It is the aim of the paper to contribute to the understanding and applicability of brain-state-in-a-box neural networks. It is shown how asymmetric brain-state-in-a-box neural networks achieve a multiple objective optimization, generalizing the 'energy'-interpretation of symmetric neural networks. It is therefore expected that asymmetric neural networks will have interesting applications once the dynamic behaviour is sufficiently mastered. The theorems in the paper contribute to this goal by giving conditions that guarantee uniqueness and global stability of the equilibrium. In addition, an adaptive algorithm was given for training this type of neural networks. >


Graduate students employed as teaching assistants, lab demonstrators and research assistants have been attempting to form unions at Canadian universities since the 1970s with varying degrees of success. To date, there has been little scholarly research on this phenomenon, though it naturally begs a number of valid research questions. This thesis asks why some graduate student attempts at unionization fail while others succeed. It uses social movement theory to compare the experiences of four organizing campaigns at four universities.


Square shaped annular lateral p+–i–n+ diodes on high purity semi-insulating (HPSI) 4H-SiC are fabricated by Al+ and P+ ion implantation to obtain anode and cathode regions, respectively. All the diodes have the same size central anode surrounded by an intrinsic region, which is surrounded by an annular cathode. Anode area and annular cathode width are fixed for all diodes, only the lateral length of the intrinsic region is varied. Post implantation annealing is performed at 1950 °C for 10 min. Static forward and reverse characteristics are measured in the temperature range of 30 - 290 °C. For all diodes, the reverse current is below the instrument detection limit of 10-14 A up to 100 °C at 200 V, the maximum reverse bias employed in this study. The reverse current increased up to low 108 A for 200 V reverse bias at 290 °C. Forward currents overlap at the low voltage region once they exceed the instrument detection limit at ~1.6 V and 30 °C. The forward currents follow almost identical exponential trend at all measured temperatures while the diode series resistance increase with increasing anode-cathode distance and decreased with increasing temperature for the given intrinsic region lateral length.


Distributed systems typically have interactions among different services that create an avenue for propagation of attacks from one service to another. For critical applications, it is important that a cascading attack does not compromise all the services in the distributed system. Therefore, it is important to respond to an attack at runtime, by providing automated responses. The responses have the goals of containing the current attack and reconfiguring the system to make it more secure against future attacks. When choosing responses, one needs to consider the impact from using a response on the system (e.g. a firewall rule can cut off both the attack and the legitimate traffic). Also each response can have various degree of effectiveness on countering the attack. All these factors need to be considered beforehand. We formalize the process of providing automated responses and the criterion for asserting global optimality of the selection of responses. We show that reaching the globally optimal solution is an NP-hard problem. Therefore we design a genetic algorithm framework for searching for good selections of responses in the runtime. For comparison, we present a baseline model to describe existing mainstream automated response systems. In real world, good response selection can change as the problem structure changes. Here the problem structure involves the protected target system and the attacks, both of which can change over time. The system constantly adapts itself to the changing environment based on short term history and also tracks the patterns of attacks in a long-term history.


† After the successful applications in the business domain, the research interest is now diverting towards applying data mining techniques in the education sector. In this paper, we discuss how a hybrid agent based data mining model can help to improve an education system by enabling better and effective teacher-student interaction. The extra information can help the teachers to manage their classes better and to provide proactive feedback to the students. This paper proposes the methodology WR(cid:3)SUHGLFW(cid:3)VWXGHQWV¶(cid:3)SHUIRUPDQFH(cid:3)EDVHG(cid:3)RQ(cid:3)WKHLU(cid:3)SV\FKRORJLFDO(cid:3) characteristics, internal and final examination results. An intelligent system design is required to analyze varied personality and intellect dimensions of both students and well as teacher in order to provide effective and successful interaction. The educational systems currently face number of issues such as high dropout rates, identifying students in need, personalization of training and predicting the quality of student interactions. Agent Based System involving Educational Data mining and Psychological Testing provides a set of agents, which can help the educational system to overcome these issues.


In the paper the authors proposes a Second-Order Super-Twisting Integral Sliding Mode Control for a Grid-connected Double-Stage AC-DC/DC-AC Power Converter (DSACPC) of a renewable electrical energy system. The DSACPC consists of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) directly connected to the renewable electric source, a generator-side controlled rectifier and a grid-side inverter. The proposed control strategy applied both to two stages is able to maximize the extracted energy from the renewable source, while to regulate the DC-link voltage and to achieve unity power factor and low distortion currents. The employed control strategy can regulate both the reactive and active power given to the utility grid independently and consents to the system to be enclosed in a smart-grid thanks to its performance. In fact the system giving the desired active power to the grid can be used also as a reactive power compensator in grid balanced conditions or as a system of current harmonic rejection in the case of unbalanced conditions of the grid. For the formulation of the control a sliding-Mode Observer is designed. Simulations and experimental results prove the high efficiency and high performance of the full proposed control system.


Karolina Tersa, Embeddedness as a substantial condition of integrative education. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, No. 16, Poznań 2017. Pp. 57-71. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X Embeddedness in a local community is one of many factors that can improve or even enable building inclusive environments at schools. This article is a theoretical search of roots of embeddedness as a scientific term. It also reviews the factors of its growth and dystrophy. In conclusion, it shows the impact of embeddedness in a local community at the level of social inclusion.


Weier et al.: Placental aneuploidy page - 1 - Somatic genomic variations in extra-embryonic tissues Jingly F. Weier 1,2 , Christy Ferlatte 1,2 and Heinz-Ulli G. Weier 2,* University of California (UC), San Francisco, CA, USA and Department of Cancer & DNA Damage Responses, Life Sciences Division, UC-LBNL, Berkeley, CA, USA *Address correspondence to this author at the Dept. of Cancer & DNA Damage Responses, Life Sciences Division, EO Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, One Cyclotron Road, MS 977-250, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Tel: (001)510-486-5347; Fax: (001)510-486 5343; Email: email@example.com The authors declare that they have no competing interests.


In 1991 it was decided to reorganise the transfusion service of the County of Funen. The aims were to standardise and improve the quality of blood components, laboratory procedures and the transfusion service and to reduce the number of outdated blood units. Part of the efficiency gains was reinvested in a dedicated computer system making it possible – among other things – to change the cross‐match procedures from serological to computer cross‐matching according to the ABCD‐concept. This communication describes how this transition was performed in terms of laboratory techniques, education of personnel as well as implementation of the computer system and indicates the results obtained.


This research was conducted to analyze and determine service quality and supporting attributes and to find gaps or discrepancies between consumer expectations and perceptions to improve service quality and provide solutions to existing problems. Analysis of service quality is carried out using the Servqual Method (Service Quality), a method used to measure service quality. This Servqual method measures how well a service provided by a company/service is expected to be received. This Servqual method includes 5 Gaps with five attribute dimensions: Tangibles, Responsiveness, Assurance, Reliability, and Empathy. The data needed to analyze is by distributing questionnaires to customers and management.
The results of distributing questionnaires to 27 respondents and the results of the analysis show that there is a gap between consumer expectations and the perceptions received. The most significant gap is in Gap 5 with the PS2 attribute -1.073, with repair solutions ensuring consumers are comfortable by inviting them to choose a comfortable seat. Gap 1 is on the TS1 attribute -0.215, so a solution is provided to ensure the cleanliness of the salon equipment used. Gap 2 is on the PS3 attribute -0.67 and is given a solution namely, staff must rearrange management service standards and ensure staff responds well to customers. Gap 3 on AS4 attributes -0.73 with improvement solutions, namely rearranging good service standards so that the advertisements promoted are appropriate, gap 4 there are two attributes that are not managed to fulfill, namely TS5 and TS6 so that suggestions for improvements were given to install automatic air fresheners in every corner of the room and look for the best internet network provider and increase internet network speed.


Acrodontium album sp. nov. is described and illustrated. The only strain of the new amylolytic and keratinolytic species had been isolated from forest soil by hair bait technique.


Here we use the PFSS model and photospheric data from Wilcox Solar Observatory, SOHO/MDI, SDO/HMI, and SOLIS to compare the coronal field with heliospheric magnetic field measured at 1 au, compiled in the NASA/NSSDC OMNI 2 data set. We calculate their mutual polarity match and the power of the radial decay, p, of the radial field using different source surface distances and different number of harmonic multipoles. We find the average polarity match of 82% for the declining phase, 78%–79% for maxima, 76%–78% for the ascending phase, and 74%–76% for minima. On an average, the source surface of 3.25 RS gives the best polarity match. We also find strong evidence for solar cycle variation of the optimal source surface distance, with highest values (3.3 RS) during solar minima and lowest values (2.6 RS–2.7 RS) during the other three solar cycle phases. Raising the number of harmonic terms beyond 2 rarely improves the polarity match, showing that the structure of the HMF at 1 au is most of the time rather simple. All four data sets yield fairly similar polarity matches. Thus, polarity comparison is not affected by photospheric field scaling, unlike comparisons of the field intensity.


Introduction: There are many factors affecting postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients managed with delayed sternal closure (DSC) after aortic surgery. This study aimed to examine the postoperative management of patients after DSC and the factors affecting morbidity and mortality.
 Patients and Methods: Among 2151 patients who underwent ascending aorta and/or aortic valve surgery between January 2012 and December 2020, 64 patients managed with DSC were included in the study. The records of the patients were obtained from the hospital archive/hospital electronic database. Postoperative day 30 was determined as early mortality.
 Results: Uncontrollable bleeding 34.4% (n= 22), LCOS (Low Cardiac Output Syndrome) 31.4% (n= 20) and mediastinal edema 28.1% (n= 18)were the main causes for DSC. In the remaining patients (6.3%, n= 4), DSC was preferred for other non-specific reasons such as uncontrollable arrhythmia. Forty-five patients' chests (70.3%) were closed in the postoperative period, and 19 patients (29.7%) could not be closed due to death (p< 0.001). Early mortality was observed in 27 patients (42.2%), and sepsis was observed in 10 patients (15.6%). Deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) was present in 4.7% of the patients and the rate of sepsis was higher in this patient group (66.7%-13.1%, p< 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the probability of sepsis in the culture-positive patient group (p> 0.05). However, the closure time was longer in patients with a previous operation history, postoperative acute renal failure, surgical site infection, and postoperative bleeding revision/surgical revision (p< 0.05).
 Conclusion: DSC can be preferred as a life-saving method for various reasons such as bleeding diathesis, mediastinal edema, and malignant arrhythmia after open-heart surgery. Accurate timing and close follow-up are important for sternal closure. In these patients, a multidisciplinary approach is required in the postoperative period.


Acne or acne vulgaris is the one of the skin diseases that often appear in adolescents and adults. Acne is often associated with the condition of the body, either in stress condition because of sad or being happy. Acne can be caused by genetic, cosmetic, and bacterial factors. Bacteria that can cause swelling diseases is Staphylococcus epidermidis. For overcoming acne, people can use traditional medicine such as lemon juice (Citrus limon Linn). The main composition that exists in lemon juice (Citrus limon Linn) is citric acid that acts as an antimicrobial against bacteria present in acne. This study aims to determine the influence of lemon juice lime juice (Citrus limon Linn) against Staphylococcus epidermidis. This research is an experimental laboratory that use disc disk method or Kirby bauer method with concentration 0%, 12,5%, 25%, 50% and 100%. The result of the study shows that lemon lime juice (Citrus limon Linn) at 25% concentration already have a transparent zone around the paper disc about 12.1 mm and have low effectivity to secure Staphylococcus epidermidis. The high concentration of lemon juice will increase the inhibitory power produced by lemon juice (Citrus limon Linn).


Males and females show marked differences in the deposition and modeling of bone during growth. Increased levels of testosterone in males are associated with increased muscle mass and periosteal expansion, whereas increased levels of estrogen in females are associated with endosteal contraction. Myostatin‐deficiency increases muscle mass and bone density, and we proposed that the response of muscle and bone to loss of myostatin function may be affected by sex hormone status. We tested this hypothesis by measuring body weight, triceps brachii mass, and bone biomechanical properties of the radius in male and female wild‐type and myostatin‐deficient mice, 4 months of age (n=12/group). Two‐factor ANOVA with sex and genotype as the two factors was used to test for significant interactions between sex and genotype for all variables. Significant sex‐genotype interactions were detected for body mass, muscle mass, bone diameter, cortical thickness, area moment of inertia, and ultimate bone stress and strain, with males showing a greater response to myostatin deficiency than females for each variable. These data indicate that downregulation of myostatin produces a greater anabolic response in male skeletal muscle than in female muscle. Moreover, sex‐specific differences in the response of muscle to myostatin deficiency in turn yield sex‐specific differences in bone shape and biomechanical properties. These findings suggest that molecular therapies aimed at increasing muscle and bone strength via myostatin blockade may be more effective in men than in women.


In this contribution, we give a comprehensive overview of the fabrication, characterization, and application of integrated planar waveguide Bragg gratings (PPBGs) in cyclo-olefin copolymers (COC). Starting with the measurement of the refractive index depth profile of integrated UV-written structures in COC by phase shifting Mach-Zehnder- Interferometry, we analyze the light propagation using numerical simulations. Furthermore, we show the rapid fabrication of humidity insensitive polymer waveguide Bragg gratings in cyclo-olefin copolymers and discuss the influence of the UV-dosage onto the spectral characteristics and the transmission behavior of the waveguide. Based on these measurements we exemplify that our Bragg gratings exhibit a reflectivity of over 99 % and are highly suitable for sensing applications. With regard to a negligible affinity to absorb water and in conjunction with high temperature stability these polymer devices are ideal for mechanical deformation sensing. Since planar structures are not limited to tensile but can also be applied for measuring compressive strain, we manufacture different functional devices and corroborate their applicability as optical sensors. Exemplarily, we highlight a temperature referenced PPBG sensor written into a femtosecond-laser cut tensile test geometry for tensile and compressive strain sensing. Furthermore, a flexible polymer planar shape sensor is presented.


A 3-D cube antenna with application in wireless sensor network is presented in this letter. Employing microstrip-fed 3-D folded slot antenna topology, a horizontally polarized omnidirectional radiation pattern in azimuth plane was obtained. The structure that is compatible with 3-D printing was fabricated from RO3003 substrate and Objet VeroGray material. The interior of the cubic structure can be used to place electronic circuits of transceiver and sensor. Measurement results verify simulation, and a maximum gain of 1.95 dBi in the azimuth plane and bandwidth of 14% at the center frequency of 2.495 GHz were achieved. The cubic antenna has an edge length of 33 mm and covers the ISM 2.45-GHz frequency band, which has vast application in wireless sensor networks and telecommunication devices.


The conceptual approaches to determining the content and structure of social potential by levels, types and tasks of formation are explored. On the basis of generalization, the components of the social potential of industry are defined and characterized, the authors' interpretation of this concept is presented.The authors' interpretation presents an understanding of the social potential of industry as a systemic set of organizational and managerial, individual-personal factors, incentives and motives, factors of production and resources, that are realized in the process of joint activity with the aim of ensuring economic growth. The social potential of an industrial enterprise as a systemic component of the social potential of industry is characterized by a combination of social factors, manifested through the interaction of the social and labor potential and the social infrastructure of the enterprise.The indicators of the economic entities' activity in the industry of Ukraine are analized, a high specific weight of industry in the total volume of sales of products (goods, services) and the number of employees is shown. Modern trends in the use of labor potential of industrial enterprises are considered.The offers and recommendations on the formation of a set of social and personnel policies aimed at developing the educational and professional level of personnel, the system of continuous retraining refinment and improving the skills of personnel, advancing the technologies for professional training of personnel and mechanisms for financing the costs of training and retraining of personnel are made..


Densities and viscosities have been determined for binary mixtures of 1-iodobutane with benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and mesitylene at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K for the entire composition range at atmospheric pressure. The excess molar volumes, , deviations in viscosity, Δη, and excess Gibbs' free energy of activation flow, Δ have been calculated from the experimental values. The experimental data were fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The variations of these parameters with composition of the mixtures and temperature have been discussed in terms of molecular interactions occurring in these mixtures. Further, the viscosities of these binary mixtures were calculated theoretically from their corresponding pure component data by using empirical relations like Bingham, Arrhenius and Eyring, Kendall and Munroe, Hind, Katti and Chaudhari, Grunberg and Nissan, and Tamura and Kurata. Comparison of various interaction parameters has been expressed to explain the intermolecular interactions between iodobutane and selected hydrocarbons.


The objectives of the work reported included the development of radiation-resistant lubricants and a survey of the radiation stability of jet fuels. Aromatic base materials were needed in the lubricant work, and most of these had to be synthesized. Exploratory synthesis evolved alkarvl ethers, alkaryl esters, alkylbenzenes, alkyl diphenyl ethers, and diarylalkanes. Chemical structure was correlated with physical properties and also with oxidation, thermal, and radiation stability. Although esters were inferior, each class had members with good radiation stability. Over-all, the alkyl diphenyl ethers offer the most promise for lubrlcant development. Polymers were also synthesized. These were used in an alkyl diphenyl ether to improve viscosity index and to increase viscosity. Compared to conventional thickeners, alkylated poly( alpha -methylstyrenes) (APAMS) and poly(alkylphenoxyethyl methacryiates) (APEMS) show promise for use in future radiation resistant lubricants. The grease research produced CALRESEARCH 159, a material of enhanced radiation stability. It is a selenide-inhibited alkylbiphenyl gelled with an aromatic salt. Promise of improved products was shown in work on new oils, e.g., tris (phenoxyphenyl)dodecylsilanei on new geliing agents, e.g., sodium N-p- tolylterephthalamate or mixtures of aromatic salts; and on new additives, e.g., N, N'-di-2naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine. Many formulations of various hydraulic fluids were evaiuated before and aftermore » irradiation. The alkyl diphenyl ethers looked best in radiation stability and in thermal stability at 700 deg F. CALRESEARCH 216 evolved from the formuiation work. It is an alkyl diphenyl ether inhibited with a selenide and thickened with a poiybutene. Chemical inhibitors lmproved oxidatioa stability both before and after gamma irradiation. Aromatic hydrocarbon additives in MLO 8200 fluid reduced viscosity change and gassing caused by irradiation. This fluid was shown to be usable to about 10/sub 10/ ergs/g C of gamma radiation. Criginal and irradiated aromatic base fluids operated satisfactorily in aircraft piston pumps at 275 deg F. lsothermai bulk modulus was found to decrease markedly in a gasliquid system such as would prevail under irradiation. The alkyl aromatics were found best as base materials for gas turbine oils. Esters, mineral oils, and paiygiycois teated were deficient in radiation or thermal stability. CALRESEARCH 230 was developed in the work; it is a selenide-inhibited alkyi diphenyl ether containing a petroleum bright stock and other additives. The alkyl diphenyl ethers showed good oxidation stability before and after irradiation. Their tendency towards high coking and low lubricity was improved by additives. Irradiation lowered coking in these bases and also in aikylbiphenyls. In all base stocks, foaming increased after irradiation, with or without silicone being present. Coking was reduced by blending with high bolling materials, e.g., bright stocks. Certain oil soluble dyes showed synergism with the bene ficial dialkyl selenides in oxidation tests. The thermal stability of nine jet fuels (five JP-4's, three JP-5's, and an RP-1) was studied in the CFR coker. Original stocks and samples irradiated for three different levels were tested. Low level irradiation (0.8 x 10/sup 10/ ergs/g C) impaired thermal atability. Higher level radiation (8 x 10/sup 10/ ergs/g C) improved thermal stability. An equation was developed by which it was possible to predict increase in viscosity with irradiaiion at any dosage once a single dosage point was known. (auth)« less


Genotype, environment and genotype x environment interaction influence yield and quality traits of bread wheat. The aim of this study was to determine to yield and some quality characters of bread wheat genotypes under the Middle Black Sea Region conditions. Five control cultivars and 20 bread wheat lines were used in the trial. Experiments were conducted in Samsun and Amasya locations during 2003-2004 growing season. The experiment was arranged in accordance with a Completely Randomized Block Design with four replications. Grain yield, plant height, 1000 kernel weight, test weight, protein content and Zeleny sedimentation were evaluated in this research. Grain yield in Samsun was 3450 kg ha -1 while it was determined 4863 kg ha -1


A superconductive probe presently can detect a crack at a rivet hole that is two to three times smaller than the smallest crack detectable by a conventional probe. As the technology matures and noise resolution approaches a limit set by SQUIDS, approximately 1 fH, it will enable detecting submillimeter cracks down to approximately 15 mm.


Reductions in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are urgently needed to avoid the most catastrophic consequences of warming. Reducing deforestation and forest degradation presents a climate change mitigation opportunity critical to meeting Paris Agreement goals. One strategy for decreasing carbon emissions from forests is to provide developing countries with results-based financial incentives for reducing deforestation: nearly two billion dollars are currently committed to finance such programs, referred to as REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks). Countries participating in these programs must document the uncertainty in their estimates of emissions and emission reductions, and payments are reduced if uncertainties are high. Our examination of documentation submitted to date to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) reveals that uncertainties are commonly underestimated, both by omitting important sources of uncertainty and by incorrectly combining uncertainties. Here, we offer recommendations for addressing common problems in estimating uncertainty in emissions and emission reductions. Better uncertainty estimates will enable countries to improve forest carbon accounting, contribute to better informed forest management, and support efforts to track global greenhouse gas emissions. It will also strengthen confidence in markets for climate mitigation efforts. Demand by companies for nature-based carbon credits is growing and if such credits are used for offsets, in exchange for fossil fuel emissions, it is essential that they represent accurately quantified emissions reductions.


The dynamics of indicators of physical development (body weight and length, vital capacity of lungs and breath delay on inhalation and exhalation) and physical readiness (time of running 30 meters from high start, length of standing jump) of football players of 8–10 years old for two summer periods of activities in comparison with similar indicators for children who are not engaged in sports are considered in this present study. First of all, functional indicators of delay in breathe increase with the increase in of impellent activity of young football players. Correspondingly, parallel increases in close interrelation are also noted as regards to the body weight (precisely muscular weight), body length, vital capacity of lungs, and the indicators of physical readiness.


Summary The history of broadleaved tree improvement since 1945 in Great Britain and Ireland is outlined in this paper, covering provenance trials, seed stands, phenotypic selection, progeny trials, seed orchards and vegetative propagation. The long-term nature of any broadleaved programme has led to reluctance to start projects, and much of what was funded in the mid-1900s has since been lost through spending cuts and �'� rationalizations�'� . Most resources were, and still are, devoted to conifers, particularly Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). Since the 1980s, broadleaved planting has increased enormously, currently amounting to two-thirds of all new planting in Britain, yet attitudes towards growing high-quality broadleaved trees for timber have hardly changed. Conservation, landscape and amenity values are placed far higher than quality. Nevertheless some progress with genetic improvement has been made from the 1990s with seven species through the British and Irish Hardwoods Improvement Programme – an informal, but apparently effective, voluntary association of landowners, nursery managers, research institutions, universities and professional foresters. It is concluded that inadequate investment in genetic research and weak management of projects potentially undermines all aspects of sustainable forestry and hampers the delivery of forestry policies; most notably, it limits the potential for the production of high-quality hardwood timber.


A new method to evaluate the dust-to-gas ratios in the Kepler SNR is presented. Dust emission in the infrared and bremsstrahlung are calculated consistently, considering that dust grains are collisionally heated by the gas throughout the front and downstream of both the expanding and the reverse shocks. The calculated continuum SED is constrained by the observational data. The dust-to-gas ratios are determined by the ratio of the dust emission bump and bremsstrahlung in the infrared. The shell-like morphological similarity of X-ray and radio emission, and of images in H α  and in infrared wavelengths confirms that both radio and X-ray emissions are created at the front of the expanding shock and that dust and gas are coupled crossing the expanding and reverse shock fronts. The results show that large grains with radius of ~1  μ m with dust-to-gas ratios -3  survive sputtering and are heated to a maximum temperature of 125 K downstream of the shock expanding outwards with a velocity of about 1000 $\rm km\,s^{-1}$. The high velocity shocks become radiative for dust-to-gas ratios >10 -3 . Such shocks do not appear in the NE region, indicating that dust grains are not homogeneously distributed throughout the remnant. Smaller grains with radius of about 0.2  μ m and dust-to-gas ratios of ~4 $\times$ 10 -4 are heated to a maximum temperature of ~50 K downstream of the reverse shock corresponding to velocities of about 50 $\rm km\,s^{-1}$. A maximum dust mass <0.16 $M_{\odot}$ is calculated.


Immunoglobulin G4 related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic fibro inflammatory condition that usually presents with multiorgan involvement. We present a rare case of 54 year old male with an isolated IgG4-RD of epididymis. The patient presented with a progressive swelling of the left testicle. A clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis was made. Ultrasound scrotum showed a relatively hetero-echoic mass lesion involving the left epididymis in close proximity to the left testis. There was a focal spindle cell proliferation and an increase in number of plasma cells and keloid like collagen. Immunohistochemistry was positive for vimentin and IgG4 and negative for CD34. Serum level of IgG4 was elevated (165 mg per dL). Computed tomography of abdomen and thorax did not show any systemic involvement. HE was posted for excision of the epididymal mass. Intraoperatively, the mass was found to be densely adherent to left testicle and inseparable from it, necessitating left total orchiectomy. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry with elevated serum IgG4 levels confirmed the diagnosis of IgG4-RD of the epididymis. To the best of our knowledge, this condition is an extremely rare entity, with only very few cases of isolated IgG4-RD of epididymis reported in medical literature, with no other systemic manifestations.


During the past two decades, considerable attention has been paid to the chemistry of the metal complexes of Schiff bases containing nitrogen and other donors [1,2]. This may be attributed to their stability and applications in many fields such as catalysis, biocidal activity, etc. Reaction of heteroaromatic 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles with metal (II) acetate resulted substituted Bis[2-((E)-2-(4-benzylideneamino)thiazol-4-yl)-4methylphenol] metal complexes (2a-x) moiety in a one step process. 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles derivatives were prepared by initial treatment of substituted acetophenone with thiourea and iodine, followed by basification with ammonium hydroxide. The representative Schiff base ligand and its metal complex have been characterized by UV-Visible, IR, 1H NMR spectrum. The synthesized metal complexes were tested in vitro to their antibacterial activity against bacteria E.Coli, S.Aureus, P.Areuginoso, K.Pneumoniae and fungi C.Albicans and S.Cerevisiae. Some of these metal complexes exhibited pronounced antimicrobial activity.


Objective To study an efficient nursing method for patients with persistent coma. Methods 56 patients were divided into the treatment group (28 cases) who received humanistic nursing care. And the control group (28 cases) who received routine nursing care. The prognosis of the patients were evaluated and compared with persistent vegetative state score standard. Results According to the consciousness-regaining effect standard issued by the National Severe Emergence Medicine Congress in April 1996 in Nanjing, the curative and effective rate were better in the treatment group as compared with that in the control group(p0.05). Conclusion Humanistic nursing care can obviously improve the prognosis of patients with persistent coma.


We show that finite-amplitude shearing motions superimposed on an 'unsteady' simple extension are admissible for incompressible isotropic viscoelastic materials of differential kind. The amplitude of these motions is determined by solving a non-linear non-autonomous differential equation for which we show that limit cycles are possible.


The use of microcomputer control system to gas-fired kiln not only enhanced the porcelain kiln's productivity from 75% to 95% but also saved its operation cost around US$ 200,000 per year. The self-designed microcomputer control system can simultaneous set and control the firing conditions of the period kiln which was built up in our laboratory. Our period kiln having volume of 4 M/sup 3/ was insulated by ceramic fiber which is different from use of refractory in traditional kilns. At the bottom of the kiln is an off-gas tunnel connected with a chimney. Besides the auto start-up and continuous operation of kiln, the main functions of this microcomputer control system are summarized.


Abstract Commingled yarns for composite applications consist of combination of high-performance filaments and matrix-forming thermoplastic filaments that have quite different tensile characteristics. The commingling process mixes these filaments along with introduction of nips and open sections alternately along the length of commingled yarns. Thismakes the tensile behavior of commingled yarns to be quite different from that of constituent individual filaments. This article describes the effects of commingling on axial and nonaxial strengths of commingled yarns. The nonaxial performance of commingled yarns is evaluated in terms of ratio of loop strength or knot strength to the axial tensile strength. This may be used as an effective tool to understand the response of commingled yarns to negotiate curvatures and complex yarn paths during textile preforming process, particularly during formation of multiaxial weaves, knits, or braids. The nonaxial tensile testing of commingled yarns like knot and loop tensile tests gives an idea about the mixing of the filaments in the cross section. Commingled yarns in knotted or looped form retain almost 55%-60% of the axial tensile strength.


Electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) are nicotine delivery devices advertised as a healthier alternative to conventional tobacco products, but their rapid rise in popularity outpaces research on potential health consequences. As conventional tobacco use is a risk factor for osteoporosis, this study examines whether exposure to electronic liquid (e‐liquid) used in e‐cigarettes affects bone‐forming osteoblasts. Human MG‐63 and Saos‐2 osteoblast‐like cells were treated for 48 hours with 0.004%‐4.0% dilutions of commercially available e‐liquids of various flavors with or without nicotine. Changes in cell viability and key osteoblast markers, runt‐related transcription factor 2 and Col1a1, were assessed. With all e‐liquids tested, cell viability decreased in a dose‐dependent manner, which was least pronounced in flavorless e‐liquids, most pronounced in cinnamon‐flavored e‐liquids and occurred independently of nicotine. Col1a1, but not runt‐related transcription factor 2, mRNA expression was upregulated in response to coffee‐flavored and fruit‐flavored e‐liquids. Cells treated with a non‐cytotoxic concentration of fruit‐flavored Mango Blast e‐liquid with or without nicotine showed significantly increased collagen type I protein expression compared to culture medium only. We conclude that the degree of osteotoxicity is flavor‐dependent and occurs independently of nicotine and that flavored e‐liquids reveal collagen type I as a potential target in osteoblasts. This study elucidates potential consequences of e‐cigarette use in bone.


Xenon (Xe), the heaviest of the stable noble gases, is missing by a factor of 20 relatively to other noble gases, when comparing the Earth's and Mars's atmospheres with chondrites. In this work, the possibility of Xe retention in quartz, a major mineral of the continental crust, is tested. The Xe‐SiO2 system is investigated from 0.7 to 2.7 GPa and up to 1900 K, by in situ X‐ray powder diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Experimental data are complemented by ab initio calculations to retrieve Xe incorporation mechanisms. An excess of quartz unit cell volume up to 4.2% is observed, consistent with a Xe for Si substitution in the quartz structure. Xe has a linear oxygen environment composed of two O atoms located at 1.98–2.00 Å from the Xe atom. Moreover, a new phase is evidenced above Xe melting curve at 0.8–1.0 GPa. The new (Xe,Si)O2 phase is orthorhombic and corresponds to an elongation of the quartz unit cell. In this phase, Xe substitutes for Si with a nearly planar oxygen environment composed of four O atoms located at 2.06–2.09 Å from the Xe atom. Xe incorporation in SiO2 proves to be significant, as previously shown for olivine. Xe incorporation is therefore expected to occur in the whole range of lithospheric silicate minerals. These findings emphasize the need to consider Xe incorporation in crust and upper mantle minerals as a process to store and fractionate xenon, in the framework of the "missing xenon" issue.


The present study originates from the fact that a new curriculum for the Swedish driver education is introduced in March 2006 and it is important to evaluate the effects of the change. One part of ...


This work presents an asset pricing model that under rational expectation equilibrium perspective shows how, depending on risk aversion and noise volatility, a risky-asset has one equilibrium price that differs in term of efficiency: an informational efficient one (similar to Campbell and Kyle (1993)), and another one where price diverges from its informational efficient level. The former Pareto dominates (is dominated by) the latter in presence of low (high) market risk perception. The estimates of the model using S&P 500 Index support the theoretical findings, and the estimated inefficient equilibrium price captures the higher risk premium and higher volatility observed during the Dot.com bubble 1995--2000.


The present work was undertaken to study the genetic contribution to the start of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with amyloid and tau biomarkers in cognitively intact older identical twins.


Objective
To illustrate the distribution of two memory T cells subsets CD45RO+ CD62L+ CCR7+ T cells (central memory T cells, TCM) and CD45RO+ CD62L-CCR7-T cells (effector memory T cells, TEM) in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.

Methods
Polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC) was used to test the cell surface molecules of infiltrating lymphocytes in liver, including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, CD62L and CCR7.

Results
The proportions of CD4+ TCM subsets in CD4+ CD45RO+ Tm in HCC tissues, adjacent liver tissues and normal liver tissues were (0.25±0.17)%, (0.29±0.22)% and (0.37±0.33)%, and there were no significant differences (P>0.05). The proportions of CD4+ TEM subsets in CD4+ CD45RO+ Tm in HCC tissues, adjacent liver tissues and normal liver tissues were (89.7±7.4)%, (98.7±0.6)% and (95.5±3.7)%, respectively. Paired comparison showed that the proportions of CD4+ TEM subsets in HCC tissues were significantly lower than those in adjacent liver tissues and normal liver tissues (P<0.05). The proportions of CD8+ TCM subsets in CD8+ CD45RO+ Tm in HCC tissues, adjacent liver tissues and normal liver tissues were (0.41±0.31)%, (0.55±0.60)% and (0.26±0.25)%. Paired comparison showed that the proportions of CD8+ TCM subsets in adjacent liver tissues were significantly higher than those in normal liver tissues (P<0.05). The proportions of CD8+ TEM subsets in CD8+ CD45RO+ Tm from HCC tissues, adjacent liver tissues and normal liver tissues were (92.4±4.3)%, (98.1±0.7)% and (98.2±1.1)%. Paired comparison showed that the proportions of CD8+ TEM subsets in HCC tissues were significantly lower than those in adjacent liver tissues and in normal tissues (P<0.05).

Conclusions
Comparing to the TCM,TEM subsets including CD4+ and CD8+ , accounted for the majority of tumor infiltrating CD45RO+ Tm in HCC patients. The proportions of CD4+ TEM and CD8+ TEM subsets in CD45RO+ Tm from tumor tissues were significantly lower than those in non-cancerous tissues. However, the proportions of CD4+ TCM and CD8+ TCM subsets in CD45RO+ Tm from tumor tissues were the same as those from non-cancerous tissues.

Key words:
Central memory T cells; Effector memory T cells; Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes; Hepatocellular carcinoma


The present invention relates generally to non-ionic X-ray contrast agents. It further relates to alternative dimerisation reagents for the synthesis of iodixanol. In particular, it relates to alternative dimerisation reagents in the conversion of 5-acetamido-N,N'-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalamide (''Compound A'') to iodixanol.


The students'ability-centered and employment-oriented practical teaching must be strengthened for the purpose of implementing the people-oriented principle of the theory of scientific development and achieving the comprehensive and coordinated development in personnel training mode. This paper is guied by the theory of scientific development to analyze and expound the practical teaching reform of Tourism specialty from the following aspets——Ensuring the effective implementation of practical teaching;constructing two main lines of practical teaching system; adopting diversified forms of practical teaching;promoting and perfecting the system of "double certificate".


Using a wider band-gap transparent conducting oxide (TCO) instead of CdS as the window layer of CdTe solar cells can increase the transmission of sunlight in the ultra-violet portion of the solar spectrum. In this paper, we tried to use Zn1-xMgxO (ZMO) which is a ternary alloy with a controllable wide band gap as an alternative to CdS layer. The band structures of ZMO with different Mg compositions were calculated by using first-principles. Based on the theoretical calculation results, ZMO/CdTe solar cells were modeled and the device performances were simulated by using SCAPS software. The results show that the high conversion efficiency was obtained when the ZMO conduction band minimum exceeded that of CdTe layer by more than about 0.13 eV (x = 0.125). Furthermore, we focused on the effect of the thickness, donor density and interface states density of ZMO film (x = 0.125) on the performances of CdTe solar cells, and compared it with the simulation results of CdS/CdTe solar cell. For ZMO/CdTe solar cell, the primary contribution of the efficiency improvement was from the enhancement of the short-circuit current density, which resulted from the increase of the EQE at the wavelength less than 510 nm. The carrier recombination was increased for the high donor density and interface state density of ZMO film, which resulted in the low EQE at the short wavelength. Therefore, the efficiency of CdTe solar cell could be further improved up to 18.69% for the ZMO film with the appropriate donor density and the low interface state density of 1014 cm−2 eV−1.


Protein accumulation, mislocalization and dendritic atrophy are pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Frontotemporal lobar dementia (FTLD). Postmortem samples from patients with AD or FTLD reveal Tau pathology, wherein aberrant Tau accumulates as oligomers and hyperphosphorylated species. Our preliminary data show that mutant Tau (Tau‐A152T), which is linked to increased risk of AD and FTLD, causes dendritic simplification in cultured neurons. While aberrant Tau accumulation is linked to disease severity in AD and FTLD, endogenous factors that can prevent Tau toxicity remain unknown. We and others have shown that PTEN‐induced Kinase 1 (PINK1) is protective in a wide range of genetic and toxin‐based models of neurodegeneration. Elevating PINK1 levels in vitro enhances dendrite length, while loss of PINK1 causes dendrite simplification. Moreover, using our own cohort of AD, FTD and 4R‐tauopathies, we confirmed published observations of decreased PINK1 mRNA and protein expression in the brains of patients with AD. In this work, we test the potential of elevating PINK1 to protect against mutant Tau pathology. We hypothesize that elevated PINK1 expression can protect against dendrite simplification caused by mutant Tau. To test this hypothesis, mouse primary cortical neurons and cortical neurons differentiated from control human iPSC lines (ic‐neurons) were transfected with GFP only or co‐transfected with Tau‐A152T. To elevate PINK1 levels, cultures were co‐transfected with PINK1‐GFP or treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of PINK1 degradation (BC1464). Through neurite length and Sholl analysis, we found that increased PINK1 levels protects neuronal cultures against mutant Tau‐mediated dendritic simplification. To determine the mechanism of PINK1‐mediated protection, we sought to test whether PINK1 elevation promotes Tau clearance. SH‐SY5Y cells were transfected with Tau‐A152T and treated with either DMSO (vehicle) or BC1464. A six‐hour cycloheximide chase assay was performed, and we found that Tau‐A152T levels decreased with BC1464 treatment, but not in vehicle‐treated cultures. Endogenous, wild type Tau levels were not significantly affected. We recently discovered that PINK1 interacts with Valosin‐Containing Protein (VCP, p97), a critical regulator of proteostasis pathways, to modulate dendritic morphology. Ongoing work is aimed at studying the underlying mechanism(s) of PINK1‐mediated Tau‐A152T clearance and identify the signaling partners with which PINK1 interacts to promote neuroprotection.


The self-lift derrick is an important part of the offshore drilling rig modules.In order to produce and test the products,to draw derrick strain,stress values,lifting the bottom reliability and therefore verify whether the actual carrying capacity indicators to achieve design requirements in turn to verify the derrick design and assembly.The Panyu 4-2/5-1 derrick design was optimized on the forms and structures by a professional software SAFI modeling analysis and become more high-quality economic product.


The article deals with the experience of preserving cultural heritage in the armed conflict in Ukraine and international cooperation in this field. The historical reconstruction of the legal protection of cultural heritage is carried out. It is indicated in the article that during the 19th century, international legal bases for the preservation of cultural heritage were actively developed. However, in the 20th century, two world wars brought significant destruction of cultural heritage by all parties of the conflict. And the optimism of the Europeans of the 19th century regarding a civilized attitude to cultural heritage was destroyed, although the work on the creation of international normative documents in the field continued and international organizations were founded that took care of cultural heritage. In the 21st century, the previous trends persist. Such reconstruction can become the context for the Ukrainian situation. To clarify it, the method of situational analysis is used. The situations with the Hryhorii Skovoroda museum in the village of Skovorodinivka in the Kharkiv region and the Ivankiv Local History Museum unfold in time and space and focus the theoretical framework. In the article, the author addresses the problem of the biography of a place, which is relevant in modern social sciences and humanities. Despite objections to anthropomorphization, scholars emphasize the close link of places and human destinies there. Skovorodinivka ceases to be exclusively a place of memory of an outstanding Ukrainian philosopher and becomes evidence of the attitude towards the object of cultural heritage in the current war. The article shows that in Ukraine today, the war is blurring the "battlefield" and military actions are spreading to the territory where the civilian population and cultural heritage sites are located. The striking difference in the attitude towards the cultural heritage of mankind during the military conflicts of the optimistic modern XIX and the postmodernist relativistic XX centuries illustrates the loss of position by modern phenomena. The situation with the Hryhorii Skovoroda museum testifies that today international aid comes for the preservation of the destroyed cultural artifacts. International cooperation is also essential in the issue of digitizing the cultural heritage of Ukraine and creating conditions for its preservation. The article indicates the initiatives of SUCHO (Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online) and the Vasa Museum, Stockholm, on this path


Objective: Randomized, sham-controlled clinical trials with catheter-based radiofrequency (RF) renal denervation (RDN) have demonstrated safety and efficacy of the procedure through 3 years. However, pre-clinical reports of functional renal nerve regrowth are inconsistent. In this analysis in normotensive swine, we assessed the specificity of RF ablation around the renal arteries out to 28 days and quantified the long-term pathophysiological outcomes through 180 days. Design and method: RF ablations were delivered to the renal arteries of normotensive swine using the Symplicity SpyralTM catheter (Medtronic, Santa Rosa, CA, USA). For the tissue specificity analysis, RF RDN was performed in 14 swine, and serial sections of the renal artery were harvested from 6 pigs at day 7, and 8 pigs at day 28. Surrounding anatomic tissues of the treated areas (including ureter, kidney, lymph nodes, skeletal muscle, adrenal glands, and renal nerves) were evaluated in response to RDN using a semi-quantitative scoring system (Figure). To assess durability, RF RDN was performed in a separate group of 14 normotensive swine, with an additional 14 pigs serving as control. Serial sections of renal artery were harvested at day 7 (n = 6 animals per group) and day 180 (n = 8 per group) post-procedure. In addition, matrixed samples from renal cortex were collected for each pig in both studies and subjected to bioanalytical quantification of cortical norepinephrine (NE) levels and immunohistochemical analysis of renal cortical axon density. Results: At 7 and 28 days, cell disruption in non-target perivascular tissues (ureter, kidney, lymph nodes, skeletal muscle and adrenal glands) were rare/absent, whereas renal artery nerve disruption and axonal loss were sustained through 28 days (Figure). Through 180 days, nerve atrophy due to axonal destruction was apparent within and downstream to the ablation regions. Consistent nerve necrosis at the ablation sites was evident at day 7, but not day 180. Fibrosis was confined to the ablated regions at 7 and 180 days. Renal cortical axon density and corresponding cortical NE levels were significantly reduced at 7 and 180 days in the RF RDN group vs. control. Conclusion: RF RDN specifically disrupted the renal nerves around the renal artery leading to downstream axonal loss in the renal cortex. Renal cortical axon density, associated NE reduction, and nerve atrophy due to axonal destruction were sustained through 180 days post-RDN in a normotensive swine model. These results support the existing clinical evidence of specific and durable effects of RF RDN in lowering blood pressure.


The role of feminists in the peace movement is often hotly debated. It can be confusing and difficult to maintain a feminist vision of a non-sexist world while being immersed in the very urgent struggle for nuclear disarmament. Yet such a vision is critical because feminism challenges patriarchal society and it is patriarchal society that both creates and reproduces militarism. In 1983 I made a conscious decision to put most of my energy as apolitical activist into the peace movement. This decision came not only from my commitment to do everything possible to save the planet, but also from my commitment to feminism. Feminists in the peace movement make a direct connection between militarism and the oppression of women. It is important that we are there making the connection if we weren't it wouldn't be made. We also insist that sexism within society not be reproduced within the peace movement and work towards makinga non-sexist peace movement a reality. In this article I will look at the effect a feminist analysis has had on the broad peace movement. I will be drawing on my experiences within the Toronto Disarrnament Network and the Canadian Peace Alliance1 to show that feminists within the peace movement have had a direct impact on the evolution of the movement. The 1980s have seen unprecedented growth of the peace movement. They have also seen the growth and reorganization of powerful right-wing politics as seen in the elections of Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher and Brian Mulroney. This has resulted in the Cold War being waged with renewed vigor and the arms race growing at a phenomenal and dangerous rate. But apart from the "BAN THE BOMB" days of the 1950s and the anti-Viet Nam War days of the 1%0s, the world movement for nuclear disarmament has never been stronger. As the danger has increased, so has public awareness and outcry. A new peace movement has been born. The involvement of feminists in the peace movement is certainly not new. The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom has its roots in the women's campaign against the First World War. The Congress of Canadian Women, whose mandate includes a commitment to peace, have been active for more than 40 years and the Voice of Women for more than 25. These groups have raised the issue of peace in a way to which women have been able to relate. They have also ensured that issues connecting women and peace have been raised within the broader peace movement. The recent resurgence of the peace movement has seen a renewed involvement of women. This has meant growth for the existing women's peace groups and the birth of new ones, as well as an increased participation of women in general in the peace movement. Some of these groups have looked at violence against women and violence in society with a clear feminist analysis, and then have linked the need for peace with violence in general. Other peace groups have been formed by women who often don't consider themselves feminist. For instance, most of the campaigns against war toys have been started by women. These campaigns make the connection between violence and militarism, but have been slower to connect this to women's role in society. This mixture creates an interesting dynamic by bringing together women with a variety of perspectives who normally wouldn't find themselves in the same room, let alone working on the same project. Women's lack of economic, political and social power can only exist if society oppresses a proportion of its members. A feminist analysis connects militarization to some of the contradictions and inequalities of society. For example, the Canadian defence budget increases each year. The money that goes to the military comes from cuts to social services health care, child care, women's shelters, education areas which hit women the hardest because women make up the majority of the poor.2 Feminists in the peace movement bring an analysis of the role everyday violence plays in the oppression of women. It is the same society which uses the violence of war and nuclear war to oppress everyone. The role of feminists in this recent growth of the peace movement has been challenging. Not only do we have the ongoing tasks of organizing and carrying out campaigns, but we are committed to ensuring that the traditional roles for women are not reproduced within the peace movement. Certain difficulties for feminists working within the peace movement are shared with feminists working in any other movement (apart from the women's movement). Feminists come to the peace movement critical of traditional roles for women and demanding that these be altered, both across society and in the organizations where we work. Working with men who are committed to being non-sexist can be trying enough, but coupled with working with non-feminist women and more traditional men who see no connection between feminism and peace we often find our commitment to non-violence taxed! Although the vision of a reorganized economic system which would meet human needs, such as housing and daycare, is largely shared by the women's and peace movements, we often feel fms-


With the function of capital financing and distributing,risk diversifying,liquidity smoothing,supervising and information disclosing,capital market promotes industrial structure updating and the development of hi-tech enterprises.The risk of capital market involves information risk,liquidity risk and systematic risk.Policy instruments and means should be innovated regarding the potential risk of capital market.The reform and development of capital market mainly depends the change in government's administration.It's regulating and supervising should adhere to market laws aiming to perfect market operation and administrative mechanism.


The aim of this study was to examine the perceived value of statistical consulting among statisticians within a university setting. Surveys were administered to statisticians at land-grant institutions, at known universities with consulting centers, and from the American Statistical Association Section on Statistical Consulting, to identify their perceptions on how statistical consulting is and should be valued within the university setting. Comparisons between consulting statisticians within and not within established consulting centers were examined. The results of the study provide evidence of the value of statistical consulting services to help inform university administrators and faculty review committees. Awareness of the value of consulting activities encourages collaborative efforts in the scientific community.


The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device, particularly, to a backlight unit for a liquid crystal display device. The first and second LED assembly, the present invention is to divide the defined first and second light guide plate and the first and supply the light from the opposite side surfaces of the first and second light guide plate to divide the defined area of the second light guide plate into a plurality of areas the via, at the same time to provide a uniform surface light source to the liquid crystal panel with a thin it is possible to provide a backlight unit of a low power consumption. And, it is possible to prevent the lamp unevenness (mura) symptoms, the luminance can be uniform and provide a liquid crystal display device and the display quality is improved. Further, the it is possible to provide light for each of the divided regions defined by the first and second light guide plate to the liquid crystal panel, it is possible to improve the contrast ratio (contrast ratio) of the liquid crystal display device. Thus, it is possible to implement a more lifelike image. In addition, it is possible to reduce the power consumption. LED, light guide plate, a lamp-mura, contrast ratio, and power consumption


A fused tetraphenylethylene-based hole transporting material shows higher power conversion efficiency and better stability compared with its non-fused counterpart, and the former molecule even outperforms the conventional spiro-OMeTAD.


Operating high voltage solar arrays in the space environment can result in anomalously large currents being collected through small insulation defects. Tests of simulated defects have been conducted in a 45-cm vacuum chamber with plasma densities of 100,000 to 1,000,000/cu cm. Plasmas were generated using an argon hollow cathode. The solar array elements were simulated by placing a thin sheet of polyimide (Kapton) insulation with a small hole in it over a conductor. Parameters tested were: hole size, adhesive, surface roughening, sample temperature, insulator thickness, insulator area. These results are discussed along with some preliminary empirical correlations.


suppose there was nothing new in the one and nothing true in the other alleged transformation, and. thereupon complacently remarked: "I.t would be possible to criticize in detail each of the observations and the conclusions which are drawn from them were any useful purpose to be served by so doing." Of course it would be possible, but in the absence of the criticism one is unable to judget of its cogency as against my well-considered statements and careful observations. As I pointed out in the preface to my Studies in Heterogenesi the only two possible interpretations of such phenomena as I have brought forward other than heterogenesis, would be that the organisms apparently produced from the substance of others were either (a) stages in the life-history of the parent forms, or (b) results of infection by parasites. Your reviewer does not dwell much upon the latter possibility, but both in his review and in his reply to my letter he questions the correctness of my statement that the examples I had selected were of such a kind as to eliminate the former of these possible sources of error. He even goes so far as to say, "I fail to see that its exclusion is legitimate until the life-history of everything under observation has been pursued to the fullest extent?' Now I venture fo state that, put in such an extreme form, this is an absurd requirement. Take; for instance, one of the cases the strength of which he endeavoured to weaken-the conversion of the contents of certain large confervoid cells into specimens of amoebae and actinophrys. I showed some of these cells to Dr. Cook wishing to 'know from him the name of the species to whici they belonged. He wras 'unable to gi've me this information, because, as he said, they were merely vegetative cells, probably of one of the Confervaceae. But has a vegetative cell of a conferva anything in common in its ordinary life-history with an amoeba ? And if I find large numbers of the transformations in question occurring day after day, why need I pursue "to the fulllest extent" the life-history of the conferva and of the amoebae ? Again, if I find the eggs of some rotifers, when exposed to certain unnatural conditions, becoming resolved in some caws into amoebae, in others into flagellate monads, 'and in others still into peranernata, and am able to photograph the different stages of su-ch transformations, why need I pursue "to the fullest extent" the life-history of these amoebae, monads, or peranemata? Your reviewer, as well as others, would indeed have cause for surprise if I told them I had seen either of such organisms develop into rotifers! Who supposes that the ordinary life-history of either of these forms in any way related to that of a rotifer ? I feel that the labour I have bestowed upon these investigations, and the definite facts which I have recorded with the aid of pen and camera, ought not to be met by mere vague and general objections.-I am, etc., Manchester Square, W., April 21StH. CHARLTON BASTIAN.


Ensembles of classifiers is a new direction for the improvement of the classification accuracy. For this reason, we present a number of new proposed methods for combining classifiers. We also introduce a new hybrid method for feature selection that is a very important step of the data mining process. Moreover, we present a number of new algorithms for handling special learning problems such as: a) problems with imbalanced datasets, b) real time problems and c) ordinal classification problems. Furthermore, we have used machine learning techniques for educational applications.


Objective To evaluate silicon level in normal skin tissue. Methods The silicon levels in skin samples were measured using an atomic absorbance spectrophotometer in 37 healthy normal females who had never received silicone injection and compared with those who had developed granuloma after silicone injection.. Results Low silicon level (44.07±75.86 µg/g) was found in skin tissues of normal individuals as compared to those who developed post-silicone granuloma (1709.21±1851.72 µg/g). Conclusion Silicon may be found in normal skin tissue due to daily use of cosmetic products; however the level is significantly low.


The number of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is on the rise, both in the United States and around the world. The Individuals with Disabilities ACT (IDEA 2004) and No Child Left Behind Act (2001) mandate that children with disabilities, including children with ASD, be educated in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). The general education classroom is increasingly identified as the LRE. General education teachers are increasingly responsible for educating students with ASD, often with little or no training on ASD or intervention methods. Few previous studies have explored general education teachers' experiences and attitude towards inclusion of learners with ASD. This study examines general education teachers' perceptions of the effectiveness of inclusion in their schools and their experiences teaching in inclusive settings. This study illuminated two areas of interest: first, teachers were supportive of inclusion, and second, teachers identified areas where they felt inclusion policies needed to be improved in order for inclusion practices to be more effective. This paper subsequently analyzes the aforementioned trends and provides recommendations for further study of inclusion of students with ASD in the general education classroom.


This paper points out product of scenic spot is differential-monopolistic product, and based on games theory, proves that owing to the character of differentiation-monopoly scenic spot may tend to make an absolute monopoly price by its self-motion, and thus lead to the loss of social welfare. The above model can give an explanation for the phenomenon that entrance fee of most scenic spots in China is high but many scenic spots still try to increase the price.


We present in these proceedings, our analysis [1] at one-loop level within the Breitenlohner– Maison–'t Hooft–Veltman (BMHV) scheme of Dimensional Regularization, of the counterterm structure arising due to the presence of the γ5 matrix and the breaking of the BRST invariance, in a massless chiral Yang-Mills theory supplemented with real scalars. The full one-loop counterterm structure necessary for the renormalization is obtained. This comprises the singular counterterms, including evanescent ones, and by using techniques from algebraic renormalization the symmetry-restoring finite counterterms are evaluated as well. The latter are required to restore the BRST invariance, central to the consistency of the theory and for higher-order calculations. The renormalization group equations are derived within this framework, and are compared with the more "familiar" calculation in the context of symmetry-invariant renormalization.


We show empirically that the use of unsecured debt, which contains standardized covenants that place limits on total leverage and the use of secured debt, is associated with lower and more stable leverage outcomes. We then show that firm value is sensitive to leverage levels and leverage stability, decreasing in the former and increasing in the latter. Our results suggest that unsecured debt covenants function as a managerial commitment device that preserves the firm's debt capacity to enhance financial flexibility.


Synopsis : To examine the mechanism of cell death, it is important to design a temperature program for cryoablation. In this study, the cause of cell death is discussed based on the correlation between cell survival rate and cell morphology. Cell survival rate after freezing and thawing was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazoly)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) method. We also observed change in cell morphology during the freezing-thawing process using an optical microscope. The survival rate decreased, and the percentage of cell diameter change rate increased as the freezing-thawing speed increased. This result suggests that a large change in the ratio of cell diameter causes cell death. It is believed that the osmosis phenomenon during freezing and thawing is one of the factors that causes changes in cell morphology and it results in the cell death.


Direct measurements of the magnetoelastic (ME) stresses in a Cu/Ni(200nm)/Cu/Si(001) epitaxial film are reported. The ME coefficient B γ , 2 =B 1 has been determined as a function of the applled magnetic field (′ 15 kOe) and the temperature (300-10 K). The coefficient B γ , 2 (T) decreases slightly with the temperature as the square of the reduced magnetization m 2 , and its value at 0 K is extrapolated to be 8.7 MPa. The ME stress measured along equivalent in-plane directions shows a strong dependence on the applled magnetic field, while the transversal stress is close to zero at all field strengths, which means there is essentially no transverse magnetostrictive deformation, and that the longitudinal stress takes almost the entire value of B γ , 2 , which indicates deformation along the field direction. This observation can be explained in terms of the stripe magnetic domain structure present in this thick nickel film.


We address the Online Multi-Robot Task Allocation (OMRTA) problem. Our approach relies on a computational and sensing fabric of networked sensors embedded into the environment. This sensor network acts as a distributed sensor and computational platform which computes a solution to OMRTA and directs robots to the vicinity of tasks. We term this Distributed In-Network Task Allocation (DINTA). We describe DINTA, and show its application to multi-robot task allocation in simulation, laboratory, and field settings. We establish that such network-mediated task allocation scales well, and is especially amendable to simple, heterogeneous robots.


ISDSR has been recently introduced as a secure routing protocol of wireless multi-hop networks to guarantee the reliability of routes between nodes by using single signatures from any source to its destination. In this paper, we propose a method for formal verification of ISDSR with SPIN. The proposed method is based on symmetry reduction to mitigate the state space explosion. We also implement the proposed method and conduct preliminary experiments with the original DSR. As a promising result, the proposed method is able to suppress state space and memory usage. However, we also found some technical problem via experiments with ISDSR. Hence, we further discuss improving the proposed method.


Sir, Yours of 24th of April last was very welcome to me; Whence I understood with great contentment, that my Microscopical Communications had not been unacceptable to you and your Philosophical Friends; which hath encouraged me to prosecute such observations, concerning which I shall at present impart to you what follows


In Hodgson v. Bigelow , 1939 (7 Atl. [2d] 338), the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that a physician's failure to give tetanus antitoxin for a "puncture" wound may constitute civil malpractice. In tracing the genealogy of this important American decision I found its early ancestors to be of English blood. In the year 1553, Anthony Fitzherbert 1 published his "Natura Brevium," in which is contained the first intimation of the novel principle that one may become liable to another for negligent conduct which constitutes no breach of contract. This augury of a new basis in English law for fixing liability on careless conduct not only presaged the monumental development of tort law, which rose to a position of legal preeminence with the advent of the industrial revolution; it pointed out the way for modern doctrines of medical responsibility. One finds that the following passage which is quoted recurs in the


This paper is a preamble to a series of another paper "Unconventional metal forming process and methods", as a result to the research activity of several academic staff and experts in the field. The authors would like to present synthetically certain theoretical and practical aspects which emphasize the evolution, processes, mechanisms and fields where these technologies are applied or could be applied with positive outcomes. The wide bibliography from foreign literature is the confirmation of the opportunity of approaching this field of a genuine use for the top breaches of industry from all around the world, and implicitly from our country.


This paper aims at examining whether there are international norms underlying the State obligation to carry out a control of conventionality within the domestic legal system. We argue that this international State obligation is based on articles 26 and 27 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. This study examines the relevant literature and applies the interpretation principles provided for theVienna Convention itself.


The concept of the Chinese people includes not only the different Chinese ethnic groups inhabiting in China,but also Chinese descendants overseas.All of the Chinese have a common basis of identification.In the globalizing world,education of the Chinese people has at least two points.One is their identification with their own culture.The other is the communication between Chinese culture and other cultures and protection and development of Chinese culture in the communication.By analyzing and expatiating on Chinese characters "Zhong He Wei Yu",we can understand "Wei Yu" is not a simple adaptation,but is to interact and interchange with other's culture by the certainty,characteristics,strongpoints and specialties of Chinese cultural subjectiveness.By this,we can reach a situation of "enjoying where we are and what we have;knowing where we go and making a better life for us in whatever environment" in education of the Chinese people.


Prerequisites and overview Modeling a probabilistic experiment Random variables Independence The binomial distribution The weak law of large numbers The large deviations estimate The central limit theorem The moderate deviations estimate The local limit theorem The arcsine law The strong law of large numbers The law of the iterated logarithm Recurrence of random walks Epilogue Biographies Bibliography Index.


Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics is a popular tool for biomarker candidates discovery. Recent advances in the speed, robustness, and quality of both chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection have enabled the subsequent validation of discovered protein biomarkers candidates in complex biological matrices using targeted approaches. These biomarker candidates validation approaches heavily rely on analytical strategies that enable to isolate and quantify the signal relative to specific peptides and proteins in complex proteomic samples. Typically, Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM, also referred to as Multiple Reaction Monitoring or MRM) approaches are applied for validation tasks. Nevertheless, those methods require detailed target knowledge, time-consuming method preparation and do not allow later post-analysis data mining.


The authors describe research into the construction of a control system using distributed knowledge bases which is able to perform generalised task and motion planning for robotic systems. Distributed knowledge bases offer a solution to the information bottleneck caused by the central data structures in blackboard systems. The distributed knowledge base system was designed to improve on the response time of a previous distributed blackboard system developed by the authors (R.S. Kay and R. Marriott, 1994). The knowledge bases both request and produce information. Any information useful to other parts of the system is distributed through their individual communications managers. The major aspects of the distributed knowledge base system are discussed including the control system, design considerations, and suitability for real time control. Future directions are discussed, including the authors' plan to test the system using a fish packing scheme developed for the distributed blackboard system.


Grue-Sørensen's concept of 'educational teaching' is traced back to an original infl uence from Herbart and Kant. On this background the article attempts to interpret, how one can understand a concept of educationalteaching today. With that, the concept is shown to have its root in a tradition of general education and Grue-Sørensen is shown to be a Danish representative of this. However, in research programs as well as educational programs this tradition has generally been under increasing pressure the last approximately 30 years. Grue-Sørensen and his possible relevance today is discussed in connection with a potential revitalization of a general educational thinking in our current postmodern epoche of higher education.


A new species, Topsentia vaceleti n. sp., was collected from 70m depth, on a coralligenous bed of the Aegean Sea by trawl(sponge fishing gear "gagava"). The specimen is spherical, 8 cm in diameter, with deep surface grooves. It has a totallydisordered choanosome and a tangential ectosomal skeleton, typical of Topsentia, but exhibits a different type of spicula-tion. This species differs from the other members of the genus by possessing both principal oxeas and secondary oxeas,the latter much longer but thinner, bent and in some cases flexuous or twisted. This is the fourth species of Topsentia Berg, 1899 reported from the Mediterranean Sea.


This article proposes an observer-based discrete-time cascaded control (ODCC) strategy for lateral stabilization of Steer-by-Wire (SbW) vehicles with consideration of uncertainties and disturbances. First, for the observation of the sideslip angle and yaw rate, an information fusion-based unscented Kalman filter (IFUKF) is designed to reduce the negative effect from the variation of the parameters; Second, aiming to eliminate the errors of control variables for lateral stabilization of SbW vehicles, a discrete-time sliding mode predictive control (DSMPC) is presented to deal with matched and mismatched uncertainties and input constraint; Third, to reduce the tracking error between the actual front wheel steering angle and the desired one generated by the DSMPC, a combination of discrete-time fast terminal sliding mode and active disturbance rejection control is proposed to tackle the problems of parameter uncertainties and disturbances in the SbW system. Performance evaluations are conducted via both software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop to examine the availability and practicability of the ODCC strategy.


In recent years, the communication space of Chinese cities is actively transforming, new forms of human interaction emerge and develop. This transformation is accompanied by the expansion of the variety of "third places". The article examines the popular "third places" of China's megalopolises, describes new communicative practices, gives an overview of modern tendencies in the development of urban discourse in China. The investigation shows that urban communication is displaying the growth of face-to-face rather than computer-mediated communication. However, it is not yet possible to predict what impact the COVID‐19 epidemic will have on the further development of urban communication in China and what transformations the "third places" of China's megalopolises will undergo after the epidemic end.


Sepsis and invasive bacterial infection is a major cause of human disease and death worldwide. Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the major pathogens responsible for bacterial infections, which range from mild to severe and life threatening conditions. S. pyogenes contains a cell wall anchored M protein, which is an important virulence factor that can interact with many cells of the immune system. One of the smallest and most rapidly responding cells in our bloodstream are platelets and they are a main focus for the studies presented in this thesis and have been investigated. The overall aim of this thesis was to delineate and understand the role of platelets, neutrophils and endothelial cells in response to bacterial infection and sepsis pathogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Platelets can bind to neutrophils, resulting in the formation of heterotypic complexes, however the function of neutrophils within these complexes has not been described. In paper I, we investigated platelet-neutrophil complexes (PNCs) generated in response to thrombin, a key factor involved in coagulation and compared these to complexes formed in response to S. pyogenes M1 protein. We determined that platelet dependent neutrophil activation occurs in response to thrombin, while S. pyogenes M1 protein compromised neutrophil functions by a platelet-dependent mechanism. In addition, this was dependent on donor specific IgG against M1 protein. This paper highlights the modulation of neutrophil function by platelets during inflammation and infection. In paper II, platelet aggregation and platelet-leukocyte complex formation was investigated in whole blood in response to S. pyogenes bacteria. Platelet aggregation occurred and heterotypic complexes were formed between activated platelets and neutrophils and monocytes. Platelet dependent activation of these leukocytes was observed and bacteria were associated with the platelet and leukocyte complexes. The platelet aggregates remained stable over time, were viable and did not disaggregate. Taken together this study provides new insights into the role of platelets and heterotypic complex formation for bacterial survival in blood. In papers III and IV, the contribution of platelets and the kinetics of platelet activation during invasive S. pyogenes infection were investigated in vivo in a mouse model. We demonstrated that during a bacterial infection thrombocytopenia, neutrophil activation and platelet-neutrophil complex formation occurs. The acute pro-inflammatory response to the infection and diminished bacterial dissemination in platelet-depleted animals indicated that platelets contribute to the immune response. In paper IV we determined that monitoring platelet activation, particularly PNC formation might provide prognostic information during the progression of sepsis. Platelet activation occurred and aggregated platelets accumulated in the liver at the late stages of sepsis. In paper V, we investigated the effect of the S. pyogenes M1 protein on endothelial cells in vitro using two cell lines. We have demonstrated that M1 protein binds to endothelial cells, increases endothelial cell vascular permeably in a TLR-2 and Rho kinase dependent manner and generates limited cytokine release. This may reflect an innate immune recognition of the bacterial protein, however increased vascular permeability and vascular leakage has also been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of streptococcal infection. Collectively, this thesis has revealed multiple strategies for S. pyogenes to modulate the host immune response during invasive bacterial infection by interacting directly and indirectly with platelets, neutrophils, monocytes and endothelial cells. (Less)


PURPOSE: A system and a method for managing an electronic business card are provided to exchange the electronic business card between individuals by setting up the pointer about each electronic business card and distributing. CONSTITUTION: A user accesses an electronic business card management system by using a wire or wireless internet, takes the member registration procedures at a relevant web site, and applies for the electronic business card in on-line through the network by using a data terminal. According to the user application, the electronic business card management system provides the user with the media samples in the different format, such as text, sound, graphic, moving image, and flash, and the user freely edits the desired electronic business card in on-line by using the media samples. The completed electronic business card data is stored to the member space of an information DB and an individual pointer designating the electronic business card data is stored to pointer storage. When the other user requests the electronic business card of the user, the electronic business card management system stores the pointer data of the electronic business card of the user to the electronic business card storage of the other user. In conclusion, the other user inquires into the electronic business card of the user by loading the related data from the own electronic business card storage.


Sir Henry Maine, the eminent Victorian jurist, once remarked, in frustration at being unable to secure his desired reforms of the Indian criminal law, that no one cared about the penal code except theorists and habitual criminals. This has been the recurrent lament of the English criminal lawyer. Repeated initiatives in the field of codification over the last 150 years have enjoyed little popular support or understanding, and as the most recent project stumbles forward into its fourth decade, an air of fatalism surrounds the entire question of the code. There are calls for a new political initiative to revive the project, and there have been more modest appeals for a reexamination of the principles of existing penal legislation, though neither seems likely to provoke much response. Yet, for all of the recent discussion of codes and codification, the question of the significance of codification to the modern law remains something of an enigma.


For a new kind of automatic transmissions using proportional pressure valves to control the clutches directly, a clutch pressure observer design method is suggested in the concept of input-to-state stability (ISS). Model uncertainties including steady state errors and unmodelled dynamics are considered as additive disturbance inputs and the observer is designed such that the error dynamics is input-to-state stable. Lookup tables, which are widely used to represent complex nonlinear characteristics of engine systems, appear in their original form in the designed reduced-order observer. Finally, the designed pressure observer is tested on an AMESim powertrain simulation model.


The present invention relates to a system and method for managing content between a number of client devices in various domains (such as vehicle, home, and person). The system and method includes receiving an input from a first user of the client device to delay the content. After receiving the input, the first client device is connected to the whether the wireless communication system 1, the client device determines. First determining if the client device is a wireless communications system, the first client device sends a data message to the host system. In one embodiment, the host system takes the content (in whole or in part) after receiving the data message to the user to resume the first client device or plays the content again on the other client device. Domain, the client device, the data message, the host computer, the wireless communication system


Boron is an important micronutrient for all vegetables, being part of several metabolic functions within cells. Rice stands out as a staple food for more than half the world's population and requires small amounts of boron. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of boron application at different times in the culture of irrigated rice in the conditions of the floodplains in the Southwest of the State of Tocantins. The experiment was installed at Fazenda Santa Rita, municipality of Lagoa da Confusão-TO in the 2015/2016 harvest, in bands, with a randomized block design, in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with 4 repetitions. The dose of 3.0 kg ha −1 of boron was applied, in the form of borax, via leaf, in four seasons. Were four lowland rice cultivars (IRGA-424, IRGA-424 RI, IRGA-425, and IRGA-426) were used.


In the preparation process of fresh concrete,there is an uneven water distribution develops around the aggregate particles.The micro-bleeding and macro-bleeding during casting,can influences the symmetry of the interfacial transition zone(ITZ).This paper presented the asymmetry of the ITZ by means of the microhardness testing.The results showed that there was a distinguished difference for the microhardness of the top,bottom and profile of a single aggregate,and the top face microhardness was the biggest.The ITZ of aggregate located in the near-surface region is a little wider then that of aggregate in internal concrete.The silica fume can obviously avoid the asymmetry of the ITZ.


parison of the location of the supersonic pocket and shock calculated by the relaxation method and obtained from the shadowgraphs of Fig. 1 is presented in Fig. 2. The shape of the shock is predicted correctly, but the location of the shock obtained experimentally is shifted some distance downstream. The surface pressure calculated by the relaxation method is compared with the experimental data for M^ from 0.7 to 1.0 in Fig. 3. The theory predicts the pressure distribution correctly from the nosetip until the point at which the shock seems to appear. For M& =0.8 there is significant disagreement between the theoretical and experimental pressure distributions. The corresponding shadowgraph given in Fig. 2 does indicate a pronounced boundary-layer separation; therefore, the inviscid theory fails to work there. For M^ = 1, it is surprising to see the good agreement between the predicted and measured surface pressure. In conclusion, from experimental and theoretical results it is shown that an interaction of boundary-layer separation and shock waves strongly influences the flow over a hemispherecylinder in the transonic Mach number range; therefore, the inviscid theory fails to predict the flow. Such interaction is particularly strong when M^ ~ 0.8. Further study, both theoretical and experimental, is required to have a better understanding of the flow.


Techniques for extraction of boundary layer parameters from measurements of a short pulse (≈0.4 μs) CO2 Doppler lidar (λ = 10.6 μm) are described. The lidar is operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL). The measurements are those collected during the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE). The recorded radial velocity measurements have a range resolution of 150 m. With a pulse repetition rate of 20 Hz it is possible to perform scannings in two perpendicular vertical planes (x–z and y–z) in approximately 72 s. By continuously operating the lidar for about an hour, one can extract stable statistics of the radial velocities. Assuming that the turbulence is horizontally homogeneous, we have estimated the mean wind, its standard deviations, and the momentum fluxes. We have estimated the first, second, and, third moments of the vertical velocity from the vertically pointing beam. Spectral analysis of the radial velocities is also performed, from which (by examining the amplitude of the power spectrum at the inertial range) we have deduced the kinetic energy dissipation. Finally, using the statistical form of the Navier-Stokes equations, the surface heat flux is derived as the residual balance between the vertical gradient of the third moment of the vertical velocity and the kinetic energy dissipation. With the exception of the vertically pointing beam an individual radial velocity estimate is accurate only to ±0.7 m s−1. Combining many measurements would normally reduce the error, provided that it is unbiased and uncorrelated. The nature of some of the algorithms, however, is such that biased and correlated errors may be generated even though the "raw" measurements are not. We have developed data processing procedures that eliminate bias and minimize error correlation. Once bias and error correlations are accounted for, the large sample size is shown to reduce the errors substantially. We show, for instance, that a single momentum flux estimate has an accuracy of ±2m2s−2, but when combined with other measurements, the error can be reduced to ±0.10 m2 s−2. The principal features of the derived turbulence statistics for two case studies (July 11, 1987, 1611–1710 UTC and 1729–1810 UTC) are as follows: The mean surface wind is from the south and has a speed of approximately 15 m s−1. There is a southerly jet 1 km above the surface. The wind in the direction normal to the surface wind becomes more westerly with height. The derived momentum fluxes in the mixed layer agree with the unfiltered airplane measurements. They are of the order of approximately 0.5 m2 s−2 near the surface and are retarding the southerly wind. At the stable layer, the momentum fluxes are countergradient; they remain negative even though the southerlies are diminishing with height and are concentrated in thin layers. By spectrally analyzing the vertical beam, we have identified the Brunt-Vaisala frequency as the dominated frequency in the stable layer. The available evidence suggests that the large countergradient fluxes are caused by a critical layer singularity. Under these conditions, gravity wave flux divergence may be large. Current general circulation models (GCMs) generally do not parameterize countergradient momentum transport. If the phenomenon is prevalent, our study suggests that inclusion of such an effect may be important. The wind spectrum near the surface has a −5/3 power law at the inertial range. The heat flux estimate is 100 ± 20 W m−2, in apparent agreement with an average estimate of the surface stations but systematically larger than the filtered airplane data.


On the basis of a theoretical discussion of farmer cooperatives value chain,this paper analyzed the influence mechanism of cooperatives'value chain on cooperatives'competitive strength using the survey data of 138 Chinese farmer cooperatives.The results show that minimum purchase price and capital services influence member satisfaction and cooperatives'profitability,that agricultural training,the proportion of agricultural materials supply and agricultural materials credit influence member satisfaction,and that products'brand management and quality control influence cooperatives'profitability.


This article investigates the elastoplastic response of buckling and postbuckling behavior of plates under uniaxial and biaxial end-shortening considering incremental theory and deformation theory of plasticity. According to elastoplastic buckling and postbuckling behavior of plates, the finite element code considering geometrically and material nonlinearities is developed based on incremental theory and deformation theory of plasticity. The results show that boundary conditions, loading ratios, and aspect ratios of a plate have a significant effect on the discrepancy between incremental theory and deformation theory. Moreover, differences in estimating the buckling point using incremental theory and deformation theory are less than 10%, while in a number of plates at the last loading steps, postbuckling paths determined by incremental theory and deformation theory are diverted from each other. Also the difference between these two theories in the postbuckling region is more noticeable by increasing the thickness of plates.


Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos, if ever observed, could help to decide the Dirac versus Majorana nature of neutrinos. We show that the magnetic moments of Majorana neutrinos have to fulfill triangle inequalities,


Modern Navy shipboard 400 Hz electrical power systems are becoming increasingly more complex as they are affected by the growing demands of weapon systems, computers, and automatic ship and machinery control systems. Motor-generators are presently used to provide the majority of the closely regulated 400 Hz power found aboard ship, converting the power from the ship service 60 Hz system. Due to the many different motor-generator designs in the Fleet today, logistic support is a major problem. NAVSEC and DTNSRDC are working on a program sponsored by NAVSEA to develop a family of solid state frequency changers, ranging in she from 10 kW to 250 kW. Commonality of drawers within units and between different size units as well as commonality of parts within the drawers will minimize the logistic support. The frequency changers are designed for a Mean-Time-Between-Failure of 4,000 hours. In addition the use of modular construction and automatic test equipment will reduce the Mean-Time-To-Repair to less than 30 minutes. The Navy owns the design and data rights of the frequency changer family which will minimize the number of designs in the Fleet and reduce the logistic support problem.