Recent studies have identified a β-cell insulin receptor that functions in the regulation of protein translation and mitogenic signaling similar to that described for insulin-sensitive cells. These findings have raised the novel possibility that β-cells may exhibit insulin resistance similar to skeletal muscle, liver, and fat. To test this hypothesis, the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), a cytokine proposed to mediate insulin resistance by interfering with insulin signaling at the level of the insulin receptor and its substrates, was evaluated. TNFα inhibited p70s6k activation by glucose-stimulated β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with maximal inhibition observed at ∼20–50 ng/ml, detected after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Exogenous insulin failed to prevent TNFα-induced inhibition of p70s6k , suggesting a defect in the insulin signaling pathway. To further define mechanisms responsible for this inhibition and also to exclude cytokine-induced nitric oxide (NO) as a mediator, the ability of exogenous or endogenous insulin ± inhibitors of nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) activity, aminoguanidine or N-monomethyl-l-arginine, was evaluated. Unexpectedly, TNFα and also interleukin 1 (IL-1)-induced inhibition of p70s6k was completely prevented by inhibitors that block NO production. Western blot analysis verified inducible NOS (iNOS) expression after TNFα exposure. Furthermore, the ability of IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, IRAP, to block TNFα-induced inhibition of p70s6k indicated that activation of intra-islet macrophages and the release of IL-1 that induces iNOS expression in β-cells was responsible for the inhibitory effects of TNFα. This mechanism was confirmed by the ability of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 to attenuate TNFα-induced insulin resistance by down-regulating iNOS expression and/or blocking IL-1 release from activated macrophages. Overall, TNFα-mediated insulin resistance in β-cells is characterized by a global inhibition of metabolism mediated by NO differing from that proposed for this proinflammatory cytokine in insulin-sensitive cells.


It is widely recognized that the optical confinement provided by waveguides allows efficient use of optical nonlinearities. With high optical power densities maintained over macroscopic distances by a waveguide, optical nonlinear effects can be seen in materials with smaller nonlinearities and/or using lower optical power than would be possible in bulk material. Waveguide devices have the additional advantage of being compatible with optical fibers, and so may find a place in communications networks.


The aim of this study was to promote theory building in strategic communication by testing and measuring public relations roles theory through an online survey among a population of 782 South African advertising, public relations, and government practitioners. Eight of the roles were previously tested in public relations research, and a ninth, the role of strategist, was conceptualized for this study based on the work of Steyn (2002, 2007). Reliability analysis confirmed seven of the nine roles existed in South African communication practice: strategist, cultural interpreter, media relations, communication facilitator, expert prescriber, liaison, and process facilitator. However, factor analysis reduced data to four parsimonious roles: strategist, media specialist, liaison, and cultural interpreter. Statistically significant ANOVA findings showed the cultural interpreter role was most performed in government and the mining/industrial/manufacturing sectors. A synergistic worldview helped practitioners to better perform the cultural interpreter role. The findings showed that these roles were largely performed across different contexts, indicating that strategic communication can be viewed as a common denominator for all forms of communication practice. This research challenges the siloed study of communication practice in forms such as public relations, advertising, or government relations, and indicates that there is more common ground between communication practice in different settings than previously thought.


Background: One objective of the fifth Millennium Development Goals is to
improve maternal health. Jembrana is a district at the Province of Bali that has
serious attention to maternal health through the program of Jembrana Health
Insurance (JHI). This scheme covers health service for mothers that comprises
normal delivery, antenatal care and family planning. The service that had
increasing claims every year is normal delivery service. Limited budget demands
efficiency of resources, thus it is necessary to study unit cost, identify the cost
needed particularly normal delivery service.
Objective: To identify the difference in resources used to produce normal
delivery service, calculate unit cost with Activity Based Costing (ABC) method,
specify the amount of tariff and descriptive the perception of stakeholders about
tariff of normal delivery JHI.
Method: The study used a case study design. Analysis unit are private practice
midwives and community health centers. Selection criteria of private practice
midwives based on the utilization of normal delivery and community health
centers based on category of health center, i.e. inpatient/primary health center.
Subject of the study were midwives, head of health centers, director JHI
management council and head of medical service department of Jembrana
District of Health Office.
Result: Differing activities in normal delivery affected the amount of cost that had
to be paid. Difference in the use of drugs, usable medical materials and medical
devices at the community health center was 143,868, at private practice
midwives was 147,136 whereas based on the standard of normal delivery was
136,983. The difference was caused by activities outside the standard, i.e.
activities of multiple palpation and use of drugs. Elimination of non value added
activity would save 9.8% from direct tracing. The amount of cost directly involved
and overhead would affect unit cost and amount of tariff.
Conclusion and Suggestion: Activitydifferences will affect the resources used
such as medical personnel, drugs, usable medical materials, accommodation and
overhead.
Unit cost at the community health center 259.341 and private practice midwives
210.346, which indicated that the higher unit cost in community health center.
Tariff proposition was still 500.000 both in community health center and private
practice midwives with the policy of improving the community health center
services. JHI program effectiveness is the role of various parties, both the local
government as policy makers in setting the of subsidy, JHI Management Council
to seek tariffs on basis of unit cost and health provider to provide good service
and cost efficiency. G9vernment allocated a budget to improve community health
center services that increase the utilization or reconsider use of normal
deliveries in community health centers.


Hypertension is a disease characterized by increased arterial blood pressure. Hypertension will end in microvascular disease with the end result being tissue ischemia which will increase uric acid synthesis. The purpose of this study was to describe uric acid levels in hypertensive patients based on age and gender. This type of research is descriptive. This research was conducted at the Assadiah Clinic (dr. Elis) Kadungora Garut in 2023. The sample population was 34 patients with hypertension. This examination uses the Point Of Care Testing (POCT) method. How to take samples using the Accidental Sempling method. How to collect data by conducting interviews. The results of the study of 34 patients found that high uric acid levels were found in 18 people with hypertension (52.9%), and normal uric acid levels in people with hypertension were obtained in 16 people (47.1%). Based on age, >50 years, 13 people (59.1%) had high uric acid levels, and with normal uric acid levels, 9 people (40.9%) and Patients aged <50 years, 5 people (41.7%) ) with high uric acid levels and 7 people (58.3%) with normal uric acid levels. Based on gender, there were 8 men (53.3%) with high uric acid levels and 7 people (46.7%) with normal uric acid. In women, there were 10 people (52.7%) with high uric acid levels and 9 people (47.3%) with normal uric acid levels.


AIMS: Evaluation of the effects of treatment of aqueous extracts and powder of spices on enhancement of refrigerated shelf life of vegetables.
Study Design: Aqueous extract and powder of turmeric (Curcuma longa), black pepper (Piper nigrum), garlic (Allium sativum)and cumin (Cuminum cyminum)were used to enhance refrigerated shelf life of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), taro roots (Colocasia esculenta), bottle gourd (Lagennaria siceraria)and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum).
Place and Duration: The study was made at Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut during the period of January to December, 2022.
Methodology:  Microbial counts technique was used to evaluate the impact of spice treatment on boiled foods stored in the refrigerator.
Results: We found that aqueous treatment of spices was not as effective as treatment with powdered spices. Black pepper treatment enhanced the storage life of all four vegetables followed by turmeric, garlic and cumin. The mixed treatment with turmeric, black pepper, garlic and cumin was very effective and safe for consumption for up to 3 days when stored in refrigerator.
Conclusion: Unconsumed extra foods are commonly stored in refrigerator throughout the world and it is suggested that if the boiled vegetables are treated with a mixture of powder of turmeric + black pepper + garlic + cumin, they may be stored for longer time.


This paper is aimed at analyzing the performance of restricted earth fault relay protection used in conjunction with controlled switching on a 400kV 100MVAR capacitor bank scheme used on the Eskom Transmission network. After the commissioning of the capacitor bank using the above mentioned scheme design the plant was energized. The capacitor bank then experienced spurious trips. The cause of the trips was the operation of the restricted earth fault relay. In this investigation, restricted earth fault protection on Shunt Capacitor Banks in the Eskom Transmission environment will be the area of interest. The research will analyze the current Shunt Capacitor Bank protection scheme in service specifically looking at the restricted earth fault circuit design and relay performance. An equivalent model of the Shunt Capacitor Bank from primary plant perspective based on theory is derived. Recording and analyzing of Comtrade transient waveforms respectively, when the bank is energized, will be done in order to provide a reference to work from. Manual calculations of various parameters from the derived model including harmonics, transients, inrush currents and fault currents will be performed to access scheme parameters.


The paper summarizes the functional evolution from software radio to cognition radio.Cognitive radio is a software-defined radio based on the intelligent wireless communication technology.It emphatically resolves how to make use of spectrum resources.The proposal of cognitive concept would challenge the present spectrum management system,and bring new space for the development of wireless communication.Software radio system could,without any change of system hardware,implement various functions at different times by loading the software.Cognitive radio could sense the surrounding electromagnetic environment and realize intelligent exchanges with communications network through radio knowledge description language(RKRL),and by real-time adjustment of the transmission parameters,achieve high reliability and spectrum utilization efficiency of communication system at anytime and anywhere.Based on these,this paper discusses the hot issues in the future development of cognitive radio technology.


The primary focus of this study is to contrast the influence of the mean velocity profile with that of the initial turbulence on the subsequent evolution of velocity and density fluctuations in a stratified wake. Direct numerical simulation is used to simulate the following cases: (a) a self-propelled momentumless turbulent wake, case SP50 with a canonical mean velocity profile, (b) a patch of turbulence, case TP1 with the same initial energy spectrum as (a), and (c) a patch of turbulence, case TP2 with a different initial energy spectrum with higher small-scale content. The evolution of the fluctuations is found to be strongly dependent on the initial energy spectrum, e.g., in case TP2, the kinetic energy is substantially smaller, and the late-wake vortices are less organized. The effect of the mean velocity field is negligible for mean kinetic energy (MKE) of the order 10% of the total kinetic energy and the evolution in this case is similar to a turbulent patch with the same initial energy spectrum. In...


Software theft and piracy are rapidly increasing problems of modern day software
industry. This involves copying and reusing software without proper authorization
enforced by the software license agreements. Piracy of software ultimately results in big
financial loss to the copyright holder. General user community is not well aware of this
serious crime, and most of the time people think that it is not important for them to worry
about. Different advanced techniques are being used by practitioners to detect and
prevent software theft, including software watermarking and software fingerprints. But
the use of countermeasures, such as code obfuscation and optimization of software for the
semantic transformation of watermark, has made their use partially illogical. In the same
direction, a lot of research has been conducted to develop the concept of software
birthmark, which is now a widely accepted technique to detect software theft. A software
birthmark is based on the inherent properties of software. Accordingly, researchers have
proposed different categories and types of software birthmark based on some defined
attributes. Two attributes, credibility and resilience, are considered as the most important attributes of a software birthmark. Although the concept and types of software birthmark
is extensively studied by software developers and practitioners, there is still a lack of
knowledge and understanding about how to estimate a birthmark to analyse the extent of
piracy.The aim of this research is to promote conscious efforts made during software
development so as to incorporate well defined design features, resulting in software with
strong birthmark, hence preventing software piracy. For this purpose, a feature-based
software birthmark has been proposed which provides a closer and authentic
identification of software, and then ultimately be used for theft detection. This research
also presents a formal estimation model for features-based birthmark which can be used
to detect and investigate the extent of piracy in software. The model is tested through a
case study. Results exhibit correctness and usefulness of the proposed features based
software birthmark and its estimation model. A mathematical model is also presented,
through which the birthmark of software(s) can be compared for analyzing extent of
piracy.


...................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 1.1. Problem Statement and Description ......................................................................1 1.2. Thesis Statement and Research Objectives ...........................................................3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................5 2.1. Pollen ........................................................................................................................5 2.2. Factors Affecting Pollen Dispersal .......................................................................6 2.2.1. Environment .................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2. Human-induced factors.................................................................................... 7 2.2.3. Vegetation ........................................................................................................ 8 2.2.4. Topography ....................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Pollen Allergy and Measurements ........................................................................9 2.3.1. Remote Sensing and Neural Network ........................................................... 12 126.96.36.199. Remote Sensing ............................................................................................ 12


It is now possible to conve~t each letter of typewritten text into computer readable c3de su that every input shape corresponds to a di~tlnct symbol. The goal of a program by G. Nagy, $. Seth and K. Einspahr, ,see "Decoding Substitution Ciphers by Means of Word Matchlng with Application to 0OR," University of Nebraska. Lincoln, Technical Report. 11-85), i~ to decrypt a short segment of text of unrestricted font types using a small dictionary and only a few seconds of CPU time on a microcomputer. A small dictionary of 442 cDmmon Enxlish words is used to perform lookup and matching for a text by treating it as a clpher <"ciphertext"; to be decode~.


especially regarding the valvular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It to that SLE and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) are not mu-tually exclusive. The diagnosis of APS relies on the revised Sapporo APS Classi fi cation Criteria (also called the Sydney criteria), whereas SLE diagnosis is based on either the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) or Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Criteria (SLICC). Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) can be associated with either condition.


The invention discloses a touch control driving method, a system, a driving module and a display device. The touch control driving method comprises the following steps: in the display period of a display panel, acquiring a present display frame of the display panel in real time; extracting information of an effective touch control area of the present display frame; according to the information of the effectively touch control area, driving all corresponding touch control electrodes inside the effective touch control area. As the information of the effective touch control area is extracted from the present display frame, all corresponding touch control electrodes inside the effective touch control area are driven according to the information of the effective touch control area, and a partial driving mode is adopted, the driving data amount is reduced, the processing time is shortened, the purpose of reducing the touch control power consumption in the touch control period is achieved, the number of the touch control electrodes driven in touch control driving is also correspondingly reduced, and the driving property is improved.


Abstract The paper is focused on study of non-stationary piecewise-linear processes on Poisson point flows with independent identically distributed random variables at support points. An approach to calculate the correlation function of the process on the base of the total probability formula is considered. A general expression for the correlation function of a non-stationary process is obtained. Particular cases are considered. Using the method of direct simulation, it is shown numerically that the correlation function of the process has a point of inflection.


Objective: To describe results of barrier laser photocoagulation in preventing progression of recurrent retinal detachment. Methodology: Prospective review of five patients with recurrent retinal detachment confined to the peripheral inferior retina. Three rows of barrier argon laser photocoagulation of moderate intensity white burns were performed. Patients were observed carefully after laser photocoagulation for signs of progression of retinal detachment beyond the barrier laser confines. Results: Barrier laser photocoagulation was successful in limiting the progression of retinal detachment in all cases during follow-up period (average 34.4 months), and maintaining good central visual acuity. Conclusion: Barrier laser photocoagulation can be useful in preventing progression of recurrent retinal detachment in selected patients.


Professor Azza Karam serves as Senior Advisor on Culture at UNFPA, and as Chair of the UN Interagency Task Force on Religion.


The survey was conducted on Bali cattle breeders in Tomoni District, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. The purpose of this study was to determine the reproductive efficiency of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) that use the marriage system by artificial insemination. The results of the data were collected through interviews based on questionnaires that had been prepared and conducted direct observations in the field, as well as secondary data obtained from the local livestock service department related to this study. From the results of the analysis of the data obtained that the reproductive efficiency of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) in Tomoni Subdistrict, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi is quite good because the conception value obtained is 74%. The value of S/C is 1.44. The CvR value is 93.75%. The DO value was 111,41 days. CI value is 392.47 days.


Inflammation is the body's response to injury and harmful stimuli and contributes to a range of infectious and noninfectious diseases. Inflammation occurs through a series of well‐defined leukocyte‐endothelial cell interactions, including rolling, activation, adhesion, transmigration, and subsequent migration through the extracellular matrix. Being able to visualize the stages of inflammation is important for a better understanding of its role in diseases processes. Detailed in this article are protocols for imaging immune cell infiltration and transendothelial migration in vascular tissue beds, including those in the mouse ear, cremaster muscle, brain, lung, and retina. Also described are protocols for inducing inflammation and quantifying leukocytes with FIJI imaging software. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.


ABSTRACT For recording stimulus evoked potentials in neurology and ophtalmology clinics and electrophysiology laboratories dedicated and expensive equipment and peripherals are used. Such systems are not usually adaptable for use in slightly different variants of the intended application. While working with pattern shift visual evoked potentials in our laboratory, we developed a new triggering method to record visually evoked potentials using phototransistors, a system incorporating two ordinary personal computers, one for pattern generation and the other for signal recording as described in this study.


The old documents in Jawi script are being used widely for references. The hard copies of those scripts will deteriorate as time passes. Most of the previous works on Jawi documents focused on the character recognition and the accuracy of the algorithm was very much affected by noise. An effective preprocessing method is required to binarize degraded Jawi document. In this paper, a new technique to threshold degraded Jawi document is proposed. The results of the new algorithm were also evaluated and compared with several algorithms. The quality of the thresholding methods was assessed using visual inspection and mathematical evaluation. The results show that the new technique has outclassed other binarization algorithms.


This article describes an accurate way to model a WLAN transmitter in a co-simulation environment. Simulated and measured results are shown to be in good agreement for a 5 GHz IEEE 802.11a RF transmitter. The model was then used to explore the optimum operating point of the system by tuning the result for the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) and error vector magnitude (EVM).


Botryococcus spp. are green microalgae (Chlorophyta) known to contain an abundant amount of hydrocarbons, lipids and other bioactive constituents such as ether based lipids, fatty acids, polysaccharides and carotenoids which are used for commercial applications. In comparison with higher plants, after microalgae fix carbon dioxide (CO2), they have a greater ability to convert it into biomass and subsequently into products of interest. Some significant studies on the optimization of lipid biosynthetic pathways in microalgae for biofuel production are available since Botryococcus spp. have been known to contain a high amount of lipid in their cells. However, carbohydrates pathways, which are also precursors for biofuel production have been overlooked. This brief review aims to provide insights into the need to consider carbohydrates pathway in Botryococcus spp. to maximize biofuel production in microalgae.


It has been established that high values of the compaction pressure can significantly increase the strength of raw brick and finished silicate materials non-autoclaved hardenings based on sand-clay rocks


Microbes live in fluctuating environments that are often limiting for growth. They have evolved several sophisticated mechanisms to sense changes in important environmental parameters such as light and nutrients, after which they swim or crawl into optimal conditions. This combination of sensing changes in the immediate environment and transducing these changes to the motion organisms, allows for movement in a particular direction: a phenomenon known as "chemotaxis" or "phototaxis." Using time-lapse video microscopy we have monitored the movement of phototactic bacteria, i.e., bacteria that move towards light. These movies suggest that single cells are able to move directionally but at the same time, the group dynamics is equally important. The various patterns of movement that we observe appear to be a complex function of cell density, surface properties and genotype. Very little is known about the interactions between these parameters.


Simple Summary Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome is a debilitating disease complex, that affects severely brachycephalic dogs, impairs their quality of life and shortens life expectancy. Macroglossia has been identified as part of the soft tissue conditions that characterize brachycephalic breeds. Despite similar degrees of brachycephalism comparing the common breeds French bulldogs, English bulldogs and pugs, several breed specific characteristics contributing to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome have been described in the past. The present study aimed to examine the tongue volume and at three levels cross-sectional areas of the tongue, oropharyngeal airways, soft palate and nasopharyngeal airways in the aforementioned breeds. Assessment of computed tomography scans revealed smaller tongues in pugs compared to French and English bulldogs, with values being close to previously published data in mesaticephalic breeds. Comparing the cross-sectional areas between breeds, several differences were identified, however, calculating the impact of soft tissue on total airways areas uncovered only differences between pugs and French bulldogs at the most caudal location, where the latter breed had a greater ratio, presumably in consequence to a significantly larger oropharyngeal airway area. These findings corroborate the importance of respecting breed specific differences in regard to surgical treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Abstract Relative macroglossia has been identified in brachycephalic compared to mesaticephalic dogs. This study assessed the tongue volume comparing three common brachycephalic breeds, including 30 French bulldogs, 30 pugs, and 15 English bulldogs. Computed tomography scans of intubated dogs with the hard palate suspended were examined for total tongue volume and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the tongue, oropharynx, soft palate, and nasopharyngeal airways at three levels: 1, caudal tip of the hard palate; 2, caudal tip of the hamulus; 3 cranial to the basihyoid bone. Tongue volume normalized to bodyweight, was significantly higher in English and French bulldogs than in pugs. Normalized to skull length, CSA of the tongue was smaller in pugs than in French and English bulldogs. At level 3, French bulldogs had larger oropharyngeal CSA than English bulldogs and pugs. Soft palate CSA was the largest in English bulldogs at level 3. At levels 1 and 2, soft palate and nasopharyngeal CSA was the smallest in pugs. At level 3, French bulldogs had higher total airway/soft tissue ratios than pugs. The smaller tongue volume in pugs questions the accuracy of the term macroglossia in this breed and these findings should be considered if surgical correction is sought.


Pot culture experiments were conducted during kharif and rabi to study the oviposition and survival of leafhoppers and thrips on groundnut under caged conditions. Of the twenty five genotypes/varieties evaluated, CSMG 84-1 and ICGV 86522 (0.6 eggs) recorded lesser number of eggs as against ICG 7237 (2.8 eggs/terminal bud). The resistant genotypes had a mean of 1.27 ± 0.53 eggs, susceptible entries 2.18 ± 0.45 eggs and highly susceptible ones with 2.33 ± 0.33 eggs. The number of eggs laid by thrips ranged from 0.4 (ICG 5240 and ICGV 86522) to 2.0 eggs (TMV-2)/terminal bud. The resistant entries had mean number of eggs- 0.62 ± 0.24, moderately resistant ones- 1.00 ± 0.18, susceptible ones- 1.21 ± 0.41 and highly susceptible ones- 1.63 ± 0.34 eggs. The leafhopper survival was maximum in ICG 7237 (14.00/plant), and minimum in NCAc 343 (2.00/plant). The resistant genotypes recorded a mean survival of 5.17± 2.71 nymphs/plant, whereas, the moderately resistant ones had 8.33 ± 1.37 nymphs/plant, susceptible ones 9.42 ± 1.27 nymphs/plant, and highly susceptible ones with 10.8 ± 1.94 nymphs/plant. The thrips survival varied from 3.00 (ICGV 86522) to 12.00 (TMV-2)/plant, with the mean number of thrips being 4.50 ± 1.04, 6.66 ± 1.96, 8.85 ± 1.49 and 10.00 ± 1.41 thrips/plant in the resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes, respectively. The sugars, phenols,tannins, and amino acids in the plant tissues, and the leaf morphological characters are also analysed and correlations brought out.


Three cases of partial anterior and median callosal vascular lesions and one surgical case are presented. Some months later a neuropsychological examination did not show any signs of deconnection. Two interpretations are equally plausible: either the limited extension of the lesions as well as their location explain the absence of signs of deconnection, or these signs had existed but were regressive.


Copyright law is a source of a great deal of bewilderment and frustration to academic librarians. Beyond the basics of copyright protection and fair use, most librarians struggle to grasp the complexity of the law and the roadblocks it presents to access and use. This article attempts to elucidate some of those complexities by suggesting seven steps toward copyright reform that would make the law more useful for libraries. These suggestions address such issues as the predictability of the application of copyright law, specific exceptions for libraries, and ways to ensure that more copyrights remain in the hands of authors.


Abstract
Sorong Serah Ajikrama text is a traditional idiom which is threathened with extinction. This is caused some factors, one of them because of the influence of globalization era and the high of technology. To prevent this condition, it needs an effort to preserve its. The aim of this traditional idiom description consist of form,function and meaning at west Lombok.the structural theory or function theory and semioyic theory which are released by some experts.The kind of this research is qualitative research. It explines the form, function, meaning and the steps in creating the learning matter in Junior High School (SMP). The description is done based on the numbers of traditional idiom of sorong serah ajikrama text in the whole Lombok Island (Sasaknesh) in general and specifically at West lombok. The method of this reserach is literature study and field study,interview, observation and recording. The result of this research will be useful for upgrading and adding the knowledge, as a reference for the other researchers whose relevance to this research.


in that it encourages and practically demands the early separation of parent and child, and relieves the mother of all the duties and ties of motherhood. On the other hand, if mother and child are kept together the maternal instinct is so developed and the child's welfare becomes so intimately bound up in her own that she is the less likely to make a second slip from the recognised paths of virtue. In this connection it must be borne in mind that the very great majority of illegitimate births are first births, and that the mothers


Background & Aim: Studies on nurses' clinical competence and its related contextual factors have controversial and sometimes unexpected results. Regarding the role of nurses' clinical competencies in the quality of nursing care, this study aimed to determine the clinical competency of nurses working in Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan from their own point of view and that of head nurses. Materials & Methods : In this cross- sectional study, in 2017, we analyzed clinical competence of 145 nurses working in different wards of Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Kashan, Iran, from their own perspectives and the perspectives of 19 head nurses. The instrument used was Nurse Competence Scale, which is a 73–item questionnaire organized into seven competence categories measuring helping role, teaching–coaching, diagnostic functions, managing situations, therapeutic interventions, ensuring quality and work role. The level of competence was assessed on a scoring scale of 0-100. The frequency of competency utilization in clinical practice was assessed on a four-point Likert scale. Data was analyzed by SPSS-13, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results : Nurses' score of clinical competence was 67.08 ± 15.21 from their own viewpoint that was at the good level. They also possessed 77.0 ± 13.14% of competency utilization. However, with a mean score of 78.24 ± 11.80, head nurses believed that they are at the excellent level of clinical competence. A positive correlation was found between nurses' clinical competence and their skill utilization (r = 0.845, P = 0.001). Conclusions : The level of clinical competencies and the extent to which nursing skills are employed by nurses was high from the viewpoint of nurses and head nurses. Moreover, a positive relationship was found between clinical competence and the level of competencies utilization in clinical settings.


Dr Alison Holmes et al introduce HOMIP (Hammersmith Organisational Model for Infection Prevention) - the model that aims to embed infection prevention and control within the structure of an Acute Trust.


A major problem for road engineers is the provision of low volume bituminous surfaced roads at a cost which developing nations can afford. A significant portion, often 20 to 30 percent, of the total cost, is accounted for by the pavement, and it is here that significant savings can be made. Use of lateritic materials, which have plasticities much higher than those usually permitted by current specifications, could result in reduced costs, but their use as base materials has usually resulted in widespread failure. Occasionally, however, the laterites have performed satisfactorily for no apparent reason. The author relates this phenomenon to the powerful suction forces present in laterites during the drying-out process, and states that plastic lateritic materials used as bases generally perform satisfactorily if they are surfaced with asphalt. A great deal of additional field and laboratory research is needed on the subject. (IRF)


HOW ANIMALS WORK. 1. Animal Tissues and Organ Systems. 2. Neural Control. 3. Sensory Perception. 4. Endocrine Control. 5. Structural Support and Movement. 6. Circulation. 7. Immunity. 8. Respiration. 9. Digestion and Human Nutrition. 10. Maintaining the Internal Environment. 11. Animal Reproductive Systems. 12. Animal Development.


School dropout is a widely recognized serious issue in developing countries. On the other hand, machine learning techniques have gained much attention on addressing this problem. This paper, presents a thorough analysis of four supervised learning classifiers that represent linear, ensemble, instance and neural networks on Uwezo Annual Learning Assessment datasets for Tanzania as a case study. The goal of the study is to provide data-driven algorithm recommendations to current researchers on the topic. Using three metrics: geometric mean, F-measure and adjusted geometric mean, we assessed and quantified the effect of different sampling techniques on the imbalanced dataset for model selection. We further indicate the significance of hyper parameter tuning in improving predictive performance. The results indicate that two classifiers: logistic regression and multilayer perceptron achieve the highest performance when over-sampling technique was employed. Furthermore, hyper parameter tuning improves each algorithm's performance compared to its baseline settings and stacking these classifiers improves the overall predictive performance.


Abstract— The effects of highly selective κ‐opiate agonists were assessed on the gastrointestinal motility in normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic conditions in mice. Chronic hyperglycaemia was induced by streptozocin injection (200 mg kg−1 i.p.), 7–8 days before the experiment. Acute hyperglycaemia was induced by glucose injection (5 g kg−1 i.p.) at the time of opiate administration. The κ‐opiate agonists, U‐50488H and U‐69593 (1, 3 and 10 mg kg−1) were injected (i.p.) just before the charcoal meal. The animals were killed 45 min later and the distance travelled by the test meal was measured. In the normoglycaemic mice, both κ‐agonists significantly (P<0.05) inhibited the meal transit and this effect was significantly (P<0.05) augmented in acute hyperglycaemic animals. However, in chronic hyperglycaemic animals U‐50488H failed to inhibit the charcoal meal transit, while U‐69593 produced anti‐transit effect comparable to that observed in normoglycaemic mice. These results demonstrate that κ‐opiate agonists produce anti‐transit effects in mice and that these effects are enhanced during acute hyperglycaemia. The disparity of anti‐transit effects of κ‐opiate agonists in acute vs chronic hyperglycaemia supports the hypothesis that elevated glucose levels are not the primary mechanism for the altered response to opiates observed in the experimental models of diabetes.


Introduction: A high incidence of snake bite envenomation is observed in India, due to rapid urbanization and deforestation. Snake bite is a life-threatening conditionand remains a significant cause for hospital admissions in paediatric age group. Because of their smaller body mass, they have rapid systemic envenomation and high mortality rate. Methods: This is a descriptive type of study about clinical and epidemiological profile of snake bite cases in pediatric age group and also included unknown bites with features of snake bite envenomation. This was done for the period of one year from July 2015 to June 2016. Data about age, sex, bitesite, clinical features, complications, management and outcome were collected and analysed. Results: The study included 54 cases of snake bite victim. Majority were boys (64.8%). The common age group affected was 5-10 years (59%). Lower extremities were the most common site of bites (85%). 42.6% of cases had clinical features within 2 to 6 hours of snake bite. Bite admission interval was 6 hours. Prehospital treatment was employed in 10.3% of patients. In our study, 38.9 % of victimspresented with snake bite of unknown species, 39% known species of snakes and 22.1% were cases of envenomation, where the snake was not visualized. The commonest identified species were viper bite (n=11, 20.4%), followed by rat snake (n=7, 13%) and krait (n=3,5.6%). 23(42.6%) cases had dry bite. About 12 (22%) children had local cellulitis; 12 (22%) had combined cellulitis and hemotoxicity; 7 (13%) had neurotoxicity. In our study polyvalent Anti snake venom (ASV) was used in 55.6% of cases and 18.5% of victims developed hypersensitivity reactions to ASV. The case fatality was 11.1% and Krait was the main cause of mortality. Conclusions: Of the children presented with snake bite envenomation, the snake was visualized in majority of cases. Most of them developed clinical features in 2 to 6 hours ofbite. Cellulitis was the commonest presentation and polyvalent ASV was used for treatment. Neurotoxic Krait bite was the commonest cause of mortality.


The New World iguanid lizards of the genus Sceloporus are parasitized by the scale-mite Geckobiella texana (Banks) 1904. This species has been sufficiently described by Banks (1904, 1906, 1907, 1915), Hirst (1917, 1926), Lawrence (1953) and Lane (1954), while the life history has been worked out by Goodwin (1954).


Data synchronization systems and methods are described. In some embodiments, a method for a client to synchronize information in the server is devised. The client selectively synchronize information between the server and the client receives the communication from the server. This information includes a never synchronized with the client data, and changing operations that are not synchronized at the end of data synchronization. Data is aligned and received in the order of low priority from highest priority. Client, the client's memory in the order received, and stores at least a portion of at least a portion and changing operations of the data, the data in the communication the user of the client device, even in an arbitrary end point of information synchronization stored in the client soon to be able to access the part of and a part of the change operation. .FIELD 1


This study analyses locus equations and regression lines relating to second and third formants as a measure of co-articulatory influence of vowels following stop consonants in EkeGusii. Coarticulation can be represented statistically using a schematic representation of locus equations by tracking consonant-vowel (CV) transition as a useful tool in the discrimination of place of articulation. Acoustic data was collected using Praat version 6.0 from four males and four females, native speakers of EkeGusii. Locus equations for the eight speakers were derived from CV words with intervocalic voiceless bilabial /p/, voiceless alveolar /t/ and voiceless velar /k/ preceding vowel /i/, /a/ and /o/ contexts. Scatter plots of locus equation of F2 and F3 onsets-F2 and F3 midpoints revealed patterns for each of the three voiceless stops in EkeGusii. The strongest degree of coarticulation is reported for velars then bilabials and the least degree of coarticulation with alveolars.


The relation between surface morphology and growth conditions on Pb2Sr2EuCu3Oy (Pb-3212) thin films has been studied. The Pb-3212 thin films were grown by the molecular beam epitaxy method with monolayer-by-monolayer deposition. It was found that the surface morphology depends on the amounts of atoms deposited per unit area during one cycle of deposition sequence to form the Pb-3212 unit cell. The Cu2O precipitates were observed when the amount for Cu is larger than the ideal value or that for Sr is less than the ideal value. The averaged roughness of the smoothest film grown under Sr-rich and Cu-deficient conditions is less than 0.30 nm.


Objective
To explore the value and disadvantage of micro-mirror in the intracranial aneurysm surgery.

Methods
Micro-mirror was used to assist microsurgical clipping to 36 intracranial aneurysms in 31 cases, of which 3 were carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysms, 3 anterior choroidal artery aneurysm, 11 were posterior communicating artery aneurysms, 7 were middle cerebral artery aneurysms, 10 anterior communicating artery or anterior cerebral artery aneurysms, and the others were a posterior cerebral artery aneurysm and a posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm. The micro-mirror was used before and after clipping to observe the anatomic features of necks hidden behind and medial to aneurysms, to visualize surrounding neurovascular structures, and to verify the optimal clipping position. Intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescein angiography confirmed the success of sufficient clipping.

Results
All aneurysms were clipped successfully. The parent arteries were occluded temporarily in 26 cases, and 9 aneurysms ruptured during the operation. Postoperative follow-up lasted from 2 weeks to 1 year. After operations digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were repeated in 10 cases, computed tomography angiography(CTA) in 21 cases, and no insufficient clipping or occlusion of parent arteries were revealed.

Conclusions
Micro-mirror assisting microsurgical clipping to the intracranial aneurysm is conducive to accurate clipping, and is a convenient and practical operation.

Key words:
Intracranial aneurysm; Microsurgery; Surgical instruments


A study of Suetonius' Lives of the Caesars as a gallery of portraits of Roman emperors. The object is to make sense of Suetonius' methods of depicting emperors as emperors and to ask what light is cast on contemporary perceptions of the role of the Emperor. In order to set the Caesars in context, the work is approached from three different angles, the literary, the social and the ideological. The first part looks at the literary background of the Lives . The question here is of how far the rubric method and the actual choice of rubrics can be accounted for in terms of literary tradition as opposed to the author's understanding of what was significant about an emperor. The second part considers the impact of the author's position in society on his presentation. An attempt is made to discover the viewpoint of one who was simultaneously an equestrian official and an antiquarian scholar. His view of society is related to his views of the emperor's place in society and his functions as an administrator. The last part examines the relationship between his representation of the emperor and the ideals desiderated in or attributed to autocratic rulers. Discussion centres on the use of virtues and vices as categories of estimation and on their relationship to official and theoretical 'ideologies'. Since it is argued that Suetonius shares the views of other Roman sources, discussion of individual virtues and vices ranges far beyond the Caesars .


Introduction: Changes in vitamin D serum levels have been associated with inflammatory diseases, such as in IBD. Genome and transcriptome wide studies indicate that vitamin D signaling modulates many inflammatory responses on several levels. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic relapsing immune-mediated disorders that result from an aberrant immunological response. IBD comprises of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The increasing number of hospitalisation coupled with the high economic burden experienced by IBD patients, calls for more concerted research efforts, to design a potent and credible treatment option for these strata of patients. Aims/Objectives: This research was designed to assess the efficacy of 1α,25(OH)2D3 on the expression of IL-17, RORC, IL-4, and GATA3 genes in PBMC of Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients. Materials and Methods: Ten(10) ml of blood was aseptically collected from 24 IBD patients and 24 healthy controls. PBMC was isolated and stimulated with 1μg/ml of LPS and incubated for 4 hrs. The cells were later treated with 10 and 10 M of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and incubated at 37C under 5% CO2 and 100% humidity. The RNA extractions, cDNA synthesis, and QRT-PCR was later performed. Results: The result shows a significant down-regulation of RORC gene and IL-17 expression, while the IL-4 and GATA3 gene expression were significantly up-regulated. Conclusion: This result is an indication that 1α,25(OH)2D3 possesses not just immunomodulatory potentials, but also has immunosuppressive effects on cytokines that are pivotal in the pathogenesis of IBD , which is to say that, it can be used in management and treatment of both UC and CD patients.


2 ( 4 f l u o r o p h e n y l a m i n o ) 5 ( 2 , 4 dihydroxybenze no)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (FABT) is a biologically active compound. It forms planar molecules (FABT) and cations (FABTH + ). Details of structural and computational studies of two polymorphs of FABT DMSO solvates [1] and three alcohol solvates of FABTH + chloride [2] are presented. Structures of both polymorphs of FABT DMSO solvates (the triclinic P-1 abbreviated FBDM I and the monoclinic P21/n abbreviated FBDM II) are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the FABT and DMSO moieties. The geometry of both polymorphic molecules is very much alike with almost no significant difference in the corresponding bond lengths and valence angles. The only exceptions are the valence angles associated with the terminal parahydroxyl group which is differently H-bonded to the solvent molecules in both polymorphs. Additionally, the FBDM II molecule is slightly bent comparing to FBDM I. Both polymorphs have also a very similar packing with layers of FABT molecules separated by DMSO moieties. As can be seen from the Hirshfeld surface analysis [3], the most significant differences in the relative contributions of intermolecular interactions to the Hirshfeld surface area for FBDM polymorphs are found for the C..H, C...C and H...H interactions. It appears that the FBDM I polymorph crystallises first and is thermodynamically less stable, while FBDM II is thermodynamically more stable but occurs in the crystallization mixture after much longer time. The computational results allow to identify the more stable polymorph (FBDM II ca. -9.93 kJ∙mol –1 ). Single crystals of the FABTH +


A burr has been defined as an undesirable projection of material formed as the result of plastic flow from a cutting or shearing operation. It is Unavoidable in all kinds of machining operation. This paper describe the burr formation mechanism which is based on the behavior of workpiece material during orthogonal machining of the clay on the milling machine. Specially in this report the rollover burr is dealt as a specific case of the chip formation in the final stage of cutting. The negative shear angle is introduced as an important features of burr formation. It is found that the burr formation process is divided into three stage-initiation, development of negative shearing, and formation of the burr with appropriate assumptions. Using above the burr formation mechanism, the size of burr can be estimated by cutting conditions.


A connection control device for controlling data communication involving set-up of a connection provided on both sides of a communication source and a communication destination to control connection states of both sides in cooperation with a communication partner, each device controlling communication between a data terminating equipment and a data circuit-terminating equipment on its side, including connection holding means for holding the state of an established connection after a disconnection of a physical line, communication resuming means for resuming communication by a held connection after a re-connection of a physical line, control means for processing a transition of said connection states, a control message communication means for transmitting and receiving information of a communication partner and information of a transition of the connection states to and from the communication partner as a control message, and information storage means for storing information of a communication partner and information of a connection with said communication partner.


Advances in information and communication technologies have led to a global information society and the emergence of a new digital world in which the development of each individual, communities, states, politics, and economics greatly depend on the use of telecommunications. At the same time global informatization allows to use new information and communication technologies to destabilize social situation in different countries, government authorities as well as to conduct illegal and destructive activities of political, criminal and terrorist organizations. In conditions of increasing instability of the situation in international relations and global economy there appear new challenges and threats to national security and sustainable development in Russia and other countries, including in the virtual environment. In this regard, the special relevance of the problem of cybersecurity for public authorities, economic entities and ordinary citizens in the processes of their interaction on the Internet, including ONS. The article puts forward a method of analysis of activity and identification of participants of the online social networks conducting illegal activity. Besides, it considers the structure of the information system of monitoring of their behavior.


Empty container repositioning has become one of the important issues in ocean shipping industry. Researchers often solve these problems using linear programming or simulation. For large-scale problems, heuristic algorithms showed to be preferable due to their flexibility and scalability. In this paper we consider large-scale the liner routing planning problem with empty container repositioning (LRPECR) model where allocation strategies and liner routes need to be designed to allocate empty containers from the supply ports to the demand ports. According to the characteristics of the LRPECR model, we combine the path of the ship to the algorithm encoding, set up the fitness function that minimizes the total cost, and use a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to search for optimal shipping routes in a feasible space iteratively. The modified PSO combines chaotic theory and Cat map to overcome the defect of traditional PSO. In addition, we perform chaotic search in different dimensions to enhance the search accuracy of the algorithm that means the increased diversity of search scope. In order to validate our algorithm, standard PSO and GA are chosen as the compared algorithms. Through numerical studies based on real applications, the experimental results demonstrate that the modified PSO is able to find preferable solutions efficiently for the empty container repositioning problem.


Federalism can be an important analytical tool available to courts in upholding the individual rights of undocumented aliens. The complexity of the socio-economic and political context of immigration has made Congressional attempts to regulate the field difflicult. In the absence of a clear legislative mandate, the courts have played an active role in reviewing state laws and policies. (Judicial concern for federalism questions has often been seen as mutually exclusive with equal protection values when applied to laws regarding the undocumented) Recent decisions have /ocused on either pre-emption or equal protection criteriafor reviewing state legislation, but not both. The modelfor judicial review proposed in this paper permits courts to balance state autonomy values with anti-discrimination protections in a step-by-step procedure for analyzing state treatment of the undocumented Through the process, the rights of undocumented aliens will be safeguarded to the fullest extent possible. To what extent should courts take federalism concerns into account when reviewing state legislation and policies regarding undocumented aliens.' The recent U.S. Supreme Court decision of Plyler v. Doe applied equal protection analysis to strike down a state law discriminating against undocumented alien children, but did not resolve the pre-emption issues raised in the lower courts and in previous cases.2 In skirting the issue of federalism, the Plyler court followed a line of analysis articulated by Professor Jesse Choper as "the federalism proposal."3 This proposal calls for judicial restraint in questions regarding the ultimate power of the federal government vis-a-vis the states, and allows for intervention only to protect individual rights.4 Similarly, recent legal scholarship on undocumented workers puts forth models of judicial review that either neglect federalism entirely or fail to directly address it.5 This essay will show that federalism questions are relevant


In this paper, we propose a genetic algorithm as an alternative technique for solving the capacitated facility location problem with risk pooling (CLMRP). The CLMRP is a joint location-inventory problem involving a single supplier and multiple retailers that face stochastic demand. Due to the stochasticity of demand associated with each retailer, risk pooling may be achieved by allowing some retailers to serve as distribution centres (DCs). This is a combinatorial optimisation problem that has been shown to be NP-hard. A genetic algorithm that is computationally very efficient is developed to solve the problem. A computational experiment is conducted to test the performance of the developed technique and computational results are reported. The algorithm can easily find optimal or near optimal solutions for benchmark test problems from the literature, where the Lagrangian relaxation approach was used.


We present an overview of recent developments, based on on-shell techniques, in the calculation of multiparton scattering amplitudes at one loop that are relevant for phenomenological studies at hadron colliders. These new on-shell methods make efficient use of the physical properties of the hard scattering, such as unitarity and factorization.


The purpose of the research is to study geographical and seasonal variability of aphids from the Ferghana Range.Materials and methods. The research materials were long-term collections, observations and experiments conducted in various zones of the Ferghana Range (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan) in 2006–2020. The studies used entomological, aphidological and statistical methods. The V. Barov's psi-square and Student and Fisher's Z methods were used to compare the samples. Mathematical analysis was performed based on 16 morphometric characteristics from the samples of adult aphids (n = 10).Results and discussion. The morphological features of aphids during divergence are a key factor in their range forage and adaptation to it. Other environmental factors have undoubtedly a direct effect on aphids through forage plants in some cases. The study of morphometric parameters of the samples taken in Mayli-Say and Khanabad showed that the variability of the aphid's hindleg was zero, and the samples from Mayli-Say differed significantly from the samples from Khanabad (P > 0.01). The study results confirm that the samples from both regions are mainly subject to geographical variability influenced by climatic and other factors, and the confidence level differs in morphometric parameters.


The catalytic properties of titanium pyrophosphate in the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutylene were investigated in the 400 – 550 oC temperature range. Asignificant change of the product distribution and of the apparent activation energy of the reaction was observed at about 490 oC. This phenomenon, already observed in the oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane, has been interpreted by the existence of two reaction mechanisms depending upon the reaction temperature. Comparison with the n-butane reaction allowed different activation pathways for the activation of alkanes to be proposed. The catalytic properties of TiP2O7 in the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane was also compared to those obtained previously with several other pyrophosphates and TiP2O7 was found to be less active and selective for this reaction.


The teachers ' development of vocational colleges is an interactive result of the teachers and exterior environment.Environment plays an important role in the teachers ' development of vocational colleges.This paper analyzes the environment factors which influence teachers ' development in three levels: society,school and family.


Borel sum rules for the determination of the radiative widths of charmonium are proposed and analyzed. The decay widths GAMMA(J/psi..-->..eta/sub c/..gamma..), GAMMA(psi'..-->..eta/sup '//sub c/..gamma..), GAMMA(eta/sub c/..-->..2..gamma..), and GAMMA(eta/sub c/..-->..2..gamma..) are obtained. The results are shown to be weakly dependent on the quark mass.


The overall quality of groundwater samples collected from different sampling points in Opete Community, Delta State was evaluated using Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment. Ten ground water samples abstracted in duplicates were obtained from 10 sampling points in various areas within Opete. Selected physico-chemical evaluation of the water samples was conducted using standard techniques. The parameters were; Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), magnesium and calcium. All the water samples were acidic as the pH values ranged from 3.20 to 6.00. The mean TDS readings varied from 9.80 mg/L to 134.50 mg/L. The water quality index values obtained ranged from 34.506 to 69.44. The WQI classification of water samples collected from sampling point (SP) 3 and 10 was bad while samples sourced from SP 2,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 were of medium quality. Although the results indicated the unsuitability of the sampled ground water for direct anthropogenic consumption, the water is suitable for conducting domestic chores such as sanitation activities.


The vegetation of closed area and non-closed area in valley forest of Altai Mountain were investigated.Forest structure,species diversity and important value of understory herbaceous plant were studied to find out the effect of enclosing.The results showed that:(1) Five years short-term enclosing forest had no significant influence on the overall performance of natural forest.(2)Ten more understory herbaceous species were found in closed area,and the relative increased content was about 77.5 %.At the same time,the vegetation coverage of understory herbaceous plant in closed area is 36.4% more than in non-closed area,relative increased 124.8 %.The Patrick index and Shannon-Wiener index of understory herbaceous plant in closed area were higher than those of non-closed area.The Simpson index and Pielou index had no significant difference between closed area and non-closed area.The conclusion could be drown that the understory vegetation of valley forest in Altai Mountain had apparently restored by enclosing forest and we should strengthen the management of closed area and extend enclosure years.


The United States of America is undoubtedly the world's most powerful economic and military powerhouse. This position enables political leaders in the United States to have a profound and decisive impact on world affairs as well as domestic affairs – as a result of the presidential system in the United States, the person elected is responsible for the fates of hundreds of millions of their fellow citizens based on their leadership abilities, personality, and determination. On the other hand, the position of President may only be held by a single person for a maximum of two four-year terms and only by a person who was born in the country, according to the United States Constitution. This prevents a significant number of people, particularly first-generation naturalized immigrants, from gaining access to the highest levels of government. Intimately connected to the ideals of democracy, which are regarded as one of the defining characteristics of the American country, are the American people. Therefore, the validity of that specific constitutional record has been questioned for many years since it severely restricts the rights of certain citizens.


Background: Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare condition that usually presents in the newborn period. It is characterized by hypoketotic hypoglycemia due to excessive insulin secretion. We describe below a case of CHI due to a paternally inherited mutation of the ABCC8 gene and the challenges in its management. Clinical Description: A term female appropriate for gestational age baby with an uneventful antenatal period and delivery presented at 46 h of life with fever, decreased oral acceptance, lethargy, and hypoglycemic seizures. On examination, the baby was febrile but hemodynamically stable with no other clinical evidence of sepsis. Management: Child had recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia and required a glucose infusion rate of 12 mg/kg/min for maintaining euglycemia. The baby required diazoxide and octreotide for maintaining euglycemia. The hypoglycemia was nonketotic and associated with hyperinsulinism. 18-fluoro-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography-computerized tomography scan showed diffuse uptake in the pancreas suggestive of diffuse hyperinsulinism. However, genetic testing showed heterozygous mutation for paternally transmitted pathogenic ABCC8 splicing variant. The child was stabilized and discharged on oral diazoxide and long-acting octreotide. Conclusion: CHI is an important cause of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates. Early diagnosis and management are important to prevent long-term sequalae. Establishing a correct molecular diagnosis is essential to decide about appropriate line of management (surgical/conservative) and provide genetic counseling to the family.


Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations are used to model diffusion of molecules in zeolites. A variety of loading dependences of the Maxwell-Stefan diffusivity, D i , can be realized by allowing the jump frequencies, v, of molecules to be influenced by the presence of neighboring molecules. Neighboring molecules are assumed to reduce or increase the activation energy for diffusion by 6E and the jump frequencies v are altered by a factor f = exp(δE/RT) for each neighboring molecule. By appropriate choice of v and f the loading dependence of D i can be made to match those obtained from either Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations or experiment. The major advantage of the KMC simulation strategy is that considerably less computer power is required than for the corresponding MD simulations. Furthermore, KMC simulations allow mixture diffusion to be probed without additional parameter tuning. The KMC simulations also validate the applicability of the quasi-chemical theory of Reed and Ehrlich (Surf. Sci. 1981, 105, 603-628) for describing the loading dependence of D i .


The authors have done a fine job guiding the reader, at whatever level, through and around this huge and diverse topic.


Starting from the first years of the proposed period right up to the 2000s, there were commercialization concerns of line start permanent magnet synchronous motors. This situation, which developed as a result of not developing methods to adequately explain the motor operating characteristics, and also because of the limitations associated with the non-high-performance manufacturing materials, took place widely until the 1970s. In subsequent years, the development of increasingly efficient materials, as well as the use of innovative methods, such as advanced magnetic circuit models and FEM analysis, which better reflect the performance of the motor, these motors became available for an increasing number of industries. In the past 10 years, research has paid off, and finally, line start permanent magnet synchronous motors have begun to be offered on the market as an alternative to AC induction motors. These motors, which are offered on the market with an IE4 efficiency class limits level that is currently tricky to achieve with traditional AC induction motors, are already included in the catalog of many major motor manufacturers.With this study, a detailed literature search was conducted and filtered on the development and improvement of line start permanent magnet synchronous motors. As a result of the study of numerous researches and more than 50 rotor topologies, design trends were identified that are important in the development of such motors. The development steps from the proposed years to the present have been discussed in terms of manufacturability, efficiency and performance.


In VLSI systems, channel bandwidth limitation becomes a crucial problem as the required data rate communication increases, as high-frequency channel loss significantly degrades transmission performance. In this paper, we compare non-return-to-zero (NRZ) binary and 4-PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) coding techniques for serial links by fabricating a test board of a micro-strip line. By extracting the micro-strip line parameters, we carry out co-simulations to evaluate spectrally efficient coding for high-speed serial links in terms of signal integrity. We consider the conditions for which multiple-valued signaling provides an advantage over NRZ signaling from the viewpoint of channel profiles.


This essay seeks to consider some of the issues around evidencethat provide an ongoing challenge to the profession of music therapyto be vigilant and critical with regards the undertaking, butalso the appropriation or application, of research in our alliedhealth discipline. It is written in response to the statement that"medical music therapists need to continue to discuss and debateour views as to what constitutes knowledge, expertise and 'evidence'in our profession." (Edwards, 2002, p. 33). A critical perspectiveto current demands for evidence is provided, and the useof quantitative method as the basis for trustworthy research inmusic therapy is discussed. The paediatric medical context is themain site of professional research of the author, however, some ofthe points made will have relevance for other fields of clinicalservice.


The author discusses human factors engineering as applied to main nuclear power plant (NPP) control room design, including the design principles, control room layout, control and information equipment, environment conditions, communications system, etc. The main control room for a new 300 MW NPP will be modified and improved on the basis of the Qinshan 300 MW NPP design.<<ETX>>


The superstructure of uniaxially oriented γ nylon 6 was investigated at swelling equilibrium in solvent-nonsolvent mixtures by means of small angle X-ray scattering. The parameters which characterize the superstructure, such as lamella thickness, long period, lateral size of the lamella, and spacing in the lateral direction, were evaluated based on a paracrystalline macrolattice model proposed by Wilke et al. These parameters were found to be independent of the swelling agent. The dependence of the parameters on the swelling degree was qualitatively similar to that previously observed on the swelling behavior with α nylon 6, indicating that there is no significant effect of the crystal structure and superstructure on the swelling behavior of the nylon 6.


Customer terminal 101 to the mobile terminal 105 transmits the terminal-specific ID, and IP address. Mobile terminal 105 to the subscriber system 103, and notifies the ID and IP address, a telephone number and a serial number. Subscriber system 103 performs an authentication process in response to the notification, the authentication is permitted, notifies the permission to use the IP address received to the service gateway 102. Service gateway 102 connects the customer terminal 101 and the Internet 104. Subscriber system 103 monitors the connection between the customer terminal 101 and the Internet 104, performs the charging process.


The present invention provides a suction-type conveyor for conveying a method of manufacturing tobacco. (5), the two ends of the fabric belt for transporting a suction-type tobacco in cigarette production process (1) having interleaved by warp threads (6) and weft (7) from a fabric (2, 3) It is connected to the connection region (4) to form an endless belt adsorption type (1). Weft threads (7) and / or the warp threads (6) having a light absorbing material (8) at least in the (4) connecting region. The suction type endless belt (1) in (4) by laser welding the connection area.


Globally, large numbers of children and adolescents are displaced by armed conflict, which poses significant threats to their mental health, psychosocial well-being, and protection. Although humanitarian work to support mental health, psychosocial well-being, and protection has done considerable good, this paper analyzes how humanitarian action is limited by excessive reliance on a top-down approach. Although the focus is on settings of armed conflict, the analysis offered in this paper applies also to the wider array of humanitarian settings that spawn increasing numbers of refugees globally.


Do today's retirees have sufficient income to meet their needs? This brief is the third in a series examining replacement rates for current retirees. The first one looked solely at Social Security, the single most important source of retirement income. The second one added employer-sponsored pensions and other financial assets to provide a more comprehensive picture of replacement rates. This brief builds on the previous findings by considering how the addition of housing equity affects replacement rates.


The level of outstanding home mortgage debt in the United States has declined about $1.5 trillion, or 13 percent, since its peak six years ago. This large drop in mortgage debt has been the primary driver of the reduction in household liabilities often referred to as "household deleveraging" and frequently measured by statistics such as aggregate household debt relative to income.


Due to human activities' influence,the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the air have greatly increased,producing significant effects on the global climate.Presently,an assessment method called global warming potential was used to study the climate effects of greenhouse gases.In this paper,the researches on global warming potential and relative contents were reviewed.At the same time,some unresolved problems in this field were proposed,and the further directions of future researches were predicted.


Under Na2SO3 stress of different concentration,the chlorophyll(chla,chab and chl)content,carotenoid content and the ratio of chla/chlb and carotenoid/chl in leaf of Chlorophytum comosum Jacq and Pelargonium hortorum were studied with spectrophometry.Result showed that the indexes mentioned-above of Chlorophytum comosum Jacq increased along with the increasment of Na2SO3 concentration and treatment time,but the indexes decreased in leaf of Pelargonium hortorum.The value of those indexes of Chlorophytum comosum Jacq were higher than that of Pelargonium hortorum.It indicated that the resistance to SO2 of Chlorophytum comosum Jacq was stronger than Pelargonium hortorum.


Dexamethasone increases the expression of adenosine A3 receptors and augments degranulation in response to their activation in the rat basophilic leukemia cell line, RBL-2H3. We have studied the effects of dexamethasone on mast cell activation induced by A3 receptor stimulation in vivo. Administration of the A3 receptor agonist APNEA [N 6-2-(4 aminophenyl)ethyladenosine; 10–30 μg kg−1 i.v.] to anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats induced falls in blood pressure. Pretreatment with dexamethasone (1 mg kg−1, i.p., −24 h) blocked the hypotensive response to APNEA but not those induced by the A1 receptor agonist N 6-cyclopentyladenosine, the A2A receptor agonist 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylamino]-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, or the mast cell degranulating agent compound 48/80 (100–300 μg kg−1, i.v.). APNEA (10 and 30 μg kg−1, i.v.) and compound 48/80 (100 and 300 μg kg−1, i.v.) increased plasma histamine concentrations dose dependently. Pretreatment with dexamethasone significantly inhibited the increases induced by the lower doses of each compound. APNEA induced degranulation of mast cells in thymus but not in skin or skeletal muscle, whereas compound 48/80 induced degranulation in each tissue. Pretreatment with dexamethasone inhibited APNEA-induced degranulation of mast cells in the thymus and slightly, yet significantly, reduced degranulation induced by compound 48/80. Thus, in contrast to the findings in RBL-2H3 cells in vitro, in the whole animal, dexamethasone down-regulates the response of the mast cell to A3 receptor activation. The qualitatively similar effects on compound 48/80 suggest that dexamethasone suppresses mast cell responsiveness by modulating site(s) downstream from the adenosine A3 receptor, possibly at the level of the Gi family of trimeric GTP-binding proteins.


The most common oral lesion seen in childhood is Aphthous ulcer, which some children experience. This oral sore can be caused by the baby's immune system getting involved with various diseases and infections. The misconception among some parents about the occurrence of this condition is that contamination of dental equipment can lead to such ulcers to appear. Usually, parents can help the patient's oral lesions healing by applying a series of home remedies.


Experiments on the impact of a densely-packed jet of non-cohesive grains onto a fixed target show that the impact produces an ejecta sheet comprised of particles in collimated motion. The ejecta sheet leaves the target at a well-defined angle whose value agrees quantitatively with the sheet angle produced by water jet impact. Motivated by these experiments, we examine the idealized problem of dense granular jet impact onto a frictionless target in two dimensions. Numerical results for the velocity and pressure fields within the granular jet agree quantitatively with predictions from an exact solution for 2D perfect-fluid impact. This correspondence demonstrates that the continuum limit controlling the coherent collective motion in dense granular impact is Euler flow.


User-generated content (UGC) is fundamental to online social engagement, but eliciting and managing it come with many challenges. The special features of UGC moderation highlight many of the general challenges of human computation in general. They also emphasize how moderation and privacy interact: people have rights to both privacy and safety online, but it is difficult to provide one without violating the other: scanning a user's inbox for potentially malicious messages seems to imply access to all safe ones as well. Are privacy and safety opposed, or is it possible in some circumstance to guarantee the safety of anonymous content without access to that content. We demonstrate that such "blind content moderation" is possible in certain domains. Additionally, the methods we introduce offer safety guarantees, an expressive content space, and require no human moderation load: they are safe, expressive, and scalable Though it may seem preposterous to try moderating UGC without human- or machine-level access to it, human computation makes blind moderation possible. We establish this existence claim by defining two very different human computational methods, behavioral thresholding and reverse correlation . Each leverages the statistical and behavioral properties of so-called "inappropriate content" in different decision settings to moderate UGC without access to a message's meaning or intention. The first, behavioral thresholding, is shown to generalize the well-known ESP game.


The integrity of desmosomes is crucial to maintain intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) function in health and disease. In addition to adherens junctions, desmosome‐dependent intercellular adhesion between cells is provided by the cadherins, Desmoglein2 (DSG2) and Desmocollin2 (DSC2) in the intestine. Both are tethered to the intermediate filament system via different adaptor proteins, such as the Plakophilins (PKPs). The specific role of the different isoforms of PKP 1–3 has been recognized in different organs. However, there is a wide lack of literature regarding the existence of the PKPs and their critical role in the intestine. Accordingly, it remains unclear whether PKPs play a specific role for IEB stabilization. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a basal characterization of intestinal PKPs.


The present invention relates to a method for encoding/decoding an image. The method comprises the steps of: generating a first prediction block of a current block using motion information of the current block; determining motion information usable for generating a second prediction block among motion information of at least one neighboring sub block of a current sub block; generating the second prediction block of at least one current sub block using the at least one determined motion information; and generating a final prediction block based on a weighted sum of the first prediction block of the current block and the second prediction block of at least one current sub block. Therefore, the method can compensate overlapped block motion with reduced computational complexity.


Conventional therapies have made little impact on the poor prognosis associated with malignant glioma. Recent advances in the construction of replication-defective Herpes Simplex Virus (HPV)-based vectors have offered an opportunity to explore the therapeutic affects of simultaneous multiple transgene delivery to these tumours. Identification of co-operative molecular targets has enabled the rational selection of therapeutic transgene combinations. Exploiting the large capacity of HSV for the insertion of multiple transgenes, the high infectivity of HSV for many cell types and the ability to manufacture vectors of high tire and purity, a series of combination gene therapy vectors have been developed and tested in animal models of malignant glioma. Recent work has been established the principle that multi-modal therapies, including both radiosurgery and combination multi-gene therapy, are superior to single molecular interventions. Eradication of some experimental gliomas has been possible using a multi-modal approach, which provides optimism that further developments may yield reagents that prove therapeutically useful in the neuro-oncology clinic.


Conventional single superphosphate (SSP) is known as one of the most important and common sources of phosphorus in agriculture. Despite SSP has been widely produced as a fertilizer, a few studies have been done to describe the fundamental aspects of this P-fertilizer, i.e., phase composition, thermal degradation behavior, and solubility kinetics. Therefore, this paper reports on the detailed characterization of SSP powders by correlating their properties with particle size and surface area. Commercial SSP fertilizers were milled under different conditions and the resulting powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyses, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and solubilization tests. It was observed that short milling times favored the solubilization kinetics, whereas long milling times were deleterious due to agglomeration effects. It was pointed out that agglomeration plays an important role in phosphate availability. These results provided a deeper understanding of SSP powders in microstructural terms, and may be used as a foundation for the development of novel strategies of alternative production of phosphorus fertilizers.


It is the need of the day to introduce strategies towards conservation of genetic resources of livestock in several of its forms. Information gathered there of from various sources viz socio-economic knowledge, indigenous understanding and circumstances, production system, phenotypic, genotypic and molecular studies can be utilized in a fruitful and productive manner to support and hold up steps for conservation strategies. Morphological and genetic characterization of native sheep breeds is of immense importance that is achievable by understanding and investigating the genetic associations among population through analysis of allele frequencies at different loci. For this purpose a number of genetic markers are frequently applied like VNTRs, SNP and SSR. SSR markers can be used to get hold of expert results for investigating the structure and composition of a specific population. Because of features like neutrality, high polymorphism, co-dominance and uniform dispersal at genomic level, microsatellites are frequently applied in various species for genetic characterization. Microsatellites (SSR) are exceedingly variable loci which make available adequate genetic information.


The ultimate goal of this study is to develop a robust and accurate numerical method for simulation of hypersonic turbulent boundary layers. A hybrid numerical method, coupling a fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme for shock capturing and a centered fourth-order finite difference scheme for computing turbulence away from the shock, is considered. It is applied, in this paper, to a benchmark problem in which shockshock and shock-vortex interactions are present. It is shown that this method captures the shocks robustly and computes the flow away from the shocks accurately. Then, a spatially evolving turbulent boundary layer at Mach number 2.5 is considered. The issue of turbulent inflow generation, using rescaling/recycling method, is addressed.


As technology advanced and e-commerce services expanded, credit cards became one of the most popular payment methods, resulting in an increase in the volume of banking transactions. Furthermore, the significant increase in fraud requires high banking transaction costs. As a result, detecting fraudulent activities has become a fascinating topic. In this study, we consider the use of class weight-tuning hyperparameters to control the weight of fraudulent and legitimate transactions. We use Bayesian optimization in particular to optimize the hyperparameters while preserving practical issues such as unbalanced data. We propose weight-tuning as a pre-process for unbalanced data, as well as CatBoost and XGBoost to improve the performance of the LightGBM method by accounting for the voting mechanism. Finally, in order to improve performance even further, we use deep learning to fine-tune the hyperparameters, particularly our proposed weight-tuning one. We perform some experiments on real-world data to test the proposed methods. To better cover unbalanced datasets, we use recall-precision metrics in addition to the standard ROC-AUC. CatBoost, LightGBM, and XGBoost are evaluated separately using a 5-fold cross-validation method. Furthermore, the majority voting ensemble learning method is used to assess the performance of the combined algorithms. LightGBM and XGBoost achieve the best level criteria of ROC-AUC = 0.95, precision 0.79, recall 0.80, F1 score 0.79, and MCC 0.79, according to the results. By using deep learning and the Bayesian optimization method to tune the hyperparameters, we also meet the ROC-AUC = 0.94, precision = 0.80, recall = 0.82, F1 score = 0.81, and MCC = 0.81. This is a significant improvement over the cutting-edge methods we compared it to.


An analysis to investigate the performance of various polygonal shaped patch antennas is presented here in this paper. The comparative analysis is based on the simulation results generated by full wave simulation software CST MWS®. Basic polygonal patch antennas with patch geometries such as triangle, rectangle, pentagon and hexagon are simulated and compared with the circular radiator as well to understand the behavior and performance of low profile antennas fed with a probe. The coordinates of feed point lie at the midpoint of the circumradius in all patch geometries and are varied angularly for half a sector of each polygon to optimize performance within L-band. Simulated analysis and comparison of the polygonal patch antennas demonstrate that decreasing the number of edges spreads the operating band. The triangular and hexagonal patch antenna yields impedance bandwidth of 0.79% and 2.8% centered at 1.5 GHz respectively. The polygonal shaped patch antennas are designed for requirements for L-band applications.


In the literature, popular electronic structure principles regarding electronegativity, chemical hardness and electrophilicity concepts are available. It is undeniable that the equalization principles related to reactivity indexes such as electronegativity, hardness, and electrophilicity have been widely used to calculate the partial charges of atoms in a molecule. It is apparent that all such equalization process about reactivity properties are described with the help of the relationship between said chemical property and charge.


The new model of mechanical behaviour of nanostructured materials in wide range of strain rates is presented in the paper. The inelastic strains caused by the dislocation mechanisms, twinning, and grain boundary sliding have been taken into consideration. The model was used for computer simulation of the dynamics of shock waves in nanostructured materials. The results testify to distinctions of the mechanical behaviour of nanostructured and course grained materials under shock wave loading. The shear stress of nanostructured materials at high strain rates has been predicted to be less than ones of course‐grained materials due to contributions to inelastic deformation caused by grain boundary sliding.


Hydrodynamic connectivity describes the sources and destinations of water parcels within a domain over a given time. When combined with biological models, it can be a powerful concept to explain the patterns of constituent dispersal within marine ecosystems. However, providing connectivity metrics for a given domain is a three‐dimensional problem: two dimensions in space to define the sources and destinations and a time dimension to evaluate connectivity at varying temporal scales. If the time scale of interest is not predefined, then a general approach is required to describe connectivity over different time scales. For this purpose, we have introduced the concept of a "retention clock" that highlights the change in connectivity through time. Using the example of connectivity between protected areas within Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, we show that a retention clock matrix is an informative tool for multitemporal analysis of connectivity.


Potamid freshwater crabs are characterised by mandibular palps possessing three segments with the terminal lobe simple. A new genus and new species of semi-terrestrial crab, Gempala bilobata , is here described from Peninsular Malaysia that possesses a 3-segmented mandibular palp having a bilobed terminal segment, a hitherto unknown condition. In addition, the carapace of the new genus is unusually high. Comparisons with allied potamid genera from Malaysia are also made and the affinities of the genus discussed.


Using microgrids to charge Electric Vehicles (EVs) is a significant step toward achieving Electric mobility. The microgrids generate electricity for self-use and sell surplus energy locally in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) manner, where seller and buyer meet to trade electricity directly on agreed terms without any intermediary. The energy trading decision for the microgrid is a challenging issue due to uncertainty of renewable energy yield, the electric demands of EVs and without knowing the offers of other competitive microgrids together makes it hard to decide the selling price of energy per unit. Further, there is a need to audit and verify the energy trading and store energy transactions securely in distributed manner to avoid collapse of the system in case of single point of failure. In this context, this paper presents a Blockchain and Quantum Reinforcement Learning based optimized Energy Trading (BQL-ET) model for E-mobility. Firstly, a double-auction mechanism is proposed to set optimal market-trading price by observing the selling price of each microgrid and the demand of EV's. Secondly, using smart contracts, consortium blockchain is deployed for the evaluation of overall utility, which includes energy supply, demand, and cost for both microgrids and EVs. Finally, Utility maximization problem is transformed into a Markov Decision Process (MDP), and in order to develop the learning policy and maximize overall utility, a QRL optimization for solving the MDP problem is proposed. Convergence analysis and performance results attest that BQL-ET convergences faster, maximizes the utility of both microgrids an EVs with lower transaction confirmation time and setting of the optimal market-trading price compared to state-of-the art models.


Chiral racemic, sterically crowded fluorene–cyclopentadiene derivatives having a monoaryl-substituted methylene bridge, (R1R2C)-((R2′,R3′,R6′,R7′-Flu)H)(3-R3-5-R4-C5H3) (2a–f), or an unsubstituted (nonstereogenic) isopropylidene bridge (2g) were synthesized via nucleophilic additions onto substituted fulvenes. The corresponding dichlorozirconocene complexes, namely, {Ph(H)C-(Flu)(3-tBu-5-Me-C5H2)}ZrCl2 (3a), {Ph(H)C-(3,6-tBu2Flu)(3-tBu-5-Et-C5H2)}ZrCl2 (3b), {Ph(H)C-(3,6-tBu2Flu)(3-tBu-5-Ph-C5H2)}ZrCl2 (3c), {Ph(H)C-(2,7-tBu2Flu)(3-tBu-5-Me-C5H2)}ZrCl2 (3d), {Ph(H)C-(Oct)(3-tBu-5-Me-C5H2)}ZrCl2 (3e) (Oct = octamethyloctahydrodibenzofluorenyl), {Ph(H)C-(Oct)(3-tBu-5-Et-C5H2)}ZrCl2 (3f), and {Me2C-(3,6-tBu-Flu)(3-tBu-5-Me-C5H2)}ZrCl2 (3g), were prepared in 10–91% yields. Complexes 3a–f, in which the most bulky phenyl substituent in the methylene bridge is anti to the 5-R substituent in the Cp ring, were isolated diastereomerically pure and characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray cry...


Our study aims for a holistic analysis of all relevant elements of the razor and blade business model. In contrast to prior research that mostly discusses business models on an abstract level, we analyse the interplay between product and business model components and their interrelation with value creation, value capture and the protection of value capture. Building upon an in-depth study of eight cases, we develop archetypes of razor and blade business models based on the degree of separation of profit generation between base and complementary products. We advance a recently emerging discussion on capturing value from business model innovation by providing empirical evidence on how firms combine different formal and strategic forms of IP to protect their products and business models.


To gain insight into the nature of the peculiar Herbig-Haro object HH 255 (also called Burnham's nebula), we use previously published observations to derive information about the emission line fluxes as a function of position within HH 255 and compare them with the well-studied, and relatively well-behaved bow shock HH 1. There are some qualitative similarities in the Hα and [O III] 5007 lines in both objects. However, in contrast to the expectation of the standard bow shock model, the fluxes of the [O I] 6300, [S II] 6731, and [N II] 6583 lines are essentially constant along the axis of the flow, while the electron density decreases, over a large distance within HH 255. We also explore the possibility that HH 255 represents the emission behind a standing or quasi-stationary shock. The shock faces upwind, and we suggest, using theoretical arguments, that it may be associated with the collimation of the southern outflow from T Tauri. Using a simplified magnetohydrodynamic simulation to illustrate the basic concept, we demonstrate that the existence of such a shock at the north edge of HH 255 could indeed explain its unusual kinematic and ionization properties. Whether or not such a shock can explain the detailed emission line stratification remains an open question. Subject headings: circumstellar matter – ISM: Herbig-Haro objects – ISM: individual (HH 255) – ISM: jets and outflows – shock waves – stars: pre–main-sequence


Bias correction method (BCM) is useful in reducing the statistically downscaled biases of global climate models' (GCM) outputs and preserving statistical moments of the hydrological series. However, BCM is less efficient under changed future conditions due to the stationary assumption and performs poorly in removing bias at extremes, thereby producing unreliable bias-corrected data. Thus, the existing BCM with normal distribution is improved by incorporating skewed distributions into the model with linear covariate (BCM-QMskewed). In this study, BCM-QMskewed is developed to reduce biases in the extreme temperature data of peninsular Malaysia. The input is the MIROC5 model output gridded data and observations sourced by the Malaysian Department of Irrigation and Drainage (1976–2005). BCM-QMskewed with lognormal (LGNORM) and Gumbel (GUM) has shown considerable skills in correcting biases, capturing extreme and nonstationarity of current and future extreme temperatures data series corresponding to the representative concentration pathways (RCPs) for 2006–2100 based on model diagnostics and precision analysis. Higher projection of extreme temperatures is more pronounced under RCP8.5 than RCP4.5 with precise estimates ranging from 33 to 42 °C and 30 to 32 °C, respectively. Finally, the projection of extreme temperatures is used to calculate cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rate which coincides with high extreme temperatures ranging between 0.002 and 0.014.


Clinical and histopathological findings in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with HIV infection share many similarities with idiopathic PAH. With the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapies given in combination with PAH-targeted therapies, the prognosis of PAH associated with HIV infection has markedly improved in recent years. This chapter summarizes the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of PAH associated with HIV infection, reviews the current concepts on its pathogenesis, and provides recommendations for its treatment.


Daniel Markovich explains the possible role of the mineral sulfate in human disorders such as autism, growth retardation and reduced fertility.


Major improvements have been made progressively on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 based lentiviral vectors to minimize the probability of replication‐competent lentivirus formation. This includes the deletion of U3 promoter and the use of packaging cells, which has increased their potential for use in gene therapy and other in vivo applications. However, the risk of forming replication‐competent lentiviruses remains.


A middle-aged man volunteered to be interviewed about his 14 years of methaqualone abuse. He characterized methaqualone as more satisfying in the euphoric and hypnotic properties then either barbiturates or triazolam (a benzodiazepine) with less severe side effects and shorter withdrawal reaction, limited only to a few days.