Optical measurements were used to detect structural anisotropy in concentrated dispersions over a range of Peclet numbers. Silica spheres of 49 and 130 nm radii with grafted octadecyl chains were dispersed in cyclohexane at volume fractions from 0.1 to 0.4. The apparatus consisted of a Couette cell with the dispersion in the annulus probed by a HeNe laser beam parallel to the axis of rotation. The dichroism and birefringence of the transmitted beam varied linearly with shear rate at low Peclet numbers with an orientation coincident with the principle direction of shear. Increasing the Peclet number, by increasing the particle size, produced a nonlinear response with the orientation tending to align in the direction of flow. A theory coupling the nonequilibrium microstructure under shear to the optical properties of the suspension enables direct interpretation of the dichroism. Comparison of sample dichroism calculations for two different forms of the theory demonstrates that the optical technique can be u...


Crime is a problem that is almost as old as man. It has long since been the goal of many stakeholders to find the reason and solution to the problem of crime. Relevant professionals and bodies have still not reached a consensus on the reason for criminal behavior. The goal of this study is to identify any patterns or connections between family - type, single-parenting, parenting style, childhood deprivation, broken home, sibling rivalry, and peer influence and criminal behavior in order to find potential solutions to the problem of crime. The study uses a descriptive research design and involves a sample of 200 inmates selected through simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire consisting of measures of the family - type, single-parenting, broken home, childhood deprivations, sibling rivalry, parenting style, and peer influence was used to collect data. Three research questions were raised for the study and data collected was analyzed through the use of Multiple Regression Analysis, and Correlation tested at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that there were significant relationships between family - type (r=0.642**; p<.05); followed by Peer influence (r=0.628**; p<.05); Broken home (r=0.595**; p<.05); Single - parenting (r=0.560**; p<.05); Childhood deprivation (r=0.551**; p<.05); Parenting style (r=0.547**; p<.05); Sibling rivalry (r=0.122**; p<.05) and criminal behaviors of inmates. Seven independent variables jointly contributed a total of 64.6% (adjusted R2=0.646) to the total variance of the criterion variable (criminal behavior of Agodi inmates, Nigeria). The independent variables made relative contributions to criminal behavior in the following order Family - type (?=0.246, t=6.910; P<0.05); Peer influence (?=0.242, t=7.235; P<0.05); Broken home (?=0.241, t=3.677; P<0.05); Single parenthood (?=0.235, t=3.651; P<0.05); Childhood deprivation (?=0.221, t=3.822; Parenting style (?=0.189, t=0.1.4.370; P<0.05); and finally, Sibling rivalry (?=0.080, t=3.019; P<0.05). This study found that the independent variables contribute significantly to criminal behavior among inmates in Agodi, Nigeria. It suggests that if the situation of families and homes continues to deteriorate, criminal behavior will also continue to increase. The study recommends providing orientation to the public on the role of the family in shaping an individual's behavior and the causes and effects of criminal behavior in order to address the issue.


Curriculum, as a soft component, is vital as a guiding tool to achieve the vision and mission determined by each educational institution. Therefore, curriculum development for an educational institution should consider aspects of student development, community needs and developments in science and technology. This research wants to see how the head of the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah and the teachers in the Ponorogo Ma'arif Education Institute interpret the development of the Islamic Education curriculum so that various subjects in the Islamic Education family can be achieved according to the goals formulated. This study uses an interpretive paradigm through a qualitative approach, a case study type. Data collection techniques use in-depth interviews, observation and documentation. The analysis tool used is the qualitative analysis model of Miles and Huberman data reduction, data display and verification. I checked data validity using triangulation; credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. The study results show that the development of the Islamic Education curriculum is interpreted as a strategic activity to develop Madrasahs and link one component of the Islamic Education curriculum with other members. The development of the Islamic Education curriculum at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah within the Ponorogo Ma'arif Educational Institution follows the stages of curriculum development consisting of planning, organizing, implementing, human resources, control, and a comprehensive mechanism.


The definition of proper tools to support the implementation of Water Framework Directive (WFD) is an urgent task in the European Union (EU). Agriculture deserves special attention since in most countries water consumption is higher than in other sectors and pollution due to irrigated agricultural activity is often a serious problem, while social and cultural issues are relevant. The paper presents a program called DSIRR designed to conduct an integrated analysis of water use in agriculture considering agronomic, hydraulic, economic and environmental aspects as well as complexity and uncertainty for decision making. The tool permits to analyze in great detail the relevant production systems existing in a catchment integrating stakeholders perspectives. The impact of markets, water and agricultural policies, climate, technological innovation can be assessed and the ex-ante analysis of economic instruments, suggested by WFD for cost recovery according with polluter-pays principle, conducted. Scenario analysis is used to cope with uncertainty. The paper presents a study conducted in the Po Basin in Italy comparing the impact of a water pricing and of the EU agricultural policy reform on annual and perennial crops systems. A set of indicators quantifies important differences in social, economical and environmental dimensions and suggests to adopt selective interventions. The results permit to appreciate the relevance of the tool to generate information to support the participatory policy process of basin plan implementation. A graphical user interface, a modular architecture, an open structure, a rich set of models, standardized database, make DSIRR a flexible and powerful tool for a more sustainable agriculture and a sound water policy in agriculture.


The presence of in-plane loading may cause buckling of stiffened panels. An accurate knowledge of critical buckling load and mode shapes is essential for reliable and lightweight structural design. This paper presents parametric studies on simply supported laminated composite blade-stiffened panels subjected to linearly varying in-plane edge/compressive loading. Studies are carried out by changing the panel orthotropy ratio, stiffener depth, pitch length (number of stiffeners), smeared extensional stiffness ratio of stiffener to that of the plate and load distribution parameter. Based on the studies, a few important parameters influencing the buckling behavior are identified and their significance is discussed. Further, the interaction equations for combined loadings are validated by carrying out numerical studies.


We are looking at new effective ways to engage families in weight management. Going beyond targeting individuals out of their family context with a single intervention, we investigate ways of delivering tailored health information as an information service, using the family as a major contextual factor. In particular, we explore interaction modes and processes of engagement with families that would be most effective to provide an information service that users will perceive as a real benefit to them.


Yersinia enterocolitica, a bacterium that causes foodborne disease (FBD), has been found in ponds and lakes and has been isolated from pork, beef, oysters, fi sh, and raw milk. It causes gastrointestinal syndromes and can multiply at temperatures used during the storage of fi sh. The study aimed to investigate the presence of Y. enterocolitica in fi sh caught in the Lagoa dos Pato estuary and to verify the similarity between isolates from samples collected immediately after landing and after processing for sale to the consumer. 13 fi sh discharges were followed and 130 fi shes (65 entire and 65 cleaned) were analyzed regarding Y. enterocolitica presence. The microorganism was isolated in 4.61 % of whole fi sh samples and 7.7 % of ready-to-trade fi sh samples, specifi cally Paralichthys orbignyanus and Micropogonias furnieri species, which constitutes the fi rst record of this bacteria occurrence in these fi sh species. The results demonstrate the need to train the handlers about the hygienic handling during the operations of cleaning and sanitizing in order to avoid food contamination by pathogenic micro-organisms. It also needs to increase health surveillance activities in order to avoid risks in fi sh consumption.


Two techniques have been field-tested. These are ''huff-and-puff'' CO/sub 2/ injection for stimulation of the producing wells and either alternate or simultaneous injection of CO/sub 2/ and water. Both process mechanisms are discussed and are illustrated, where possible, by the results of field tests in the United States. These have been in sandstone reservoirs containing light oils and heavy oils. Several other pilot or field projects are in the planning stage. A planned field demonstration project of both processes, in different test areas of a fractured limestone reservoir (oil 9/degree/-15/degree/) in Turkey, is summarized. The possible range of candidate reservoirs is discussed, and general economic comparison with steam injection is given. 27 refs.


The strength and durability of pavement construction is highly dependent on the properties and subgrade bearing capacity. This then led to the idea of the selection methods to estimate the density of the soil with the proper implementation of the system, fast and economical. This study aims to estimate the compaction parameter value namely the maximum dry unit weight (γd max) and optimum moisture content (wopt) of the soil properties value that stabilized with Portland Cement. Tests conducted in the laboratory of soil mechanics to determine the index properties (fines and liquid limit) and Standard Compaction Test. Soil samples that have Plasticity Index (PI) between 0-15% then mixed with Portland Cement (PC) with variations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%, each 10 samples. The results showed that the maximum dry unit weight (γd max) and wopt has a significant relationship with percent fines, liquid limit and the percentation of cement. Equation for the estimated maximum dry unit weight (γd max) = 1.782 - 0.011*LL + 0,000*F + 0.006*PS with R2 = 0.915 and the estimated optimum moisture content (wopt) = 3.441 + 0.594*LL + 0,025*F + 0,024*PS with R2 = 0.726.


The sample was dissolved by Sodium Hydroxide,and then heutralized by Sulfuric Acid.Finally it was distilled to separate Gemenium from the co-exist elements in Hydrochloric Acid(1+1) Medium.In Hydrochloric Acid(1+1) Medium,Gemenium was titrated by potassiumiodate standard solution.This method has a distinct titration end point and high accuracy.The standard recovery is in the range of 95.52%~105.78%.The relative standard deviation(RSD) is less than 4.42%.It can be used to determine the high Gemenium content in Gemenium slag.


Indigenous Peoples and the State: Politics, Land and Ethnicity in the Malayan Peninsula and Borneo. Robert L. Winzeler. ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Council on Southeast Asia Studies, 1997. 316 pp.


The utility model relates to a die structure for processing a die forging product, in particular to a finish-forging die structure of a stainless steel die forging product, which comprises a finish-forging forming die and an edge-cutting die, wherein the finish-forging product has a demoulding slope which is tilted in the up-and-down direction and has a bonding surface defined by the demoulding slope; a flash groove of a parting face of an upper die and a lower die of the finish-forging forming die is deflected upward or downward towards one side of the bonding face of the demoulding slope of the finish-forging product; the contour line length of a die cavity on one side where the die cavity depth is reduced after deflection is less than that of a die cavity on the other side; the contour line length refers to the combination of the lengths of the die cavity in the orthogonal two directions and the circumference of the whole contour line; and the shape and the size of the contour line of a lower die of the edge-cutting die are the same as those of the die cavity on one side where the die cavity depth is increased after the deflection of the finish-forging forming die. By adopting the technical scheme in the die design, the finish-forging die structure can achieve the purpose of precision processing of the forging process and the energy-saving effect without adding any procedure or material.


SUMMARY A procedure is developed for the maximum-likelihood estimation of the unknown constants and variances included in the general mixed analysis of variance model, involving fixed and random factors and interactions. The method applies to all cases where the design matrices satisfy certain conditions. The consistency and asymptotic efficiency of the estimates are discussed. Tests of hypotheses and confidence regions are derived. In this paper we develop a procedure for maximum-likelihood estimation for the general mixed analysis of variance model, defined in (1) below, involving any number of fixed and random factors and possibly interactions of any order. We do not specify 'equal numbers' or indeed any other experimental balance for our procedure, but we do require that our design matrices satisfy certain conditions of estimability for the parameters. In the case of balanced designs the estimation problem for the constants and variances involved in the linear model has been extensively treated: confining ourselves to just one reference on variance estimation, optimality properties of the classical analysis of variance procedures have already been demonstrated for various balanced designs (e.g. Graybill, 1961). However, results for unbalanced factorial and nested data are much more restricted: Henderson (1953) has suggested a method of unbiased estimation of variance components for the unbalanced two-way classification but his method is computationally cumbersome for a mixed model and when the number of classes is large. Searle & Henderson (1961) have suggested a simpler method also for the unbalanced two-way classification with one fixed factor containing a moderate number of levels and a random factor permitted to have quite a large number of levels. Bush & Anderson (1963) have investigated for the two-way classification random model the relative efficiency of Henderson's (1953) method and two other methods, A and B, based on the respective methods of fitting constants and weighted squares of means described by Yates (1934) for experiments based on a fixed effects model which also provide unbiased estimates of variance components. Possibilities of generalizations are indicated. In all the above methods the estimates of any constants in the model are computed from the 'Aitken Type' weighted least squares estimators based on the exact variance-covariance matrix of the experimental responses which involves the unknown variance ratios. The estimation of the latter is then based on various unbiased procedures so that little is known about any optimality properties of any of the resulting estimators. However, all these methods reduce to the well-known procedures based on minimal sufficient statistics in the special cases of balanced designs. The method of maximum-likelihood estimation here developed differs from the above in that maximum-likelihood equations are used and solved for both the estimates of constants


For the successful software project management and its success, many studies have been done but still many of the software projects cannot end up well. Formation of software teams has always given less priority in the entire project development process, but we have identified it as a strong determinant in project success. We have developed a methodology that will allow the formation of software project teams through a recommendation system. In this system, the team members which are best compatible with each other as a team will be recommended. This system gives weightage to both technical and non-technical skills of individual team member. We have used social network analysis techniques to dig out information and connections that are helpful in formation of best compatible teams. The results show a remarkable difference in the performance of the team that is formed using our recommendation system as compared to the traditional team selection criteria i.e. based on technical skills. Hence, selection of right project team in right way increases project productivity. Moreover, non-technical and social factors can boost the team performance remarkably.


Arterial sampling, which is the gold standard for measuring lactate levels in sepsis, is more painful, requires experience and is associated with a higher incidence of morbidity, when compared with venous sampling. This study attempted to measure the correlation and agreement between arterial and peripheral venous (PV) lactate and between arterial and central venous (CV) lactate, with the objective to test interchangeability of the two and possibly support the use of venous lactate levels in resuscitating patients with sepsis.


S eeds are a gift of nature, of past generations and diverse cultures. Thus, it is our inherent duty and responsibility to protect them and to pass them on to future generations. Seeds are the first link in the food chain, and the embodiment of biological and cultural diversity, and the repository of life's future evolution. Since the onset of the Neolithic Revolution some 10.000 years ago, farmers and communities have worked to improve yield, taste, nutritional and other qualities of seeds. They have expanded and passed on knowledge about health impacts and healing properties of plants as well as about the peculiar growing habits of plants and interaction with other plants and animals, soil and water. Rare initial events of hybridisation have boosted larger scale cultivation of certain crops in their Centres of Origin (such as wheat in Mesopotamia, rice in Indochina and India, maize and potato in Central America), which have since spread around the globe. The free exchange of seed among farmers has been the basis to maintaining biodiversity as well as food security. This exchange is based on cooperation and reciprocity, where farmers generally exchange equal quantities of seed. This freedom goes beyond the mere exchange of seed : it also involves the sharing and exchange of ideas and knowledge, of culture and heritage. This tradition and accumulation of knowledge and know-how on working the seed is gained by farmers actually watching the seed grow in each other's fields. The cultural and religious significance of the plant, its gastronomic values, drought, disease and pest resistance properties, and other values shape the knowledge that the community accords to the seed and the plant it produces. Today the diversity and future of seed is under threat. Of 80,000 edible plants used for food, only about 150 are being cultivated, and


The tourism industry in the US accounts for a 2.9% of the GDP, generating 9.2 million jobs.  Nowadays, this industry has increased in the last decades, influenced by social media and economical grow. It generates a positive trade balance, providing billions of U.S. dollars on local, federal and state governments. The goal of this project is to provide a visual representation of the US tourism trend from 2011 to 2019, to better understand underlying facts and statistics.


Cytogenetic imbalances are increasingly being realized as causes of autism. Here, we report a de novo translocation between the short arms of chromosomes 15 and 16 in a female with autism, epilepsy, and global developmental delay. FISH analysis identified a cryptic deletion of approximately 160 kb at the boundary of the first exon and first intron of the 1.7 Mb ataxin‐2 binding protein‐1 (A2BP1) gene, also called FOX1. Quantitative real time PCR (Q‐PCR) analysis verified a deletion of exon 1 in the 5′ promoter region of the A2BP1 gene. Reverse transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR) showed reduced mRNA expression in the individual's lymphocytes, demonstrating the functional consequence of the deletion. A2BP1 codes for a brain‐expressed RNA binding or splicing factor. Because of emerging evidence in the role of RNA processing and gene regulation in pervasive developmental disorders, we performed further screening of A2BP1 in additional individuals with autism from the Autism Genetics Resource Exchange (AGRE) collection. Twenty‐seven SNPs were genotyped across A2BP1 in 206 parent‐child trios and two regions showed association at P ≤ 0.008 level. No additional deletions or clear mutations were identified in 88 probands by re‐sequencing of all exons and surrounding intronic regions or quantitative PCR (Q‐PCR) of exon 1. Although only nominal association was observed, and no obvious causal mutations were identified, these results suggest that A2BP1 may affect susceptibility or cause autism in a subset of patients. Further investigations in a larger sample may provide additional information regarding the involvement of this gene in the autistic phenotype. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Life-education emphasizes human being's life characteristic in the process of education,respects the inner logic laws of life development and may create an educational environment adapted to life development.Life-education-idea not only points to students' development,but also to teachers' development.Teachers' professional development in perspective of life-education takes it a precondition that pays attention to teachers' life condition.The actualization of teachers' professional development needs a career identification of the teachers' life-cause idea,an independent development attitude of life presence and a vocational responsibility to be normal.


Abstract The aim of this paper is to look at determinants of financial inclusion through the lens of comprehension of financial concepts and financial language. Specifically, we are interested in which factors are important should this comprehension be absent. We show that, in the context of finance, communication is an important transmission channel through which individuals are encouraged or discouraged to participate in the financial system. We argue that the unfamiliarity with products and the complexity of language used in the banking sector tend to limit trust granted to financial institutions. We test the hypothesis that linguistic diversity is a strong instrument for the impact of the lack of communication on trust. Applying Ordinary Least Squares and probit regression, quantile regression, and instrumental variables to cross country and individual-level data, we show the importance of individual and cultural characteristics and demonstrate the role of trust and communication for financial inclusion. The outcome is consistent for different model specifications.


In this paper, an overview of three well-known two-dimensional Direction Of Arrival (DOA) estimation algo- rithms, namely, MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC), Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) and Propagator Method (PM) is presented. In order to reduce the computational complexity of 2-D methods, azimuth and elevation estimations are extracted from two one-dimensional estimations. As the main objective of this investigation, considering 1-D realization of 2-D DOA estimation algorithms and simulation them in MATLAB soft- ware, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) performance of these methods is compared in three cases, uncorrelated, corre- lated and coherent signals in the presence of white Gaussian noise as well as colored noise. Simulation results show that for uncorrelated signals, MUSIC in low Signal to Noise Ratios (SNRs) and ESPRIT in high SNRs offer lower RMSE. In the case of coherent and correlated signals, ESPRIT is the best choice in all SNRs. Finally, for colored noise scenario, PM provides more accurate estimation for low SNRs, while ESPRIT has a lower RMSE for high SNRs compared to two other methods.


Objective To detect the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid-2p45 related factor 2(Nrf2) and mitochondrial transcription factor A(TFAM) and to analyze the relationship between their expressions and the Gleason score.Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to check the expressions of Nrf2 and TFAM in 40 prostate cancer samples.The Spearman correlation coefficient statistic method was used to analyze the relationship between its expressions and the Gleason score.Results Both the expressions of Nrf2 and TFAM were correlated with the Gleason score.At the same time,Nrf2 expression was also related with TFAM expression.Conclusion Both Nrf2 and TFAM are involved in the progress of prostate carcinoma.And they may get involved in the development of prostate cancer through the same mechanism.


The questions of where to work and learn, how and especially with whom represent a theme that involves coworking freelancers, but also employees, students and educators. The main aim of this research is to analyze the emerging link between transformative learning and structured coworking environments. The specific objectives are to identify implicit and explicit strategies of formal and informal learning within new working environments. In addition, we intend to investigate the kind of competences that coworkers acquire in relation to the European Recommendation (2018) and the type of education governance developed in the context of local and global interactions. The research method used encompasses qualitative and quantitative elements. Twenty coworking coordinators are submitted to a semi-structured interview and have compiled a grid on the skills acquired by coworkers. Sampling is intentional: among the different kinds of coworking, only those with educational functions have been selected selected.


A material for an organic photoelectric device, and an organic photoelectric device using the material are provided to improve amorphism and thermal stability and to enhance efficiency and lifetime. A material for an organic photoelectric device comprises an asymmetric fluorene derivative represented by the formula 1, wherein X1 to X5 are C or N; R1 to R10 bonded to X1 to X5 represent a substituent bonded to the carbon atom if X1 to X5 are a carbon atom; R1 to R5 bonded to X1 to X5 represent un unpaired electron pair bonded to the nitrogen atom if X1 to X5 are a nitrogen atom; R6 represents a substituent; the substituents represented by R1 to R6 can be fused to form a ring; the substituents represented by R1 to R6 are H, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group; Ra and Rb are independently H or a C1-C5 alkyl group; Re is H, a C1-C5 amino group, a halogen atom, a C1-C5 alkoxy group, or a C1-C5 alkyl group; and n and m are independently an integer of 1-4.


The generating L-Fuzzy subgroups are mainly studied in this paper. The notion of generated L-Fuzzy subgroup is given. We introduce the algebra characterization formula of generating L-Fuzzy subgroup and study some basic properties of generating L-Fuzzy subgroups based on Zadeh's mapping and bi-induced mapping theories. It is induced that the generating L-Fuzzy subgroup of the unit of two L-fuzzy normal subgroup is also L-fuzzy normal subgroup, and the generating L-fuzzy subgroup of the homomorphic image of L-fuzzy subset is equal to the homomorphic image of the generating L-fuzzy subgroup of L-fuzzy subset.


It is well known that Selenium plays important roles in human health. In this study, Selenium-enriched Pleurotus ostreatus (P.ostreatus) was cultivated by adding selenoarginine to substrate. Selenium content in mushrooms was measured by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrophotometer (AFS). We demonstrated that that selenium concentration in samples increased significantly and it had a significant positive relationship with selenium concentration in the cultivation material. Finally, we identified the total proteins extracted from ordinary and Se-enriched P.ostreatus by SDS-PAGE and 2-DE. We found there had no significant changes in protein content. Two-dimensional electrophoresis combining with mass spectrometry technology was applied to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in mushroom grown in the substrates with 44.26 mg/kg of Se. From 2D maps, 51 differentially expressed proteins were detected, 17 of those were up-expressed and 34 of those were down-expressed. 8 up-expressed proteins were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS: 3 proteins were identified, one was hypothetical protein (gi|270056453) and the other two proteins are respectively NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase (gi|164564766) and Aldo keto reductase (gi|628847367). These two proteins are mainly involved in substance and energy metabolism in the cell.


Objective:To develop a sensitive and accurate HPLC/MS/MS method for the determination of cyadox residues in animal origin foodstuffs.Method:Tissues were extracted with acidic aeetonitrile-methanol,the fat was removed with hexane,and the HLB solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge was applied for purification,followed by liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry analysis.The analyties was separated on a YMC -Pack Pro C_(18) column with a mobile phase of water-aeetonitrile-formic acid (70:30:0.1),confirmation and quantification by mass spectrum in the Multi -reaction monitoring(MRM) mode via positive eleetrospray ionization (ESI),the MRM transition m/z 272 ,the parent ion of CYX,to m/z 188 and 143.Results:The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0 to 50 ng·mL~(-1),with a correlation coeffieient,r0.9980.In the ranges of 10-40 μg · kg~(-1),mean fortification recoveries were between 69.10%-93.54% ,and the RSD were 2.49%-9.03%.The lim- it of detection was 3 μg·kg~(-1).Conclusion :The established method is suitable for indentification and the pharma- cokinetic study of cyadox..


In 2013 the price of renewable identification numbers (RINs) for renewable fuels generated under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program increased significantly. This document examines available data in an attempt to describe and explain the factors that caused this increase in the price of one variety of renewable fuel (D6) RINs, and the impact this increase in RIN prices may have had on retail fuel prices. We also examine the impact of high RIN prices on merchant refiners (i.e. refiners who do not blend the majority of the petroleum products they produce with renewable fuels), some of whom argue that they are disadvantaged relative to integrated refiners (i.e. refiners who blend a volume of petroleum products with renewable fuels greater than or equal to the volume of petroleum products they produce) by high RIN prices. For the purposes of this document we have primarily considered available data from 2013, and have assumed constant renewable volume obligations (RVOs). This document does not quantify the total cost of the RFS program to consumers or other parties. We acknowledge, however, that the program is likely to have a cost if the cost of renewable fuels is greater than the petroleum based fuels they replace on an energy equivalent basis and if this cost outweighs the overall decrease in the cost of transportation fuel that results from increased fuel supply.1


The compound [Mo(η-C5H5)2H{MgBr(thf)2}] is described. It reacts with CO2, PhCH2Br, C3H5Br, MeI, and MeCOCl to give [Mo(η-C5H5)2(CO)], [Mo(η-C5H5)2(CH2Ph)2], [Mo(η-C3H5)(η-C5H5)2][PF6], [Mo(η-C5H5)2HI], Mo(η-C5H5)2(COMe)H], and [Mo(η-C5H5)2(COMe)2] respectively. Reaction paths for these products are discussed.


In the sixties, the first author and by P. Savic and R. Kasanin started developing a mean‐field theory of dense matter. It is based on the Coulomb interaction, supplemented by a microscopic selection rule and a set of experimentally founded postulates. Applications of the theory range from the calculation of models of planetary internal structure to DAC experiments.


A novel method which combining the finite element method(FEM) and the finite volume method(FVM) are adopted to deal with electromagnetic field problems in moving media. The characteristic of the control equation which governing the motion problem is that the equation contains second order elliptic terms and the first order terms with large coefficients, namely, the diffusion term and the convection term. Difficulties in numerical analysis are resulting from the discrete of the convection part. Error estimation of the discrete format of the general Galerkin FEM was analyzed. Solutions by Galerkin FEM contain spurious oscillations under high Peclet number. Considering the advantages of the FEM and FVM, these two methods were combined in solving the convection-diffusion equation. The diffusion term of the equation was discreted by FEM, while the convection term could be treated by FVM. Upwind schemes help to remove spurious oscillations that occur in the solution of convection-diffusion equation. The validity and the efficiency of this method were testified by the comparison of analytic solution and numerical solution. Meanwhile, a simple motion model was analyzed by this method. The results show that the proposed method is superior in analyzing the motion problem.


Synthetic Jet generates turbulence flow in cooling the microelectronic devices. In this paper, the experiment investigation of the cooling performance of pneumatic synthetic jet with single slot rectangular orifices at low frequency motion is presented. The velocity profile at the end of the orifice was measured and used as characteristic performance of synthetic jet in the present study. Frequencies of synthetic jet and the compressed air pressure supplied to the pneumatic cylinder (1bar to 5bar) were the parameters of the flow measurement. The air velocity of the synthetic jet was measured by using anemometer air flow meter. The maximum air velocity was 0.5 m/s and it occurred at frequency motion of 8 Hz. The optimum compressed air supplied pressure of the synthetic jet study was 4 bar. The cooling performance of synthetic jet at several driven frequencies from 0 Hz to 8 Hz and heat dissipation between 2.5W and 9W were also investigate in the present study. The results showed that the Nusselt number inc...


Abstract.  1. The population abundance and age structure of Rhopalosiphum padi, one of the most common maize aphid species, on transgenic Bt (expressing the Cry1Ab protein) and non‐Bt isogenic maize was studied in commercial plots during three crop seasons.


The local structure of copper nanoparticles grown in organic solution by reducing Cu(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate [Cu(hfac)2] was studied as-grown by the Cu K-edge x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). Comparison of the experimental XANES spectra with reference materials indicated small copper clusters are formed by ligand-exchange with oleylamine and subsequent reducing by diphenylsilane. The multiple-scattering (MS) calculation for various model clusters consisting of 13–135 atoms suggests that small (13–19 atom) Cu clusters are stabilized without a large deformation.


that Israel, in Old Testament historical times, was culturally more akin to Babylon than to her nearest powerful neighbour Egypt. This phenomenon has been explained by one school of thought, usually designated as patternist, on the theory that patterns of culture developed by the Babylonians were carried across the Fertile Crescent by breakaway groups, traders and invading armies as far as Canaan. Israel, whose tradition traced its origins back to Babylon, was brought more firmly within the orbit of Babylonian influence through the mediation of the Canaanites, whose territory they had conquered and occupied. Israel, according to this view, took over the highly developed social and legal structure of Canaanite civilisation, with some of its religious institutions and these they modified or remoulded with the passage of time into what became the civilisation of Israel, as depicted in the literature of the Old Testament. Support for this patternist view was claimed on the following considerations, (i) There are remarkable analogies, or points of contact, between Babylonian and Israelite legal systems, religious institutions and literary traditions, particularly in folk tales and Wisdom literature. (2) The periodic strayings of the Israelites from the religion of Yahweh were not deliberate deviations impelled by the attractive Canaanite cult but, rather, relapses into old ways, due to internal or external political and cultural pressures, and (3) the


This theoretical study is devoted to the effects of pressure and temperature on the optoelectronic properties assigned to the first lowest transition of the (D+,X) excitonic complex (exciton-ionized donor) inside a single AlAs/GaAs/AlAs spherical quantum dot. Calculations are performed within the effective mass approximation theory using the variational method. Optical absorption and refractive index as function of the degree of confinement, pressure, and temperature are investigated. Numerical calculation shows that the pressure favors the electron-hole and electron-ionized donor attractions which leads to an enhancement of the binding energy, while an increasing of the temperature tends to reduce it. Our investigations show also that the resonant peaks of the absorption coefficient and the refractive index are located in the terahertz region and they undergo a shift to higher (lower) therahertz frequencies when the pressure (temperature) increases. The opposite effects caused by temperature and pressure have great practical importance because they offer an alternative approach for the adjustment and the control of the optical frequencies resulting from the transition between the fundamental and the first excited state of exciton bound to an ionized dopant. The comparison of the optical properties of exciton , impurity and (D+,X) facilitates the experimental identification of these transitions which are often close. Our investigation shows that the optical responses of (D+,X) are located between the exciton (high energy region) and donor impurity (low energy region) peaks. The whole of these conclusions may lead to the novel light detector or source of terahertz range.


This study aimed to measure the initial character values of the public junior high school students in Ponorogo. Michele Borba shows the way to build the character through seven main virtues: Empathy, conscience, self-control, respect, kindness, tolerance, and justice. These virtues make human quality. This study applied descriptive-quantitative method with the sample of 280 public junior high school students in Ponorogo. The data were measured with a Likert scale with gradations from very positive to very negative. The results of the study showed the students' levels of virtue: Empathy by 73.6%, conscience by 78.1%, self-control by 76%, respect by 39.6%, kindness by 80.7%, tolerance by 17.8%, and justice by 83.5%. From the results of the field study, the percentage of the lacking character values were respect and tolerance that need to be further improved.


Received September 1, 2014 Accepted June 23, 2015 Address for correspondence Myung-Whun Sung, MD, PhD Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea Tel +82-2-2072-3830 Fax +82-2-745-2387 E-mail email@example.com Chronic cough is a common symptom and the etiology of which can be challenging to diagnose. The key to successful management is to establish a diagnosis and to treat the cause of cough. Asthma, gastro-esophageal reflux, and postnasal drip syndrome have been thought to be most common causes of chronic cough. Various causes such as lung diseases (sarcoidosis, pertussis), obstructive sleep apnea, drug (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor), and psychological status can induce chronic cough. However, many chronic cough patients do not have an identifiable cause. We need to understand the mechanisms underlying central and peripheral sensitization, how they interact with cough triggers and their relationship with the sensations that drive the urge to cough, and the subsequent motor cough response in chronic cough. Heightened cough reflex sensitivity is persistent and their cough is unexplained in many patients. In most patients who visited otorhinolaryngoloy clinics, it is possible to manage a majority of chronic cough patients successfully using a protocol based on presenting symptoms and therapeutic trials for the common causes of cough. However, there are few therapeutic options for patients with unexplained chronic cough. There is a pressing need to understand the physiological basis of unexplained chronic cough and to develop novel antitussive drugs that down regulate cough reflex sensitivity. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2015;58(11):744-53


The promise of Deep Neural Network (DNN) powered Internet of Thing (IoT) devices has motivated a tremendous demand for automated solutions to enable fast development and deployment of efficient (1) DNNs equipped with instantaneous accuracy-efficiency trade-off capability to accommodate the time-varying resources at IoT devices and (2) dataflows to optimize DNNs' execution efficiency on different devices. Therefore, we propose InstantNet to automatically generate and deploy instantaneously switchable-precision networks which operates at variable bit-widths. Extensive experiments show that the proposed InstantNet consistently outperforms state-of-the-art designs. Our codes are available at: https://github.com/RICE-EIC/InstantNet.


Chromosome 7 abnormalities occurring in isolation or as part of complex cytogenetics confer an adverse prognosis in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Preliminary clinical data from various groups has suggested that the use of 5-azacytidine, a DNA methyl transferase inhibitor, in this sub-group of poor risk patients may be associated with an improved clinical response. We report on a retrospective analysis on the outcomes of 31 MDS patients with chromosome 7 abnormalities treated with 5-azacytidine. 5-azacytidine was administered subcutaneously at 75mg/m 2 daily for 7 days and each cycle was repeated every 28 days. The median age of the cohort was 61 years (range: 17–80). Based on the WHO classification, 4 patients (13%) were RCMD/RCMD-RS, 17 were RAEB I/II (55%), 8 patients had acute myeloid leukemia transformed from MDS (26%), an additional 2 patients had secondary MDS. The IPSS of the cohort was Int-1(n=1), Int-2(n=12), high-risk(n=18). 13(42%) patients had isolated chromosome 7 abnormalities, 8(58%) had chromosome 7 abnormalities as part of a more complex cytogenetic profile. 10 patients(33%) had previously been treated prior to therapy with 5 azacytidine. 5 patients were withdrawn from treatment after 1 cycle due to drug intolerance or disease progression and were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 26 patients received a median of 6 cycles of treatment (range: 2–28 cycles). Response criteria was based on the modified IWG response criteria for MDS (Cheson et al Blood 2007). 7 patients achieved a complete response (CR), 3 partial response (PR), with haematological improvement (HI) in a further patient. The median cycles of treatment before response was 2, with median response duration of 10.5 months (range: 4–20 months). Overall response rate (CR+PR+HI) was 6/12 (50%) for patients with isolated chromosome 7 abnormalities as compared with 5/14 (36%) for patients with complex cytogenetics (p=0.15). 7 patients had a complete cytogenetic response, with a further 2 patients achieving a partial cytogenetic response. These cytogenetic responses were observed in 4/12 patients with isolated chromosome 7, and 5/16 patients with complex cytogenetics. The median survival of the cohort was 19.8 months (95%CI: 16.3–23.3). Patients with isolated chromosome 7 abnormalities had median survival of 24.8 months (95%CI: 17.8–31.8) compared with those with complex cytogenetics (17.3 months, 95%CI: 8.3–26.3, p=0.10). In addition, patients achieving cytogenetic remission (complete or partial) had an improved overall survival when compared with non-responders (median OS: 24.8 vs 19.8 months, p=0.05). WHO classification, IPSS, patient age, and history of prior therapy were all not significant predictors of response or overall survival in this cohort. In summary, 5-azacytidine is able to induce high remission rates in a cohort of high risk MDS patients with chromosome 7 abnormalities.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Parents and their children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) are under significant amounts of stress (Lecavalier, Leone & Wiltz, 2006). When stress escalates to crisis, some children with IDD are admitted to the emergency department or an inpatient unit. While existing measures evaluate stress over time, we lack a valid measure to assess the experience of crisis. The current study aimed to validate a measure of crisis in a clinical sample of parents of children with IDD. Validating such a measure will provide a precise depiction of a family's perception of crisis and their relative distress, and improve communication between clinicians and families. Methods: Parents and caregivers of children and adolescents, age 5 to 17 and diagnosed with IDD including autism spectrum disorder completed measures, reporting on their level of caregiver strain (using the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire-CGSQ) and their current level of crisis (using the Brief Family Distress Scale-BFDS). Psychometric data from the BFDS and CGSQ were analyzed to examine aspects of reliability and validity. Results: Results from analyses indicated significant associations between the CGSQ and BFDS and excellent overall internal consistency within the CGSQ. Additionally, the BFDS detected differences between inpatient and outpatient conditions and validly categorized participants into crisis groups. Conclusions: Validation of the BFDS further demonstrates its clinical utility and continues to clarify the experience of parents of children with IDD in times of crisis. Future research should examine the role of problem behavior in crisis and the utility of the BFDS as a measure of change.


The objective of this paper is to provide an improved finite-volume numerical method for turbulent natural convection in a vertical differentially-heated square enclosure for the benchmark problem in the 1992 Workshop (Eurotherm Seminar n° 22). The specific purpose here is to identify difficulties associated with the use of the QUICK scheme in solving all the governing equations, including those for k and ∈, and to demonstrate that our algorithm provides accurate calculations without the observed difficulties. A computational logic has been developed to insure the presence of positive source terms, resulting in very stable results with the use of the QUICK scheme. The present results at Ra = 5(10)10 are directly compared with those from the 1992 Workshop contributors.


Part I - Air Pollution. Some aspects of mathematical modelling of atmospheric transport and chemistry (L.K. Peters). Attenuation of air pollution by green belt (R.K. Kapoor, V.K. Gupta). Dispersion of a reactive air pollutant in a two layered environment (J.B. Shukla, R.S. Chauhan). Dispersion from a time dependent point source: Application to methyl isocynate leakage in Bhopal, India (R.S. Chauhan, J.B. Shukla and T.G. Hallam). Part II - Water Pollution. Taking advantage of topography in the siting of discharges in rivers (R. Smith). Analytical solution of 3-D unsteady state diffusion equation for a pollutant from a point source discharge in offshore region (V.P. Shukla). Part III - Population Ecology. Modelling survival in chemically stressed populations (T.G. Hallam). On the general structure of epidemic models (E. Beretta, V. Capasso). Equilibria and oscillations in age-structured population growth models (J.M. Cushing). Part IV - Community Ecology. Young predation and time delays (M. Saleem, V.S. Siddiqui and V. Gupta). Uniform persistence and global stability in models involving mutualism. I Predator-prey-mutualistic systems (H.I. Freedman, B. Rai). Part V - Resource Management. Dynamic interactions between economic, ecological and demographic variables (A. Cigno). Economic growth models: Effects of logistic population and technology (A. Shukla). A dynamic predator-prey model for the utilization of fishery resources: A case of trawling in Lake Kasumigaura (Y. Kitabatake).


Commentary on : Amarenco P, Lavallee PC, Labreuche J, et al., TIAregistry.org Investigators. One-year risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1533–42.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3]

Previous studies estimated the risk of subsequent vascular events in patients with transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke at 10–20% within 3 months.1 ,2 Prevention strategies have been adjusted since. Up-to-date numbers would help to detect a possible temporal trend in risk and to prospectively evaluate risk-scoring tools and specific risk factors in current patient populations. The TIA registry was set up to reassess aetiology, prognosis and risk stratification in the context of modern stroke prevention and management.

Patients included in this prospective registry had had a TIA or minor stroke within the past 7 days. Minor …

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Sheared beam imaging (SBI) is a coherent active imaging technique that employs a pupil-plane phase difference measurement approach to overcome the perturbing effects of atmospheric turbulence. The technique has shown promise for applications such as imaging satellites from ground-based sites. However, atmospheric compensation is dependent on the effective atmospheric isoplanatic patch size; which mines that degradations can occur for larger objects. We present theory and simulation results that demonstrate this limitation and we suggest approaches to reduce the residual degradations caused by anisoplanatism. Our simulations use wave optics propagation through phase screens to model atmospheric turbulence effects.


IFN‐γ is a pleiotropic cytokine importantly involved in the development of skin inflammatory responses. Epidermal keratinocytes are extremely susceptible to IFN‐γ action, but, once transduced with the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 molecule, they can no longer express a number of IFN‐γ‐inducible signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1‐dependent genes. Extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathway is also involved in the protection of keratinocytes from the proinflammatory effect of IFN‐γ. Here we show that, after IFN‐γ stimulation, SOCS1 inhibited IFN‐γ receptor and STAT1 phosphorylation but maintained ERK1/2 activation. SOCS1 was also necessary for the IFN‐γ‐induced RAS and Raf‐1 activities in keratinocytes. The enhanced ERK1/2 pathway in SOCS1‐overexpressing keratinocytes was in part responsible for their inability to respond to IFN‐γ, in terms of CXCL10 and CCL2 production, and for the high production of CXCL8. Moreover, SOCS1 interacted with the RAS inhibitor p120 RasGAP and promoted its degradation after IFN‐γ stimulation. We hypothesize that SOCS1 functions as suppressor of IFN‐γ signaling, not only by inhibiting STAT1 activation but also by sustaining ERK1/2‐dependent antiinflammatory pathways.—Madonna, S., Scarponi, C., De Pità, O., Albanesi, C. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 inhibits IFN‐γ inflammatory signaling in human keratinocytes by sustaining ERK1/2 activation. FASEB J. 22, 3287–3297 (2008)


For many years, major bridges have been built without the designers having any specific basis for the traffic loads used in the design. Traffic loads are compared between codes in the United Kingdom, which has the longest span in the world, and in the United States, which has the second and third longest. Recent studies in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have resulted in major changes to recommended long‐span bridge‐design loads. These, too, are compared. Multiple‐lane loading and impact are also discussed. The current British loading is similar to, but heavier than, the loading recommended by the ASCE Committee on Loads and Forces on Bridges.


Part I: PRELIMINARY ISSUES. 1. Traits of Successful Therapists and Counselors. 2. Self-Awareness Skills. 3. Self-Care Skills. Part II: SKILLS TO FACILITATE COMMUNICATION IN PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELING. 4. Attending Skills: Nonverbal Communication and Listening. 5. Questions to Encourage Communication. 6. Response Types: Verbal Communication and Client Disclosure. 7. Moving Beyond Simple Communication: The Process of Empathy. Part III: SKILLS FOR COGNITIVE AWARENESS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELING. 8. Working with Thought and Cognition: Overview and Basic Skills. 9. Working with Thought and Cognition: Advanced Interventions. Part IV: SKILLS FOR AFFECTIVE AWARENESS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELING. 10. Working with Affect and Emotion: Overview and Basic Skills. 11. Working with Affect and Emotion: Focus on the Body. 12. Working with Affect and Emotion: Focus on Feelings. Closure. References. Author Index. Subject Index.


Objective
To explore the expression and clinical significance of plasma methylated Septin9 gene (mSEPT9) in patients with gastric cancer.

Methods
From March to October in 2018, 380 patients visited Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases were selected. The patients were divided into gastric cancer (GC) group, atrophic gastritis (AG) group and non-atrophic gastritis (NAG) group. The positive expression rate of plasma circulating mSEPT9 of the three groups were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fluorescence probe method, its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer were analyzed and also compared with the positive rate of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9). Chi-square test and continuity correction chi-square test were performed for statistical analysis.

Results
The actual number of valid samples was 357 including 147 of GC group, 83 of AG group and 127 of NAG group. The positive rate of plasma mSEPT9 of GC group was higher than those of AG group and NAG group (46.9%, 69/147 vs. 4.8%, 4/83 and 3.9%, 5/127), and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=43.438 and 63.912, both P<0.016). The sensitivity and specificity of plasma mSEPT9 in patients with gastric cancers were 46.9%(69/147) and 95.7%(201/210), respectively. The positive rate of mSEPT9 was higher in gastric cancer patients with tumor maximum diameter over 5.0 cm, intestinal-type gastric cancer in Lauren classification, lymphatic metastasis, vascular and neurological invasion, middle-late stage (stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ) in clinical classification, which were 57.6% (38/66) vs. 35.6% (26/73), 52.6%(51/97) vs. 31.0% (13/42), 53.0% (61/115) vs. 25.0% (8/32), 55.6% (65/117) vs. 13.3% (4/30), 50.8% (65/128) vs. 4/19 and 53.5% (61/114) vs. 24.2% (8/33), respectively; and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=6.728, 5.517, 7.905, 17.091, 5.871 and 8.998, all P<0.05). The positive rate of plasma mSEPT9 in gastric cancer patients was higher than those of CEA and CA19-9 (46.9%, 69/147 vs. 32.0%, 47/147 and 17.7%, 26/147, respectively), and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=6.892 and 17.437, both P<0.016).

Conclusions
The positive expression of plasma mSEPT9 in gastric cancer patients has not only high sensitivity but good specificity as well, and it is also related to the clinical stage. The detection of this gene may have important clinical significance in non-invasive diagnosis and prognosis evaluation in patients with advanced gastric cancer.

Key words:
Methylation; Stomach neoplasms; SEPT9; Pathological characteristics; Clinical significance


Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is one of principal proinflammatory cytokines involved in pathogenesis of different inflammatory arthropathies as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) and Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS). Biotechnological drugs, represented among others by monoclonal antibodies directed against TNF-α, lead to a revolution in RA and spondylarthritis treatment. They were the first biological drugs used to treat these diseases, with good results in terms of safety and efficacy. Also because of high cost of these drugs, for some years biosimilars have been introduced in clinical practice. Biosimilars are less expensive (in Italy, less of 30% than bioriginators); they underwent to a severe process of "comparability" to assess safety and efficacy like their originators. In Italy, AIFA authorized SB4 (etanercept biosimilar), SB5 and ABP501 (adalimumab biosimilars) after passing III-phase randomized clinical trials; but real-life data and registers are lacking.Aim of this study is to compare biosimilars and bioriginators in terms of safety and efficacy in a real-life contest.We consequently enrolled patients, affected by inflammatory arthropathies (RA, PsA, AS) and treated with biosimilars (SB4, ABP501), belonging to any of the main biological prescribing centers in the Lazio region, from 2017 to 2020. Moreover, we enrolled patients, affected by same inflammatory diseases, but treated with corresponding originator. Clinical and laboratory data as well as disease activity indices, were collected at recruitment (T0) and after 4 (T1), 8 (T2), 12 (T3) and 24 (T4) months of therapy. Adverse events were registered.The multicenter cohort was composed by 455 patients treated with biosimilars (SB4/ABP501 276/179; F/M 307/146; naïve 56%, median age/IQR 55/46-65) and 436 treated with originators (etanercept/adalimumab 186/259, F/M 279/157, naïve 67,2%, median age/IQR 53/43-62). No differences were found about safety, but biosimilar group presented a higher number of discontinuations due to inefficacy (p<0.001), observed at all time-points. Female gender, to be smoker and b-DMARDs naïve, the initial non-response to the drug were predictive factors of reduced drug survival (p=0,05, p=0,046, p=0,001 respectively). Retention rate at 24 months was 81.1% for bioriginators and 76.5% for biosimilars (with a median retention time of 20.7 and 18.9 months, respectively) (p=0.002). Patients with remission/low disease activity achievement at T1 showed a cumulative survival of 90% to biosimilar therapy until at T4 (p=0.001); early adverse reactions instead represented an important cause of subsequent drug discontinuation (p=0.001).Real-life data demonstrated the same safety between biosimilars and originators but a reduced biosimilar retention rate at 24 months, about 76%. Despite their loss efficacy, biosimilars could be considered valid and safe, and a good and less expensive alternative to the originators, allowing access to these innovative treatments to a wider patient population.[1]Feldmann, M. & Maini, R. N. Anti-TNFα therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned? Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2001;19, 163–196.[2]McInnes IB, Schett G (2007) Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol 7:429–442[3]Velayudhan J, Chen YF, Rohrbach A, Pastula C, Maher G, Thomas H, et al. Demonstration of functional similarity of proposed biosimilar ABP 501 to adalimumab. BioDrugs. 2016;30(4):339– 51.[4]Emery P, Vencovsky ́ J, Sylwestrzak A et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of SB4 (etanercept biosimilar) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: comparison between continuing SB4 and switching from etanercept reference product to SB4. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:236.Figure 1.None declared


To deal with Out-of-Vocabulary detection on Mongolian spoken term detection system,this paper proposes a Mongolian spoken term detection method based on phoneme confusion network.The Confidence Measure is improved by incorporating phoneme confusion matrix.Experimental results show that our method obtains a satisfying performance in the task of Mongolian Out-of-Vocabulary detection,with 6%improvement in precision rate and 2.69%in recall rate.


The principle of sustainable development and green building has penetrated the construction industry at an accelerating rate in recent years. In this regard, the idea of using by-product such as silica fume as partial replacement of cement in concrete, due to its great environment effect, became popular for producing infrastructures. On the other hand, colloidal nano silica, as a new material, is also known to promote concrete behavior. In the present work, different content of silica fume and nano silica as partial replacement of cement in the concrete mixture with 0.45 water-cement ratios were used simultaneously. It was concluded that 3% silica fume and 3% nano silica as partial replacements of cement, improved compressive strength and electrical resistance and also diminished capillary absorption of the concrete specimens seriously.


This paper considers input forcing function selection for discriminating among alternative structural models and for estimating parameters of functional models. The model outputs are corrupted by an additive noise source, which represents the so-called breath-to-breath variation in the observation of a ventilation response to an end-tidal CO2-O2 forcing function input. The problem of forcing function selection for model discrimination is formulated around minimizing the probability of error in model selection while the problem of forcing function selection for model parameter estimation is formulated around minimizing the parameter estimation error variance. Forcing function selection is illustrated by considering end-tidal CO2 inputs that enhance parameter estimation for a functional model that summarizes normoxic respiratory controller behavior.


Ceramics have been attractive as advance materials for high temperature
applications due to their advantages such as high modulus, high hardness, high
melting temperature, and high corrosion resistance. Of a broad range of
ceramics, titanium carbide and aluminide have developed into one of the most
interesting ceramics since they have high strength and good wear resistance at
elevated ceramic materials. Producing TiC-Al2O3 from economical material (TiO2)
is less expensive than that from their elemental powders. The combustion
synthesis (CS) process offers significant advantages to fabricate TiC-Al2O3 since
it produces high exothermic reaction and takes a short processing time. The
objective of this study was to explore the combustion synthesis of TiC-Al2O3 and
investigate the effect of reactant compositions on the combustion process and
microstructure of synthesized products. The combustion synthesis was carried
out in a combustion chamber with an atmospheric condition. The ignition
technique to initiate the CS was performed using an arc flame. The
microstructure and mechanical properties of synthesized products were
observed. The result of this research would benefit for producing a high
performance ceramic material obtained from economical material with an efficient
process.


AT AGE THIRTY-SEVEN, in a letter to her sister Cassandra, Jane Austen describes with scant sympathy a young niece's dissatisfaction with a gown and cap just purchased: "I am glad you like our caps--but Fanny is out of conceit with hers already; she finds that she has been buying a new cap without having a new pattern....--She is rather out of luck, to like neither her gown nor her Cap--but I do not much mind it, because besides that I like them both myself, I consider it as a thing of course at her time of Life--one of the sweet taxes of Youth to chuse in a burry & make bad bargains" (23 September 18151). Amused at these mundane concerns, particularly at the divergent opinions within the narrative community, Jane is "glad" of Cassandra's approval but immediately opposes it to Fanny's more heated disappointment; what really matters is her own opinion, defined by her satisfaction in the purchase and her recognition of larger economies, greater narratives. For Fanny, purchases are measured against the changes in fashion and their usefulness as patterns for other garments. This purchase, however, is part not only of an economy of finances but an economy of desire, and participation in these economies is mediated by one's place in the narrative of life. Fanny must pay "the sweet taxes of Youth," taxes no longer owed by her wise aunt, a woman educated in the competing impulses of thrift and desire, more skilled in making the bargains that reconcile those impulses, and above all confident in turning all to narrative account. The Austens were participating in a relatively new economic world. For centuries, sumptuary laws and the high price of textiles had defined distinct differences in dress between the aristocratic rich and those beneath them. Clothing styles had changed slowly. In late eighteenth-century England, however, with what has been called the "birth of a consumer society," fashions altered at an unprecedented rate. As Neil McKendrick explains, "commerce increasingly took over the manipulation and direction of fashion. Men and women increasingly had to wear what commerce dictated, had to raise or lower their hems and their heels at the dictates of the cloth manufacturers and the shoe sellers" (40-41). The consistent attention Jane Austen pays in her letters to the shifts in fashion and to what people wear suggests her--and Cassandra's--concern, however self-aware, to fashion themselves through the patterns of dress suitable for a lady. As Elizabeth Wilson points out, "fashion cements social solidarity and imposes group norms" (6). Ann Bermingham contends that in this new commercial culture, "sociability was valued as much as wealth" and that fashion was a sign of that sociability, "the place where the body and the symbolic intersect, ... where society's values become mapped onto the body and become naturalized as body" (111-12). For Wilson, dress, "an extension of the body yet not quite part of it, not only links that body to the social world, but also more clearly separates the two. Dress is the frontier between the self and the not-self" (3). Thus, Austen's emphasis on fashion defines the self in complex relationship to her social world; in her manipulations of money and fabric we see a kind of self-fashioning. Rapid changes in fashion and the significance of that boundary between self and world necessitated a special kind of thriftiness. According to Aileen Ribeiro, "[w]ith the trend towards simpler styles ... and cheaper fabrics, women increased the size of their wardrobes; in addition to clothes made by a dressmaker ..., a woman with moderate sewing ability (or her maid) could make herself plain, everyday clothes and caps" (10). Austen's letters recount plenty of evidence of such production as well as repeated, often tedious re-trimmings and reconstruction of garments: "I can easily suppose that your six weeks here will be fully occupied, were it only in lengthening the waist of your gowns. …


Introduction: Cooperation or Rivalry? Issues and Themes (Peter H. Smith.) The Logic Of Integration Regional Integration and the International System (Manfred Mols.) The United States, Regional Integration, and the Reshaping of the International Order (P. H. Smith.) U.S. Promotion of Regional Integration: Interests and Perceptions (Robert K. McCleery.) Mexico, NAFTA, and the Pacific Basin (Luis Rubio.) Nafta, Whfta, And Latin America Chile and Regional Integration (Neantro Saavedra-Rivano.) Strategies Toward Integration: Argentina and Uruguay (Alejandro Pastori.) Brazil, MERCOSUR, and SAFTA: Destructive Restructuring or Pan-American Integration? (Gilson Schwartz.) From NAFTA to WHFTA? Prospects for Hemispheric Free Trade (Joe Foweraker.) Nafta, Whfta, And The Pacific Rim Japan, Regional Integration, and the Pacific Rim (Shoji Nishijima.) Political Options for Japan: Confronting U.S. Regional Strategy (Kotaro Horisaka.) Outlooks for ASEAN and NAFTA Externalities (Mohamed Ariff.) Chinas Perceptions of NAFTA and Changing Roles in the Asia-Pacific (Suisheng Zhao.) Prospects for Asian Economic Integration (Shigeyuki Abe.) Conclusion: From Regional Integration to Global Liberalization? Guidelines for Policy (S. Nishijima.).


Borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be characterized by the remarkable instability that pervades many if not all aspects of personality functioning, including relationships, self-image, affect, and behavior. For example, Natasha, a 29-year-old who had been married for several years, sought help after being "too tired" to work for more than a year, lying in bed for most of the day. Her problems seemed to have started with a relationship conflict at work that affected her performance. She started an affair with her boss, despite his engagement to another woman. Natasha ended it when he proceeded with the marriage that he had planned before the affair. She felt strongly disappointed by him and started an affair with someone else. According to Natasha, her boss resented this, gave her work below her former level, and criticized her so much in front of other personnel that she became "burned out." Diagnostic impression after the first interview was an adjustment disorder with mixed emotional features and relational problems. After the second interview, the picture was much more complicated. She described her marriage as characterized by lots of fights and aggressive threats, expressed resentment toward her family, and admitted high use of cannabis and alcohol. She repeatedly said that she found that life had no use and expressed mistrust of other people. When asked what should be done in treatment, her answers were rather vague, such as "I have to feel at home with myself." Although the therapist thought that Natasha probably suffered from high levels of anxiety, sadness, and loneliness, she presented a tough appearance, and it was easy to imagine how this could provoke others to anger. Co py ri gh t © 2 01 4. T he G ui lf or d Pr es s. A ll r ig ht s re se rv ed . Ma y no t be r ep ro du ce d in a ny f or m wi th ou t pe rm is si on f ro m th e pu bl is he r, e xc ep t fa ir u se s pe rm it te d un de r


In this paper, it is shown that a particular classes of heterotypical identities whose both sides contain repeated variables and are preserved under epis in conjunction with all seminormal identities.


Blue mold is a very important tobacco disease in North American.It is caused by Peronospora tabacina(Adam) and does not occur in China.Chinese tobacco industry could suffer serious losses should the pathogen be introduced and become established.Chinese government and tobacco scientists and workers have paid great attentions to its researches and occurrences.This paper discusses the forecasting long-range transport of tobacco blue mold spores in several aspects in order to prohibit the introduction of this disease.


Purpose: In this research the informational contents of websites related to postnatal care were evaluated. This was done in order to inform people of qualified information on postnatal websites. Method: Instruments from Oh(2001) and the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs(2000) were utilized to evaluate the contents in respect to purpose, reliability, easiness, authoritativeness, feedback, and maintenance. Seventy-three postnatal websites were evaluated for this research conducted from June 10 to July 10, 2006. Result: There were no portal sites connected with purely informational postnatal websites. In the evaluation of postnatal websites, the lowest and the highest scores were 11 and 42, respectively. The average score was 24 with 52.1% scoring below the average. By category, the scores of purpose, reliability, and feedback were relatively high while easiness, authoritativeness, and maintenance showed very low scores. As a result, it was revealed that there were no specific postnatal websites with sufficient postnatal care information. Conclusion: Thus, the establishment of a professional postnatal portal system through a professionally certified organization is required in order to supply correct information to people who wish to get information on postnatal care.


Simple Summary NK cell anti-tumor activity against hematological malignancies is well-established and many studies support their role in the control of solid tumor growth and metastasis generation. However, tumor microenvironment may affect NK cell function. Ongoing studies are aimed to design novel immunotherapeutic protocols to combine NK cell-based immunotherapy with other therapeutic strategies to improve the anti-tumor NK cell response. In this context, UCB is one of the main sources of both mature NK cells and of CD34+ HSPC that can generate NK cells, both in-vivo and in-vitro. UCB-derived NK cells represent a valuable tool to perform in-vitro and preclinical analyses and are already used in several clinical settings, particularly against hematological malignancies. The present review describes the characteristics of different types of UCB-derived NK cells and the in-vitro models to expand them, both for research and clinical purposes in the context of cancer immunotherapy. Abstract In the last 20 years, Natural Killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy has become a promising approach to target various types of cancer. Indeed, NK cells play a pivotal role in the first-line defense against tumors through major histocompatibility complex-independent immunosurveillance. Their role in the control of leukemia relapse has been clearly established and, moreover, the presence of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) generally correlates with good prognosis. However, it has also been observed that, often, NK cells poorly infiltrate the tumor tissue, and, in TME, their functions may be compromised by immunosuppressive factors that contribute to the failure of anti-cancer immune response. Currently, studies are focused on the design of effective strategies to expand NK cells and enhance their cytotoxic activity, exploiting different cell sources, such as peripheral blood (PB), umbilical cord blood (UCB) and NK cell lines. Among them, UCB represents an important source of mature NK cells and CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs), as precursors of NK cells. In this review, we summarize the UCB-derived NK cell activity in the tumor context, review the different in-vitro models to expand NK cells from UCB, and discuss the importance of their exploitation in anti-tumor immunotherapy protocols.


Existing transport protocols, be it TCP, SCTP or DCCP, do not provide an efficient congestion control mechanism for heterogeneous wired-cum-wireless networks. Solutions involving implicit loss discrimination schemes have been proposed but were never implemented. Appropriate mechanisms can dramatically improve bandwidth usage over the Internet, especially for multimedia transport based on partial reliability. In this paper we have implemented and evaluated a congestion control mechanism that implicitly discriminates congestion and wireless losses in the datagram congestion control protocol (DCCP) congestion control identification (CCID) framework. The new CCID was implemented as a NS-2 module. Comparisons were made with the TCP-like CCID and showed that the bandwidth utilization was improved by more than 30% and up to 50% in significant setups.


Ion currents produced by two‐photon ionization were investigated for several organic molecules. At low charge density, the ion current is proportional to the product of gas pressure and the square of laser intensity. At high gas pressure and high laser intensity, the ion current saturates. The saturation effect is well interpreted by a model including electron attachment and charge recombination processes. The two‐photon‐ionization coefficients were determined from the low ion current data. Among the molecules studied, trimethylamine has the highest coefficient of 3.6×10−26 cm4/W at the KrF laser wavelength of 248 nm. Such a high photoionization coefficient indicates that trimethylamine could be used to produce a high density of initial electrons for laser‐controlled switches. The present results could also be used to develop new techniques for investigating the electron attachment and charge recombination processes at high gas pressures.


The basic theory of the temperature field of optical thin films is given.The temperature field distribution of dielectric thin films irradiated by 10.6μm CO 2 lasers has been simulated numerically and analyzed theoretically using alternating direction-implicit technique.Using the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor,the thermal distortion of the substrate,the single-layer dielectric thin films with different thickness,and the multi-layer dielectric thin films with different multilayer thin films(YbF 3/ ZnSe)irradiated by CO 2 laser are studied experimentally.It can be shown that the temperature field distribution of thin film coatings irradiated by lasers deperds on the field distribution,power and irradiating time of lasers.For the 10.6μm laser,Ge is the most suitable substrate material.


This paper discusses various tricks used to reduce an infinitary formulation of a problem to a finitary one, and vice versa. The presented examples are famous problems from arithmetic combinatorics and the Euclidean geometry, while the presented techniques come from mathematical analysis and mathematical logic.


According to the theoretic analysis,it is considered that the physical model of the random distribution of concrete components carbonating depth is coincident with normal distribution and Maxwell distribution.The concrete components carbonating depths are statistically analyzed that,under the same environment and same strength rank,are selected from the inquisitional datum of a great deal of constructions in Zhejiang and regions neighboring,which justifies the concrete carbonating statistic model,brings forward the reliability level,offers key parameter for the endurance analysis of concrete structure.


: 12 13 Over the decades, started extensive measurements of ocean properties at fixed 14 stations throughout the water column, as well as in the surface ocean via oceanographic ships and via ships of opportunity. The later ones were particularly used to determine 16 the air-sea CO 2 fluxes from automated measurements of sea-surface temperature, 17 salinity, and CO 2 fugacity. These underway measurements, often recorded at a frequency 18 of every minute, generate large data files that need to be quality controlled, stored and 19 analyzed. Thus, for practical use, these data are often binned by 1° latitude x 1° 20 longitude. Unfortunately, by doing so, there is loss of accuracy of these data sets. 21 Here, using the original 2010 underway data sets of sea-surface temperature, sea-surface 22 salinity, total alkalinity and total inorganic carbon, along the cruise track from Hobart 23 (Tasmania) to Dumont D'Urville (Antarctica), we show what would had been a more 24 appropriate record pattern for each of these properties while still keeping the full 25 accuracy of their measurements. Furthermore, we propose a general protocol to 26 objectively determine appropriate locations of each property underway measurements 27 according to their aimed accuracy. These results should greatly facilitate future cruise preparation and reduce cost of measurements, thus, our carbon imprint.


Winni Farma pharmacy is one of the pharmacies whose drug inventory data processing still uses the conventional system, where inventory management activities are still carried out manually which are recapitulated every month. The process of recording transaction data reports on the sale of incoming goods, outgoing goods and orders that are still using Microsoft Excel. By using Microsoft Excel, many obstacles are found that cause the work process to be ineffective and efficient. To overcome this problem, a drug inventory system program was created at the Winni Farma Pharmacy. With the aim that the management of drug inventory management is more accurate, orderly and easier to search for drug stock data, while indirectly increasing work performance and effectiveness at the Winni Farma Pharmacy. The research method that the researcher uses in making this application is from a manual or conventional system to a system development (electronic system) using the waterfall model. The waterfall system development method is a sequence of activities or activities carried out in system development starting from problem determination, actual system analysis, new system analysis, design, system implementation and testing. The software used in making this application is using Visual Basic.Net application. and supported by a Microsoft Access database with the results obtained in accordance with expectations and the use of the program has been implemented.


Western Australian-based prospero productions has been producing world-class documentaries for over two decades. Lee Zachariah unearths the compelling story behind the company's beginnings.


The invention discloses an engraving and printing two-in-one light guide plate, aiming at providing a light guide plate which has the advantages of flexible design and wide application, wherein the light guide surface of the light guide plate is provided with a light guide dot; the light guide dot comprises a first light guide dot concaved in the light guide surface and a second light guide dot convex in the light guide surface; and the first light guide dot is engraved on the light guide surface, and the second guide dot is printed on the light guide surface. The invention also discloses a method for manufacturing the light guide plate and a light fixture with the light guide plate. The invention can be used for various technique illuminations, fine arts illumination, decorative illumination and the like.


Corresponding Author: Ju Ho Jeong, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 87 Dongdaero, Gyeongju 38067, Korea Tel: +82-54-770-8232 Fax: +82-54-770-8378 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also named reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy, is not a familiar term to neurosurgeon. The PRES is characterized by various kinds of neurologic signs and symptoms that include headache, seizure, altered mental status, lethalgy, visual loss and focal neurological disability. A 63-year-old female visited with upper back pain and both leg weakness. She has been receiving chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin for lung cancer with multiple bone metastasis. According to the imaging, we diagnosed the patient as T8 pathologic fracture. Five days after surgical decompression, she suddenly complained of visual loss. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) of the brain showed bilateral subcortical and cortical edema in the parieto-occipital area. Her MRI finding and symptoms suggested the PRES. Five days after conservative treatment, her visual disturbance was completely recovered. We believe that accurate and early detection of PRES and adequate treatment is very important for the patient having a history of chemotherapy.


A PVC membrane electrode based on 1-[({[(butylsulfunyl)carbothioyl]disulfanyl} carbothioyl)sulfanyl] butane as a suitable ion carrier for determination of lanthanum(III) ion was prepared. This electrode revealed such a good selectivity toward La3+ ion over a wide variety of other metal ions. Some experimental parameter such as membrane composition, nature, and amount of plasticizer, the amount of additive, and concentration of internal solution on the potential response of La3+ sensor were investigated. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian slope of 20.9±1.8 mV per decade of La3+ over a wide concentration range 3.3×10-7-1.0×10-2 M in the pH range 3.7-7.3. The response time is about 7s and detection limit is 2.5 ×10-7 M and it can be used for at least 1month without any considerable divergence in potential. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lanthanum(III) ion with EDTA.


Through the Grey relation method, from the perspective of industry association, this paper uses the statistical data of Tianjin in the past, quantitatively analyzes the correlation effect of Tianjin's marine-land industry. The results show that the correlation between marine industry and regional economy is far less than land industry. Therefore, the study proposes to layout the industrial space reasonably, extend marine-land industrial chain and develop the marine tertiary industry to balance the development of marine-land industry.


Le vicende dei discount in Italia (di Mattia Iotti) - ABSTRACT: The article explains the discount diffusion in Italy during the nineties, that was encoruaged by the loss of family income and the fall of Gross National Product. Moreover, in those years, it's possible to find the sign of diffuculties of the local traditional product in staying in the market, face off with the northern Europe products. In fact, the German and France distribution channels came in Italy, exporting the discount formula, and fighting the tradional italian way of food distribution. After several years of strong market conflict, it's now possibile to see a different market scenario. The discount has been going down since the middle of the decade, and others distribution channels are starting tto stay on the market. This little market revolution was caused by the important consumer attention to food quality, that starts the latest years and that was related with the growing income and the quality consumption needs. At the end, it's interesting to note that some demand ratio still remains interested in food low price offer, that is guarenteed by discount. After all, it's reasonable think that only a little part of the market will remain interestd in cheap food discount offer.


The formation of human relationships is important to form communities. As a supporting system to strengthen the bonding among community members, we firstly tried to connect users by co-occurrence and mutual assistance matching to form relationships. Then, we brought them together. At the time of this experiment, users can easily carry on animated conversations if a common topic is suggested to them. In this study, we utilized a questionnaire to acquire user's personal characteristics for co-occurrence and mutual assistance matching. Next, we conducted a conversation experiment via Skype to investigate activation and inactivation during user's conversations by using speech dialogue and the LF/HF ratio calculated from user's heart rates. During the conversation experiment, matched users made conversations for 10 min on each common topic based on their interests suggested. The result showed that users could easily have animated conversations when a common topic was suggested to them. In addition, we investigated acoustic features, the overlap of utterances, and the number of utterances, backchannel feedbacks, and laughter.


In this paper the author provides a general introduction to the basic law of highway salt swelling, failure features and the principle of prevention design. He goes on to explain the obvious function of semi-rigid base course through the comparison among Yanqi test road of China national road 314, Luntai test road and Yangxia test road, and finally presents the way of checking pavement structure layer.


Security threats are rising due to widely available computational power and near-future quantum computers. New cryptographic protocols have been developed to address these challenges, but very few protocols take advantage of parallel computing. In this paper, we propose optimizations to the cryptography protocol Response-Based Cryptography (RBC). Since the protocol is general-purpose, it can be incorporated into post-quantum cryptography systems to authenticate users in resource-constrained environments, like Internet of Thing (IoT) devices. The optimizations proposed in this paper allow for clients to be authenticated faster. Additionally, this paper makes a cross-platform comparison of the performance of the optimized RBC protocol on the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), the Central Processing Unit (CPU), and the Associative Processing Unit (APU). We find that the GPU and APU yield similar performance but the APU can be much more energy efficient. Furthermore, we evaluate the multi-GPU scalability of the algorithm and achieve a minimum speedup of 2.66 × on 3 × A100 GPUs.


Previous in vitro and case – control studies have found an association between the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-axis and bladder cancer risk. Circulating concentrations of IGF-I have also been found to be associated with an increased risk of several cancer types; however, the relationship between pre-diagnostic circulating IGF-I concentrations and bladder cancer has never been studied prospectively. We investigated the association of pre-diagnostic plasma concentrations of IGF-I with risk of overall bladder cancer and urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) in a case – control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. A total of 843 men and women diagnosed with bladder cancer between 1992 and 2005 were matched with 843 controls by recruitment centre, sex, age at recruitment, date of blood collection, duration of follow-up, time of day and fasting status at blood collection using an incidence density sampling protocol. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % con fi dence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression with adjustment for smoking status. No association was found between pre-diagnostic circulating IGF-I concentration and overall bladder cancer risk (adjusted OR for highest versus lowest fourth: 0 .


[594-02-5] C2H4I2 (MW 281.86)

InChI = 1S/C2H4I2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3

InChIKey = JNVXRQOSRUDXDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

(reagent for methylcyclopropanation of alkenes and ethylidenation of carbonyl compounds)

Alternate Name: ethylidene iodide.

Physical Data: bp 179–180 °C; d 2.84 g cm−3.

Solubility: sol most organic solvents.

Preparative Methods: mix 39.6 g (0.40 mol) of 1,1-dichloroethane, 187 g (1.2 mol) of ethyl iodide, and 2.0 g of Aluminum Chloride and heat on a steam bath for 3 h; wash the mixture with H2O and then NaHSO3, and dry over MgSO4; distillation provides 67.3 g (60%) of the product boiling at 75–76 °C/25 mmHg.1 An alternative procedure utilizes the reaction of Iodine, Triethylamine, and the hydrazone of Acetaldehyde: from 1 mol of acetaldehyde, 95 g (34% from acetaldehyde) of 1,1-diiodoethane can be isolated; this procedure is a little more involved, but provides a viable alternative if 1,1-dichloroethane is not available.2

Handling, Storage, and Precautions: corrosive and irritant; emits toxic fumes if heated to decomposition or comes in contact with acids. Use in a fume hood; store over copper powder and protect from light.


In recent decades, philosophy of science and STS studies have made substantial progress in China, but achievements and problems coexist. In order systematically to sort out this development, the author of this paper divides the topic into three parts: current research in philosophy of science, current research in STS studies, and the relationship between the two disciplines. The author predicts that philosophy of science and STS studies will, over time, address increasingly divergent topics. Even so, the development of these essentially modern scholarly fields is of significance to the future of Chinese culture and society. Abstract 中國的科學哲學與 STS 研究,在最近十餘年時間裏取得了長足的 進步,成就與問題並存,爲了系統地梳理這種發展脈絡,文章沿著三條線索 展開討論,其一,分析了中國科學哲學的發展現狀與存在的問題,其二,揭 示了中國 STS 研究的現狀與發展趨勢,其三,簡略地探討了中國科學哲學與 STS 在當下與未來的一種發展關系,並預測 STS 最終將從科學技術哲學領域 獨立出來,成爲一門獨立的學科,即便如此,這種發展前景對於未來中國的 文化啓蒙與社會進步也是具有重要意義的。.中國的科學哲學與 STS 研究,在最近十餘年時間裏取得了長足的 進步,成就與問題並存,爲了系統地梳理這種發展脈絡,文章沿著三條線索 展開討論,其一,分析了中國科學哲學的發展現狀與存在的問題,其二,揭 示了中國 STS 研究的現狀與發展趨勢,其三,簡略地探討了中國科學哲學與 STS 在當下與未來的一種發展關系,並預測 STS 最終將從科學技術哲學領域 獨立出來,成爲一門獨立的學科,即便如此,這種發展前景對於未來中國的 文化啓蒙與社會進步也是具有重要意義的。. Since the bold program of reforms initiated in 1978, China has launched a vigorous research program in philosophy of science and STS studies. Tracing the developments of the last thirty years, we can see several different phases: philosophy of science, for instance, has gone from sporadic research to large-scale institutional development. What began with the translation of works by Western philosophers of science has evolved into the relatively independent research of recent years. In general, researchers in China focus on the fields opened up by foreign philosophers of science. Although there is a definite gap between China and the West in the overall level of the research, development in the former has markedly accelerated. At the same time, with the increase of international communication among researchers, Western scholars are starting to take notice of the studies conducted by their Chinese counterparts. X. Li (*) Department for the History and Philosophy of Science, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd. Minhang District, Shanghai, China e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal (2011) 5:57–66 DOI 10.1215/18752160-1257129


As part of a quarter-century investigation of eminent men and women, the childhood psychological traits and conditions of eminent African American women were contrasted with those of other eminent women in a variety of fields. African American women's eminence appears fostered by psychological traits and conditions generally similar to those that benefit other eminent men and women. African American women, however, appeared significantly more often advantaged with respect to several psychological traits, including independence, perseverance, single-mindedness, and alertness to novelty. Given the discrimination and limited opportunities for African Americans and women during the first half of this century, eminence among the women in the sample probably required outstanding force of character.


This paper models the interdependent mechanisms of corporate fraud and regulation. Our analyses yield two key insights. First, fraud is a never-ending game of cat and mouse because the strength of detection optimally matches the severity of fraud in equilibrium. Second, anti-fraud regulations can tamp down fraud pro tem by sharply decreasing the most fraudulent firms' net benefits from continuing fraud. However, concentration of regulatory resources on these firms allows other firms to be more aggressive. As such, regulations do not eradicate fraud but synchronize firms' otherwise idiosyncratic fraud decisions and lead to fraud waves. Empirical examinations of these insights provide supporting evidence. These results carry strong policy implications, offering a realistic understanding of fraud as a permanent risk in the financial markets and the limited efficacy of anti fraud regulations.


Objective To evaluate the treatment of posterior renal failure caused by ureteric calculi with ureteroscopy and Swiss lithoclast pneumatic lithotriptor.MethodsEighteen patients with posterior renal failure caused by the obstruction of upper urinary calculi were treated with ureteroscopy,Swiss lithoclast pneumatic lithotriptor and double J stents insertion.ResultsAmong the 18 cases,the obstruction of 16 cases were released completely,1 case had an open surgery later,and 1 case refused further treatment after a nephreostomy.ConclusionTreatment of posterior renal failure caused by ureteric calculi with ureteroscopy and Swiss lithoclast pneumatic lithotriptor is safe,effective and less invasive.