High-molecular-weight AA-BB-type aliphatic polyesters were synthesized via Cu(I)-catalyzed click step-growth polymerization (SGP) following a new synthetic strategy. The synthesis was performed between diyne and diazide monomers in an organic solvent as one pot process using three components and two stages. The dipropargyl esters of dicarboxylic acids (component 1) were used as diyne monomers, di-(bromoacetic acid)-alkylene diesters (component 2) were used as precursors of diazide monomers, and sodium azide (component 3) was used for generating diazide monomers. The SGP was carried out in two steps: at Step  1 dibromoacetates interacted with two moles of sodium azide resulting in diazide monomers which interacted in situ with diyne monomers at Step  2 in the presence of Cu(I) catalyst. A systematic study was done for optimizing the multiparameter click SGP in terms of the solvent, duration of both Step  1 and Step  2, solution concentration, catalyst concentration, catalyst and catalyst activator (ligand) nature, catalyst/ligand mole ratio, and temperature of both steps of the click SGP. As a result, high-molecular-weight ( up to 74 kDa) elastic film-forming click polyesters were obtained. The new polymers were found suitable for fabricating biodegradable nanoparticles, which are promising as drug delivery containers in nanotherapy.


The invention provides a management method of a network, which comprises the following steps: setting a super administrator in a controlled network, and logging in the super administrator to create and configure a device administrator and a normal user in the controlled network; logging in the device administrator to manage the access of at least one device in the controlled network and configure an access control policy for the device; and logging in the normal user to access the device according to the access control policy. By adopting the method provided by the invention, the accounts in the controlled network can be managed intensively, the security and the convenience of the management of the controlled network can be promoted, and the management method is convenient to carry out security audit on the operation behavior of the device administrator or the normal user.


The status of general food service administration and nutrition education was investigated in 111 elementary schools located in Inchon Metropolitan Area by questionnaires. The results are as follows ; 1. Most schools served 5 lunches per week. Meal cost per capita was 1212.1 won in urban type school and 979.0 won in rural type school. Most schools(91.9%) had 1 regular dietitian and 1 regular cook. With increasing number of students the number of temporary employees increased significantly. Most school dietitians(86.5%) were in their twenties and had 2 year careers. 2. Most dietitians(90.1%) planned the menu based on the RDA with the first consideration in nutritional needs of the students. Many dietitians(81.8%) surveyed on the food preferences of the students at least once a year. About 86% of the schools had the food service committee which was helpful. Dietitians were the first one in charge of food purchasing and checking, and sometimes a manager in general school affairs worked together. One third of the schools used the volunteer parents in food services. 3. Most school dietitians(97.2%) gave the students nutrition education using handouts once a week. However, they could not teach the students through the classroom lecture because they are not the regular teachers. Food garbages were removed by the professional trash collecting company or by using fermentation machines or by giving them to animals as feeds. School events concerning the food and nutrition were mostly drawing pictures and composition. Only 36.4% of the school dietitians had experienced in nutrition counseling for an individual student. Most of them(99.1%) thought that individual counseling is necessary if they have enough time and chances to do.


Due to the dynamic and structural complexity of today's logistics systems and networks, central planning and control of logistic processes becomes increasingly difficult. Thus, decentralised and autonomous control of logistic processes is required. Based on recent IC technologies such as RFID and wireless communication networks, intelligent items, which can communicate and coordinate each other, are possible. These technological developments require novel concepts and strategies to implement autonomy in logistic processes. This paper sketches the vision of autonomy in logistics, describes the new demands on autonomous logistic processes and introduces a new German Collaborative Research Centre, which investigates autonomy as a new control paradigm for logistic processes.


Introduction: Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a quantitative, non-invasive, simple but expensive method of assessing airways inflammation.ΔFEF 25-75 is the difference in FEF25-75 value measured before and after inhalation of a short acting beta agonist. Aims and objectives: To determine if ΔFEF 25-75 can be used as a surrogate marker of FeNO to assess mild intermittent asthma in patients with clinical asthma phenotype but with normal spirometry. Methods: A cross sectional study performed on 100 consecutive patients with normal spirometry (according to the GINA guidelines) but with a clinical phenotype of asthma in the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. A clinical phenotype of Asthma was defined as patients raising clinical suspicion of asthma and with history of intermittentrespiratory symptoms ie. wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough. FeNO was performed on these patients using an electrochemical nitric oxide analyser (NIOX MINO;Aerocrine;Sweden) and the data was recorded and submitted for multivariate analysis. Results: Of the 100 patients 68% were males and 32%were female.The mean age of the patients was 34.97 years. 38% were smokers. The mean FeNO level was 35.99.A linear correlation was observed between FeNO and ΔFEF 25-75 (p-value- 0.0078) implying that ΔFEF 25-75 can be used as a surrogate marker for FeNO. Conclusion: This study suggests that a simple spirometry providing a ΔFEF 25-75 value can be used with a certain degree of confidence instead of an expensive and less available FeNO to evaluate mild intermittent asthma. This makes the diagnosis and management of mild intermittent asthma cost effective.


Most terminally ill cancer patients experience various physical and psychological symptoms during their illness. In addition to pain, they commonly suffer from fatigue, anorexia-cachexia syndrome, nausea, vomiting and dyspnea. In this paper, I reviewed some of the common non-pain symptoms in terminally ill cancer patients, based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines to better understand and treat cancer patients. Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common symptom in terminally ill cancer patients. There are reversible causes of fatigue, which include anemia, sleep disturbance, malnutrition, pain, depression and anxiety, medical comorbidities, hyperthyroidism and hypogonadism. Energy conservation and education are recommended as central management for CRF. Corticosteroid and psychostimulants can be used as well. The anorexia and cachexia syndrome has reversible causes and should be managed. It includes stomatitis, constipation and uncontrolled severe symptoms such as pain or dyspnea, delirium, nausea/vomiting, depression and gastroparesis. To manage the syndrome, it is important to provide emotional support and inform the patient and family of the natural history of the disease. Megesteol acetate, dronabinol and corticosteroid can be helpful. Nausea and vomiting will occur by potentially reversible causes including drug consumption, uremia, infection, anxiety, constipation, gastric irritation and proximal gastrointestinal obstruction. Metoclopramide, haloperidol, olanzapine and ondansetron can be used to manage nausea and vomiting. Dyspnea is common even in terminally ill cancer patients without lung disease. Opioids are effective for symptomatic management of dyspnea. To improve the quality of life for terminally ill cancer patients, we should try to ameliorate these symptoms by paying more attention to patients and understanding of management principles.


Within the past decades data file sizes and the related computing power for mask data preparation grew linearly following Moore's law. However, within the last two years the balance between rising data complexity and computing equipment became unstable due to the massive introduction of OPC and the broad rollout of complex variable shaped beam (VSB) data formats. The disturbance of the former linear coherence led to exploding data conversion times (exceeding 100 hours for a single layer) accompanied by heavily escalating data volumes. A very promising way out of that dilemma is the recently announced introduction of distributed job processing within the mask data processing flow. This way was initially introduced to fracture flat jobs. Building on our first promising results last year we now implemented a fully automated design flow with an integrated Linux based cluster for distributed processing. The cluster solution is built in an automated environment in coexistence with our conventional SUN servers. We implemented a highly reliable DP flow on a large scale base which became as stable as our former Solaris SUN system. In the meanwhile we reached a job first time success rate exceeding 99%. After reaching a very stable state we recently started to extend our flat processing conversion steps by investigating hierarchical distributed processing in CATS version 23. We also report on benchmark results comparing new promising hardware configurations to further improve the cluster performance.


Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL; also known as APO-2L) was cloned in 1995 through a systematic search of a library of expressed sequence tags to identify proteins similar to tumor necrosis factor(TNF) and was also found to have a close sequence homology to the Fas ligand.1 Early studies demonstrated the ability of TRAIL to induce apoptosis or programmed cell death of cancer cell lines in vitro and to reduce cancer xenograft burden in vivo.2 Data emerged on the differential sensitivity of transformed cells to TRAIL-induced cell death, whereas nontransformed cells were resistant to its apoptosis-inducing effects. Unlike the other death ligands, Fas ligand (which induces fulminant hepatic failure) and TNF(which induces systemic inflammatory response syndrome), the systemic administration of TRAIL was found to be safe in mice and nonhuman primates.3 In the era of rational biological cancer therapy, this brought the early promise of TRAIL-induced selective cancer cell death without bystander damage to normal tissues. Five TRAIL receptors have been identified: TRAIL-R1 (DR4 [death receptor 4]), TRAIL-R2 (DR5 [death receptor 5]/TRICK-2/KILLER), TRAIL-R3 (DcR1 [decoy receptor 1]/TRID/LIT), TRAIL-R4 (DcR2 [decoy receptor 2]/TRUNDD), and osteoprotegerin.4-7 Of these receptors, only DR4 and DR5 transmit proapoptotic signals and induce cytotoxicity. DcR1 and DcR2 also have extracellular domains that bind TRAIL but do not activate intracellular death signals. Osteoprotegerin has a bone modulatory function and several ligands, including TRAIL, and may not be a pathophysiologically relevant TRAIL receptor. On the basis of this receptor heterogeneity and promiscuity, TRAIL toxicity toward tumor cells was thought to be restricted by death receptor expression. However, TRAIL and its receptors are widely expressed in healthy tissues, and resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in normal tissues is likely an intracellular phenomenon. Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is one such protein that checks TRAIL signaling proximally, at the level of the receptor complex.8 cFLIP shares structural homology with caspase 8, an apical effector protease in the cytotoxic signaling cascade, and is recruited to the receptor complex, preventing the activation of caspase 8. The inhibition of caspase 8 thus inhibits downstream apoptotic signaling. Additional intracellular control mechanisms consist of the Bcl-2 family of proteins.8 Antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, A-1, Bcl-w, and Boo) and proapoptotic members (Bax, Bak, Bok, Bcl-XS, Bim, Bik, Bad, Bid, Bmf, Hrk, Puma, and Noxa) act as controllers of the cellular fate via complex interactions that remain to be fully defined. In addition to the activation of early caspases, nuclear factor -B and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are also activated by TRAIL. Nuclear factor -B leads to the transcriptional activation of inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and prosurvival proteins in apoptosis-resistant cells. JNK, on the other hand, can be proapoptotic or antiapoptotic, depending on the cellular context and duration of activation.9 It is also interesting that JNK can transcriptionally up-regulate the expression of DR5, conferring increased sensitivity to TRAIL. Although cancer cells are sensitive to TRAIL, emerging data indicate that other cellular perturbations can also confer TRAIL sensitivity. In normal human liver, TRAIL, DR4, and DR5 messenger RNA is expressed at low levels, and receptor protein expression may be difficult to identify; however, emerging data indicate that their expression is up-regulated in diseased states.7,10 In animal models of acute hepatitis (Listeria-induced and concanavalin A–induced acute hepatitis), TRAIL expression in liver mononuclear cells alone is sufficient to induce liver injury.11 In experimental acute adenoviral hepatitis, DR5 expression is up-regulated, and subsequent TRAIL administration leads to steatosis and apoptosis.12 In contrast, alcohol intake sensitizes only to the steatotic effect of TRAIL12; no increase in DR5 expression or apoptosis has been observed. In liver specimens from patients with chronic hepatitis C, TRAIL expression is up-regulated independent of the extent of lymphocyte infiltration.13 In a hepatitis B viral infection, soluble TRAIL is up-regulated and correlates with liver injury.14 Bile acids can upregulate DR5 expression and inhibit cFLIP function, thereby sensitizing hepatocytes to TRAIL-mediated cell death.15 DR5 is also up-regulated in the livers of patients Abbreviations: cFLIP, cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein; HDAC, histone deacetylase; JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Address reprint requests to: Harmeet Malhi, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail: email@example.com; fax: 507 284 0762. Copyright © 2007 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hep.21913 Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report.


Part 1 Macrosocial views of youth and violence: materialism, individualism - social attitudes of youth in Japan, Ofer Feldman normalcy and deviance - youth and the culture of violence in Brazil, Walter de Oliviera authoritarianism and agression - German youth and right-wing extremism, Detlef Oesterreich. Part 2 Violence and social organization: understanding youth street gangs - economic restructuring and the urban underclass, Joan Moore as American as apple pie - expressive and instrumental patterns in gang violence, John Hagedorn collective violence as social control - right-wing youth in Germany, Werner Bergmann varieties of violence-proneness among male youth, Meredith W. Watts and Jurgen Zinnecker. Part 3 Focus on bullying: bullying among school children in the United States, Susan P. Limber et al bullying in Japanese schools - cultural and social psychological explanations - perpetrators of school violence - a longitudinal study of bullying in German school, Jurgen Zinnecker. Part 4 Violence and citizenship: youth violence, citizenship and citizenship education in the United States, Richard G. Braungart and Margaret M. Braungart.


A 71-year-old man presented to the emergency room with palpitations. ECG showed a narrow QRS complex tachycardia at a rate of 180/min. The prior history and physical examination were unremarkable, and stress echocardiographic study was normal. During sinus rhythm, AH and HV intervals were 108 and 53 ms, respectively. Programmed atrial stimulation revealed anterograde dual AV nodal physiology. No tachycardia was induced with up to two atrial extrastimuli. During programmed ventricular stimulation, decremental VA conduction was observed with the earliest atrial activation site at the His-bundle recording site. A narrow QRS tachycardia with earliest atrial activation at the His recording site was reproducibly induced by both ventricular overdrive pacing


A CAD program for the analysis of planar microstrip circuits of arbitrary shape has been developed. The usefulness of the program is demonstrated by analyzing the right-angled microstrip bend, microstrip T-junction, and microstrip Y-junction, covering a large range of frequencies, perimittivities, and linewidths. The calculated results agreed very well with published theoretical and experimental results. In comparison with programs based on other methods, our method requires less storage and computation time.


P V solar power plants are planned to work for long time, monitoring of plant will ensure a safety and longterm operation. The photovoltaic system degradation of 10% per year in the year 1991 has reduced to 12% for 25 years due to modules manufactured after 2000. Some of the common and basic degradation issues in pv solar plants are discussed in this paper. The adequate maintenance is required for long term operations and increasing performance.


International development and demestic construction are the key contents and strategy for building modern vocational education system with Chinese characteristics.Nowadays,the construction of modern vocational education system confronts with the drawbacks of emphasizing introduction and ignoring innovation,and more similarity and little characteristics;emphasizing technologies and ignoring humanism,and more utility and little harmony;emphasizing experiences and ignoring research,and more formality and little effects.In future development,China should establish new development view of reform,openness,cooperation,integration and innovation,and try to build new vocational education system and talent cultivation system with Chinese characteristics.


It makes a lot of sense when you think about it. Who could appreciate the concept of exact fit more than a dentist? So the dentist designs caps for cervices instead of teeth. What of it? The experimental caps, designed to be worn continuously (unlike other cervical caps), seem to be working well now, although there were problems with materials and design at first. This unusual saga began about 3 1/2 years ago when Robert A. Goepp, DDS, PhD, encountered his old friend, obstetrician-gynecologist Ewe Freese, MD, at the institution where both were on the faculty—the University of Chicago. In the casual what's-new-in-your-department conversation that ensued, Freese lamented the lack of effective but safe contraceptive methods. Goepp asked why cervical caps could not serve this purpose. Freese said that the older, presized caps have problems, among them the fact that they can easily become dislodged. Goepp responded that the caps


This article is prepared according to the report for Republic of Lithuania Ministry of Agriculture 2008. The arrangement assumptions of fruits and vegetables sector development strategy are analysed, preparation principles and solutions are suggested. The significance of producer organisations establishment while increasing the sector competitiveness is emphasised.


The concept of social responsibility has been widely applied incorporates business philosophy to gain the trust of consumers. With the rise of two-side platforms, platforms have popped up the limelight along with the hot topic of the "sharing economy." Despite this, we do not know much about the underlying mechanisms of consumer trust. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 263 consumers from China to explore the consequences of platform social responsibility on consumer trust. The results demonstrate that the implementation of social responsibility by platforms significantly increases consumer trust. Additionally, consumer confusion plays a mediating effect, and platform network externality plays a moderating role. Briefly, the platform does not play a dominant role in regulating supply and demand as we might think since the consciousness of consumer groups is rising. Their autonomy to collect information and make decisions after perception cannot be ignored. The study shows that sharing economy platforms should take their social responsibilities into consideration, rather than taking them as a subsidiary role. Platforms should see consumer trust as a key end rather than a means to promote profits.


Rampant drunkenness, a deserted chapel, schoolboy Voltaires greeting Rousseaus on the Greenthis is how Lyman Beecher recalled his Yale days in his Autobiography (1864). But evidence suggests that these colorful events may have been cribbed from an unsigned 1818 memoir of, oddly enough, Yale's President Timothy Dwight.


Method for authenticating a subscriber (MT, 6) for utilizing services in a local network wireless LAN (WLAN 10) using an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS, 3) of a mobile radio network, wherein a user ( MT, 6) to authenticate, located in a place with coverage LAN wireless LAN, it receives allocated from the local network wireless LAN (WLAN, 10) an IP address, after which it is authenticated against the multimedia subsystem IP (IMS, 3) with the indication of the IP and the SIP register address being reported an element (WAGN, 2) of the LAN wireless connection (WLAN, 10) of the result of user authentication (MT, 6) facing the IP multimedia (IMS, 3) system.


This exploratory qualitative research is focused on perception of Community-Based Health Insurance Scheme (CBHIS) for the successful implementation, sustainability and effective operations of the scheme from the viewpoint of the target populations, preparatory to its rolling out in Abeokuta North and Ijebu Ode LGAs of Ogun State, Nigeria.


The phosphorus (P) forms in long‐term fertilization determine the fate and transport of P in soil. However, the fate of various pools of organic P of added P in the long‐term measured with sequential chemical fractionation is not well‐understood. Four soil physical aggregates (>250, 125–250, 63–125 and <63 μm) from 0‐ to 20‐cm depth after 35 years of long‐term fertilization treatments including control (CK), nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP) and NP combined with farmyard manure (NPM) under continuous winter wheat were separated using settling tube apparatus. Results showed that the application of long‐term P fertilization had no apparent effects on promoting the mass proportion of soil aggregates except for >250 μm, where the NP and NPM treatments significantly increased the mass proportion by 60% and 70% over CK, respectively. Compared with CK, P fertilizer (NP and NPM) treatments significantly increased organic P (Po) contents in each size aggregate. In particular, mean labile Po increased by 35% and 246%, moderately labile Po by 125% and 161%, nonlabile Po by 105% and 170% and total Po (TPo) by 101% and 178%, respectively, under NP and NPM treatments, respectively. There was a significant correlation between soil organic carbon (SOC) and Po fractions. SOC was exponentially positively correlated with labile Po but linearly positively correlated with moderately labile Po, nonlabile Po and TPo fractions among soil aggregates. A reduced C:Po ratio (<100) in soil aggregates among treatment indicates a large amount of available P accumulated in soils, and soil P loss risk in the study site is still high. Our results show that the Po pool measured by sequential chemical fractionation may represent an important, yet often overlooked, source of P in agriculture ecosystems. According to the result, long‐term mineral P fertilizer combined with organic amendments better sustains soil structural stability in large aggregates, contributing more Po availability in the moderately labile P followed by labile P in soil aggregates.


Social and economic factors account for why Hong Kong students need to learn English in school. Schools are crucial to students' language learning, so all English teachers should feel responsible for promoting its effective teaching. However, too many of them rely on uninteresting textbooks that focus students' attention on grammatical structures, and on practice in isolation; too many of their classroom activities are based on teacher-talk and student-listen routines. These practices are unlikely to lead students to develop a genuine interest in learning English. This paper argues that English teachers' use of popular culture is a key to effective teaching and learning. If this method proves effective in motivating students to learn English, there will be a number of implications for how we cater for their needs in our choice of teaching strategies and learning materials.


1 29 Hermann R et al. Gemcitabine plus Capecitabine versus Gemcitabine alone in locally advanced or metastatic pancre− atic cancer. A randomized phase III study of the Swiss Group for clinical cancer research (SAKK) and the Central European Cooperative Oncology group (CECOG). Proc Am Soc Clin On− col 2005; 23: Abstract 4010 30 Tempero M et al. Randomized phase II comparison of dose− intense gemcitabine: thirty−minute infusion and fixed dose rate infusion in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2003; 18: 3402 ± 3408 31 Poplin E et al. Phase III trial of gemcitabine (30 minute−infu− sion) versus gemcitabine (fixed dose rate infusion) versus gemcitabine + oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2006; 24: Abstract 4004 32 Heinemann V et al. A phase III trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin vs. gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2005; 23: Abstract 1003 33 Heinemann et al. Superiority of gemcitabine plus platinum analog compared to gemcitabine alone in advanced pancre− atic cancer: Pooled analysis of two randomized trials, the GERCOR/GISCAD Intergroup Study and a German Multicenter Study. GI ASCO 2006; 24: Abstract 96 34 Cunningham D et al. Phase III randomised comparison of gemcitabine (GEM) versus gemcitabine plus capecitabine (GEM−CAP) in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. ECCO 13; 2005;13: Abstract PS11 35 O'Reilly EM et al. A randomized trial of DX−8951f (exatecan mesylate) and gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine alone in ad− vanced pancreatic cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2004; 22: Abstract 4006 36 Brambhall SR et al. A double−blind placebo−controlled, ran− domised study comparing gemcitabine and marimastat with gemcitabine and placebo as first line therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 161 ± 167 37 Oettle H, Pelzer U, Stieler J et al. Oxaliplatin/folinic acid/ 5−fluorouracil (24h) (OFF) plus best supportive care versus best supportive care alone (BSC) in second−line therapy of gemcitabine−refractory advanced pancreatic cancer (CONKO 003). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2005; 24: Abstract 4031 38 Boeck S et al. Second line therapy with pemetrexed after gemcitabine failure in patients with unresectable locally ad− vanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: A multicenter phase II trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2006; 24: Abstract 4124 39 Sudo K et al. Phase II study of S−1 in patients with gemcitabi− ne resistant advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2006; 24: Abstract 14 070 40 Chauffert B et al. Phase III trial comparing initial chemoradio− therapy followed by gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine alone in patients with locally advanced non−metastatic pancreatic cancer: A FFCD−SFRO study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2006; 24: Abstract 4008 Leber/Galle/Pankreas Gastroenterologie up2date 2 ê2006 213


This paper provides a framework for analysing technological competencies along its main variables and measures. We choose an industry setting (professional service firms) for which technological competencies can explain performance differences among firms. Our model is based on an extensive literature review relating to intellectual capital and technological capital and on a series of seminars and workshops, involving both academics and practitioners. This model can improve the decisions about technological assets within the firm (gathering and classifying information about them), and allow external agents to analyse the potential of the technological bases of a certain firm.


4‐Hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE) is considered as a harmful signaling molecule. The accumulation of 4‐HNE is implicated under oxidative stress such as ischemia/reperfusion injury. Previously we have reported the modulation of several ion channels including hERG K+ channels by exogenous electrophile molecules such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). However, the effect of endogenous electrophilic substances such as 4‐HNE has not been reported yet. Here we investigate the effects of 4‐HNE on hERG current overexpressed in HEK‐293 cells using whole‐cell patch clamp. Acute application of 4‐HNE (>30 mM) gradually but significantly decreased the tail current of hERG (IhERG,tail) within 3 – 10 min. Also, the half‐activation voltage (actV1/2) was shifted to the left. Both changes were not reversed by washout of 4‐HNE. Although lower concentraion of 4‐HNE (10 mM) had no significant acute effect, sustained incubation (1 ‐ 6 h) also induced time‐dependent suppression of IhERG,tail and leftward‐shift of actV1/2. Half‐inactivation voltage (inactV1/2) was affected by neither acute application nor pre‐incubation of 4‐HNE (1 to 100mM). Analysis of action potential duration (APD) was carried out in papillary muscles from rabbit heart using conventional intracellular microelectrode technique. Consisten with the suppression of IhERG,tail, APD was prolonged by perfusion of 100 µM 4‐HNE. Taken together, the suppression of hERG by 4‐HNE may participate in cytotoxic and proarrhythmic effects of lipid peroxidation under oxidative stress.


This article describes a new model that simulates the spread of post-earthquake urban fires. Adapting and integrating compartment fire models, this new model explicitly represents: (1) the evolution of fire within a room or roof; (2) room-to-room spread within a building through doorways, by burning through walls and ceilings, and by leapfrogging between windows; and (3) building-to-building spread by window flame impingement; radiation from window flames, room gas, and roof flames; and branding. The model can be used to explore how much, how fast, where, and by what modes fires will spread, and what factors influence fire spread.


A new concept in Multichip Modules is presented that represents a potential 'next step' in packaging for solid state electronic systems. A unique heat sink material, in the form of a compacted particulate paste provides a firm three dimensional support to die without adhesion to the die. The material also provides a direct thermal shunt between a die and it's casing. The resulting low thermal resistance Oj, allows an array of die to be placed into a single module where the die spacing can be such that direct die to die interconnects are possible. A dense array of die with direct die to die interconnects will behave electronically as if it were a single die. A 'virtual waferscale' 128Mb SRAM memory block, fabricated as a 32 die array, is considered.


To determine the value of oral neomycin in preventing peritonitis during peritoneal dialysis, 95 consecutive dialyses were randomly assigned to two groups. One group received neomycin 0.5 gm in suspension every six hours for 48 hours; the other, placebo. The incidence of peritonitis was 8.3 per cent in the neomycin group and 9.7 per cent in the placebo group. The incidence of significant asymptomatic infection, as evaluated by colony counts, was 14.6 per cent and 17 per cent, respectively. It was concluded that oral neomycin in the dosages employed did not prevent peritonitis during dialysis.


The aim of this study is to investigate the ethanol production from cassava processing waste (CPW), namely (thippi) using fermentation by Candida tropicalis. The experiment was performed by hydrolysis using either acid or enzyme, the step in conversion of cellulosic materials and starch to fermentable sugar and further fermentation by C. tropicalis for the conversion of fermentable sugar into ethanol. The reducing sugars yield by acid hydrolysis was 0.32 g g−1 CPW. However, reducing sugars in enzymatic hydrolysis was 0.65 g g−1 CPW. The maximum ethanol yield was obtained using C. tropicalis from enzymatic-hydrolysed sugar at initial reducing sugars 0.32 g g−1 CPW was 0.226 g g−1 CPW at 30°C for 36 h of fermentation than acid hydrolysis. Thus, utilisation of CPW for ethanol production in this study could provide the most effective use of cassava resources and lead to technology of development for further utilisation and value addition.


This community development project of Cuniburo Cangahua, reflects the work that can be achieved with a community applying Participatory Action Research as a development tool for the work of organizations and social movements seeking community development and social transformation with in practice the participation of those involved.


Chromium (Cr) is a dangerous industrial pollutant that harms surface water resources and is asso- ciated with serious adverse health effects that eventually lead to mortality. In present study Cr concentrations were detected spectrophotometrically by atomic absorption spectrophotometer from October 2018 to October 2020 (in the month of October, January, April, and July) in abiotic (water and sediment) and biotic [plant ( Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) and fish ( Labeo rohita )] components of Yamuna River ecosystem. Samples were collected from Vihar Ghat (Vrindavan), Mathura – 27.58387, 77.69317 (i.e., M2 site), 100 m upstream (M1 site) and downstream (M3 site) and from Renuka Ghat, Agra – 27.25190, 77.87535, India (i.e., N2 site), 100 m upstream (N1 site) and downstream (N3 site). Root, stem and leave of studied plant while gill, muscle, liver, and kidney samples of fish were used for determination of Cr toxicity. Results revealed higher concentration of Cr in water throughout the study when compared with permissible limits by WHO and BIS (0.05 mg/L). While sediment sample had the highest metal content with a mean concentration of 51.3 ± 2.34 mg/L in summer 2019. The Heavy Metal Pollution Index for water, sediment, plant and fish samples at Mathura sampling site were shown to be extremely high, that is, 2,555; 31,254; 269 and 2,600 respectively, when compared to the samples from Agra sampling site. The bioconcentra- tion factor in fish tissues was highest in gills (6.4167 in post-monsoon 2018 at Agra), and lowest in kidney (1.0417 in winters 2020 at Mathura). Such studies pave the path for future to establish the highest risk in term of time and components in the river ecosystem for their utility. Besides, such approaches and findings will help policy makers to ensure a safe and sustainable environment in terms of socioeconomics and human health aspects.


The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the dietary supplementation of an acidifier agent on
performance parameters and visceral organ weights of broilers. Two hundred and forty day old Ross 308 broilers
where divided in four groups with three replicates and twenty chicks each. The present study assessed the different
dosage of an acidifier on commercial broilers. Diets prepared without additive Control (CON) (group 1), 0.025%
Acidifier Agent (AA1) (group 2); 0.05% Acidifier Agent (AA2) (group 3) and 0.1% Acidifier Agent (AA3) (group 4).
Results showed that among weekly body weight, feed intake and FCR, there was a significant (P


The management of simultaneously occurring abdominal aortic aneurysm and intra‐abdominal malignancy is controversial. It is unclear whether to treat the aneurysm first or the malignancy, or both simultaneously. If the malignancy is resected first there is a risk of postoperative rupture of the aneurysm. If simultaneous surgery is performed there is a risk of prosthetic graft infection from contamination by gastrointestinal or urinary tract contents.


Based on the definition of the mature health service market, this paper makes detailed analyses of its demand and comes to the conclusion that we must take into account the actual purchas- ing power and consumption patterns of the elderly in order to develop the mature health service market. Also, new industrial policies should be introduced to promote its rapid development.


Streptomycin was inactivated in the presence of ATP and magnesium ion by an enzyme preparation made from E. coli K 12 ML 1629 which is resistant to streptomycin. The structure the inactivated streptomycin was determined, it was found that the hydroxy group on C-3 of the N-methyl-L-glucos-amine moiety of streptomycin is adenylylated. kanamycin and paromamine the


Bipolar epicardial leads are not yet widely available for atrial use. Since September 1986, we have used a bipolar active fixation endocardial lead (Cardiac Pacemakers model number's 4266, 4268, and 4269) as a bipolar epicardial atrial lead by attaching the corkscrew tip to the atrial surface and imbricating atrial tissue around the more proximal electrode. A total of 77 bipolar epicardial atrial leads have been implanted using this approach in 72 patients with congenital heart disease (ages 3 months to 38.7 years; mean 8.9 ± 8.8 years). Indications for atrial pacing included AV block (n = 46), sinus node dysfunction (n = 17), and antitachycardial pacing (n = 9). Indications for epicardial pacing included the presence of an intracardiac right to left shunt (n = 33), concomitant cardiac surgery (n = 26), surgeon preference (n = 7), and lack of transvenous access to the atrial endocardium (n = 6). Follow‐up (median 23 months; mean 28.0 ± 23.1 months; range 1–78 months) data beyond 1 month postimplantation were available for 44 leads. Atrial sensing was ≥ 2.0 mV for 26 leads (59%) with sensing possible at ≥ 0.75 mV for 42 leads (95%). Threshold data were available at 5 V for 37 leads and at 2.5 V for 36 leads with mean pulse width thresholds measuring 0.21 ± 0.33 ms and 0.34 ± 0.34 ms, respectively. Two leads failed (high capture thresholds at 5 days [n = 1], lead fracture at 42 months [n = 1]); one of which was replaced. Four additional leads were replaced electively (marginal thresholds [n = 1], intermittent phrenic nerve stimulation [n = 1], damaged during subsequent surgery [n = 1], clinically irrelevant insulation break [n = 1]) concomitant with additional cardiac surgery. Until a commercially available lead is developed and released, improvisation with a bipolar active fixation endocardial lead as a bipolar epicardial atrial lead is a reasonable approach to providing bipolar atrial sensing and pacing in patients for whom endocardial pacing is contraindicated.


An electrical transient signal will be produced when the large inductive load or power bus contactor turn on/off or changing work mode, which will introduce susceptibility of the equipments on the same power bus. Through the study on the methods conducting ground test of electrical transient, this paper described the philosophy and methods of distinguishing the large inductive load and victims in the civil aviation, supplied the practical guidance for ground test of electrical transient test thereafter,experienced gained can be a reliable support to airworthiness CCAR/FAR-25.1431.d certification, and guiding the transient electromagnetic compatibility test completed on domestic civil aircraft.


Chiral γ-lactones of both enantiomers were synthesized with more than 90% optical purities. The key step was Novozym 435–catalyzed hydrolysis of racemic N-benzyl-4-acetoxyalkylamides. Additionally, because (R)-γ-lactones are predominant in apricot, mango, peach, passion fruit, and strawberry, synthesis was attempted using only one enantiomer selectively. The (R)-enantimer was synthesized with more than 80% total yield and more than 90% optical purity by a combination of Novozym 435–catalyzed hydrolysis and the Mitsunobu reaction.


Ring-width chronologies (AD 1794-1998, 1644-1999, 1672-2000, and 1739-2002) of Abies spectabilis from four distantly located tree-line sites in western Himalaya were developed. The existence of good correlation among the site chronologies shows the influence of common forcing factor that could be climate, largely temperature. Correlation of May and mean April-May temperatures with chronologies show weakened relationship towards the later part of the 20th century.


There is little doubt that diabetes mellitus is influenced by factors such as life style (Medalie et al. 1978; West, 1978), uterine environment (Gerritsen, 1975; Amendt et al. 1978), genetic background (Herberg & Coleman, 1977) and perhaps most important, diet (Himsworth, 1935; Burkitt et al. 1972; Cahill, 1977; Jenkins et al. 1977; Anderson & Ward, 1978; Renold et al. 1978; West, 1978). However, there is little agreement about the importance of specific dietary components. Further, there is little known about the effects of diet in human prediabetics due to the difficulty in reliable identification of the human prediabetic. Results from spontaneous diabetic animal models suggest that diet plays a very important role in the aetiology and control of the disease (Dulin & Gerritsen, 1972). Normalization of energy intake of hyperphagic prediabetic Chinese hamsters retarded onset of glycosuria and ameliorated severity of the disease (Gerritsen et al. I 974). More recently, inbred, nonhyperphagic prediabetic animals became available and were described (Gerritsen, Blanks, Schmidt et al. 1976). Preliminary studies suggested that dietary restriction (2.5 g/d) was beneficial to the nonhyperphagic prediabetic Chinese hamster also (Gerritsen & Blanks, I 979). Further, a diet which contained 40 g vegetable fat/kg was shown to ameliorate ketonuria (Grodsky et al. 1974; Gerritsen, Blanks, Frankel et al. 1976). Additional studies on the effects of highand low-fat diets and dietary restriction on ketonuric and prediabetic nonhyperphagic Chinese hamsters are presented.


The Wulichuan-Dengzhou railway section will help to turn the local resource advantage into economic advantage quickly.Therefore,for this railway section,it is significant to design a good scheme with short route,small scale and low cost,so as to promote regional economy development and perfect the structure of railway network.After studying the route alignment of the whole railway,which is from the west Inner Mongolia to the Central China,this paper emphatically analyzed the main influence factors,such as railway network planning,function orientation,track junction and alignment,geological route selection,requirement of environment protection,regional economy development characteristic and so on.On this basis,for the Wulichuan-Dengzhou railway section,this paper analyzed and discussed three schemes of route alignment respectively as follows:along the existing line,on the north side of the existing line and on the south side of the existing line.Finally,by means of comprehensive comparison and selection,the scheme of along the existing line was proposed as the recommended scheme for the route alignment of Wulichuan-Dengzhou railway section.


The foundation of microkinetic analysis over 10 years ago has drastically changed the way of parametrization of rates of surface-catalyzed reactions. In the initial stages of development, some parameters arose from experimental data whereas others were fitted to experimental data. Semiempirical and first principles quantum mechanical and statistical mechanics simulations nowadays are powerful tools in estimating kinetic parameters. However, even in best cases, some tuning of parameters is typically necessary for quantitative model predictions. During this process, parameters of reaction mechanisms may violate thermodynamics. Here we review thermodynamic constraints of reaction networks and derive expressions applicable to surface reactions. We present three examples of ethylene hydrogenation, ammonia synthesis, and hydrogen oxidation to assess the thermodynamic validity of literature mechanisms. Various methods to ensure thermodynamic consistency are discussed and demonstrated with a specific example of H...


The proposed merger between two massive retailing groups, Boots and the House of Fraser, has been referred to the Monopolies Commission. The Commission's decision will be important not only for the City but for retailers in general. They will want to know whether approval would mean other attempts to form new groupings; and of course they will also be somewhat apprehensive as to whether or not a new retail group with sales of £600m is likely to emerge. But the case also throws light on the way in which the Government is now conducting its competition policy.


Simmons-Smith reactions of fluoroallyl alcohols and their derivatives with excess Zn-Cu and CH2I2 or Et2Zn and CH2I2 provided fluorocyclopropane derivatives. Diastereoselective cyclopropanation of the fluoroallyl alcohol derivative obtained from (R)-2, 3-O-isopropylidene glyceraldehyde was successfully carried out to give the optically active fluorocyclopropane derivative in high selectivity (>98% de).


A superconductor that expels magnetic flux perfectly (Meissner effect) is repelled by a magnet in any configuration. Yet, suspension of a high-temperature superconductor below a magnet has been demonstrated recently. It is accepted that flux pinning is the mechanism that is responsible for the observed attractive force. The author makes an approximation that is a gross exaggeration of flux pinning, under which the fields and forces are readily computed. The calculation shows why stable suspension can occur.<<ETX>>


The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill resulted in an influx of 4.9 million barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico, an unprecedented amount of oil emerging from the sea floor. Currently, 26% of the oil remains in the ocean. The rest of the oil was remediated using skimmers, sorbent booms, in-situ burning and chemical dispersants, as well as a portion that was natural dispersed, evaporated or dissolved. The spill and its subsequent clean-up methods generated 89,202.9 tons of solid waste and 1,193,084 BBLs of liquid waste (as of November 28, 2010) that needed to be disposed of effectively. Detailed waste management plans were created to outline how and to ensure that the disaster waste was properly handled. These waste plans were approved by the EPA, the Coast Guard, Unified Area Command and the states.


Acknowledgements Preface Introduction: Methodological and Theoretical Issues Australia and Chile New Zealand and Uruguay Ireland Conclusion: Explaining Regional and National Variance in Labour Politics Endnotes Bibliography Appendix


Multiple key agreement (MKA) protocols allow two parties to generate two or more session keys in a run, which will be used for future secure communications in public network. In recent years, many MKA protocols have been proposed. However, most of them do not consider ephemeral key compromise resilience and also suffer from other security flaws. In this paper, we analyze Dehkordi and Alimoradi's MKA protocol and Tan's MKA protocol. We will present ephemeral key compromise attack against Dehkordi and Alimoradi's MKA protocol, and prove that Tan's MKA protocol cannot provide mutual security.


Maria Velluti (1827-1891) was a dancer, actor, director, translator and playwright. She arrived in Brazil in her twenties and became a renowned actor, playwright, and translator. She translated over forty plays, many of which she directed, produced, cast, and starred. Two of her translations from French were published in her lifetime: A vida de uma actriz (1859) and A viuva das camelias (1859). Based on her prolific output, it could be said that Velluti shook the foundations of Brazil's nineteenth-century theater scene not only by introducing modern dramas of French realist tradition to the major theater companies of her time, but also by writing in an environment where most playwrights were men with a solid literature background. This study highlights the significance of Velluti's life and works. It is a mise-en-scène of Velluti as a nineteenth-century woman, actor, playwright, and translator in her own right. It "places on the stage" the myriad of roles Velluti played, thus countering dominant historiographical discourses that describe her in a merely supporting role —a role she unmistakably did not set out to play.


We have observed the site-resolved (Co, Mn and Ge) magnetic moments of Co2MnGe with the use of 2p core absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The evaluated Co and Mn 3d spin magnetic moments are consistent with the values given by the neutron scattering experiment. We have found that the orbital magnetic moment is large for the Co 3d states and is recognizable even for the Mn 3d state, suggesting that a spin–orbit coupling should be reconsidered in the energy band structure in order to verify a half-metallic nature of this alloy. Moreover, we have revealed that the magnetic moment is induced on the Ge site in Co2MnGe.


The purpose of the present experiment, using chicks instead of rats in authors' previous studies, was to confirm the advantageous effect of hot-water treatment in counteracting the maleficence of rapeseed oilmeal (abridged as RSOM hereafter), and further to confirm whether or not there is any sexually different response to the maleficence of RSOM.Sixty male chicks of day-old White Leghorn were used in the first experiment (I) and 100 females of the same breed in the second (II) respectively. Both groups of chicks, subdivided into 4 subgroups in I and 5 subgroups in II, were fed the respective rations for 4 weeks of which formulae and chemical compositions were given in Table 1 and 2.In experiment I, the growth rate of male chicks in each subgroup was almost similar. No significant differences between control and other three treated subgroups were observed.In experiment II with female chicks, on the contrary, an advantageous effect of hot-water treatment on growth was observed. The growth of female chicks fed a ration contain 10per cent of untreated RSOM was markedly retarded, the differences in weight gain being found to be highly significant (P<0.005) between control and untreated RSOM group. Almost no growth depression, however, was observed in the subgroups fed rations containing treated RSOM. It was further shown that the growth rates of chicks in two subgroups receiving hot-water extract of RSOM were promoted than that of none added group.In the male chicks, the advantageous effect of hot-water treatment in preventing enlargement of thyroid gland was not clearly revealed but it was remarkable in the females. As shown in Table 4, the thyroid weight of females in three subgroups which received rations containing untreated RSOM or its hot-water extract increased significantly (P<0.001) than that in control, whereas that was not remarkably shown in hot-water treated RSOM group.As mentioned above, there was a sexually different response to the specific effect of RSOM on either growth or thyroid gland, e. g. the female chicks were more sensitive than males to the specific effects of the oilmeal.These findings are in good accord with those of former experiments with rats which have been reported in authors' previous papers1, 2, 3, 5, 8). Consequently it is indicated that our possible interpretation2, 3) for the specific factors contained in RSOM is applicable to chick.The reduced glutathione levels in liver of male chicks receiving untreated RSOM or its hot-water extract were higher (P<0.05) than those of chicks in basal group.


Considers Shannon's cipher system with a memoryless broadcast channel. The source output sequence {S/sub l/}/sub t//sup /spl infin//=1 is independent drawings of a random variable S taking values in S, and the key W/sub k/ is a random variable which is independent of S. For simplicity, we assume that the main channel (X/spl rarr/Y) is less noisy than the wiretap channel (X/spl rarr/Z). The security of the system can be measured by the uncertainty or the attainable minimum distortion of the wiretapper who gets only Z/sup N/. For each case, we define the admissible region.<<ETX>>


The increase in production of milk whey and the large-scale introduction of membrane technologies for fractionation of its various components has led to a significant interest in the use of whey proteins. Their application in food technologies is constrained by their potential antigenicity. The authors developed a technology for reducing the allergenicity of the β-lactoglobulin in the ultrafiltration concentrate of cheese whey by means of biocatalytic conversion using enzyme preparations Flavorpro 750MDP and Promod 439L. The purpose of the research was to justify the required modes of proteolytic enzymes inactivation in the obtained β-lactoglobulin hydrolysate that can ensure safety for a living organism. The mode of enzymes inactivation which is necessary and sufficient for reducing their activity in the hydrolysate when consumed was determined with a certain safety margin (t = (80 ± 2) °C, τ = 5 min). Preclinical studies of the obtained food composition were carried out by pharmacoetological method on adult BALB/c mice. Significant differences were found in horizontal and vertical motor activity, as well as the frequency of "looking into burrows" and the level of defecation. Under new conditions the animals of the experimental group demonstrated more exploratory behaviour rather than defensive one. This indicates a positive effect of β-lactoglobulin hydrolysate on the physical and psycho-emotional state of the tested animals and its safety for a living organism. The developed technology allows to obtain functional foods based on β-lactoglobulin hydrolysate with target physiological and biochemical properties, reduced allergenicity, increased food and biological value.


Selectively deuterated monomers for preparation of deuterated poly((dimethyliminio)propylene), poly((dimethyliminio)hexylene), and poly((dimethyliminio)decylene) have been synthesized:(2-2H2)-1,3-dibromopropane, (2,5-2H2)-1,6-dibromohexane, (1,10-2H2)-, (2,9-2H2)-, and (4,7-2H2)-1,10-dibromodecane and N,N,N′,N′-tetra-(2H2)-methyldecamethylenediamine. The syntheses of all dibromoalkanes involved a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic acid derivative either as starting compound or as an intermediate. (2-2H2)-1,3-Dibromopropane was synthesized from catalytically exchanged (NaO2H/2H2O) diethylmalonate by reduction with lithium aluminium hydride and bromination with HBr. (2,5-2H2)-1,6-Dibromohexane and (2,9-2H2)-1, 10-dibromodecane were prepared from base-catalytically (NaO2H/2H2O, 160°C) exchanged sodium salts of adipic and succinic acids, respectively, followed by reduction (LiA1H4) and bromination (HBr). (1,10-2H2)-1,10-Dibromodecane was prepared from succinic acid by reduction with LiA12H4 and subsequent bromination. (4, 7-2H2)-1,10-Dibromodecane was synthesized by coupling the lithiooxazoline salt of acetic acid with (2,5-2H2)-1,6-dibromohexane followed by synthetic steps analogous to those above. The synthesis of N,N,N′,N′-tetra-(2H2)- methyldecamethylenediamine was achieved by reductive amination between hexamethylenediamine and perdeuteroformaldehyde.


Crystal structures and a SAXS envelope model of the RsbV–RsbW complex reveal that the RsbW tetramer forms a core structure to regulate SigB activity.


Emulsification tests and oil/water interfacial tension measurements were made to develop an alkali/surfactant spontaneous emulsification system to adapt the high-temperature and high-salinity in Shengtuo reservoir; also, oil displacement efficiency under different shear strength was investigated by a sandpack flood test. The results showed that the interfacial tension of oil/water could be lowered to an ultra-low level by a synergistic effect of alkali and surfactant, leading to spontaneous emulsification of oil in brine under condition of porous medium. When shear strength was low, the particle size of the formed emulsion droplet was larger, droplets might coalesce in the pore throat and generate a strong "Jamin" effect, and the mobility ratio of water to oil could be effectively reduced so as to increase the sweep efficiency and oil recovery. The particle size of the emulsion decreased with an increase of the shear strength, and emulsion droplets were insufficient to plug the water channel effectively and were entrained out of the formation with the displacing fluid due to the limited capability of reducing the water-to-oil mobility ratio, which resulted in lower oil displacement efficiency. Therefore, the entrapment of emulsion droplets was the main mechanism to enhance recovery, and oil recovery could be improved by reducing shear strength during flooding. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


A convertible bond is a sccurity that the holder can conuert into a scpcified number of underlying shows.The convertible bond is one of hot spots of security market.Under the hypothesis of stock price obeying the Geometric Fractional Brownian motion,and the riskless rate of return、the risk asset expected rate of return and volatility are constants,under risk-neutral probability measure,the price of convertible bond is obtained and by means of so it has extents the prioiling of convertible boss.


The mutual interference of different frequency devices is one of key problems to the effectiveness evaluation of electronic information equipment test in complicated electromagnetic environment. The mechanism is analysed and extensive tests are carried on. The test results show that the stray signal, harmonic and intermodualtion interference have more effect on normal communication.


A variable implies itself in p → p or ~p → ~p as "Thing implies thing" or "Non thing implies non thing" but not when mixed with its negation in ~p → p or p → ~p as "Non thing implies thing" or "Thing implies non thing". This means creation out of nothing "ex nihilo" is not supported in ~p → p as "Non thing implies thing", or by introducing modal operators in ~◇p → ◇p as "Not some thing implies some thing" equivalent to □~p → ◇p as "All non things imply some thing". What follows is that "ex nihilo" is not equivalent to "a nullo" and that "ex nihilo" is not synonymous with God and hence not an ontological proof of G


AbstractThis paper describes the development of numerical and finite-element (FE) models for investigating the behaviors of short ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) columns un...


Abstract This study examines the effect of departmental interdependencies and the use of management accounting information for decision-making on subunit performance. It is proposed that higher levels of departmental interdependence are associated with (i) the use of greater amounts of MAS information during task execution and (ii) a greater frequency of MAS information use, which, in turn, are associated with higher subunit performance. The empirical analysis based on data collected from 132 production managers through a survey provides some support for the proposition of an indirect effect of interdependence on subunit performance, acting through a use of greater amounts of MAS information for decision-making, but not for the proposition of an indirect effect acting through a more frequent use of MAS information. Furthermore, additional analyses indicate that the impact of the use of greater amounts of MAS information on subunit performance is substantially more positive for departments experiencing higher levels of interdependence compared with those experiencing lower levels.


The HIV and AIDS epidemic in eastern Europe and central Asia is changing.1–2 Despite data limitations, this region shows the fastest growth in HIV in the world.3 At the end of 2004, between 920 000 and 2.1 million people in the region were living with HIV, compared with about 160 000 in 1995. Most countries in the region have low level epidemics, with less than 1% prevalence among pregnant women and less than 5% prevalence among high risk groups. The countries most affected are Ukraine, …


In this paper a formula to the insensibility of turbo regulation system and its detail deduction are presented. Through which the influence of various components on the system insensibility are analyzed. And this rule is generalized to the design of regulation system.


Dental caries and periodontal disease continue to present unique problems in the dental management of the persons with disabilities because the chronicity of oral diseases complicates the primary physical or mental disability. The increased prevalence of dental disease in most persons with disabilities is probably not due to any inherent proclivity for dental disease but more likely evolves because dental care receives less attention. Prosthetic dentistry procedures are not contraindicated for most patients with physical and mental disabilities. Fixed bridges may be feasible if the patient or care provider can maintain adequate oral hygiene and the patient's disability dose not preclude this type of prosthesis. Removable partial or full dentures may be indicated if the patient or care provider can easily remove the prosthesis and care for it. Although most persons with disabilities need no additional behavior management modalities to complete dental care, some persons require professionally recognized behavior management techniques during treatment, such as physical restraint, pharmacologic agents, or general anesthesia. Hospitalization and the use of general anesthesia are sometimes required to deal effectively with the extreme management problem patient. This patient with mild mental retardation was fearful of dental treatment. Routine restorative, surgical and prosthetic dentistry procedures were performed under general anesthesia.


Let ϕ denote Euler's phi function. For a fixed odd prime q we investigate the first and second order terms of the asymptotic series expansion for the number of n 6 x such that q ∤ ϕ(n). Part of the analysis involves a careful study of the Euler-Kronecker constants for cyclotomic fields. In particular, we show that the Extended Riemann Hypothesis, the prime k-tuples conjecture and a conjecture of Ihara about the distribution of these Euler-Kronecker constants cannot be all true.


The invasion of Britain, which was carried out by four legions plus auxiliaries under A. Plautius some time in the high summer of A.D. 43, and the subsequent sixteen-day expedition made by the emperor, Claudius, in person in the autumn of that year, form together one of the most famous, if not one of the best understood, episodes in the history of the Roman Empire. In spite of the apparent familiarity of the event our knowledge of the way in which the invasion was planned, and of the route followed, is scanty in the extreme. It is based in part on a very brief summary of Claudius' own journey to Britain, which was a separate expedition of reinforcement, undertaken in order to associate Claudius personally with the prestige of the project. This is described by Suetonius in his Divus Claudius, written some eighty years after the event, but the chief source for the whole invasion is the narrative in Greek given by the historian Cassius Dio some century and a half after the expedition. To these can be added short references of a mere sentence in length, also in Suetonius' Caesares. They relate to the presence of the future emperor, Galba, in Claudius' entourage in Gaul, and to the large part played by Vespasian, and his brother and son, in the early stages of the Roman conquest. Another, and earlier, mention of Vespasian's part in the conquest is to be found in Josephus' Bellum Judaicum, but it contributes no useful or circumstantial detail, and indeed nothing but praise of Josephus' patrons, the Flavian dynasty. Later Roman historians, such as Aurelius Victor and the anonymous writer of De Caesaribus, merely give abbreviated versions of the already meagre information retailed by the historians of the second and early third centuries. Eutropius does add some circumstantial detail, namely that Gn. Sentius (Saturninus) was jointly in command of the expedition with A. Plautius, and that the Orkney Islands (Orcades) were received under Roman control by Claudius. This submission, if it is historical, must have been received through envoys at very long distance, while Claudius was in Colchester. This latter item is repeated by the early fifth-century Christian writer, Orosius.


You must apply for a house to house collection licence if you want to collect money or clothing door to door, collect money in a public house


A weighted least squares (WLS) estimator is presented for time difference of arrival (TDOA) localization of an emitter using multiple TDOA measurements collected by moving receivers. A comprehensive bias analysis for this estimate is provided. Based on the outcomes of the bias analysis, a bias compensation algorithm is developed to reduce the severe WLS estimation bias. The proposed algorithm utilizes an estimate of the instantaneous bias derived from the WLS estimate itself. The significant bias reduction capability of the proposed bias compensation algorithm is illustrated with simulation examples involving geolocation of a pulse radar by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).


Three species of white rot-fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus, Coriolus versicolor, and Lentinula edodes) were grown on 12 solid media based on several lignocellulosic materials (oak sawdust, coconut husks, coffee husks and corn bran) during 49 days. The media had varied carbon/nitrogen ratios and CuSO4 content. The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of the media formulation on the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes and degradation of lignocellulosic components by the three fungal species. C. versicolor exhibited the highest ability to degrade the three main polymers of the lignocellulosic waste materials employed and to produce ligninases with titers as high as 107 U/g solid substrate in the case of laccase. In addition, a mathematical model describing the fermentation kinetics of the cell biomass growth, degradation of lignocellulosic components, and lignocellulolytic enzyme production for the fungal species/medium combination exhibiting the best performance under solid-state fermentation conditions was proposed and validated in the case of C. versicolor. The mathematical model could be used to provide valuable information on the process itself as well as to contribute to the development of a future commercial process for lignocellulolytic enzyme production.

 Key words: White-rot fungi, cellulases, ligninases, degradation of lignocellulosic materials, fermentation kinetics.


The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between serum apolipoprotein concentration and family history of coronary or cerebral events in schoolchildren. In 269 primary schoolchildren aged 6–11 years (145 boys and 124 girls) we measured the blood concentrations of total cholesterol, apolipoproteins B and A-1, and lipoprotein(a), and questioned their parents about coronary or cerebral vascular events. Serum concentrations of apo B, A-1 and Lp(a) significantly increased with age. In children with serum cholesterol concentration > 5·18 mmol/L the concentrations of apo B, A-1, Lp(a) and apo B/apo A-1 ratio were significantly higher. The concentrations of total cholesterol, apo B, Lp(a), and apo B/apo A-1 ratio in the obese group (body weight 20% above the median body weight for age and height) differed significantly from those in the non-obese group. Serum concentrations of Lp(a) in the children who had positive family histories of coronary or cerebral events (geometric mean = 0·174 × / ÷ 0·036g/L) and was significantly higher than that in the children with negative history (geometric mean = 0·086 × / ÷ 0·36g/L). Family history was an independent and major contributor to high Lp(a). In evaluating children's lipid profiles, measurement of Lp(a) may help to identify children and their families at increased risk and this may facilitate the targeting of preventive measures.


Materials operating within a fusion reactor will be exposed to very severe conditions, including long-term irradiation by high-energy (up to 14 MeV) neutrons. Due to their elevated radiation resistance, SiC/SiC composites have been considered as structural material for the first wall and blanket in fusion power plants [1,2]. However, the problem of obtaining complex components by SiC/SiC joining is still open. This required the use of materials with comparable performance in a fusion reactor environment. Glass ceramics such as CaO–Al2O3 (CA), SiO2–Al2O3– Y2O3 (SAY) and SiO2–Al2O3–MgO (SAMg) showed big potentialities as SiC indirect joining materials [3] and their preliminary radiation tests under fission neutron beam were very encouraging [4]. However, neutrons with higher energy, as those produced in fusion plants, not only cause atomic displacements within the materials but give rise also to transmutation production of gas atoms, such as helium, that, with its low solubility in the crystal lattice, accumulates at defects, dislocations and grain boundaries, leading to swelling or embrittlement. Therefore, in order to achieve a more complete understanding about the radiation hardness properties of CA, SAY and SAMg glass-ceramics, samples representative of these three families were irradiated with 5.5 MeV 4He+ ions up to fluences able to induce in localized regions of the samples tenths of displacements per atom (dpa), i.e. a damage comparable with that expected for locations in nuclear fusion apparatus where particle/neutron flux of 1016 – 1017 n/(m2 s1) is reached [5]. Here we report first results on the microstructure analysis of the irradiated samples at transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for CA and SAY samples. Similar analysis on a SAMg sample is in progress.


The fracture behavior of polypropylene/ethylene—propylene— diene terpolymer (100/8) blends with different microstructure was investigated using the essential work of fracture approach. Ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer and dicumyl peroxide were mixed in a single-screw extruder at 140°C, and the crosslinking reaction had hardly taken place at this temperature. Then the reactive extrusion of ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer and polypropylene was performed on a twin-screw extruder at a temperature range of 160—210°C and ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer was crosslinked in this process. Various crosslinking density of ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer in polypropylene/ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer (100/8) blends was obtained by varying the concentration of dicumyl peroxide. With increasing dicumyl peroxide concentration, melt flow rate of the blends gradually increased but the increasing trend was slowed up. The degradation reaction of polypropylene was markedly restrained by adopting such a processing method. From the result of scanning electron microscopy, the size of ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer particles was reduced and a more uniform particle size distribution was obtained. The existence of polypropylene/ ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer graft copolymer was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry and the negative effect of the graft copolymer on the crystalline rate of polypropylene macromolecules which were grafted onto ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer chains was validated. The specific essential work of fracture (we) increased markedly with increasing dicumyl peroxide concentration for the blends prepared. When the concentration of dicumyl peroxide was 0.3 wt% of ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer content, the value of we of the dynamic vulcanized blends was about 165% as that of polypropylene/ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer simple blends or polypropylene, while the specific plastic work (βwp) was still larger than that of polypropylene.


The experiment studied separation performance of nanofiltration membrane to univalent iron and bivalent iron in seawater.The effect of pressure,temperature and time on the separation performance of nanofiltration membrane were investigated,and some relevant explanations were outlined.The experimental results showed that the rejections of univalent irons(Na+,K+,Cl-) to seawater by NF-A membrane were less than 20%,and the rejections of bivalent irons(Ca2+,Mg2+,SO2-4) were more than 70%,especially the rejection of SO2-4 can reach 99%.The univalent irons and bivalent irons were separated completely,therefore,this separation technology can provide better raw material for desalination,Mg,K and Br and so on,and purifier salt of manufacture.


Because of the large amount of raw data involved, images are generally compressed before storage or transmission. If one were interested in detecting and localizing spatial objects of interest, it would be considerably more efficient to do so in the compressed domain because less data would need to be processed and the computations required to decode the image would be avoided. In this paper, we study detection and localization in the bitstream of JPEG-compressed imagery and compare these new results with our earlier work in which detection was performed in the DCT domain.


This paper presents some practical issues regarding the development of a dedicated Doppler Ultrasound system (DUS) for the assessment of blood flow signal on coronary grafts during heart surgery. The DUS is composed of several processing units. This paper concentrates on front-end units: the transducer and a particular issue of the software interface for clinical evaluation, the noise cancellation technique (NCTech). The experimental set-up implemented to evaluate the transducer response is presented. The procedure employed to eliminate the noise components embedded in the DUS data is described. Each of these units was primarily tested in laboratory. Results show their effectiveness in achieving their specific goals. Comments on the overall system's performance are presented denoting the usefulness of such dedicated DUS during bypass assessment at heart surgery.


In order to combat industrial wastewater pollution and maintain ecological safety,the variation rules and characteristics of the wastewater discharged from industrial companies in Guangxi province were discussed based on the analysis of industrial wastewater and major pollutants emission during 2002-2010 in Guangxi.Besides,an inter-annual comparison of scale of industrial economy,structure of industry,investment for pollution control and reutilization rate of industrial wastewater was carried out; finally,the influence of the above factors on industrial wastewater discharge were analyzed.The results showed that: in Guangxi province,arsenic in industrial wastewater should be emphatically monitored; agricultural and sideline foods processing,chemical manufacturing were pollution-intensive industries; textile was a high energy consumption and high-polluting industry.It could draw a conclusion that,taking measures such as: adjusting industrial structure,carrying out sustained investment for pollution management and improving reutilization rate of industrial wastewater,could reduce the discharge amount of industrial wastewater on the premise of expending the scale of industrial economy.


We have investigated the impact of circumplanetary rings consisting of spherical micrometer-sized particles on the net scattered light polarization of extrasolar gas giants. Using the three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code POLARIS, we studied the impact of the macroscopic parameters that define the ring, such as its radius and inclination, and the chemical composition of the ring particles on the net scattered polarization. For the spherical ring particles, we applied the Mie scattering theory. We studied the flux and polarization of the scattered stellar radiation as a function of planetary phase angle and wavelength from the optical to the near-infrared. For the chosen grain size distribution, the dust particles in the ring show strong forward scattering at the considered wavelengths. Thus, the reflected flux of the planet dominates the total reflected and polarized flux at small phase angles. However, the scattered and polarized flux of the ring increase at large phase angles and exceeds the total reflected planetary flux. For large rings that contain silicate particles, the total reflected flux is dominated by the radiation scattered by the dust in the ring at all phase angles. As a result, the orientation of polarization is parallel to the scattering plane at small phase angles. In contrast, for a ring that contains water ice particles, the orientation of polarization is parallel to the scattering plane at large phase angles. Depending on the ring inclination and orientation, the total reflected and polarized flux show a specific distribution as well. Large particles show a strong polarization at large phase angles compared to smaller particles. For a Jupiter-like atmosphere that contains methane and aerosols, methane absorption features are missing in the spectrum of a ringed planet.


The law of treaties is a frequently studied topic within the field of public international law, and, yet, a new book on Treaties in Motion by Malgosia Fitzmaurice (Queen Mary University of London) and Panos Merkouris (University of Groningen) brings us new insights. Using the idea ofmotion, or kinesis, as their chosen leitmotif, the authors challenge the assumption held by many scholars and practitioners that the remit of the law of treaties has become set in stone since the adoption of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). Their study of motion in both treaties and the governing legal framework also proves useful to understanding the whys andwherefores of the provisions of theVCLT through constructive historical hindsight. Indeed, the authors focus on six types of motion, as defined by Aristotle: generation (genesis), destruction (phtora), increase (auxesis), diminution (meiosis), alteration (alloiosis), and change of place and time (kata topon kai chronon metavole). Ultimately, the crux of the book lies inbetween this idea of kinesis and stasis, with the authors aiming to show that "[i]mmutability is a false hypothesis" as far as the life of treaties, including treaty law, is concerned.


The infl uence of meteorological and ecological factors on the breeding of Hansen's bush frog, Chiromantis hansenae was investigated during October 2008 to September 2009 at the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Northeastern Thailand. Meteorological factors (air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) were analyzed using an ordination method. The principal component analysis output indicated a correlation between mating behavior (amplexus, laying egg behavior and advertisement calls) and termination of rainfall; however, reproduction was prolonged and lasted through the entire rainy season. While the temperature showed a signifi cant relationship with mating behavior (a higher temperature resulted in an increase in mating), humidity did not appear to infl uence the mating. In Northeastern Thailand the breeding habitat of these frogs is in ponds. Male frogs advertise from elevated branches of trees and shrubs hanging over the water body including stems of grasses around the pond. Females normally attach eggs on leaves and take care of them until the eggs hatch.


The exponential stability control problem for discrete-time systems with delay is considered.Based on the Lyapunov stability theory,a sufficient condition which is expressed in terms of linear matrix inequalities is given for the exponential stability.


In industrial orchards for equal concentration of entomophages could be created phytoconveyors made of nectar-aromatic plants, which are planted every 14 rows, as well as planting of sunflower near the border of the orchard, which attract entomophages; in vegetables these could be planted every 50 meters.


The study of the emission and excitation spectra as well as the decay kinetics for the intrinsic core–valence luminescence of CsBr and the impurity core–valence luminescence of Rb1−xCsxBr solid solution under excitation in the 10–20 eV energy range has been carried out in the temperature range of 10–300 K. The change of coordination number for the Cs+ ion from n = 8 to n = 6 at the transformation of CsBr to Rb0.9Cs0.1Br solid solution is accompanied by significant modification of the core–valence luminescence spectra shape. The temperature dependence of the excitation efficiency in the threshold region observed for Rb0.9Cs0.1Br could be caused by the decay of the 5d3/2 excited state of the Cs+ ion due to thermostimulated electron transition from this state into the conduction band, which leads to the appearance of unbounded 5p Cs+ core holes. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


The United States is the only country where a strong nationalism coexists with a deep distrust of the national capital. American political culture was anti-Washington D.C. even before it existed, as shown by the caricature of anti-federalist arguments written by Alexander Hamilton in Federalist n. 67. Fabrizio Tonello's essay traces the origins of this attitude to the Republican, or Neo-roman, ideology in XVII-century Great Britain, which was the core of Founding Fathers' political formation and analyzed the growth of Federal Government during the last two centuries. This growth has fueled popular sentiment against the Capital, which now seems a permanent feature of American political culture. It is a strong political resource, tapped by different leaders, including sitting Presidents and lunatic right-wing fringes as well.


Language is an essential and valuable communication tool for fostering mutual understanding in our actions. Children must be taught language skills from a young age, which can be accomplished through schooling. To improve the students' speaking skills, the researchers presented the study on the influence of simple Arabic speaking skills utilizing the Ta'bir Syafawi method in third grade at El-Fitra elementary school. The author used the t-test to see how the results of the Ta'bir Syafawi method influence the students' Arabic speaking skills. The research employed a quantitative method with data processing that utilized the SPSS application function version 20. There were 84 students in the third grade at El-Fitra elementary school, with 56 students divided into two study groups (classes) in class 3A and class 3B. The results showed that the t-test in the experimental class was 0.0000, which is more than 0.05 as a standard (rule) in concluding a hypothesis. Because 0.0000 < 0.05, it can be concluded that applying the Ta'bir Syafawi method influences the speaking skill proficiency of El-Fitra elementary school students in the third grade. Therefore, the method must be applied in learning Arabic to influence the students' Arabic skills, especially speaking skills.


_ ____________________ Introduction. ___________________ Acknowledgments ___-_______-__. Physical setting.________________ Stream characteristics_____. Summary of geology_________ Granite ________________ Quartzite_ -____._______. Sandstone ______________ Sampling procedure._-___________ Analytical methods______________ Results of analyses._____________ Solutes in snow____________ Specific ions in stream waters. Relative mobility of the elements.. Rate of chemical denudation...... Conclusions. ____________________ References cited_________________ ILLUSTRATIONS Page F-l 1 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 14 16 16 19 23 23 Page FIGURE 1. Map showing physiographic features of study area...________ F-2 2. Geologic map and structure section of study area____________ 5 3. Relation of dissolved solids to drainage area, showing approximate uniformity of waters derived from each rock type.___ 18 4. Calculated rates of chemical denudation in study area, showing differences between rock types and variation with altitude. _ 22


The features of software product is its high RD cost and extremely low piracy cost.Therefore,original edition manufacturer,pirate manufacturer,software user and government come into being a game relation.In this paper,we study the game relations in differ instances and give a conclusion that government is a important role when preventing piracy;on the other side,the police should be adjusted along with technology progress.


Cognition of sea clutter is a difficult point in the study of target detection of maritime radar. There were few studies on sea clutter cross-polarized characteristics in the past. In this study, a scattering coefficients model is presented which can be used as a supplement to the study of cross-polarized sea clutter. We analyzed the characteristics of cross-polarized sea surface scattering coefficients and simulated the clutter to noise ratio of airborne radar system. It is considered that the cross-polarized radar system can reduce the interference caused by clutter significantly. And designing a more accurate model for the cross-polarized scattering coefficients deserves further study.


Social network analysis (SNA) examines the relationship of nodes in the graph. This study uses Hadoop technology with the use of clustering method (High-Performance Cluster) and 5 SNA parameters (Degree Centrality, Betweenness Centrality, Closeness Centrality, Eigenvector Centrality, and PageRank) on hoax topic, by manipulating the iteration of calculation on Gephi tools. Based on 1 month of observations, the authors found 18 days where keyword hoax became the trending topic on Twitter. This means 58% of Twitter's users are more often talk about hoaxes. Intact-group comparison experiments are applied to Twitter data that will be grouped into 2 groups (controls and experiments). The authors were able to get data as much as 16,400 data during data gathering phase. Variable changes were performed in the experiment group. The addition of iteration from 100 to 200, which increase the value of degree centrality from 3601 to 5070 or about 40.79%. This research can be developed using True Experiment Design and the addition of Sentiment Analysis.


Abstract A practical method is reported for the calculation by digital computer of counter-double-current-distribution curves of ideal solutes. The method is applicable for the calculation of batchwise operations of the distribution train when the solute is loaded in any number of tubes at any position in the train. Application of the method permits the calculation of the distribution of solutes in the train and in the effluent fractions. The results of calculations of the effects of several modes of operation of the counter-double-current-distribution train are presented. The distribution of a mixture of isoleucine and valine center-loaded into 38 tubes of a 58-tube train is presented as an example.


This paper examine the curricula of library and information science education in Nigeria with a view of determining its present state of content of its courses offered and how it affects the present graduates produced in the universities with respect to the lsabour market for librarians in this age of computerization / digitization. The curricula of three universities as well as National Universities Commission (NUC) minimum standards for university library and information science schools provided the needed data. The result shows that there are ICT courses in the curricula but not covering some courses taught and the personnel are not readily available for the proper implementation of the good curricula developed.


We use simulations to compare the potential accuracy of burn and index modelling applied to the calculation of the expected payoff and other diagnostics for weather options.


Mitigating tungsten (W) wall erosion and core accumulation are vitally important for the steady-state operation of tokamaks. It is well known that drifts have a great impact on the transport of charged particles in the edge region, which could affect W source and W impurity transport. In this work, SOLPS-ITER modeling is applied to study the W impurity behavior on EAST during neon seeding with the consideration of E× B drift. The objective is to establish the relationship between the eroded W flux, W transport and the corresponding accumulation in the core in different discharge regimes. The effects of drift on W sputtering at targets and W impurity distribution in the cases of different toroidal magnetic field (B t) directions are assessed. The simulation results indicate that drift could influence W transport via W impurity retention and redistribution in the divertor, and the leakage from the divertor. In forward B t (B× ∇B points to the X-point), eroded W flux at the outer target is increased remarkably, and most of the W ions transport from the outer to the inner divertor and escape to the upstream region in the high field side. W ions mainly transport from the inner to the outer divertor and escape from the divertor in the low field side in reversed B t due to the opposite drift flux. The Ne puffing rate is scanned in forward B t and without-drift cases to further investigate the W erosion and W impurity transport in different divertor regimes. It is found that the W source from targets is generally enhanced by drift compared to cases without drift. The core accumulation, as well as poloidal asymmetry, is also influenced significantly by the drift. In the attached regime, the intense W source and strong drift flux lead to enhanced W accumulation in the core, and obvious poloidal asymmetry of W density distribution appears. The drift flux is reduced and W erosion is suppressed after detachment. W concentration in the core and poloidal asymmetry consequently decline. Therefore, adequate Ne impurity seeding can be applied to control the W accumulation in the core.


This study integrated the user interface and information content of the business-to-business (B2B) electronic marketplace (e-marketplace) with language to analyze whether language differences affect the definition of good interface design and the information content that should be provided via an e-marketplace. An experimental design was adopted for collecting data from tasks, and then the Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction (QUIS) was used to ascertain how satisfied subjects were with regard to using the B2B e-marketplace interfaces. Study results showed that the language, the e-marketplace interface the subject used, and a combination of the two predict a person's operational performance and satisfaction with a B2B e-marketplace. This study's results provide a better understanding of whether B2B e-marketplace service providers should develop interfaces based on specific languages.


As a core component of AC drive electric locomotive, performance of inverter-fed motor directly influences the stability and reliability of locomotive running. However, insulation early failures occur frequently. Presently, polyimide film, as a special type of engineering plastic film, widely applied in turn to turn insulation and turn to ground insulation of inverter-fed motors is a kind of basic insulating material. This paper investigates charge transport mechanism and space charge characteristics of polyimide films based on measuring and comparing space charge accumulation threshold field between corona-resistant and common polyimide films and analyzing the effect of temperature on space charge distribution. The results reveal that space charge accumulation threshold field of corona-resistant polyimide film is higher than that of common polyimide film; the adding of nano-particles effectively increases dielectric properties of corona-resistant film. Additionally, raising temperature promotes the electrode injecting charge and increases the charge energy and conductivity which gradually enhances space charge number and extends trapping position into the bulk, closely related to polyimide film insulation aging and breakdown which is an important characteristic.


In this dissertation, I explore host-parasite coevolution in a complex pathogen system that presents a source of current and potential human parasites. I utilize a variety of empirical, laboratory and theoretical methods to investigate determinants of the host associations and diversity of primate malarias. A meta-analysis of malaria parasite surveys reveals gaps in phylogenetic and geographic sampling effort. Nevertheless, several primate clades are well surveyed and these can be used to make robust predictions about coevolutionary host-parasite events. These results highlight the permeability of primate host species barriers and point to an important role of vectors for facilitating host switching. Phylogeographic analysis reinforces that geographic signatures are observable in generalist parasitesmeaning host species availability is more significant than host phylogeny in determining transmission cycles. Primates do not serve as passive hosts for these infections, and results show evidence for malaria-driven selection of an alpha globin variant among long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. The alpha globin variant likely protects against death from particular malaria parasites, and thus offers a novel route to protection against malaria, analogous to mutations in human populations, but with superior outcomes. Following spillover, the emergence of new pathogens in human populations is often abrupt and requires rapid application of novel treatment and prevention protocols. The final chapter highlights delays that are often associated with changes in policy and underscores the importance of rapid implementation. Overall, the results presented here emphasize the permeability of primate host barriers in this primate-malaria system, highlight the frequent occurrence of host switching and the potential role of host adaptation in the radiation of malarias, and indicate routes for clinical responses to changes in human disease landscapes. This system shows that it is essential to study the ecological processes underlying variation in host-parasite associations to understand zoonotic host switching. Exploitation of novel host species by parasites (including pathogens) raise fundamental evolutionary questions. The current paradigm is that parasites are adapted to specific hosts and have a reduced ability to infect distantly related host species. These general rules don't apply to primate malarias, suggesting multi-host pathogen systems have additional complexities influencing their evolution and ecology.


The causes of velocity ripple of rotary table and the effects of these causes on the velocity performance are analyzed. A method of adaptive eliminating velocity ripple aiming at the periodic error of position sensor is discussed.


In this paper, we propose a framework to develop aspects for intrusion detection. We model attack scenarios using an aspect-oriented unified modeling language (UML) profile. Based on the attack scenario model, the intrusion detection aspects are developed and woven into the target system. The resulting system has the ability to detect the intrusions. The major objective of this work is to invite aspect-oriented software development to the task of detecting intrusions.


This dataset contains the summary results from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis for broadband ultrasound attenuation (PMID 28472463). Note: only variants present in all three studied cohorts are included.


The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is intended to enhance surface transportation safety, efficiency and comfort by means of advanced technologies. Safety measures used in traffic accident surveillance often combine both traffic accident and exposure measures for a given time period into a traffic accident rate. Traffic accidents and roadway exposure are basic input to roadway safety analysis. Exposures in roadway safety studies are used as a measure of opportunities for traffic accidents to occur. A traffic accident is the product of an unstable condition of one or more exposure(s) and/or an unbalanced interaction between two or more exposures. Traffic accidents form the numerator and exposures form the denominator of the traffic accident rate expression. In many safety projects, it is desirable to collect data under only certain conditions of traffic volume, weather, light, etc. While it is generally advisable to collect data under a representative range of conditions, it is usually neither possible nor desirable to gather data for every condition. While this is not as critical for problem diagnosis, it can be critical for evaluation. During different driving conditions, complicated interactions take place between exposure data and traffic accident potential. Because of the problems associated with the complexity of exposure data, an attempt is made to develop a criterion to evaluate roadway safety by comparing various different conditions to their respective under "Normal Conditions". The proposed criterion is based on generating a reference scale to measure the "inflation" in hazardous conditions from the condition which has the lowest traffic accident rate (Normal Ideal Condition) to each prevailing condition. Evaluation of ITS must include a consideration of the safety consequences of specific IVHS technologies for the driving public.


Between 2008/09 and 2012/13 the molecular epidemiology of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) carriage in children <5 years of age was determined; a period that included pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 13 introduction. Significantly increased carriage in post-PCV13 years was observed and lineage-specific associations with S. pneumoniae were observed before and after PCV13 introduction. NTHi were characterised into eleven discrete, temporally stable lineages, congruent with current knowledge regarding the clonality of NTHi. This increase could not be linked to the expansion of a particular clone and demonstrates different dynamics to before PCV13 implementation during which time NTHi co-carried with vaccine serotype pneumococci.