Summary The addition of pure gamma globulin to normal spinal fluid produced a typically paretic colloidal gold curve. The degree of flocculation was proportional to the amount of gamma globulin added. Similar concentrations of the fraction containing alpha and beta globulins did not affect the colloidal gold reaction. Albumin inhibited colloidal gold flocculation. The addition of pure human albumin to the spinal fluid of a patient with paresis converted the paretic curve to normal. Since the gamma globulin is increased in the spinal fluid of patients with paresisll the paretic colloidal gold curve probably depends upon the relative increase in gamma globulin.


ABSTRACT The population structure of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus was examined in the Maryland Coastal Bays (MCB) from 2014 to 2016. Crabs were sampled from April to December of each year. Size–frequency distributions showed a strong seasonal cycle, with small crabs being abundant in April, increasing in size through September, with adult crabs observed in the highest proportions from August through October of each year. A subsample of crabs was assayed for hemolymph ecdysone concentrations to examine molting patterns in field-collected blue crabs. Molting was observed throughout the sampling season, peaking in April for immature crabs, with lows in all size classes occurring in October. The mean size at maturity (L50) for females collected in this study was 116 mm carapace width (CW), which is comparable to that reported for the lower Chesapeake Bay (CB) and suggests crabs in the MCB are not significantly smaller as previously thought; however, large crabs (>127 mm CW) appear to make up a smaller proportion of the total population in the MCB than in CB. Ovigerous females were observed at two distinct locations depending on the season, with 13/15 (86.7%) in southern Chincoteague Bay in April and May and 24/41 (58.5%) nearest to the Ocean City Inlet in July and August, indicating two potentially distinct spawning grounds and periods. This work suggests that blue crab reproductive success and general population trends are similar across both systems, with fishing pressure or disease in the MCB potentially explaining the low abundance of adult male crabs.


among experts that the tentacle-like tumor projections and heterogeneous CD34 staining may lead to falsely negative MMS. Nonetheless, MMS is quickly becoming a preferred treatment modality for DFSP by many practitioners. Although the margins used by individual Mohs surgeons may differ slightly based on personal experience and training, lesions <2 cm in diameter typically can be cleared by 1.5-cm surgicalmargins and lesions >2 cm often can be cleared by 2.5-cm margins. Irrespective of the choice of therapy, FS-DFSP may recur long after excision and requires long-term followup. Radiotherapy and chemotherapeutics, specifically imatinib, have also been increasingly used in lesions later found tobe locally recurrent andmetastatic during follow-up. A multidisciplinary approach including a dermatologist, Mohs micrographic surgeon, a surgical oncologist, a dermatopathologist, and if necessary, a plastic surgeon is recommended to optimize both oncological and reconstructive outcomes in the management of DFSP.


The aim of the study was to examine physical education (PE) teachers' experience of interaction and how they use it in teaching PE.Two high school PE teachers were observed and interviewed. The obs ...


This paper aims to present the rules and principles of Vastu Shastra; the concept of Sustainable Architecture, which has been laid down by ancient sages for the designing and planning of a residential space in Indian context. The article begins with an attempt to understand the importance of sustainable planning in today's life by listing down the environmental issue which can be reduced by sustainable architecture also it further explain the important role of vastu shastra in the world of sustainable development. The main objective of this research is to study the design principles of vastu shastra used in the planning of architecture which leads to the concept of sustainable development of the society.


The effect of disorder in the energetic heights and in the physical locations of fence barriers encountered by transmembrane molecules such as proteins and lipids in their motion in cell membranes is studied theoretically. The investigation takes as its starting point a recent analysis of a periodic system with constant distances between barriers and constant values of barrier heights, and employs effective medium theory to treat the disorder. The calculations make possible, in principle, the extraction of confinement parameters such as mean compartment sizes and mean intercompartmental transition rates from experimentally reported published observations. The analysis should be helpful both as an unusual application of effective medium theory and as an investigation of observed molecular movements in cell membranes.


A simple catalyst system of Ni(PPh3)2Cl2/dppb or dppm/Zn can effect an efficient and regioselectively controlled alkyne cyclotrimerization to form 1,2,4- (with no additive) or 1,3,5-regioisomers (with the use of ZnI2...


Synchronization is the basis of research and application about multi-channel redundancy. Based on multi-channel and static scheduling algorithm, this paper presents a dynamic synchronization time control algorithm, which endows more time to the fault unit, then the interfere eliminates in maximum. Furthermore, a dynamic synchronization voting unit is proposed, with that, the time is controlled and the voting data is monitored. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the dynamic synchronization voting algorithm extends the task time window in redundancy system, and heightens withstand of transient fault, and boosts the reliability of redundancy system.


Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is the second natural commodity in value in the international markets and Brazil is the main world producer. In Brazil, fungi of the genus Colletotrichum can infect coffee which cause anthracnose and blister spot diseases in most producing regions, leading a decline in production. In order to investigate taxonomic differences within the genus Colletotrichum spp. associated with coffee, this study aimed to characterize morphologically the fungus isolated from diseased tissues of different cultivars of coffee in the main producing regions of Paraná state. A total of 44 strains of Colletorichum spp. were evaluated. The accessed characteristics were: color and appearance of the colony; mycelial growth; morphology and germination of conidia and appressoria formation. The Colletotrichum spp. strains were heterogeneous in all morphological characteristics. In cluster analysis using Euclidean distance, five groups were formed sharing 50% of similarity; however there was no pattern of behavior on morphology to cluster them. Therefore, based on morphological characteristics, the strains belong to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides specie complex and that is not possible to differentiate taxonomic categories within that complex based only on the morphology of the fungi.


We proposed a first person shooter for both hands with multiple mouse devices, which are not used in existing games. Players control their movement and shooting separately using dual guns for both hands. For two-hand usage, we designed a display method for multiple mouse pointers. First, we loaded typical physical driver into the memory and registered our developed multiple mouse device driver instead of the existing MS Windows device driver. We then executed both message loop procedures for Windows mouse event handling and those for multiple mouse event handling. We could display multiple mouse cursor images and utilize both mouse devices separately. After that, a prototype game using both hands was developed for an experimental study.


User interface design is a central issue for the usability of a software product. In this chapter, general requirements referring to the international software ergonomics standardization and specific design features for the user interface of learning systems are presented. Orientation and feedback for the learner are the most relevant issues of interface design of learning systems. Information presentation methods appropriate for learning are proposed. Contextualization of learner support by individualized interfaces, by active and situated learning means, and contextual on-line help are proposed. Reflection during and after the design and development of an interface are recommended.


This paper is an attempt to highlight some questions and issues inherent in the conceptualisation, development, and delivery of Islamic law curricula in diverse jurisdictions and in an increasingly globalized academic environment.
There exist significant challenges, both conceptual and methodological, for Islamic law teaching in Muslim and non-Muslim jurisdictions. In Muslim jurisdictions, it is imperative to move beyond an exclusively doctrinal, literal,
and inflexible approach to teaching and learning Islamic law. To achieve this, instructors need to consciously evaluate the content of their courses as well as
their classroom techniques. However, that approach presents somewhat of a dilemma: On the one hand Muslim academics endorse the dynamic and varied interpretations enriching the Islamic legal tradition by different schools of
juristic thought. On the other hand, in reality, this diversity and dynamism does not translate to a tolerant intellectual environment in the academy and indeed


A theory of filtration-separation and a wetted media air filter used in air-handling units which can filter, separate and disinfect simultaneously are presented. The media is made of perforated and corrugated aluminium packing.The experimental results show that the atmospheric dust spot efficiency of the wetted media air filter come up to the medium-efficiency air filters, and the air pressure drop is lower than of the low-efficiency air filters.


The invention provides a heating device for OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) material evaporation, which comprises a crucible (1) for accommodating an OLED material (10), a lower heating coil (2) arranged at the periphery of a body part (11) of the crucible (1) in a sleeving manner, an upper heating coil (3) arranged at the periphery of an upper cover part (13) of the crucible (1) in a sleeving manner, a lower heat conduction and temperature equalization sleeve (4) arranged between the body part (11) and the lower heating coil (2), an upper heat conduction and temperature equalization sleeve (5) arranged between the upper cover part (13) and the upper heating coil (3), and a heat insulation loop (6) arranged between the upper heat conduction and temperature equalization sleeve (5) and the lower heat conduction and temperature equalization sleeve (4), wherein the upper heating coil (3) and the lower heating coil (2) are connected with a power supply respectively to control heating temperatures of the upper cover part (13) and the body part (11). The heating device can prevent gaseous molecules of the OLED material (10) from condensation and solidification at a vent hole (131) of the crucible (1), and avoids blocking the vent hole (131).


The objective of this study was to identify any seasonal differences in the fish assemblage from the Paranagua Bay Estuary, Parana, using a "capechade" stow net. The samples were obtained between July 2006 to June 2007. A total of 39711 individuals, representing 69 species belonging to 32 families were collected, with Atherinella brasiliensis, Harengula clupeola, Sardinella brasiliensis, Diapterus rhombeus, Eucinostomus argenteus, Pomadasys corvinaeformis, Bairdiella ronchus, Sphoeroides greeleyi and Sphoeroides testudineus being the most prevalent species. Anchoa lyolepis and Harengula clupeola represented more than 61% of the total number, while Pomadasys corvinaeformis contributed to 28% of the total weight, followed by Harengula clupeola (16%). The average standard (± SE) length and weight were 87.6 mm (± 32.2 mm) and 22.5 g (± 27.8 g), respectively; demonstrating a dominance of small individuals, most of which were juveniles. There were no significant differences between months in terms of the Margalef diversity (D), Shannon-Wiener diversity (H') and Pielou's evenness index (J'). There was seasonal variation in the numbers of individuals and species and their capture weight and standard length. The average numbers of individuals and species were greater during warmer months, while biomass were greater at the end of autumn and winter, and standard lengths higher in May and June.


This paper describes a test method which allows investigating the transient switching behavior of ESD-Protection elements with very high transient resolution within the first nanoseconds. It is based on time domain transmission (TDT) measurements using a repetitive pulser. By means of this method the turn-on behavior of forward biased diodes was investigated and compared with single shot TLP data and device simulation. Furthermore the dV/dt-triggering of a protection transistor was analyzed.


PurposeThis paper explores the role of goal setting and external accountability mechanisms in embedding strategic learning plans in small firms. The research question asks, how are strategic learning plans embedded in small firms?Design/methodology/approachInsights from in-depth action research carried out with three small firm owner-managers (OMs) inform the study.FindingsFindings present valuable insights into how small firms learn strategically, and the link between OM goal setting and external accountability mechanisms in pursuit of embedded learning. A framework for embedding strategic learning plans in small firms is presented.Research limitations/implicationsThis study offers a contribution to knowledge in the areas of small firm learning, strategic planning and social learning theory. While the sample size is small, data and case protocols are in place which allow for replication of the study. As the research is embedded in social learning theory, alternative theoretical frameworks may shed a different light on the research question.Practical implicationsThe study may be of interest to practitioners working in the design, development, delivery and evaluation of learning interventions for small service firms. Given the importance of the small firm sector to the global economy, the research may also be of interest to government agencies, who strive to protect the survival and growth of small firms generally and who set aside resource amounts each year to fund training programmes for small firm OMs.Originality/valueThe research contributes to the body of existing knowledge in the small firm setting concerning social learning theory and small firm learning strategies. It has identified a link between OM goal setting and external accountability mechanisms in pursuit of sustainable organisational learning in small firms and offers a framework for embedding strategic learning plans in small firms. The study answers calls for a more robust framework to advance understanding of how OMs learn and whether that learning is consequently embedded in the organisation. The proposed framework can be used as a guideline for support organisations in assisting small firms in reaching their learning potential. It can also be used by small firms in the attainment of strategy learning capability.


In this paper we perform a fine blow up analysis for a fourth order elliptic equation involving critical Sobolev exponent, related to the prescription of some conformal invariant on the standard sphere ( S n , h ). We derive from this analysis some a priori estimates in dimension 5 and 6. On S 5 these a priori estimates, combined with the perturbation result in the first part of the present work, allow us to obtain some existence result using a continuity method. On S 6 we prove the existence of at least one solution when an index formula associated to this conformal invariant is different from zero.


ion from the Sugar Moiety Wendy Knapp Pogozelski† and Thomas D. Tullius*,‡ Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Received August 27, 1997 (Revised Manuscript Received February 26, 1998)


To determine whether a small, wearable multisensor device can discriminate between progressive versus relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) and capture limb progression over a short interval, using finger and foot tap data.


Almost three decades ago, William O'Neill surveyed early-twentieth-century women reformers, feminists, and their organizations. He distinguished the social activists from the more narrowly focused feminists by coining the term, "social feminist." In the years that have followed, biographies and monographs have revised, expanded, and refined his work, placing female activism and the incipient welfare state at the cutting edge of Progressive-era scholarship. Even the usefulness and accuracy of the concept of social feminism has been questioned.' What remains unchallenged is the appropriateness of his title, Everyone Was Brave, a phrase culled from a eulogy delivered at the funeral of Florence Kelley in 1932. When Kelley walked into a room, everyone was brave, remembered Newton T. Baker. In this first of two projected volumes, Kathryn Kish Sklar details the life of this formidable woman who once stood at the very center of the politics and conscience of progressive reform.


African tetras are known to be parasitized by monogeneans representing three genera: Afrocleidodiscus (1 species), Annulotrema (39 spp.) and Characidotrema (10 spp.). To date, Characidotrema were found on the gills of four alestid genera (Alestes, Brycinus, Phenacogrammus, and Hemigrammopetersius) from seven African countries: Cameroon, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda. The main objectives of the present study are to investigate: (1) species diversity of Characidotrema species from alestids from four other African countries; (2) interspecific genetic variability in Characidotrema spp.; (3) the relationships between Characidotrema spp. and other representatives of Dactylogyridae parasitizing African freshwater fishes based on nuclear gene sequences. Characidotrema species were collected from Brycinus imberi, B. leuciscus and B. nurse during field trips in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Sudan and Zimbabwe. Parasites were investigated using two complementary approaches: a morphological study of the hard sclerotized structures (haptor, male copulatory organ and vagina) and a molecular one, using ribosomal DNA sequence data (LSU and SSU). This study revealed the presence of four known species: Ch. brevipenis, Ch. nursei, Ch. spinivaginus, Ch. zelotes and three species probably new to science. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses confirmed the monophyly of Characidotrema and its close relationships with representatives of Annulotrema. Close position within some Characidotrema species corresponds with the morphology of sclerotized structures of male copulatory organ and vagina.


1. Introduction 2. Terrorism and Strategic Theory 3. The Strategy of Terrorism 4. Flawed Assumptions 5. The Escalation Trap 6. Conclusion


Phlorotannins are a group of complex polymers of phloroglucinol whichare unique compounds from marine brown algae. In the present study,Phlorotannins polyphenol compounds have been extracted fromSargassum linifolium brown alga and identified by FT-IR and UPLCMS/MS. Moreover, the total phenolic content was determined by theFolin–Ciocalteu assay. The results demonstrated the presence of polyphenolic compounds in the extract with higher levels about (22.19 ±3.42) mg / gram gallic acid. In addition S. linifolium phlorotanninsextract showed higher antioxidant activity about 63.56 mg/g dry weight.Also, the bactericidal activity of phlorotannins extract has beenexamined against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The result showedthat phlorotannins has higher bacteriostatic activity, which lead tobacterial growth inhibition and bacterial death .These results suggestedthat S.linifolium phlorotannins extract could be utilized as a good sourceof antimicrobial agent in pharmaceutical industry.


Dimensionality reduction of big data is becoming more and more important in many domains, such as cloud computing, human gene distribution, image processing and smart grids, which all involve high-dimensional data analysis. While traditional linear dimensionality reduction techniques are computationally efficient and simple to implement, they fail to adequately capture the intrinsic structure of complex nonlinear high-dimensional data. To solve this problem, many non-linear dimensionality reduction methods, such as Isometric Embedding, Locally Linear Embedding, Semidefinite Embedding and Laplacian Eigenmaps, have been proposed. Though these approaches can be used to learn the global structure of non-linear manifolds, they are computationally expensive, potentially limiting their use in large-scale applications with high-dimensional data. This paper proposes an innovative hybrid non-linear dimensionality reduction method framework based on random projections, which can save computer memory, enhance computing speed and preserve original data geometry. In addition, experiments under several different combinations of random projections and non-linear dimensionality reduction methods are tested on a document-term dataset to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework.


The following research work has as its primary objective to determine the criminal legal consequences of the action of a person who suffers from claustrophobia so it is necessary to investigate what is claustrophobia, what causes and effects occur in the person who suffers and if in our legislation Ecuadorian criminal law there is some rule that exempts from criminal liability to people who suffer from this phobia. The problem lies in whether claustrophobia produces states of complete unconsciousness or diminishes the capacity to understand the illegality of the behavior for purposes of criminal responsibility. The claustrophobia is a mental health disorder considered so by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV that causes a loss of understanding of reality and panic attacks expressed by our body, then analyze the general theory of crime and our criminal legislation Integral Organic Penal Code in the article 36 first paragraph that expresses the causes of imputability for mental disorder, finding an alternative solution to this problem because it is very important and discussed in the courts and criminal courts of Ecuador.


Cry toxins are insecticidal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). They are used commercially to control insect pests since they are very active in specific insects and are harmless to the environment and human health. The gene encoding ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 2 (ABCA2) was identified in an analysis of Cry2A toxin resistance genes. However, we do not have direct evidence for the role of ABCA2 for Cry2A toxins or why Cry2A toxin resistance does not cross to other Cry toxins. Therefore, we performed two experiments. First, we edited the ABCA2 sequence in Bombyx mori using transcription activator-like effector-nucleases (TALENs) and confirmed the susceptibility-determining ability in a diet overlay bioassay. Strains with C-terminal half-deleted BmABCA2 showed strong and specific resistance to Cry2A toxins; even strains carrying a deletion of 1 to 3 amino acids showed resistance. However, the C-terminal half-deleted strains did not show cross-resistance to other toxins. Second, we conducted a cell swelling assay and confirmed the specific ability of BmABCA2 to Cry2A toxins in HEK239T cells. Those demonstrated that BmABCA2 is a functional receptor for Cry2A toxins and that BmABCA2 deficiency-dependent Cry2A resistance does not confer cross-resistance to Cry1A, Cry1Ca, Cry1Da, Cry1Fa or Cry9Aa toxins.


The BETA - gamma circular-polarization correlation in the decay of Mn/ sup 52/ has been measured by means of Compton forward scattering. The constant A was found to be A = 0.00 plus or minus 0.02 which implies a value of x =--0.08 plus or minus 0.03 for the ratio between Fermi and Gamow-Teller contributions to the decay (standard deviations). This result is in agreement with theoretical e stimate s. (auth)


Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) has been an essential part of power system since years. It safeguards the substation/distribution line equipment by limiting the surge voltage to an acceptable value. This is realized by the nonlinear property of the Zinc Oxide blocks used inside the MOSA. Protection Margin (PM) of the power system is defined as the difference between the BIL of the power system equipment to be protected and the residual voltage of the MOSA. The residual voltage of the MOSA depends on the peak and rate of rise of the surge current, therefore faster the surge, higher the residual voltage across MOSA. Power system is subjected to fast transients caused due to current chopping, bushing flashovers inside the valve hall, restrike in circuit breaker contacts, etc. MOSA when subjected to steeper current surges observe higher residual voltage, which shrinks the PM and may even damage the equipment to be protected. Steep impulse residual voltage of MOSA comprises of a non-inductive part, which is the property of the MOSA block and an inductive component which is determined by the length of the MOSA. IS 15086–4, 2017 [1] defines steep current of virtual front time of 1 microsecond and virtual time to half of not more than 20 microseconds. The standard also defines the procedure to measure the noninductive component of the residual voltage of MOSA when subjected to steep current impulse. But, even steeper currents can occur in the power systems due to reasons mentioned earlier; therefore, it is important to know the non-inductive residual voltage of the MOSA when subjected to such steeper current impulses. Hence in this paper, a steeper current impulse of 0.5 microsecond virtual front time is generated and the non-inductive residual voltage drop across the MOSA block is estimated for various classifications of station class surge arrester blocks. Comparison of steep (0.5 microsecond front time) current impulse residual voltage and lightning current impulse residual voltage is also performed which will be useful in conducting proper insulation co-ordination study of critical installations.


The properties of sesame and sesame flour (cake), as an additive in minced sausage in order to improve its functional properties and as substitutes for lean meat, are highlighted and considered. It was found that the use of sesame flour as an unconventional plant additive in sausage minced meat is more advantageous than an additive in the form of sesame seeds. In addition, then it finds additional use of secondary raw materials after cold pressing in the production of sesame oil


Abstract : We have investigated the hypothesis that high-abuse pharmacological agents with ostensibly different biochemical and behavioral effects have a common influence on the central reward system as measured by intracranial self-stimulation. We have investigated the effects of the optical isomers of amphetamine on different central reward sites and have found that differential behavioral effects can be obtained within the reward system. Biphasic effects on self-stimulation are obtained upon repeated morphine administration. These effects are site and dose-dependent. Synergistic effects are obtained with cholinergic agents. Effects similar to those of morphine were found with pentobarbital. These diverse agents facilitated self-stimulation, though the time course, amount of facilitation, and site of effect differed across pharmacological agents. We investigated specificity of response rate and refractoriness within the central reward system using the monophasic cathodal/anodal technique to differentiate between heretofore homogeneous self-stimulation areas from which differential drug effects are obtained by superimposing the isomers of amphetamine on this technique. We are able to determine directionality of fiber pathways in the central reward system(s).


The complex [Pd{C6H4NHCHO-2}I(tBubpy)] (A, tBubpy = 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine) reacts with CO or XyNC, affording the benzoyl or iminobenzoyl complexes [Pd{C(O)C6H4NHCHO-2}I(tBubpy)] (1) or [Pd{C(═NXy)C6H4NHCHO-2}I(tBubpy)] (2), respectively. Dehydroiodination of 2 with Tl(acac) (acacH = acetylacetone) produced the iminobenzoyl(amide) complex [Pd{C,N-C(═NXy)C6H4NCHO-2}(tBubpy)] (3) from which complex [Pd{C,N-C(═NXy)C6H4NCHO-2}(CNXy)2] (4) was obtained upon substitution of the tBubpy ligand with 2 equiv of XyNC. Heating complex 3 in mesitylene at 160 °C for 3 h caused tBubpy loss, and the generated coordination vacancies were occupied by the amido oxygen and the iminobenzoyl nitrogen atoms, both acting as bridging ligands to give the tetranuclear species [Pd4{N,O-{C,N-C(═NXy)C6H4NCHO-2}4] (5). Removal of the iodo ligand in A by reacting it with TlOTf (OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate, triflate) caused coordination of the amido oxygen atom to give the cationic complex [Pd{C,O-C6H4NHCHO-2}(tBubpy)]OTf...


Uber X led to a 3.6%–5.6% decrease in the rate of motor vehicle homicides per quarter in California, write Sunil Wattal and Brad N. Greenwood


OBTAINING EFFECTIVE yet inexpensive teaching tools for healthcare staff and patients can be challenging. Teaching aids to demonstrate tracheostomy tube and stoma site care are no exception. Some educational polyurethane manikin heads are available, but most cost between $200 and $500. These manikin heads are not only expensive, but also heavy and clinically inaccurate. For instance, the stoma site isn't anatomically correct and the tracheostomy is simply a hole without a tracheostomy track. When showing a patient how to care for a tracheostomy tube or stoma site, you need more accurate teaching aids. How can you find a cost-effective tool to help educate both staff and patients about these procedures? Just use your head and create one. This article will tell you how to make a model and how to use it for teaching.


A therapy is called complementary when it is used in addition to conventional treatments. Complementary therapies" refer to a broad group of natural healing methods and approaches that are different than the conventional Allopathy medicine (or pharmaceutical medicine). Many of these healing methods have been used for centuries in
many different cultures. Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, a wide variety of complementary therapies have been used by people with HIV for various purposes including general health promotion, relief of symptoms and cure of certain ailments. These include Traditional Chinese Medicine, acupuncture, Ayurveda, Aromatherapy, Homeopathy, Massage, Meditation, Naturopathy, Reflexology and many others. Complementary and alternative medicine in conjunction with highly active antiretroviral
therapy is often poorly informed. Safety risks and potential drug interactions are frequently ignored as people who use highly active antiretroviral therapy prefer to focus on the physical and mental benefits of using selected complementary and alternate therapies to promote their quality of life.


Photogalvanic cell containing Methylene blue (MB) as photosensitizer and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as reductant has been investigated for solar energy conversion. The photopotential and photocurrent generated by this cell were 810 mV and 70 fiA, respectively. Effect of various parameters on the electrical output of the cell has been studied. Current-voltage (i-V) characteristics of the cell has been also observed and a tentative mechanism for the generation of photocurrent in the photogalvanic cell has been proposed. RIDEAL and WILLIAMS [ 1 ] first discovered the photogalvanic effect in 1 9 2 5 and it was systematically investigated by RABINOWITCH [ 2 ] . Later on, this kind of work was followed by various workers all over the world [ 3 1 5 ] . Problems encountered in the development of this field have been discussed by HOFFMAN and LICHTIN [ 1 6 ] . Theoretical conversion efficiency of an ideal photogalvanic cells is about 18% [17], but the observed conversion efficiencis are quite low ( 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 % ) due to back-electron transfer, lower stability of dyes, aggregation of dye molecules around the electrode. A detailed survey of the literature reveals that no attention has been paid to the use of Methylene blueNitrilotriacetic acid (MB-NTA) system in photogalvanic cell for solar energy conversion and, therefore, the present work was undertaken.


Years of marking large numbers of group projects on specifications as part of a software engineering course has suggested that although the problems are illformed and hence the solutions various, there are some patterns in the learning process. The way students adhere to or deviate from these patterns, such as semantic rules for diagrams, or templates for the report, are a good guide to the students' understanding of their work. We developed software to enable remote groups to work on the projects. To extend this software we have developed a number of rule-based agents that guide students by analysing their learning approach and interaction patterns.


The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Hatha Yoga on physical fitness of boys. A sample of fifteen boy students age group of 14-16 years were randomly selected and given the treatment of Hatha Yoga. The hatha yoga included pranayama and asanas. The eight weeks training of pranayama and asanas performing. The data of pre test and post test were obtained through the AAHPERD Youth Fitness test battery, and statistically analysed. t-test were used for comparing the pre and post result of the test. At the we found that there were Significant difference in physical fitness components i.e. strength, endurance, and speed etc. of boys.


This article examines three forms of production planning: (1) the present form; (2) the form that has developed in the course of the large-scale economic experiment†; and (3) the form that the author considers to hold the greatest promise for the development of new methods of management.


We propose a new method for image denoising based on contourlet-domain hidden Markov tree (CHMT) models, which have been recently introduced. CHMT models achieve superior denoising results over wavelet-domain HMT (WHMT) models in terms of visual quality. But denoising by means of CHMT still introduces some artifacts due to the lack of translation invariance of the contourlet transform. We employ a cycle-spinning-based technique to develop translation invariant CHMT denoising scheme. This scheme achieves enhanced estimation results for images that are corrupted with additive Gaussian noise. Our experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms both WHMT-based denoising method and CHMT-based denoising method, in both visual quality and the PSNR values.


Nonsungical dilatation of stenoses by means of balloon catheters is being widely used in blood vessels and in the biliary, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts. In patients with ileal conduit diversion, the technique has been applied to strictures of the distal ureter and to the ureteroileal anastomosis. The procedure is commonly performed in antegnade fashion, in conjunction with on subsequent to percutaneous nephrostomy [1 -3]. This report describes balloon dilatation of stricture of the ileal loop, distal to the unetenoileal anastomosis, after retrograde catheterization of the ileal loop and the ureter via the ileostorny.


Campaign donors and corporate interests have greater access to Congress, and the legislative agenda and policy outcomes reflect their preferences. How this privileged access converts into influence remains unclear because petitioner-legislator interactions are unobserved. In this article, we report the results of an original survey experiment of 436 congressional staffers. The vignette manipulates a petitioner's identity, the substance of the request, and the supporting evidence being offered. We test how likely staff are to take a meeting, to use the information being offered, and to recommend taking a position consistent with the request, as well as whether they perceive the request to be congruent with constituent preferences. Donors and lobbyists are no more likely to be granted access than constituents, but staffers are more likely to use information and to make legislative action recommendations when the information source is an ideologically aligned think tank. Subgroup analysis suggests these effects are particularly strong among ideological extremists and strong partisans. And, information offered by aligned think tanks are thought to be representative of constituent opinion. Our results reveal the partisan and ideological predispositions that motivate legislative action that is more costly than merely granting access.


Purpose – Due to the rapid demographic aging of the population worldwide, senior travellers (55 years and over) have become an important market segment for the travel and tourism industry. The purpose of this paper is to identify the main features of seniors' tourist behaviour and to determine a framework for classification and analysis.Methodology – The paper presents the results of an extensive review of the recent literature on seniors' tourist behaviour and it summarizes the relevant travel-related research on the senior tourist market.Findings – The findings reveal that the senior tourist market is not homogeneous. Today's senior travellers are experienced consumers of products and services within the tourism and hospitality industry. These travellers prefer a higher level of comfort, perceive safety as an important factor in their decision making and, as a result, prefer package travel. Senior travellers show a desire for novelty, as well as a need to escape searching for authentic experiences. Additionally, they are interested in special interest travel and choose more physically challenging activities.Contribution – The paper provides a framework for an improved understanding of the senior tourist market and its unique characteristics. It also provides useful insights for hospitality and tourism companies approaching the senior market segment and developing new products and services to meet the requirements of these travellers.


been very much more satisfactory and progress more rapid. I think that Dr. Spaar is probably mistaken in assuming that preparations of liver extract are prone to deteriorate in the Tropics, since it is not in accordance with many reports I have received from other tropical sources, in which it has been found that liver therapy has proved quite satisfactory, not only in the treatment of pernicious anaemia, but also in sprue.-I am, etc.,


There are two ways in which an aquaculturist can increase his yields. The first is by
environmental manipulations, such as the optimal use of fertilizers, feeds, improved water
quality management etc. The second is by growing genetically improved stock. Any of the
different genetic manipulation techniques available can be employed for producing
genetically improved brood stock. In addition to the conventional quantitative genetic
techniques like selection and breeding, modern tools like chromosomal engineering for
production of polyploids, gynogenesis and androgenesis can also be employed.


Electronic structure and optical properties of the Ce3☎ in YAG has been investigated by standard spectroscopy (photoluminescence, absorption and excitation spectra) and high pressure spectroscopy. The bandshape of the emission spectrum for different pressures has been analyzed and influence of pressure on energy of the 5d1 states and the electron-lattice coupling have been determined. The significant red shift of the peak of the emission band (the respective pressure coefficient has been equal to—12cm−1/kbar) has been obtained. The shift has been understood by taking into account pressure induced increase of the 5d1 level splitting and increase of the electron-lattice coupling strength.


The research was motivated by the growth of business, especially in the field of culinary or food. The food service businesses were challenged to make a difference or characteristic so the consumers can distinguish. Therefore, businesses should prepare a strategy that can be pleasing and build the enthusiasm of consumers, so its become an experience in consuming products and services. The purpose of this study to determine the effect of store atmosphere, quality products, and services quality on purchasing decisions at Salwa House Sirojudin Tembalang Cafe. This type of research is explanatory research, data collection technique through the questionnaires, literature study and interviews. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique. The sample in this study amounted to 100 respondents who were visit to Salwa House Sirojudin Tembalang Cafe. The results of this study indicate that the store atmosphere (X1), product quality (X2) and service quality (X3) each simultaneously influence purchasing decisions (Y). Based on the results of the regression, the variable that has the most dominant influence is service quality (X3). Suggestions in this study the Salwa House Cafe needs to consider the atmosphere instore or outstore is balanced, has a variant characteristic menu and attentive service provided with adequate facilities.


The viewgraphs from a talk on measurement of performance of applications programs are given. The area of interest is hydrodynamics. Only the viewgraphs are included; there is no text. (RWR)


Soil venting is an effective and widely used method to remediate hydrocarbonically contaminated soils. A non-isothermal model, proposed by Lingineni and Dhir (1992) to predict evaporation rates of organic contaminants in an unsaturated non-sorbing soil, was incorporated into a computer code capable of numerically analyzing multi-component diesel fuel. The program accounts for 14 major components of diesel fuel as well as for temperature variation due to evaporation of the contaminant, preheating of the venting air, and heat loss. Experiments to verify the model performance were conducted in a one-dimensional column. Temperature readings from thermocouples located in the test section were recorded during the experiment and the composition of hydrocarbons in the effluent air was also monitored. The effluent gas samples were extracted at the selected times and analyzed with the help of a gas chromatograph.
 The experimental temperature readings and vapor composition in the extracted samples are in general agreement with the predictions from the computer program. The results show that the diesel components are removed according to their volatility with the higher volatility components being removed first. It is also found that preheating of the venting air can significantly increase the removal rates of the components.


Objective:To explore the feasibility,security and advantage of laparoscopic radio frequency ablation(LRFA) for the special site liver cancer and to evaluate the curative effect.Methods:35 patients who suffered liver cancer with 42 tumor nodules on special parts,including 29 cases of primary liver cancer and 6 cases of metastatic liver cancer were treated by LRFA.32 patients had transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE).There were 30 cases of single tumor,1-6.5cm in diameter,5 cases of Multiple tumors 2.5cm-5.5cm in diameter.Thermal radiation damage range was generally more than the tumor of 0.5-1 cm in diameter.Results:35 patients were successfully implemented LRFA,after operation there were 7 cases of a small account of ascites,3 cases of reactive right pleural and 35 cases of transaminase elevation,no perioperative deaths and complications.Through review and follow-up,postoperative tumor ablation completely rate was 95.24%(40/42).AFP decreased 96.29%(26/27),CEA decreased 100%(6/6),respectively.1,3 year overall survival rate was 94.29%,57.15%,respectively.18 patients were recurrence,The recurrence rate was 17.14%(6/35) between 5-22 months,the cause of death were liver function failure,gastrointestinal bleeding and recurrence transfer.Conclusions:LRFA for special parts liver cancer provides a safe,effective,economical,and minimally invasive treatment.


Information literacy and civic literacy intersect in ways that are important to society and that demonstrate the value of librarians and publishers. Librarians and publishers play an important role in cultivating information literacy in the populace so that citizens can carry out their civic responsibilities in an informed and responsible way. The spread of the Internet and the challenges it poses to traditional information providers creates new challenges for publishers and librarians.


Since last summer, there has been a series of campaigns launched by the government and state-owned media, in response to the growing influence of Weibo in shaping public opinion, to bring popular opinion leaders in line the so-called Big Vs: Weibo users with mass followings whose identities have been verified by Sina. These often high-profile users were often detained on charges of "inciting trouble" or libel for posting unverified or critical information on their microblogs. We argue that the Big V crackdown has amounted to a strategy of mutually assured destruction: it hasn't strengthened the government's control on Weibo or made public opinion more favorable, but rather made the whole Weibo ecosystem more paranoid, more untrustworthy, and ultimately less popular.


Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. Emergency Notification and Response report summarizes and interprets the results of two Field Operational Tests (FOTs) that included emergency notification and response system components. The tests included in this report are: Colorado Mayday and Puget Sound Help Me. These tests supplied technical lessons about the function of the emergency systems. The test evaluations solicited user responses regarding acceptance and ease of use of the systems through a series of focus groups. These tests encountered few institutional challenges. The report findings are organized in the categories of impact, user response, technical lessons learned, institutional challenges and resolutions, and cost to implement. This report highlights the successes and problems these tests encountered while attempting to develop the technologies appropriate to establishing and implementing emergency notification and response systems. Emergency notification and response systems and associated services aid a specific individual or motorist to request help from, and provide information to, authorities about a distress situation. The existing 911 emergency phone system is often overloaded by multiple calls about the same emergency and by non-emergency calls. Emergency notification and response systems are intended to provide appropriate assistance to distressed vehicles in a more timely manner by providing accurate information to emergency response operators. This report summarizes and interprets the results of two Field Operational Tests (FOTs) that included emergency notification and response system components. These tests supplied several technical lessons about the function of the emergency systems. The computer system and mapping database used by emergency call-takers must display and update the map quickly and display a wide range of geographic and political attributes in the area surrounding the location of the incident. The systems attained good positional accuracy (within 100 meters in 44% of the trials). Cellular communication coverage was strong and reliable in densely populated counties but unreliable in areas of marginal or poor cellular coverage. The tested Global Positioning Systems (GPS) experienced difficulties in accurately locating vehicles when they were in enclosed spaces or "urban canyons," but were accurate when vehicles were in forested or open terrain. Operators at the call taking service center were able t o locate the calling vehicle accurately (within half a city block) in 82% of the trials. The test evaluations solicited user …


The university physical education reform under the perspective of lifelong physical education, can make the students in the campus life and future work adhere to exercise and to ensure that the lifelong physical education throughout the student's work and life, realize the integration and sustainable development of physical education. This paper analyzes the relation between the lifelong physical education and university sports, studied the content of the lifelong physical education in university and universities, points out the problems existing in the sports education in university and universities, puts forward university physical education reform under the perspective of lifelong physical education content. Specific reform content including: strengthen the flexibility of the sports teaching content and universality, help students build up their thought of lifelong physical education and teaching in cultivating the students' sports ability, the establishment of a social participation sports management mechanism, carry out rich and colorful extracurricular sports activities.


Background: Successful labor induction is clearly related to the state of the cervix. The utero-cervical angle and cervical length represent novel ultrasonographic markers. Aim: To assess the relationship between utero-cervical angle and cervical length and satisfactory response to labor induction. Methods: Prospective cohort study was conducted in Al-Elwyia Maternity Teaching Hospital for a period of six months; 100 cases were enrolled in the study, and a pre-labor induction measurement of utero-cervical angle and cervical length using transvaginal ultrasound scanning was followed up till the end of labor to estimate the rate of success of induction of labor. Results: 65 patients had successful induction of labor and 35 failed to do so. No differences were found in demographic data and previous obstetric history. Short cervical length and wide utero-cervical angle were found in successful induction of labor. A significant negative correlation was found between utero-cervical angle and labor duration. At the cutoff point of 97.5 degrees of utero-cervical angle, the sensitivity was 83.12%, specificity was 71.4%, positive predictive value was 84.38%, negative predictive value was 69.45% and the accuracy was 88%. At a cutoff point of less than 29.5 mm of cervical length, the sensitivity was 92.3%, specificity was 80%, positive predictive value was 89.55%, negative predictive value was 84.84% and the accuracy was 88%. Conclusion: Utero-cervical angle and cervical length may be independent predictors of successful induction of labor.


This paper consists of two distinct but related parts. In the first part a geometric theory of generalized inverses is presented and a methodology based on this theory is developed and applied to solve the K‐matrix and P‐matrix forms of Beer's law. It is shown that most currently accepted and practiced methods for solving these forms of Beer's law are just special cases of this geometric theory of generalized inverses. In addition, this geometric theory is used to explain why the current methods work and why they fail.


The overall objective of this research was to increase better understand of the challenges that influence highland bamboo culm supply in Dawuro zone with the specific objectives of mapping highland bamboo culm marketing channels of the study districts and analyzing determinants of highland bamboo culms supply. Data were generated by individual interview and group discussions by using questionnaires and checklists. This was supplemented by secondary data collected from different published and unpublished sources. Multistage sampling technique was applied. Sample of 109 bamboo producers and 34 traders and 2 small and medium bamboo culm processors were main sources of primary data. Descriptive statistics and econometric analysis were employed. Producers, traders (collectors and wholesalers) and bamboo handicraftsmen are chain actors in study areas. Bamboo producers supplied (348,940 culms) to different buyers in 2015 production year. Since there is heteroscedasticity problem in the data set, robust OLS regression econometric model was used to analyze determinants of highland bamboo culms supply to market in study districts. Bamboo culms supply determinants such as quantity of Yushania alpina produced, distance to nearest all weather road, silvicultural management of bamboo stands, access to market information, land allocated for bamboo plantation, and Yushania alpina farming experience were found to significantly affect the household market supply of bamboo culms. Of these explanatory variables, quantity of Yushania alpina produced, distance to all nearest weather road, silvicultural management of bamboo stands were the strongest factors that determine bamboo culms supply to market (p<0.001). To improve output of bamboo culms and increase their own incomes; farmers should apply intensive bamboo silvicultural management. But bringing about a meaningful change in the production and utilization of bamboo resources in the study areas requires a combined effort of all relevant stakeholders. Keywords: Culms supply, Dawuro, highland bamboo ( Yushania alpina ) value chain, multiple linear regression model


For the development of the liquid lithium (Li) jet target system for the boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), the stability of the Li jet is important. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the characteristics of the disturbances and the droplet formation of a water jet flow at high velocity. The experimental studies for a water jet flow were performed to simulate the liquid Li jet flow. The nozzles in the experiment had a rectangular flow channel with the gap of 0.5 mm and the length of 10 mm and 70 mm. The water flow velocities in these nozzles were 5 m/s, 10 m/s or 15 m/s. The stability of the water jet flow was investigated by the observation of the surface disturbance using a high speed video camera. The formation of water droplet from the water jet flow was detected, and the characteristics of the droplet formation were analyzed using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). Then, the surface disturbance of the jet flow was characterized by the characteristics of the droplet generation. In the experiment with 10mm length of nozzle, a lot of droplets are generated from the jet surface and the surface is considered to be unstable. On the other hand the smooth jet surface and the stable jet are made near nozzle outlet. In the experiment with 70mm length of nozzle, few droplets are generated from the surface of the jet and the surface of the jet is very smooth especially for the place near nozzle outlet. It was concluded that the droplet generation from the surface of the water jet was promoted by the distortion of the jet surface. Also the surfaces of the jet flow made by the nozzle having the length of 70 mm was smoother than those in the tests with the nozzle having the length of 10 mm. The large eddy in the flow must be dumped before the nozzle outlet because the turbulence was fully developed in the nozzle.© 2016 ASME


A re-entry capsule is the portion of a spacecraft which returns to earth following a space flight. In present paper, a fluent analysis is performed on two distinctive models of capsule and temperature contours are outlined. Firstly, the aft end formed in a sharp (slender body) shape forms a shock wave that touches the capsule and high temperatures are formed on the body, Whereas, the aft end is formed in a rounded (blunt body) shape, as this forms a shock wave that doesn't touch the capsule, and the heat is diverged away rather than melting the vehicle body and low temperatures are seen on the body. The capsule model was created in Solid Works, meshing and general post processing was carried out in Ansys fluent 14.0


The expediency of developing electronic perfumery as a means of correcting the psychophysiological state of society is substantiated. A feature of the proposed approach is the pairing of electronic perfumery itself with jewelry. This allows the implementation of electronic circuits that provide the generation of aromatic vapors in accordance with the commands received from the control program installed on the user's smartphone or iPhone, while ensuring a sufficiently high level of consumer attractiveness. The generation of aromatic vapors is carried out through the use of a solid or gel-like sorbent saturated with substances containing essential oils, and essential oils used in aromatherapy can be used. Commands given to the control unit can be formed using telemedicine diagnostics, which creates the prerequisites for directed impact on society as a whole. Issues related to the introduction of the proposed system into mass use are discussed. It is shown that initially such systems can only be implemented as an electronic perfume. The transition to the use of aromatherapy products for the correction of the psycho-emotional state is carried out at subsequent stages.


PUBLICATION INFO International Journal of Agricultural Invention (IJAI) RNI: UPENG/2016/70091 ISSN: 2456-1797 (P) Vol.: 4, Issue: 2, Pages: 237-239 Journal Homepage URL http://agriinventionjournal.com/ DOI: 10.46492/IJAI/2019.4.2.19 ABSTRACT Study aimed at assessing the factors affecting sustainable dairy farming in Karnataka state, India. Since two districts namely Hassan and Mysuru have highest number of crossbred cattle population in the state. These two districts were selected for the study. Study identified seven variables that affected sustainable dairy farming index. Those variables were ratio of crossbred cows and buffaloes to local cow, milk productivity of milch animals of household, marketed surplus of households, per animal area under fodder crops, proportion of expenses on concentrates to total feed expenses, proportion of curative veterinary expenses to total veterinary expenses and education level of households. Variable that affected significantly were milk productivity, marketed surplus of household, per animal area under fodder crops, proportion of curative veterinary expenses to total veterinary expenses and education level. Focussing on these factors would help in improving sustainable dairy farming in the study area. Current study would be helpful to policy makers while framing policies regarding augmenting farmers income through holistic dairy development.


Results are presented of systematic studies of vibration damping in steel of a type, and processed by a route, rel-evant to Caribbean steel pans. Damping is likely to be a significant factor in the variation of sound quality be-tween different pans. The main stages in pan manufac-ture are simulated in a controlled manner using sheet steel, cold-rolled to a prescribed level of thickness reduc-tion then annealed at a chosen temperature in a laboratory furnace. Small test strips were cut from the resulting material, and tested in free-free beam bending to deduce the Young's modulus and its associated loss factor. It is shown that the steel type, the degree of cold working and the annealing temperature all have a significant influence on damping. Furthermore, for each individual specimen damping is found to decrease with rising frequency, ap-proximately following a power law. Comparison with samples cut from a real pan show that there are further influences from the pan's geometrical details.


Left as the government used heavy-handed tactics against protesters and passed laws that criminalized expressions of dissent that were legitimate in every other democracy. Th is draconian reaction led the New Left to believe that the government was reverting to a Nazi-era police state. Furthermore, many found it hard to sympathize with RAF targets like Schleyer, who managed to become rich and powerful despite being a former SS officer and deputy of Reinhard Heydrich, one of the masterminds of the Final Solution. Th ough Aust discusses Margrit Schiller, he leaves out that she joined the RAF in part because her school history classes never addressed Nazism, and she discovered that her father as a soldier had tortured a Russian prisoner of war to death. In the early 1970s, Germany was only beginning to come to terms with its past, and she and hundreds of thousands of others thought the government's reaction to the New Left posed more of a threat to democracy than the RAF itself. Th is detailed account is important for specialists. It has and will continue to appeal to those fascinated by the RAF personalities and their malice. Th ose who want to know why the RAF was so durable will find more thorough answers elsewhere, however.


Theoretical and experimental research has been performed on the application of intense light ion beams to inertial confinement fusion. The following achievements are documented. A 1 TW accelerator (a module of the PBFA 1 device at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque), has been installed at Cornell and it has been used to develop high power magnetically insulated ion diodes. Ion beams at 0.3 TW level have been produced. The use of spectroscopic techniques to diagnose conditions in detail with in magnetically insulated diodes was proposed, and preliminary experiments have been successfully performed. These have revealed the anode plasma density, transverse velocities of ions within the diode (from Doppler broadening of ion emission lines) and the electric field profile in the accelerating gap (from the Stark shifted line profile of especially selected emission lines). Theoretical studies on the effects of lack of symmetry in the electron drift direction on the leakage electron current in a magnetically insulated diode show that even very small perturbations can cause a substantial enhancement of the leakage current. Experiments involving electron flow in a magnetically insulated diode have shown cathode sheath losses to occur in local burst as well as in a smooth manner.


Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with numerous involved factors. miR‐146a and miR‐146b (miR‐146a/b) are anti‐inflammatory miRNAs that are increased in psoriatic skin. SERPINB2 has been shown to be upregulated in the inflammation and infections. Here we aimed to study the relationship between miR‐146a/b and SERPINB2 and to delineate the role of SERPINB2 in association of plaque psoriasis. We report increased SERPINB2 expression in the skin of psoriasis patients, which was in a positive relationship with psoriasis severity and in a negative relationship with miR‐146a/b in psoriatic lesions. In cultured keratinocytes, both cellular and secreted SERPINB2 levels were strongly induced in response to IFN‐γ and TNF‐α. Interestingly, SERPINB2 mRNA was downregulated by IL‐17A and the combination of TNF‐α and IL‐17A at time points when miR‐146a was increased. The predicted binding site for miR‐146a/b in 3' untranslated region of SERPINB2 revealed no activity in luciferase assay, while siRNA silencing of miR‐146a/b direct targets IRAK1 and CARD10 resulted in reduced expression of SERPINB2, suggesting that miR‐146a/b indirectly control SERPINB2 expression in the skin. The siRNA silencing of SERPINB2 increased the expression of IL‐8, CXCL5 and CCL5 and migration of neutrophils revealing its anti‐inflammatory role in keratinocytes. Our data together suggest that SERPINB2 and miR‐146a/b are part of disease‐related network of molecules that are coordinately regulated and act in controlling the inflammatory responses in psoriatic skin.


BACKGROUND Conventional expansion inadequately restores damaged skin for patients with large areas of skin deficiency or who lack sources of normal skin. These patients require repeated skin expansions, but little is known about the outcomes of this procedure. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the microscopic changes and biomechanical properties of skin and soft tissue after repeated expansion. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prepared three groups of six pigs each: a conventional expansion group, a repeated expansion group, and a blank nonsurgical control group. We measured histology, ultrastructure, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), stress–strain, stress relaxation, and stress strength. RESULTS Skin obtained after conventional expansion and repeated expansion was basically healthy, but the microscopic and biomechanical properties differed from those of nonexpanded skin, especially in the repeated expansion group. CONCLUSION Repeated skin expansion involves growth under stress, simultaneous injuries, and further repairs, with fibers showing more injury signs than cells. This article describes the microscopic changes and biomechanical properties that occur after repeated expansion.


Changes in foreign exchange (FX) reserves are difficult to measure in an economically meaningful way because central banks do not decompose reported data into passive and active components. Only the latter should be used when the usefulness of FX reserves in crisis management is assessed or symptoms of currency manipulations are looked for. The applicability of the existing approach to identification of active component of FX reserves is highly limited as it relies on data that are available for a relatively short timespan. To overcome these problems the new approach to estimation of active component of FX reserves is laid out. It makes use of a time-varying coefficient model estimated with Bayesian techniques. The empirical results are obtained for 20 countries over 1995-2017 period. The main finding is that the estimates from the new approach are highly correlated with those from the existing approach, but the timespan of the former is substantially larger than that of the latter. The estimates based on the new approach are cross-checked against the data on FX market interventions of the Czech National Bank. It is demonstrated that the estimates are in general superior to plain changes in FX reserves as a measure of FX interventions and are not worse than those from the existing approach.


Summary The effects of component population, rhizobial inoculation and applied nitrogen on the efficiency of phosphorus utilization in maize/mungbean intercropping were examined in two experiments. The efficiency of phosphorus absorption decreased by between 5 and 43% in maize and by between 31 and 58% in mungbean as a result of intercropping. The overall efficiency of phosphorus absorption in intercropping decreased with increasing nitrogen level but a parallel increase in overall conversion efficiency maintained a constant and large land equivalent ratio (LER) up to the highest level of nitrogen. The increase in LER over unity, however, was due primarily to the greater total absorption of phosphorus by maize and mungbean together in intercropping compared with that when they were grown in pure stands.


A thorough analysis is performed to find traveling waves in a qualitative reaction-diffusion system inspired by a predator-prey model. We provide rigorous results coming from a standard local stability analysis, numerical bifurcation analysis, and relevant computations of invariant manifolds to exhibit homoclinic and heteroclinic connections, and periodic orbits in the associated traveling wave system with four components. In so doing, we present and describe a zoo of different traveling wave solutions. In addition, homoclinic chaos is manifested via both saddle-focus and focus-focus bifurcations as well as a Belyakov point. An actual computation of global invariant manifolds near a focus-focus homoclinic bifurcation is also presented to unravel a multiplicity of wave solutions in the model.


Crisis is an abnormal and emergency situation which would occur as a result of natural or unnatural disasters. Considering geographical situation of Iran, constant readiness of responsible crisis managers and organizations is essential. They should be prepared for taking correct and real-time decisions and finally conducting necessary actions to respond to the crisis. With respect to knowledge and experiences gained from incidents occurred in Iran and other countries, crisis experts believe that the most important issues in crisis management realm are: (1) Effective coordination and cooperation among organizations which are responsible for crisis management, and (2) Effective utilization of available assets for responding to the crisis. Thus utilizing an architectural mechanism that has anticipated necessary solutions for crisis situation is a major concern of top national managers. This article proposes a crisis management system which is based on enterprise architecture. By integrating and facilitating interactions between different parts of an organization, such as: information, communication, and operation, this system provides crisis commander and other key players with a basis on which decision could be made more effectively and situation could be handled more efficiently. Early outcome of such a system is determination of the followings: (1) operation scope, (2) acting units' mission and tasks, (3) organizational processes, (4) counter crisis scenarios, (5) mission assignment and execution procedures and categories, (6) communications among operational members and nodes, (7) mission priorities (8) information content transferred among members, (9) necessary features of hardware and software systems, and (10) illustration of communication among subsystems. Improving the accuracy and speed of commander's decision making process by means of creating a common picture of the situation and facilitating information, service and capability sharing during crisis period is another result of this system. At the end of this article, a simple application of this system would be presented based on C4ISR architecture framework and software development methodology.


In the title complex, [CuCl(C14H12N4)2], the CuI atom, lying on a twofold rotation axis, is coordinated by two N atoms of two 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4,6,11-tetraazanaphthacene ligands and one Cl atom, also lying on the twofold rotation axis, in a distorted trigonal-planar geometry. The complex molecules are connected into a one-dimensional structure along [001] via N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and further into a three-dimensional structure via N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. π–π interactions between the pyrazine and benzene rings and between the benzene rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.5635 (15) and 3.9128 (16) Å] are present.


Background Owing to inconsistent and inconclusive results, we performed a meta-analysis to derive a more precise estimation of the association between miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism and cancer risk. Methodology/Principal Findings A systematic search of the Pubmed, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase) and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) databases was performed with the last search updated on May 6, 2012. The odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to assess the strength of the association. A total of 15 independent studies including 7,188 cases and 8,548 controls were used in the meta-analysis. In the present meta-analysis, we found a significant association between miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism and cancer risk in the overall analysis (G versus A: OR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.01–1.19, P = 0.03; GG+AG versus AA: OR = 1.15, 95%CI 1.02–1.30, P = 0.02; GG versus AG+AA: OR = 1.07, 95%CI 0.89–1.28, P = 0.50; GG versus AA: OR = 1.13, 95%CI 0.98–1.31, P = 0.09; AG versus AA: OR = 1.16, 95%CI 1.02–1.33, P = 0.03). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism was significantly associated with cancer risk in Asian population. In the subgroup analysis by cancer types, miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism was significantly associated with breast cancer. Conclusions/Significance This meta-analysis suggests a significant association between miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism and cancer risk. Large-scale and well-designed case-control studies are necessary to validate the risk identified in the present meta-analysis.


Life based learning through a rich media technology AVOD and providing comprehensive sharing features in an integrated online learning reinforces cognitive and psychomotor Practical implications is a form of ability learners 21st Century Development of instructional design with virtue Audio Video on Demand (AVOD) in an effort to strengthening the cognitive and psychotropic practices. The development of learning design strives to develop features that allow students to share activities both synchronously and asynchronously.


Abstrcat The theoretical seismograms were calculated with transfer matrix of generalized reflection and transmission coefficients. Through comparing them with actual P waveforms, and using Fast-simulated-annealing-algorithm to search the best velocity model, we obtained the P wave velocity structures beneath 13 digital seismic stations in Shaanxi province. These stations distributed in three tectonic regions, which is Qinling orogenic belt, Weihe graben and Ordos block respectively. The results of inversion show that the velocity structure beneath each tectonic unit is different obviously from the others, showing its own tectonic characteristics respectively. In Qinling orogenic belt, there is a high velocity layer from upper crust to the surface, and there are several low velocity layers in mid and lower crust, which may be related to rock dehydration and tectonic slipping. In Weihe graben, high and low velocity layer occurs alternately in upper and mid crust, which reflects the effect of faulting in shallow crust. In Ordos block, part stations keep steadily uniform velocity structure, representing the steady development of ancient stratum, but affected by post reconstruction, low velocity layers increase under some stations. Since the stations with large velocity change between some layers are mainly distributed in the south and west of Weihe graben, and the main stress direction from focal mechanism is nearly in east-west direction, it is concluded that the faulting at the north boundary of Qinling and the compression later from Qinghai-Tibet plateau are the main factors in the formation and development of Weihe graben. Finally, the relationship between velocity structure and strong earthquakes, spatial distribution of earthquakes, and different tectonic evolution were discussed.


Engels, as the first Marxist who paied attention to human ecological civilization, was also the first one who proposed the thought of "Two Pacifications", which is coherent with the idea of ecological civilization construction. This paper sets sights on analyzing the urgency and necessity of ecological civilization construction from the perspective mentioned above and thetwo dimensions within that idea. This paper will also discuss the approach to implement the ecological civilization development in terms of theories, awareness and reglations.which undoubtedly serves as the right choice to achieve the "Two Pacifications" by Engels.


ABSTRACT Archaeologists working in Mexico recently claimed evidence for pre-Last Glacial Maximum human occupation in the Americas, based on lithic items excavated from Chiquihuite Cave, Zacatecas. Although they provide extensive array of ancillary studies of the cave's chronostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental record, the data they present do not support their central argument, that these lithic items are anthropogenic and represent a unique lithic industry produced by early human occupants. They give limited consideration to the most plausible alternative explanation: that the assemblage is a product of natural processes of disintegration, roof fall, and mass movement of the cave fill, and thus the lithic materials are best explained as geofacts. We assess the evidence by considering the alternative hypotheses (1) that the observed phenomena are artifacts or (2) that they result from natural processes. We conclude that hypothesis 2 is more strongly supported and that Chiquihuite Cave does not represent evidence for the earliest Americans.


Micro debates App for Android is a part of a research effort aimed to propose better ways of exchanging ideas and opinions in online communities. With it, a user can argue from a handheld device, using Twitter. One can also visualize opinions of other micro debaters, explore ongoing debates, and see where the consensus is. Under the hood, Micro debates uses computational argumentation to rank opinions and drive the visualization. The result is a visual summary of the debate that takes into account semantic information such as explicit attack relations that link opinions together. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application that brings computational argumentation to handheld devices. We describe the application and its logic, and discuss results from an empirical study.


Background Middle-aged and older adults are more likely to suffer from chronic conditions, which can increase their need for both formal and informal care. This study seeks to assess and compare the extent to which the use of formal and informal care is attributed to different chronic conditions among middle-aged and older women and men in Canada. Methods We used baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Outcomes of interest were the number of hours of formal care and informal care received during the past 12 months. All chronic conditions were first classified according to existing classification frameworks. If total formal and informal care hours for a particular condition differed greatly from other conditions, we considered it as a stand-alone classification. We used a two-part model consisting of a logistic regression for the probability of receiving formal/informal care and a generalized linear model for the hours of formal/informal care for those who received care. Results Our final analytic sample was 23,206 women and 22,903 men who did not have missing data. Among the 16 chronic conditions considered, multiple sclerosis, memory problems, Parkinsonism, and stroke had the greatest average marginal effects on overall hours of formal care among women (53.07, 13.95, 9.13 and 8.14 incremental hours annually, respectively) and men (152.17, 8.13, 13.95 and 6.00 incremental hours). Similarly, the average marginal effects of these four conditions on informal care were the greatest (77.78, 29.52, 26.18 and 34.95 incremental hours for women and 133.94, 34.99, 104.86 and 17.85 incremental hours for men). Conclusions Chronic conditions, especially multiple sclerosis, Parkinsonism, memory problems, and stroke, are associated with substantial time of formal and informal care in middle-aged and older women and men. Findings will help decision-makers assess the potential impact of chronic disease prevention and management programs in an aging population.


The fringing electric field effect in a high resolution liquid crystal phase modulator is studied by simulation. A new method to evaluate the phase shift properties of the device is proposed. The influence from adjacent pixel, driving voltage and pre‐tilt angle is investigated. A high driving voltage and 0° pre‐tilt angle is useful to reduce the fringing electric field effect.


ANOTHER chapter is being written in the melancholy history of cancer quackery. This chapter, entitled "Laetrile," follows the outline of its predecessors. First, a remedy is introduced resulting from a novel "strange idea." Next, its promoters become so dedicated to advocating the remedy that they cannot retreat from a position which becomes untenable as a result of exposure of the worthlessness of the remedy. Third, the promoters are reinforced in their fraudulence by champions of the "underdog" against the "establishment," and by the surviving relatives of the deceased victims of cancer. These relatives, because of feelings of guilt, cling to their belief that treatment with the "remedy" was the best possible therapy. Finally, vast sums of money and amounts of time are wasted on elaborate tests of the "remedy" by qualified scientists who should be doing something useful. These tests are usually undertaken because of coercion by legislators and other


Abstract Holt argues that Rawls's first principle of justice requires democratic control of the economy and that property owning democracy fails to satisfy this requirement; only liberal socialism is fully democratic. However, the notion of democratic control is ambiguous, and Holt has to choose between the weaker notion of democratic control that Rawls is committed to and the stronger notion that property owning democracy fails to satisfy. It may be that there is a tension between capitalism and democracy, so that only liberal socialism can be fully democratic, but if so,we should reject, rather than argue from, the theory of democracy we find in justice as fairness.


This article was published in Freeman, Alan (2006): Die Himmel uber uns. Uber die Bedeutung des Gleichgewichts fur die Wirtschaftswissenschaft, EXIT! Krise und Kritik der Warengesellschaft 3, 212-241 It is the German translation of an chapter originally published in Mosini, V (ed) (2007) Equilibrium in Economics: Scope and Limits. London: Routledge ISBN 0415391377 It was entitled 'Heavens above: what equilibrium means for economics', and appeared on pp240-260. The book was devoted to a dialogue between the natural and the social sciences on the concept of equilibrium, arising from a series of seminars organised by the Centre for the Political and Natural Sciences by Valeria Mosini, in 2006. In this article I suggest how a natural scientist can understand the use which economics makes of the word 'equilibrium'. I argue that a simple concept, unexceptionable for the study of many physical phenomena, has been transformed into something completely different. If, therefore, we naively expect to find it applied in economics in the same way as 'energy' in physics or 'molecule' in chemistry, as a means of describing and explaining what an impartial observer may independently verify, we will misunderstand its real significance. My basic thesis is that the educated public makes a mistake in accepting, at face value, the claim that economics conducts itself as a science. I will argue that, as at present practiced, it conducts itself as a religion. I argue that the concept of equilibrium is the organising principle of this religion.


This study investigated the effects of sub-acute (70 mg/L) lead chloride (PbCl2) exposure on the vital organs of the suckermouth sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis, a species known to thrive in polluted freshwaters. Histological observations in the gills show thickened lamellar epithelium and distinct thrombosed telangiectatic secondary lamella. The liver had the least type of lesions such as fatty change and focal necrosis. The small intestine exhibited massive sloughing of the submucosa and vacuolar degeneration of secretory cells while thinning and disintegration of the submucosa externa, accompanied by pyknotic respiratory cells and necrotic secretory cells were seen extensively in the stomach. The pattern of lead accumulation was in the order of gut> liver>gill>muscle with Pb accumulated significantly in the gut (46.33 mg/L). High accumulation of Pb in the gut, an organ often considered as "end accumulator" could suggest the potential of P. pardalis as a "partial regulator" species for Pb


To gain insight into the way that P2X2 receptors localized at synapses might function, we explored the properties of outside-out patches containing many of these channels as ATP was very rapidly applied and removed. Using a new method to calibrate the speed of exchange of solution over intact patches, we were able to reliably produce applications of ATP lasting <200 μs. For all concentrations of ATP, there was a delay of at least 80 μs between the time when ATP arrived at the receptor and the first detectable flow of inward current. In response to 200-μs pulses of ATP, the time constant of the rising phase of the current was ∼600 μs. Thus, most channel openings occurred when no free ATP was present. The current deactivated with a time constant of ∼60 ms. The amplitude of the peak response to a brief pulse of a saturating concentration of ATP was ∼70% of that obtained during a long application of the same concentration of ATP. Thus, ATP leaves fully liganded channels without producing an opening at least 30% of the time. Extensive kinetic modeling revealed three different schemes that fit the data well, a sequential model and two allosteric models. To account for the delay in opening at saturating ATP, it was necessary to incorporate an intermediate closed state into all three schemes. These kinetic properties indicate that responses to ATP at synapses that use homomeric P2X2 receptors would be expected to greatly outlast the duration of the synaptic ATP transient produced by a single presynaptic spike. Like NMDA receptors, P2X2 receptors provide the potential for complex patterns of synaptic integration over a time scale of hundreds of milliseconds.


In determinating organotin compounds by gas chromatography(GC), pretreatment technique is a premise and important way for reducing the determination limit and increasing the sensitivity. Therefore, it is a key point of the analytical method for organotin This paper gives a general description of pretreatment techniques in the determination of organotin compounds by GC


Coastal saltmarshes of sub-tropical and temperate Australia are in decline and have been listed as a 'threatened ecological community' under the Australian Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Tasmanian coastal saltmarsh wetlands are recognised as 'vulnerable' under this listing. There is a growing body of international and Australian literature on saltmarsh ecosystem functions and services, exposure of saltmarsh to increasing pressures from development and global change, and models and tools to support conservation. Basic information on ecology, distributions, key threatening processes and conservation needs have been inadequate in Tasmania. The overarching aim of this thesis is to identify and fill those critical gaps in Tasmanian coastal saltmarsh ecology and advance its conservation through additional information, models and tools. The following were the research objectives:
• What is in Tasmanian saltmarshes? (ecological components)
• What are their spatial and biogeographic arrangements? (spatial distributions)
• How are Tasmanian saltmarshes changing? (key threatening processes)
• What conservation actions are needed? (conservation needs)
In achieving these objectives, a collaborative, multi-stakeholder driven, ecosystem based and outcome oriented approach has been employed. Key stakeholders were engaged in expanding capacity. Connections were made with ecosystem based management. Models and tools were developed for immediate application in saltmarsh conservation.
Gaps were identified through literature review in curating a more context-specific and up-to-date list for Tasmanian saltmarsh birds and plants. The list includes a preliminary coding to indicate the dependence of the species to saltmarsh habitat and provides the basis for site-specific data collection. Methods suitable for 'citizen science' monitoring of birds and plants in Tasmanian saltmarshes have been outlined and lists of birds and plants in saltmarsh were developed using citizen science inputs. The ever-decreasing capacity of managers to collect scientific data and to undertake long term monitoring of habitats can be mitigated in some situations by community efforts under the auspices of citizen science.
High-resolution aerial imagery and extensive field validation were combined to inventory 58.6 km2 of saltmarshes as part of 61 mesoscale complexes. The complexes were classified into three broad saltmarsh groups. Mean annual rainfall was most significant in predicting saltmarsh extent, plant community composition, presence of salt pans and the three saltmarsh groups. Mean annual daily minimum temperature and saltmarsh area best predicted obligate plant distributions. Projected changes in rainfall and temperature by 2100 are unlikely to severely affect these distributions, while stochastic disturbances may continue to play a greater role at local scales.
A case-study approach was used in evaluating the role of key threatening processes of direct human impacts and sea level rise effects. The north-west of Tasmania was selected as being one of the single largest expanses of saltmarshes in the state (~25% of total extent) and known previously to be most impacted by these threatening processes. Human impacts had caused an absolute loss of 219 ha since 1952, and a further 752 ha (65%) was associated with one or several of land-based human impacts. The study underscores the importance of considering functional health (i.e. habitat fragmentation) in addition to simple extent measures in conservation planning. The effects of sea level rise were most prevalent in areas of saltmarsh exposed to higher energy wind waves than those that were more sheltered. A simple cartographic wind-wave fetch model provides a useful planning tool in identifying those parts of saltmarsh shores where erosion is most likely or least likely to occur.
Sea level rise is expected to alter future extent of saltmarsh as they will need to retreat into nearby low lying areas. Such refugia for saltmarsh retreat will also need to be formally included under the land-use planning and approvals processes. A planning overlay map was developed for eventual inclusion within the new 2017 State-wide planning system. To gauge the potential for saltmarsh repair, fish in north-west Tasmania were selected as a proxy. Eleven species were caught, including fish that are important to commercial and recreational fisheries. The mean density of > 72 fish per 100 m2 was the highest yet reported from Australia and suggest that restoring basic saltmarsh structure through tidal re-connection will deliver substantial benefits for fish productivity through habitat expansion. Fish are also a compelling subject with broad resonance and can be used as a surrogate for the broader values of ecosystem services that saltmarshes provide.
Overall, through an ecosystem based approach and collaboration with stakeholders, several outcomes have been generated that creates pathways for saltmarsh conservation and a scientific base for further exploration to fill in current and emerging research needs.


This paper reports on selected findings from research carried out in 1996, and focuses on the language attitudes and practices of those involved with the Latvian Saturday School in Melbourne. The framework for the analysis is based on Smolicz's 'cultural core value' theory. Findings revealed the Latvian language clearly be the core value amongst participants, thereby supporting findings of previous studies. Language maintenance was found overall to be of lesser importance in reality, based on findings concerning language use practices m participants' homes. Findings suggest that both imagination and sensitivity will be required to ensure the survival of Latvian in the future, given the changing profile of ethnic communities in Australia.


Shear strength of unsaturated soils was systematically reviewed.Both the contribution of matric suction to shear strength and factors influencing shear strength were studied.


"Machine learning (ML) "-based large-scale data insights are the foundation of many contemporary data-driven technologies. ML systems offer ways to define and carry out certain ML workloads effectively and flexibly. Because of information-driven application highlights, information-driven responsibility elements, and framework designs affected by customary information the executives draw near, data the board is at the centre of numerous ML frameworks. Moreover, a ton of present-day information-driven arrangements are based on AI (ML)- based on enormous data bits of knowledge. A few ML occupations can be characterized and executed effectively and deftly utilizing ML frameworks. Data the executives are at the underpinning of numerous ML frameworks are reasonable to information-driven application qualities, information-driven responsibilities attributes, and framework models affected by old-style information the board techniques. Various ML clients with different ML lifecycle obligations and ML abilities are available in many Calculations. Information researchers are ML clients who have specialized information in ML and examination to control the information and make ML models for the business. The potential issues with data management that might arise in settings where machine learning procedures are used in the real world. Because we have first-hand experience with such huge pipelines, we can home in on issues relating to the interpretation of training data as well as its validation, cleaning, and enrichment. The objective of this article is to draw attention to these issues, establish links to previous efforts in the database area, and identify research questions that have not yet been solved.


It has been over ten years since Carlson (20) fIrst demonstrated that plant cells and protoplasts could be selected in culture for resistance to a pathogen toxin and that plants with an altered response to infection by the pathogen could be regenerated from these cultured cells. Since then a great many claims have been made about the vast potential of cell-culture selections for the develop ment of novel disease-resistant germ plasm. Yet, to date very few crop varieties have been derived through such methods, prompting some to suggest that the tissue-culture "revolution" is in fact a failure (17) . Have tissue-culture techniques really been tested and found to be ineffective for efficiently developing disease-resistant cultivars? This review addresses that question by evaluating the many studies that used cell-culture selections to generate disease-resistant germ plasm. In this article, I also discuss the many problems associated with such work and draw some conclusions about the role of tissue-culture selections in future disease-control strategies. This review focuses on the selection for disease resistance in tissue cultures derived from a susceptible parent. SpecifIcally, I discuss the use of both pathogens and pathogen metabolites in the selection of resistant cells and the isolation of resistant cells in the absence of selection. Individuals interested in pursuing these types of selections will need to familiarize themselves with the technical aspects involved in such work. Many previously published articles address the problems involved in mutant selections with cultured cells; thus I discuss these issues here only in relation to specifIc problems encountered


School-based teacher training is a crucial means to teacher professionalism. Teachers′ knowledge structure, every step of their professional development and problems with the in-service education of high school and primary school teachers in China all call for school-based teacher training. To reach the goal, it is, therefore, necessary that we build up partnerships between primary and high schools and universities, make the training institutionalized and set up an evaluation system accordingly.


[1] D. S. MITRINOVIC, J. E. PECARIC AND A. M. FINK, Classical and New Inequalities in Analysis, Kluwer, Dordrecht (1993). [2] A. M. OSTROWSKI, Vorlesungen uber Differential und Integralrechnung II, Birkhauser, Basel (1951). [3] C. E. M. PEARCE, J. PECARIC AND S. VAROSANEC, An integral analogue of the Ostrowski inequality, J. of Inequal. and Appl., 1998, Vol 2, 275–283. [4] A. E. TAYLOR, Introduction to Functional Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, (1958).


There is no precise and universal definition about what is administrative law, but rationally it can be determined that covers the organization, functions, duties and responsibilities of public authorities of all kinds who take part in the administration, relations between them and citizens or between them and non-governmental bodies. It defines legal methods for controlling public administration as well as the rights and duties of officials. We must say that administrative law theory  over time has slipped into a legitimate model that underlies the political control of the administrative policy. It must be admitted that the role played by political decision making in administrative ones has greatly increased, viewed from the perspective of a very questionable democratic theory. According to legal positivism or Hart defined by Kant, the most important moral principles between standarts are identified as governing laws. So we first have the social fact, and this fact can be then a law. Thus was born the administrative law as a social fact. So a rule, can be turned into a law, welcomed by all the society. From the administrative law it was defined the local governance definition. The existence of modern already legal positivism, which enables morality or political morality to return to positive law through several methods become an inclusive part of a set of naturally beliefs.