This article studies the development of students' self-assessment skill in the context of written reports in Mathematics. In particular, we present an interpretative case study, which involved two thirteen year old students from the 8th schooling year and six reports, written in two different stages and supported by assessment strategies at the teacher s responsibility. The study suggests that, in each case, the student selfassessment skill evolves gradually but differentially. The study also suggests that the student ś appropriation of the assessment criteria is still under development and that self-assessment is, mostly, operated by students as a process that includes monitoring and excludes action.


The present invention relates to the technical field of short range wireless communications, and in particular, relates to a method, an apparatus and a system for acquiring the location information of a target object. In the solution, specifically in a solution for acquiring the location information of the target object, at least a second user is selected from a user relationship chain of a first user, and the location information of the target object is acquired through a second terminal associated with the second user; in another solution for acquiring the location information of the target object, the location information of the target object is acquired through a second terminal, wherein the distance between the second terminal and the location represented by first location information is shorter than or equal to a preset distance. In these two solutions, no anti-loss application needs to be installed in the terminal which assists in acquiring the location information of the target object, and thus the efficiency of searching for an article is improved.


Thermal oxidation of niobium silicide thin films on oxidized silicon substrates has been investigated. The silicide films were rf sputtered from a hot‐pressed alloy target of stoichiometric composition (Si/Nb∼2) onto heated (350 °C) substrates. Oxidation was carried out in dry and wet oxygen between 550 and 850 °C. From Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) measurements, it was determined that the oxide films exhibited the same Si/Nb ratio as the initial silicide layer. While only Nb2O5 has been cleary identified, density considerations and experimental values of oxide thickness suggest that niobium and silicon oxides coexist. The composition of the remaining silicide layer did not change significantly during oxidation. The oxide growth was found to follow a (tox)nα (time) relationship, with n∼1.1 for dry oxygen and 1.4 for wet oxygen. Activation energies of 1.9 and 1.6 eV were determined for the dry and wet oxidation processes.


Effect of Aplication of Blast Furnace Slag, Electric Furnace Slag, Dolomite, and Silica Gel on Chemical Properties of Peat Soil from Arang-Arang Village, Jambi. Under guidance of Suwarno and Komaruddin Idris. Peat soil is soil having layers consisting high of organic materials (COrganic > 18 %) whitin the thickness 50 cm or more. Organic materials of peat soil is formed by remnamt of decaying plants that have not been smashed perfecly because saturated water environmental conditions and low nutrient. Utilization of peat soil in agriculture is faced to several problems, especially chemical characteristic of the soil that is not supporting the growth of plants well. The characteristics are soil reaction which extremely acid, low base sarutation, very high cation exchange capacity and low nutrient balancing. Consequently, it is required improvements in chemical characteristic of soil such as application like steel slag. This research was purposed to investigate the effect of blast furnace slag (BF slag), electric furnace slag (EF slag), dolomite, and silica gel on chemical soil properties of peat soil and the availability of toxic heavy metal in the soil. This research was conducted by incubation experiment in laboratory using peat soil from Kumpeh, Jambi. Treatments applied were EF slag, BF slag 0 %, 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, and 8 %; dolomite and silica gel equivalent to EF slag 0 %, 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, and 8 %. The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD). The result of statistic analysis showed that BF slag, EF slag and dolomite significantly increased soil pH, and available Ca and Mg in the soil. The effect of treatments on available K and total N were not significant. EF and BF slag significantly increased available P in the soil, but dolomite and silica gel did not. EF slag treatment significantly increased available Fe in the soil, but BF slag, silica gel and dolomite did not. Dolomite and silica gel did not increase available Mn in the soil, but EF and BF slags significantly increased. Result of available Cu analysis indicated that among treatments only silica gel 8% increased available Cu in soil. EF slag and silica gel treatments increased Zn in the soil, but BF slag and dolomite treatment did not. EF and BF slags significantly increased available SiO2 in the soil, while dolomite and silica gel did not. The result of the heavy metal analysis showed that all treatments significantly reduced available Pb and Cr in the soil, but did not reduce available Cd and Hg in the soil.


This invention relates to simultaneous extraction of sea-buckthorn seed dregs to produce sea-buckthron flavone and sea-buckthorn polyose. The prodn. procedures are: hot alcohol refluxing concentration, absorption, washing-off separation to obtain sea-buckbron flavone. The dregs from above-said procedure is then proceeded steps of: hot water extraction, concentation, removing protein, alcohol settling, crystalization to obtain sea-buckthorn polyose. Advantages are: the raw material is industrial waste for oil prodn. from sea-buckthron; single process for obtain two products simutaneously, recovery of solvent, waste dregs can be reused to produce fertilizer, waste liquid can be recirculation after purifying.


Through literature study,this paper analyzes the cultural meanings of folk-custom sports,national sports and non-governmental sports in the development of fitness for all,which shows that these sports are important for sports for all and are major parts of the Chinese sports.They should be promoted in the schools,and in social cultural,fitness,entertaining and leisure activities.Traditional festivals,folk customs and regional cultures can play important roles in developing these sports.


Interaction of visnaginone or khellinone (1a,b) with cyanoacetamide, ethyl cyanoacetate or molanonitrile and elemental sulfur in presence of triethylamine afforded thiophene enamino derivatives (2a-d) respectively according to Gewald method. Acetylation of 2a with acetic anhydride gave 3. Condensation of 2b with p-chlorobenzaldehyde yielded 4. Compound 6 was afforded from reaction of enamino carboxamide (2b) with thiourea.. Compound 2b reacted with benzoyl chloride to give thienopyrimidine (8). N-phenyl thienopyrimidine (11) and N-amino thienopyrimidine (13) were prepared from reaction of 2c with phenyl isothiocyanate and hydrazinolysis of 12 with hydrazine hydrate.
The structures of these compounds were confirmed by infrared, mass and 1H-NMR spectra. The biological activity of some compounds were discussed and found to be active.


This paper examines the entry strategy and start-up of a technology based small firm entering the China market through the vehicle of a joint venture company. The research deals with two main issues: the intersection of the entrepreneurship and internationalization literatures and the specific considerations pertinent to foreign companies operating in China. Since its entry into the WTO there have been significant changes but the culture and practice of doing business in China has proved a problem. This research shows how an SME can participate in this market, through prior development of networks or "Guanxi". A network theory of internationalization is helpful in understanding how international SMEs can enter China, although our case study introduces some specific considerations that these models had not previously acknowledged. INTRODUCTION Following the successful expansion large Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in the post war period, small and medium size enterprise (SMEs) from a number of home bases began to expand in a similar way. The research community has responded by developing theories of the internationalization of SMEs, much of which focuses on "international entrepreneurship". The term "international entrepreneurship" was first introduced by Morrow (1988), and was developed by Oviatt and McDougall(1994). This work was followed by grounded studies identifying cultural effects (Thomas 2000), country institutional profiles (Busenitz 2000), the role of alliances and cooperative strategies (Li 2001), the internationalization and performance of SMEs (Lu 2001), entry modes and transaction cost (Zacharakis 1997), technological learning and performance (Zahra et al 2000) and knowledge management (Kuemmerle 2002). The internationalization of new venture process is covered extensively in a recent review paper by Zahra and George (2002). Much of this work has AGSE 2007


In this paper,based on the discussion of mesh of a point battle on some face a sufficient condition is obtained,for perallelogram mesh is the only sure point battle;and fundamental mesh is unif squire mesh whose border parallel to axis.We have also shown two charactors of whole point by using these characton,we have solusioned a sort of problem about parallelogram.Whose border is voctors p,q and area is the function abs(ad-bc)=1.\;


Photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was applied to the synthesis of double-cylinder-type copolymer brushes. The procedure included the following steps: (1) photoinduced ATRP of multifunctional polystyrene (PSDC) having N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (DC) pendant groups with t-butyl acrylate (BA) and (2) subsequent photoinduced ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with this PBA brush polyinitiator provided double-cylinder-type brushes [PSDC-graft-(PBA-block-PMMA)]. Solution properties of such double-cylinder-type brushes were investigated by dynamic light scattering. As a result, these copolymer brushes exhibited an isotropic conformation in solution. After hydrolysis of PBA blocks, we obtained amphiphilic copolymer brushes: PSDC-graft-[poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-block-PMMA]. Crosslinking of PAA internal cylindrical domains was performed by the reaction of PAA blocks with ethylenediamine. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 3994–4000, 2007


ABSTRACT An engineering professor of a first-year thermodynamics course and a PhD student with a focus in engineering education in a large research university in Canada participated in an ethnographic action research study with the intention of increasing active learning in the classroom to enhance student engagement and learning. Unexpected findings included transformative changes to the professor's epistemology of teaching and learning. Through the action research cycle of planning, implementing, observing, and critically reflecting, modifications were made to the instructional strategies and the learning environment that created a micro engineering community of practice where both students and teaching assistants engaged in deep learning and legitimate peripheral participation on the trajectory to 'becoming engineers'. Qualitative interview data from the professor, three students, and three teaching assistants are analysed through approaches to learning research and situated learning theory. Engaging in action research had profound repercussions in this case. The authors make the argument for action research as a catalyst for transformative learning required for teachers to engage students in the twenty-first century classroom.


A thermogravimetric balance is used in this work to characterize different classes of biomass fuels: residues (rice husks, olive cake, cacao shells), woods (poplar, beech, pellets), and grasses (mischantus). The effect of the heating rate is evaluated in the range 10−80 K/min providing significant parameters for the fingerprinting of the fuels. Kinetic parameters are obtained by applying traditional isoconversional methods. The activation energy as a function of the conversion reveals the multistep nature of the biomass devolatilization. Although average values allow the reactivity of different fuels to be compared, a first-order reaction model can hardly predict the biomass devolatilization in the whole range of conversions. A VEB (variable activation energy model for biomass devolatilization) model is developed, based on the results of the kinetic analysis, maintaining a simple kinetic scheme. A good agreement is obtained for the biomass residues in all HR runs in the entire range of temperatures. The m...


Purpose We sought to imitate angiographic cerebral circulation time (CCT) and create a similar index from baseline CT perfusion (CTP) to better predict vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods Forty-one SAH patients with available DSA and CTP were retrospectively included. The vasospasm group was comprised of patients with deterioration in conscious functioning and newly developed luminal narrowing; remaining cases were classified as the control group. The angiography CCT (XA-CCT) was defined as the difference in TTP (time to peak) between the selected arterial ROIs and the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). Four arterial ROIs were selected to generate four corresponding XA-CCTs: the right and left anterior cerebral arteries (XA-CCTRA2 and XA-CCTLA2) and right- and left-middle cerebral arteries (XA-CCTRM2 and XA-CCTLM2). The CCTs from CTP (CT-CCT) were defined as the differences in TTP from the corresponding arterial ROIs and the SSS. Correlations of the different CCTs were calculated and diagnostic accuracy in predicting vasospasm was evaluated. Results Intra-class correlations ranged from 0.96 to 0.98. The correlations of XA-CCTRA2, XA-CCTRM2, XA-CCTLA2, and XA-CCTLM2 with the corresponding CT-CCTs were 0.64, 0.65, 0.53, and 0.68, respectively. All CCTs were significantly prolonged in the vasospasm group (5.8–6.4 s) except for XA-CCTLA2. CT-CCTA2 of 5.62 was the optimal cut-off value for detecting vasospasm with a sensitivity of 84.2% and specificity 82.4% Conclusion CT-CCTs can be used to interpret cerebral flow without deconvolution algorithms, and outperform both MTT and TTP in predicting vasospasm risk. This finding may help facilitate management of patients with SAH.


The concept of glasnost goes back all the way to Tsarist Russia and can also be found in Lenin's works. In proclaiming a policy of glasnost, Gorbachev is focusing less on the right to know, and even less on the freedom of the press, than on the usefulness to the regime of an informed and involved citizenry. While certainly encouraging criticism of those in the apparatus who oppose his policies, Gorbachev hopes above all that glasnost will make it possible to win the voluntary collaboration of society — especially the intelligentsia — in his programme of modernizing the Soviet system. The concept also marks a growing understanding of the role of information in modern society. In particular, it serves the pursuit of three major goals: broadening access to existing information; improving the quality and quantity of information; and making better use of it to inform policy at all levels. As much as glasnost is a concept in need of definition, it is also one in need of theory and research. Meanwhile it presents communication scholars with both new challenges and new research opportunities.


Introduction: While fruit and vegetables consumption has been linked to lower risk of chronic disease and obesity, there has not been any large‐scale household study to demonstrate an association between fruit and vegetable consumption and healthy weight.


ELEMENTAL the invention has a three-dimensional, solid structure, comprising comprising: an interlocking mesh relatively rigid CRISTALINO carboxylic acid neutralized. In another aspect, the invention features a cleaning rod IMPROVED COMPOSITE OF RIGID interlocking mesh carboxylic acid neutralized PREFERABLY FIBER SODIUM SOAP. TALES CLEANING RODS PREFERENTES may be formulated so that they have ESSENTIALLY SPOTS IN THE BAR. SOME CLEANING RODS CONTAINING ELEVATED SORPREDENTEMENTE AMOUNTS OF WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS while maintaining their rigidity and excellent properties against stains, EVEN IF THEY LEAVE DURING soak in water overnight.


This paper critically examines three intersectional hegemonic forces of maintaining a surveillance regime—the triad of colonialism, anti-communism, and neo-liberalism—that I argue are necessary for decolonizing surveillance studies in South Korea. I discuss South Korea's Resident Registration System (RRS) as the contemporary incarnation of modern colonial power's control over its colonial subjects, calling into question the maintenance of the colonial legacies within RRS policy innovations. I critically examine the way in which the legitimacy of neo-liberal surveillance is embraced by the anti-privacy scheme entrenched in the colonial and anti-communism legacies that relentlessly allows state power to control and intervene in individual realms. Questioning the triad of colonialism, anti-communism, and neo-liberalism can recast a critical work for decolonizing surveillance studies in South Korea.


B innovations in science often require more than just interdisciplinary collaboration. Rather, they rely on the convergence of different tools, skill sets, knowledge, and problem solving approaches from complementary disciples to explore new areas of science. Like the parable of the blind men and the elephant, scientists independently working in individual domains are each unable to see the full underlying nature and implications of a problem (isolated view, Figure 1a). Those who get input from or provide output to colleagues in other domains have a better but still limited understanding (coordinated view, Figure 1b), while those who wholly collaborate with colleagues and take collective action toward discovery have the best understanding of the problem's nature and complexities (convergent view, Figure 1c). We argue that decision-analytic techniques like multicriteria decision analysis which provide a mathematical approach to problem decomposition and preference ranking can enable funding and academic institutions to more effectively promote convergence using the action alternatives available to them and fuel technology innovation. Convergence has been used to describe a growing need for collaboration between different fields of inquiry to foster innovation on inherently interdisciplinary problems of increasing complexity. The National Science Foundation (NSF) has acknowledged the importance of these efforts and has made recommendations to promote convergence, particularly among areas of research where nanotechnology can play a meaningful role. The National Academy of Science (NAS) has made sustained efforts to promote convergence as well, for example, within the natural sciences, and recently issued a report evaluating key challenge areas for convergence and provide practical recommendations to institutions. Two widely used institutional approaches to promote convergence, which are recommended in the NAS report include organizing scientists into committees and working groups, and colocating scientists from different disciplines to achieve innovations. The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI, www.nano.gov), a pioneering application of convergence within the government, is comprised of representatives from a variety of federal organizations (NIH, DOD, DOE, FDA, etc.) responsible for nanotechnology research and development, and regulation. The NNI provides a forum for coordinating funding priorities across agencies and organizing working groups to develop recommended actions to address a host of interdisciplinary issues in the area of nanotechnology. While the structure of NNI is well-defined, the way in which individual member organizations provide recommendations and decide on how best to coordinate their individual actions could benefit from prescriptive guidance in service of achieving mutually beneficial and convergent outcomes. In another example, the MIT-Harvard Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, housed at the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research (ki.mit.edu), promotes convergence by colocating scientists from different fields in the hopes of developing interdisciplinary solutions (e.g., cancer nanotherapies) through chance exposures to other researchers from other fields during the normal course of business. Researchers from complementary disciplines are sited strategically so they walk by each other to access shared resources (e.g., printers, lab space). Similar collaborative research facilities construct versatile working spaces to facilitate interaction between scientists and engineers with complementary research foci. This encourages scientists to be creative in connecting with others and move beyond the comfort zone of their limited disciplinary expertise. Both the composition of interagency committees and selection of scientists for centers were designed based on ad-hoc hypotheses on which disciplines would interface best with which others in the service of common goals. Although both NNI and the MIT-Harvard Center are examples of successful institutional actions that promote aspects of convergence and are consistent with NAS recommendations, we believe initiatives like these could benefit from a deliberate decision-analytic process to evaluate options for fostering convergence. These processes can help identify and encourage the right scientists from the right disciplines to take collective action toward solving complex interdisciplinary


This study aims to examine the experiences of anaesthetic registrars belonging to the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal following the perioperative death of a patient. It will be a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with 4 th year registrars. It will focus on the impact of such experiences on the registrar, the effects on registrars' subsequent professional functioning, and supportive measures that they may require following such an incident.


The invention discloses a kind of graded index parcel quantum dot diaphragm and preparation method thereof.In graded index parcel quantum dot diaphragm, quantum dot is wrapped in low-refraction colloid, forms parcel quantum dot particle;Parcel quantum dot particle height is scattered in high index of refraction colloid, forms graded index parcel quantum dot diaphragm.The present invention by quantum dot and with the high polymer of quantum dot high-compatibility, low-refraction by mixing parcel, solidification, further refinement obtains the quantum dot particle of low-refraction high polymer parcel, and the enwrapped granule of gained is scattered in high index of refraction colloid, it solidify to form graded index quantum-dot structure diaphragm.Cause the total reflection effect that light occurs when propagating present invention utilizes the refringence between different colloids, and then reduce the light for being incident to quantum dot, the degree of quantum dot saturated absorption is weakened, the life-span of quantum dot is effectively extended, had broad application prospects in multiple fields such as LED encapsulation.


People are estimated to spend 80–90% of their time in buildings—residences, offices, factories, schools, places of worship, public amenities, recreational facilities, etc. Thus buildings play a very important role in the lives of individuals and societies. However, they are often taken for granted, except for private residences which are dear to people for a variety of reasons. One of the consequences of this is that research into the development of buildings (science, design, materials, etc.) has not advanced at the same pace as other industry sectors. While the automobile and aerospace industries have considerably improved the efficiency of vehicles and aircraft, buildings have only recorded incremental improvements. However, the situation is beginning to change with several initiatives at industry, national and multi-national levels aimed at improving the efficiency of the construction industry and the quality of the buildings that it produces. In many cases, these initiatives and associated research efforts require interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle what is essentially a multi-facetted problem. There is scope to better disseminate the outcomes of these efforts in a coherent, inter-disciplinary journal. [...]


Reworked in writing or for radio broadcasts, several Malian and Guinean epics have recently been transformed by the elite in these countries into historical archives, political models, constitutional charters, or a national or regional heritage. Two examples are used here to analyze the phases in this process, and shed light on the evolution and variability of these ideological histories. These various versions attest the political conceptions or identity claims advanced by their advocates. Instead of ignoring these variants, we should compare their divergent visions of power by relating each text to the time and context where it has been uttered (or published).


Red culture is the national culture and mass culture created by masses under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and struggled by integrated Marxism with China's realities.There is a very close relationship between Red cultural and Marxism chinesization,modernization and popularization: Red culture is the crystallization of Marxism chinesization and a powerful driving force to promote Marxism chinesization;Red culture is a product of Marxism,and valuable resource to promote Marxism popularization;Red Culture is the foundation of the Marxist modernization,and it bears the requirements of Marxism modernization.


The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the 2014 Japanese fee schedule revision on trends in artificial nutrition routes, including gastrostomy, nasogastric tube and parenteral nutrition, among older people with dementia, using time series analysis.


Third-Party libraries, which are ubiquitous in Android apps, have exposed great security threats to end users as they rarely get timely updates from the app developers, leaving many security vulnerabilities unpatched. This issue is due to the fact that manually updating libraries can be technically nontrivial and time-consuming for app developers. In this paper, we propose a technique that performs automatic generation of non-intrusive updates for third-party libraries in Android apps. Given an Android app with an outdated library and a newer version of the library, we automatically update the old library in a way that is guaranteed to be fully backward compatible and imposes zero impact to the library's interactions with other components. To understand the potential impact of code changes, we propose a novel Value-sensitive Differential Slicing algorithm that leverages the diffing information between two versions of a library. The new slicing algorithm greatly reduces the over-conservativeness of the traditional slicing while still preserving the soundness with respect to update generation. We have implemented a prototype called LIBBANDAID. We further evaluated its efficacy on 9 popular libraries with 173 security commits across 83 different versions and 100 real-world open-source apps. The experimental results show that LIBBANDAID can achieve a high average successful updating rate of 80.6% for security vulnerabilities and an even higher rate of 94.07% when further combined with potentially patchable vulnerabilities.


A method of preparing an article includes compressing a polymeric material to form a body and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) the body in an inert atmosphere at a pressure of at least 3 ksi without an encapsulant. The body may optionally be sintered prior to hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The body may have a porosity of not greater than 8% prior to hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The polymer material may be a non-melt processible polymer.


The article used a lot of historical data to clarify the implementation of the law of exempt from service was a reform to the corvee law,which had nothing to do with the military organization and military service in Northern Song dynasty,to clarify some of the recently published book which said that Wang An-shi's law reform and the implementation had caused a confusion to reforming the military organization and service in Northern Song dynasty.


The Web contains an enormous amount of information which is formatted for human beings. This makes it difficult for computer to extract relevant content from various sources. This paper presents an XPath-wrapper induction algorithm which leverages user queries and template-based sites for extracting structured information. Our experiments show average accuracy of 94%.


The present study precisely sought to determine: 1. The relationship between scores on self-esteem and selfconsciousness among pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women. 2. The relationship between scores on self-esteem and actual social support among pre-menopausal,transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal v;omen. 3. The relationship between scores on self-esteem and ideal social support among pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal vcomen. 4. The relationship between scores on self-consciousness and actual social support among pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women. 5. The relationship between scores on self-consciousness and ideal social support amoOj/ pre-menoijausal, transitional .aenopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women. 6. The partial correlations between self-esteem and selfconsciousness (when the variable of actual/ideal social support is partialled out) among pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal \;omon. 7. The î artial correlations between self-esteem and actual/ ideal social support scores (when the variable of selfconsciousness is partialled out) among pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women. o. The partial correlations betvyeen self-consciousness and actual/ideal social support scores (when the variable of self-esteem is partialled out) among the pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women. 9. The significance of partial r (r. ̂ o 5 1̂ 3 9 5 0̂-5 1) ^t the 0.95 confidence interval among pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women. 10. The multiple coefficient of correlations between scores actually earned and scores predicted on the self-esteem from the two variables self-consciousness and actual/ ideal social support scores among pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women. 11. The si-mificance of multiple R at the 0.95 confidence interval amony the pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women. 12. The relative incidence (in percentages) of hot flushes, night sv7eats and sleeplessness among pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women on Section A of menopause symptom checklist. 13. The differences between pre-menopausal and transitional menopausal, pre-menopausal and menopausal, pre-menopausal and post-menopausal, transitional menopausal and menopausal, transitional menopausal and post-menopausal, and menopausal and post-menopausal women on Section B scores of MSC. Two hundred women served as subjects for the present study. The four group of subjects represented the premenopausal (N=50) transitional menopausal (N=50), menopausal (N=50) and post-menopausal (N=50) women. Menopausal Symptoms Checklist, Self-Rating Scale, Self-Consciousness Scale, Significant Others Scale and Personal Data Sheet Vi?ere used as the tools for the present study. The data were collected in two sessions. The data v̂ ere analysed by means of various correlational techniques such as Pearson product moment correlations method, partial correlation, significance of partial correlation, multiple correlation, significance of multiple correlation, t-test and simple percentages. The major findings of the present study were: -Significant positive correlation coefficients v;ere found betv/een scores on self-rating and self-consciousness scales among pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women. -No significant relationships were found to exist between scores on self-rating scale and significant others scale (actual) among pre-menopausal, transitional menopausal and post-menopausal women. Si;7iificant correlation coefficients were not found between scores on self-rating scala and si^^nificant others scale (ideal) among transitional menopausal, menopausal, and post-menopausal women. Scores on self-rating scale and significant others scale (actual) correlated positively and significantly among menopausal women; significant positive relationship existed between self-rating scale and significant others scale (ideal) among pre-menopausal women. Self-consciousness correlated positively and significantly vjith actual social support among premenopausal, transitional menopausal, menopausal and postmenopausal v;omen. Significant positive correlation coefficients vi?ere found between self-consciousness and ideal social support among the pre-nenopausal, transitional iieuopausal, menopausal and post-nenopausal women. The values of partial r.^ ^ and r.,, ^ \xire found to be significant at the 0.95 confidence interval among pre-iienopausal women and partial rr,n . v̂ ere found to be significant among transitional menopausal, menopausal and post-iTenopausal women. The value of R were found to be significant at 0.95 confidence interval among pre-menopausal and transitional menopausal women for the actual social support; premenopausal and post-menopausal for the ideal social support. Si^^nificant differences were not found betv;een premenopausal and transitional menopausal, pre-menopausal and post-menopausal, transitional menopausal and menopausal, transitiiijiiâ ^ menopausal and post-menopausal and menopausal and post-menopausal women.


Static synchronous compensator(STATCOM)is commonly composed of the H bridge link with same structure.In this paper,the vector and mathematical model is analyzed in accordance with the topology of star STATCOM,then the selection principle and calculation method of DC capacitance are given from the point view of energy pulsation together with fluctuation coefficient of capacitive voltage.The principle of full voltage and link voltage control is described in detail for the voltage balancing problem of DC capacitor,which is furthermore implemented in the double closed-loop of voltage and current control strategy.Finally,the pre-control value and fine tuning variable of link voltage is obtained,thus achieving voltage balance between links of STATCOM and the active power balance with the gird.It is shown by the simulation analysis and the experimental result of industrial prototype that both transient and dynamic performance of the proposed method is good,which can provide reference for the STATCOM engineering design.


The aim of this study is to portray and explore the variety of social actors depicted visually along the pages of the intermediate level ELT coursebooks that are published locally (by British and American publishers) and marketed globally (mostly to the EFL contexts). For this, a thorough photo-ethnographic exploration of the visuals supported by the inventory of "social actor interaction network" is employed. In the field of Coursebook Analysis, visuals have attracted limited attention despite marking asocio-semiotically rich discursive field. In fact, the semiotic labor division between the "word" and the "image" in representing and reconstructing (simulating) the world, points to a gain on the part of the image as the brain is evolutionarily more experienced in processing visual information than processing verbal information. Therefore, images can appeal more directly to the sensory experience domains of the viewers via visual contact, evoking deeper consciousness. Acting as the prominent mediators of signification practice, visuals catalogue the representations and simulations of social-life viewed from a particular subject position associated with a particular set of norms, beliefs, and values. Hence, they position the viewers across dynamic loci of subjectivities in terms of social distance, relations, and interaction. As both reflections and reproductions of reality, images in the coursebooks have the potent to influence learners' perspectives of the world presenting them with readymade cognitive schemes. In order to reveal a comprehensive picture of the visually depicted social actors and the identity options made available through them, in this study the author focused on the peopled photos of the 6 popularly traded ELT coursebooks. The author investigated them regarding the relations of social distance, involvement, power and interaction formed between the depicted social actors and their viewers as well as the emergent practices of exclusion, role allocation, genericization, specification, assimilation, individualization, and categorization. The results show that the representational repertoires of the coursebooks contain disproportionately distributed visual depictions of social actors in terms of cultural orientation and gender. The "culturally different" are repeatedly pictured in assimilative ways as an aggregate of enumerable people, while the social actors of the reference group are usually pictured individually and with their own intended meaning.


The restoration of lacquered furniture or interior decorations has increasingly aroused the interest of experts during the past 10-15 years. Indicators for this development include various publications on the topic, as well as the international Conferences held in 1985 and 1993 on initiative of the Gctty Conservation Center in Los Angeles and the National Research Institute in Tokyo. Despite this increase in awareness, lacquer objects continue to undergo restorations that damagc or even decimate the material. Far too often blinded by the splcndour of lacquered works. art restorers who are not trained in this field or lack sufficient experience attempt to treat such objects. Precisely because of their complex layer strueture and material composition, lacquer surfaces are especially problematic to examine and develop a treatment coneept for and above all to restore. As for European lacquers, there are countless instances of damage to sensitive surfaces shortly after their creation. be it a result of technical deficiencies of produetion, as a consequence of mechanical Stresses or because of display under inappropriate climatic conditions. As a result, they have been restored and altered ever since. Additionally. the removal of lacquers from polychromed or veneered surfaces has a tradition at least as old as the art of lacquering. In Europe itself Instructions of this kind can be found in manuals on coating techniques from past Centimes." These frequent interventions have led to a loss of many original surface textures, be they on chinoiserie, veneered or polychromed decorative objects. Unfortunately, even today the natural ageing process and therefore the value of historical lacquer surfaces is far too rarely aeeepted. There is a continued increasing demand for the removal of yellowed and dull original surfaces. Examplcs for such 'restorations' abound in the very recent past. Colour platc XIX. 1 shows part of the surface of the altar of the Rococo decoration of the eminent Swabian monastcry church of Roggenburg (Günzburg county). The completely intact original lacquer was removcd in 1984, because it had yellowed. In many instances in the 20th Century historical gloss lacquers were replaced by wax, shellac. dammar or synthetic resins. Such materials have nothing in common with the intention of the Baroque or Rococo period. neither in materials. technique nor aesthetics. A prominent example is the socalled 'Chamber of Voltaire' in Schloss Sanssouci near Potsdam. The room was furnished under Frederick II between 1745-1747 and lacquered under Augustin Dubuisson. ' The restoration of this wcll-known lacquer room was carried out in the 1970's. The historical gloss lacquers of the surfaces were removcd and replaced by alkyd varnishes. The aesthetic transformation which this lacquer cabinet has undergone docs not allow the visitor today to experience the former effect of the original, neither in colour nor gloss. Me thods for t he Removal of Recent Coa t ings


This research aimed to describe the ability level of scientific work skills and find out an increase in the students' ability of scientific work skills when using crocodile physics simulation media. The research method used was descriptive qualitative. The research subjects were 35 students of class X MIPA 2 of SMAN Jenggawah. Data collection tools used in the form of the results of the assessment of practicum worksheets 1 definition of momentum and practice worksheets 2 of the law of conservation of momentum. Based on the results of research conducted obtained; first, the ability of students' scientific work skills when using crocodile physics simulation media shows that students are highly skilled in formulating problems, formulating hypotheses and communicating data. Students have skilled abilities in applying concepts, formulate variables and define operational variables. Whereas the indicators analyze the data and make conclusions having sufficient skilled enough. Second, there is an increase in the ability of students' scientific work skills from practicum 1 to practicum 2 when using crocodile physics simulation media on all indicators. For indicators to formulate variables and analyze data based on trendline lines in microsoft excel in the form of slope lines or gradients between the two graphs there is a relatively small increase in ability.


The article presents the state-of-the-art realization of a low-cost, non-contact displacement sensor based on plastic optical fibers. The sensor head makes use of 7 fibers, arranged in a bundle configuration, to detect small displacements on a moving target; the sensing systems can compensate variations to target reflectivity. Two advanced features have been implemented: an optimization of the fiber bundle enables to improve the accuracy up to 2.7 times, and a Monte Carlo simulation provides a detailed description of the system and enables surface mapping. Experimental result show an accuracy of 7.5 μm on a range of 2.5 mm with reflectivity compensation, and of 2.4 μm on a range of 5 mm without compensation.


This thesis deals with the service marketing mix. The work is divided into two parts. In the first part is briefly explained the process of marketing management, the process of marketing research and the main focus is on the description of the individual components of the extended service marketing mix 7P. The second part is focused on the analysis of the service marketing mix in the organization Ceska abilympijska asociace, o.s. and the design of a strategic approach to selected components of the service marketing mix.


Roughly five-hundred load curves for h.v. power consumers, managed by the French Production and Transport Authority, on the third Wednesday of December 1974 are classified according to their shape, regardless of the size of the undertakings concerned. The classification is based on a "dynamic cluster" algorithm. The four following distinctive types of consumer-load curve emerge: flat curves: 48% by number, 67% by consumption; modulated curves: 34% by number, 16.5% by consumption; minimum peak consumption curves: 15% by number, 15.5% by consumption; off-peak consumption curves: 3% by number, 0.5% by consumption. Classification results are given for each inter-regional power transfer center followed by a synthesis for the country as a whole. An attempt is made to interpret the four categories in terms of "explanatory" variables (activities, tariff rates, power subscribed and duration of annual peak power consumption) by factorial correspondence analysis. "Withdrawal" of minimum peak-power and off-peak power consumers is evaluated (for each inter-regional power transfer center and for independent consumers) with a view to estimating the effectiveness of existing French tariff rates for h.v. consumers.


Introduction: MR imaging techniques are commonly used to assess white matter (WM) damage pre-clinically to study mechanisms controlling neurodegenerative diseases. Such techniques include magnetization transfer (MT), susceptibility weighted (SW) and diffusion tensor (DT) imaging. The use of each is interesting because they identify differences in macromolecular content [1], tissue susceptibility [2], and axonal diffusion properties [3], respectively, that can be used to make inferences about WM integrity. Pediatric cranial irradiation results in cognitive late effects, such as memory loss, that have been correlated with a reduction in WM volume detectable with conventional MRI [4]. The objective of this study was to assess the damage to WM in the irradiated mouse using the three MR methods described.


Given the lack of demand forecasting models for e-scooter sharing systems, we address this research gap using data from Portland, OR, and New York City. A log-log regression model is estimated for e-scooter trips based on user age, income, labor force participation, and health insurance coverage, with an adjusted R squared value of 0.663. When applied to the Manhattan market, the model predicts 66K daily e-scooter trips, which would translate to 67 million USD in annual revenue (based on average 12-minute trips and historical fare pricing models). We propose a novel nonlinear, multifactor model to break down the number of daily trips by the alternate modes of transportation that they would likely substitute. The final model parameters reveal a relationship with taxi trips as well as access/egress trips with public transit in Manhattan. Our model estimates that e-scooters would replace at most 1% of taxi trips; the model can explain $800,000 of the annual revenue from this competition. The distance structure of revenue from access/egress trips is found to differ significantly from that of substituted taxi trips.


The hydrogeologic environment and the water quality of aquifers underlying seven solid-waste landfills in the Indianapolis area were studied to determine the nature and the extent of ground-water contamination by Zeachate from the landfills. In five of the landfill areas (U.S. Highway 52 and Senour Road, 2562 Kentucky Avenue, 800 West Raymond Street, Banta Road and Tibbs Avenue, and 4300 West Southport Road), the movement of ground water is from the deep aquifers into the uppermost aquifer, which precludes leachate contamination in the lower aquifers. In two of the landfill areas (West 96th Street and Zionsville Road and 2700 South Emerson Avenue), the movement of ground water is from the shallow aquifers to the deeper aquifers, so that Zeachate is transported to the deeper aquifers. In all the landfills, the predominant direction of ground-water movement is lateral. Placing refuse in the landfills has occasionally altered the local, but not the regional, flow patterns. However, local ground-water pumping has altered regional flow patterns beneath two landfills, one at 2562 Kentucky Avenue and the other at 800 West Raymond Street. Ground-water flow beneath the landfill at U.S. Highway 52 and Senour Road is upward and southeast. Leachate has been found only in water of the shallow aquifer beneath and at the southeast corner of the refuse pile. Ground-water mounding at shallow depths beneath the landfills at West 96th Street and Zionsville Road and at 2700 South Emerson Avenue has caused flow toward the perimeter of these two fills. Leachate at these two landfills is moving downward and outward to the edge of the fill area and has affected the water quality at shallow depths along the landfill perimeter. Pumping near two landfills, one at 2561 Kentucky Avenue and the other at 800 West Raymond Street, has reversed the direction of regional ground-water flow. Consequently, ground water containing Zeachate is moving toward the pumping wells. Ground-water flow beneath two other landfills, one near the intersection of Banta Road and Tibbs Avenue and the other near 4300 West Southport Road, is toward the White River. Ground water that is receiving Zeachate from the refuse is being discharged into the White River.


Error of measurement and uncertainty of measurement are two important basic concepts in metrology, between there are differences and connections.Through the compare of the two concepts, the thesis pointed out the significance of evaluating the measurement result by using measurement uncertainty.


Hu Yinglin's Shi Sou gives comparatively objective and comprehensive evaluation of poetic styles through the ages.He speaks highly of the poems of Han,Tang and Ming Dynasties,while the development of poems was in the low tide in Liu Chao,Song and Yuan Dynasties.The whole development of poems experiences the process of starting-prosperous-decline-revival.


This review presents evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of infection after blood and marrow transplantation. Recommendations apply to all myeloablative transplants regardless of recipient (adult or child), type (allogeneic or autologous) or source (peripheral blood, marrow or cord blood) of transplant. In Section I, Dr. Dykewicz describes the methods used to rate the strength and quality of published evidence supporting these recommendations and details the two dozen scholarly societies and federal agencies involved in the genesis and review of the guidelines. In Section II, Dr. Longworth presents recommendations for hospital infection control. Hand hygiene, room ventilation, health care worker and visitor policies are detailed along with guidelines for control of specific nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. In Section III, Dr. Boeckh details effective practices to prevent viral diseases. Leukocyte-depleted blood is recommended for cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative allografts, while ganciclovir given as prophylaxis or preemptive therapy based on pp65 antigenemia or DNA assays is advised for individuals at risk for CMV. Guidelines for preventing varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and community respiratory virus infections are also presented. In Section IV, Drs. Baden and Rubin review means to prevent invasive fungal infections. Hospital design and policy can reduce exposure to air contaminated with fungal spores and fluconazole prophylaxis at 400 mg/day reduces invasive yeast infection. In Section V, Dr. Sepkowitz details effective clinical practices to reduce or prevent bacterial or protozoal disease after transplantation. In Section VI, Dr. Sullivan reviews vaccine-preventable infections and guidelines for active and passive immunizations for stem cell transplant recipients, family members and health care workers.


Expressions are obtained for the variances and the relative uncertainties of the molecular magnetic susceptibilities and anisotropies in the case of orthorhombic crystals. It is deduced that when the ratios of the crystal magnetic susceptibilities are nearly equal to the corresponding ratios of the squares of the direction cosines of one of the molecular principal axes, the relative molecular susceptibility uncertainties along the other two molecular principal axes will be relatively large.


Change vector analysis method,one of the most direct comparison methods,develops rapidly in recent years.It can not only analyse and process multiple bands or all bands,also can avoid the defect about appearing unreasonable change types for classification error accumulation effectively.It is a promising method.To determine the optimal threshold is the guarantee of segmentation accuracy.Therefore upper and lower limits of the optimal threshold are calculated on the basis of change intensity map.For threshold segmentation,this paper puts forward the improved OSTU for getting the optimal threshold.And the last effect of the segmentation results is remarkable.


As words are presented in forms, it is hardly defin ed whether they are different words (i.e., with different meanings) presented as the sa me form or they are the same word with related meanings. Homonym is that those differ ent words are presented in a single form, and polysemy is that words with relate d meanings are shown as one form. From different perspectives, scholars have interest s to distinguish words between them. As da3 in Chinese presented as one form seems consist of vari us meanings. In the present paper, da3 is examined for determining whether it is homonym o r polysemy. Data is collected from Academia Sinica Ba lanced Corpus of Modern Chinese. From the perspective of cognition in which Lakoff's (1987) prototype effect is applied, da3 is analyzed into seven categories: (1) the prototyp ical da3, (2) the extended imaging action da3, (3) the extended imaging path da3, (4) the extended imaging effect da3, (5) the extended imaging method da3, (6) the extended whole image da3, and (7) other da3. Among these seven categories, they are developed from either the basic (i.e., central) or the extended (i .e., the noncentral) models. Words extended from the basic model are grouped as the sa m word. Thus, although da3 seems have various meanings, it is a polysemous wor d shown with many related meanings.


Integrating differential-mode (DM) and common-mode (CM) inductors onto a single core has been expected to miniaturize EMI filters. However, the previously-reported magnetic structure often suffers from saturation by DC current, hindering miniaturization by integration. This problem seems exacerbated by the fact that this conventional structure tends to induce large DC flux because its equivalent number of turns for the DM inductance is restricted to only half of the total number of turns. This paper addresses the problem by proposing a novel structure that assigns more turns to the DM inductance to suppress the DC flux more effectively. This paper confirmed theoretically and experimentally that the proposed structure is equivalent to series-connected DM and CM inductors. Additionally, analytical estimation revealed that the proposed structure reduced core volume by 41% compared to the conventional structure under the same amount of copper. These results suggest effectiveness of the proposed structure for miniaturizing EMI filters.


We present the electronics we developed in the frame of IND55 EMRP project with the goal to support next generation sub-10−13/√τ compact atomic clocks. In this regard, particular attention has been devoted to reduce the Dick/intermodulation effect in the low 10−14, very close to the shot-noise limit. The scheme can adapt to Cs and Rb clocks with minimal modifications. The digital implementation guarantees a high degree of flexibility that allows to run very different clock typologies and to implement innovative schemes such as the frequency lock of the laser to the internal cell.


In the electric vehicle charging station DC microgrid (DC-MG), disturbances from distributed generations and loads are easy to cause DC bus voltage fluctuations and even result in system instability. Then, the virtual DC machine (VDCM) control strategy is introduced to enhance the system damping and inertia. However, it is found that this method has a poor robust against passive network variation and the system is at risk of high-frequency resonance. For this issue, based on the typical topology and control strategy of charging station DC-MG, this paper adopts impedance analysis method and establishes the small-signal DC impedance models of VDCM, transmission cable and constant power load (CPL). Besides, the impedance characteristics of each subsystem and their interaction are analyzed. The negative damping characteristic of high-frequency band was explained and the wideband oscillation mechanism is revealed. Finally, a simulation based on MATLAB was used to verify the correctness of the wideband oscillation mechanism proposed in this paper.


Any act of self-expression involves some form of creativity, be that devising an experiment, writing a research paper, taking a photograph, creating a screenplay, or sketching a drawing. They all involve the utilisation of a practised skill – or set of skills – which are varied in new and different ways to produce something unique, something original, where we are able to push beyond the bounds of what currently exists in order to bring into the world a new entity, thought, idea, or experience. To create is a profoundly human endeavour that is innate to who we are, to what we are. In 'Born To Run' Christopher McDougall (McDougall, 2010) outlines how a theory that homo sapiens evolved physically to become running machines, developing a competitive advantage that enabled them to chase down prey in a way that other mammals hadn't been able to achieve. McDougall develops the idea to support the exploits of ultramarathoners and their remarkable achievements, however, this idea operates more deeply. If we are born to run, then we must love running: running is an innate ability and pleasure. It transforms into a mesmerising, hypnotic, activity where we become attuned to the flow of motion, to the passage of distance, to the passage of time. What is odd about this hypnotic state is that, through the rhythm of our motion, we develop a mental balance or stasis. Running is a creative activity which takes the skills we have developed (e.g. foot placement, flow, rhythm, form) and combine them in unique ways to produce a new experience. That experience can be shared at the same place and time (or indeed at a later time) but will never be the same as the way you experience it personally. This might seem far removed from map-making and the cartographer, yet it is a potent reminder that creativity has those twin elements of the application of a learned skillset and the joy of experiencing it. Skills applied at their zenith become a meditative state, however remember that the hill climbed to becoming a master is a joyful one and that no one ever stops learning, novice and experienced practitioner alike. One of the pleasures of editing the Journal of Maps is that we not only have a diverse set of subjects we publish, but a wide range of cartographic skills on display. It's worth remembering that every submission that undergoes peer review is assessed by a professional cartographer. This can be one of the most fulfilling aspects of the process as, whilst academics are usually experts in their own subject area, they often have lay experience in cartography. The cartographic reviews can, therefore, significantly enhance the quality of the final map that is published. The starting point for any new submission should be our 'Submit a map to Journal of Maps' (Taylor and Francis, 2022) and particularly the resources highlighted; get to know what our expectations are in terms of author instructions, what we have published already (including our 'Best Map' winners, and our guide to common map errors). When producing a map, many designers like to create a 'mood board' as these can be used to both provide inspiration and coalesce ideas into an overarching theme. Remember that practising the art of cartography is a journey and through your travels you will gain new skills that will make you a better designer. Your first map is simply the beginning and as it iterates through new versions, and you progress on to new maps, each will get better. Practise is the key but, more than that, practising with purpose; develop your skills as you learn. With this in mind, there are three pieces of advice from our cartographic reviewers. Firstly, consider what your message is. What data does your map present, what message is it trying to communicate and who is it targeted at? Iterate over these questions to better focus your ideas. Secondly, design with explicit consideration of visual levels:


This article provides a brief overview of the Hong Kong system of higher education and the roles of the government, the Education Commission, the University Grants Committee, and the Hong Kong Council for Academic Accreditation in relation to the planning, development, funding, and quality assurance of higher education in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). It then describes the extent to which transnational education (i.e., non‐local education delivered in Hong Kong) plays a role in meeting the demand for higher and continuing education in Hong Kong and recent measures taken by the HKSAR government aimed at assuring the quality of such offshore provision. It concludes with some comments as to how transnational education may be expected to contribute towards meeting the demand for higher and continuing education in Hong Kong in the future.


A tunnel disease full-section dynamic rapid detection device based on active panoramic vision comprises a tunnel detection vehicle, an active panoramic vision sensor, an RFID (radio frequency identification) reader, a wireless receiving-transmitting unit, a controller, and a station-level communication system or a central monitor center server; the central monitor center server comprises a full-directional vision sensor calibrating module, an active panoramic vision sensor calibrating database, a Zi-th distance tunnel section panoramic image data reading unit, a full tunnel section panoramic image base, a full-directional plane laser information analysis and point cloud data acquisition unit, a tunnel section panoramic image expansion and splitting unit, a tunnel suspected disease image pretreatment unit, a tunnel suspected disease image treatment unit, a tunnel disease image characteristic index extracting unit, and a tunnel safety status estimating unit. The invention provides a novel tunnel full-section high-speed dynamic health examination method, automatically detecting, judging and estimating various defects present in a tunnel to provide effective technical support for tunnel maintenance and completion acceptance inspection.


For a FMS with high-tech machining modules the operating area of the worker's manual chucking process is the most important interface between man and technical equipment. The establishment of the operating area is a substantial pre-condition for an advantageously creating of the real workpiece chucking. The point is to guarantee a sequence of operations which is adaptable and rational to the manual work corresponding to the sequence and frequency of the partial tasks


The supersaturated solutions of MgO-B 2 O 3 -18%MgCl 2 -H 2 O with different mole ratios of MgO:B 2 O 3 have been prepared and kept at 0′0.1°C. The crystallization paths of boric acid, Mg-borates and Mg-oxychloride from the solutions have been determined by chemical analysis of the solution samples taken at a given time interval during crystallization, and then the liquid-solid phase diagram of thermodynamic non-equilibrium state of MgO-B 2 O 3 -18%MgCl 2 -H 2 O system at 0°C has been constructed. In this phase diagram, five crystallization fields appear, boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ), mcallisterite (MgO.3B 2 O 3 .7.5H 2 O), hungtsaite (MgO.2B 2 O 3 .9H 2 O), inderite (2MgO.3B 2 O 3 .15H 2 O) and magnesium oxychloride (5Mg(OH) 2 .MgCl.8H 2 O).


To take full advantages of different satellite navigation systems and overcome the shortcomings of single satellite navigation system,the technology of navigation and position based on multiple mould satellite was studied and a position algorithm based on celled fusion mode was proposed.First,the mathematics model of the multiple mould satellite integrated navigation system of BD/ GPS/GLONASS was established.Then regarding a satellite as a local filter,a position algorithm based on federal multiple fading memorial algorithm was proposed.Results indicate that the proposed algorithm using multi -satellite system for position is effective,and can improve the system precision and reliability.


In this Editorial some of the global outlooks of Library and Information Science are discussed. After contextualizing the discipline within the cultural changes that have occurred in the Social Sciences before the advent of the virtual world, the author points out the characteristics of these emerging paradigms: The constant migration of media, the links between Library and Museum Studies, the articulation between the artificial and the natural language, the deterritorialization of the information and its users, the challenge of building a librarian profession with its own identity framed in global and transnational processes of information, among other perspectives.


We report a comprehensive spectro-polarimetric study of the black hole binary LMC X−3 using simultaneous IXPE, NICER and NuSTAR observations in 0.5−20 keV energy band. The broad-band energy spectrum (0.5−20 keV) with NICER and NuSTAR is well described by the disc emission of temperature ∼1.1 keV and a weak Comptonizing tail beyond ∼10 keV. This evidently suggests a disc-dominated spectral state of the source with disc contribution of ∼96%. The lack of variability (rms∼0.5%) in the power spectrum further corroborates the high/soft nature of the source. A significant polarization degree (PD) of 3.04±0.40% (>7σ) at a polarization angle (PA) of −44.24○±3.77○ (>7σ) is found in 2−8 keV energy range of IXPE. In addition, PD is seen to increase with energy up to ∼4.35 ±0.98% (>3σ) in 4−8 keV band. Further, we attempt to constrain the source spin (a*) using broad-band spectral modelling that indicates a weakly rotating 'hole' in LMC X−3 with $a_{*}=0.273_{-0.012}^{+0.011}-0.295_{-0.021}^{+0.008}$ ($90\%$ confidence). Based on the spectro-polarimetric results, we infer that the polarization in LMC X−3 is resulted possibly due to the combined effects of the direct and/or reflected emissions from a partially ionized disc atmosphere. Finally, we discuss the relevance of our findings.


To report the experience of the Australian National Liver Transplant Unit with patients with fulminant hepatic failure and to describe the role of liver transplantation. Patients: Twenty‐seven patients presented with acute or subacute fulminant hepatic failure during the period from January, 1986, to March, 1990. Twenty‐two had acute arid five had subacute fulminant hepatic failure. The causes were hepatitis B in 10 patients, presumed non‐A, non‐B {NANB) hepatitis in eight patients, drug‐induced hepatic damage in five patients, and Wilson's disease in four patients. There were 13 males and 14 females. Ages were 2–43 years (mean, 23). Twenty patients (74%) were in grade IV encephalopathy on presentation.


Objective: To evaluate the effects of Capsulae Xuezhikang on lipid profile in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Seventy nine patients with hypercholesterolemia were randomly divided into 2 groups, Xuezhikang group( n =37,Capsulae Xuezhikang 0.6 g, bid, po) and pravastatin group( n =42, pravastatin 10 mg, qd, po). Blood samples were taken from forearm vein(after fasting for 12 h) before and after the treatment with the drugs for 8 weeks for the analysis of serum lipid profile. Results: The efficacy of Capsulae Xuezhikang in lowering serum total cholesterol(TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL C) was same as pravastatin. The concentrations of TC and LDL C decreased by 21 7% and 34.9% in Xuezhikang group( P 0.05, P 0 01) and by 21.9% and 33.2% in pravastatin group ( P 0.01),respectively. Capsulae Xuezhikang reduced serum triglyceride(TG) by 20.1% ( P 0.01),while pravastatin only decreased serum TG by 8.5% ( P 0.05). Conclusion: Capsulae Xuezhikang can greatly decrease TC, LDL C and TG in patients with hypercholesterolemia,and can be used for treatment of the patients with hypercholesterolemia effectively.


Karl Popper's advocacy of freedom and toleration, his belief in the power of ideas, and the possibility of democratic social reform, place him in the more optimistic strand of liberal thought. Yet his awareness of the human needs for regularity and tradition bolster a largely conservative and pessimistic conception of human nature. Epistemologies have a central role in Popper's political programme and theory of history because they influence either the release or suppression of key human capacities. Elucidating Popper's conception of human nature shows the origins of Popper's understanding of dogmatism and violence and indicates the underlying rationale for critical rationalism. But it also explains why Popper prefers revolutions in thought among élites to those in politics among the masses. To the extent that Popper's conception of human nature is problematic, so the political theory and epistemology may also be misconceived.


In the presence of potassium t-butoxide or potassium hydroxide, propiolic acid adds two molecules of cyclohexanone to form the isomeric seq-cis- and seq-trans-7, 14-Dioxa-dispiro[220.127.116.11]pentadec-15-yliden-acetic acids IIa and IIIa, respectively. Methyl propiolate and cyclohexanone react analogously in the presence of potassium t-butoxide, yielding the corresponding esters. The structure of these condensation products follows from their physical properties and from degradation reactions to known compounds.


Objective To study the methods and characteristics of pre-hospital emergency treatment in communities.Methods We had a retrospective analysis of 363 cases received in our emergency department and 7 community health servises ( CHS) from 2002 to 2005.The patients were divided into two groups,group I:including all participants,such as medical staff,general practitioners,eyewitnesses and patients;group II:participated in only by the medical staff of emergency department and patients.We observed the time when emergency care personnels arrived before hospital,the success rate of emergency treatment and the incidence rate of complication and sequel and so on.Results There was a significant decrease of the reaction rate and the arrival time in group I compared with group II (P0.01)),and the incidence rate of complication of injury and cardiovascular deseases in group I was significantly lower than that of group II(P0.05).Conclusion Community health services play an important role in emergency treatment before hospital.


Objective:To investigate the effect of bombesin(BOM) on the facilitation of isolated guinea pig sympathetic ganglia cells.Methods:Intracellular recordings were used on the cells of isolated guinea pig sympathetic ganglia,mainly inferior mesenteric ganglion(IMG),to investigate the effects of BOM on the membrane potential of the cells.Results:BOM induced dose dependent slow depolarizations in most cells of IMG when applied either by pressure ejection(10 -5 mol/L) or by superfusion(10 -7 to 10 -6 mol/L).The depolarizations could be blocked by specific antagonist of BOM,Tyr 4,[D phe 12 ]BOM(10 -6 mol/L).Conclusions:BOM related receptor may exist on guinea pig sympathetic ganglia cells.Membrane depolarizations caused BOM enhanced the excitability of preganglionic neurons of sympathetic ganglia and BOM converted subthreshold synaptic potentials to action potentials also show that BOM may facilitate f EPSP.


Pr1–xCaxMnO3 thin films have been deposited through an in situ metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process using a molten multi‐metal source, consisting of the Pr(hfa)3·diglyme, Ca(hfa)2·tetraglyme, and Mn(tmhd)3 precursor mixture on single crystal substrates such as LaAlO3 (001) and MgO (001). Optimization of processing parameters has allowed the deposition of homogeneous thin films in morphology, composition, and thickness. The effect of substrate has been assessed in relation to structure and morphology.


A FinFET apparatus fabrication method comprises providing a substrate; forming a plurality of fins on the substrate; covering a material layer on the substrate and the fins; transforming part of the material layer into the frame-shaped dielectric material layer which crosses the fins; removing part of a sacrificial layer to expose the frame-shaped dielectric material layer and the material layer in the frame region; removing the exposed material layer to expose part of the substrate among part of the fins; forming a grid on part of the exposed fins and the substrate and enabling the grid to cross the fins, wherein the frame-shaped dielectric material layer form a grid side wall; removing the remaining sacrificial layer; removing the remaining material layer. The method has the advantages that residues at other positions or effects on other parts of the FinFET apparatus can be prevented while the side wall of the grid is formed.


Informed consent is a key component of ethical research. The informed consent process helps to ensure that individuals understand study procedures, their rights and protections as research participants, the risks and benefits of participation, and that their decision to participate is voluntary. Regrettably, research has demonstrated that research participants generally have poor rates of comprehension and recall of consent information (Flory & Emanuel, 2004). Some individuals fail to remember important details about the study and their protections as soon as a week after they have agreed to participate in a study. Some may not even recall that they entered a research study. Research suggests that poor comprehension and recall of consent information is heightened among vulnerable populations, such as those seeking treatment for substance abuse (e.g., McCrady & Bux, 1999). These individuals may have temporary or sustained impaired cognitive functioning as a result of the toxic effects of drugs and the maladaptive lifestyles that often accompany drug use (e.g., poor nutrition, physical trauma). Our own research conducted with individuals who have substance use issues (Festinger, Dugosh, Croft, et al., 2010; Festinger, Marlowe, Croft, et al., 2009) found that they failed to recall 60% of the consent information just two weeks after their initial consent — often before study procedures have even started, calling into question whether such participants can make informed decisions about their initial and continued involvement in research. Although informed consent has historically been conceived of as a one-time event similar to signing a contract or a lease agreement, our research, as well as federal guidelines (e.g., National Bioethics Advisory Committee, 2001), underscores the need to treat consent as an ongoing process in which researchers must ensure that participants continue to be informed throughout the course of the study. If one of the aims of informed consent is to make individuals aware of potential risks that may occur as a result of study participation and what actions they can or should take, researchers have an obligation to ensure that participants retain this information throughout the study. For example, if a research participant who is now experiencing severe hypertension does not recall that this was one of the potential risks of an experimental drug taken several months ago, he or she may not know to inform his or her healthcare provider about the experimental drug or to inform the researcher about this adverse event. A great deal of research has been conducted to identify ways to improve consent understanding and recall (Festinger & Dugosh, 2012; Flory & Emanuel, 2004). The majority of this research has focused on either the structure and content of the consent document or the process of presenting the information. Approaches that address the structure and content of the consent form include simplifying the language, shortening the form, using larger fonts, and including visual aids. Strategies that address the consent process include incorporating consent quizzes, providing corrected feedback to incorrect responses, and using neutral participant advocates to obtain consent. Both types of approaches are remedial in nature and are primarily focused on simplifying the cognitive task. Given the demonstrably poor recall of consent information among research participants who have substance use disorders, we (Festinger et al., 2010) conducted a study to examine the effects of providing monthly consent quizzes with corrected feedback. In the study, clients completed an open-ended consent quiz two weeks following consent to the host study and again at months 1, 2 and 3 post-consent. Findings indicated that participants who received


In order to discover how Quantum Mechanics would improve the power of computational devices, Quantum Computation was proposed by Feynman [6] in 1982 and since then some important breakthroughs in this area were achieved. The two main models, Quantum Turing Machines [4] and Quantum Circuits [5], allowed computer scientists, mathematicians and physicists to develop algorithms that extract computational power from the quantum structure of matter and compare their eciency with the classical ones. The most expressive results were Shor's Algorithm [19], that factorizes integers in polynomial time, and Grover's Algorithm [8], that presents a quadratic speedup for unordered database search problem. Within this context, the topic of Quantum Automata was proposed to study the inuence of Quantum Mechanics in simpler computational models. Several quantum counterparts of classical automata were proposed, whose dierences usually involve characteristics of the tape head and interaction with external elements, such as quantum and classical states and pushdown stacks. In this work, we consider two-way


The article continues to study the problem of occurrence of the serving merchant corporations hundreds of living. Based mostly official documents from the archives of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery time of its creation is determined by the second half of the great reign of Vasily III.


The author thinks that the suffix -ulentus can be explained from the prototype * oppolens . So it is an intensive compound with the prefix ob - (cf. EMERITA 47, 1979, p. 113 ss.) plus the present participle of polleo , previously poleo with simple - l - (cf. Actas del 5.° Congr. Esp. de Est. Clas. , p. 86). This compound became * op-pulentus and thereafter opulentus ; its meaning was 'powerful' or 'very powerful'. The Latins, because the popular etymology, understood the initial op - as from the root ops/opis 'wealth'. On the other hand, because the close relationship between the ideas of 'power' and 'wealth', they transferred to opulentus the meaning of 'rich'. Once opulentus was understood as derived from ops , this formation was spread with the idea of abundance: fraudulentus, luculentus, uiolentus, uinolentus , etc.


Pinto, F. S. C. N. (2009). Group Mix: a language field for the movement of heterogeneity. Dissertacao de Mestrado, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo. This dissertation is an exploratory study of a proposal for therapeutic group work. The studied group joins children who face obstacles and vicissitudes in the process of subjective constitution alongside children in different discursive positions. Currently, the group is composed by children who live in a shelter, autistic children, and psychotic children. The group proposes to constitute links or to extend their social bonds through activities that rely on culturally shared codes and through the support of transference, by adults, of the processes experienced by children. The group also offers the possibility that children respond from different places of the usual ones, places that cause estrangement and the possibility of displacement. The group is thus a language field that enables and facilitates the movement of heterogeneity, provides possible combinations, and legitimates diversity. Children who live in shelters are generally considered poor, abandoned and divested, but in our group they frequently occupy a place of holding a right to know. Guided by the symbolic body of the Law, they deal with the vicissitudes of childhood in a neurotic way, and so they do not shut off the relationship with the other: they "know" about the fault. Autistic and psychotic children are invited to occupy places of childhood, to play and to make connections with other children, and they seem to hear what their small counterparts have to say in a different way of how they listen to adults. Our initial hypothesis was that the experience of these changes of allocated and occupied seats might offer them incursions in unprecedented positions and an expansion of the social movements of these children. In order to examine this hypothesis, we followed and recorded movements of the children in the Group Mix for a period of two years. The analysis of the records localized moments in which incursions revealed an expansion of their social movements. The meetings of the group have brought benefits for both the autistic and psychotic children and for the neurotic.


The process of achieving mastery through a comprehensive study in teaching is permeated with scientific methodology, artistic aspiration and the function of cultivating scientific spirit, shaping good qualities and developing creativity. It plays an important role in improving the quality of teaching from various aspectsexternal and internal, formative and displaying, and emotional and extending. To sum up, it is a gradual process of cultivating talents.


Si-Al-Y_2O_3 co-deposition coatings on an Nb-Ti-Si base ultrahigh temperature alloy were prepared by pack cementation processes at 1050℃.The effects of Al content(mass fraction) in pack mixtures on the microstructure and constituent phases of the co-deposition coatings were studied,and the oxidation-resistant performance of the coating was investigated.The results show that all coatings prepared at 1050℃with pack mixtures containing different Al contents have a multiple layer structure,and the inner layers of all coatings are composed of Al3(Nb,X)(X represents Ti,Cr and Hf)and(Cr,Al)2(Nb,Ti)phases.The outer layer of the coating prepared at 1050℃for 10 h with the pack mixture containing 10%Al is composed of(Nb,X)Si_2,and the middle layer is composed of(Nb,X)_5Si3.However,the constituent phases change into Al_3(Nb,X)and(Nb, X)_5Si_3 in the middle layer of the coating prepared with the pack mixture containing 15%A1.(Nb, X)_3Si_5Al_2 and(Nb,X)Si_2 phases have been detected in the outer layer of the coating prepared with the pack mixture containing 20%A1,and Al_3(Nb,X)is the main phase constituent in its middle layer with dispersed(Nb,X)_5Si_3 particles in it.EDS analysis reveals that the distribution of Y in the coatings is not uniform,with its content increasing with the rising of Al content in the pack mixtures. Co-deposition of Al and Si occurs in a sequential manner during the deposition process and the growth of the coatings obeys a parabolic kinetics.After oxidation at 1250℃for 5 h,dense Al_2O_3 scales have formed on the coatings,which prevent the oxygen from diffusion into the substrate effectively.


Corneal ulcerative disease (CUD) can cause vision problems and pain. Understanding which breeds and conformational types of dog are commonly affected by corneal disease could assist in developing preventive measures, such as breeding strategies or improved eye care, and guide veterinary surgeons in primary care practice. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, breed-based risk factors and clinical management of CUD in the general population of dogs under primary veterinary care in england. a cross-sectional analysis using cohort clinical data of dogs attending practices signed up to the data collection initiative, Vet Compass, was carried out. Data was collected on dogs' species, breed, date of birth, sex, neuter status, insurance status and bodyweight. Clinical information from free-form text clinical notes and summary diagnosis terms, plus treatment and deceased status with relevant dates, was also collected. of 104,233 dogs attending 110 primary care practices in england, there were 834 dogs with corneal ulceration (0.80 per cent overall). The breeds with the highest prevalence were the pug (5.42 per cent of the breed affected), boxer (4.98 per cent), shih tzu (3.45 per cent), cavalier King Charles spaniel (2.49 per cent) and bulldog (2.41 per cent). Pain associated with the disease was recorded in 46.2 per cent of cases, at least one painkiller was dispensed or administered in 54.6 per cent of cases, and 17.0 per cent underwent surgery. Compared with crossbred dogs, the pug was 19 times as likely and the boxer was 12 times as likely to have corneal ulceration. In comparison with crossbred dogs, flat-faced dogs were 11 times as likely and spaniel types were three times as likely to have corneal ulceration. The authors conclude that breeds such as the pug and boxer, and conformational types such as brachycephalic and spaniels, demonstrate a predisposition to CUD among the canine population.


Today in Russian cities we are witnessing the transition from an elitist to a pluralistic model of urban governance. The process of city management becomes polycentric and involves the development of social partnership. One of the most important social indicators of the social partnership effectiveness in urban governance is subjective wellbeing of residents. We surveyed 3500 respondents with using stratified sampling. To analyze we applied descriptive statistics, parametric and non-parametric tests for independent samples. The analysis showed that the development of the social partnership ideology in the city management is the most important factor of the active position and civil competence of citizens in the city development-related issues.


The time dependence of wet oxidized AlGaAs/GaAs in a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure has been studied by mean of transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The wet oxidized AlGaAs transforms from an initial amorphous hydroxide phase to the polycrystalline gamma-Al2O3 phase with the extension of oxidation time. The thickness of oxide layers will contract due to the different volume per Al atom in AlGaAs and in the oxides. In the samples oxidized for 10 and 20 min, there are some fissures along the AlGaAs/GaAs interfaces. In the samples oxidized longer, although no such fissures are present along the interfaces, the whole oxidized DBR delaminates from the buffer. (c) 2005 American Vacuum Society.


Abstract Objective : to describe the procedure and outcome of stent graft repair of para-anastomotic aneurysms (PAA) in the aorta and iliac vessels occurring after conventional open surgery for aortic aneurysm and occlusive disease. Design : analysis of prospectively collected data. Methods and results : five patients (age: 60–75 years) developed six para-anastomotic aneurysms after open surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm or aorto-iliac occlusive disease. The PAAs were asymptomatic (average diameter 43 mm) and occurred either in the aorta (3) or iliac (3) vessels after an interval of 4–14 years. The PAAs were treated successfully in all cases, with no morbidity or mortality being observed. Conclusions : the technical success of the procedure is promising. If intermediate and long-lasting follow-up demonstrate durable results, stent graft repair will become the therapy of choice in the treatment of PAAs.


P. Wenzel Geissler and Catherine Molyneux, eds. Evidence, Ethos and Experiment: The Anthropology and History of Medical Research in Africa. New York: Berghahn Books, 201 1. x + 498 pp. Photographs. Index. $99.00. Cloth. $95.00. EBook.Hansjorg Dilger, Abdoulaye Kanye, and Stacey A. Langwick, eds. Medicine, Mobility, and Power in Global Africa: Transnational Health and Healing. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012. vi + 348 pp. Acknowledgments. Contributors. Index. $80.00. Cloth $27.95. Paper. EBook. $22.99.Tamara Giles-Vernick and James L. A. Webb, Jr., eds. Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013. viii + 246 pp. Contributors. Index. $80.00. Cloth. $32.95. Paper.I can usually gauge my enthusiasm for a book by how dog-eared, spinebroken, and scrawled upon it is. An entirely unscientific measure, no doubt, but reliable all the same. It follows that the more beat-up and gutter-dragged a book looks, the more inspired or useful I found it. Three new edited volumes broadly revolving around issues of global health, medicine, history, and anthropology in Africa satisfied me in very different ways. And I can report that all of the books reviewed in this essay have been defaced with multiple colors of pen ink as I've read and noted (sometimes arguing in the margins); I've also flagged many new citations to look up, and made notes to go back and reread some older works. Although each of these books has a particular target audience, there is still a great mass of readers-medical historians or anthropologists of Africa, global health practitioners, those who teach classes in global health or African studies-who will find selected chapters in each of these books valuable.Despite some general thematic overlaps, the books vary substantially in their regional foci, their theoretical orientation, and their intended audience. The most explicitly anthropological book is Dilger, Kanye, and Langwick's Medicine, Mobility, and Power in Global Africa. Not only are a majority of the contributors anthropologists, but the chapters also speak to one another through a common language of shared references and overlapping questions. For anyone looking for a book to assign to undergraduates, or to recommend to students who are interested in the field of global health, the collection edited by Giles-Vernick and Webb, Global Health in Africa, is the obvious choice. It is clearly written and the brief chapters cover a range of topics both historical and current; students will have a sense of the field without being put off by too much theory or technical language. For anyone with an interest in medical research in Africa-be it historical or modern, doing it or studying it-the volume by Geissler and Molyneux is particularly worthwhile. Evidence, Ethos, and Experiment is the longest of the three books and its value is in the diversity of topics, locations, and disciplines represented. (Be warned, though, that this book is most likely to leave you with a pile of citations to look up.)Medicine, Mobility, and Power in Global Africa is organized into thematic parts and twelve chapters (part 1, "Scale as an Effect of Power"; part 2, "Alternative Forms of Globality"; and part 3, "Moving Through the Gaps"). The volume includes chapters on Tanzania, Senegal, Nigeria, Mali, Togo, Niger, Ghana, Somaliland, and Kenya, in addition to a few chapters addressing themes that crisscross the continent. This is a good spread of countries, and it is especially useful to have English sources on countries such as Mali, Togo, and Niger. The emphasis on mobilities allows for a focus on diasporic communities and transnational case studies.Chapters near the end of the book were particularly interesting for a nonanthropologist, and exposed me to both new empirical information and new authors. Adeline Masquelier's "Public Health or Public Threat?" presents a nuanced explanation for why polio eradication efforts have been stalled in Niger. …


ride supplements in the presence of a fluoride water supply. The Working Group saw the need to ensure that consumption of fluoride does not exceed NHMRC recommended frequency and dose in communities with unfluoridated water, especially in those remote communities where the use of fluoride tablets or drops in young children is desirable." While advocating prudence in community intakes of fluoride, the Working Group, in its evaluation of the United States Toxicology data, saw no grounds for community concern about cancer risk, but stated that "the recent equivocal evidence of increased risk of bone neoplasms in one species of experimental animals exposed to very high doses indicates a need for a raised and ongoing attentiveness to these and any other possibilities of adverse effects in human populations experiencing lifelong exposure to fluoride supplementation." The Working Group undertook a major review of earlier and contemporary studies on the efficacy of water fluoridation. It acknowledqed the methodological imperfection of earlier studies, but could not support the claims made by Diesendorf and his colleagues that scientific fraud and misuse of data had led to an unreal assessment of earlier effectiveness. Nor could the Working Group sustain Diesendorf's assertion that times series analysis of dental examinations of children in the various capital cities around Australia proved the lack of efficacy of water fluoridation. On the contrary, the Working Group, while bemoaning the inadequacy of available data on these matters, found with multivariate analysis that even in an era of widespread use of topical fluoride preparations, water fluoridation continues to provide an additive protective effect. Considerable debate has occurred on the mode of protective action of fluoride. In the early years, it was widely believed that the protective effect was a pre-eruptive one, with the benefits being derived from incorporation of systemically absorbed fluoride into tooth structure. That view is now being supplanted by the recognition of a protective effect which is predominantly posteruptive within the oral cavity through the consistent bathing of the tooth surface in a low concentration of fluoride. A number of published reports provides some basis for predicting what might happen if Australian cities and municipalities stopped artificially fluoridating their water supplies and enabled the water to return to its natural background concentration, usually around 0.1-0.3 ppm. The Working Group concluded that such a reduction would inevitably result in an increase in the occurrence of dental caries. But it could not, from available data, predict with any confidence how great this dental deterioration would be if communities were to lower the level of artificial fluoridation from, say, 1 ppm to 0.5 ppm. In particular, the group noted the lack of any direct data on the changing caries rate consequent upon changes in water fluoride concentration within the range 0.5-1.0 ppm in the contemporary setting, where fluoridated dentifrices are used by a large proportion of the population. Of course, the debate continues. Dental caries rates have now declined even in unfluoridated cities to a level undreamed of 20 years ago. Unquestionably, fluoridated toothpastes have been major contributors to this improvement and, now that we have such a small baseline, a return to natural water levels of fluoride might not, in the early stages, result in very catastrophic change. The epidemiological data show, however, that even in the age of widespread use of fluoride-containing toothpastes, caries rates are about 20% higher (some studies suggest higher still) in individuals who have not been exposed through their lifetime to fluoridated water supplies than in those living in fluoridated areas. The literature is deficient in comparisons of adult dental health in fluoridated and unfluoridated areas. Such data as are available suggest that the post-eruptive benefits persist throughout life. More data on the precise level of risk and benefit from water fluoridation are needed. The available evidence supports a continued pro-fluoridation policy. The saga continues. Robert M Douglas Director National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Australian National University, Canberra


Modularization of hybrid-electric propulsion for commercial aircraft is becoming a reality in air transportation. The main intent of an electric architecture is to produce less carbon emissions and advance towards sustainability in the aeronautics industry. Due to regulatory and customer requirements for new technologies aimed at climate change and pollution, the integration of hybrid electric engine design become more challenging. Conceptual modular and integral product architectures are being compared with conventional and new constructions. A Design Structure Matrix (DSM) model is developed to analyze configuration of sub-component and their relationships through interaction between system elements. The DSM model includes product decomposition and cyclic task interdependencies to understand the extent of modularity in the product life cycle. The traditional turbofan engine architecture will be compared with hybrid electric propulsion engine architecture. The analysis indicates that the electric engine configuration constitutes a shift to a more distributed and less modular architecture. The DSM model reported a 19% increase in density of connectivity between components and 58% decrease in terms of structural complexity. The significance of these changes demonstrates that the more distributed architecture of the fully electric engine architecture requires less effort in system integration than the geared traditional turbofan architecture.


Birka Varme AB's Vartan plant is the site for the world's first commercial-scale coal-fired CHP plant based on PFBC technology. The plant was commissioned in 1989 and has since then been supplying power and heat to the centre of Stockholm. Its emission values are good, thus the environmental impact on the nearby surroundings is low. The power plant has an electric capacity of 135 MW and of 230 MW heat; the annual coal consumption ranges at about 200 000 tonnes. For a maximum protection of the environment. Positive and less positive experience is outlined.


Higher Education Institutions (HEI), such as Universities and Institutes worldwide, are making efforts and setting goals to assess and minimise their environmental impacts, and to become more sustainable. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been considered a powerful approach to deal with environmental impacts of products and services. Thus, in this paper, a bibliometric analysis was carried out to benchmark the sustainability of HEI in terms of key areas, impacts, and barriers. Results indicate that, although some HEI are concerned with sustainability, LCA has not been systematically adopted in their assessments, and the main focus is on the calculation of carbon emissions. The lack of available internal information and managing commitment are the main barriers to adopting LCA in HEI. In the few cases where LCA was considered, it was observed that differences in scopes, functional units, intensities, and data reliability hamper comparisons, and lead to biased conclusions. In the end of the paper, the results of some Portuguese HEI are provided and discussed, showing the need for a better understanding of environmental assessment results.