Problems encountered in mainstreaming are described in this paper, with a focus on ways to avert them. Mainstreaming refers to the placement of selected special needs students in the regular classroom. Negative teacher attitudes toward mainstreaming present a major obstacle. Because teachers have a significant effect on program effectiveness, the administrator must take the responsibility to change teacher attitudes. Recommendations are made to provide teacher support services, balanced workloads, and staff development programs to increase understanding of special needs students. (Contains 12 references.) (LMI) ********************************************************************** meproaucLions supplies by Wm..; are tne best tnat can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Mainstreaming: Lessons for Administrators William A. Rieck, Ed.D. Department Head Department of Curriculum and Instruction University of Southwestern Louisiana Diane Knight, Ed.D. Coordinator of Special Education Department of Curriculum and Instruction University of Southwestern Louisiana U.S DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES ERIC) INFORMATION This CENT document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or poiicy -PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) There can be no question about the effect of Public Law 94:142 on the operation of schools. In the nearly two decades since its enactment, the impact has been strongly felt in terms of economics, delivery of educational services, and general school operation. The research clearly shows, however, that thee are some warning signs which need to be heeded by administrators. It is appropriate to outline some of those warnings and to suggested strategies designed to avert possible difficulties over the full and effective implementation of mainstreaming as a preferred placement for many students with special


PURPOSE: To efficiently machine a member with a plurality of parts to be machined by supporting turn-broaching tool units provided with cutting edges in the peripheral surface area, to a shank with axial distance. CONSTITUTION: The axial distance 10, 10' between the cutting edges 6, 26 and 6', 26' of units 5, 5a and 5', 5a' of tool rests 2, 2' can be changed taking account of the possibility of colliding with a workpiece. In the right half tool rest 2, the disc-like unit 5 is disposed being fixed in the axial distance to the tool rest 2 through a shank 4, and the tool rest 2 can drive the unit 5 in the form of turning around a turning axis 3. The second unit 5a is connected to the first unit 5 of the tool rest 2, and its axial distance can be adjusted by manually turning an adjusting screw 28.


As the potassium contents in soils of northern China are relatively high, it is of significance to strengthen the potassium cycling in the agricultural production systems and apply potash fertilizer rationally based on the potassium cycling characteristics in soil?plant systems and the soil potassium balance under different cropping system. Soil analysis revealed that the soil total K contents in northern China soil showed small variation but the soil readily available K and slowly available K contents were significantly higher in soils of northwestern China. The soil readily available K contents were much higher in soils of northeastern China than in north?central China, and for the soil slowly available K contents the reverse was true. The fixed site field trials on the representative soils under the main cropping systems in northern 12 provinces revealed that crop K uptakes under various cropping systems varied significantly. The crop K uptakes in northwestern China were general higher and the double cropping under north?central China showed much higher annual crop K uptakes than the single crop in northeastern China. Returning the wheat straw back into the soil and applying potash fertilizer improved the crop K uptake, with the applying potash fertilizer combined to wheat straw returning showing most prominent effect. The soils were under the depleting status of K when no potash fertilizer was used, the soil readily available K content declined gradually. Potash application and its combination to straw returning would reduce the soil K depletion by crop uptake and slow down the decline of soil K content to some extent.


Studies on cyclic voltammetry, Tafel polarization curve and DFT calculations on N type and P type semiconductor pyrite in or out of bacterial solution were carried out. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the effect of bacterial was not simply in enrich the Fe3+ in the EPS. Tafel polarization curve research showed that bacteria can enhance the oxidation reaction sharply, no matter in the Fe3+ solution and in the bacteria solution, the corrosion current of N type pyrite was much bigger than that of P type pyrite. The DFT calculation shows that containing one Ni or Co atom means a more stable property, containing one As atom meaning a less stable property. However, an energy band around 5eV occurred in N type pyrite (contained Cu or Ni) meaning that N type pyrite is easier to be oxidation than P type pyrite.


PURPOSE: A method for reducing noise of a medical image is provided to utilize the estimated amplitude of noise in a pixel of the image in noise cancellation, by estimating the amplitude of the noise per pixel in the image using physical principle of a medical image acquisition process. CONSTITUTION: The amount of noise in each pixel position of an image is estimated, by using a previously stored reference table (S200). A first signal coherence and structure direction of a first signal are extracted from each pixel position (S300). An anisotropic smoothing image of a middle step is acquired, by filtering using a first anisotropic smoothing kernel (S400,S500). Structure direction and a second signal coherence of a second signal are extracted from each pixel of the anisotropic smoothed image. Filtering of an original image is performed, according as an additional weighted value reflecting the estimated amount of noise is applied in a surrounding pixel in the range of the acquired second anisotropic filter kernel (S600-S800). [Reference numerals] (S100) Image is obtained; (S200) Amount of noises in each pixel is estimated; (S300) Signal coherence and structural direction of each pixel are identified; (S400) Anisotropic smoothing filter kernel of each pixel is identified; (S500) Filtered anisotropic smoothing image in a middle stage is generated; (S600) Anisotropic smoothing filter kernel of each pixel is identified from the filtered anisotropic smoothing image in a middle stage; (S700) Anisotropic smoothing filter, which has an additional weight reflecting the amount of noises for neighboring pixels within the kernel's range, is applied to the original image; (S800) Final image is generated


An ultra-low profile airborne reflector antenna with an arbitrary polarization feed system and a wide-range scanning faculty has been proposed for the broadband satellite communication use. We have chosen a shaped elliptical dual reflector antenna with reflector shaping technique to realize both the ultra-low profile and high electric performances. A novel thin-type broadband OMT with pyramid-loaded waveguide turnstile junction has been presented to obtain the arbitrary polarization thin feed system.


A new digital modulator has a very efficient implementation. A 0.18-μm CMOS prototype, fabricated at TSMC, runs at clock-rates up to 275 MHz and dissipates less than 40 mW. At the 250 MHz design target, it dissipates 34.2 mW.


Malaria is among the top leading causes of mortality and morbidity throughout the globe, where Sudan bears a significant burden of the disease. The disease epidemiology has been noticeably changed in the last decade. Many environmental, behavioral, and managerial factors have contributed to the change in the trend. The trainees are planned to develop a risk reduction framework for Malaria in Sudan, taking Khartoum state as an example. The participants are expected to analyze the trend of Malaria through the period of 2006 to 2011, assess factors contributing to the change in the trend and to design risk management framework to minimize the risk of Malaria in Sudan. The case study is designed for the training of novice level field epidemiology trainees or any other health care workers working in public health-related fields. It can be administered in 3 hours. Used as adjunct training material, the case study provides the trainees with competencies in developing disease risk reduction framework that can be used for the actual real-life experience to control Malaria, and similar conditions, at the sub-national levels. How to use this case study General instructions: this case study should be used as adjunct training material for novice epidemiology trainees to reinforce the concepts taught This article is published as part of the supplement "Case Studies for Public Health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region" sponsored by The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET) Guest editors: Pr Yousef S Khader (email@example.com) Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine Faculty of Medicine,Jordan University of Science & Technology, Jordan Available online at: http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/series/33/1/8/full in prior lectures. The case study is ideally taught by two facilitators in groups of about 20 participants. Participants are to take turns reading the case study, usually a paragraph per student. The facilitator guides the discussion on possible responses to questions. The facilitator may make use of flip charts to illustrate certain points. Additional instructor's notes for facilitation are coupled with each question in the instructor's guide to aid facilitation. Audience: this case study was developed for novice field epidemiology students. It's also suitable for other participants like; public health care workers, medical doctors, nurses, environmental health officers or other relevant public health-related fields. Prerequisites: before using this case study, participants should have received lectures on disease surveillance, basic biostatistics, risk assessment and risk management. Materials needed: Flash drive, flip charts, markers, computers with MS Excel Level of training and associated public health activity: novice – Disease risk reduction taking Malaria as an example Time required: 3 hours Language: English Haitham Bashier1,&, Elfatih Malik2, Yousef Khader3, Malak A Shaheen4 1Global Health Development/Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Amman, Jordan, 2Federal Ministry of Health, SudanFETP Technical Advisor, Sudan, 3Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan, 4Ain Shams University, Egypt &Corresponding author: Haitham Bashier, Global Health Development/Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Amman, Jordan The Pan African Medical Journal. 2019;33 (Supp 1):8 | Haitham Bashier et al. 2 Case study material • Download the case study student guide • Request the case study facilitator guide Competing interest The authors declare no competing interests. Acknowledgement We wish to acknowledge the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan for providing the surveillance data. Authors would also like to acknowledge The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET) for their technical support. PAMJ is an Open Access Journal published in partnership with the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET) References 1. FMOH. Five years Strategic Plan for the National Malaria Control Program, Sudan 2011 – 2015. 2010, Accessed on 1 January 2018. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2019;33 (Supp 1):8 | Haitham Bashier et al.


Drought is an environmental stress that impacts plant productivity. Projections show both an increase in intense rain events and a reduction in the number of rain days, conditions that leads to inc...


In view of limited resources and amounts of data in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN),clustering compressions are always employed to reduce transmission packets.Based on the regional relevance,a self-organized clustering algorithm was proposed for the wavelet compression in sensor network.The algorithm used the correlation of actual regional data for clustering.Actually,during the wavelet data compression procedure,the data correlation was detected in the cluster head,so that to insure better correlation and adjust the clusters structure.Meanwhile,data dependence among the nodes was analyzed in Sink,to form large-scale clusters with better relevance,so that to improve the efficiency of wavelet compression in a long period.Theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can eliminate the data redundancy by using temporal and spatial correlation as much as possible,improve the efficiency of wavelet data compression,and reduce network energy consumption.


Under large amplitude oscillatory shearing flow (LAOS) and using Fourier transform (FT) as analysis technique, we carried out experimental and phenomlogical works for the case of immiscible polymer blends composed of non-Newtonian (Boger fluids) droplet phase and a Newtonian matrix phase. Due to the sensitivity of FT-LAOS and the importance of the average droplets size on the analysis of the experimental and the theoretical works, various techniques were used to estimate the average droplets size for the blends. Comparison between the techniques was carried out before we relied on a specific technique which is fitting the small amplitude oscillatory shear results with Palierne model.
In the experimental FT-LAOS part, we analyzed the results based on 𝑄3, which is the relative intensity of the third harmonic to the first harmonic divided by the squared strain, and we found that for all blends 𝑄3 was decreasing monotonically with increasing strain. Also, we analyzed the results based on 𝑄5, which is the relative intensity of the fifth harmonic to the first harmonic divided by the strain raised to the fourth power and we found that for all blend 𝑄5 was decreasing linearly with strain in the log-log plot. For both 𝑄3 and 𝑄5 we found that the blend composed of the Boger of 7.5% high molecular weight, which has a viscosity ratio equal to unity, has the lowest values compared to the other types of blends that have a viscosity ratio lower than unity and higher than unity. The experimental results were further analyzed by comparing them with Reinheimer scaling law (Reinheimer et al. 2011) and we concluded that the deviation from the Reinheimer master curve resulted from the non-Newtonian character of the Boger fluid.


FLUTE is a compact accelerator-based THz source in the final design phase at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in cooperation with Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland. The design is based on a 7 MeV photoinjector gun, S-band linac with a maximum energy of 50 MeV and a bunch compressor. In this paper simulations of the beam dynamics in FLUTE for various bunch charges and laser parameters are presented. The results for bunch charges of up to 3 nC are compared to bunch charge as low as 1 pC in order to analyze the effect of space charge forces and coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR). Those effects were simulated with ASTRA [1] and CSRtrack [2].


We consider a model of computation consisting of a sequence of n tasks. In the absence of failures, each task i has a known completion time ti. Checkpoints can be placed between any two consecutive tasks. At a checkpoint, the state of the computation is saved on a reliable storage medium. Establishing a checkpoint immedi- ately before task i is known to cost si. This is the time spent in saving the state of the computation. When a failure is detected, the computation is restarted at the most recent checkpoint. Restarting the computation at checkpoint i requires restoring the state to the previously saved value. The time necessary for this action is given by ri. We derive an O(n 3 ) algorithm to select out of the n − 1 potential checkpoint locations those that result in the smallest expected time to complete all the tasks. An O(n 2 ) algorithm is described for the reasonable case where si > s j implies ri ≥ r j. These algorithms are applied to two models of failure. In the first one, each task i has a given probability pi of com- pleting without a failure, i.e., in time ti. Furthermore, failures occur independently and are detected at the end of the task during which they occur. The second model admits a continuous time failure mode where the failure intervals are independent and identically distributed random variables drawn from any giv en distribution. In this model, fail- ures are detected immediately. In both models, the algorithm also gives the expected value of the overall completion time and we show how to derive all the other moments. 1. Introduction. A variety of hardware and software techniques have been proposed to increase the reliability of computing systems that are inherently unreliable. One such soft- ware technique is rollback-recovery. In this scheme, the program is checkpointed from time to time by saving its state on secondary storage and the computation is restarted at the most recent checkpoint after the detection of a failure (6). Between the times when the failure is detected and the computation is restarted, the computation must be rolled back to the most recent checkpoint by restoring its state to the saved value. Obviously, rollback-recovery is an effective method only against transient failures. Examples of such failures are temporary hardware malfunctions, deadlocks due to resource contention, incorrect human interactions with the computation, and other external factors that can corrupt the computation's state. Per- sisting failures will block the computation no matter how many times it is rolled back. The ability to detect failures is an essential part of any fault-tolerance method including rollback- recovery. Examples of such failure detection methods are integrity assertion checking (8) and fail-stop processors (10). In the absence of checkpoints, the computation has to be restated from the beginning whenever a failure is detected. It is clear that with respect to many objectives such as mini- mum completion time, minimum recovery overhead, maximum throughput, etc., the position- ing of the checkpoints involves certain tradeoffs. A survey of an analytical framework for resolving some of these tradeoffs is presented by Chandy (1). Young (11) and Chandy et al (3) addressed the problem of finding the checkpoint interval so as to minimize the time lost due to recovery for a never-ending program subject to failures constituting a Poisson process. Gelenbe and Derochette (5) and Gelenbe (4) have generalized this result to allow the possibil- ity of external requests arriving during the establishment of a checkpoint or rollback-recovery.


HiLo training sport mode, the rats in a quiet state, immediately after exercise, after exercise to study changes in skeletal muscle cytochrome oxidase three states under three hours , and then observed in rats HiLo training changes in mode of aerobic exercise capacity . The results show that: in a quiet state, highliving group relative to the quiet group there was a significant difference, three hours immediately after exercise and after exercise did not change significantly.


Disclosed is a processing method and apparatus for device to device (D2D) discovery. The method comprises: a broadcasting terminal obtains wireless resources during the D2D discovery process; the broadcasting terminal transmits a mode identifier and a broadcasting identifier via the wireless resources, wherein the mode identifier is configured to indicate whether the terminal corresponding to the broadcasting identifier is the broadcasting terminal or a destination terminal expected to be discovered. By the present invention, the flexibility and diversity of the D2D communication mode are enhanced and user experience is improved.


This paper analyzes tariff competition by investigating the strategic interactions among firms that are highly mobile across national boundaries. Although high transport costs yield a geographic dispersion of the industry, sufficiently low transport costs result in a core-periphery location where nobody bears tariff burdens. In any case, the world economy would be in a much better position under an international coordination scheme. An economy is only required to enforce a weak international trade agreement for improving global welfare.


A patient with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis showed an excellent response to treatment with corticosteroids. Not previously reported for this disease was the finding of an unusual parallel configuration of the endoplasmic reticulum in the granular pneumocytes.


Regarding Physical Education classes, sport is the main theme. The present study aimed to investigate the pedagogical model used by Physical Education teachers from the municipal education system, using a qualitative descriptive study to support the research. The research sample consisted of 4 teachers belonging to the municipal education network of the municipality, using semi-structured interviews, simple observation of classes and a field diary. Subsequently, the results were handled through a content analysis. It was observed the predominant choice to "School Sport", however only half of the individuals presented a pairing with their pedagogical practice, showing an imprecision to the conceptual domain of the sport models, and, in the opposite direction, the rest of the investigated equating the contextualization of his practice to "Sport at School". It is necessary to have mastery and clarity about both models and the science of the consequences when applied: suppressive and prioritizing the game with codes and meanings of the sports institution (Sport at School) or democratic in the search for collective participation and introducing the student to the cultural universe of physical activities (School Sport). It was possible to verify that, of the total sample, 50% of the teachers used the pedagogical model "School Sport" in line with their previous speech (even demonstrating imprecision on conceptual domain) and 50% used the model "Sport at School". Contradicting his initial speech in which they affirmed the advocacy about the democratic pedagogical model mentioned above (perceiving, even, shallow appropriation of knowledge in the dissertations).


the different types of problems experienced by the cohort speak cogently to the social work concept of individualization. This concept is particularly important for this group of socially handicapped persons who have been subject to such distorting global stereotyping. A second notable point in this book is the effectiveness of the participant-observer approach of the anthropologist. Such a method does not impel the worker to run and change things, but he can report on them objectively, yet interestingly. When the author describes the shabby personal appearance of a married couple in the cohort, my social worker's immediate instinct was to step in and help them to clean their shoes and so measure up to societal standards. However beneficial, this interventive approach seems to suggest less concern with individual life styles and self-determination than the interested anthropological approach does. Finally, the author's prose style embodies his total approach to his subject. It is exceptionally lucid, concise, and witty but also illuminated by an undercurrent of compassionate imagination that expresses itself in an elegance of phrase. The use of unusual literary words to describe the usually humdrum mentally retarded (mollocking and cuckoldry are two such examples) breaks up the aridity which characterizes most of the stereotyped clinical descriptions of this social minority group and unconsciously bestows a grace and dignity upon these usually devalued and graceless people. By coincidence, the only writing of comparable quality that this reviewer has encountered recently also comes from California-George Jackson's Soledad Brother. This book also deals with oppression, disenfranchisement, and social outcasts. Perhaps a passionate concern for social justice and human values are the fertile soil of literary excellence.


The way to describe the reliability changing of products in trialmanufacture stage with reliability growth mathematical model was introduced. The mathematical model can not only be used to evaluate the reliability of product, but also can be used to make quantity management with its predicted value.


Making use of measurement data of microclimatic elements of canopy gap in tropical secondary forest in fog-cool and dry-hot season in Xishuangbanna, the daytime characteristics of temporal-spatial distribution and variation of soil surface temperature, air temperature, and leaf temperature of underneath plants in canopy gap were discussed, and relations among them were analyzed. The finding showed that: influenced by fog, solar altitude and trees at the edge of gap, the maximum value of microclimatic elements vvould display at different sites of the gap in different time and season and there existed dynamic displacement of higher value area of leaf temperature. In addition, the direction of heat transferring of soil-plant-atmosphere continuum varied with time and season, even at the same time, the different part of gap had different heat transferring directions. The results vvould supply a research basis for further studying of heat and water vapor transport, microclimatic formation, biodiversity and succession of canopy gap.


Despite a long history of research, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the reasons behind pronounced variation in foliar losses to insects among plant species. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that plant functional traits and/or ecological strategies are good predictors of the background losses of woody plant foliage to insects (i.e. losses occurring when herbivore populations are at their 'normal' densities) at the global scale. We conducted a quantitative synthesis of published and original data on foliar losses of 793 species of woody plants belonging to 128 families from ca. 500 localities world‐wide, representing tropical, temperate and polar climate zones. The background foliar losses to insects varied among plant life forms, increasing from dwarf shrubs to large trees, and were higher in inherently fast‐growing species than in slow‐growing species. These patterns supported predictions of both the apparency and growth rate (resource availability) hypotheses for data combined across localities, but only outside the tropics. Foliar losses to insects slightly but significantly increased with specific leaf area (SLA) in all climate zones. No differences were noted in background herbivory between woody plant species with deciduous and evergreen foliage, with different shade tolerance and with different successional status. Synthesis. Factors affecting the distribution of herbivory among species of woody plants differed among the climate zones, and the predictive power of at least some of the theories/hypotheses addressing plant–herbivore interactions at large spatial scales varies among climates and/or biomes. The average background losses of woody plant foliage to insects across localities can be predicted from the inherent growth rate of the plant species, its life form and SLA, although these plant characteristics jointly explain only a minor part of the total variation observed in the primary data.


Vegetable farms in Cape Town: water quality and possible remediation techniques Annamarie Guinnevere Martin MSc thesis, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape Heavy metal contamination tends to be a problem in inner city agricultural areas and gardens. High levels of certain heavy metals have been found in the soil and vegetables in the Cape Town Metropolitan area. The aim of this project was twofold. Firstly to ascertain whether water (ground or surface) was responsible for the heavy metal problem found in vegetables in the Philippi and Kraaifontein-Joostenbergvlakte farming areas in Cape Town; and secondly to evaluate the efficacy of two possible remediation methods, namely chelation (with EDTA) and precipitation (using phosphate), aimed at tackling the problem. In order to achieve this a water survey and greenhouse experiment were conducted. The water survey involved collecting a number of samples; both from surface dams and boreholes, from the two farming areas. Results showed minimal heavy metals in both, and therefore ruled this out as the source of the heavy metal problem. The greenhouse sand culture experiment tested the effects of the two remediation methods on the growth, development and elemental content of turnip and spinach plants treated with two cadmium and lead concentrations. In summary, Cd reduced growth more than Pb; Cd accumulated in roots and leaves, and Pb in roots. Several treatments, both metal and mitigation


The main purpose of the study was to investigate the challenges faced by students in completion of an online doctoral program at the University of Liverpool, Online Doctoral Business Administration program. We analyse the responses of 91 doctoral students in an online DBA program. Based on the exploratory qualitative study themes were developed based on student perceptions. Various themes identified were course structure and workload, resources, absence of human interaction, technological challenges, support systems, and satisfaction with instructor and quality of instruction. Discussion, Implications and avenues for future research are presented.


In Phase 1 of the Jisc Research Data Registry and Discovery Service project, we experimented with using RIF-CS, a discovery-orientated metadata profile developed by the Australian National Data Service. We wrote crosswalks to it from common standards such as DDI, UK GEMINI and MODS, and found that while it was generally pleasant to work with there were some issues that need to be addressed.


The modularization helps professional service firms develop by individual knowledge structuring and organizational knowledge explicitization.The paper explores how organization integration moderates this relationship between service modularization and knowledge codification in Professional service firms.The results show that the fit between service modular improvement and operational organization integration will lead to a higher level of organizational knowledge codification,while the fit of service interface unification and functional organization integration will lead to a lower level of individual knowledge codification.


The approach on this research analyses theoretical systems of institutional power
installed by the metaphoric warlike "war on drugs", as social control device to establish a
kind of biopolitical order who has been by the sovereign power of the State, the scope to
create a tanatopolitca. Such control system develops by a metajuridical device exception
state. The profit source on this work is the national and international legislation and the
publics politics developed to hold it, during the period by 1982 to 2002.
This investigation have as principal theorists references the works developed by
Giorgio Agamben, Michel Foucault and Gisalio Cerqueira Filho in a interface of Political
Science and Law.


Restriction enzyme cleavage site variation in the chloroplast DNA's (cpDNA's) of 25 of the 44 recognized species representing all 11 sections of North American Coreopsis was employed to assess phylogenetic relationships among the sections. Cladistic analysis of the data produced a phylogeny that is similar to, yet distinct in several aspects from, other hypotheses generated from morphological characters. The phylogeny based on cpDNA consists of two primary lineages within North American Coreopsis. One lineage includes sects. Calliopsis, Coreopsis, Eublepharis, Palmatae, and Silphidium from the eastern and southeastern United States. The other evolutionary line comprises sects. Anathysana, Electra, Leptosyne, Pseudoagarista, Pugiopappus, and Tuckermannia from California and Mexico. These two basic lineages have been recognized in other phylogenies except the rela- tionship of the monotypic sect. Silphidium has been problematical; the cpDNA data are conclusive in showing that sect. Silphidium belongs to the eastern lineage. Only the two sections of annual species from California, Pugiopappus and Leptosyne, are not monophyletic based on cpDNA data. Sects. Electra and Anathysana, which consist of woody species from Mexico, form a monophyletic assemblage based on cpDNA whereas this was not the case for the cladistic analysis of morphological data. Data from flavonoid chemistry and number of isozymes of phosphoglucose isomerase are more supportive of relationships between sects. Electra and Anathysana as inferred from cpDNA as com- pared to morphological data. A paucity of restriction site mutations precludes resolving relationships among the eastern U.S. sections; however, the available cpDNA data are in agreement with the phylogeny generated from morphological features.


Ridges on lava flows have been modeled as folds which form due to the compression of a fluid whose viscosity decreases with depth (1). The spacing of ridges reflects the rheology and deformational history of a flow. Regularly spaced ridges in the Arcadla Planitia region of Mars are here interpreted to be lava ridges. The measured ridge spacings and heights are compatible with flow viscosities and emplacement strain rates appropriate to flows of rhyolitic composition. The folding model assumes that the lava is a Newtonian fluid whose viscosity decreases exponentially from a surface value, qo, through a thermal boundary layer of thickness H to a constant interior value, vi. The thickness H was found to be roughly equal to the observed heights of ridges, Ap on terrestrial basalt and rhyolite flows (1,2). We may describe the growth of a ridge to final height Af from an initial surface irregularity of height A, by:


To avoid the precision decrease of the machining data transferred from CAD to rapid prototyping (RP) system, key techniques of driving RP machine within CAD system were researched. The method of achieving the layers contour scanning data within CAD system was researched; then, the direct driving mode of RP machine was established; finally, tests were conducted on a polystyrene foam cutter machine with example of layer generation. Tests show that the approximate processing to CAD model can be avoided between CAD and RP, and RP machine can be driven and controlled within CAD system.


Objective To explore the characteristics of wav injury and speedway traffic injurys.Methods From January 2003 to December 2009,2588 cases of speedway traffic injuries in No.117 Hospital of PLA were anlyzed on the injured sites,the distribution of the critically wounded,the emergency nursing procedures and nursing methods.Then the data were compared with the corresponding data in a hospital of Kunming.Results Significant difference was identified neither on injure sites except injuries at multiple sites and other injuries nor on injury types except limb necrosis between patients with war injuries and those with speedway traffic injuries(P0.05).The two trauma emergency nursing both referred to the same period,bleeding,bandaging,fixed and handling.Conclusion The nurses' capacities of fast reaction,perfect emergency skills,timely reposition of batches of wounded and effective emergency management mode play the key role in rescuing the traffic wounded successfully and also serves as the key nursing points of emergency nursing methods for wartime and peacetime for nursing staff in military hospitals as well as the effective way to improve the rescue capacities in wartime and emergency incidents.


Writing the values of Krawtchouk polynomials as matrices, we consider weighted partial sums along columns. For the general case, we find an identity that, in the symmetric case yields a formula for such partial sums. Complete sums of squares along columns involve "Super Catalan" numbers. We look as well for particular values (matrix entries) involving the Catalan numbers. Properties considered and developed in this work are applied to calculations of various dimensions that describe the structure of some *-algebras over the Boolean lattice based on inclusion/superset relations expressed algebraically using zeons [zero-square elements].


Rates of CO2 absorption into aqueous droplets of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA) in water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion were measured in a flat-stirred vessel at 25°C. The effects of reactant concentration, size of aqueous droplets, volume fraction of continuous phase, and stirring speed on the absorption rate of CO2 were investigated. The absorption mechanism of CO2 into the continuous benzene phase through a gas–liquid interface was described on the basis of the penetration model, while the subsequent absorption/reaction in the dispersed aqueous droplets was modeled by the film model.


This article describes a general chemistry experiment designed to measure the pKa of benzoic acid using capillary zone electrophoresis. Despite the fact that modern biology relies so heavily on this analytical technique, students get very little explanation of the principles of electrophoresis in many biology labs. This laboratory exercise is intended to introduce undergraduate students to capillary electrophoresis while stressing the role of acid–base chemistry. While there are certainly easier ways to find the pKa of an acid (such as titration) this method requires only nanograms of the weak acid and is particularly well suited to analytes such as pharmaceuticals, herbicides, and pesticides that have low water solubility. In this experiment, students use capillary zone electrophoresis to determine the effective mobility of benzoic acid at two different hydrogen ion concentrations. A plot of these data yields the pKa of benzoic acid. Student results using this method (pKa = 4.23, RSD = 8.5%) are quite cl...


A new species of Tmesiphantes Simon, 1892, is described from sandstone/quartizitic caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia State, Brazil. This is the fifth species of the genus and the first record of a troglobitic mygalomorph in Brazil. A key is presented for all Tmesiphantes species.


Three social objectives figure prominently in the extraction of finite energy resources, namely income maximization, environmental quality, and inter-generational concern. Owing to lack of complementarity, the pursuit of these objectives often results in conflicts. As a result, extraction strategies should be based on the determination of trade-offs between the objectives. The paper deals with the formulation and illustration of a systems model to determine these trade-offs. The recognition of such trade-offs results in a greater conservation of the finite energy resource, and hence could act as an incentive for the development of alternative energy sources.


In this paper an UWB antenna has been proposed. This antenna consists of a circular patch with crescent shaped slot, in which different slots has been introduced to enhance the performance and operate the antenna for the multi-band operation, also window shaped parasitic patch has been used to introduce notches at different frequency bands. Band notched characteristics of the scheduled antenna is obtained to prevent the potential interference between the ultra wideband transmission systems and the existing limited band transmission system. The scheduled antenna is fabricated on a FR-4 Epoxy substrate; and has compact size of dimensions 36 × 32 mm2. According to the measured and simulated results of scheduled antenna, antenna has impedance bandwidth of 2.3 to 15 GHz with VSWR ≤ 2. The proposed antenna is suitable for the Bluetooth (2.4GHz), WiMax(2.5/3.5GHz), WLAN(2.4/4.9/5.8-GHz, and Ku-band satellite communication. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and the measured result is found very close to simulated results. The scheduled antenna shows high impedance bandwidth, stable gain, good antenna radiation pattern and high efficiency across the entire frequency range spectrum used for suitable UWB application.


Epidemiological evidence suggests an inverse relationship between soluble fiber intake and blood pressure, while evidence from randomized controlled trials remains largely controversial and poorly characterized. The present study aim is to conduct a systematic review and a meta‐analysis of randomly controlled trials to assess the effects of soluble fiber intake on blood pressure.


Aim at the disadvantages of traditional circuit breaker mechanical characteristic parameters test. Get the motion pictures of insulation connecting rod through high-speed camera, using the finite difference method to quickly screen out the motion pictures, and selecting punctuation area as a template for learning, using non-uniform sampling have a template matching, obtain the center coordinates of matching results, time interval is known every frame. Through coordinate changes over time we can obtain mechanical parameters of the circuit breaker accurately, fast, conveniently. Lab VIEW programs achieve the above process automatically.


AbstractControlled-release furosemide microspheres were prepared with various combinations of Eudragit L: Eudragit RS and Eudragit S: Eudragit RS and release of drug from microspheres containing these polymers in different ratios was studied. A wide range of release rates of drug can obtained by a simple change in the ratio of polymers. An increase in Eudragit RS content of polymer microsphere matrix brought about a decrease in the release rate.On the other hand, the effect of particle size on the drug release rate from furosemide microspheres was also investigated. The effect of microsphere sizes on release rate depends on the type of Eudragit. The decrease in release rates of small microspheres may be due to agglomerate formation. Dissolution data indicated that the release followed Higuchi's matrix model kinetics.


We have examined and interrelated a number of different relaxation processes in supercooled liquids by use of molecular correlation functions, some of which are newly developed and have projected dynamics. Experimentally it is found that in supercooled liquids both the projected and unprojected correlation functions yield similar Cole–Cole plots with skewed arc behavior. The similarity between the projected and unprojected correlation functions is possible only for a certain range of the parameter μJr(0)[τm/τcd]β, where μ and Jr(ω) are the shear modulus and retardational compliance, respectively, τm is the Maxwell stress relaxation time, and τcd and β are the relaxation time and spectral width parameter, respectively, which describe a Cole–Davidson representation of the skewed arc behavior of Jr(ω). The fact that this experimental parameter is found to be of order 2, independent of temperature, has been known, but the fact that values close to this are required for the projected and unprojected correlatio...


Studies were done to determine the effect of film oxygen transmission rate (OTR) on the time to toxicity in vacuum packaged cold and hot smoked rainbow trout fillets challenged with C. botulinum type E (10 2 spores/g) and stored at refrigerated conditions (4C), and under mild (8C) and moderate (12C) temperature abuse conditions. While no samples were toxic at 4C, toxin was detected within 28 days at 8C for cold smoked trout fillets vacuum packaged in films with high OTR. Toxin was also detected for most vacuum packaged hot smoked trout fillets within 14-28 days at 8C, with the exception of trout fillets packaged in films with an OTR > 10,000 cc/m 2 /day. In most cases at 8C, spoilage, based on odor/color scores, preceded or occurred simultaneously with toxigenesis. At 12C all cold and hot smoked trout were toxic after 14-21 days and samples packaged in films with an OTR <5000 cc/m 2 /day became toxic before, or at the same time as, samples became spoiled. This study has shown that vacuum packaging of trout fillets in low gas barrier films, ranging in OTR from approximately 3,000 to approximately 10, 000 cc/m 2 /day at 24C and 0% relative humidity (RH), did not prevent the growth and toxin production by C. botulinum in vacuum packaged cold and hot smoked trout fillets at 12C. Additional barriers, other than the OTR of the packaging film, need to be considered to ensure the safety of vacuum packaged trout fillets, particularly at mild to moderate temperature abuse storage conditions.


The purpose of this paper is to describe middle and high school science teachers' self-reported experiences learning and adopting novel optics and photonics content. The hybrid teacher professional development program design, theoretical framework, methodology, findings, and implications related to teachers' adoption decisions of optics and photonics content will be reported in the paper.


Scanning Hall probe microscopy is a noninvasive magnetic imaging technique with potential for having a major impact in the data storage industry if high-resolution Hall effect sensors can be developed with sufficiently low-noise figures at room temperature. To meet this requirement, we have developed a series of second-generation quantum-well Hall probes whereby the careful design of an AlGaAs∕InGaAs∕GaAs pseudomorphic heterostructure, chip layout, metal interconnects, and passivation layers has allowed a dramatic reduction of low-frequency noise sources. In addition, the Johnson noise-limited minimum detectable fields of these sensors are more than an order of magnitude lower than those used in early microscopes. The key figures-of-merit of the sensors are presented and their performance illustrated in an imaging study of a yttrium–iron–garnet thin film at room temperature.


To study and compare the radial deformation of the inner cylinders of two polyester final polymerization autoclaves with whole shell jacket or semicircle pipe jacket,the strength and deformation under design conditions are analyzed by ANSYS.The results show that,although the polyester final polymerization autoclave with whole shell jacket consumes more material,the radial deformation of inner cylinder is smaller.A T-shape stiffening ring is proposed to increase the stiffness and decrease the radial deformation for the inner cylinder of polyester final polymerization autoclaves with semicircle pipe jacket.


ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Garoderma lucidum spores on the contents of HO-1,cAMP,cGMP in brain tissue and NSE in serum. Methods30 wistar male rats at the age of 10 weeks were divided into 3 groups at random:Garoderma lucidum spores group,epilepsy model group and blank control group.Garoderma lucidum spore group and epilepsy model group received the sub-eclampsia dosage(35 mg/kg) of Pentetrazole(PTZ) through intraperitoneal injection once a day,28 days later,the rats that showing seizures more than 2 grades for 5 times were thought to reach the "igniting" standard.The rats in control group received the same volume of physiological saline.Rats in Garoderma Lucidum Spore group were given Garoderma lucidum Spores by intragastric administration at a volume of 150mg/kg;Epilepsy model group and control group received the same volume of physiological saline.At the end of experiment,the rats were sacrificed and their blood samples and brain tissues were collected under the low-temperature condition for determination of relevant indexes. ResultsThe rats in Garoderma Lucidum Spore group and epilepsy group all reached the "igniting" standard.Compared with the control group,the HO-1 positive cells in hippocampus and cortex area under high power field(HPF,100 times) were significantly increased in epilepsy model group(P0.01),and HO-1 positive cells were decreased in Lucidum Spore group compared with epilepsy model group(P0.05).The content of HO-1 positive cell in model group of epilepsy was much higher than that in control group(P0.01),and also higher than that in Garoderma Lucidum Spores group(P0.05).The contents of cAMP,cGMP in epilepsy model group were much higher than those in control group(P0.01),and the ratio of cAMP and cGMP was lowered(P0.01).In Garoderma Lucidum Spores,the contents of cAMP and cGMP were higher than those in control group(P0.01),and the content of cGMP was much lower than that in epilepsy model group(P0.01),and the ratio of cAMP to cGMP was also increased and the difference between Garoderma Lucidum Spores and epilepsy model group was significant(P0.05).The content of NSE in serum of epilepsy model group was higher than that in control group(P0.01),and also higher than that in Garoderma lucidum Spore group(P0.05). ConclusionGaroderma.lucidum Spores can decrease the excessive expression of HO-1 and regulate the ratio of cAMP to cGMP after epilepsy,so it can reduce the discharge of abnormal potential of nervous system and injury induced by HO-1 to neurons,decrease the NSE content in serum.


Industrial silicon was smelt in high temperature by tungsten wire mesh heating unit and the effects of different pressure conditions on dephosphorization by contrast tests of vacuum and low pressure were studied. The results show that when melting was done under the vacuum of 1×10~(-3)-2×10~(-2)Pa,the content of phosphorus,which decreased quickly in early stage,decreased with melting time.The dephosphorization reaction was first-order kernel and the activation energy was 102 kJ?mol~(-1).The removal rate,which increased with the increase of the melting temperature,exceeded 80%at 2.7 ks.Under the low pressure of 2-6 Pa,the dephosphorization reaction could be expressed by first-order kernel,but the effect of temperature on the removal rate of phosphorus was not obvious and the removal rate contant affected by pressure was low comparing with vacuum condition.The control step of dephosphorization rate under different pressures was different.


For the analysis of gas lubricated bearings, Reynolds equation is available in a number of forms-the original version, first-order modified, second-order modified, one-and-a-half order modified, and Boltzmann-Reynolds. All of these variants are asymptotically examined for instances in which local contact occurs in a bearing. These asymptotics serve to identify the order of the respective singularities in pressures, and thus imply the possible consequences of using a particular version of Reynolds equation in the presence of contact.


Robot technology rapidly expands from traditional industrial manufacturing to home services, medical care, education, rescue exploration, and military applications. In this paper, we design a Robot Operating System (ROS) based robotic platform with a stepping motor with a high precision advantage. This robotic platform is focused on controlling a stepping motor and combination with sensors such as 2D-Lidar, and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to achieve Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and navigation function. Furthermore, we propose a speed control algorithm for the stepping motor, which can convert the speed command published by Single Board Computer (SBC) into a Pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal. Finally, in the corridor scenario, we tested the robotic platform's 2D-Lidar mapping and autonomous navigation functions. The experimental results show that the robot platform has the good mapping and high-precision autonomous navigation capabilities.


The trend in nowadays real-time embedded systems is to use commercial off-the-shelf components, and in particular CPUs with cache memories. But because of the way the cache is working, additional delays known as Cache-Related Preemption Delays (CRPDs) might occur as soon as preemptive scheduling is considered. These CRPDs make the predictability problem more complex and may even threaten the system schedulability. This article presents different existing strategies to deal with CRPD issues. These strategies can focus on reducing the CRPDs at the cache level or can work at the scheduling level to control the number of preemptions. Combinations between those different methods are also presented.


This chapter presents an entrepreneurship-as-networking perspective on opportunity perception, evaluation, and action. Entrepreneurial opportunities are seen as relationally constituted; thus, social networks are a fundamental aspect of all opportunity-related processes. The network ties upon which entrepreneurs can draw largely influence their opportunity perceptions and, conversely, entrepreneurs intentionally shape their networks to get to those opportunities. In opportunity evaluation, the feedback of others is essential to identify an opportunity's feasibility and desirability. At the same time, these others often engage in shaping and co-creating the opportunities. In opportunity action, entrepreneurs tend to create strong embeddedness by forming their teams and hiring their employees from among their close ties. By discussing the key networking mechanisms of embedding, accessing, transferring, diversifying, and socializing for each of these opportunity-related processes, the authors highlight both the positive and negative generative aspects of the social interactions and social networks in relation to entrepreneurial opportunities.


This article explores the importance of higher education to international women's organisations such as the International Federation of University Women, the International Council of Women, the International Alliance of Women and Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and asks how studying abroad contributed to the international cooperation and understanding promoted by these organisations in the interwar period. In particular, it assesses how the movement of 'Eastern' women, especially East Asian, to the West for educational purposes at the beginning of the twentieth century benefited the expansion of these organisations beyond Europe, North America and white settler countries such as Australia and New Zealand between the world wars, and to what extent the experiences of international students in the 'West' influenced their political activities back home and their involvement in international women's organisations.


When I was a young and innocent postdoctoral researcher hunting for the elusive tenure track position, I would begin my seminars by briefly highlighting the major contributions made by alternative frameworks in conceptualizing what matters in directing evolution. Showing a slide of Darwin's finches, I would emphasize the role of adaptive evolution and the view of organisms as Swiss army knives— accumulations of gadgets, each with a specific function honed over time. Showing a drawing of a prehistoric small mammal gnawing on a dinosaur carcass, I would highlight the role of chance and accidents in the diversification of life on earth. And lastly I would show a drawing of a bird embryo squeezed to its limits within an egg and emphasize the role of developmental constraints in determining where and where not evolution may be allowed to go. I would close this introduction with three major conclusions: First, all three of these perspectives have been incredibly illuminating. Second, they are not mutually exclusive. Third, they are all roughly equally useless when it comes to understanding the origins of novelty in evolution because se lection cannot select for traits that do not yet exist, accidents can only sort among preexisting variation, and constraints only limit options, but by themselves do not create new ones (Moczek 2008). Instead I would posit that how the origin of novelty can be integrated within a framework of descent with modification, how novel complex traits may originate from within the confines of ancestral variation, the baby steps of innovation needed to eventually yield the first limb, wing, eye, feather, photic organ, and so on all remain remarkably poorly understood in spite of over 150 years of vibrant evolutionary biology since the publication of the Origin of Species (Darwin 1859). And then I would say that my research program addresses these shortcomings by integrating the role of development into our understanding of speed and direction in organismal evolution, in par tic u lar in the origins of novelty, and that I will fi nally resolve this long-standing, foundational challenge to evolutionary biology. And that you really should strongly consider hiring me. The Shape of Things to Come: Evo Devo Perspectives on Causes and Consequences in Evolution


Example discloses a channel resource allocation method, and a terminal apparatus, relates to communication technologies, in order to improve the amount of user downlink CCCH supports the present invention. The channel resource allocation method comprising: transmitting a first message to the at least two terminals, the first message comprising configuration information for enhanced downlink common control channel CCCH, the downlink CCCH includes the enhanced depending on different training sequences divided subchannel to the terminal according to the configuration information of the downlink CCCH enhanced listening subchannels; listening terminal on the downlink CCCH enhancement of transmission subchannel downlink control information. Embodiments of the present invention can increase the amount of supported users in the downlink CCCH.


The development of an increasingly advanced technology is one of the causes for cultural values to fade and be marginalized. Therefore, exploration of culture is needed to support the sustainability of mathematics learning. this study aims to explore the mathematical concepts found in Riau Malay specialties and their application in mathematics learning. this research is a qualitative study using an ethnographic approach. The instrument used are human instrument. The researcher communicates directly with the object of research and participate actively in data collection, either by means of literature study,  interview, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique was carried out by means of data reduction, presentation, analysis, and data exposure. The results of this study are in the form of mathematical concepts found in Riau Malay specialties, namely: point, line, bowstring, triangle,  rectangle, regular, octagon, circle, rectangular pyramid, beam, and congruence. Mathematical concepts found in Riau Malay specialties can be used to introduce and understand mathematical concepts in learning through local wisdom.


An approach is performed following finite element technique for MHD flow of viscous incompressible and electrically conducting fluid around a heat conducting solid block placed in a ventilated enclosure. A uniform transverse magnetic field is imposed in the opposite direction of flow perpendicular to the right vertical wall. Reynolds number and Prandtl number effects are investigated on flow and thermal field at a wide range of Reynolds (50≤Re≤500) and Prandtl (0.071≤Pr≤7.1) numbers. The expressions for the flow visualizations and temperature distributions inside the studied domain are presented by streamlines and isotherms. Moreover average Nusselt number at the hot wall and average bulk fluid temperature in the cavity are obtained. It is observed that the results focused in this paper are consistent with the physical reality of the flow problem.


A consideration of the mid-Paleozoic stress chronologies of certain areas of the British Isles provides an outline correlation of the structural and igneous events of those times and also gives a general picture of the orogenesis. It is found that the orogeny had a markedly pulsatory nature, compressional phases alternating with long periods of relief of pressure, which it is proposed should be called cross-phases. In any one area there is often evidence of change of direction of the main horizontal stress during a compressional phase or cross-phase, but it is not yet known whether such rotations of stress orientation were of local or widespread occurrence.


We introduce quasi-likelihood ratio tests for one sided multivariate hypotheses to evaluate the null that a parsimonious model performs equally well as a small number of models which nest the benchmark. The limiting distributions of the test statistics are non-standard. For critical values we consider: (i) bootstrapping and (ii) simulations assuming normality of the mean square prediction error difference. The proposed tests have good size and power properties compared with existing equal and superior predictive ability tests for multiple model comparison. We apply our tests to study the predictive ability of a Phillips curve type for the US core inflation.


Abstract : The utilization of microwave devices at high frequencies depends on the availability of materials with low acoustic loss. In order to extend the present frequency range of these devices, new materials with lower losses are desirable. The study was undertaken in an effort to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for acoustic attention and thus to develop improved materials. Large high-quality crystals of YAG, gallium-doped YAG, Nb and Lu doped YAG, LiNbO3, and LiTaO3 were grown; and the attenuation of these materials was measured.


OBJECTIVE:To study the protective action of tea phlyphenol(TP)on HepG2cells injury and the possible mechanism.METHODS:Different concentrations of TP were added into HepG2cell culture fluid,which was then added with H 2 O 2 and CCl 4 to form2kinds of injury models,cell survival rate was figured out by detecting the optical density value and changes of AST activities were monitored.RESULTS:As compared with model group,different concentrations of TP increa_ sed the survival rate of the injured HepG2cells,and reduced the activities of AST(P0.01).CONCLUSIONS:TP has prote_ ctive effect on HepG2cells injury,the mechanism is possibly related to the clearance of free radicals and its anti-lipid peroxi-dation.


The authors are with the National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Bin CI5700, Seattle, WA 98115. balaenopterids have fringed baleen plates instead of teeth, and feed on swarms of small zooplankton which they capture in their baleen as water is filtered through. Sei whales, like other baleen whales, do not have a welldefined school or social structure, and are generally found in small groups or as solitary individuals (Tomilin, 1957).


During the municipal trading debate, which was the first major privatisation debate in this country, local government accounting was very controversial. The variety of treatments of central establishment charges was an important part of the controversy. In essence, the debate was a confrontation between the policy imperative, which required uniform accounting, including complete allocation, of central establishment charges across trading undertakings, with the theoretical doubts that this was unattainable. One aspect of the context of the debate was that policy-makers did not have (and/or did not choose to have) the power to enforce their policies.


Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis (Link)) is a shrub plant that widely used as cosmetic ingredients especially jojoba oil. When making jojoba oil, the residue still reminds and become waste. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of jojoba seed residue (JSR). Jojoba seed residue was collected from Sudan. The JSR extracted by maceration with n -hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol solvent. The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The result showed that 70% ethanol extract of JSR had the highest antioxidant activity with 50% Inhibition Concentration (IC 50 ) value of 219.42 mg/L. The 70% ethanol extract was fractionated by using silica gel column chromatography with gradient elution produced 10 fractions. All fractions showed antioxidant activity (IC 50 106-447 mg/L). Fraction 3 had the highest antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 106.26 mg/L. Therefore, JSR has a great potential for use as a raw material in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products industry, or as a source of bioactive compounds.


The 2020 academic year began in an unusual way. After a week of traditional classes at San Nicolas Regional School, National Technological University, Argentina, teachers and students had to go into a mandatory lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this paper is to discuss the experience and show the obtained results in a Numerical Analysis course of an engineering career. An online alternative was designed for the Numerical Analysis courses, and the second week of the course, the tasks in the virtual classroom started. The content of each module was presented in a series of lessons and weekly assignments were proposed throughout the semester. Students had to sit for two assessments, covering two topics each, as was usually done in face-to-face classes. The experience was demanding, for both professors and students, but good outcomes were achieved. This paper recommends that everyone involved in teaching and learning has had to adapt, given the circumstances.
Keywords: Numerical Analysis, online course, assessment, home-classroom, semester.


Abstract Motivated by a recent conjecture of the second author related to the ternary partition function, we provide an elegant characterization of the values bm(mn) modulo m where bm(n) is the number of m-ary partitions of the integer n and m ≥ 2 is a fixed integer.


This paper discusses the various stages of detecting tumours of the breast mammogram images. A Neural Network algorithm is applied for obtaining the complete classification of the tumour into normal or abnormal. The most important procedure or technique for obtaining the classification is the feature extraction, by extracting a few of discriminative features, first-order statistical intensities and gradients. The Image Preprocessing technique is essential prior to Image Segmentation in order to obtain accurate segmentation. Thus mass detection can be carried out. The processes involved in achieving the three techniques mentioned above include global equalization transformation, denoising, binarization, breast orientation determination and the pectoral muscle suppression. The presented feature difference matrices could be created by five features extracted from a suspicious region of interest (ROI). Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) aids the obtaining of statistical features such as correlation, energy, entropy and homogeneity. The other statistical to features to obtain are area, moment, variance, entropy, standard deviation and moment. The Neural network technique yields results of abnormal mammograms. Copyright © 2015 IFSA Publishing, S. L.


ABSTRACT New estimates indicate that many children in low- and middle-income countries are at risk of developmental delay (DD). This study aimed to assess the prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of undetected DD, and mean developmental scores (MDS) in preschool-aged children in the northwest of Iran. This study was conducted on 615 children aged 36–60 months. For the early detection of DD, the Persian version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) was used for face-to-face interviews with mothers. Our findings showed that the prevalence of DD was 13.98% (1.63% in communication, 2.28% in gross motor skills, 3.41% in fine motor, 2.67% in problem-solving and 3.58% in social-personal domains). Multivariate analyses showed that DD was higher in preterm children, single-child families, and the second SES quantile. Due to the high prevalence of DD and the importance of early identification and intervention, it is necessary to diagnose DD at early ages.


Chondrolabral damage in hips with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) may result from motion conflict due to abnormal bony morphology. Clinical range of motion and skin-marker motion analysis studies indicate that kinematics are altered in FAI hips, but assessments are limited due to subjective goniometer alignment, skin motion artifact, and imprecise estimations of the hip joint center. Computer simulations of collision between the femur and pelvis suggest that FAI reduces range of motion, but assume a fixed center of rotation and neglect bulk soft tissue restraints. Thus, hip impingement has not been accurately quantified in vivo.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


NASA Langley researcher and space architect Patrick Troutman will give a lecture entitiled "Cislunar Space, the Gateway to Future Exploration."


A number of catalysts based on cerium oxide have been synthesized to study the process of plasma-catalytic decomposition of CO2 in a barrier discharge. For the first time, an oxide catalyst MgCe-Al has been compared with samples containing in the composition only cerium oxide or magnesium oxide. It has been established that, in the presence of the MgCe-Al sample, the highest degree of the CO2 decomposition and highest energy efficiency get achieved. Keywords: barrier discharge, cerium oxide, low temperature plasma, catalyst, CO2 decomposition.


This study found a new type of immobilized mycelial pellet GX-1310, which can better treat industrial wastewater. Among them, Aspergillus fumigatus G-13 (degradable lignin) was combined with Bacillus cereus X10-1-2 (having the ability to produce cellulase), and the two synergistically produce strong degradation ability. Taking combined mycelial pellet as the research object, its ability to treat papermaking wastewater, heavy metal wastewater and dye wastewater was investigated. The combined mycelial pellet was superior to the single fungal mycelium in the degradation of lignocellulose, removal of heavy metal ions and adsorption capacity of dyes. And the combined mycelial pellet has a wide range of application conditions (temperature range 28-34°C and pH range 4-8), which can maintain high processing capacity for papermaking wastewater, heavy metal wastewater and dye wastewater. After three batches of wastewater treatment, the combined mycelial pellet still maintains high activity and can continuously treat wastewater. The study fixed the single fungal mycelium together with cellulose-degrading bacteria, the strains producing different enzymes were combined to form a multi-functional combined mycelial pellet. This method provides a new way for industrial wastewater treatment.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper (the first of two) is to consider measures of risk commonly used in the analysis of both investment and insurance portfolios, and argue that there is a need for more appropriate measures to capture the uncertainty inherent in non-normal (i.e. asymmetric and/or long tailed) probability distributions. Design/methodology/approach - In Part 1, the risk measures used most frequently in finance and insurance – i.e. the standard deviation (variance), value at risk, tail value at risk, default value, etc. – are reviewed and then the paper explores whether such measures are sufficient for all contexts, including those in which the subject random variable is characterized by asymmetry and/or long tails. As an alternative to conventional measures, the paper assesses the potential of a general Findings - Virtually, all commonly used risk measures, even those designed specifically to capture the behavior of asymmetric randomness, require that the underlying random variable possess a finite variance, or at least a finite mean. To overcome such difficulties, the paper considers a general definition of "risk" based upon a quantity closely related to the Originality/value - The paper explores the use of


The intent of this chapter is to take a broader perspective, extending our understanding of acquired resistance in a few fungi to the problem of intrinsic (primary) resistance throughout the fungal kingdom. In diploid fungi heterozygous mutations associated with antifungal resistance may be dominant or recessive; under selective pressure the latter may undergo mitotic gene conversion to homozygosity. A role for genome instability (chromosome rearrangements or aneuploidy) in antifungal resistance was illustrated by recent studies of Candida albicans. The first generation of azole antifungals were imidazoles such as clotrimazole and miconazole. As with PDR1, TAC1 is evolutionarily divergent, and there are no unambiguous orthologs outside of the C. albicans-containing CTG clade. The first generation of research on antifungal resistance has focused on understanding the basis for acquired resistance in the experimentally tractable fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. albicans, and C. glabrata. The second generation of antifungal resistance research will explore the basis for intrinsic resistance in the diverse fungal pathogens that increasingly threaten immunocompromised patients, particularly Aspergillus, Fusarium, Scedosporium, and zygomycete species. Ultimately, understanding the molecular basis for intrinsic antifungal resistance will facilitate the design of second-generation inhibitors with an extended spectrum of activity.


Thoracoscopic mobilization was performed in nine patients with oesophageal cancer. Five principles emerged as essential for successful dissection: (1) the selection of patients with mobile oesophageal tumours without evidence of local invasion; (2) double‐lumen anaesthesia and complete collapse of the right lung during surgery; (3) simultaneous use of a flexible gastroscope; (4) high‐quality illumination; and (5) minimal blood loss during dissection. The surgeon should have adequate training in thoracic operations. Further experience should permit mediastinal lymph node dissection. Postoperative pulmonary complications were common, requiring prolonged intensive care management. Widespread adoption of the technique cannot be recommended.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
The aim of this study was to investigate whether exogenous dehydrocholic acid (DHCA) was useful to enhance the delineation of hepatolithiasis.

METHODOLOGY
Our study population comprised 9 patients. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was acquired before and after the administration of DHCA. Two different MRCP snap-shot techniques were applied: thick-slab two-dimensional (2D) (coronal) single shot turbo spin echo T2-weighted sequences and multisection thin-slab, 2D (coronal) single shot turbo spin echo T2-weighted sequences with three-dimensional (3D) maximum intensity projection (MIP) post processing.

RESULTS
DHCA provided a better visualization of hepatolithiasis in 8 of 9 cases (88.9%).

CONCLUSIONS
It was suggested that administration of DHCA could enhance the delineation of the hepatolithiasis on MRCP images.


News piece on the launch of a new innovative interdisciplinary course at the University of Glasgow, 'Golden Age Iberia in Glasgow'. The course is aimed at Honours students of History of Art, Spanish, or Portuguese, focusing on the close connections between text and image in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries in the Iberian Peninsula. This includes the period of the Iberian Dual Monarchy, when both Portugal and Spain were rule by the Habsburg kings Philip II, III, and IV of Spain (I, II, and III of Portugal). The course includes 'walking seminars' in situ at museums and galleries in Glasgow, especially Pollok House and Glasgow Museums Resource Centre.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic relationship of Gram negative bacteria (3 strains of Salmonella typhi, 1 strain of Escherichia coli, 1 strain of Serratia marcescens, and 3 strains of Enterobacter cloacae) of Enterobacteriaceae family in positive Widal blood cultures based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results respectively showed that each two 16S rRNA gene clones of Serratia marcescens KD 08.4 had a close relationship with 16S rRNA gene of Serrratia marcescens ATCC 13880 (similarity: 99.53-99.8%), Eschericia coli BA 30.1 with Eschericia coli ATCC 11775T (similarity: 99.38-99.67%), Salmonella typhi BA 07.4, Salmonella typhi KD 30.4, and Salmonella typhi SA 02.2 with Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430T (similarity: 99.4-100%) as well as the isolates of Enterobacter cloacae SA 02.1, Enterobacter cloacae BA 45.4.1, one 16S rRNA gene clone of Enterobacter cloacae TG 03.5 with Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 23373 (similarity: 99.0-99.87%).


This paper shows that we can improve the robust-ness of Digitally Modulated radars (e.g. PMCW, OFDM) to transceiver analog front-end non-idealities with the help of a technique called $\pi/K$ modulation. This consists in applying a progressive $\pi/K$ phase rotation on top of the transmitted signal. We show that some specific values of $K$ can remove the impact of IQ imbalance and receiver DC offset without requiring additional complex signal processing. In addition, this solution also provides MIMO capabilities. The $\pi/K$ modulation does not impact the property of the code sequence but changes the impact of front-end non-idealities. Therefore, we can see this parameter $K$ as a new degree of freedom which can be used to improve Digitally Modulated radars.


Academic research in the UK is facing an identity crisis. Universities are responding to a national 'impact agenda' (HEFCE et al 2011; 2017 Nurse 2015), which calls for the evidencing of applied uses of university research (Bastow et al 2013; Brewer 2013; NESTA/Alliance for Useful Evidence (2016) and the engagement of research users/mediators in research processes (e.g. Rickinson et al 2011; Facer et al 2012; Morton 2015; Wolff 2015), and may blur traditional boundaries around the role of academic research in relation to knowledge produced by other actors (including public-sector think-tanks, private-sector consultancy firms, the media and civil society organisations) (McCormick 2013; Shucksmith 2016).


Decays of the type $B\to D hh^\prime$, where a $b$~hadron decays to a neutral charm meson that can be an admixture of $D^0$ and $\overline{D}{}^0$ states together with two light particles that are typically a kaon and a pion, have demonstrated potential to enable precise determinations of the angle $\gamma$ of the CKM Unitarity Triangle. The current status and future prospects of these measurements are reviewed.


The near-field SAR technology has shown great application value in many fields, such as security inspection, and radar cross section (RCS) measurement. However, due to side-lobe crosstalk and near-field spherical wave effect, the near-field SAR image has high clutter and side-lobe, which leads to serious image degradation. Complex image degradation results in the loss of target structure and contour, which limits the further application of near-field SAR technology. Due to the complex degradation, current restoration methods are not effective enough in terms of weak scattering center and target shape (geometry and structure) restoration. In this article, we first analyze near-field SAR image degradation. Then, utilizing the recent promising deep learning, we propose a novel near-field SAR image restoration framework. In this framework, we construct model-driven 2D CNN for 2D image restoration and 3D CNN for 3D image restoration, respectively. To validate the proposed framework, we construct experiments on simulated 2D and 3D test set, respectively. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed framework for both 2D and 3D situations.


The outbreak of the crisis of the financial markets, which has occurred in the second decade of the year 2008, was absolutely baffling for many citizens, as well as for economists and financial experts. At least such sensation we get from various opinions of so-called "leading economists", who make us believe that our world, entirely ruled by perfect principals of neo-liberal economy, has suddenly had to face an unpredictable and unavoidable disturbance. An extremely liberal approach to the question of the crisis (which nowadays is rarely expressed in a direct form) stated that crises constitutes a phenomenon, which appears from time to time and is one necessary and normal "healing" factor for the economy. Therefore we should allow the natural forces of the market to regain the initial balance of the economy.


The implementation of flipped classroom can help students achieve the goal of deep learning, and the BOPPPS model which is rising in recent years provides a basic framework for the implementation of flipped classroom. Through the analysis of the concept of flipped classroom and the feasibility of constructing the flipped classroom teaching mode of computer application foundation, this paper summarizes the methods of constructing the flipped classroom teaching of Computer Application Fundamentals, hoping to provide reference for the flipped classroom teaching in higher vocational colleges. Teaching practice shows that the OBE-BOPPPS teaching mode is helpful to solve the problems in the teaching process, improve the teaching quality of university teachers, improve the learning effect of students, and promote the teaching reform of basic computer courses.


Whether the teaching process of graduation project is well executed or not has a direct impact on the quality of personnel training. In terms of the status quo of teaching process for the graduation project, the teaching model based on school-enterprise collaborative innovation graduation project is proposed and the necessity of implementing the teaching model based on school-enterprise collaborative innovation graduation project is explained. Implementing measures are put forward, as well as the operating mechanisms of cooperation to improve the teaching level of graduation project and guarantee the quality of personnel training.


The author examines the future implications of the changing numerical balance of the sexes in the United States. The causes of this change in sex ratio are also explored (ANNOTATION)


Researches in the territory of new individual building of Ufa in spring time of birds of two families of Corvidae (lat. Corvidae ) and Sparrow (lat. Passeridae ) showed on a difference of their dynamics. Among them stability is observed only at a field sparrow (lat. Passer montanus ) and gray crow (lat. Corvuscornix ) (Km = 1.13); dynamics size for the entire period is practically at one level. Most brightly dynamics is expressed at a black raven (lat. Corvus corax ) (Km = 1.88).


On the left is the Whole-Person or All-Men pole and on the right is the Whole-Person or Maw' (Eagle) pole, which were both raised by Chief Wiistis.


A few years ago, computer big data was still in the stage of concept speculation, but since the 13th five year plan outline pointed out that the national computer big data strategy should be implemented, the situation has changed greatly. The computer big data logistics information platform takes computer big data and Internet of things as the core support, integrates cloud computing, mobile Internet, artificial intelligence and other technologies to provide process visualization, dynamic tracking and integrated intelligent logistics services for relevant users. On this shared information platform, the relevant entities can realize real-time data exchange and information sharing, which greatly improves the operational efficiency of logistics integration of upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain, and promotes the development of local economy [1].


Diallel crosses were made among six varieties of hard red spring wheat that differed considerably in yield and other characteristics. The F1 hybrids were tested at two seeding rates and the F2, hybrids at one. Heterosis was not great in either generation and no cross appeared to be promising. General combining ability was much more important than specific combining ability and parental yields gave reasonable predictions of hybrid yields. Yields of hybrids at the two seeding rates were closely correlated.


Thank you for reading 50 years of modern art. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their chosen readings like this 50 years of modern art, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop. 50 years of modern art is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the 50 years of modern art is universally compatible with any devices to read.


The invention discloses a rotating head library for an accessory head. The rotating head library for the accessory head comprises a head library fixing frame, a rotation driving mechanism and a fixing mechanism. The fixing mechanism is used for fixing the accessory head and a dustproof cover. A rotating shaft is installed on the head library fixing frame. The outer side of the rotating shaft is coaxially sleeved with a shaft barrel. The rotating shaft is connected with the shaft barrel. The fixing mechanism is fixed to the shaft barrel. The rotation driving mechanism is connected with the rotating shaft. When the rotating head library for the accessory head is used, the rotating shaft is driven by the rotation driving mechanism to rotate, and the fixing mechanism is driven to rotate around the rotating shaft. The rotating head library for the accessory head is compact in structure, small, exquisite, and capable of saving machine tool space and increasing the utilization rate of an overall machine tool layout; the dustproof cove and the accessory head can be placed on the same head library fixing frame at the same time, as a result, the machining and manufacturing cost of the rotating head library is greatly lowered, and the assembly requirement for accessory heads of small and medium-sized gantry machine tools can be met.


Correlation between craniocaudal length of right lobe of liver and age of subjects is not significant at 5% level of significance. Correlation between craniocaudal length of right lobe of liver and gender of subjects is significant at 5% level of significance, (p=0.00). Craniocaudal length of right lobe and height of subjects showing +ve correlation and correlation between ccl of rt lobe and height  of subjects is significant at 5% level of significance. Craniocaudal length of right lobe and body mass index  of subjects showing +ve correlation (r=0.356) and correlation between ccl of rt lobe and BMI  of subjects is significant at 5% level of significance. Craniocaudal length of right lobe and weight of subjects showing +ve correlation (r=0.047) and correlation between ccl of rt lobe and weight of subjects is not significant at 5% level of significance.


ABSTRACT Plant polyphenols and polyphenol-rich extracts are known to exhibit a wide range of anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and pro-apoptotic properties, and may also suppress the development of many ophthalmological diseases. Dry eye disease is associated with disturbances of the tear film. Although synthetic drugs and artificial tears can be used to treat the disorder, their long-term use may cause many side effects. The etiology of dry eye syndrome is complex, but the disease is now recognized as being mainly associated with ocular surface inflammation and oxidative stress. This review highlights the impact of polyphenols (alone or mixed) on the inflammatory process contributed to the pathophysiology of dry eye syndrome and summarizes the scientific basis for this action. It also describes the preclinical development, pharmacological properties, clinical efficacy and safety of polyphenols. Graphical abstract


The distribution of Mn and Ni in soils of one of the most famous winegrowing regions of Spain, Rioja D.O.Ca (Denomination of origin, Spain's top category), was studied in detail according to its geographical location. There were background concentrations of 288.81 mg kg−1 total Mn in the surface horizon and 296.06 mg kg−1 in the subsoil; and a total Ni content of 17.89 mg kg−1 in the surface horizon and 24.76 mg kg−1 in the subsoil. The amounts of Mn bio- or phytoavailable were 5.28 mg kg−1 in the upper horizon and 4.70 mg kg−1 in the subsurface horizon; and for Ni bio- or phytoavailable, the amounts were 0.14 mg kg−1 in the upper horizon and 0.13 mg kg−1 in the deeper horizon. Spatial distribution patterns were established using GIS contour maps for the two elements, showing significant variations within and between the sites. The local contamination is generally associated with the quantities that are added to the soil or water from man-made sources such as industrial discharge and volatile emissions, sewage sludge, livestock wastes and other wastes.


This paper presents a Neuro-Fuzzy approach for the D.C. servo motor, within the Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) framework. To tackle the plant parameters variation, an adaptive algorithm is derived to tune a designed fuzzy controller such that the system output follows a desired output for stable reference model. The simulation result shows no oscillation in response and the time for reaching the desired position is very short with zero steady state errors. Based on the simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK package, it is found that the Neuro-fuzzy controller can be a viable choice for a networked control system due to its robustness against parameter uncertainty. Keyword: model reference control, Neuro-fuzzy, Simulink, Position control, D.C. servo. يبابض رطيسم ىمع دنتسم تباث رايت كرحمل يبصع ةراشلإا ةيجذومنلا للهادبع ديجم يكز ةجيوحلا ـ ينقتلا ديعملا :ثحبلا ملاتسا خيرات 2 / 2 / 2012 :ثحبلا لوبق خيرات 22 / 2 / 2012 ةصلاخلا ميمصت ثحبلا اذى مدّقي و رطيسم ةاكاحم عون نم عقوملا ىمع يفيكت ةرزأوملا ةموظنمل كرحمل (تباثلا رايتلا تاذ D.C ) رطيسملا ءانب مت . لااب متع ا د يبابض ةرطيس ماظن ىمع هءانب يف ميغنتل ةيفيكت ةيمزراوخ مادختسا مت.ةيجذومنلا ةراشلإا ىمع ادنتسم يبصع رطيسملا يبابضلا يبصعلا ماظنمل جرخ ىمع لوصحمل كلذو ورقتسم جئاتنلا وتنيب امك رقتسملا جذومنلا نم جتانلا جرخمل لثامم نوكي بذبذت نودب لوصول تقولاو , ةيجذومنلا ةراشلأا عم قباطتم ماظنلا لبق نم عقوممل عبتت كانى ناك ثيح ميمصتلا اذى نم اييمع لوصحلا مت يتلا عقوملا را رقتسلأا ةلاح يف ءاطخلا مادعنا عم ادج ريصق بومطملا لاغتشلأا ءانثا ماظنلا رصانع رييغتو لمعلا طاقن رييغت نم مغرلا ىمع . مت ( جمانرب ةطساوب ةموظنملاو رطيسملا ءانب MATLAB/Simulink ) . :ةلادلا تاممكلا ,ةيجذومنلا ةراشلإا جذومن يس,جذومنلا ةاكاحم ,ويبابض ةيبصع تاكبش تباث رايت كرحم,عقوملا ةرط Introduction The many approaches in the past year for position control of the DC servo motor was designing a controller based on an analytical system model[1]. However, the major cause of difficulty with model-based controllers on the accuracy of the mathematical model. Due to the difficulty to achieve an accurate model, the performance therefore tends to be poor. Fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) offer an attractive alternative to conventional modelbased control schemes. FLC is basically model-free control paradigm, where the control Zaki Majeed Abdullah 63 signal is calculated by fuzzy inference rather than from system dynamics. This property makes an (FLC) suitable for controlling nonlinear uncertain or ambiguity system such as friction. It has also been proved that an FLC works well in situations where there is perturbation in plant parameters and structure. The fuzzy logic can be considered as a mathematical theory combining multi-valued logic, probability theory, and artificial intelligence to simulate the human approach in the solution of various problems by using an approximate reasoning to reflect different data sets to make decision. The fuzzy adaptive strategies are closer to the experts, reflecting their knowledge and experience. As the modern conventional control strategies grow in complexity, the fuzzy controllers are very competitive in high performance applications. As a result the performance/complexity ratio is generally higher for adaptive fuzzy controller [2]. There exist two major different types of fuzzy control: Mamdani (e.g. [3]) and the Takagi-Sugeno (TS) type [4]. They mainly differ in the fuzzy rule consequent. The Mamdani fuzzy controllers utilize fuzzy sets as the consequence where the TS fuzzy controller employs (linear) functions of the input variables as the consequence. Presently, almost all the fuzzy controllers are used and treated as black-box controller that when constructed properly by the trail-and-error method could produce satisfactory results. The adaptive-fuzzy and Neuro-fuzzy approaches have been used with success in modeling and control of dynamic systems, as widely reported in the recent literature (e.g. [5][6]). One of the difficulties in using fuzzy structures is the task of finding suitable membership functions and rules associating them. Many articles propose methods to train and optimize membership functions and rules (e.g. [7]-[8]). The basic idea of model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is to introduce a global stability criterion into the procedure and to choose the adaptive control law in such a way that the requirement of the stability criterion is fulfilled. In other words, it is desired to design a controller that computes a control action signal, such that the overall control system response dynamically as the specified reference model. Limitations of the classical PID design is, the controller parameters must be tuned by some appropriate algorithm to obtain the desired response and also re-tuning is required for the different values of load changes. The system is affected by the environment conditions, hence, not a robust system. The reference model embodies the desired performance characteristics of the overall system. Typically, this is a first order or well damped second order linear system although it could alternatively by nonlinear [9]. Zaki Majeed Abdullah 63 Fuzzy Controller Structure Here we employ a simplified fuzzy model, Constant Fuzzy Model (CFM), in which the consequent part is constant. In fact, it is a special form of Linearity Fuzzy Model (LFM) introduced by Sugeno [10], in which the consequent part is linear function of inputs. (CFM) realizes the inference as follows: Rule R j :IF x1 is (x1) ,.... And xn is (xn), THEN y=wj, j=1,2,...,m ...(1) Output: , ∏ ...(2) Here R j is the jth rule, xi is the input, are the fuzzy set, wj are the consequent part of the rule and are the fuzzy membership functions of the input. Hybrid Nueral Fuzzy Controller Figure(1-a) shows the connectionist Nueral Fuzzy Control System (NFCS). This system has a total of four layers. A typical network consist of unit which has some finite fanin of connections represented by weight value from other units and fan-out of connections to other units see figure (1-b). Associated with fan-in of unit is an integration function (f) which serves to combine information, activation, or evidence from other nodes. The net input for this node is as follows. ( ) ...(3) Where the superscript indicates the layer number. This notation will be also used in the following equations. A second action of each node is to output an activation value as a function of its net_input. ...(4) Where a(.) denotes the activation function. Layer 1:Input layer. This node in this layer just transmits input values to the next layer directly. ...(5) The link weight at layer one is unity. Layer 2: Membership function This layer performs the membership function. The jth term set of the ith input maps the input into the membership degree, that is: Zaki Majeed Abdullah


Objective: To establish a reliable iodine-deficient animal model. Methods:We fed 4 week-old Wistar rats with iodine-deficient forage and deionized water for 3 months and studied the relative indexes of thyroid.Results:Median of urine iodine, contents of iodine,thyroid hormone in thyroid,and level of serum total thyroxine significantly decreased. Relative weight of thyroid, thyroid iodine uptake rate, and activity of thyroid proteolytic enzyme,and level of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone significantly increased. In addition, hyperplastic goiter was observed with light microscope. Conclusion:The reliable iodine-deficient animal model has been established.


There is no curative treatment that modifies the structure of the damaged articular cartilage. This study examined the effect of melatonin (MT) with or without treadmill exercise (Ex) on aberrant chondrocyte behavior. MT was injected twice/day subcutaneously and Ex was conducted for 1 h/day. The interventions were initiated 4 weeks after an intra‐articular collagenase injection, and were maintained for 4 weeks. Vehicle treatment (Veh) elevated the joint parameters, while MT with or without Ex restored them to the control levels. Intervention reduced the levels of both serum TNF‐α and its downstream molecules Hif‐2a and Runx2. COL2A1 was over‐expressed and cleaved in the Veh and MT alone groups, while active MMP‐13 was the same in all groups. Intervention decreased the cleaved caspase‐3 level regardless of the type, whereas LC3 II expression was abolished in MT+Ex only. Combined intervention induced the upregulation of TGF‐β1 gene expression, with lower ALP levels. Consistent with this, histological repair was stimulated in the MT+Ex group. These findings suggest that melatonin combined with exercise blocks the TNF‐α‐mediated death signal via TGF‐β1 upregulation, leading to cartilage recovery in the osteoarthritic rats.