Post-injection abscesses, unfortunately, still occur in the practice of veterinary medicine, which indicates the unresolved problem of the use of medicinal solutions to accompany both surgical intervention and postoperative therapy. Depending on the presence, nature and severity of defects in injection needles, they cause various damage to biological tissues when they are punctured. In the article, the authors describe the influence of the surface microstructure of various injection needles on the nature of tissue repair at the injection site. Established microdefects in disposable injection needles for disposable syringes of different volumes (bending of its needle tips and much more) can increase the traumatism of animal tissues during injections. This implies higher requirements in the production of disposable injection needles, which should be minimally traumatic to biological tissues, as well as to quality control of their manufacture (checking for sharpness and the presence or absence of burrs when viewed with more than 2.5-fold magnification). The issue of possible clogging of tissues at the injection site with dust microparticles, which are formed when disposable syringes and injection needles are removed from sterile packages made of uncoated medical paper and transparent film, is also considered. Dust microparticles could most likely be formed in the process of damage to that part of the package, which is made of uncoated medical paper (paper is more structured than film).


Specific therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with a-interferon (a-IFN) has now become a possibility. These agents inhibit HBV replication and, in addition, appear to induce or amplify an immune response to HBV. Several shortcomings remain with this treatment, however: a-IFN requires parenteral administration, is not without side effects, and can be unpredictable in its effects. Treatment is made difficult by the fact that only 35-45% of patients respond to a-IFN, making selection of responsive patients complex.' However, the extensive data compiled during the evaluation of a-IFN therapy in controlled therapeutic trials of chronic HBV infection and parallel studies of the natural history of chronic HBV infection go some way toward providing predictive information to suggest which patients are more likely to respond to treatment. It is possible that some of the mechanisms operative in spontaneous clearance of replicative HBV infection and in IFN-induced clearance overlap, and the associated phenomena can be used to judge which patients are most likely to respond to treatment.


Contents: Introduction PART I: COMPETITIVE DYNAMICS 1. A Retrospective and Prospective Examination of Competitor Analysis and Interfirm Rivalry with Implications for Entrepreneurship and Market Entry Ming-Jer Chen Competitor Analysis and Interfirm Rivalry: Toward a Theoretical Integration Ming-Jer Chen, 2. A Retrospective of Interdependency, Competition, and Industry Dynamics Michael J. Lenox, Scott F. Rockart and Arie Y. Lewin Interdependency, Competition, and Industry Dynamics Michael J. Lenox, Scott F. Rockart and Arie Y. Lewin 3. Commentary on 'Hypercompetition in a Multimarket Environment' Javier Gimeno and Carolyn Woo, Phillip H. Phan Hypercompetition in a Multimarket Environment: The Role of Strategic Similarity and Multimarket Contact in Competitive De-Escalation Javier Gimeno and Carolyn Y. Woo 4. It's Not About the Beer, Really Glenn R. Carroll Why the Microbrewery Movement? Organizational Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the U.S. Brewing Industry Glenn R. Carroll and Anand Swaminathan 5. Entrepreneurship, Competitive Dynamics, and a Resource-Based View of Competitive Advantage Margaret A. Peteraf Unraveling The Resource-Base Tangle Margaret A. Peteraf and Jay B. Barney 6. Additional Insights on Resource-Based Competition Gideon D. Markman, Peter T. Gianiodis, and Ann K. Buchholtz Factor-Market Rivalry Gideon D. Markman, Peter T. Gianiodis, and Ann K. Buchholtz 7. Non-Market Players' Disruptive Campaigns Against Firms Theodore L. Waldron PART II: ENTREPRENEURIAL MARKET ENTRY 8. Commentary on 'Corporate Ventures into Industrial Markets' Ian MacMillan and Diana Day, Phillip H. Phan Corporate Ventures into Industrial Markets: Dynamics of Aggressive Entry Ian C. MacMillan and Diana L. Day 9. Market Niche Entry Decisions: A Retrospective Introduction Henrich R. Greve Market Niche Entry Decisions: Competition Learning, and Strategy in Tokyo Banking, 1894-1936 Henrich R. Greve 10. Towards a Model of Market Disruption Gokce Sargut and Rita Gunther McGrath 11. A Retrospective on Competition in Multiple Geographic Markets: The Impact on Growth and Market Entry Heather A. Haveman and Lynn Nonnemaker Competition in Multiple Geographic Markets: The Impact on Growth and Market Entry Heather A. Haveman and Lynn Nonnemaker 12. A Retrospective on Desperately Seeking Spillovers? Barak S. Aharonson, Joel A. C. Baum and Maryann P. Feldman, Desperately Seeking Spillovers? Increasing Returns, Industrial Organization and the Location of New Entrants in Geographic and Technological Space Barak S. Aharonson, Joel A. C. Baum and Maryann P. Feldman 13. A Theory of Defense Peter T. Gianodis CONCLUSION 14. The Business Model: A Growing Domain of Scholarly Inquiry Raffi Amit and Christopher Zott, The Fit Between Product Market Strategy and Business Model: Implications for Firm Performance Christopher Zott and Raffi Amit Index


The present invention discloses a method including: storing identification information or location information for a handover previously performed by a mobile system; estimating when the mobile system enters within a coverage area of a target femtocell; recognizing the coverage area based on the identification information or the location information; and scanning for the target femtocell prior to handover.


【Objective】This experiment was to investigate effect of the estrus synchronization induced by CIDR and GnRH.【Method】The GnRH+PG+GNRH and CIDR+EB+P4+PG were used to induce the Estrus Synchronization of Holstein.For the CIDR group: In order to induce the ovarian follicle occurrence,CIDR was put in the vagina of the dairy cattle at any day of the estrus cycle(not the day of estrus) with 2 mgEB and 50 mg P4 intramuscular injection at the same time.After the eighth day of intramuscular injection,CIDR was put again.GnRH group and CIDR group were to induce the synchronous estrus processing at the same time: muscle injecting PG after seven days of injecting GnRH.Two days later,muscle injecting GnRH again.【Result】The estrus synchronization rate and pregnancy rate of estrus had no significant difference.【Conclusion】GnRH was easy to operate in practice and the estrus synchronization rate was a little bit higher than CIDR.


The one-dimensional equation of motion for air flow in tunnel ventilation simulation is the subject of the present report. The equation presented by the authors in previous studies was found to be incorrect, and a full derivation of the correct equation of motion for longitudinal air flow in an arbitrary ventilation condition is performed using momentum law. The discrepancy between the two equations is discussed with respect to fluid dynamics and several sample calculations for steady state ventilation are presented in order to demonstrate how the present formulation functions. For each case the velocity in the longitudinal direction and the pressure distribution are illustrated. The first three examples showed good agreement with the literature, whereas the fourth and fifth examples included an imbalance-transverse system, which can be calculated only by the present method, and no comparison with the previous studies was possible. NOMENCLATURE A : cross sectional area of tunnel [m 2 ] Am : equivalent drag area of vehicles [m 2


A DECREASE of the activity of the thyroid in old age has often been mentioned in humans. Anatomic involution was described (5, 7, 10) and this was related to the decrease of basal metabolism in old age (2). Also a decrease of plasma iodine (8) and an increase of serum cholesterol (3) was observed. The uptake of I" in the thyroid in old age has been studied by Quimby, Werner, and Schmidt (11) and this was related to the function of the kidney (1, 6, 9) while Skanse (12) found no significant differences.


Contributions of terrestrial-, freshwater-, and marine-derived prey resources to stream fishes vary over time and space, altering the energy pathways that regulate production. In this study, we determined large-scale use of these resources by juvenile Chinook and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and Oncorhynchus kisutch, respectively) in the glacial Susitna River, Alaska. We resolved spatial and temporal trophic patterns among multiple macrohabitat types along a 97 km segment of the river corridor via stable isotope and stomach content analyses. Juvenile salmon were supported primarily by freshwater-derived resources and secondarily by marine and terrestrial sources. The relative contribution of marine-derived prey to rearing salmon was greatest in the fall within off-channel macrohabitats, whereas the contributions of terrestrial invertebrate prey were generally greatest during midsummer, across all macrohabitats. No longitudinal (upstream–downstream) diet pattern was discernable. These results high...


Gear easy takes place crack in transmission system,a three dimensional model of gear was achieved by using Pro/E software;the finite element analysis and optimum design were carried though by using ANSYS software,its three dimensional stress diagram is achieved,the optimal dimensions have been obtained,by the optimal dimensions,designer will design better gear that is prolonged.


In this paper, we overviewed a conceptual and management model for Diffserv routers which was submitted by IETF. A Diffserv router model includes the following elements: Classifiers, Meter, Action, Queuing. The construction and implementation of these components and Traffic Conditioning Blocks (TCBs) combined by them are presented.


Abstract:The key objective of this study is to clarify the gap between democracy and representation in modern state as well as its results, as to how policy is formed and implemented. In this context, the core questions to be considered are the following:How is democracy defined in the modern era?What is the relationship between policy (democracy) and civil society-citizens?How can we explain/interpret the question of the political function of democracy by society?The mutation of the notion of democracy in the modern era, leads to the weakening of its content and the dislocation of its variable qualifiers condensing in the distinction between 'direct' and 'representative' democracy. As a result to the pre-representative relation between society and executive branch, a democratic deficit exists and thus a 'legitimacy crisis' arises in the executive branch, causing the inability to meet the basic requirements of each society.


Mastocytosis is a condition characterized by abnormal growth and accumulation of dysfunctional mast cells in one or more organs. Diagnosis is challenging due to its rarity, non-specific symptoms, and imaging findings, requiring a combination of physical examination, histopathological findings, genomic testing, and laboratory results. In this report, we present the case of a 40-year-old female patient with a history of systemic mastocytosis who presented to the emergency department with a 10-day history of headache, dizziness, and visual disturbances. Physical examination revealed bilateral sixth cranial nerve palsy, papillary edema, and a hardened right breast. The cerebrospinal fluid study showed an opening pressure of 76 cmH2 O and a closing pressure of 34 cmH2 O. Magnetic resonance imaging of the skull and neuraxis showed pachymeningitis, a recent ischemic lesion in the left cerebellar hemisphere, bilateral optic neuropathy, multiple bone lesions, and pathological fractures throughout the thoracic and lumbar spine.Ppositron emission tomography-computed tomography showed hypermetabolism in the right breast and liver, with a breast and liver biopsy confirming neoplasia. Mastocytosis can cause acute and chronic nervous system disorders, including headache, anxiety, memory loss, and vertigo/dizziness, with mostly unspecific magnetic resonance imaging imaging. The etiology of the intracranial hypertension finding was extensively discussed by the assisting team. A deep literature review was conducted on mastocytosis with pachymeningitis, which is extremely rare. No sign of meningeal carcinomatosis was found, leading us to believe that mast cell infiltration may have been possible. A meningeal biopsy was suggested to confirm mast cell infiltration, but it was not performed due to the increased risk to the patient. The patient's complications were likely caused by mastocytosis, either through mast cell infiltration or an increased predisposition to neoplasms.


We prove a comparison result for viscosity solutions of second order parabolic partial differential equations in the Wasserstein space. The comparison is valid for semisolutions that are Lipschitz continuous in the measure in a Fourier-Wasserstein metric and uniformly continuous in time. The class of equations we consider is motivated by Mckean-Vlasov control problems with common noise and filtering problems. The proof of comparison relies on a novel version of Ishii's lemma, which is tailor-made for the class of equations we consider.


Chinese insect drugs are drastic in nature, capable ofclearing channels and collaterals to promote a freeflow of qi and blood, and effective in someintractable and obstinate diseases due to long-termstagnation of phlegm and blood, which are hard to betreated by ordinary Chinese drugs. In clinic, properuse of insect drugs can often help raise thetherapeutic effects. Some commonly used pairs ofinsect drugs are introduced in the following.


PURPOSE. Digoxin is a commonly used medication for heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias that has recently been suggested as a novel chemotherapeutic agent. Preclinical studies of prostate cancer (PCa) have shown anti-tumor activity with digoxin. We explore the relationship between use of digoxin and PCa risk. METHODS. Data from a population-based case–control study of incident cases aged 35– 74 years at PCa diagnosis in 2002–2005 in King County, Washington were available. Controls were identified by random digit dialing and frequency matched by age. Use of digoxin was determined from in-person questionnaires regarding medical and prescription history. The relationship of digoxin use with PCa risk was evaluated with logistic regression. RESULTS. One thousand one cases of PCa and 942 controls were analyzed. The prevalence of digoxin use in controls was 2.7%, and use was positively correlated with age. In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, race, PSA screening, and family history of PCa, digoxin use was associated with a reduction in the odds ratio of PCa (OR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.30–1.10). Among those with � 3 PSA tests over the preceding 5 years (546 cases, 380 controls), digoxin use was associated with a stronger reduction of PCa risk (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.20–0.98). CONCLUSION. These data indicate digoxin use may be associated with a reduction in risk of PCa. Given the potential mechanisms by which digoxin may exert an anti-neoplastic effect and other recent studies showing a negative association between digoxin use and PCa, further research is warranted. Prostate 74: 97–102, 2014. # 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Objective: Soluble CD163 (sCD163) is a new macrophage‐specific serum marker elevated in inflammatory conditions. sCD163 is elevated in obesity and found to be a strong predictor of the development of type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether dietary intervention and moderate exercise was related to changes in sCD163 and how sCD163 is associated to insulin resistance in obesity.


Two simple and sensitive Spectrophotometric methods [A and B] have been developed for the quantitative estimation of Sparfloxacin in bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Method-A was based on condensation of Sparfloxacin with pdimethylamino cinnamaldehyde to form Schiff's base, which was yellow colored chromogen and showed the maximum absorption at 465.0 nm. The Beer's Law range, regression equation and % recovery studies were found to be 10-50 g/ml, Y = 0.0193X – 0.0038 and 99.73 respectively. Method-B was based on the oxidation of Sparfloxacin with ferric chloride followed by complex formation with 1, 10-phenathroline that was a red colored chromogen which showed the maximum absorption at 515.0 nm. The Beer's Law range, regression equation and % recovery studies were found to be 5-25 g/ml, Y = 0.0245X – 0.0124and 99.13 respectively. Both the methods were validated and found to be satisfactory.


Abstract The properties of a newly defined mode-shape coherence and confidence factor are discussed in detail in connection with the Ibrahim time domain method. It has been found that this factor is able to distinguish three kinds of modes, true physical modes within the frequency range (0∼ f π ) (corresponding to an angular range (0∼ π ) of eigenvalue positions in the Z -plane), frequency folded and/or overlapped modes and computational (noise) ones. Making use of this ability gives at least two benefits; (a) it releases the limitation on the user's constant Δ t 1 and increases the flexibility in use of all the user's constant combinations, and (b) it extends the angular range of eigenvalue positions to a multiple of 2 π by using a large value of Δ t 1 and makes the identification of eigenvalue positions in the Z -plane more accurate by a sort of zoom process. Digital simulation and measurements on a gearbox were chosen as application examples to illustrate the above advantages.


One of the Carburys of Leinster once took an unfortunate shine to a cow. Whether he knew it belonged to the monks is uncertain, but he slipped anyhow into the byre under cover of darkness. Noticing his finest milch-cow missing, the morning milker made it his business to notify Ciarán. Carbury was swishing his way along with the cow up Slieve Bloom when a cloud of mist and dark descended. Torrential rain blew in and formed a flume that bore the thief till he was nearly drowned. And the cow found it in her capacity to make her way back to the community.


We compare InP microdisk lasers on Si of varying dimensions with and without a gold cladding. We observe evidence of lasing in the NIR at room temperature upon optical excitation. Au-clad InP cavities lase at smaller dimensions beyond the limit achievable with purely photonic cavities.


Delivery of prototypes of the new CFF shuttle train made up of RBDe 4/4 rail cars and Bt control vehicles took place over the July to September 1984 period. The new stock may be used in regional traffic both on main and secondary lines. If it is introduced on the Zurich S-Bahn, this may defer construction of double-decker vehicles which have been the subject of some controversy. The authors give a detailed description of the new train.


With the gradual attainment of universal primary education, governments are shifting their attention to secondary education. Responding to the increasing demand for secondary education presents serious challenges and major opportunities in the quest for Education For All (EFA), and countries are striving to find policy responses to address these emergingissues. It is clear that teachers play a fundamental role in addressing challenges faced by secondary education. Ensuring the presence of competent secondary teachers in urban and rural areas is a major concern in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Existing studies on teacherrelated issues and analyses of teacher policy in developing countries tend to focus on primary education, probably due to the special emphasis given to primary education in the EFA process. In order to fill the gaps and respond to the increasing demand for quality secondaryeducation, the Education Policy and Reform (EPR) unit of the UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education (UNESCO Bangkok) coordinated a regional research study on secondary teacher policy and management in 2007 and 2008. This series includes a regional synthesis paper on comparative assessment of issues and policies affecting secondary teachers in East and South-East Asia, and five case studies: Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea, and Thailand. Three major areas related to secondary teachers are discussed in the case studies: quantitative analysis of demand and supply of secondary teachers, quality of secondaryteachers, and compensation. Each study is presented as a summary of the original study, and gives an overview of the status and issues of the country's secondary education system. Researchers and officials from several universities and education ministries collaborated in thepreparation of the study. UNESCO Bangkok would like to sincerely thank all those individuals and institutions who provided their expertise and professional experience to this research. The findings presented in the series are intended to help governments gain insight into policyfor secondary teachers across a diverse range of countries, and draw lessons for possible policy responses to challenges and problems in the expansion of secondary education.


Citation for published version: Macniven, A 2017, What's in a name? The historical significance of Norse naming strategies in Islay. in C Cooijmans (ed.), Traversing the Inner Seas: Contacts and Continuity in and around Scotland, the Hebrides, and the North of Ireland. The Scottish Society for Northern Studies, Edinburgh, pp. 22-50. https://doi.org/20.500.11820/4e734c6c-dcf7-4490-a3e9-6865dd48e103


In this paper, we study the problem of finding the origin-destination (O-D) shortest path in intermodal transportation networks, aiming at minimizing the travel time. The transportation network and the corresponding data are modeled by means of a multi-label graph. The intermodal shortest path problem and its definition are briefly described. The algorithm developed to find the path is presented, especially by detailing a label correcting approach that updates some labels associated with the graph nodes. The implementation of this approach and the results it provides show its validity.


This paper describes the design of a PIλDµAν controller for the temperature process control system by using the flower pollination algorithm (FPA). The PIλDµAν controller is expressed by a PIDA controller which their integral and derivative orders are presented by fractional numbers, leading to more tuning parameters. The PIλDµAν controller design is applied to the constrained optimization problem which can be stated as the objective function and inequality constraints. Optimal seven parameters of the PIλDµAν controller are sought by using the FPA to minimize the objective function under inequality constraints in search space. As simulation results, the PIλDµAν controller designed by the FPA provides better performance than PID and PIDA controllers in both set-point tracking and disturbance regulating in the feedback control loop of the temperature process control system.


This singularly interesting larva occurs in abundance in the rapids of the Niagara above the Falls. The writer has taken it in other rapid streams in Western New York, also at different places in Michigan; besides, its occurrence in widely separated localities has been recorded by observers, hence we are led to believe that it is distributed throughout Eastern North America. Dr. Leconte has described another species, Ps. haldemanni, from the peninsula of California; its larva, it seems, has not been described. The first notice of our larva is that by Dr. Kay in Part VI. (Crustacea), page 53, Zoology of New York, 1844. It is described in that work as a new genus and species of Crustacea, under the name Fluvicola Herricki; a poor figure is given.


This paper should be cited as: Sakhaei R, Nadjarzadeh A, Esmaeili A, Mohammadi M, Hemayati R, Zavar Reza J, et al. Cardiovascular and Renal Effects of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linnaeus. in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security (JNFS), 2021; 6 (2): 116-126. Cardiovascular and Renal Effects of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linnaeus. in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial


WITHIN the patriarchal determinisms of contemporary cultural practice in India, it is rare to encouriter a film like Anand Patwardhan's 'Father, Son and Holy War' that compels one to confront the dubious privilege of being a 'man' in Indian society. What began as a documentary on the Hindu' Right and its legacy of communal and fundamentalist violence became, in Patwardhan's words, reflection on the 'crisis in male identity'. To what extent the film succeeds in dismantling its own implications in this crisis is subject to discussion at many levels. What cannot be denied, however, is that it does offer a very strong exposure of patriarchy, and the beginnings of a critique against masculinity, perhaps the first of its kind in Indian cinema. Indeed, if one agrees with the general validity of the statement P'Most men do not know they have a gender. They can afford to take their sex for granted. It is the norm" [Middleton 1992:11]. 'Father, Son, and Holy War' (FSHW), I would imagine, has the potential to shatter such complacency, particularly among its male spectators. Speaking for myself, I would acknowledge that the film does provoke reflexivity (even though it is not reflexive itself) by representing diverse ways'in which masculinity has been shaped and is in the process of being constructed through patriarchal structures in contemporary India. Though Patwardhan maintains a discreet silence on alternative masculinities (and male sexualities), his film nonetheless suggests, through the sheer debasement of patriarchy that it represents so relentlessly, the necessity of envisioning other ways of being a man. The emphasis of my discussion is on 'masculinity' ratherthan 'patriarchy', though it is obvious that the terms are deeply embedded in each other's discourse, though their inflections are different. It would be one thing to say that FSHW is against patriarchy that would, indeed, be a loaded truism given the predominance in Patwardhan's film of the systems, values, and beliefs created and regulated by men, for the benefit of men. But to read a critique against masculinity in the film, as I choose to, is a more contradictory and provocative propostion, not least because this critique is subsumed almost secreted in the large representation of patriarchy. There is also the problem of prioritising terms within theexisting categories of secular discourse. Most Indian men in professional disciplines, even those involved in feministbashing at covert levels, would have no problems with articulating positions against patriarchy. At an academic level, 'patriarchy' has become very respectable. But these very men would possibly fi3nd it a little more difficult, if notembarrassing, to acknowledge that they are against masculinity, because the unavoidable inference in such a position would suggest an undermining of their 'manhood' itself. 'Man', 'masculinity', 'manhood': the terms are not that clear. Do you 'become' a man or are you 'born' one? Are 'men' necessarily 'masculine'? Indeed, some men may reject their masculinity on ideological and/or sexual grounds. And yet, there are so many false assumptions here insofar as it is often assumed that homosexuals, for example, are 'not men'; they are 'feminine'. Yet gay and homosexual cultures, however unofficial, are often marked by strong masculine codes. So, does masculinity in this casebecome a 'style', a 'representation', a 'role', a 'manner' of projecting manhood? The question is deeply ambiguous. At this point in time particularly in India, where the relationship of male sexuality to gender is almost totally silenced (or perhaps, not considered to be an issue worth discussing) we have no choice but to accept, "The relationship of masculinity to other nouns like male, man, manhood, manliness and virility is far from obvious.' .We can begin, perhaps, by regarding the essentialised category of 'purusatva' as applying to 'Indian men' in general with deep suspicion. If 'masculinity' needs to be defined, however provisionally, it would be necessary not to accept it as a 'given', a 'natural' attribute of men, but to see it from multiple perspectives as a social and political construction that develops in specific ways at particular points in time through patriarchal interventions. Though it expresses itself through particular body-behaviour, it is not intrinsically or unconditionally a biological phenomenon. Nor is it a 'fixed entity', even though it is often projected through rigid, identifiable signs. Here, too, one must be prepared to accept more 'fluidity' in what would seem like an unquestionably 'hard' phenomenon. There is, as R W Connell rightly emphasises, no 'one primary determinant' for masculinity no 'first cause' like 'original sin' (though the separation of the male child from the mother is often regarded by psychoanalysts as providing the condition for a nascent masculinity shaped by the codes of an external, authoritarian, nonmaternal world ruled by men) [Middleton 1992:153].2 Instead of seeking such 'causes' for a master narrative on masculinity, it would be more accurate to acknowledge a plurality of masculinities, shaped by different hisotrical processes and institutions. And yet, interestingly, even Connell who advocates such a perspective, feels the need to inscribe the 'hierarchy' of masculinities within a 'hegemonic masculinity'. This would suggest that for all the differentiations in masculinity, there are at certain points in time not just in the process of a man's life but at particular junctures in history consolidations of power that produce a construction of 'what it means to be a man' in very specific ways, which is then propagandised at mass levels through popular consent. It is this 'hegemonic masculinity' that is, to a large extent, the subject of FSHW within the specific political atmosphere and organisation of the Hindu Right in contemporary India, particularly in the aftermath of December 6, 1992. While the narrative of the film is contextualised within this time-frame, including certain events preceding, yet foreshadowing the crisis in Ayidhya, the discourse of FSHW concentrates on the patriarchal rhetoric of communalism and fundamentalism, while dispersing in different directions to illuminate the 'crisis of male identity', which (understandably) the film does not attempt to resolve.


Ferrihydrite, iron oxyhydroxide nanomineral ( < ˜ 100 nm in size), is ubiquitous on the surface of the Earth. Ferrihydrite has a large capacity to adsorb heavy metals in solutions because of its large specific surface area. The adsorbed metals onto ferrihydrite are transported in ground and river waters, affecting the redistribution of the metals in surface environments. Ferrihydrite forms aggregates with various sizes and this can affect the uptake behavior of heavy metals and the subsequent transport. Furthermore, filtration with 450- or 220-nm pore, which is the most frequently used to physically separate ferrihydrite in adsorption measure-ments, can give incorrect concentrations of adsorbates because of the extremely small size of ferrihydrite primary particles. For the present study, ferrihydrite was investigated by various methods to understand the size distribution and the influence of metal adsorption on the size distribution, and then a possible impact on the transport of adsorbed metals was discussed. Size distribution of ferrihydrite and its aggregates were examined by gravitational settling, centrifugation, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Adsorption experiments of Zn at acidic to neutral pH were performed with ferrihydrite of various concentrations. Direct observation by TEM revealed that individual, spherical ferrihydrite nanomineral of ˜ 5 nm was indeed present, but they formed aggregates of around 100 nm. Meanwhile, the other methods for size distribution indicated that suspended ferrihydrite in solution formed aggregates of several tens of nm to a few tens of microns. The size distribution varied with pH and Fe concen-tration; smaller aggregates were formed at lower pH and lower Fe concentration. Despite the size distribution, most aggregates did not pass through filters with 450-nm pore. The amounts of Zn adsorbed on ferrihydrite were measured for solutions with aggregates fractionated by size, and then, they were calculated on the assumption that the adsorption occurred on the surface of individual 5-nm ferrihydrite nanominerals. Good agreement between the measured and calculated amounts of Zn suggests that the structures of the aggregates are loose enough for Zn ions to diffuse into the aggregates and reach to individual nanominerals. It turned out that conventional adsorption experiments with relatively high Fe concentrations could describe metal adsorption almost correctly. Sedimentation of particles depends on the size, in general; it takes about ten days for ferrihydrite aggregates of 100 nm in diameter to settle down on the bottom of solution of 10 mm height. This implies that heavy metals adsorbed on the aggregates with 100 nm or larger sizes are not transported further in water systems, whereas those on smaller aggregates are transported further.


THE RAPID and accurate diagnosis of biliary disease is an important medical problem. Sixteen million Americans are estimated to have gallstones, and they will develop in an additional 800,000 persons each year. 1 Cholelithiasis and its complications are the fourth most common cause for surgical hospitalization and the most common indication for abdominal surgery in adults. 2 More than 500,000 operations are performed annually for gallbladder disease at a cost of more than $1 billion. 1,2 In view of the magnitude of the problem, it is not surprising that numerous diagnostic procedures have evolved for the evaluation of hepatobiliary disease, including oral cholecystography, intravenous cholangiography, ultrasonography, transhepatic cholangiography, computed tomography (CT), and endoscopic retrograde pancreaticoduodenography. Since more than 95% of cases of acute cholecystitis are associated with cystic duct obstruction, this finding is the major hallmark of the imaging diagnosis of acute inflammatory disease. The ideal method for diagnosing acute


°(D1) Chao Ding, 1Yaohong Zhang, 1 Shuzi Hayase, 2,3 Yuhei Ogomi,3 Taro Toyoda,1,3 and Qing Shen 1,3 Univ. Electro-Commun.1, Kyushu Inst. Tech.2, CREST JST3 Email: email@example.com Introduction Colloidal quantum dots solar cells (CQDSCs) have recently reached promising power conversion efficiencies (η) of over 10%.1 However, CQD solids have relatively short minority carrier diffusion length (≤100nm), which limited the further improvement in the photovoltaic performance of CQDPV devices. Colloidal quantum dots offer broad tuning of semiconductor band-structure via the quantum size effect. Using a spatial energy band gradient engineering with quantum dots (QDs) of different sizes to enhance the minority carrier diffusion length of a photovoltaic device is a promising strategy for increasing the solar cell efficiency. In this study, we developed an air condition solution-processed TiO2/PbS quantum dot heterojunction solar cells, by applying a band alignment method to the active layer by means of 4 kinds of PbS QDs with different sizes. We found that carrier lifetime and short circuit photocurrent could be enhanced largely. Experimental Method TiO2-PbS graded bulk heterojunction solar cells (Fig.1) were fabricated by solution-processed methods.3 Firstly, thin TiO2 compact layer was coated on FTO glass (25 mm × 25 mm). The TiO2 compact film was prepared according to a standard procedure which has been reported by a literature.4 Then, TiO2 compact film was coated with PbS QDs. Finally, the device was then completed with an Au contact deposited via a shadow mask resulting in a device of area 0.16 cm2.


Hematite ore deposit loses magnetic susceptibility as it oxidizes. So, with the absence of significant magnetic anomaly, it doesn't respond properly to magnetic method. As hematite ore deposit can be conductive due to its porosity. This characteristic leads electrical methods, especially Electrical Resistivity and Induced Polarization (IP&RS), to be applicable. Applying IP&RS methods is cost efficient and relatively fast. In this study, we examined the applicability of IP&RS method to discriminate ore bodies and country rock in order to depict potential area of Iron ore. The interpretation of the geophysical results are made base on geological aspects and they confirm that this technique can be a good alternative for other geophysical methods.


The lack of eccentric strength and its effect on injury has been thoroughly researched however the improvement of eccentric hamstring strength and its implications for athletic performance has been minimally investigated among a junior elite population. This parallel design randomised controlled trial aim was to assess a 6-week Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) intervention and its effect on speed and jump performance. There were 50 young male rugby academy athletes allocated into two groups using non-blinded block randomisation: NHE training (n=25), or no NHE training (control) (n=25). Eccentric hamstring strength was assessed before and after the intervention using a NordBord. Sprint tests over 10m, 20m and 30m were assessed using Brower speed gates. Counter movement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) were assessed using a Kistler force plate. Confidence interval set at 95%. The NHE group showed significant 10% improvement in eccentric hamstring strength. Significant improvement in 10m, 20m and 30m was observed with significant differences from the control group in eccentric hamstring strength, 10m and 30m. The intervention group pre to post measure effect size for eccentric hamstring strength (Cohen's d=0.64) was medium but the 10m (Cohen's d=-0.02), 20m (Cohen's d=-0.17) and 30m (Cohen's d=-0.24) results were small. This NHE protocol is an appropriate short-term intervention to improve eccentric hamstring in junior elite athletes. Small improvements were made in sprint results with a greater improvement in 30m compared to 10m and 20m results. The improved eccentric strength could have architectural and neural adaptations to the hamstring that infers an improvement in speed.


ABSTRACT This paper considers how governors in the English Further Education and Skills (FE) sector examined their practice as ethnographers. The paper locates both FE governance and ethnography within the challenges of the performative and Panoptic environments facing English education. In doing so, the paper explores how the informants' mobilisation of ethnographic methods revealed a novel lens on both governance and the role of ethnographer. Employing Grounded Theory, the paper considers how the participants negotiated philosophical questions regarding evidence, objectivity and truth. The paper suggests that despite the deep-seated complexities inherent in conducting ethnography in performative contexts, the participants generated data which painted a unique and revealing picture upon their practice as governor and researcher.


Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to document this recent emergence of generalized networks as a fundamental computer-based planning tool and to demonstrate the power of the associated modeling and solution technologies when used in concert to solve real-world applications. Part I focuses on how generalized networks have been and may be used to model a diverse collection of significant practical problems. Part II discusses the design and analysis of large-scale generalized network computer solution techniques. The central ideas that have brought GN problems into their own as a fundamental planning tool, by providing an effective methodology for computer implementations are clearly outlined.


Antimicrobial peptides are important components of the host innate immune response against microbial invasion.Hepcidin is an antimicrobial peptide and iron regulatory molecule primarily expressed in liver,and conserved among vertebrates.To date,there are several species of fish Hepcidins that have been isolated and characterized.It was speculated that Hepcidin might be widely spread among fish.In the study,one homologous Hepcidin gene was amplified from the liver of another commercially cultured fish(Oreochromis niloticus) by RT-PCR and RACE method.The complete Hepcidin cDNA is 505 bp(excluding poly A) and the Open Reading Frame(ORF) of 264 bp encoding a peptide of 87 amino acids.The prepro-peptide contains a putative 24-residue signal peptide and a pro-peptide of 63 amino acids,the latter may be further processed into a 22-residues mature peptide.The deduced amino acid sequence and gene organization were highly conserved between tilapia and other organisms,which share eight cysteines at the identical conserved position and consist of two introns and three exons.


In this study, the simulation results of the parameters concerning mine ventilation on a test bench are presented. Said investigation incorporated the previous design and implementation of a monitoring system at the laboratory. This was in order to calculate the fan efficiency, based on electrical measurements, and fluid mechanics (Bernoulli theory), and whose results can be observed in real time on a computer or through other similar means. The designed system monitors parameters present in the atmosphere of the test bench's duct, such as temperature, air pressure, methane gas concentration, and electrical variables like voltage and current. The aforementioned observation is done through a graphical interface designed with LabView 2011 software. Tests were performed varying the accessories. The reduction percentage, allows one to infer that the duct section was adequately designed.


The display device and manufacturing method thereof capable of preventing foreign materials is disclosed. The display apparatus includes a backlight assembly, a display panel, the top chassis and the sealing member. The backlight assembly includes a mold frame disposed along the edge of the light-generating unit, a receiving container and storage container for accommodating the light-generating unit that generates light. The display panel is seated on the mold frame, and displays an image by using light. Top chassis is coupled with the receiving container while covering an edge of the display panel to fix the display panel. The sealing member is resilient and electricity so that is disposed between the mold frame and the top chassis to enclose the end portion of the display panel and completely seal the space between the end portion and the mold frame of the display panel, the shape can be easily deformed It has an attracting force on the insulative foreign matter and non-conductive. Thus, there is a foreign object can be prevented from flowing between the mold frame and the top chassis, as the sealing member is completely seal the space between the end and a mold frame of a display panel. Sealing member


In order to analyze the fatigue of the airborne product structure, the modal analysis and random vibration analysis are conducted for the product by using the finite element analysis software ANSYS. The modal analyzing results are compared with the modal test results and the finite element model is corrected. The stress response power spectral density is obtained from random vibration analyzing. A frequency domain method for calculating the fatigue damage of the structure is presented. The simulation results are in agreement with the reliability enhancement testing results. An optimization scheme for the product structure design is given.


Our work is to investigate the imaging performance of a direct, full-field prototype digital mammography detector as a function of x-ray exposure and detector operational conditions for digital mammography and advanced applications such as tomosynthesis. Theoretical and experimental methods previously developed for the study of small-area prototype detectors have been applied to the investigation of spatial frequency dependent detective quantum efficiency [DQE(f)] of the full-field prototype detector, which has 2816 x 2048 pixels with 85 μm pixel size. The focus of our study is the impact of scaling up the detector design on imaging performance, e.g. electronic noise, readout rate and image artifacts. The results showed that DQE(f) of the full-field detectors is in the same range as that measured from the small-area prototype detector, both of which are superior to existing technologies based on indirect detection. However DQE(f) drops more rapidly than the small-area prototype as exposure decreases, which is to be expected from the higher electronic noise of the full-field detector. Lag and ghosting, both of which can introduce image artifacts, were studied at typical screening mammography image intervals. The effect of lag can be eliminated with frequent update of the offset images. Ghosting at x-ray dose equivalent to a single view mammogram is negligible.


[Objective] To investigate the effects and safety of transpancreatic duct precutting to access the effectiveness of cannulation of biliary duct on ERCP treatment. [Method] Retro-analyzing the data of 36 cases treated with further therapeutic ERCP after transpancreatic duct precutting. [Result] 36 cases planned to have therapeutic ERCP treatment, for no biliary duct cannulation could be done according to the standard procedure, cannulation of biliary duct followed by transpancreatic duct precutting were successfully done in 34 cases (94.4%). Afterwards, 4 cases complicated with mild pancreatitis(11.1%), 1 with hemorrhage of upper digestive tract(2.78%) , yet all recovered completely under conservative approaches. [Conclusion] In the condition of the selective cannulation of biliary duct is hardly underwent but the guide wire could still be put into the pancreatic duct, transpancreatic duct precutting is an efficacious method with the high successful rate of selective cannulation of biliary duct, but also associated with a risk for pancreatitis.


Objective:To develop a HPLC method for the determination of palmatine and berberine in Shulitong Granule.Methods:A Kromasil-C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)column was used for the HPLC determination.The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1 mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate(28∶72),and the flow rate was 1 mL/min.The detection wavelength was 345 nm.Results:A good linear relationship was constructed in the range of 0.016~0.080 μg(r=(0.999 8)),for Palmatine hydrochloride and in the range of 0.027~0.135 μg(r=(0.999 9)) for berberine hydrochloride. The average recovery of palmatine hydrochloride was 99.74%(RSD=2.67%,n=5),and that of berberine hydrochloride was 103.53%,RSD=1.48%(n=5).Conclusion:The developed method is simple,reproducible,specific and suitable for the quality control of Shulitong Granule.


The lattice locations of Te and Sn atoms forming {ital DX} centers in Al{sub {ital x}}Ga{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}As were determined by particle-induced x-ray emission and ion-beam-channeling methods. The Te atoms were found to be in the As substitutional sites while the Sn atoms were in the Ga(Al) sites. No off-center displacement of Te and Sn larger than 0.14 A from the substitutional sites was observed in either system.


We present our first results with a pn-CCD detector used for X-ray diffraction experiments with white synchrotron radiation. The pn-CCD was developed for spectroscopy and imaging in a wide spectral range from 0.2 to 30 keV X-rays for astronomy applications [1]. It consists of an image area of 19 x 19 mm (256 x 256 pixel) and a frame store area of the same pixel number. The readout was done by 256 parallel readout channels in approximately 5 ms (200 frames per second). At low photon intensity every pixel can be used as an energy dispersive detector. Finally one obtains the position and the energy of each incoming photon which allows to perform new interesting types of experiments. We performed test experiments like X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray reflectivity studies at organic thin films both using an incoming white X-ray beam. Here characterized the device in terms of energy resolution and spatial resolution and tested several readout modes of the freely programmable readout system. The measured data are discussed and plans for future experiments are presented.


Abstract:Even those of us who are internationalist in spirit watched the initial events in Wuhan unfold as something happening over there, somewhere far away. Given how much rhetoric is routinely expended on China as a strategic threat to the West as well as its significance as a factory for global capitalism, this surely should not have been the case. But it was, and media reports on the lockdown in Wuhan came across as something strange, a scattering of images of yellow construction equipment and green surgical gear, the ravages of the COVID-19 virus blurred in a distant strangeness that would never affect us at all.


The dramatic decline in PCI-related complications (Journal Watch Cardiology Dec 6 2002) and the documented benefits of PCI in selected acute-MI patients have led to a proliferation of PCI programs, some without onsite coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) capabilities. These researchers studied data from 625,854 Medicare patients who underwent PCI during a 35-month period from 1999 to 2001 to compare outcomes at …


Short-run and long-run relationships between Swiss francs per dollar and economic determinants are determined, namely money supply or growth in money supply, interest rates, differences in inflation rates, deviations from purchasing power parity and trade balances. A long-run relationship is estimated by using the Phillips–Hansen methodology while a short-run error correction model is estimated by performing non-parametric corrections for endogeneity and serial correlation. The predictions from the estimated error correction model outperform random-walk model for the period January 1989 to June 1990.


In work it is told about some problems of teaching molecular the kinetic theory and about creation of a virtual laboratory complex which according t o authors can solve these problems.


The idea of "negative-calorie" food stems from the notion that the body uses more energy to chew and digest certain foods than the food itself contains, thereby creating a net deficit in caloric intake. Some foods commonly thought to have this effect include celery, cucumbers, and cold water. However, that doesn't mean that eating these foods should be substituted for your daily workout. The amount of calories your body burns processing these low-calorie foods is so miniscule that it will not make a difference in your body weight. Additionally, these foods have little nutritional value, so if your diet is limited to these foods you may be missing out on the many vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients your body needs to maintain health.


This manual and its accompanying CD provide qualified structural engineers with guidance on the structural design of single and medium-rise multi-storey buildings using common forms of structural timberwork. The accompanying CD provides valuable connection design software to facilitate the calculation of the lateral load capacity of nails, screws, bolts and dowels, in addition to more extensive tables of material properties.

Structures designed in accordance with the Manual will normally comply with BS EN 1995-1-1 Eurocode 5. Design of timber structures - Part 1-1. General - Common rules and rules for buildings, together with its supporting codes and standards. The manual is primarily intended for carrying out simple calculations and focuses on the design of buildings within the UK.


The history of Rio de Janeiro is full of interesting events that are intimately linked to the history of Brazil. Since before the foundation of the city, in 1565, until today, Rio de Janeiro has been the stage for important facts, such as: the various attempts of invasion; the displacement of its primary activities to the plain among the hills; the arrival of the royal family, that left Portugal to escape from Napoleon troops; the proclamation of the republic; and the great constructions and demolitions, which changed the landscape of the city. Downtown Rio has a special place in the history of the city because it has been the center of social, cultural, economic and commercial activities during the centuries. This paper deals with the analysis of historical maps of Downtown Rio de Janeiro. During the development of the work, the following main goals were pursued: a) to build maps of comparison of historical maps of Downtown Rio dating from different and significant periods, considering the features corresponding to the streets and shoreline; b) to propose a methodology for registration of those maps in pairs, even when they do not have well defined scale, projection or coordinates. In order to achieve these objectives, four maps were selected, and they have dates of publication ranging from 1769 to 2000. The first one is the Map of Roscio (1769), and it was done with the purpose of designing a fortification for the city, including the construction of a great wall. The second one dates from 1838, that is, less than two decades after the independence of Brazil, which was declared in 1822. From 1906, a map that represents improvements in Downtown Rio was selected, including the construction of the Central Avenue. The most recent map selected, published by the town hall, refers to the year 2000, and it was produced at the final scale of 1:10,000, from orthophotos at the scale 1:30,000. The methods used involved the study of the history of Rio de Janeiro, and particularly of its Center (downtown); the definition of what is meant by Center (downtown); the brief study on landscape, and its characteristics; the differentiation between antique and historical maps; the searching for control points existing both in antique and recent maps; the selection, scanning, registration, georeferencing, vectorization and comparison of maps; and the historical synchronism. As results, three


The present invention is in printing TECHNICAL FIELD chemical additives, particularly relates to a method for preparing disulfonic acid type liquid fluorescent whitening agent. The present invention is primarily to solve the present process is complicated, high cost, poor acid product problems of the prior methods of preparation. The preparation method is based on cyanuric chloride, 4,4-diamino-stilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid, aniline and diethanolamine, and diisopropanolamine as raw materials, three-step synthesis of condensation reaction, and nanofiltration membrane filtration method using a filtering process to obtain desalted. Product of the present invention has high acid resistance, etc. The product is stable.


Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes airways hypersensitivity, mucosal edema and mucus production. Asthma can affect on the performance of patients and limit physical activity , anxiety, depression and decrease in patients quality of life. This study has been made with this aim to determine the relationship between mental health and quality of life in patients with asthma. Methods: In this analytic correlation study, 135 asthmatic patients who referred to Affiliated Clinics of shiraz university of medical science were selected via Census sampling method in 1392. Data were gathered by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and asthma quality of life questionnaire. In order to analyze the collected data, SPSS V.18 software with Spearman's correlation coefficient and t-test were conducted. Result: Results showed that there was a significant correlation between all domains of quality of life and patients mental health domains (P<0/001), and The mean of depression score of general health in women was more than men (P<0/001). The mean score of quality of life in men was more than women (P=0/004). conclusion: According to these findings it is concluded that domains of quality of life in asthmatic patient, consist of: symptoms and signs, phisical activity, etihical performance, scocial performance and perception of health were correlated with all domains of mental health. Therefore special care in the field of psychology can be advantageous for these patients and provide for them a better life.


Angiogenesis is a key enabling feature of mammalian embryonic development and tumor progression, which provides oxygen and nutrients that are required for vessel growth and tumor cell growth, respectively. Hypoxia is a driver of this phenomenon and is considered to be one of the most potent initiators of angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo through stabilization of the transcription factors, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 and ‐2 (HIF‐1 and HIF‐2). Although these proteins are highly homologous, emerging evidence suggests that they have unique transcriptional targets and differential impact on angiogenesis. Although HIF‐1α is the best known and widely described isoform, recent studies suggest that HIF‐2α is a critical regulator of physiological and pathophysiological angiogenesis and, at least, the similiarly important as HIF‐1α. Indeed, HIF‐2α has been shown to regulate multiple aspects of angiogenesis, including cell proliferation, migration, maturation of blood vessels, and metastasis. In this review, we focus on recent insights into HIF‐2α expression, activation, and function under hypoxic and nonhypoxic conditions. We also summarize the current knowledge on the crosstalk between HIF‐2 and angiogenesis, describing reported phenotypical changes of HIF‐2α genetic models and HIF‐2 target genes implicated in angiogenesis. Finally, we provide a survey of recent pharmacologic strategies to specifically target HIF‐2 activity.


Abstract : Volume II describes the design and equipment installation for the field program. In preparation for static firing tests, an elaborate installation was completed on San Nicolas Island to provide measurements of particle size, fallout, surface contamination, dimensions and concentration of the rocket motor exhaust clouds. For the tracer studies of long-range diffusion, an airplane equipped with a drum-impactor sampler and recorfing temperature and flight instruments was used for measurements. Land-based radar was used for position determination. To assist in locating the tracer plume, constant level balloons (tetroons) were released with the tracer plume and tracked by radar. (Author)


The divide between qualitative and quantitative research limits our ability to reach a cohesive understanding of crime and criminal justice in the 21 st century. Mixed-methods research, which combines qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study, can circumvent this impasse. This paper outlines an easily accessible framework for conducting mixedmethods research. Different mixed-methods designs and the unique advantages of each are presented. The paper also provides a guide on how to carry out mixed-methods studies that involves using thematic analysis as the qualitative component of the research. Examples are provided from our own research which illustrates the techniques and advantages of this approach.


Recent technological advances are putting increased pressure on CPU scheduling. On one hand, processors have more cores. On the other hand, I/O systems have become more complex. Intensive research has been conducted on multi/many-core scheduling, however, most of the studies follow the conventional approach and focus on the utilization and load balance of the cores. In this study, we focus on increasing data locality by bringing source information from I/O into the core interrupt scheduling process. The premise is to group interrupts associated for the same I/O request together on the same core, and prove that data locality is more important than core utilization for many applications. Based on this idea, a source-aware affinity interrupt-scheduling scheme is introduced and a prototype system, SAIs, is implemented. Experiment results show that SAIs is feasible and promising, bandwidth shows a 23.57% improvement in a 3-Gigabit NIC environment and in the optimal case without the NIC bottleneck, the bandwidth improvement increases to 53.23%.


This issue's "Legal Briefing" column covers recent legal developments involving total brain failure. Death determined by neurological criteria (DDNC) or "brain death" has been legally established for decades in the United States. But recent conflicts between families and hospitals have created some uncertainty. Clinicians are increasingly unsure about the scope of their legal and ethical treatment duties when families object to the withdrawal of physiological support after DDNC. This issue of JCE includes a thorough analysis of one institution's ethics consults illustrating this uncertainty. This experience is not unique. Hospitals across the country are seeing more DDNC disputes. Because of the similarity to medical futility disputes, some court cases on this topic were reviewed in a prior "Legal Briefing" column. But a more systematic review is now warranted. I categorize recent legal developments into the following nine categories: 1. History of Determining Death by Neurological Criteria2. Legal Status of Determining Death by Neurological Criteria3. Legal Duties to Accommodate Family Objections4. Protocols for Determining Death by Neurological Criteria5. Court Cases Seeking Physiological Support after DDNC6. Court Cases Seeking Damages for Intentionally Premature DDNC7. Court Cases Seeking Damages for Negligently Premature DDNC8. Court Cases Seeking Damages for Emotional Distress9. Pregnancy Limitations on DDNC History of Determining Death by Neurological Criteria Legal Status of Determining Death by Neurological Criteria Legal Duties to Accommodate Family Objections Protocols for Determining Death by Neurological Criteria Court Cases Seeking Physiological Support after DDNC Court Cases Seeking Damages for Intentionally Premature DDNC Court Cases Seeking Damages for Negligently Premature DDNC Court Cases Seeking Damages for Emotional Distress Pregnancy Limitations on DDNC


Studies estimate there are two billion scrap tires in U.S. landfills with over 270 million tires added yearly. An overview of a simple technique for recycling thermosets will be discussed. In short, it is possible to recycle rubber powders made from scrap tires with the application of only heat and pressure and achieve good mechanical properties. An investigation of the mechanical properties of typical consolidated rubber powders as a function of the molding variables is be shown. To date every type of cross-linked elastomer investigated could be sintered, including silicone rubbers, natural rubbers, ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers, styrene-butadiene rubbers and fluoroleastomers.


INTRODUCTION
Social media platforms are commonly used worldwide, affecting every-day living of billions of people. It may impacts both self-esteem and self-evaluation of its users. Formed by social influence, the ideal beauty standards lead to an unhealthy comparison, need of external validation and pursuit of ideal appearance. Induced body image dissatisfaction could be the cause of many different eating disorders or rigorous exercises. Promoted by media, ideal body-image creates unhealthy focus on BMI, weight and shape of one's own body.
PURPOSE
The aim of this study is to present the current state of knowledge on the impact of social media on evolving dissatisfaction with body image, followed by eating disorders.
METHODS
For the purposes of writing this article, the available literature was reviewed. The database of medical publications – PubMed database and publicly available books was searched, using keywords such as social media and body image disorders, eating disorders.
RESULTS
According to reviewed studies, spending more time on following social media intensifies body image disorders among both young women and men, as a result of negative upward comparison of their external appearance. A problematic social media use, passive and focused on image-related platforms, heightens a risk of developing a self-dissatisfaction and body concerns. Disordered eating behaviors are significantly connected to a frequent use of an image-related social media platforms.
CONCLUSIONS
Maintaining a healthy relationships with peers and parents protects self-esteem of adolescents and lowers the risk of body-image and eating disorders. A greater focus should be put on educating young people about their value, self-assessment and healthy relations.


Abstract Background Triple negative breast cancer carries a poor prognosis. Cytotoxic chemotherapy (chemo) is the standard of care. Recent data demonstrate that immunotherapy and anti-body drug conjugate based therapy can improve outcomes. Nevertheless survival remains poor. This SLR and MA was performed to assess the efficacy of current treatments for 2 nd line (2L) mTNBC. Methods EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane databases were systematically searched from database inception to December 2018 for relevant studies of mTNBC with any systemic therapies in metastatic disease. Relevant congresses proceedings since 2016 and ClinicalTrials.gov were also searched. This SLR followed PRISMA guidelines with scope defined in terms of PICOS criteria (Population, Intervention, Comparators, Outcomes and Study design). Weighted averages (WA) for outcomes by treatment arm and line of therapy (LOT) were calculated. In addition, MA of overall response rate (ORR) among patients receiving single agent chemo (single chemo) as 2L and first line or later (1L+) was carried out using random-effects modeling for ORR. Results 44 original studies were selected: 22 with 1L+, 7 with 2L, 15 with 2L or later (2L+). WAs of outcomes are presented in the Table. WAs of ORR for single chemo were less than ORR for combination chemo or chemo & biologics. No treatment showed consistently better survival over other treatments across all 3 groupings. MA of ORR in patients receiving single chemo as 2L and 1L+ were 11.9% (95% CI: 4.6, 20.8) and 15.6% (95% CI: 8.8-32.9), respectively. Table. Weighted Averages of Clinical Outcomes by Treatment and Line of Therapy. Table . 360P Treatment Line of Therapy Overall Response Rate (%) Progression Free Survival (median months) Overall Survival (median months) Single agent chemotherapy 1L+ 14.6 2.3 10.8 2L 14.3 2.4 12.6 2L+ - 3.1 12.3 Combination chemotherapy 1L+ 29.7 4.4 10.5 2L 31.0 4.1 10.0 2L+ - 2.9 8.1 Chemotherapy & Biologics 1L+ 22.6 2.9 10.6 2L 35.8 5.6 17.9 2L+ 21.2 3.5 10.7 Conclusions There is no clear standard of care in 2L TNBC. Response rates are low for single chemo and although response rates improve with combination therapies, no treatment regimen has demonstrated definitive improvement in outcomes. These results reinforce the need for new treatment strategies for mTNBC after 1L. Legal entity responsible for the study Purple Squirrel Economics. Funding Seattle Genetics, Inc. Disclosure P.A. Kaufman: Full / Part-time employment: Seattle Genetics, Inc. J. Feliciano: Full / Part-time employment: Seattle Genetics, Inc. P. Garfin: Full / Part-time employment: Seattle Genetics, Inc. L. Brown: Full / Part-time employment: Seattle Genetics, Inc. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


This paper adopts fuzzy design optimization method for the sample of V-belt driver on the basis of fuzzy maths. According to the conventional design optimization and considering the random character of the value of design parameters and some factors whose value is very indefinite, the fuzzy constraints are set up, including the property and boundary constraints. Being satisfied with the conditions of installation and transmission property, the maths model in fuzzy design optimization is set up which is to minimize the number of V-belt, and the optimization method and result analysis are given in this paper.


Based on the structures of urban individual traffic and public traffic,this paper discusses the roles that various vehicles play in urban traffic,and analyzes briefly the impacts of individual traffic and public traffic upon sustainable development of urban traffic.


Although thermal insulation levels may be specified in design documents, there IS no guarantee that what is achieved in practice is an accurate rendition of the design requirements. This paper examines three in-situ measurement methods for the field determination of R-values (Non-contact Temperature Measurement, Heat Flux Meter and Visual Inspections) plus Examination of Documents. All perform satisfactorily under New Zealand conditions, but only Heat Flux Meter offers quantitative information of the actual construction. Two methods (Surface Temperature Measurement and the Portable Hot-box) are not considered useable for field measurements. The achieved R-value is a function of the insulant, design and installation, and hence the paper concludes all three must be considered in the detection and correction of faults.


Simple Summary N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and m6A regulators play important roles in the occurrence and development of various cancers. Esophageal cancer (ESCA), one of the most common gastrointestinal tumors, seriously affects people's health. In this review article, we summarized the role and possible mechanism of m6A modification and m6A regulators in the occurrence, progression, remedy and prognosis of ESCA, which might be useful for determining the pathogenesis of ESCA and providing direction for the future research of ESCA. Abstract N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, the most prevalent RNA modification, is involved in all aspects of RNA metabolism, including RNA processing, nuclear export, stability, translation and degradation. Therefore, m6A modification can participate in various physiological functions, such as tissue development, heat shock response, DNA damage response, circadian clock control and even in carcinogenesis through regulating the expression or structure of the gene. The deposition, removal and recognition of m6A are carried out by methyltransferases, demethylases and m6A RNA binding proteins, respectively. Aberrant m6A modification and the dysregulation of m6A regulators play critical roles in the occurrence and development of various cancers. The pathogenesis of esophageal cancer (ESCA) remains unclear and the five-year survival rate of advanced ESCA patients is still dismal. Here, we systematically reviewed the recent studies of m6A modification and m6A regulators in ESCA and comprehensively analyzed the role and possible mechanism of m6A modification and m6A regulators in the occurrence, progression, remedy and prognosis of ESCA. Defining the effect of m6A modification and m6A regulators in ESCA might be helpful for determining the pathogenesis of ESCA and providing some ideas for an early diagnosis, individualized treatment and improved prognosis of ESCA patients.


Radar variable polarization technology is currently one of the key techniques;and the concept of polarization tracks is very important,which offers preconditions for many subsequent studies.Considering the imperfection of the existing circular polarization track concept,the paper presents an improved concept of polarization tracks,extends its physical meanings based on strict mathematical formula derivations,and provides an approach to realize polarization track restriction using variable polarizer.This investigation provides new points of view for subsequent researches such as local optimal polarization of target,optimized receiving of polarized signals and optimization of target scattering energy,etc.


Cutting-edge medical advances and innovative technologies have made headlines and continue to flourish in the new millennium. However, these medical achievements stand in stark contrast to the paradoxical increase in US maternal mortality, which is among the highest of all developed nations.


progeny there was found a male No. 2 (Fig. 1, No. 3) which bore distinctly the same abnormality except that the twist was to the right. This male was mated * to a normal nosed sister and among their offspring was found male no.66 Wild No. 1085 (Fig. 1, No. 4) in which both nasal bones were shortened. The genetic relationships between these animals are shown in figure 2. no.? The data are insufficient to establish the exact mode of inheritance. The character is so rare that it is very improbable that the wild stock carried it as no.i085 a recessive character. One posFIGURE 2 sible explanation is that of a Pedigree Chart showing the transmission of a twisted nose through three generations dominant unit character with in the House Mouse. normal overlaps.


In this paper, the content of total iron which is more than 3% in manganese ore is analyzed by spectrophotometry. According to the principle of ultraviolet absorption spectrum, the content of iron in manganese ore is determined directly at 510 nm wavelength. Firstly, the regression equation and linear relation of iron standard curve are obtained, and using standard sample of manganese ore to calculate the precision, recovery and relative deviation, through the regression equation and linear relation of iron and the recovery rate of manganese ore, the manganese ore whose iron content is more than 3% is finally determined. The results show that this method can directly determine iron content in manganese ore. At the same time, this method is simple, convenient and accurate. It is of great significance for subsequent detection of iron content in manganese ore.


Checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-L1/PD-1 blockade have rapidly integrated into the paradigm of NSCLC treatment. However, a majority of patients do not benefit from monotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors. High tumor mutational burden (TMB), along with pre-existing intratumoral T cell infiltration and baseline high PD-L1 expression, predicts response to checkpoint blockade. Furthermore, a recent retrospective study identified LKB1 alterations as the most prevalent genomic driver of resistance to PD-1 axis inhibitors in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms underlying LKB1-mediated immunosuppression in NSCLC. We show that loss of LKB1 in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and NSCLC cells leads to increased secretion of CXCR2 ligands, including CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5 and CXCL8. These CXCR2 ligands are also elevated in LKB1-deficient tumors from patient-derived xenografts and genetically-engineered murine models. We find abundant tumor infiltrating MDSCs in murine Lkb1-deficient NSCLC, consistent with the capacity for CXCR2 ligands to recruit MDSCs. MDSCs mediate potent immune suppressive activities at multiple levels including release of immunosuppressive cytokines, recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs), inhibition of CD8 T cell tumor infiltration and upregulation of PD-L1 expression. Although MDSC depletion activates interferon gamma signaling and decreases systemic Tregs in murine KrasK12D;Tp53-/-;Lkb1-/- (KPL) tumors, it does not sensitize KPL tumors to anti-PD-1 therapy. One of the major challenges in the preclinical assessment of lung cancer immunotherapy is that the commonly utilized murine models lack the mutational burden of human NSCLC. To assess this combination therapy in the context of a mutational burden that more accurately reflects the clinical disease, we generated tumors with high TMB by exposing KPL cells in vitroto the tobacco carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. In the context of high TMB, MDSC depletion demonstrates remarkable anti-tumor effects in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy. Finally, we delineate the regulation of CXCR2 ligands by LKB1 which is dependent on the MARK-mediated NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, we find that LKB1 deficiency leads to increased CXCR2 ligand production and tumor infiltrating MDSCs. MDSC depletion enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-1 blockade in LKB1-deficient tumors bearing high TMB. Citation Format: Rui Li, Ramin Salehi-Rad, Stephanie Ong, Milica Momcilovic, Bin Liu, Raymond Lim, Linh Tran, Ziling Huang, Zhe Jing, Manash Paul, Kostyantyn Krysan, Stacy Park, John Minna, Michael Teitell, David Shackelford, Steven Dubinett. Depletion of CXCR2-dependent myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) overcomes anti-PD-1 resistance in a murine model of LKB1-deficient non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with high mutational load [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2710.


Abstract : A reflected shock tube technique has been used to measure the ignition delay time for propylene oxide-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures in the temperature range of 900 to 1250 deg K. Ignition delay times were measured by using both streak schlieren and pressure gauges mounted on the back wall of the shock tube. A regression analysis indicated that the delay time multiplied by the propylene oxide concentration to the .8 power and the oxygen concentration to the -1.2 power yielded a best fit when plotted as a logarithm against the reciprocal temperature. This regression analysis also indicated that the nitrogen concentration had no effect on the ignition delay time. The apparent activation energy for the reaction was found to be approximately 19 kcal joule/mole.


We study the mixing time of a random walker who moves inside a dynamical random cluster model on the d-dimensional torus of side-length n. In this model, edges switch at rate μ between open and closed, following a Glauber dynamics for the random cluster model with parameters p, q. At the same time, the walker jumps at rate 1 as a simple random walk on the torus, but is only allowed to traverse open edges. We show that for small enough p the mixing time of the random walker is of order n2/μ. In our proof we construct of a non-Markovian coupling through a multi-scale analysis of the environment, which we believe could be more widely applicable.


By comparing Wu Yu's(吴棫) Yunbu(韵补) with his Shi Bu Yin(诗补音). we discover the difference between Tong(通) and Zhuansheng Tong(转声通), and the independence of the rhyme parts of Rusheug(入声) in Yunbu(韵补). There are rhyme parts of Geng(耕) and Wu(物) and no Maide(麦德) in his Shi Bu Yin(诗补音). Wu Yu(吴棫) should mind that there are fourteen rhymes parts of level, falling-rising and falling tones and six of entering tones in ancient Chinese.


The evolution of the deep-sea sedimentation system in the north-eastern part of the Black Sea during the Oligocene-Pliocene is considered mainly on the basis of seismic data. The fans and erosion canyons formation time is presumably related to the regressive-transgressive stages in the history of the Eastern Paratethys. The source areas of detrital sediments in the Tuapse Trough are identified. The sedimentation model of the Tuapse Trough and the changes in the Trough's morphology since the Oligocene were reconstructed based on the analysis of the thickness maps and the onlap surfaces on the northern side of the Shatsky Swell. Paleogeographic maps were compiled for the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene (Maikop), Middle Miocene, and Pliocene.


'Nanjangud Rasbale' (syn. 'Rasthali', AAB, Silk), one of the popular banana cultivars of Karnataka State in India, is seriously threatened by Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). There is no report of the development of highly regenerative ECS cultures from this cultivar using floral meristems. Highly regenerative ECS were established from floral meristems, which developed into embryos in 45 days and germinated in 60 days. One ml of the ECS produced 2080-2960 somatic embryos, which produced around 1500-2000 plantlets. After standardising different transformation conditions, the ECS (0.5 optical density) was transformed with the AMP gene cloned from onion seeds, through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Somatic embryos developed and regenerated on the same selection medium with 0.7% germination. PCR, RT-PCR and Dot blot assay of the regenerants showed integration of the AMP gene in 10 out of 17 plants tested. Further evaluation of the established transgenics is in progress.


This study was designed to determine the spermatogenic and haematological effects of aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Hymenocardia acida on Aluminium chloride-induced toxicity in male wistar rats. Thirty male albino Wistar rats were used and toxicity was induced using 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) AlCl3. The rats were distributed into six groups of five rats each. The drug and extract administration lasted for seven days, thereafter the animals sacrificed. The results indicated that oral dose of 100 mg/kg bw extracts of H. acida did not show any significant (p>0.05) change in testosterone levels when compared with both normal and negative control. Ethanolic extract showed non-significant (p>0.05) increase on Luteinizing hormone (LH) when compared with both normal and negative control group. Administration of AlCl3 caused a significant (p 0.05) alterations of most of the haematological parameters evaluated, but administration of the plant extracts was able to mildly ameliorate these effects (especially on RBC and Hb). The result of this study shows AlCl3 toxicity causes alterations of LH, FSH and TBARS, but aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of H. acida may possibly ameliorate the alteration. Also, AlCl3- toxicity mildly influences the synthesis of certain haematological indices, but the extracts may modulate some of this interference.


Introduction: Transfusion– Transmissible Infections (TTIs) are the infections resulting from the
introduction of a pathogen into a person through blood transfusion. In an attempt to mitigate the inherent
risk of TTIs, the demographic information of blood donors including knowledge on local prevalence of infections and its pattern
in the donor population is important for formulating recruitment strategies and planning other precautionary measures.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Blood Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical
Sciences, Imphal between January 2019 and December 2022. All donated blood units were tested for the mandatory TTI
markers for HIV 1 & 2, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Syphilis and Malarial parasite. The prevalence and patterns of seropositivity for
TTIs were studied based on the donor demographic characteristics such as donation type, gender and age group. Results: The
overall seroprevalence among blood donors (n=31,563) was 1.79%. The seroprevalence was lower among voluntary donors
(1.08%) than the replacement donors (2.10%). Seropositivities among female and male donors were 0.79% and 1.93%
respectively. The lowest TTI seropositivity was seen among female voluntary donors (0.59%) and highest among male
replacement donors (2.24%). The seroprevalence for specic TTI markers among the blood donors were 0.15% for HIV; 0.57%
for HBV; 0.93% for HCV; 0.14% for Syphilis and no donor was found positive for Malaria. The frequency of TTI seropositivity was
increased with increase in the age groups of donors in both sexes. There were 9 (0.029%) donors who had co-infection of TTIs.
The patterns of TTI markers for co-infections were HCV+HIV=3; HCV+HBV=3; HCV+Syphilis=2 and HIV+ Syphilis=1.
Conclusion: The measures to provide safe blood may include collection of blood from the targeted low risk donor population,
using more sensitive testing methods, implementing pathogen reduction technologies and other public health measures.


Although Heinrich Schenker certainly changed his mind about many topics, he never waivered in his belief that 1) current ways to explain modulation were fundamentally flawed; and 2) that modulation is best learned by improvising preludes and fantasies. To explain these points, Part I reconsiders Schenker's critique of Max Reger's Beiträge zur Modulationslehre (1903) and Salomon Jadassohn's Die Kunst zu Modulieren und zu Präludieren (1890) and describes three types of modulation endorsed by Schenker in his Harmonielehre (1906): 1) [diatonic] reinterpretation; 2) chromaticism; and 3) enharmonicism. Part II then shows how Schenker not only dispensed with the traditional concepts of relative, close, and distant keys, but he eventually proposed that modulations arise at the foreground for contrapuntal, even motivic reasons. Finally, Part III uses Schenker's claims about modulating and preludizing to analyze Beethoven's "Two Preludes" in C major, Op. 39, both of which modulate "through all twelve major keys."


Task-based language teaching centers around students,let them complete learning tasks in the activities of interaction,which is favorable for teachers to stimulate students' motivation.Teachers should provide rich data and context,and optimize listening teaching mode to promote listening teaching effect.


Thank you for the submission of your research manuscript to EMBO Molecular Medicine. We have now heard back from the three referees whom we asked to evaluate your manuscript. As you will see from the reports below, the referees find the topic of your study of potential interest. However, they raise substantial concerns on your work, which should be convincingly addressed in a major revision of the present manuscript.


— Phylogenetic analysis very commonly produces several alternative trees for a given fixed set of taxa. For example, different sets of orthologous genes may be analyzed, or the analysis may sample from a distribution of probable trees. This article describes an approach to comparing and visualizing multiple alternative phylogenies via the idea of a "tree of trees" or "meta-tree." A meta-tree clusters phylogenies with similar topologies together in the same way that a phylogeny clusters species with similar DNA sequences. Leaf nodes on a meta-tree correspond to the original set of phylogenies given by some analysis, whereas interior nodes correspond to certain consensus topologies. The construction of meta-trees is motivated by analogy with construction of a most parsimonious tree for DNA data, but instead of using DNA letters, in a meta-tree the characters are partitions or splits of the set of taxa. An efficient algorithm for meta-tree construction is described that makes use of a known relationship between the majority consensus and parsimony in terms of gain and loss of splits. To illustrate these ideas meta-trees are constructed for two datasets: a set of gene trees for species of yeast and trees from a bootstrap analysis of a set of gene trees in ray-finned fish. A software tool for constructing meta-trees and comparing alternative phylogenies is available online, and the source code can be obtained from the author. [Alternative phylogenies; consensus tree; median tree; parsimony; split; topology.] Phylogenetic analysis frequently gives rise to several alternative phylogenies for any given fixed set of taxa. For example, using different sets of orthologous genes from a fixed set of species often produces several different tree topologies. In addition, techniques such as bootstrapping and Monte Carlo simulation produce a large number of alternative trees for a given dataset, representing a sample from some underlying distribution of trees. When presented with several alternative phylogenies in this way, identifying the differences and similarities between the phylogenies becomes increasingly difficult as the number of trees and number of species increases, and a systematic approach is required. Although the differences between a handful of trees on fewer than 10 species may be easy to resolve by eye, phylogenetic analyses can potentially produce hundreds of alternative trees on thousands of taxa. There is consequently a pressing need for tools that identify similarities and differences in a collection of trees and represent these meaningfully to biologists. This article presents an approach to comparing multiple alternative phylogenies via a "tree of trees." Given a set of phylogenies T1, T2, . . . , Tn sharing the same set of taxa L , we construct a tree, referred to as a "meta-tree," that groups together phylogenies with similar topologies. A meta-tree is not itself a phylogeny but is a way of representing the relationships between the original set of alternative phylogenies. The set of leaf vertices on a meta-tree corresponds to the original set of alternative phylogenies T1, T2, . . . , Tn, and interior vertices on the meta-tree correspond to certain consensus topologies between the phylogenies. In contrast, of course, the leaf vertices on a phylogeny usually correspond to some given set of DNA sequences, whereas the interior vertices correspond to the DNA sequences of ancestral species. The analogy between species trees (where the vertices correspond to DNA sequences) and meta-trees (where the vertices correspond to species tree topologies) motivates our approach to constructing meta-trees. Although for DNA data we might construct a tree that minimizes the number of base changes (i.e., a most parsimonious tree), we analogously seek a meta-tree that minimizes the difference between the species tree topologies associated to its vertices. The approach adopted in this article is motivated by the need to represent complex datasets, consisting of many alternative phylogenies, in an accessible way to biologists. The space of phylogenetic trees on a fixed set of taxa (Billera and Homes, 2001) does not have an intrinsically tree-like structure, and so a collection of alternative phylogenies—or equivalently, a set of points in tree-space—can be represented in many different ways. However, biologists are used to working with tree-like objects, so representing relationships between phylogenies via a meta-tree is a natural approach to adopt, and it enables comparisons to be made in the following way. A meta-tree will cluster similar tree topologies together, so that conflicting evolutionary histories within a set of trees are apparent as separate clades on the meta-tree. For example, the tree for a gene that has undergone a lateral transfer event is likely to conflict considerably with other trees constructed from gene families that have followed the pattern of species evolution more closely. The tree constructed using the laterally transferred gene would probably show up as an outlier on the meta-tree and the source of the conflict would be readily apparent. In this way, meta-trees can reveal the extent of conflicting information in a set of trees as well as identifying which phylogenies cause conflict or support consensus. Metatrees are also informative about features within trees; for example, providing easy identification of features shared by tree topologies that are clustered together. It is important to stress that meta-trees do not provide a rigorous direct means of inference about the "true" underlying pattern of evolution but are intended simply as a means of comparing a set of alternative phylogenies and visualizing similarities and differences. The metatree for any given set of phylogenies is often not unique. Meta-tree construction does not take into account any relative probabilities or weights of trees in such a set and


The olfactory and taste behavioral responses to free amino acids and to extract of chironomid larvae in minnow Phoxinus phoxinus are investigated under normal conditions and after a prolonged period of olfac- tory deprivation (12-14 months). Behaviorally efficient amino acids causing an feeding response in the taste and olfactory sensory systems are revealed. Minnows manifest a taste preference to four of 21 amino acids, namely, to proline, glutamine, alanine, and valine. Three amino acids, histidine, arginine, and phenylalanine, were deterrent. The attitude of the fishes to the taste of 14 other amino acids and to four classical taste sub- stances was indifferent. Solutions of six of nine animo acids used for tests at a concentration of 10 -4 M caused searching behavior in fishes with intact olfaction. Alanine was the most efficient. Solutions of glutamine, histi- dine, and valine did not stimulate any response. Chronically anosmiated minnows manifested a clear searching response to solutions of four of nine amino acids. The action of alanine and proline was the most efficient. Com- parison of ranges of taste responses of fishes to pellets with amino acids and of feeding behavior responses to solutions of the same amino acids in minnows with intact and resected olfactory organs revealed a significant positive relationship only in responses of anosmiated fishes to solutions and of intact fishes to pellets. This is indicative of participation of a gustatory reception in the sensory background of the searching response to solu- tions of feeding chemical stimuli in fishes with a prolonged loss of olfactory function.


Given that the market is a socially constructed institution for governance of economic activities, the market is an aspect of social order. How the social order is established, changed and stabilized is an important aspect of social ordering. Marketing practice, i.e. the behaviour of actors involved in market exchange, influences social ordering. Thus, marketing practice influences the dynamics (social ordering) of markets. Markets and marketing are also phenomena studied within academic disciplines (and in nonacademic research). Theories, concepts, methods and empirical results concerning markets and marketing also interact with marketing practice. Furthermore, markets and marketing practice also interact with actors not involved in market exchange or research such government policy makers and institutions since they contribute to shaping market(ing)norms. How market(ing) practice, academic research and government policies/institutions, all three phenomena broadly defined, interact is a major concern if we want to understand market dynamics.


Background: Translocation (8;21) is one of the most common structural aberrations found in AMLand good response rates and a better DFS have been described in pts possessing it. Especially, the DFS rate may exceed 60–70% in younger pts given repetitive courses of HDAra-C. However, it was recently reported that a subtype of AML with t(8;21) showed a poor prognosis and this case also had the KIT mutation. As a result, we retrospectively analyzed the prognosis of AML pts with t(8;21) prospectively enrolled in the JALSG AML97 study. Patients and Methods: Between 1997 and 2001, JALSG AML97 enrolled 809 pts previously untreated for AML and pts with M3 were excluded. From the 789 eligible pts, we selected the subjects with t(8;21) for this study. Induction therapy consisted of cytarabine and idarubicin. All CR pts were randomized to receive either four courses of standard dose consolidation therapy without maintenance therapy or three courses of standard dose consolidation with 6 courses of maintenance therapy. HDAra-C was not administered in the JALSG AML97 study. Peripheral blood and bone marrow smears and karyotypes were reevaluated by the central review committees. Any patients who underwent SCT were censored at the date of SCT. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate OS and DFS. For comparisons of OS or DFS, the log rank test was used. Result: Cytogenetic studies were performed in 783 patients (99.2%) and only 15 studies resulted in failure. One hundred forty-two (18.5%) of those pts showed t(8;21). The median age was 43 yrs (15–64). The male: female ratio was 95: 47. The distribution of FAB types was as follows: AMLM2, 130; M4, 6; M1, 5; and M5, 1. A total of 69 (48.6%) pts had a sole t(8;21), 46 (32.4%) had a loss of a sex chromosome, and 27 (19.0%) had other cytogenetic abnormalities. The CR rate was 90.0%. Thirty-two pts underwent two courses of induction therapy. The early death ( =10x109/L) was found to be a marginally significant prognostic factor (p=0.0517). The estimated OS rate at 5yrs was 53.6%, and the DFS of the CR pts was 41.2%. We found no relationship between OS or DFS and the following factors: age, gender, karyotypic abnormality, performance status, the percentage of MPO positive blasts, the presence or absence of Auer rods, the platelet count, the number of induction therapies for CR and the type of postremisson therapy. However, two factors, the WBC count and the percentage of blasts in bone marrow were found to be strongly predictive factors for the outcome. For the pts with a WBC count >=10x109/L, the DFS rate at 5yrs was 30.8%, while for the pts with less than 10x109/L, it was 48.8% (p=0.0215). For the pts with blast >=50% and less than 50%, the DFS rates at 5yrs were 32.2% and 56.7% (p=0.0087), respectively. According to these two factors, a poor risk group (N=30, 21.0%) was thus identified. They had a WBC count >=10x109/L and blast >=50%. The DFS rate at 5yrs was only 22.3 % in the poor risk group while that of the other pts was 48.9% (P=0.0003). Conclusion: This study confirmed that all AML pts with t(8;21) shows a high response rate and a good prognosis, thus indicating that this favorable AML group includes a poor risk group which can be identified based on the WBC count and the blast percent in the bone marrow.


On the basis of an interstellar dust model compatible with Ulysses and Galileo observations, we calculate and predict the trajectories of interstellar dust (ISD) in the solar system and the distribution of the impact speeds, directions, and flux of ISD particles on the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector during the two collection periods of the mission. We find that the expected impact velocities are generally low (<10 km s−1) for particles with the ratio of the solar radiation pressure force to the solar gravitational force β > 1, and that some of the particles will impact on the cometary side of the collector. If we assume astronomical silicates for particle material and a density of 2 g cm−3, and use the Ulysses measurements and the ISD trajectory simulations, we conclude that the total number of (detectable) captured ISD particles may be on the order of 50. In companion papers in this volume, we report the discovery of three interstellar dust candidates in the Stardust aerogel tiles. The impact directions and speeds of these candidates are consistent with those calculated from our ISD propagation model, within the uncertainties of the model and of the observations.