The photovoltaic device according to the present invention is located between a first electrode and a second electrode, the first electrode and the second electrode that are sequentially positioned on the substrate, n-type semiconductor layer, intrinsic semiconductor layer and p type semiconductor layer is the the first photoelectric conversion section are sequentially stacked from the first electrode, the first photoelectric conversion portion and located between the second electrode and the n-type semiconductor layer, intrinsic semiconductor layer and p-type semiconductor layer from the first photoelectric conversion section portions which are sequentially stacked in the second photoelectric conversion and a light transmissive particles which is located inside the second electrode.


It is well known that acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) carries a higher mortality.(1) This outcome is further affected by the extent of pre-existent liver damage and consequent liver dysfunction. The prognosis of acute HAV infection in subjects who are chronically infected with hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) infection but with normal transaminases and liver histology is quite good and is similar to infection in otherwise completely healthy subjects. However, the risk of severe or fatal illness is high if the infection occurs in the presence of chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis.(2) Based on these data, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has recommended that all patients with CLD should be immunised against HAV infection.(3) To answer the question of whether adult patients with CLD need a hepatitis A vaccine to prevent HAV superinfection, it is important to determine the prevalence of protective antibodies or IgG-anti HAV in this population. In developed countries, the prevalence of such antibodies in adults is low and hence, the recommendation of administering hepatitis A vaccine in adult CLD patients routinely is not only justified but may also be cost-effective.(2,3) Saudi Arabia has a high population of patients with CLD, especially those related to HBV infection.(4) A report from the eastern province of Dammam has shown the prevalence of IgG-HAV to be 3% in the younger than six years age group or pre-school age, which increases to 62% in the 6–8 years age group and 93% in older children.(5) The study on the prevalence of IgG-HAV was reported in healthy children from Saudi Arabia; however, there are no such reports for both adults as well as CLD patients. The present analysis was done to determine the prevalence of IgGanti HAV in adult CLD patients to assess their need for hepatitis A vaccination. A total of 136 patients (130 Saudis with an age range of 17–90 years; mean age 39.1 ± 17.6 years) with CLD seen at the King Fahd Central Hospital, Jizan, Saudi Arabia, from June 2002 to January 2004 were checked for IgG-anti HAV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using commercially-available kits. Of these, 80 were males and 56 were females. 91 (67%) of these were HBsAg +ve and 12 (9%) were anti-HCV +ve. Five patients had autoimmune chronic hepatitis while two had Wilson's disease as the cause of CLD and one had a dual (HBV+HCV) infection. No cause of CLD could be identified in 25 (18%) patients. 28 (21%) of these patients with CLD also had associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). None of these patients has had a prior hepatitis A vaccination. In addition, 224 patients attending the gastrointestinal clinic with either non-ulcer dyspepsia or irritable bowel syndrome were simultaneously tested for IgG-anti HAV antibodies. These patients served as the control group and none of them had present or past evidence of liver disease. They were comparable to patients with CLD in terms of age, gender and nationality. 134 (98.5%) CLD patients tested positive for anti-HAV antibodies. This observation indicates the presence of acquired immunity in adult CLD patients in Saudi Arabia due to previous exposure to HAV infection. The positivity was not related to the aetiology of CLD or the presence/absence of HCC. 221 (98.6%) patients from the control group also tested positive for IgG-anti-HAV. In conclusion, our data shows a very high prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies in adult CLD patients in Saudi Arabia and, therefore, these patients do not require a hepatitis A vaccine for the prevention of acute HAV infection.


The structural properties of semi-flexible main chain liquid crystalline polymers(LCPs) are investigated by the method of molecular dynamics(MD) simulations. In semi-flexible main chain LCPs, molecular chains are described by the newly developed model called Solo-LJ-SP-GB model. It has been proven that the computational time the model takes is less than 10%of that the traditional GB/LJ model takes during the MD simulations of LCPs, which greatly improves the computational efficiency. During simulating the liquid crystal formation of semi-flexible main chain LCPs, the effects of the number of flexible spacers in LCPs molecules on the thermodynamic properties are studied. It is found that the thermodynamic properties depending on the number of flexible spacers show odd-even effects, which agrees with the existing experimental data. The local orientational correlation time function and translational mobility of semi-flexible main chain LCPs are calculated and compared with the simulation results of the traditional GB/LJ model, which suggests that these two models have similar anisotropy and mobility.


Insect predators may commit to reproduction to varying degrees depending on the nature of the prey they consume. I compared egg production by females of the aphidophagous ladybird beetle Coccinella transversalis (F.) (Coccinellidae) maintained on differing diets. As expected, females laid most eggs on a diet of aphids (pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum[Harris]). Upon being switched from a diet of aphids, females laid no eggs after the first 3 days when maintained on a water solution of sucrose, and laid almost no eggs when maintained on a diet of second‐instar larvae of the moth Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). However, females laid eggs in small numbers (on average, 2.7 eggs per day) when provided both sucrose and Helicoverpa larvae. Females laid similar numbers of eggs when aphid honeydew was substituted for sucrose in combination with Helicoverpa larvae; in both cases, egg production was only 10–15% of that on a diet of aphids. The production of small numbers of eggs from consumption of non‐aphid foods may enhance the ability of aphidophagous ladybirds to optimize their timing of reproduction at short‐lived colonies of their preferred aphid prey.


In this paper, using a comprehensive smartphone usage logging system (a client app and a server), various statistical analysis results from more than 800 man-days usage logs are presented. The analysis shows 1) significant difference in usage frequency and time statistics among the applications, 2) strong popularity in social network application category and 3) little usage variation between weekdays and weekends, but less frequent usage in night time.


Some poor readers show little or no progress in literacy interventions as their susceptibility to the concreteness and neighborhood effect is not accounted for during intervention. This study aims to develop a resource for poor readers by revising the Dolch list to account for the concreteness and neighborhood (orthographic, phonological and semantic) effect. Psycholinguistic techniques were employed to recategorize 220 Dolch list words according to concreteness via function and content word categories, and include the associated orthographic, phonological and semantic neighbors of each word into a new High Frequency List with Neighbors (HFLN). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni post hoc test and Levene's test of variance homogeneity were carried out as measures of statistical significance and variability. The HFLN contains a total of 220 words with 1057 neighbors across five function and content word categories. Both measures of statistical significance and variability show that grade categories in the Dolch list contain greater mean concreteness values with overlapping similarities and higher variability. Conversely, the HFLN effectively delineates concreteness value clusters between categories with lower variability. The HFLN aids in targeted intervention of poor readers by presenting the available orthographic, phonological and semantic neighbors according to the descending order of concreteness.


Provided is a remote self-diagnosis method based on an Atom platform. The integrity diagnosis of a system in an initial stage of start-up of a target system is achieved through an advanced UEFI, and diagnosis results can be transmitted to a far-end control center through the network. When the target system breaks down, besides immediately obtaining an alarm, the control center can conduct maintenance work on the target system such as remote starting and remote shutdown. The remote self-diagnosis method based on the Atom platform is composed of the remote self-diagnosis method and a set of self-diagnosis devices. According to combination with the UEFI, dual-channel network communication and other technologies, the remote self-diagnosis method provides a set of safe and reliable solutions for the application of the remote self-diagnosis; the technologies such as FPGA and PCIe are adopted by the remote self-diagnosis devices, the function of the remote self-diagnosis is achieved, and the possibility of remote control to a target device is also provided.


ECOLOGY is generally defined as the study of the relationship between the various living organisms in an environment and of their reactions to their animate and inanimate surroundings. Bews (1935) in an interesting book called " Human Ecology" says that "environment, function, and organism are a fundamental biological triad which must be studied as one complete whole, and this study is essentially what we mean by ecology ". In this sense ecology is rather a point of view or attitude of mind than a definable science. Indeed all biological phenomena can be regarded from the wide holistic or ecological aspect in addition to the limited viewpoint of the super-specialist. The biochemist, for example, as he racks his brains to devise some process which will help him to arrive at the structural formula of a new compound that he has isolated from an animal's body, is thinking as a chemist pure and simple. When he reflects on how the properties of his new compound helps the animal in its struggles with the environment and other animals, he is thinking ecologically. Owing to the ever-increasing accumulation of facts, and the ever-growing unwieldiness of scientific literature, it becomes more and more difficult to maintain an ecological outlook on one's work, and the would-be research worker, consciously or unconsciously, often gives up the attempt, and thinks it unprofitable to venture a serious opinion on any scientific subject outside his own specialty. Nevertheless I cannot but agree with Johan Hjort (1920) who says: " Sooner or later every student of natural history must face and try to solve the great problem of how to orient his own particular branch of science with respect to the principles of science in general." Epidemiology, especially, has to draw on the data and use the methods of many other sciences, and the epidemiologist has to try to keep all the factors involved in the origin and distribution of epidemic and endemic disease in view at the same time,


B. A. Poser, D. G. Norris FC Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, Netherlands Introduction Multiply-refocused sequences such as HASTE are attractive for functional MRI (fMRI) as they are free of susceptibility artifacts, and yield pure T2 contrast. The latter can be advantageous for two fMRI applications: First, spin echo (SE) based fMRI. SE reportedly offers better spatial localization of the BOLD signal, but is most commonly used in combination with a long EPI readout, resulting in residual T2* and static averaging contributions. Second, cerebral blood volume (CBV) measurements. The recently proposed Vascular Space Occupancy (VASO) uses IR-EPI and is thus prone to T2* / BOLD contamination of the measured CBV signal. Here, short TE IR-HASTE should offer both higher signal-to-noise and minimal BOLD contribution. We investigate both applications of HASTE in fMRI at 3 T, using visual and emotional (amygdala) stimulation paradigms.


While marking importance and relevance in academic discourse has been a widely researched topic, markers of lesser significance have so far been understudied. The article therefore focuses on some of the discoursal means of expressing lesser importance in conference presentations. The corpus of the study comprises recordings of 20 presentations in English at international linguistics conferences by speakers of various cultural and linguistic backgrounds. The methodology follows Deroey and Taverniers's (2012) study of lecture discourse, whereby depending on the way lesser importance is expressed, the markers are grouped under five categories. Their methodology is checked against the data provided by the transcriptions of the conference recordings to ascertain the extent to which it is applicable to other spoken academic genres. The ultimate objective is to provide steppingstones for interpreting information and distinguishing between what is important and relevant and less so in conference presentations, as well as for the identification of presenters' motivation for employing this type of metadiscourse.


Introduction: There are many clinical parameters affecting the quality of life in terminal period respiratory patients planned for lung transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the main clinical features of lung transplantation candidates responsible for the deterioration of quality of life. Method: Forty-three lung transplantation candidates referred to our clinic for preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation program were included in the study. Study outcome measurements: Saint George Quality of Life Questionnaire (SGRQ), modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea score (mMRC), 6-minute walk test distance (6MWD), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), digital peripheral muscle strength measurements, hang grip strenght (HG) and lung function test parameters. The correlation between SGRQ total score and other clinical parameters were examined. Results: The mean age of the patients was 38.02 (14-68) and 62.8% (n=27) were male. There was a high correlation between biceps muscle strength (p<.0001, r=.606) and 6MWD (p<.0001, r=.647) with SGRQ total score. And also HG (p=.005, r=.450), dorsiflexion muscle strenghts (p=.001, r=.508), MIP (p=.002, r=.489), and mMRC (p<.0001, r=.578) were moderately correlated with SGRQ. Correlation with respiratory functions and quality of life was found to be lower. Discussion: Lung transplantation candidates have many clinical features that determine quality of life. In our study, It has been found that quality of life is more affected by peripheral and respiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity and dyspnea perception rather than respiratory function. This should be taken into account when planning pulmonary rehabilitation programs.


The paper analyzes and researches the maintenance methods and general procedures of the air conditioning system on automobiles.Some methods to diagnose automotive air conditioning breakdown such as experience diagonosis,and instrument-aided diagonosis are introduced.


Many studies have been carried out on coastal dunes of mid-latitude regions, but little is known about cold-climate coastal dunes. Coastal dunes that have developed in arctic and subarctic environments usually are described as minor aeolian accumulation features, but they occur widely along arctic and subarctic coastlines. In the Arctic, aeolian deflation is a common phenomenon and coastal dunes are less developed than in subarctic environments. Short open-water duration, coarse beach sediment, and sparse vegetation cover are factors explaining the limited coastal dune development of arctic regions. In subarctic settings, niveo-aeolian sedimentation is a major process contributing to coastal dune development. Quantitative and qualitative studies still are needed for a better understanding of the mechanisms of coastal-dune development in cold-climate environments. [Key words: coastal dunes, arctic, subarctic, coastal geomorphology].


often need to be thin to avoid the risk of migration and blockage of the rhinostomy. The modification described here, we believe, simplifies the technically challenging step of trimming the DCR flap without compromise of the end result. The fundamental change involves altering the sequence of steps, thereby trimming the DCR flap at the start of the procedure The DCR flap mucosal incisions are made as per Wormald's original description. Two further horizontal incisions are made 2 mm above and below the inferior and superior horizontal incisions respectively, joining the vertical incision (Fig. 1a). The central part of the flap is elevated (Fig. 1b) and then trimmed with through-biting Blakesely forceps (Medtronic Xomed) (Fig. 1c). The remaining superior and inferior flaps, which should measure about 2 mm in width, are then elevated and tucked over or under the middle turbinate and thus positioned out of the way until required at the end of the procedure (Fig. 1d). The rest of the procedure is carried out exactly as per Wormald's description with the superior and inferior flaps used to cover the area of raw bone above and below the marsupialised sac (Fig. 1e). In practice, we found that a flap width of around 2 mm for both superior and inferior flaps is more than sufficient for the purpose of raw bone coverage in the majority of cases. This technique modification has been used in three primary DCR cases thus far with satisfactory results. We are currently in the process of building a case series using this modification for analysis and publication of results in the future.


rish second level schools have experienced much ~ change and have faced many new challenges in ~ recent years. The range of national programmes now available has expanded significantly in the last decade and the nature of these programmes has placed many new demands on the teaching profession, such as the use of active-teaching methodologies, crosscurricular learning, increased links with the community and a greater variety of assessment techniques. The introduction of these programmes has also resulted in the creation of many new middle management positions as co-ordinators of these programmes. This article will highlight the challenges faced by these co-ordinators in leading curriculum innovation in what has historically been and still is predominately a subject centred and assessment driven education system.


As some recent studies revealed, the access to sufficient and appropriate funding for SMEs is still an essential issue for EU countries, the access being limited by various demand and supply constraints and imperfections. This paper approaches the issue of SMEs financing by investigating the main factors influencing the quality of the banking relationship. We undertook an extended quantitative research, based on a survey on Romanian SMEs, as to analyse the main determinants of bank relationship, i.e. trust, loyalty, length. Based on a multiple linear regression and using the method of ordinary least squares, we found that SMEs benefit from more favourable treatment from banks due to trust in managers/owners of the companies and the effects of long-term relationships. The results we obtained are in line with other similar researches but also as a critical interpretation of the role and objectives of the banks related to the SMEs perspective and expectations.


he background information and development history of Songshan Natural Reserve in Beijing were discussed in this paper. Along the development of tourism in the natural reserve, the changes in the management objectives of the natural reserve are analyzed. It is showed that the development of eco-tourism is a necessary measure for the effective protection of biodiversity in the natural reserve due to the fact that the development of eco-tourism need the participation of the manager of the natural reserve, local farmers, tourists, and local administrative staffs. As the beneficiary of the natural reserve, all those people will pay more attention to the protection of biodiversity in the natural reserve.


Sectionalized bubble columns are finding a wide use in the case of FT synthesis, petroleum refining, wastewater treatments, extraction, absorption, leaching, ion exchange etc., due to their superiority in terms of reduced liquid phase back-mixing. The present work covers a mixing aspect in a 0.41 m id. sectionalized bubble column over a wide range of superficial gas velocity, liquid height to column diameter ratio, percent free area of the sectionalizing plates and electrolyte concentration for Air-water system. The acquired conductivity data was optimized using a compartmental and axial dispersion models and the model parameters have been estimated. For a given Hc/D ratio; mixing time was found to decrease with an increase in gas superficial velocity and free area of the sectionalizing plate. The compartmental model successfully predicts the tracer concentration profile and the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. The mixing time in a sectionalized bubble column was also compared with a non-sectionalized bubble column and was found to be order of magnitude higher.


Network Embeddings (NEs) map the nodes of a given network into $d$-dimensional Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^d$. Ideally, this mapping is such that `similar' nodes are mapped onto nearby points, such that the NE can be used for purposes such as link prediction (if `similar' means being `more likely to be connected') or classification (if `similar' means `being more likely to have the same label'). In recent years various methods for NE have been introduced, all following a similar strategy: defining a notion of similarity between nodes (typically some distance measure within the network), a distance measure in the embedding space, and a loss function that penalizes large distances for similar nodes and small distances for dissimilar nodes.
A difficulty faced by existing methods is that certain networks are fundamentally hard to embed due to their structural properties: (approximate) multipartiteness, certain degree distributions, assortativity, etc. To overcome this, we introduce a conceptual innovation to the NE literature and propose to create \emph{Conditional Network Embeddings} (CNEs); embeddings that maximally add information with respect to given structural properties (e.g. node degrees, block densities, etc.). We use a simple Bayesian approach to achieve this, and propose a block stochastic gradient descent algorithm for fitting it efficiently. We demonstrate that CNEs are superior for link prediction and multi-label classification when compared to state-of-the-art methods, and this without adding significant mathematical or computational complexity. Finally, we illustrate the potential of CNE for network visualization.


Due to the physical nature of the interference phenomenon, extracting the phase of an interferogram is a known sinusoidal modulation problem. In order to solve this problem, a new hybrid mathematical optimization model for phase extraction is established. The combination of frequency guide sequential demodulation and harmony search optimization algorithms is used for demodulating closed fringes patterns in order to find the phase of interferogram applications. The proposed algorithm is tested in four sets of different synthetic interferograms, finding a range of average relative error in phase reconstructions of 0.14–0.39 rad. For reference, experimental results are compared with the genetic algorithm optimization technique, obtaining a reduction in the error up to 0.1448 rad. Finally, the proposed algorithm is compared with a very known demodulation algorithm, using a real interferogram, obtaining a relative error of 1.561 rad. Results are shown in patterns with complex fringes distribution.


Optimisation methods have long been used in conjunction with numerical simulations to identify optimum shapes and topologies of various artefacts. However, there are several practical problems where accurate numerical simulations may not be available/affordable, and the only way to ascertain the performance of a design is through physical tests. Optimisation with physical experiments in loop is a less explored avenue and this work attempts to investigate the performance of surrogate assisted optimisation approaches for such class of problems. The optimum geometry of a two bladed, zero twist, Savonius vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) propeller that rotates at the highest speed for a given airflow is used as a case study. The geometry of the VAWT propeller is defined using 10 variables. The propellers are 3D printed and their performance i.e. speed of rotation is measured using physical tests. An initial set of 24 designs created using Latin Hypercube Sampling was used to create a Kriging model, and new designs were recursively identified through maximization of the expected improvement function. A handcrafted design by the domain expert was spinning with average RPM of 1289. The surrogate assisted optimisation approach identified a design with RPM of 1254, while exploring only 9 additional designs. Interesting insights on the effects of expert knowledge embedding is also revealed which suggests that having the expert design in the pool biases designs that look similar to the expert design, while without expert design in the pool, the approach tends to uncover bespoke designs albeit at the cost of exploration.


The asymmetric resonance configuration characterized by the critical angle librating around centres other than 0 or 180 degree, is found in the 1:N mean motion resonance. The asymmetric 1:2 resonance with Neptune is of particular interest because the two asymmetric islands seem to host different populations, and this might be a direct clue to understanding the early evolution of the Solar system. The asymmetry has been investigated from both observational and theoretical perspectives, but conclusions among studies vary widely. In this paper using toy models, we carefully designed a series of tests to systematically study the capture of planetesimals into the leading and trailing resonance islands. Although these tests may not reproduce exactly the real processes the Solar system experienced, they reveal some typical dynamics in the resonance capture. Since the real Twotinos have small to moderate inclinations, as the first attempt, we adopted in this paper planar models to investigate the mechanisms that may lead to asymmetric capture by the leading and trailing islands, including their size variation during the outward migration of Neptune, the stickiness of the leading island, and the migration slowdown effect. Particularly, we find that the ratio between the populations of the leading and trailing islands can be easily tuned by introducing the slowdown effect in the migration model, thus may be not a good tracer of the migration history. However, the eccentricity of objects trapped in two asymmetric islands may conserve some valuable information of the early evolution of the Solar system.


Business and entertainment increasingly depend on WLANs, as they provide flexibility of locations and low maintenance efforts. However in the presence of hidden terminals sender-receiver pairs experience severe packet loss due to collisions. ZigZag decoding has been proposed as an effective technique for recovering collided packets, but it may cause error propagation. In this paper, we propose an iterative ZigZag decoding algorithm to mitigate error propagation and further improve the system performance in the presence of collisions. Simulation results show that the proposed iterative ZigZag decoding can effectively overcome error propagation and considerably improve the system performance.


The pot experiment was conducted at field experimentation center, Department of Biological sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Uttar Pradesh during summer season 2018 with Mungbean varieties Samrat and Jagrati. Effect of Gibberellic acid under Salt stress condition on Mung bean with seven treatments and three replications were laid out in complete randomized Design. This research was undertaken to assess the impact of 200 ppm and 100 ppm of Gibberellic acid (GA) on alleviation of oxidative, ionic and osmotic stress of different concentration levels of salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM Nacl, respectively). Application of GA3 significantly increased leaf area, dry mass, leaf Chl. content, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate compared to salt alone. Under saline conditions, seed germination has been improved by application of GA3 and in this experiment, growth and grain yield of wheat were decreased with increasing salinity levels, but increased relatively by seed treatment with GA3 (Kumar and Singh 1996). In addition, GA3 interacts with other hormones to regulate various metabolic processes in the plants.


Exploration of the geology of the Arctic and subarctic shores of Alaska began as early as the voyages of Kotzebue and Beechey, in 1816 and 1826, and a detailed report on the vertebrate fossils found there, with a wealth of illustration, was made by Sir John Richardson in 1854, in the "Zoology of the voyage of the Heralil." Nothing of importance bearing on the Tertiary invertebrates of this region appears in the literature of the nineteenth century, and but little on those of the older formations. A search of the marine sandstone strata on the right bank of the Yukon near Nulato, made by me in 1867 and 1868, disdosed only a few traces of fossils belonging to the genus Mytilus and led to the supposition that the age of the deposit might be Tertiary, but later investigations place it in the Mesozoic. While I was in the Coast Survey service in 1880 the Pleistocene deposits in Kotzebue Sound and near Bering Strait previously referred to by Chamisso, Beechey, and Richardson were examined, 1 and numerous vertebrate remains were collected; but, with the exception of a species of Pisidium, no invertebrates were found. With the explorations of F. C. Schrader and W. J. Peters, of the United States Geological Survey, in 1901 2 the first really systematic geologic reconnaissance of the Arctic coast of Alaska was begun. They described the stratification of the coastal deposits and collected marine invertebrate fossils from them, part of which were submitted to me and determined to be of Pliocene age. A brief summary of the species was prepared for the above-cited report. When gold was discovered in the beach sands of the north coast of Norton Sound, near N orne,


The synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of the triruthenium–indium complex [In{Ru(CO)2(η-C5H5)}3]1 are described. Complex 1 comprises a trigonal-planar indium centre bonded to three Ru(CO)2(η-C5H5) fragments by unsupported In–Ru bonds. The magnitude of the In–Ru bond lengths are discussed with respect to π bonding vs. ionic bonding in this and related compounds, and the possibility of π bonding is also addressed with regard to the orientations of the Ru(CO)2(η-C5H5) fragments in 1. The syntheses of the diruthenium complexes [InCl{Ru(CO)2(η-C5H5)}2] and [N(PPh3)2][InCl2{Ru(CO)2(η-C5 H5)}2] are also described together with the X-ray crystal structure of the former.


The invention relates to a method for separation enrichment and detection of trace fluoroquinolone antibiotic residues in a water environment. According to the method, 2.0-4.0L of a water sample is subjected to solid-phase extraction, and then analysis and detection are carried out by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument. Being able to well separate and detect a plurality of fluoroquinolone antibiotic substances, the invention has the advantages of low detection limit, high recovery rate, high sensitivity, good selectivity and simple operation, etc., and has substantial effects in the detection study of trace fluoroquinolone antibiotic substances in the water environment.


The concept of the Medical Society for the Care of the Elderly (later to become the British Geriatrics Society) was the product of a meeting of minds of clinical geriatricians and a medical officer of the Ministry of Health. Each had their own complementary but different agendas. Clinicians wanted to improve the medical management of older people and reverse old-fashioned custodial approaches to care. The Ministry faced the challenge of implementing the new National Health Service, which would be critically hampered by a large number of beds occupied by the chronic sick.


The Pierre Auger Observatory has gathered, in ten years of operation, an unprecedented number of extremely energetic cosmic-ray events. We present the latest results of searches for small to intermediate-scale anisotropies in the distribution of arrival directions of such events. We update the test based on the Véron-Cetty and Véron catalog, previously performed by the Pierre Auger Observatory on early data, and conclude that it does not yield a significant indication of anisotropy with the present data set. We then study the correlation of arrival directions with the position of nearby galaxies in the 2MRS catalog, of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) detected by Swift-BAT, of a sample of radio galaxies with jets and of the Centaurus A galaxy. None of the searches shows a statistically significant evidence of anisotropy. The two largest departures from isotropy found have a post-trial probability ∼ 1%. The first one is for cosmic rays with energy above 58 EeV that arrive within 18◦ of Swift-BAT AGNs closer than 130 Mpc and brighter than 1044 erg/s. The other one is for cosmic rays above the same energy threshold that arrive within 15◦ of the direction of Centaurus A.


This paper introduces how to develop batch process computer control through the modularized program of PLC ladder diagram design in some engineering project .It gives a new ideal to develop the software of batch process control system.


The invention discloses an inertial sensor device, which is used to be connected with a hand-held electronic device. The inertial sensor device comprises an accelerometer module, a gyroscope module, a connector module and a memory module, wherein the accelerometer module is used for generating acceleration sensing signals corresponding to X, Y and Z directions; the gyroscope module is used for generating angular acceleration sensing signals corresponding to X, Y and Z axes; the connector module is provided with a plug used to be plugged in a joint connector of the hand-held electronic device; the memory module is used for continuously receiving and recording acceleration sensing signals and the angular acceleration sensing signals generated from the accelerometer module and the gyroscope module, as well as digital sensing signals generated from a microprocessing control unit. The inertial sensor device is conveniently connected and disconnected with the hand-held electronic device, so that a user can use body motions to control a special cursor on an electronic game picture or a graphical user interface.


P4066 L5. Not a single inventory but various are needed to study changes with time We are not completely sure what the reviewer means with this statement. Actually, we provided an inventory of glacier boundaries and temporal updates where changes occurred. We digitized termini changes during the observation period for each glacier and stored them within a GIS database. In that way, we are able to provide a glacier inventory including changing termini positions over time. P4066 L6. It would be good to also indicate the % of stable glaciers (within uncertainties) and the % of retreating glaciers. It was one shortcoming of the (Scherler et al., 2011) paper to have "stable and advancing" glaciers grouped. I recommend to have three categories (Advancing/Stable within uncertainties/Retreating). A non surging glacier whose length does not change over a decade or two does not have the same climatic significance than a retreating or advancing glacier, so there is no reason to place stable glaciers either in the advancing or retreating category. Thank you for this helpful advice. We updated our inventory and grouped the glaciers into the categories: – surge-type glaciers (which surged one or various times since the 1860s) – advancing glaciers – stable glaciers and – retreating glaciers As a result, we observed that out of 1219 glaciers, 101 were surge-type glaciers, 56 were advancing glaciers, 969 glaciers showed stable front positions and 93 glaciers revealed retreating tongues during the observation period 1976 to 2013. Within the inventory of surge-type glaciers, 91 glaciers were in accordance with the surge-type glaciers mentioned in the papers of Copland et al. (2011) and Quincey et al. (2011). However, we found ten more glaciers, which showed an active phase of a surge in the Karakoram Range during the observation period. Those glaciers are mostly located in the Sarpo Laggo Basin and the Shaksgam Valley (as was shown in Fig. 7). They indicate


— Currently companies offering the service implementation of data networks have seen the need to apply any methodology, the same that can be adapted to the needs of both the client and the organization and also allow direct all processes in the development of the project. However, the use and application of these methodologies aims to reduce failures due to incorrect implementation of the network, it is important to stress that these methodologies provide excellent results as long as the indicated adoption and meet customer needs. That is why the need to analyze the techniques used to implement a network, specifically a network (Local Area Network) LAN type arises; for which an analytical, bibliographical and documentary study, to obtain pertinent and relevant information within the framework of the research was conducted. In addition to the use of criteria for the evaluation of the methodology. As a result, it has been possible to demonstrate that the CISCO methodology is the most widely used thanks to its easy adaptation and implementation projects; plus, it provides a wealth of information and support to users, thereby allowing correct application of its processes.


For the purposes of discussion, a special computer will be taken to be one in which it is not possible to employ standard mathematical software libraries. Thus we are concerned with the ubiquitous personal computers, various array or pipeline machines, and some mini and micro computers primarily destined to tasks other than general purpose computing (e.g. control applications).
 The function minimization problem, that of finding a set of parameters <underline>b</underline>* so that S(<underline>b</underline>*) ≤ S(<underline>b</underline>) for all <underline>b</underline> @@@@ <underline>b</underline>*
 within some region is of interest in many real and contrived problems. The global minimization problem will be addressed only in passing, and attention will be paid mainly to the case where S is continuous and smooth. Brief mention will be made of problems with several constraints on the parameters. However, the mathematical programming problem, where there may be large numbers of constraints, continues to provide a serious challenge to developers of numerical methods for small computers.


Topological indices are numerical parameters of a graph which characterize its topology. In this paper the PI, Szeged and Zagreb group indices of the tetrameric 1,3–adamantane are computed.


The floor, which belongs to the typical space force structure, is the most complex part of the lock head. At present, the elasticity beam method is still the main method in the code for the internal force calculation of the lock head floor. Being the plane calculation theory, this method replaces the elastoplastic with elastic, so it can be optimized. According to the shiplock project in the soil base, using the finite element software ANSYS, nonlinear finite element analysis of three dimensional based on Drucker-Prager criterion, we analyze the lock head floor of shiplock based on the elastoplastic model, compare it with the elasticity beam and elasticity finite element method, and analyze the applicable conditions of various methods, to provide reference for similar shiplocks' engineering.


When George Bernard Shaw attacked Paul as the "eternal enemy of woman"' the arch chauvinist--he expressed what many people assumed was true of Paul's attitude toward women and toward sex (two topics which Shaw, like many commentators, treats as one). Recently Professor R. Scroggs, recognizing the onesidedness of the popular stereotype, has re-evaluated Paul's theology. Examining Paul's statements concerning men and women, he concludes that "Paul is, so far from being a chauvinist, the only certain and consistent spokesman for the liberation and equality of women in the NT."2 Scroggs points out Paul's vision of the present Christian community as the eschatological community in which "the divisions between man and woman have been abolished." The apostle, he continues, affirms not only the activity of women as leaders in his churches but also the reciprocal relation between man and woman in marriage. The very passage that has been interpreted traditionally to reassert


The performance of hedge funds is of interest to investors looking for ways of generating value over passive strategies, particularly in bad times. This study used the Hedge Index database with over 9500 hedge funds to analyse, in depth, the performance of ten major strategies, during and after the financial crisis (June 2007–January 2017). To the best of our knowledge, such a study covering the last ten years has not been published. Performance of the various strategies was analysed, using correlations, the Carhart's four factor model, persistence of performance, and reward-risk ratios. The findings are that some hedge fund strategies which have persistent performances are also able to outperform the benchmark in some periods. In the crisis period, value-wise, all strategies did better than the S&P500, thereby, conserving value for investors, better than passive investment in the S&P500. Over the entire period of the research (June 2007–January 2017), seven strategies performed better than the S&P500: Global Macro, Multi Strategy, Emerging Markets, Long/Short Equity, Event Driven, Convertible Arbitrage, and Fixed Income Arbitrage. As hedge funds typically have skewed return distributions, performance was analysed in different periods, within conventional and downside risk frameworks. This research contributes to the advancement of knowledge on the outcomes of hedge fund strategies in different market conditions and the reliability of alternative risk frameworks in their evaluation. Apart from the theoretical implications, this research provides practical knowledge to managers and investors on which strategies hold better value and in what circumstances.


Man being a social animal cannot survive alone and has therefore been livingin groups or communities called families for ages. How these 'families' come about through the institution of marriage or any other way is rather an elaborate and an arduous notion. India along with its diverse people and societies offers innumerable ways by which people unite to come together as a family. Polyandry is one such way that has been prevalent in various regions of the sub-continent evidently among the Paharis of Himachal Pradesh, the Todas of Nilgiris, Nairs of Travancore and the Ezhavas of Malabar. While polyandrous unions have disappeared from the traditions of many of the groups and tribes, it is still practiced by some Jaunsaris—an ethnic group living in the lower Himalayan range—especially in the JaunsarBawar region of Uttarakhand.The concept of polyandry is so vast and mystifying that people who have just heard of the practice or the people who even did an indepth study of it are confused in certain matters regarding it. This thesis aims at providing answers to many questions arising in the minds of people who have little or no knowledge of this subject. In this paper we have tried to find out why people follow this tradition and whether or not it has undergone transition. Also its various characteristics along with its socio-economic issues like the state and position of women in such a society and how the economic balance in a polyandrous family is maintained has been looked into. After conducting the field work, many facets have been found which determine the band or tribe to be polyandrous. The majority of these societies are egalitarian bands or tribes practicing slash and burn agriculture. The studied tribe has been practicing polyandry as they believe they are the descendants of the Pandavas from the Hindu mythological epic Mahabharata and should continue the tradition their forefathers started. They deny the role of a skewed sex-ratio in favour of males as a possible reason for them practicing this unusual tradition. The presence of polyandry among these groups suggests that polyandry in all likelihood existed throughout human evolutionary history.


Gastro-duodenal Conditions Suitable for Operation (I) Acute perforation of the stomach or duodenum. ('2) Long-standing duodenal obstruction due to duodenal ulcer. (3) Medium sized and large gastric ulcer. (4) Hypertrophic stenosis of the pyloric canal. (5) A persistent small pylorus not due to scarring. (6) A small excisable duodenal ulcer. (7) A small excisable lesser curvature ulcer. (8) Some cases of gastric or duodenal haemorrhage. (9) Some cases of duodenal ulcer.


In economic evaluations, the perspective is often taken for granted. The societal perspective is usually preferred by economists because it includes all resources, whether they are paid for or their use is foregone. Economics is about identifying the best use of scarce resources. On the other hand, the popular government perspective includes all government payments, encompassing payments for services or resources, as well as for transfer payments such as disability supplements. Mental illness is a major cause of disability payments, and so the government payments perspective figures prominently in mental health economic evaluations. It is often not intuitive as to why government transfer payments are excluded from economic evaluations. After all, payments such as disability pensions can be affected by mental health treatments, and alternative mental health interventions can differentially affect resources costs and transfer payments, as well as mental health outcomes. But transfer payments are not immediately linked to resources; recipients of these payments will use them for resources, but they are not measures of resources themselves. And so economists do not include them in their societal perspective. On the other hand, resources in mental illness will not always be the burden of the health ministry. As Dewa, Trojanowski, Cheng, and Hoch show in their study on early psychosis interventions, resources are paid for by community support providers, the justice system, nongovernmental payers, and the health care sector. Indeed, costs paid for by the health care sector are far less than those paid for in the other sectors, about one quarter of the total (Table 2). Health economists in Canada most frequently use the government resources perspective. In the case of early psychosis interventions, these resource costs will amount to only one-quarter of the public-sector resource costs. As Dewa et al. show, the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis will be influenced by the perspective taken. The cost-effectiveness results favoured the <12-month group when the analysts used the health care perspective. When the broader, all-government perspective was used, the costeffectiveness results favoured the >12-month group. Which perspective should one use? Being a value-laden concept, the perspective taken will depend on who commissions the study. A government finance department will be most interested in an all-government perspective, including transfer payments, as these will be reflected in the government budget. A health department will be most interested in a government resources perspective, which is much narrower. As we broaden the perspective between the two, other perspectives will be preferred. Of course, government bodies have no direct interest in nongovernment resource costs, such as patient travel and caregiver costs. These costs, which are often preferred by economists, will be part of the broader societal perspective. The area of mental health incorporates substantial social costs, justice department costs, education costs, and transfer payments. This means, as Dewa et al. show, that if costeffectiveness changes with perspective, then the body that uses the results of the study may well choose the wrong policy indicator. Since the policy makers end up making the decision, they should be educated as to the various perspectives and their meaning.


A 62-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of progressive dysphagia and weight loss. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a tumor in the cardia, and a biopsy showed adenocarcinoma. He had a history of recurrent embolic cerebrovascular accidents 3 years ago and underwent warfarin therapy after these events. He was referred for locoregional staging of cardia tumor by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). The cardia tumor stage was T3N1. During EUS, we found a hyperechoic moving mass lesion attached to the left atrium wall. The patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography and surgery. The cardiac tumor was myxoma of the left atrium.


A faucet handle comprises an upper portion having a top and downwardly depending skirt. A lower portion has an outer peripheral wall, an inward member, and a central sleeve for connection to handle hardware. The upper portion defines an aperture in the skirt, with the lower portion defining an outwardly biased, inwardly deflectable retention member having a part which snugly fits within the aperture. This causes the upper and lower portions to be retained in lock-together relation. The retention member is inwardly deflectable by pushing for a distance that permits unlocking and separation of the upper and lower portions.


more independent and foreshadow the eventual dispensing of the opening orchestral statement, while increased figuration and virtuosic display made the improvisatory cadenza obsolete. This recording thus sheds light on the influence exercised by lesser-known composers of the early nineteenth century upon more famous later romantic writers of concertos. Pianist-conductor Howard Shelley has recorded concertos by Mozart, Hummel, J.B. Cramer, Herz and Mendelssohn and is well acquainted with early romantic style and its antecedents. He delivers very fine and sensitive performances on a Steinway piano. This recording is a valuable addition for listeners interested in building their collection of nineteenth-century concertos or in tracing the history and development of the genre.


Herbicide resistance is one of the most significant challenges that sustainable, no-till farming faces. To address this challenge, non-herbicide weed control methods have and are being investigated that apply impact energy to devitalise weed seeds in the chaff fraction as it leaves at the rear of a harvester. The required impact energy to kill weed seeds has not been reported to date. Methods to determine impact energy to damage seeds were reviewed. The rotational, drop weight, and pendulum impact testers were found to be appropriate and the three apparatuses were constructed. Impact tests were performed on Wimmera Ryegrass, a problematic weed in Australian cereal grain growing regions. The rotational impact tester showed a reduction in germination percentage from 94% down to 66% with an increase in speed of up to 67m/s. However, above this speed, the rotational impact tester was unable to reduce the germination percentage further as air pumping by the rotor blades cushioned impacts at any higher rotational speeds. The drop weight and pendulum impact testers showed that the proportion of seeds damaged increased with increasing impact energy. To visibly damage 85% of seeds required 0.061 J/seed for the drop weight tester and 0.013J/seed for the pendulum impact tester.


After decades of conflict, the FARC guerrilla and the government of President Juan Manuel Santos decided to start Peace Dialogues. This transition from armed conflict to negotiation in theory meant a change in the relationship between the armed organization and Santos government. Thereby in this thesis we decided to analyze the image of the FARC during the peace process (2012-2016) from a press collection, where cover pages of El Espectador journal were studied.

Based on the theory of framing and visual framing, headlines and images on the cover were analyzed. The mutation from an armed enemy to a political adversary at the table of negotiations is a transition that allows us to ask ourselves how the FARC's image changed, and if the political debate was privileged to military confrontations in the press.


The present invention discloses a tenant by suspending capacity to manage the data center. It includes one or more user-tenant cloud computing system ( "CCS") receive service. The CCS is determined when the lessee does not use any of the services, and if so, the CCS start lessee suspend process. The lessee suspend process involves suspending the lessee each asynchronous computation process, otherwise asynchronous computation process is also performed even in the case where the user does not have access to the current tenant of the CCS. After a period of time not to use the CCS, the lessee is suspended. In the user's login tenant to receive a service, the tenant is automatically returned to the active state.


Neural oscillations captured by electroencephalography (EEG) can be used by Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) to reveal the underlying mental processes and enable explicitly or implicitly interacting with one's environment. Most feature extraction techniques are based on spatial filters and power analyses in multiple frequency bands. The global geometry feature is seldom investigated. In this paper, the spatial aspects of EEG signals are studied using the Laplace-Beltrami operator. The eigenvectors of the Laplace-Beltrami operator form an orthonormal basis for square-integrable functions over the scalp and capture the geometry of electrodes' position in a hierarchical way. The signals are decomposed into different spatial frequency components by the projection into the eigenspaces of the Laplace-Beltrami operator. Dimensionality reduction could be done by using only the low frequency components. This method is compared with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) filtering on publicly available motor imagery BCI data and achieved comparable results while being unsupervised, data-independent and requiring 33.7% less computation time.


It is determined that in the conditions of the resource constraints and the diversity of transformations within the national economic system, there is a need to expand the capacity and efficiency of domestic industrial enterprises, in particular, the machine-building industry. It is noted that using modern information technologies in the activities of enterprises and in the machinebuilding industry is a prerequisite for improving the efficiency of their work. It is emphasized that the experience of developed countries shows that the rapid development of information technologies manifests itself in the strengthening of information provision in economy and management, as well as in the constant diversification of the information sector. It is substantiated that it is vital to establish a multi-criterion approach in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the activity of the enterprise. Detailed key areas for improving economic effectiveness of the activity of the domestic companies and found that in terms of resource constraints important precondition is increasing effectiveness of the activity of the engeneering business enterprise is tehnical refit of companies, innovation activation of the activity, increase of productive work, development of the industrial infrastructure, of course, due to the intensification processes of building up the information of potential and practical use of third-level intellectual technologies, which could not only handle database, but formalize and analyze them. It has been established that the system of information improvement of the efficiency of domestic machine-building enterprises should have such an objective function that would relate to the goals of functioning of the economic system with the means of their achievement. It is noted that improvement of the information supports a process of domestic enterprises of the machine-building industry, above all, should be based on the implementation of modern software. It is proved that among the significant problems of informational support of the effictive activity of machine-building enterprises of Ukraine, one can Modern engineering and innovative technologies Issue 7 / Part 3 ISSN 2567-5273 www.moderntechno.de 85 be distinguished: insufficient material and technical and software for creation of automated information resource management systems; absence of well-formed communication channels of information resources traffic in the internal environment of the enterprise for the adoption and implementation of management decisions; an imperfect mechanism for distributing information resources according to the needs of different levels of managerial staff, which leads to the disorganization of valuable information and inhibits the decision-making process. The indexes of estimation of the e-functionality of functioning of modern information systems are offered.


The heat transfer of CO₂ has a greater effect on nucleate boiling more than convective boiling. Mass flux of CO₂ does not effect nucleate boiling too much. In comparison with test results and existing correlations, it is necessary to develop reliable and accurate predictions determining the evaporative heat transfer coefficient of CO₂ in a horizontal tube.


In this paper, we study the existence and uniqueness of a mild solution of a nonlinear mixed Volterra – Fredholm integro-differential equation with nonlocal condition in Banach space. Furthermore, we study continuouce dependence of mild solution. Our analysis is based on semigroup theory and Banach fixed point theorem.


Experiments and theory characterize the novel chaotic neoclassical transport scaling as νc0B−1 in contrast to traditional collisional neoclassical transport scaling as νc1/2B−1/2. This chaotic transport occurs when local trapping separatrices have θ-variations or temporal fluctuations. Experiments observe bulk particle transport, damping of Langmuir waves and diocotron waves, and nonlinear wave-wave couplings. These effects may be important in low-collisionality fusion plasmas.


The modulatory effects of total ginseng saponin (TGS) on the 1, 6, and opioid receptor binding in morphine tolerance and dependence were examined in this study. The specific []DAGO ([D-, N-, ] enkephalin) binding was significantly increased in chronic morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) treated mouse striatum. The specific []DPDPE ([D-, D-] enkephalin) binding was ignificantly increased following morphine treatment in the mouse striatum and cortex. Also, an apparent decrease in the affinity of []DPN (diprenorphine) was observed after chronic morphine treatment in mouse striatum and cortex. 7GS produced a sleight increase of specific []DAGO, []DPDPE binding and a significant increase of specific []DPN binding in the mouse brain striatum. In cortex, TGS produced an inhibition of specific []DAGO and []DPDPE binding and increase of the specific []DPN binding. The prolonged administration of TGS (25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, i.p., 3 wks) produced an inhibition of increased []DAGO specific binding following morphine without significant changes in the agonist binding to and receptors in mouse striatum and cortex. These contracted alterations in , and opiate receptor binding were dependent in TGS dogs and brain sites.


A series of techniques including the analysis of variance, 2-test, AC coefficient and Ochiai's coefficient were calculated based upon a 2×2 contingency table to determine the overall association, the statistical significance, and the coefficient of the each species-pair association of 20 main species in C. carlesii community in Wuyishan scenery district, Fujian province. The results showed that the overall association of 20 main species in C. carlesii secondary community showed not significant negative correlation. Therefore, the 2-test showed that among these 20 main species, 14 species pairs exhibited highly significant positive association, 24 species pairs exhibited highly significant negative association. Hence, most of the total 190 species pairs did not show significant association, which may be related to the fluctuated stage of the community.


Electricity supply in the UK provides an example of the conflicts governments face in privatizations, between raising maximum revenue and ensuring satisfactory industrial structure and behaviour. The discussion involves modern share valuation theory as well as the particular problem of the nuclear sector.


Introduction: Globally, 2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation. According to Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) 2011, 8.8% of the country has an improved toilet facility. Therefore, this study aims to assess latrine utilization and associated factors in South east zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in rural households of South East zone of Tigray from JanuaryMarch 2014. A total of 570 head of households were included in this study using a multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive, binary and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 16 and a variable having p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant variable in all tests. Result: A total of 570 head of households were included in this study and making a response rate of 98.1%. Of these, 60.5% were females. The latrine utilization prevalence was 37.6%. Those not visiting within two weeks was 60% less likely use proper latrine utilization than visiting within two weeks [AOR=0.403, 95%CI= (0.230-0.706)]. Those head of households who have formal education were 2.7 times more satisfactory [AOR=2.679, 95%CI= (1.581-4.539)] than not able to read & write. Conclusion: Behavior change in latrine utilization at critical time did not show remarkable changes. Strengthening of health education, frequency of home visit by Health extension workers and appropriate technical support are the key factors to improve the utilization of latrines. KEYWORD: Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS). Gebremedhin et al. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences www.ejbps.com 121 huge public health challenges for a long period of time, mainly affecting rural areas where the majority of the population (85%) lives and works. According to the National Hygiene and Sanitation Strategy of Ethiopia, more than 250,000 children die every year from sanitation and hygiene related diseases. In Tigray region the top ten diseases are registered as main results of poor water, Hygiene and Sanitation conditions. The government has shown demonstrable, high level political commitment to enhanced latrine and water coverage over the past few years. This goal is reflected in the National Health Extension Program, the National Hygiene and Sanitation Strategy for achieving universal access by 2015. This finding will help the government, NGOs and, health care providers and local community leaders to design effective interventions to improve latrine utilization and safe water handling not only at study area but in other rural settlement in Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted among Households of South East Zone of Tigray region. Tigray is one of the national regional states of Ethiopia which is located in the North Eastern part of the country between 12 15'N and 14 57'N latitude and 36 27'E and 39 59'E longitude. The region has seven administrative zones and 47 districts and South East Zone is one of the seven administrative zones where its head office is found in Mekelle, capital city of Tigray region, which is located 783 km away from Addis Ababa. South East Zone has four districts. Within the four woredas of South East Zone there are 86 sub-districts (Kebles/Tabias) found with an estimated maximum radius of 90 km from Mekelle city. According to the ECSA (2007) estimation, South East Zone has about 575,278 people (283,085 males & 292,193 females). South East Zone has 25 health centers, 70 health posts, and 4 Environmental Health professionals working in HSEP and 149 health extension workers. Data collection period was conducted from JanuaryMarch, 2014. A Community based cross sectional study design was implemented among all households in rural areas of the selected districts of South East zone of Tigray region. All household heads of age >18 years of both sex and lived for more than six months in the study area were included in the study and Those households heads who were seriously sick during the interview were excluded from the study. Sample size was computed using single population proportion formula with the estimated population parameters of prevalence 34%, level of confidence 95% and margin of error 5%. To get the maximum sample size of 570 households, sampled for the study and design effect of 1.5 was used to narrowing of confidence interval and decreasing sampling error. Multistage sampling technique was to select the study participants. Out of 4 districts that were found in the zone, two districts were selected by simple random sampling (SRS). Then 10 Kebeles were selected from the selected districts using SRS. After getting the list of registered households of each selected kebeles from health extension workers, the sampling frame was developed. Accordingly, the total sample size was proportionally allocated to the size of kebeles of households' heads and finally study subjects were selected using systematic sampling technique by calculating interval (k). Measurements The outcome variable for the study is latrine utilization among heads' households who are in the in the age group of >18 years. Structured, observational check list and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the information. It was first prepared in English and then translated to Tigrigna and then translated back for consistency. Information collected included on sociodemographic distribution of the study subjects (sex, age, marital status, religion, ethnicity, occupational status, Educational status, and family size) and observational checklists for latrine status and hand washing facilities. The questionnaire was adapted by reviewing different literatures and considering the local situation of the study subjects. Six students who completed grade 12 and speak local languages were employed in the data collection process. Two BSC environmental health professionals were selected as a supervisor. Training was given to the data collector and supervisor for two consecutive days on the objectives of the study, the contents of the questionnaire and particularly on issues related to the confidentiality of the responses and the rights of respondents. Five days prior to the data collection, a pre-test was conducted out of the study area in 42 (5%) of the sample size. After data collection, data was stored in a secured place to maintain confidentiality and backup of the data was stored in different areas not to lose the data. Each questionnaire was coded separately before analysis. Statistically Analysis The collected data was coded, entered, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive statistics was used to describe latrine utilization on heads' households. Frequencies and percentages were used to present categorical data. Mean (± standard deviation) was used for normally distributed continuous data. To determine the latrine utilization of participants for each latrine utilization questions, one point was given for correct response and zero point was given for incorrect response. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a logistic regression model to determine association levels of predictors to the outcome variables. Crude ORs of predictors with latrine utilization among study participants were estimated using bivariate logistic regression analysis. Gebremedhin et al. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences www.ejbps.com 122 A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted OR of predictors and to control confounding factors. A variable having p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant variable in all model. Before inclusion of predictors to the final logistic regression model, the multicollinearity was checked using VIF/Tolerance tests. The goodness of fit of the final logistic model was tested using Hosmer and lemeshowtest at a value of >0.05. Finally the results of the findings were presented using text, graphs and tables. Ethical consideration The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethical committee of Mekelle University, College of health Sciences (MUCHS). Support letters were also received from Mekelle Regional Health Office to conduct the study. The heads' of households willingness to participate in the study was discussed with officials of all the health extension workers and kebele's head and permission was obtained at each level. The respondents were told that the study offers an opportunity for health extension workers and households to get more information about latrine utilization and associated factors among them. Informed oral and written consent were obtained from the respondents before data collection. The respondents' privacy and right to anonymity and confidentiality was respected at all times. Operational definitions Satisfactory latrine utilization households having functional latrines and no observable feces in the compound, no observable fresh feces around the squat hole, the footpath to the latrine not being covered by grass and availability of hand washing facility. Clean Latrine Latrine which is not full, no more than five flies in or near the latrine and does not smell bad at time of data collection. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Sociodemographic and economic characteristics of the study participants A total of 570 households were included in the study with a response rate of 98.1%. Of these, 60.5% were females. The number of people in a household ranged from 1 to 11, 272(48.7%) were with 4-6 family members followed by 146(26.1%) 1-3 household family size. The age of the respondents ranges from 18 to 85 years with a mean age of 37.12 ± 14.16 Years (Table 1). Table: 1 Socio demographic and economic characteristics of respondents in Enderta and Seharti samere woredas, Southeast zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, May, 2014 (n=559) Characteristic Frequency Percentage Family size of households 1-3 146 26.1 4-6 272 48.7 >6 141 25.2


The probabilistic association algorithm (PDA) is proposed as a quasi-optimal solution for synchronous overloaded CDMA detection. Overloaded CDMA is useful in applications in which the band is a limited resource and more users are to be conveyed on the same channel. The PDA algorithm, already successfully applied to underloaded CDMA, is extended to the more difficult overloaded CDMA problem. PDA uses dynamic soft updates for the a posteriori probabilities and it is derived under the Gaussian assumption for the superposition of multiuser interference and Gaussian noise. A discussion on the separability of the two-class problem suggests how a dynamic PDA (D-PDA) may solve the problem more effectively in comparison to a fixed-order PDA (F-PDA). Performance results are reported in this paper and show that D-PDA can provide good decoding with limited computational complexity with the bit error rate going to zero as the signal-to-noise ratio increases.


Most of the data generated on high-performance computing systems are transferred to storage in remote systems for various purposes such as backup. To detect data corruption caused by network or storage failures during data transfer, the receiver system verifies data integrity by comparing the checksum of the data. However, the internal operation of the storage device is not sufficiently investigated in the existing end-to-end integrity verification techniques. In this paper, we propose an efficient and robust data integrity verification scheme for large-scale data transfer between computing systems with high-performance storage devices. To ensure the robustness of the integrity verification, we control the order of I/O operations. In addition, we parallelize checksum computing and overlap it with I/O operations to make the integrity verification efficient.


an asphyctic condition of hand and fingers, so-called asphyxia manus et digitorum, which is caused by poor circulation.',' However, collaterals may guarantee sufficient circulation to avoid necrosis. Asphyctic (ischemic) attacks involving the fingers and hand may occur as a result of cold exposure and steal syndromes provoked by use of the hand. These attacks can be clearly distinguished from Raynaud's phenomenon. They manifest themselves as a circumscribed blanching of one or more fingers accompanied by ischemic pain. These attacks are never symmetrical, and color changes are only temporary. Increased activity of the hand in the presence of sufficient collateral circulation may elicit a steal syndrome, causing pain in the nonaffected digits. This is especially true with obstruction of the principal artery of the thumb. In this situation, the terminal artery of the superficial palmar arch, the socalled artery of Tandler, takes over the circulation of the thumb and thus withdraws blood from the arch (Figure 1). Narrowing of the cervico-axillar canal may give rise to clinical features similar to those of Raynaud's phenomenon, but they are still clearly distinguishable in that they are not symmetrical and show a different time course.


Methods, devices, and systems related to serving gateway extensions for inter-system mobility in integrated small Cell and WiFi networks. An SGW may be extended into a common intermediate gateway for both LTE and WiFi access. A GTP-based "SI a" interface between a TWAN and an SGW is introduced. The STa interface between TWAN and 3 GPP AAA server/proxy is extended to enable selection of an SGW for establishment of the disclosed Sla interface. The extended SGW and protocols may be used to optimize inter-system mobility between LTE small cells and trusted WiFi. SGW and PDN Gateway (PGW) functionality is disclosed to support GTP-based IP flow mobility via multi-access (LTE and WiFi) connectivity to the same packet data network (PDN). Non-access stratum (NAS), EAP, and GTP-C protocols may also be extended to include a "multi-connection" indication in addition to existing "handover" indication.


Objective To assess the prevalence of genitourinary Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women in different clinical settings, with a view to making decisions about who should be tested routinely.


The feeling that life is essentially inadequate to the human spirit ... is naturally at home with most versions of pastoral. --William Empson Pastoral and elegy resemble each other in obvious ways. Each juxtaposes a complex with a simple condition of being; the simple way is usually valued above the complex and considered as lost--or, at least in pastoral, precarious. Their temporal sequence is also alike in that the good is placed in the past and used to help the mind make sense of the present. In this essay, I shall consider their co-occurrence in Tennyson s work up to In Memoriam and show how they are used consistently to modify each other. It is often difficult to say whether a poem is pastoral or elegy, though this should be a simple matter, since elegy mourns death. A poem like "Oenone," however, is a sort of elegy before death, and hovers uncertainly between elegy and pastoral. All pastoral poetry need not be unhappy, but a Tennyson poem that is happy pastoral is rare. "The Miller's Daughter" and "The Gardener's Daughter" are the only two happy pastorals that spring to mind, although many early poems are neither happy nor unhappy. Of these, "Claribel," "Isabel," and "Madefine" are typical; it is surely wrong to blame these poems for being "unerotic"; (2) they are rather the working out of a mood in which descriptive and lyric verse are fused in the contemplation of an imaginary female figure. The attributes of this figure are such as are appropriate to the verse and eroticism is inappropriate. "Claribel," subtitled "A Melody," shows this distancing from human particularity at its purest; (3) Claribel's only action is the topographical one of situating the landscape to be described; she "low-lieth."(4) The pastoral landscape is then left to develop on its own; the initial invocation of the human being having served its purpose in providing a separation of the world of the poem from that of everyday life outside the poem. This is, of course, the canonical function of the pastoral swain: to translate the complexity of the alternative mode of existence into the simplicities of country landscape. But it is important that this should involve no reductionism of the complexity; it must be matched by an elaboration of the simple. Immediately the question appears--against what alternative mode of existence is the reader to test the pastoral success of poems such as "Claribel"? How are we to see if its complexity is reproduced in the simplicity of the poem? A clue may be found in the implications behind the particular aspects of landscape that the poet has chosen to invoke; seasons and times of day are intermingled. There is no obvious seasonal progression, but rose leaves are falling, which suggests late summer, while the oak tree is still in leaf: Where Claribel low-lieth The breezes pause and die. Letting the rose-leaves fall: But the solemn oak-tree sigheth, Thick-leaved, ambrosial, With an ancient melody Of an inward agony, Where Claribel low-lieth. (5) First, the implications not dwelt on. The "inward agony" is not related to anything to which these words might point in another context, nor is it developed thematically in the rest of the poem; it is simply an extension of "sigheth." The same is true of the pausing, dying breezes: they do introduce a note of nostalgic elegy, but this is not fully developed; the elegy is all in the pastoral distancing. Thus we see how the simplest procedure of pastoral can perform the simplest function of elegy if the pastoral merely contains words that suggest melancholy, even if these words are not developed beyond the suggestion. An initial level of complexity among the simplifications of the pastoral landscape is therefore introduced. The artificiality of the diction introduces another level of complexity, for it establishes--indeed insists on--the separateness of the poet's mind as seen through his choice of words and the landscape the words are used to describe. …


The data mining is data analyzing techniques that used to analyze crime data previously stored from various sources to find patterns and trends in crimes. To solve the problems previously mentioned, data mining techniques employ many learning algorithms to extract hidden knowledge from huge volume of data. Data mining is data analyzing techniques to find patterns and trends in crimes. It can help solve the crimes more speedily and also can help alert the criminal detection automaticallyThe previous system focus in mining the crime data from the crime database for that the KNN clustering is used for clustering the data. The values are classified by using the crime value. Crime values are taken from the crime database. To identify crime falls under category, each crime data is provided with its parametric value. Only clustering of crime data is made and the crime is not been split as per the crime ratio. The proposed system provides security for the crime data during outsourcing. Clustering and Classification is made on information. While classifying the data, the watermark content is used. The watermark content is used for verifying the classification data. Based on clustering and classification, the data can be classified and kept secure. Both Clustering and Classification is made on crime data. Data is secure by applying water mark content on data. The crime is been split as per the crime ratio. Index Terms Crime data, data mining, Clustering, knn, watermark.


The application of information technology in business is becoming popular and brings more benefit to the society The secret of Wal Mart's winning the No 1 of the world's 500 top powerful companies is that it often follows up the development of information technology,fully integrates information and information technology into management,and increases the investment in informatization This article attempts to discuss how Wal Mart uses information technology in the retailing trade


AS THEY RAISE a glass, most wine drinkers would prefer to ponder the ancient beverage's possible health benefits—lowering cholesterol, improving heart health—rather than its possible contamination with carcinogenic, kidney-destroying fungal toxins. But dangerous mycotoxins produced by fungus species are found in wine. Mycotoxins are longtime contaminants as old as food itself. Multitudes of toxin-producing fungi invade grains, peanuts, coffee, grapes, and other foods. Wine, by association with grapes, is not immune: It can contain small amounts of aflatoxins, which are carcinogens most notoriously associated with peanuts, and ochratoxin A, found in decaying fruits. Allowable amounts of these toxins in foods are heavily regulated by the U.S. and European governments. Now, chemists have discovered that yet another mycotoxin, known as fumonisin B 2 , once thought to be mainly a problem in grains, also exists in wine ( J. Agric. Food. Chem., DOI: 10.1021/jf904520t). Kristian F. Nielsen, who heads the analytic...


Summary Bird species diversity is investigated in different habitat types on Ngazidja (Grand Comoro), Comoro Islands. Total bird diversity does not differ significantly among different forest types, but the proportion of endemic species, endemic subspecies and non-endemic species does. Both intact mature forests and pioneer forests on the slopes of Mount Karthala are important for the preservation of bird endemism. The forests on La Grille are poor in endemic species, but their bird species diversity is high thanks to non-endemics. Planting of Eucalyptus is useless for endemic birds. Humblotia flavirostris, Turdus bewsheri and Nesillas brevicaudata avoid logged forests, but Alectroenas sganzini is numerous in them. Foudia eminentissima is common in forests with bananas planted in the undergrowth. La diversité en espèces d'oiseaux est étudiée dans différents habitats à Ngazidja (Grande Comore), lies Comores. La diversité totale ne varie pas d'une manière significative parmi les différents types de forêt, mais la fraction due aux especès endémiques, aux sous-espèces endémiques et aux espèces non-endémiques varie. Aussi bien les forêts intactes et matures et les forêts jeunes sur lave sont importantes pour la préservation d'oiseaux endémiques sur les flancs du Mont Karthala. Les forêts à La Grille sont pauvres en oiseaux endémiques, mais leur diversité est grande, grace aux espèces non-endémiques. Les plantations d'Eucalyptus n'ont pas de valeur pour les oiseaux endémiques. Humblotia flavirostris, Turdus bewsheri et Nesillas brevicaudata évitent les forêts exploitées pour le bois, mais Alectroenas sganzini y est nombreux. Foudia eminentissima est commun dans les forêts plantées de bananiers sous les arbres.


The paper presents an algorithm of identification and rating controlling culture in the company using the model of managerial culture and testing of employees.


Although anaesthetists are experts at managing a patient with airway obstruction, most have never had to perform emergency front-of-neck access (FONA) procedures. The need to resort to an emergency FONA procedure is extremely rare and may occur only once in an anaesthetist's professional lifetime. Despite the low incidence of a cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate (CICO) crisis, the outcome accounts for a large proportion of airway-related deaths and is often associated with very significant morbidity. 3 There is ongoing debate about whether a scalpel or a cannula is the best device to access the airway when performing a FONA procedure for CICO. Regardless of this debate, most anaesthestists would agree with the criteria for an ideal FONA technique for CICO: it should be a straightforward technique that is quick to perform, with a high success rate; it should be easy to master, with only a few steps; and it should protect against aspiration and allow adequate ventilation, regardless of upper airway obstruction. These criteria are met only with a scalpel technique. The 2015 Difficult Airway Society guideline for management of an unanticipated difficult intubation has recommended a scalpel–bougie FONA procedure. This recommendation is evidence based and consistent with the criteria of an ideal FONA technique. There is no clinical evidence to support cannula cricothyroidotomy in preference to a scalpel technique. Furthermore, there is no evidence that a commercial large-bore cricothyroidotomy set is superior to a scalpel–tube technique. A scalpel–bougie technique uses equipment familiar to every anaesthetist. It is suitable for a simple standard operating procedure, which can be learned easily and used in a CICO crisis byany practising anaesthetist. Use of a scalpel, bougie, cuffed tracheal tube, and self-inflating ventilation bag permits a rapid solution to a CICO crisis, providing definitive FONA, which may be important if urgent surgery is required. The technique includes a tracheal tube, which enables safe, secure ventilation even in the presence of regurgitation or upper airway obstruction. Furthermore, a scalpel is the appropriate instrument for an open procedure when neck anatomy is impalpable percutaneously. A recent systematic review of transtracheal jet ventilation (TTJV) by Duggan and colleagues highlighted four important issues concerning emergency airway management. First, the ventilation component of FONAusing TTJV is associatedwith device failure, severe morbidity, and mortality. Unfortunately, the importance of ventilation after FONA is often ignored during the debate about scalpel vs cannula. Second, there is wide variability in TTJV technique. Third, there is a high failure rate to identify the cricothyroid membrane correctly by clinical means alone. Fourth, morbidity associated with TTJV during an emergency CICO crisis is significantly higher than that occurring during elective or non-emergency use of TTJV. Although it may seem simpler and less daunting for anaesthetists to insert a cannula into the airway rather than placing a scalpel, evidence shows that the cannula option has a high failure rate in the clinical context. Furthermore, the potential ventilation techniques following emergency cannula cricothyroidotomy can be dangerous in the case of TTJV and three-way taps; and inadequate in the case of ventilation bags attached to the cannula. Other options remain untested in the emergency setting; there are no clinical reports of successful emergency use of the Enk oxygen flow modulator or the Rapid-O2 device. Both of these devices are T-piece variants with equivalent side-port diameter. A small volume of forward gas flow continues during the expiratory phase when the side-port is open, aggravating the risk of barotrauma in the presence of upper airway obstruction. The Ventrain shows promise as a mode of cannula ventilation. As yet, this device lacks clinical published results to support its use in FONA emergencies, but unpublished case reports do confirm the efficacy of the Ventrain in this scenario (personal communication fromProfessorDietmar Enk). Any FONAoption that relies solely on an uncuffed cannula affords no protection against aspiration and provides onlya precarious temporary airway. All of these options also carry a risk of causing barotrauma in the presence of operator error and significant upper airway obstruction. The second matter put forward by Duggan and colleagues concerned a lack of standardization of the TTJV technique. Cannula type and size, oxygen source, driving pressure, and jetting frequency all varied significantly. This indicates a lack of consistent training, confusion about optimal operation of the device, and potential dysfunction during a crisis. Using a complex device Editorials | i17


In the quest to reconstruct the Tree of Life, researchers have increasingly turned to phylogenomics, the inference of phylogenetic relationships using genome-scale data (Box 1). Mesmerized by the sustained increase in sequencing throughput, many phylogeneticists entertained the hope that the incongruence frequently observed in studies using single or a few genes [1] would come to an end with the generation of large multigene datasets. Yet, as so often happens, reality has turned out to be far more complex, as three recent large-scale analyses, one published in PLoS Biology [2]–[4], make clear. The studies, which deal with the early diversification of animals, produced highly incongruent (Box 2) findings despite the use of considerable sequence data (see Figure 1). Clearly, merely adding more sequences is not enough to resolve the inconsistencies.


In this paper the communication structure for V2G (vehicle-to-grid) technology is introduced. Further, a technical solution is shown for the communication path between EV (electric vehicle) and charging point based on the power plug standard IEC 62196–2. For efficient data exchange a communication protocol is proposed. In a laboratory setup the functionality of an electronic unit, protocol and software application is demonstrated and a functional solution of the data exchange system is created. Finally some recommendations for the future works have been pointed out.


PURPOSE
While there is established research that explores individual innovations across countries or developments in a specific health area, there is less work that attempts to match national innovations to specific systems of health governance to uncover themes across nations.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH
We used a cross-comparison design that employed content analysis of health governance models and innovation patterns in eight OECD nations (Australia, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States).

FINDINGS
Country-level model of health governance may impact the focus of health innovation within the eight jurisdictions studied. Innovation across all governance models has targeted consumer engagement in health systems, the integration of health services across the continuum of care, access to care in the community, and financial models that drive competition.

ORIGINALITY/VALUE
Improving our understanding of the linkage between health governance and innovation in health systems may heighten awareness of potential enablers and barriers to innovation success.


The main goal of this research is to compare the eligibility indicators for accessing EU projects with the bankability indicators at the level of Romanian companies. This study was realized in a period when the term of bankability seems to be in the focus of the beneficiaries and management authorities for European funding, of the banking system and of the mass-media as well. This happens for the first time since the launch in 2007-2008 of the main structural EU funding programs focusing on the development of competitive SMEs, which brought significant changes in the EU funding environment. The same with the public institutions, many SMEs have applied for grants in order to finance their investments using different funding programs, especially under the European Regional Development Fund. This process to obtain European funding was a long one in term of evaluation and contracting periods. Under this context, the initial success of SMEs that have successfully applied and even managed to gain access to European funding was overshadowed by another sharper problem: lack of financial resources for co-financing to support investments or expenditures in the initial stages funding the project. This was also a big problem since the start of word financial and economic crisis. Under this context the banking sector was supposed to be heavily involved in ensuring external financing. The main difficulties in co-financing European funding projects by the banks came from the fact that the companies were requested to obtain satisfactory scores in order to qualify for the banking loans. Several indicators were used by the banking sector to analyze the creditworthiness of the applicant companies. From these indicators we selected five of them to be tested by using Student distribution modelling within the ModelRISK – VoseSoftware application over a group of 50 companies located in the North-Western region of Romania. After the model was created in this paper we tried to validate it. During the validation process of the model were observed differences between the relevancy of the proposed indicators in the analysis of the selected companies creditworthiness and also in the investment analysis itself.


A serine proteinase from the hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp was purified by a series of procedures,including ammonium sulfate precipitation,column chromatographies on DEAE-Sepharose, Phenyl-Sepharose,Hydroxyapatite and Superdex 75. Purified serine proteinase revealed a single band on SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight was about 28 ku,The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were 9. 0 and 40 ℃,respectivety. The enzyme was stable up to 35 ℃ and in the pH range from 7. 0 to 10. 0. Substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity experiments suggested that the enzyme was a trypsin-type serine proteinase. Kinetic constants of Km was 0. 69 μmol/L,Kcat was 0. 33 S-1 and Kcat /Km was 4. 78 × 105 (mol/ L)-1S-1 using Boc-Phe-Ser-Arg-MCA as substrate.