is challenged to face this problem, so through various transformations is trying to convert tha data in a incomprehensive form, which will be possible to be inverted only from the legal receiver. For this reason a variety of algorithms have been developed and although their work is the same, they handle and convert data in different ways.
In the present thesis the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm is presented, which is the current standard of NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). AES, which is also known as Rijndael, is a symmetric block cipher and is based on substitution - permutation networks, while it can be efficiently implemented both in software and hardware. Unlike it's predecessor DES, it does not use Feistel network. It is applied in 4x4 Bytes matrix (128 bits), which is defined as state, with the most transformations to be performed in a finite field. AES algorithm provides encryption capability with three keys of different size: key of 128 bits with 10 rounds, key of 192 bits with 12 rounds and key of 256 bits with 14 rounds.
This thesis includes detailed analysis of transformations that AES uses in ecryption and decryption according to the Fips-197 standard, along with software and hardware implementations. Specifically, in the first chapter an introduction to Cryptography is made, presenting basic concepts and a historical overview. In chapter 2, contemporary cryptosystems are introduced. In chapter 3 the AES algorithm is presented and explained. The necessary mathematical background is provided and the transformations of the algorithm are analysed. The way the algorithm keys are expanded is presented, as well as the encryption and decryption processes. In chapter 4 the implementations of AES are presented and compared. An implementation in software is described using the programming language C++, and an implementation in hardware is given using the VHDL language and the design tool Altera Quartus II. Finally in chapter 5 the conclusions are given and proposals are made for future work.


A special designed image sensor named as CG2O is used to receive the grating moire signal to form a phase-modulated signal, which is processed by digital dynamic phase discrimination and subdivision. High resolution and precision can be obtained. After describing the special image sensor in brief, the paper expounds the principle of the displacement transducer,which consists of a CG2O device, a grating couple of 25 LP/mm and a single chip microprocessor 8031 and so on. The measuring resolution is 0. 1 pm. This paper is valuable in development of a new type of precision displacement transducer with high resolution.


Using BATSE observations of Her X‐1 for the entire CGRO mission to date, a correlation is observed between the hard x‐ray pulsed flux at the peak of the main‐on portion of the 35d cycle and the spin frequency derivative, a measure of the torque acting on the neutron star. An apparent correlation is also found between the 35 day cycle start times and the pulsed flux. Orbital parameters are also obtained, with evidence for orbital decay with a timescale slightly less than reported in Deeter et al. (1991).


Climate change induced disasters have become a regular phenomenon in many parts of the world including Ghana, causing loss of human life and property. This paper particularly investigates how communities along the Black and White Volta Rivers in the Central Gonja district of the Northern region of Ghana adapt to windstorm disasters and to provide policy recommendations on effective strategies to enhance climate change adaptation and resilience. A sample of one hundred (100) respondents, 10 each from 5 communities along the White and Black Volta rivers were randomly selected and interviewed on their knowledge of and how they respond to the phenomenon. Key informant interviews were also held with key institutions of the district. The results reveal that majority of community members along the rivers rely on indigenous early warning systems for alerts on impending windstorms. Their adaptation strategies are varied and their resilience levels are very low. The paper therefore, recommends among other things that the capacity of communities be built on how to complement the indigenous knowledge system with scientific methods for early warning and preparedness in order to boost their resilience. Keywords: Climate Change, Wind Storms, White & Black Volta Rivers, Resilience.


S.R. Bechard and J.C. Leroux, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy (1992) 18: 1927–1944, entitled "coated pelletized dosage form: effect compaction on drug release'. T.E. Beckert et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutics (1996) 143: 13–23, entitled "compression of enteric coated pellets to disintegrating tablets'. M. Celik and L. Maganti, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy (1994) 20:3151–3173, entitled "formulation and compaction of microSpheres'. R. Bodmeier, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biop harmaceutics (1997) 43: 1-8, entitled "tableting of coated pellets". S.A. Altaf et al., Drug Development and Industrial Phar macy (1999) 25: 635-642, entitled "Bead compacts: evalu ation of rapidly disintegrating nonsegregating compressed bead formulations'. M. El-Mahdi et al., J. Macroencapsulation (2000) 17: 133-144, entitled "tableting of coated ketoprofen pellets". L.A. Felton et al., S.T.P. Pharma sciences (1997) 6:457-462, entitled "compaction properties of individual nonpareil beads coated with an acrylic resin copolymer. G.F. Palmieri et al., S.T. P. Pharma sciences (1996) 6: 118-121, "drug release from compressed Eudragit RS30D coated beads'. J.J. Torrado and L.L. Augsburger, International Journal of Pharmaceutics (1994) 106: 149-155, entitled "effect of different excipients on the tableting of coated particles". K.G. Wagner et al., S.T. P. Pharma sciences (2000) 10: 327-334, entitled "pellet-containing tablets: examination of distribution and deformation behaviour'.


The article is regarding the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.), a native of the Great Plains. It has only one generation a year, and spends
three of its life stages—egg, larva, and pupa—in the stems of
grasses and wheat. This article focuses upon predators of this pest. Native parasites, introduced parasites, parasite releases into the environment; and parasite recover and establishment are all addressed.


Groundwater is the main water resource in arid and semi-arid areas. Its evaluation in terms of recharge, discharge, flow system and change in storage is thus vital for management purposes. However, distributed numerical models which are considered as favourable tools for assessment of groundwater resources are often limited by availability of input data especially in arid and semi-arid areas in developing countries where monitoring networks are scarce. Moreover, in case of transboundary aquifers, political, institutional, cultural, socio-economic differences among countries make management of groundwater even more complex.

Remote sensing is a handy tool for monitoring water resources in data scarce areas. This study entails application of remote sensing data in developing a distributed integrated hydrological model for Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System using MODFLOW-NWT coupled with the Unsaturated Zone Flow (UZF1) Package.

Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer is a multi-layered aquifer system shared between Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. The aquifer system consists of three aquifers, characterized by low transmissivity and low storage, intercalated by two aquitards. Conceptually, the physical processes taking place in this system are reasonably understood in Namibia and not as much in Botswana and South Africa. However, quantification of water resources and fluxes is still limited.

The aquifer system is mainly exploited in Namibia for socio-economic growth, where abstraction from storage has led to decline in local groundwater level. Water quality constraints have restrained its usage in South Africa, while in Botswana the potential for available resources is likely to be exploited, but there is not enough data for making firm decisions.

A numerical model has been set – up in transient conditions at daily time step and calibrated with groundwater levels as the state variables and satellite rainfall and potential evapotranspiration as the model driving forces. The calibrated model provides spatio-temporal water flux dynamics as well as water balances and hence an understanding of the groundwater-resource dynamics and replenishment. The results are compared to analysis of GRACE data to further constrain the model. This information is useful for proper management of the transboundary water resource as well as for policy making.


Network visualization in Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) utilizes the flexible spectral resources to map Virtual Networks (VN) requests onto the physical substrate network. The process of mapping the VN requests onto the physical substrate network is called Virtual Network Embedding (VNE) problem. The use of EONs in network virtualization brings in an additional requirement of satisfying the spectrum-continuity and sub-carrier consecutiveness constraints. In transparent VNE (t-VNE), all the virtual links from a VN request must be mapped to the substrate links with the same set of sub-carriers. This makes t-VNE even more challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel t-VNE algorithm called Alignment and Consecutiveness-aware Transparent Virtual Network Embedding (ACT-VNE), which takes into account the spectrum alignment and consecutiveness between adjacent fiber links when mapping virtual nodes onto the physical substrate nodes. We also introduce an extended scheme, namely, Importance, Alignment and Consecutiveness-aware Transparent Virtual Network Embedding (iACTs-VNE) that assigns virtual nodes to substrate nodes within close proximity to establish connections with less bandwidth utilization. Simulation results show that ACT-VNE and iACT-VNE yield a lower blocking probability than existing schemes. When comparing iACT-VNE with ACT-VNE, the former requires less average substrate path length and yields lower link utilization ratio but offers better blocking performance than the latter.


The synthesis of the pH PET sensors 1 and 2 is described. These molecules display 'on-off' switching in their fluorescence as a function of pH in aqueous solution. From the luminescent changes pKa values of 8.4(±0.1) and 6.3(±0.1) were determined respectively. These compounds were incorporated into poly[methylmethacrylate-co-2-(hydroxyethylmethacrylate)]-based hydrogels and the luminescent properties of the resulting polymeric films were investigated using confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Both sensors showed substantial luminescent switching in the soft-matter, where the emission was 'switched off' after treating the hydrogels with alkaline solution and 'switched on' under acidic conditions.


The invention discloses an automatic conveying device of a plastic film continuous sealing machine. The automatic conveying device comprises a film bag body conveyor belt arranged in front of the plastic film continuous sealing machine. The automatic conveying device is characterized by being provided with a speed-regulating motor and an extrusion exhaust conveyor belt, wherein the extrusion exhaust conveyor belt is arranged above the film bag body conveyor belt; the motion direction of the extrusion exhaust conveyor belt is opposite to that of the film bag body conveyor belt; an included angle of 2-20 degrees is formed between the extrusion exhaust conveyor belt and the film bag body conveyor belt; a gap between the front end of the extrusion exhaust conveyor belt and the film bag body conveyor belt is greater than that between the rear end of the extrusion exhaust conveyor belt and the film bag body conveyor belt; and the speed-regulating motor is in respectively drive connection with the extrusion exhaust conveyor belt and the film bag body conveyor belt. According to the invention, the labor intensity is reduced, the labor cost is reduced and the production efficiency is improved; meanwhile, the sealing speed and the yield are increased, the sealing position is standardized, the favorable exhaust effect can be obtained and the operation area can be saved.


Aims Spatially-organised increases in cytosolic Ca2+ within pancreatic beta cells in the pancreatic islet underlie the stimulation of insulin secretion by high glucose. Recent data have revealed the existence of subpopulations of beta cells including "leaders" which initiate Ca2+ waves. Whether leader cells possess unique molecular features, or localisation, is unknown. Main methods High speed confocal Ca2+ imaging was used to identify leader cells and connectivity analysis, running under MATLAB and Python, to identify highly connected "hub" cells. To explore transcriptomic differences between beta cell sub-groups, individual leaders or followers were labelled by photo-activation of the cryptic fluorescent protein PA-mCherry and subjected to single cell RNA sequencing ("Flash-Seq"). Key findings Distinct Ca2+ wave types were identified in individual islets, with leader cells present in 73 % (28 of 38 islets imaged). Scale-free, power law-adherent behaviour was also observed in 29% of islets, though "hub" cells in these islets did not overlap with leaders. Transcripts differentially expressed (295; padj<0.05) between leader and follower cells included genes involved in cilium biogenesis and transcriptional regulation. Functionally validating these findings, cilia number and length tended to be lower in leader vs follower cells. Leader cells were also located significantly closer to delta cells in Euclidian space than were follower cells. Significance The existence of both a discrete transcriptome and unique localisation implies a role for these features in defining the specialized function of leaders. Specifically, these data raise the possibility of altered signalling from delta cells towards somatostatin receptors present on leader cell cilia.


Arthur de la Mare, an under-secretary of state at the British Foreign Office, wrote in 1967 that the ending of the Malaysia–Indonesia Confrontation of 1963–1966 was "the greatest success of British diplomacy in East Asia in recent years." However, historians generally believe British influence in the process to end this conflict was extremely limited, as it has been widely accepted that this conflict ended through bilateral negotiations between Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur. On one level, this view is accurate, but "Confrontation" took months to end and, during this process, British, American, and Malaysian officials hoped to encourage a change in leadership in Jakarta and an eventual end to the conflict. Confrontation was an anti-colonial and a regional dispute greatly affected by the Cold War environment in Southeast Asia and, therefore, not immune from international events or actors, especially the final phase of the conflict.


Dr Roger Lee, head of the Australian Army History Unit, joined Alex Sloan to share a part of his own history on Canberra Close Up


Contra Dardashti, Thébault, and Winsberg (2017), this paper defends an analysis of arguments from analogue simulations as instances of a familiar kind of inductive inference in science: arguments from material analogy (Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science, Univ Notre Dame Press, 1963). When understood in this way, the capacity of analogue simulations to confirm hypotheses about black holes can be deduced from a general account – fully consistent with a Bayesian standpoint – of how ordinary arguments from material analogy confirm. The proposed analysis makes recommendations about what analogue experiments are worth pursuing that are more credible than Dardashti, Hartmann, Thébault, and Winsberg's (2019). It also offers a more solid basis for addressing the concerns by Crowther, Linneman, and Wütrich (2019), according to which analogue simulations are incapable of sustaining hypotheses concerning black hole radiation.


Abstract This contribution discusses three pivotal post-Lisbon challenges of EU constitutional law and EU policies vis-à-vis European citizens, using the Decision 1093/2012, which established the European Year of Citizens (EYC) 2013, as a case study or a starting point for further reflection. Because of its silence on these challenges, the Decision unravels them: the need to dissociate legitimacy in the EU from information campaigns and move towards the establishment of additional instruments that will augment democratic legitimacy; the need to reconceptualize the so-called market citizenship, moving beyond references to and reliance upon free-movement rights; and the need to adequately address and protect the rights of third-country nationals. The remainder of this article examines whether the new procedure for the election of the Commission President could turn 2014 a more promising EYC, and considers the provisions of Article 17.7 TEU in relation to the aforementioned threefold constitutional framework.


The synthesis and reactivity of a series of stable oxovanadium(V) trialkoxides is reported of alcohols including exo-norborneol, endo-norborneol, 1-adamantanol, 2-adamantanol, (IR)-endo(+)-borneol, (1S)-endo(-)-borneol, and triphenylmethanol. The enantiomerically pure oxovanadium(V) trialkoxides, either all (+) or all (-), are significantly more stable than mixed oxovanadium(V) trialkoxides.


In this article, a high‐gain and wideband antenna that is adapted arrays of four split ring resonators (4SRRs) in S‐band was proposed. An aperture‐coupled patch array antenna was designed with wideband characteristics and arrayed in the 4 × 1 with high‐gain characteristics. To increase the gain more, arrays of 4SRRs based on metamaterial were used. The proposed metamaterial unit cell consists of four split ring resonators and an embedded capacitor to control the frequency characteristics easily. The proposed metamaterial's permeability was found to be near to zero. The proposed 4SRRs was arrayed and applied to the aperture‐coupled patch array antenna. The proposed arrays 4SRRs resonators improve the antenna gain by 2 dB, between 3 and 3.4 GHz.


In the Mt. Kahuzi region (Zaire), a group of gorillas was observed and 63 nesting sites examined. Nest-building materials are listed and individual nest locations described from the climatic and topological aspects. Defaecation behaviour here differs from that of the Virunga population. Distance measurements between ground nests showed no distinctions in the arrangement of sex or age classes.


Personal hygiene is important for after cesarean patients because personal hygiene will affect one's health
and psychological well-being. Patients with after cesarean wounds should be given immediate wound care by
cleaning to prevent infection during the wound care. This will affect the wound healing process in cesarean
surgery patients. This study aims to determine the relationship between personal hygiene and healing of
after cesarean wounds in the NTB General Hospital. An accidental sampling technique of 52 patients with
after cesarean section who experienced personal hygiene during wound care in the NTB General Hospital
was used in this study using a prospective cohort study design. By using data analysis based on the chi
square test, the results showed that personal hygiene in after cesarean patients was mostly good category of
40 respondents (76.9%), cesarean section wound healing in after cesarean patients most of the categories
were cured as much as 46 respondents (88.5%) and obtained a p-value of 0.002 <0.05. The results of the
study confirmed the relationship between personal hygiene and healing of after cesarean wounds in the
NTB General Hospital. This study recommends that nurses and other health teams develop theories and
guidelines for the implementation of personal hygiene that are more effective and efficient in order to reduce
infection after cesarean section.


This paper introduces a highly flexible multichannel output stage for battery-powered portable electric stimulators (ESs), based on novel power converter architecture. Compared with other solutions, the presented output stage for transcutaneous (surface) stimulations increases the number of applicable therapies, improves the battery operating time through reduced power consumption, and potentially results in more comfortable and shorter healing therapies. The new hybrid switch-mode power converter is a combination of flyback and switched-capacitor (SC) topologies. The flyback steps up the battery voltage and provides galvanic isolation. The following power-efficient SC stage replaces lossy linear current sources (CSs) of conventional solutions and produces pulses with a much higher slew rate, reducing the pulse energy needed to cause the stimulus. The SC also inherently produces pulses with zero-net charge, eliminating bulky blocking capacitors and/or dedicated discharging circuits. The regulation of the amplitudes of the pulses is performed with a new digital voltage-programmed current mode controller, forcing the output of the SC stage to behave as a CS. The flexible digital controller allows for creation of various types of pulses and also features several levels of patient protection. An experimental prototype of the output stage has undergone proof of principle tests with able-bodied individuals. The results show that the new output stage produces pulses with a 1-mA/ns slew rate, about two orders of magnitude higher than the other known solutions. The trials show that the faster slew rate pulses generate the same muscle contraction with 34% lower amplitudes, reducing energy consumption by 55%, allowing longer battery life of portable ES applications.


The nonlinear interaction of an intense electromagnetic beam with relativistic collisionless unmagnetized plasma is investigated by invoking the reductive perturbation technique, resting on the model of three-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation with cubic nonlinearity which incorporates the effects of self-focusing, self-phase modulation, and diffraction on wave propagation. Relying on the derived NLS equation, the occurrence of spatiotemporal modulational instability is investigated in detail.


The invention discloses a billet continuous casting roll gap technology in metallurgical production and more particularly relates to a control method based on the technology of bloom natural thermal contraction roll gaps. The control process provided by the invention for controlling the roll gaps by the thermal contraction values of casting billets includes the following steps of: (1) the calculation of real-time temperature fields: building a solidification and heat transfer model of casting billets to obtain temperature fields of different times; (2) thermal coupling calculation: obtaining the natural thermal contraction values of casting billets in the direction of the casting billets at different times according to corresponding calculated temperature fields and strain distribution of the casting billets; (3) calculation verification and field feedback: comparing with the actual situations of fields according to results calculated by simulation; and (4) the determination of the system of the roll gap technology: determining the decrease rate and the roll gap difficulty of the roll gaps. The adoption of the control method of the process can effectively avoid the off-square of the casting billets, reduce the billet-drawing resistance and improve the interior defects of the casting billets, such as the central segregation and central porosity, etc.


Lung health, the development of lung disease, and how well a person with lung disease is able to live, all depend on a wide range of societal factors. Considering COPD as a manifestation of structural violence, something that continues to be done to people, despite it being largely preventable, makes the causal processes more apparent and the responsibility to interrupt or alleviate these clearer. We developed a taxonomy to describe this, containing five domains. 1)Avoidable lung harms: (i)processes impacting on lung development (ii)processes which disadvantage lung health in particular groups across the life course. 2)Diagnostic Delay: (i)healthcare factors (ii)norms and attitudes that mean that COPD is not diagnosed in a timely way, denying people with COPD effective treatment. 3)Inadequate COPD Care: ways in which the provision of care for people with COPD falls short of what is needed to ensure that they are able to enjoy the best possible health, considered as (i)healthcare resource allocation (ii)norms and attitudes influencing clinical practice. 4)Low status of COPD: ways in which both COPD as a condition and people with COPD are held in less regard and considered less of a priority than other comparable health problems. 5)Lack of Support: factors that make living with COPD more difficult than it should be (i)socioenvironmental factors (ii)factors that promote social isolation. This model has relevance for policymakers, healthcare professionals and the public as an educational resource, to change clinical practices and priorities and to stimulate advocacy and activism with the goal of the elimination of COPD.


This paper proposes a multi-FPGA programming environment based on NEC's integrated design tool CyberWorkBench (CWB) for a multi-FPGA system FiC (Flow-in-Cloud). Programmers describe their program in SystemC as small modules connected with FIFO channels, then verify the operation with the behavioral simulation considering parallel execution. After the high-level synthesis (HLS) is done with CWB, modules distributed to each board are decided, and the interface module is inserted. The cycle accurate simulation is applied to ensure the operation and estimate the performance. Finally, generated Verilog HDL code for each board is implemented with Xilinx's Vivado just like the traditional design and configuration is obtained. As an example, a simple convolutional neural network LeNet is described and implemented on a real system using the tool. Although the cycle accurate simulation takes 105.34sec, the estimated cycles are only 2.2% difference from the real boards execution result. Since the example CNN LeNet is too small, it can be implemented into a single board with a traditional design tool. However, considering the pipeline execution, parallel execution with two boards can distribute the input and output into different FPGAs, and relax the bottleneck.


It is with great sadness that I review this wonderful work because its author, Charles Issawi, is no longer with us; this was the final book he published before he died. The nine articles that comprise the volume were all written during the last two decades of his life. Even though many were published in various journals and edited volumes, as collected together here, they reveal the depth and breadth of knowledge of this most distinguished scholar.


We have measured the relative speed of the two γ rays emitted forward and backward by a π meson decaying in flight. The velocity of the neutral pions, which were produced in the reaction π− +p→ π +n, was v = 0.2c. We have compared our results with what would have been expected on the assumption that the initial photon velocities were c + v and c − v. The results were in complete disagreement with this assumption.


With various losing ways,the loss amount of nitrogen is great because of the excessive fertilization.Nitrates,which are not absorbed by crop,can easily accumulate in soil profiles,and then cause pollution to the groundwater and soil in vegetable system.In this paper,the current situation of soil and groundwater pollution in vegetable system of China was summarized,and the causes of nitrate pollution were analyzed,and some solutions were proposed including scientific cultivation and management rules,reasonable irrigation methods,balanced application of chemical and organic fertilizers and popularizing new type fertilizer.


Terahertz waves are focused onto extreme aspect ratio slot antennas. In the middle of the nano slot antenna, the electric field intensity can be a million times stronger than the incident one. Thereby, at a large enough incident field, tunneling of electrons are inevitable [1]–[3]. These efforts originated from nearly perfect transmission through terahertz slot antennas with tens of microns of feature sizes, which evolved into its nanometer sized and Angstrom sized cousins [4]–[5]. We will discuss our recent results on tunneling through closed, macroscopic rings of quantum barriers. Surface current driven tunneling provides a new paradigm compared with the conventional voltage driven tunneling, being ultrasensitive to the global 2D geometry and its symmetry. Macroscopic geometries can be turned into another useful tool to govern total tunneling currents.


Objective To observe the curative effect of polysaccharide iron complex(PIC,Niferex) to treat adults'siron deficiency anemia(IDA).Methods 126 adults with IDA were randomly divided into two groups: the treated and control groups.The former were treated with Niferex,and the latter with ferrous sulfate combined vitamin C.Results Treated for 4 weeks,the test of blood routine,serum iron and transferring of the treated group were significantly higher than that of ferrous sulfate treated group(P0.05,P0.01).Besides,the adverse effect of treated group were lower than the latter.Conclusion The curative effect of Niferex to treat adults' IDA is better than that of ferrous sulfate,and its adverse effect was lower,which was an excellent medicine to treat the disease.


Different authors have variously emphasized the roles of composition, temperature and pressure in the partitioning of Mg and Fe between olivine and basaltic liquids. Jones [I] used linear regressions of M g ~ and F e ~ to argue that olivinetliquid partitioning could be parameterized solely in terms of liquid composition. The implication of this analysis was that partition coefficients were relatively insensitive to changes in pressure -as long as liquid composition did not change. The regressions of Jones [I] contained experiments on both lowand high-Ti lunar basalts and no influence of Ti on partitioning was observed. Alternatively, Grover et al. [2] emphasized the role of pressure in changes of KD(olivine/liquid) and Longhi et al. [3] and Delano [4] have shown that high-Ti basalts have distinctly lower KD's than their low-Ti counterparts. Clearly, different authors have chosen to emphasize different aspects of the physical chemistry of Fe-Mg partitioning. The conclusions of these authors are not of mere academic interest, but are important in deciding the bulk composition and origin of the Moon [5]. For example, if olivinefiiquid KD's are 1-0.3, it is possible for the Earth and the Moon to have the same Mg# [molar Mg/(Fe+Mg)] [6]. Conversely, if typical KD values are > 0.34, then to argue for a similarity between the MgWs of the Earth and Moon becomes difficult [5]. In an effort to better understand the relative roles of pressure and liquid composition on olivinehquid patitioning, multivariate regressions have been performed on a set of 33 experimental olivinefliquid paritioning studies on lunar compositions. Of these experiments, 12 were conducted at high pressure (2 5 kbar) and 7 contain 2 -8 wt.% TiOZ. Experimental data were taken from Longhi et al. [3], Grover et al. [2] and Chen et al. [7]. Starting materials spanned a range of compositions and pressure ranged from 1 bar to 30 kbar. Some data from [2] and [7] were excluded. Any experiment of [2] that showed significant gain or loss of FeO was not used, although incorporation of these data does not significantly change the conclusions of this study. Similarly, because many of the experiments of [7] showed gains in FeO, only the longer-duration Apollo 14 VLT experiments were utilized; the shorter-duration Apollo 17 VLT experiments possess significantly lower KD's, even though the two bulk compositions are very similar, and are assumed to represent poorer approaches to equilibrium. Method and Results. The regressions of Jones [1] imply that olivineAiquid KD's can be calculated if only the cation fractions of FeO and MgO in the silicate liquid are known. Consequently, KD values of [3], [2] and [7] were regressed using XMp, XFe, XTi and P as independent variables, where X represents cation fraction in the liquid and P is pressure in kbar. The equation resulting from this multiple linear regression is:


Spectroscopic and bonding properties of sulfur, selenium, and tellurium atoms chemisorbed on different crystallographic faces of Ni are studied using self-consistent local-density molecular-cluster models. Adsorbate-substrate interactions lead to significant modification of the Ni $3d$, $4s$, $4p$ conduction bands in addition to forming the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$ adatom levels located at \ensuremath{\sim}5 eV below the Fermi energy. Adatom-adatom interactions are treated by ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{9}$ coupled clusters. Adatom bonding to the substrate is seen to be dominated by near-neighbor interactions through $\mathrm{sp}$ hybridization of the low-lying chalcogen $\mathrm{ns}$ level, and by $\ensuremath{\pi}$-bonding interaction of the $\mathrm{np}$ level. The (110) surface appears to have more ionic character than either (001) or (111). The calculated variation of adsorbate levels with adatom height above the metal surface supports low-energy-electron diffraction structural analyses. Partial densities of states derived from cluster orbital atomic populations are used to discuss features of photoelectron and Auger spectra.