Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of two crop geometry, three cultivars and two weed management treatments on weed and crop growth, and yield of chickpea during winter seasons of 1996–97 and 1997–98 at Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Row spacing of 45 cm recorded lower plant height and more crop canopy cover and weed dry matter accumulation than 30 cm row spacing. Avarodhi had the maximum plant height, canopy cover and less weed dry weight than Radhey and Pant G 114. Weedy check recorded more plant height and more weed dry matter accumulation as compared to weed-free treatment. Row spacing of 45 cm recorded more grain yield in comparison to 30 cm row spacing. The maximum grain yield was recorded in cultivar Avarodhi and minimum in Pant G 114 during both the years.


This article examines the impact of Brexit on British–Irish relations to date. Etain Tannam shows how the intergovernmental relationship has flourished, but highlights the challenges posed by Brexit. She argues that strong British–Irish intergovernmental relations are essential to manage the challenges. A formalised institutional framework is and will be essential in the absence of common EU membership. To this end, the Good Friday Agreement's British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference should be revitalised.


To study the positional effect of matrix attachment regions(MARs)on the transgene expressions,PCR-amplified human β-globin MAR was inserted at different sites of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase(CAT)-containing pCATG reporter vector,including a construct of CAT cassette flanked by two MARs,or a single MAR at either 5'or 3'.After transfected into CHO cells with positive ion liposomes and G418-screening,the CAT expression levels were determined by ELISA.The relatively CAT gene copies were determined by semi-quantitative PCR.The results showed that the CAT expression was increased most in two MARs flanked cassette.The 5'-inserted MAR also increased,but the 3' MAR insertion decreased the transgene expression.We also found that the transgene expression failed to be in direct proportion to gene copy numbers.


The vegetable industry has the advantage of cost and quantity.But it has the problems of low unit cost,excessively centralized export market and poor economic results at the same time.On the basis of analysis about the alteration of vegetable export in Shan-dong in the recent ten years,this paper argues the background of Japanese Positive List System and its influence to Shan-dong's vegetable export companies,and proposes some advices to local government,trade unions and export companies.


The present management situation of making a requisition foor occupying forest land in Fujian Province during the period of time from 2001 to the first half year of 2003 is investigated in detail. The difficulties and their causes in forest land management are comprehensively analyzed. Some suggestions and countermeasures for management of requisition or occupying of forest land are put forward for administering of forestry according to laws.


For ensuring the bearing capacity of the sandy soil using in back wall of solar greenhouse in non- cultivated land in alashan with shear test and unconfined compression test though orthogonal test. Compute and analyse the actual bearing capacity that the back wall of solar greenhouses need and seek out a combination which can guarantee safty andcan cost less. The result shows that shear strength and compressive strength increase along with cement and soil stabilizer; the proportion of cement from 1% to 3% improve most performance,internal friction angle raises more than 20% and cohesion raises more than 60% and unconfined compression promotes more than 76. 09%; the soil with 3% cement and1% soil stabilizer can reaches the requirement for back wall of solar greenhouse and can get better performance. It can be a reference for construction of solar greenhouse in similar soil condition.


The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti microbial properties of Berberis jaeschkeana Schneid Var. jaeschkeana for the first time. The screening of B. jaeschkeana for its phytochemical constituents showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins reducing sugars and terpenoids. Crude ethanolic extract and different fractions showed good antimicrobial properties. Five compounds isolated for the first time from this plant also showed good antimicrobial properties. Columbamine was found to have excellent anti-microbial properties among all the compounds.


With increasing concerns over climate change, scientists must imperatively acknowledge their share in CO2 emissions. Considering the large emissions associated with scientific traveling - especially international conferences - initiatives to mitigate such impact are blooming. With the COVID-19 pandemic shattering our notion of private/professional interactions, the moment should be seized to reinvent science conferences and collaborations with a model respectful of the environment. Yet, despite efforts to reduce the footprint of conferences, there is a lack of a robust approach based on reliable numbers (emissions, carbon offsetting/removals, etc.) to accompany this shift of paradigm. Here, considering a representative scientific society, the International Adsorption Society, we report on a case study of the problem: making conferences carbon neutral while respecting the needs of scientists. We first provide a quantitative analysis of the CO2 emissions for the IAS conference in 2022 related to accommodation, catering, flights, etc. Second, we conduct two surveys probing our community view on the carbon footprint of our activities. These surveys mirror each other, and were distributed two years before and in the aftermath of our triennial conference (also corresponding to pre/post COVID times). By combining the different parts, we propose ambitious recommendations to shape the future of conferences.


Combining self-paced lessons with accompanying practice files, this book/disk combination offers a complete course in working with Excel macros. The book focuses on practical applications as well as learning the language and optimal programming style. Ideal for the time-sensitive business user, this guide is appropriate for self-study or as primary or supplementary classroom material and is a follow-on from "Complete Guide To Microsoft Excel Macros".


In the present scenario digital images are playing very important role in several applications. When one captures images during night times or low light conditions, the images often suffer from low visibility. In order to improve the quality of an image, image enhancement can be used. This type of low light images may decrease the performance of computer vision and other multimedia algorithms that are essentially designed for high-quality inputs. In order to estimate the high quality image in this paper we proposed a low light image enhancement method. In this method, first we estimate the illumination of each pixel individually by finding the maximum value in R, G and B channels. Further we refine the initial illumination map by imposing a structure prior on it, as the final illumination map. The noise can be removed by using BM3D method. For a low light image enhancement we consider the one parameter called Lightness order error (LOE) which gives the light source direction and the lightness variations.


The Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) provides an empirical Bayes treatment of function approximation by kernel basis expansion. In its original form ?, RVM achieves a sparse representation of the approximating function by structuring a Gaussian prior distribution in a way that implicitly puts a sparsity pressure on the coefficients appearing in the expansion. RVM aims at retaining the tractability of the Gaussian prior while simultaneously achieving the assumed (and desired) sparse representation. This is achieved by specifying independent Gaussian priors for each of the coefficients. In his introductory paper, ? shows that for such a prior structure, the use of independent Gamma hyperpriors yields a product of independent Student-t marginal prior for the coefficients, thereby achieving the desired sparsity. However, such a prior structure gives complete freedom to the coefficients, making it impossible to isolate a unique solution to the function estimation task. At the other extreme, one could think of using a single hyperparameter for all the coefficients in the spirit of traditional regularized function estimation. With such a choice, a Gaussian prior distribution over the coefficients does not yield a sparse representation, and only a Laplacian prior in such a case does imply a sparse representation. This paper aims at providing a prior structure that achieves a trade-off between the two extremes. The key idea here is to reduce the dimensionality of the hyperparameter space by specifying a prior structure that reflects the possibility of correlation between the hyperparameters of the coefficients distribution. With this, it is possible to isolate a unique solution.


Abstract In both the lay and professional media, a general disapproval is expressed towards artificial reproductive technologies when this is used to assist an older woman to bear a child. This paper reviews the lack of evidence for these condeming arguments, and highlights the evidence which suggests this form of discrimination is unjustified on scientific grounds.


Glial tumors are the most common primary neoplasms of the central nervous system. Their proportion in the total structure of primary brain tumors is 50-65%. In Ukraine, according to the statistical data of the cancer-registry of the year 2014, 49,3% of patients with primary diagnosed malignant neoplasms of the brain did not live for one year. The aim of the study was to improve the survival rates of patients with low-grade glial tumors (LGT) (grade III-IV) by determining optimal treatment strategy and main prognostic survival factors. A prospective study of the results of treatment of patients with LGT from 2009 to 2014 was conducted . The study consistently included 100 operated patients with LGT (anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma (GLB)). The median survival in the total group of patients (n=100) was 363.5 days (12 months). The main statistically significant prognostic factors of survival were : the completeness of tumor removal (p=0.00000000007) and the character of adjuvant therapy (p=0.000012). With the removal of LGT III-IV grade aplasias , which do not spread to functionally important areas and deep areas of the brain, one should try to perform Gross-total resection (GTR), which ensures long-term survival. The median survival of patients after GTR was 22.3 months. An integrated approach to the treatment which includes surgery, adjuvant radiotherapy and monochemotherapy with temozolamide showed the best survival rates – 20.5 months.


A fast far-field approximation (FAFFA), which is simple to use, is applied to groundwave propagation modeling from a nonpenetrable surface with both soft and hard boundaries. The results are validated against available reference models as well as compared to other numerical methods such as split step parabolic equation model and the method of moments.


Enterprise Resource Planning, ERP, is a concept for enterprise management, whose main task is to integrate the functions of the organization. The key idea of the ERP concept is to use the information and communication capabilities of new computer systems for the overall integration and strategic planning of all resources in the enterprise. In this paper we define the concept of ERP, and computer systems for enterprise resource planning.


![Figure][1]

To ensure that the Society has the resources to continue serving the membership and the profession, changes had to be made. However, even with the changes, ASHP remains a strong and vibrant organization with a growing membership that we will continue to support and represent


Based on a survey of literature, four different approaches to teaching introductory programming are identified and described. Examples of the practice of each approach are identified representing procedural, visual, and object-oriented programming language paradigms. Each approach is then further analysed, identifying advantages and disadvantages for the student and the teacher. The first approach, code analysis, is analogous to reading before writing, that is, recognising the parts and what they mean. It requires learners to analyse and understand existing code prior to producing their own. An alternative is the building blocks approach, analogous to learning vocabulary, nouns and verbs, before constructing sentences. A third approach is identified as simple units in which learners master solutions to small problems before applying the learned logic to more complex problems. The final approach, full systems, is analogous to learning a foreign language by immersion whereby learners design a solution to a non-trivial problem and the programming concepts and language constructs are introduced only when the solution to the problem requires their application. The conclusion asserts that competency in programming cannot be achieved without mastering each of the approaches, at least to some extent. Use of the approaches in combination could provide novice programmers with the opportunities to acquire a full range of knowledge, understanding, and skills. Several orders for presenting the approaches in the classroom are proposed and analysed reflecting the needs of the learners and teachers. Further research is needed to better understand these and other approaches to teaching programming, not in terms of learner outcomes, but in terms of teachers' actions and techniques employed to facilitate the construction of new knowledge by the learners. Effective classroom teaching practices could be informed by further investigations into the effect on progression of different toolset choices and combinations of teaching approaches


PBZ*-lattices are algebraic structures related to quantum logics, which consist of bounded lattices endowed with two kinds of complements, named {\em Kleene} and {\em Brouwer}, such that the Kleene complement satisfies a weakening of the orthomodularity condition and the De Morgan laws, while the Brouwer complement only needs to satisfy the De Morgan laws for the pairs of elements with their Kleene complements. PBZ*-lattices form a variety $\mathbb{PBZL}^{\ast }$, which includes the variety $\mathbb{OML}$ of orthomodular lattices (considered with an extended signature, by letting their two complements coincide) and the variety $V(\mathbb{AOL})$ generated by the class $\mathbb{AOL}$ of antiortholattices.
We investigate the congruences of antiortholattices, in particular of those obtained through certain ordinal sums, and infer characterizations for their subdirect irreducibility. We also prove that antiortholattices are the directly irreducible members of the variety they generate, and even their lattice reducts are directly irreducible. Since the two complements act the same on the lattice bounds in all PBZ*-lattices, we can define the horizontal sum of any nontrivial PBZ*-lattices, obtained by glueing them at their smallest and at their largest elements; a horizontal sum of two nontrivial PBZ*-lattices is a PBZ*-lattice exactly when at least one of its summands is an orthomodular lattice. We investigate the algebraic structures and the congruence lattices of these horizontal sums, then the varieties they generate.
We obtain a relative axiomatization of the variety $V(\mathbb{OML}\boxplus \mathbb{AOL})$ generated by the horizontal sums of nontrivial orthomodular lattices with nontrivial antiortholattices w.r.t. $\mathbb{PBZL}^{\ast }$, as well as a relative axiomatization of the join of varieties $\mathbb{OML}\vee V(\mathbb{AOL})$ w.r.t. $V(\mathbb{OML}\boxplus \mathbb{AOL})$.


Gel nails are a new type of artificial nails containing UV-curing acrylates and methacrylates, here referred to as (meth)acrylates.1 They are known to be more fashionable and long lasting than conventional nail polishes. Until a few years ago gel nails were applied only by nail technicians, but recently several and inexpensive home use UV-curing kits have been placed on the market, increasing the risk of complications induced by these nail cosmetics.


Achieving accurate, cost-efficient, and fast anomaly localization is a highly desired feature in computer networks. Prior works, examining the problem of single link-level anomaly localization, have claimed that a necessary condition for localizing anomalies unambiguously is to deploy resources that enable the monitoring of a set of paths distinguishing between all links of the network pairwise. In this paper, we show that the number of pair of links that are to be distinguished can be cut down drastically using an already established anomaly detection solution. This results in reducing the localization overhead and cost significantly. Furthermore, we show that all potential anomaly scenarios can be derived offline from the anomaly detection solution. Therefore, we compute full localization solutions, i.e. monitors that are to be activated and paths that are to be monitored, for all potential anomaly scenarios offline. This results in a significant minimization of the localization delay. We devise an anomaly localization technique that selects monitor locations and monitoring paths jointly; thereby enabling a trade-off between the number and locations of monitoring devices and the quality of monitoring paths. The problem is formulated as an integer linear program (ILP), and is shown to be NP-hard through a polynomial-time reduction from the NP-hard facility location problem. The effectiveness and the correctness of the proposed anomaly localization scheme are verified through theoretical analysis and extensive simulations.


Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was isolated and studied in cell free preparation from 10 days old wheat roots. The enzyme showed single peak at acidic pH of 6.0. Monovalent ions, Na + and K + , when included in the assay medium, significantly stimulated the activity of the enzyme (47% - 54%), stimulation with K + was slightly more than that with Na + . When taken alone, Mg 2 + ions did not stimulate the enzyme activity but interestingly registered a marginal decrease. Further inclusion of Na + and K + along with Mg 2 + , however, brought the enzyme activity near to the basal level. NO 3 - and Cl- tested did not influence the activity of the enzyme. After placing the whole wheat plants, with roots dipped in nitrate solution (contained in darkened beaker), in light for 4 hr, nitrate reductase (NR) and (Na + - K + )- stimulated ATPase were determined in cell free preparation. The activity of former increased significantly (45%), while latter exhibited inhibition (49%). Influence of NR on the level of Na + and K + - stimulated ATPase activity is discussed.


With the continuous development of economy and society in Jiangsu province,the integrative development of Nanjing,Zhenjiang and Yangzhou has been raised by the government department and the urban integration of these three cities has been planned to be achieved in 2020. In light of the current social and economic situation in Yangzhou,Zhenjiang and Nanjing,this paper focuses on the respective analysis from the integration of policy,transportation,logistics industry,manufacturing industry and hearts and minds,etc. in above three cities. Meanwhile,it comes up with some corresponding policy suggestions.


Review(s) of: The Royal Navy and the Battle of Britain, by Anthony J. Cumming, Naval Institute Press, 2010; 232 Pages, Hard Cover; USD $29.95; ISBN 978-1-59114-160-0.


Silicon Emitting Centers (SEC) constitute promising candidates for quantum telecommunication technologies. Their operation depends on the fabrication of light emitting defect centers such as the triinterstitial Si complex, the W-Center. In this paper the formation of Si tri-interstitial clusters after Ga ion beam bombardment on pure silicon substrates and a subsequent annealing stage is investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This study aims to understand the dynamic formation process of W centers after Ga implantation and annealing in order to assist the focused ion beam and annealing experimental systems. A new tri-interstitial cluster identification method is proposed which considers the configuration of the clusters in the Si lattice in order to identify the defects which will act as candidates for the W center. This method successfully identifies W center defect candidates in an ideal system. The number of tri-interstitial clusters increases and spread deeper into the Si for higher energies and their probability of generation increases until a limiting Ga dose. Furthermore, annealing can eliminate a lot of the unwanted defects maintaining at the same time the number of the tri-interstitial clusters, leading to isolated clusters with less distorted local environment.


Background: Concomitant H. pylori and T. gondii infections are two widespread diseases transmitted by fecal-oral route. Several studies documented association of both infections in gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases. Objective: The aim of this work is to evaluate the relation between recurrent gastritis or gastric ulcers and coinfection with H. pylori and T. gondii. Subjects and Methods: Investigations included upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) endoscopic biopsy, detailed personal questionnaire, serum detection of anti-cag A and anti-vac A for H. pylori, anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies. Selected cases were from patients attending the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Kafrelsheikh University Hospital. In total, 80 participants were distributed as 32 naï� ve cases, 28 recurrent and 20 with no gastric infections as control. For diagnosis of H. pylori, sandwich ELISA immunoassay (EIA) test was performed to detect H. pylori surface coproantigen in fresh stools taken after endoscopy. In patients' serum samples, IgG for H. pylori cag-A and vac-A antigens, IgM and IgG for T. gondii were detected by ELISA. Results: Recurrence of H. pylori infection increased in age groups 21-30 and 31-40 years, mainly in males and in those eating junk foods. Severe gastric ulcers appeared in combined H. pylori and T. gondii infections. Recurrent cases showed 71.4% positive H. pylori anti-cag A, 57.1% H. pylori anti-vac A, 35.7% both H. pylori antigens, 57.1% anti-Toxoplasma IgM, and 71.4% anti-Toxoplasma IgG, 35.7% concomitant bacterial and parasitic infection. High IgM positivity rate was recorded in recurrent cases while IgG was recorded in naï� ve cases. Conclusion: Toxoplasmosis when combined with H. pylori participates in recurrence of the latter, causing higher severity of gastritis and gastric ulcer. Eating junk foods and being middle aged are contributing risk factors. Recurrent gastritis: H. pylori or T. gondii? Ghazy et al., 287 by determination of specific gastric mucosal IgA and serum IgG antibodies marks the cag-A-positive strains as the pathogenic and immune dominant agent in cases of gastric ulcers[9]. A significant association of vac-A genotypes m1, s1m1 and s2m1, as virulence factors for peptic ulcer, was observed in H. pylori infected patients[10]. On the other hand, bidirectional endoscopy in an immunocompromised patient with disseminated toxoplasmosis, revealed large ulcerations in the gastric cardia and fundus with severe active gastritis and ischemic changes[11]. This was attributed to a strong immune response controlled by a series of regulatory mechanisms against Toxoplasma. The disturbed balance between CD4 and CD8 cells, and the immunosuppression mediated by HLA-DR molecules is enhanced, which may lead to gastritis and diarrhoea[12]. Manifestations of chronic infections with T. gondii and/or Helicobacter spp. probably depend on the host immune response and patients who suffer from chronicity were found to carry more than one pathogen[13]. Although the investigators were unable to explain how multiple active infections interact with each other or how they affect the disease prognosis, they claimed that concomitant infection by T. gondii and H. felis was found to enhance the susceptibility of mice to H. felis infection[13]. This was associated with significant elevation of gastric mucosal IFN-γ and IL-12, considerable reduction of IL-10, severe gastric mucosal inflammation, loss of parietal cells, atrophy, and metastatic cell changes. Consequently, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the relation between recurrent gastritis and/ or gastric ulcers and coinfection with H. pylori and T. gondii. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This case-control study was conducted during the period from January 2020 to July 2020. Stool and serum samples were obtained from patients in the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Departments, Kafrelsheikh University Hospital. Samples were transferred to Parasitology and Microbiology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University for parasitological and microbiological investigations. Study design: Patients complaining of sever upper GIT symptoms were regarded as eligible for endoscopy, and stool analysis for H. pylori coproantigens. Those with normal endoscopic findings and negative for H. pylori coproantigens were considered as apparently healthy controls. Patients with endoscopic findings and positive for H. pylori coproantigens who presented for the first time were considered as naï� ve cases; and those who returned after one year because of persistent symptoms were considered as recurrent cases. All cases were subjected to H. pylori and T. gondii analysis by sandwich ELISA immunoassay (EIA) for coproantigen detection in stool specimens and by ELISA for serum antibodies against H. pylori and T. gondii. Participants: History was recorded from patients including their type of diet. Patients (no.= 60) found eligible for upper GIT endoscopy came to the hospital complaining of epigastric pain, heartburn, abdominal discomfort and/or vomiting, not improved by empirical anti-acids or proton pump inhibitors alone. The inclusion criteria included naï� ve H. pylori infected patients (no.=32) having upper GIT symptoms for the first time and confirmed diseased by endoscopy. Recurrent H. pylori patients (no.=28) were those complaining of the same symptoms within one year. Choice of apparently healthy controls (no.= 20) depended on the endoscopic examination (pink, smooth and lustrous gastric mucosa). The exclusion criteria included patients who had taken anti H. pylori therapy four weeks before endoscopy, or had any gastro-intestinal, hepatic, or renal diseases. Fresh stool and serum samples were collected from each participant after endoscopy. H. pylori surface coproantigen (HpSA) test: A fresh stool sample from each participant was collected and stored at -200C until analysis. Detection of HpSA in stools was by EIA for antigen detection according to the manufacturers' instructions[14] (Premier Platinum HpSA, Meridian Bioscience Inc, USA). Antibody assay against H. pylori coproantigens: Serum samples were screened for H. pylori antibodies (anti-cag-A IgG, and anti-vac-A IgG) by ELISA[15] (Xingkang Company, Shenzhen, China). The cut off values were determined for both. The results were interpreted by the positions of the matrices and the mean grey levels of the spots in the matrices. Detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG in patients' sera: Serum samples were screened using ready-made ELISA kits (Abcam, USA), and an ELISA plate reader (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The optical density was measured at 450 nm and the antibody (IgM and IgG) titre for each sample was calculated[16]. Following the manufacture's protocol, a Toxoplasma IgM titre <0.8 was considered negative; 0.8–1.0 was considered equivocal; and > 1 was considered positive. A Toxoplasma IgG titre <5 was considered negative; 5-7 was equivocal and >7 was positive. Study groups: According to the results of stool and serum investigations, as well as endoscopy, patients were categorized into 8 groups as shown in the following table. PARASITOLOGISTS UNITED JOURNAL 288 Ethical approval: The study was approval by Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 2019. We followed the guidelines as per the Declaration of Helsinki for involving human participants. Permissions in the form of informed consents were taken from the participants. All patients and control subjects were informed of the investigations results. Statistical analysis: Data were tabulated and analysed using SPSS version 23. Demographic data were presented as categorical groups, and serological tests titres were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Data for categorical variables was expressed as percentages. Differences between variables were compared by using chi-square analysis (X2). Fisher exact test was used if the expected count was less than 5. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant relationship between variables. RESULTS Recurrence of gastric ulcer: In the 28 cases with recurrent gastritis the highest prevalence was in the age groups 21-30 years and 31-40 years with the same percentage (42.9%). In the 32 naï� ve cases, the prevalence was in the 21-30 years age group (37.5%). Both were statistically significant (P<0.05). Regarding the gender, recurrence in males (71.4%) was significantly (P<0.05) more than in females (28.6%). In both recurred and naï� ve cases distribution by diet habits showed insignificant prevalence in junk foods compared to home and fat diets (Table 1). Correlation of gastritis severity and the type of infection: Endoscopic examination categorized fundus findings as mild, moderate, and severe gastritis. Severe gastritis (erosions and ulcers) ranged from erosive fundal gastritis to severe pan gastric congested mucosa with hemorrhagic fundal gastritis (Figure 1d). Table 1. Patients complaining of naï� ve and recurrent gastric problems in relation to age, sex and diet. Control (n=20) Naïve cases (n=32) Recurrent cases (n=28) Statistical analysis No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) X2 P value Age 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 6 (30.0) 7 (35.0) 5 (25.0) 2 (10.0) 0 (0.0) 6 (18.8) 12 (37.5) 6 (18.8) 6 (18.8) 2 (6.3) 0 (0.0) 12 (42.9) 12 (42.9) 4 (14.3) 0 (0.0) 14.36@ <0.05* Sex Male Female 11 (55.0) 9 (45.0) 20 (62.5) 12 (37.5) 20 (71.4) 8 (28.6) 1.339 >0.05


The examination considers the causality between banking sector depth, foreign direct investment, and economic growth in the sample of six Central and Eastern European countries in the period range between 2000 to 2018. Utilizing the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) panel causality test, the results confirmed a supply-leading hypothesis, FDI-led growth hypothesis, and unidirectional causality from the banking sector depth to foreign direct investment. As the causality ranging from the depth of the banking sector to foreign direct investment and economic growth has been confirmed, the conclusion is that attention should be focused on policies that promote the development of the banking sector. In this way, a well-regulated banking sector will attract more FDI, which will lead to higher growth rates in the analyzed countries.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The goal is to provide insights regarding the implementation and use of RFID by focusing on its advantages and its problems.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses, what RFID is, how its parts fit; what role management plays in its implementation, and where the pitfalls are.Findings – RFID is discussed as the latest technology to help manage the logistics and inventory problems faced by all companies. Not only has RFID been shown to provide benefits for the firm in its internal operations; its greatest contribution lies in its ability to improve information and materials flows throughout the entire supply chain. With RFID technology visibility in materials flow (from raw material to finished goods) among all supply chain members is improved and the accuracy of the information shared is greatly enhanced. Equally important is the role played by RFID in the development of ...


The construction of underground passage ways to connect substructures in downtown has important issues including road, traffic interference, citizen complaints, and the adequacy of construction method. The issues that should be considered in this construction are constructability, structural suitability and affordability. Thus, this research analyzes the various construction methods by comparing the Messer Shield method, DSM method, Pipe Roof method, Front Jacking method. This paper investigates major technical criteria through H project. Moreover, the constructability, stability, and the affordability of the site conditions are studied. Therefore, the results of this study can be used to select the proper construction method.


There are a number of pressing research challenges in redocumenting distributed systems that could be the focus of attention in the next few years. This paper presents an overview of three of these challenges, categorized according to their scale and scope: in-the-small, in-the-large, and in-the-many (borrowing a classification mechanism from programming language research from a number of years ago). These challenges have been identified based on experience gained from over 15 years of research into program redocumentation via reverse engineering. The impact of these challenges on software development for distributed systems is also discussed.


This paper proposes a new construction of bipolar current-mode (CML) logic circuits based on the multiple-valued logic concept. Applying the multiple-valued logic concept, the new logic function, which can replace the conventional stack logic circuit and can be operated by a low supply voltage, can be realized. In conventional circuits, it is difficult to generate a signal with multiple voltage levels at the same time as the output of a logic gate and logic gates must be connected by placing a level-shifter between them.

A circuit is devised in this study that generates the multiple-valued logic levels (three levels in this paper) simultaneously at the output of the logic gate. Also, it is examined whether or not the basic logic functions, such as NAND, NOR, EX-OR, and D-Latch, can be realized by the proposed configuration. The characteristics of the proposed circuit are circuit simulated by a SPICE circuit simulator. It is seen as a result that the power consumption, the logic density, and the high-speed performances, comparable to the conventional stacked-gate logic circuit, can be realized with the low supply voltage of 1.9 V.


Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) from long term evolution (LTE)-advanced is a promising technique to enhance the system spectral efficiency. Among the CoMP techniques, joint transmission has high communication requirements, because of the data sharing phase through the backhaul network, and coordinated scheduling and beamforming reduces the backhaul requirements, since no data sharing is necessary. Most of the available CoMP techniques consider perfect channel knowledge at the transmitters. Nevertheless for practical systems this is unrealistic. Therefore in this study the authors address this limitation by proposing a robust precoder for a multicell-based systems, where each base station (BS) has only access to an imperfect local channel estimate. They consider both the case with and without data sharing. The proposed precoder is designed in a distributed manner at each BS by maximising the signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio of all jointly processed users. By considering the channel estimation error in the design of the precoder, they are able to reduce considerably the impact of these errors in the system's performance. The results show that the proposed scheme has improved performance especially for the high signal-to-noise ratio regime, where the impact of the channel estimation error may be more pronounced.


This paper investigates the specification, implementation and application of derived data in the context of a functional/binary association data model. A framework for the automatic maintenance of derived data is presented. This framework is based on the transformational techniques of finite differencing in which repeated costly computations are replaced by more efficient incremental counterparts. Applications of this approach to summary data, integrity control, and triggers are discussed.


The Wireless Sensor Network is a special type of network and one of its main requirements refers to energy efficiency. This paper deals with the first step in tracking: localization in wireless networks, in which the energy resources are limited. The radio communications are provided by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard (ZigBee) and by testing in different indoor scenarios, with different power levels, it can be determined whether this standard can be successfully implemented in wireless sensor networks for tracking applications. The results of these measurements are presented in the paper and solutions are given to the issue of precision tracking with less power consumption.


The psychological factors behind Rome's racial prejudice against the Celts and shows at the same time the important Celtic contribution to the development of Roman culture.


(2006). Chinese Philosophy Should 'Speak for Itself' and 'Speak About Itself' Contemporary Chinese Thought: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 4-21.


The SN1 alkylating agents activate the mismatch repair system leading to delayed G2/M cell cycle arrest and DNA repair with subsequent survival or cell death. STAT1, an anti‐proliferative and pro‐apoptotic transcription factor is known to potentiate p53 and to affect DNA‐damage cellular response. We studied whether STAT1 may modulate cell fate following activation of the mismatch repair system upon exposure to the alkylating agent N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Using STAT1‐proficient or ‐deficient cell lines, we found that STAT1 is required for: (i) reduction in the extent of DNA lesions, (ii) rapid phosphorylation of T68‐CHK2 and of S15‐p53, (iii) progression through the G2/M checkpoint and (iv) long‐term survival following treatment with MNNG. Presence of STAT1 is critical for the formation of a p53‐DNA complex comprising: STAT1, c‐Abl and MLH1 following exposure to MNNG. Importantly, presence of STAT1 allows recruitment of c‐Abl to p53‐DNA complex and links c‐Abl tyrosine kinase activity to MNNG‐toxicity. Thus, our data highlight the important modulatory role of STAT1 in the signalling pathway activated by the mismatch repair system. This ability of STAT1 to favour resistance to MNNG indicates the targeting of STAT1 pathway as a therapeutic option for enhancing the efficacy of SN1 alkylating agent‐based chemotherapy.


In this paper we de ne functions of bounded n-variation, which we call BnV functions, and we establish some properties of such functions. These are a natural generalization of the space of BV functions. In particular, in the same way that the BV norm naturally allows functions with discontinuities along sets of codimension one, we show that BnV functions may have discontinuities along codimension n sets. One of our main results, generalizing a celebrated theorem of De Giorgi from the 50s, is that for BnV functions taking values in spheres, these singular sets are necessarily recti able, which means roughly that they look locally like Lipschitz submanifolds of the correct dimension. We also develop a new recti ability criterion and techniques for proving recti ability that are valid in more general situations. Our other main result shows that a version of the coarea formula holds for BnV functions. This is similar to the coarea formula for BV functions of Fleming and Rishel. In fact we prove that a distributional coarea formula and a form of the chain rule for Jacobians are valid in a still more general setting than BnV . This work is motivated by several considerations. First, the need for such a space of functions arises in connection with problems in the calculus of variations. In fact, the authors' interest in this question was stimulated by a problem about Gamma-limits of Ginzburg-Landau functionals. We also believe that BnV provides the proper framework for studying a number of related questions, such as some problems relating to dynamics of Ginzburg-Landau vortices and vortex laments. It may also o er an interesting perspective for studying questions about the singular set of harmonic maps. More generally, we hope that the potential usefulness of BnV is apparent from some of the results that we establish in this paper.


Warnings have been declared regarding the preparedness of a new generation of students arriving on college campuses across the United States. For twelve years, these students attended public schools under a federal policy enriched with political, social, and economic objectives. This policy was the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001, and the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence NCLB policies have had on students' academic preparedness and college readiness. This study analyzed data from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09) and the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) to determine the extent to which the learning culture created by NCLB policies have impacted students' and teachers' non-cognitive characteristics and college readiness indicators.


The invention relates to a device for moving an object (1) comprising a partition (2) having a spherical bearing linear bushing (3) is guided for linear movement by a thrust element (4), wherein the pushing member (4) one end (4a) comprising a support (5) for fixing the object (1) and the carrier (5) by movement of the other end (4b) of the thrust element (4) in the space can be positioned, and wherein (at the other end 4b) of the thrust element (4) around the end of at least three spherical joints (6) are secured, each of said joints (6) via a drive (7) connected to one (on the partition wall 2) fixed to the spherical joint (8) and with each drive (7), the distance between two associated joints (6, 8) is adjustable. The invention further relates to a robotic phantom for simulating the movement of cloth elements according to a physiologically realistic pattern and a method for testing / for the validation of a clinical apparatus, in particular a diagnostic, preferably radiological, or undergoing therapy, especially radiation-applying apparatus.


The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess the accuracy of sonography versus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for a diagnosis of primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma.


The increase of new power generation in Europe using renewable energy sources leads to the application of HVDC for high efficiency transmission. The growth of energy market and the development of the HVDC technology cause the multi-terminal HVDC system based on half-bridge MMC is one of the best option of transmission system, especially for offshore power grids. The aim of designing transmission systems is to obtain a network with high reliability. In this master thesis the reliability modelling of multi-terminal HVDC system based on half-bridge MMC is analysed as an important step to designing transmission networks. Firstly, the reliability of all subsystems related to the HVDC connection is modelled. The Modular Multi-Level Converter - Voltage Source Converter (MMC-VSC) is discussed from the lowest stage. After that, the converter unit and other components such as transformer, converter reactor, control system and DC switchyard in the connection are described by their reliability and is combined into a reliability model of a converter station. Two types of converter stations (onshore and offshore) and the cables assemble the system based on the case study. Two systems are modelled: Point-to-point and three-terminal configuration. In the three-terminal configuration, two scenarios are performed: with and without possibilities. The reliability modelled is performed using two approaches: analytical approach and Monte Carlo simulation. The reliability model of the subsystems and systems involve the availability, unavailability, outage duration, energy not transmitted, failure frequency, average duration per interruption, and the range of time between failures. After having the model and the reliability parameter, the reliability analysis is performed. From the analysis, it is found that the highest unavailability and thus the outage duration in onshore and offshore converter station are the transformer and the converter reactor, respectively. The offshore converter station is found to have the highest unavailability. The failure frequency, the average duration per interruptions, and the range of time between failures, which is produced by Monte Carlo simulation, can be applied for further action regarding the asset management of the system. The energy not transmitted through the point-to-point and three-terminal system is useful as a further research to choose which scenario is the most profitable.


Data from three subtests (language, mathematics, and social) scales of the 'lead Start Measures Battery (HSMB) were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS). The HSMB measures preschool development in language; mathematics, nature and science, perception, reading, and social development. The sample included 1,000 children (36-60 months old) who participated in the Head Start Program and received all language, mathematics, and social routing items in fall of 1985. Loadings on the first factor were high, and eigenvalues obtained from the PCA suggested that one (or possibly two) dimensions were present in the data. Loadings of rotated principal components suggested that at least three factc-:s corresponding to the subtests were present. The structure was clarified by MDS plots, showing that items were located in distinct sectors corresponding to their subtest. However, items having the highest IRT discrimination parameters were clustered toward the center, suggesting that the measures have a strong common factor and unique variance related to each subtest. Practically, this justifies both a common scale for all subtests when an overall measure of achievement is needed and individual subtest scaling when information on particular skills is required. Agreement between PCA and MDS can be used to reinforce the validity of the principal components model. Seven tables and four figures are provided. (SLD) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ***********************************************************************


An inflator simulation computer program, ISP, has been developed to facilitate the assessment of transient heat transfer models. In addition to providing for incorporation of new transient heat transfer models, this program has several other useful and unique features: 1) it allows gas to have multiple chemical components, 2) it allows gas to use temperature-dependent thermodynamic properties, 3) it can self-generate gas thermodynamic properties through linkage to a chemical kinetic package CHEMKIN, and 4) it allows the users to use either cubic spline or polynomial curve fitting to smooth the noise tank test data. This program can simulate three basic tasks: inflator tank test analysis using either the average temperature method or the dual pressure method, tank test simulation, and bag deployment analysis.


ATHEROSCLEROTIC renal artery disease may present with hypertension and/or renal failure.1-3Several recent reports suggest that total occlusion of the renal artery, or end-stage renal disease secondary to atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, may not be as uncommon as previously thought.4,5Renal revascularization has been successfully performed on this high-risk group of patients for preservation of renal function.1,3,5-7Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has also been employed as a safe and effective procedure when dealing with atherosclerotic renal artery disease8-12and has been used to restore blood flow to a totally occluded renal artery.13,14 We report herein a case in which PTA of the renal artery was performed for restoration of renal function. Initially, the patient had a technically successful result, but she died suddenly nine days after the procedure from rupture of the renal artery. Report of a Case A 56-year-old woman was admitted to the


In this paper the process of modeling a decorative mask for the electrical installation components is given as well as a mold design for mold injection of this part. A numerical simulation of the injection molding process was carried out in order to validate the part and mold design, and to check the process parameters. In continuous, based on the relevant factors, an injection machine was selected.


A novel integrate and dump receiver for clock signals is presented. The integrate and dump topology is known to be power efficient, but depends on a external clock signal. Here, we introduce a topology that auto generates the dump signal and hence can be used as a clock receiver. The proposed architecture is of special interest for clock channels as it accepts short pulses, instead of a 50 % duty cycle clock, as input signal. This allows big power savings by using pulsed lasers for clock generation in place of continuous wave lasers and optical modulators. The proposed receiver includes inherent duty cycle control and outputs, independent of the input, a 50 % duty cycle clock signal. Finally, the proposed topology is compared to classical approaches and is found to be the most power efficient solution in terms of overall optical link power consumption.


Cerebral palsy (CP) is heterogeneous with different clinical types, comorbidities, and brain imaging patterns, causes, and now also heterogeneous underlying genetic variants. Few are solely due to severe hypoxia or ischemia at birth. Epidemiological studies have shown that the origins of most Cerebral Palsy are prior to labour. Increased risk is associated with preterm delivery, congenital malformations, intrauterine infection, foetal growth restriction, multiple pregnancy, and placental abnormalities. Hypoxia at birth may be primary or secondary to pre-existing pathology. Until recently; 1-2% of Cerebral Palsy (mostly familial) had been linked to causative mutations. Recent genetic studies of sporadic Cerebral Palsy cases using new-generation sequencing show that 14% of cases have likely causative single-gene mutations and up to 31% have clinically relevant copy number variations. The genetic variants are heterogeneous and require function investigations to prove causation. Whole genome sequencing, fine scale copy number variant investigations, and gene expression studies may extend the percentage of cases with a genetic pathway. Clinical risk factors could act as triggers for Cerebral Palsy Jaya Dixit, Royana Singh, Animesh KumarGenetic Insight into Cerebral Palsy EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. IV, Issue 9 / December 2016 8061 where there is genetic susceptibility. These new findings should refocus research about the causes of these complex and varied neurodevelopment disorders.


Modern semantic analyses of epistemic language (incl. the modal must) can be characterized by the 'credence assumption': speakers have full certainty regarding the propositions that structure their epistemic states. Intuitively, however: a) speakers have graded, rather than categorical, commitment to these propositions, which are often never fully and explicitly articulated; b) listeners have higherorder uncertainty about this speaker uncertainty; c) must φ is used to communicate speaker commitment to some conclusion φ and to indicate speaker commitment to the premises that condition the conclusion. I explore the consequences of relaxing the credence assumption by extending the argument system semantic framework first proposed by Stone (1994) to a Bayesian probabilistic framework of modeling pragmatic interpretation (Goodman and Frank, 2016).1


Long referred to as the powerhouses of human cellular function, mitochondria are responsible for converting nutrients derived from food into adenosine triphosphate, the principal intracellular energy source on which normal eukaryotic cell function is entirely dependent. Although disease of the mitochondria is still considered to be relatively rare, diagnosis of the many mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders is on the rise, and it remains the most prevalent group of inherited neurometabolic diseases. Diagnosis is complicated by poor differentiation between signs and symptoms of other diseases, and the testing process is rigorous at best. Along with pharmaceutical intervention, nutrition is the primary means of support in these individuals, with a focus on adequate energy intake coupled with cofactor and vitamin supplementation. Unfortunately, as with all rare diseases, there is a distinct lack of adequate research to support one treatment over another. This article examines the current research regardi...


Introduction: Biomedical waste (BWM) management is currently a burning issue more so with the increasing healthcare facilities and increasing waste generation. erefore knowledge regarding the segregation and disposal of BMW is essential for the healthcare workers. Aim and Objective: To determine the current knowledge and awareness of nursing students regarding the biomedical waste management. Material and Methods: is cross sectional observational study was conducted on nursing students (GNM final year) of Nursing College in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Mysuru. ey were asked to fill a predesigned questionnaire. e variables assessed were their knowledge and awareness of practices toward biomedical waste management. Results & Conclusion: A total of 45 students participated. e male 9(20%) and female 36(80%) ratio was 1:5, mean age of respondents was 21.75+1.47, on an average 80% are correct and 20% are incorrect for knowledge about biomedical waste management.73% are correct and 27% are incorrect for their awareness about the same. Results indicate that students had good knowledge and perception level about awareness practices of biomedical waste management. VOLUME-6 | ISSUE-5 | MAY 2017 | ISSN No 2277 8179 | IF : 4.176 | IC Value : 78.46 101 International Journal of Scientific Research Figure No. 1: Gender


THE FIRST TWO CONTINUOUSLY-REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED BY THE MISSISSIPPI STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT HAVE BEEN DESIGNATED AS EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS. THESE PAVEMENTS CONTAIN SEVERAL DESIGN FEATURES WHICH ARE RELATIVELY NEW IN THIS TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE PER- FORMANCE OF THE PAVEMENTS. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DESIGN FEATURES AND THE CONSTRUCTION METHODS USED FOR BOTH PAVEMENT IS PRESENTED. LONDITUDINAL MOVEMENTS OF THE PAVEMENT HAVE BEEN MEASURED PERIODICALLY, AS HAVE CRACK WIDTH CHANGES. CRACK SURVEYS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED, PARTICULARLY IN THE EARLY WEEKS AFTER CONSTRUCTION. DATA ON END MOVEMENTS, CRACK WIDTHS, AND CRACK FREQUENCY AND METHODS USED FOR OBTAINING THE DATA ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE MISSISSIPPI PAVEMENTS ARE THE FIRST TO BE PLACED ON A SOIL-CEMENT BASE, AND IN DE SOTO COUNTY, THE FIRST TO USE CONCRETE PILES AS A MEANS OF END ANCHORAGE.


of during The plate boundaries (spreading ridges, subduction zones, and transform faults) active each shown. For the Mesozoic and Cenozoic these plate boundaries are based on a synthesis of linear magnetic anomaly data and fracture zone locations compiled by PALEOMAP Project (International Lithosphere Program). The Mesozoic and Cenozoic orientation of the relative to the Earth's axis of rotation has been determined using a combination of paleomagnetic data and hot spot tracks. inferred floor The relative longitudinal intervening Paleozoic


This article engages the work of two prominent but recently deceased scholars of African Christianity—the Gambian Lamin Sanneh and the Cameroonian Fabien Eboussi Boulaga. It argues that their reinterpretation of Christianity is designed to develop an imagination of resistance in the context of western domination in Africa. Sanneh approaches the matter from a historical perspective through which he narrates the emergence of a new form of Christianity, leading to his important distinction between "world Christianity" and "global Christianity." Boulaga approaches the issue from the perspective of philosophical theology, through which he developed the "Christic model" as central to appropriating the Christian faith in Africa. The paper argues that one can hardly understand why Sanneh distinguishes between global and world Christianity and why Boulaga develops the radical Christic model, if one fails to locate their work within the framework of problematizing dynamics of western domination in Africa.


This paper is devoted to investigate experimentally the strength evaluation of normal strength and self-compacting reinforced concrete beams under the effect of impact. The experimental work includes investigating of eight (180 × 250 × 1,200 mm) beam specimens. Three variables are adopted in this paper: tensile reinforcement ratio, type of concrete (NSC (normal strength concrete) or SCC (self-compacting concrete)) and height of falling (dropped) ball (1 m or 2 m). The experimental results indicated that the number of blows increased with increasing of tensile reinforcement ratio and compressive strength by about 35% and 123%, respectively. Maximum mid-span deflection was increased with increasing falling height and decreased with increasing reinforcement ration and concrete compressive strength. The increasing of concrete compressive strength is more effective than increasing of the reinforcement ratio, it appeared that the percentage of increasing exceeds 50%. The ultimate strength is decreased with increasing the falling height for about 34%~44%.


Two simple, sensitive, accurate and economic methods A and B have been developed for the quantitative estimation of vancomycin hydrochlorid (VHC) and its formulations using another two drug compounds as a coupling reagents.The proposed methods are based on a coupling reaction between VHC and diazotized procain (method A) or diazotized sulphacetamide sodium (method B) in alkaline medium to form intense yellow, water-soluble dyes that are very stable and have a maximum absorption at 447 and 439 nm for methods A and B respectively. Regression analysis of Beer's law plots showed good correlation in the concentration ranges 1-28 and 1-45 μg ml -1 for methods A and B, respectively with a molar absorbtivity of 4.605×10 4 L mol -1 cm -1 and 4.516×10 4 L mol -1 cm -1 , Sandell's sensitivity of 0.032 g.cm -2 and 0.033 g.cm -2 for methods A and B respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD%) were less than 2.9 for both methods.The methods were successfully applied to the determination of VHC in bulk drug and its formulations.


Project management so important for implementation a project for avoid problem that can create disadvantages for owner or contractor, one of the problems that commonly occur in a project is a estimated cost and timework isn't fit with the planning. project construction The Construction Project of Regional Work Units Pekanbaru City Government Office late 75 days from contract duration. Work can more fast with 3 ways, alternative overtime work, alternative add more manpower and equipment, and alternative shift system. only work with critical path is working in. analysis result obtained cost of construction acceleration that caused by overtime alternative is Rp. 18,660,148.32, overtime implemented for 3 hours in a day. Workers and equipment additional alternative that adjusted by field requirement result is Rp 30,422,011,240.30 and shift alternative with day and night shift had equal productivity, with construction acceleration that caused by shift alternative is Rp 22,479,247,709.57. In conclusion, the most effective construction acceleration method is overtime alternative, obtained the minimum financial loss and recommended to use for the construction acceleration.


The expression of rat 24p3, encoded by the Lcn2 gene, has been associated with rat mammary carcinomas initiated by the neu oncogene (Stoesz and Gould, 1995). In this study, we assign the Lcn2 gene to rat chromosome band 3q12 by genetic linkage analysis.


This paper describes the improvement on coined solder surface of organic substrate to reduce flip chip assembly defects namely chip misalignment and contact non-wet. Roughening of the eutectic solder surface of the substrate helped to reduce bump misalignment for all packages especially for the tight bump pitch package. Additional pin reflow process for land grid array (LGA) substrates had proven to eliminate contact non wet issue. The surface morphology of the eutectic Sn/Pb bumps in the evaluations is characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The condition of the solder joint is confirmed by chip pull test, x-ray and electrical test, using open/short test program.


This article aims to analyze the process of construction of meanings of the words and expressions said by Dean Winchester, a character from the TV series Supernatural. Therefore, it is established a study on the process of translation, focusing on the identification of important characteristics of the subtitling process. Methodologically, it is adopted a rigorous observation of distinct translations performed both by professionals and amateurs in order to understand the "fit" and the construction of meaning between the original speech of the character (speech source) and its version into Portuguese through subtitles. Our corpus consists of some fragments lines episode of the series taken from the original box from the distributor of the series, as well as subtitles made available by "amateurs" on the Internet. The analysis indicates that amateur and professional translators translate the speeches and expressions differently, diverging the use of as a translation process. Therefore, it was found certain balance, but also meaningful differences in adaptations and choices made by the translators as they translated to the Brazilian socio-cultural context.


T.R. Hunter, 21 August 2012 Summary At the recent Cycle 1 Observing Modes workshop held in Socorro in July 2012, it was recommended that integration durations should remain at 2 seconds for TDM and (as a compromise to limit the data volume) at 6 seconds for FDM observations. Furthermore, these values should be used even if the TelCal-derived water vapor radiometer (WVR) phase corrections are applied online at 1 second intervals. These proposed decisions have led to a concern that (in aggregate) the Cycle 1 data product will exceed the computing specification on the average data rate due to the popularity of FDM windows. In response, it has been argued that integrations as short as 6 seconds are not scientifically necessary for FDM observations, and we can simply use longer integrations to avoid the problem with data volume. The purpose of this brief document is: (1) to emphasize the importance of self-calibration to ALMA, (2) to demonstrate that self-calibration on short timescales (≤ 6 seconds) is indeed possible in a significant fraction of observations, and (3) to list a few FDM science cases where self-calibration on timescales of 6 seconds (or even less) will lead to improved results. We conclude that the Phase II Group (P2G) and Contact Scientists (CS) need to be able to apply discretion when choosing the FDM integration time on the basis of the science goals and the science target brightness. To compensate the effect on average data rate, the use of online channel-averaging should be encouraged by the CS for all FDM projects to the extent allowable by the science goals.


The computer simulation method is used to study the crashworthiness of car bumper system. Firstly, the CAD model of the car and bumper system is established in CATIA. The pre-processing for the model is finished in Hyper-Mesh and the finite element model is established. Then the process of crash simulation is calculated in Pam-Crash. The simulation results are compared with the test results to verify the accuracy of the finite element model. Finally, the low-speed crash simulation of the bumper system is conducted. The crash displacement and deformation of the bumper system are forecast through the process of simulation, which can provide a reference for the next design and improvement.


Excerpt] Their signs declare: "We believe in ourselves." They speak about values: we cut our apples in half and share them; those who are strong carry those who are weaker until they can become stronger They talk about emotional connections; commitment from both the head and heart. They talk about constantly learning. They talk about telling stories; listening; forming relationships. If you think those words have nothing to do with union organizing, think again. Over 6600 clerical and technical workers—at one of the nation's most prestigious private universities and one of the largest public universities in the country—have organized guided by this kind of talking union. Those 6600 workers are now members of the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME).


In the present work, the generation and properties of Bronsted acidic bridging OH groups (Si(OH)Al) in Rh-, Ir-, Pd-, and Pt-containing zeolites Y were quantitatively investigated by multinuclear solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The number of Si(OH)Al groups formed per noble metal atom upon their reduction was found to be 0.3 to 1.3 instead of the theoretically expected values of 2 (Pd2+, Pt2+) or 3 (Rh3+, Ir3+). For zeolites Y with low noble metal loadings, a significantly lower acid strength of Si(OH)Al groups in comparison with those of H,Na–Y zeolites occurred. Interestingly, noble metal-containing zeolites Y with lower acid strength have a significant content of not completely reduced noble metal atoms with partially cationic character. The spatial distribution of Si(OH)Al groups in noble metal-containing zeolites Y was found to differ significantly from that in H,Na–Y zeolites. This effect is explained by the migration of a significant content of noble metal atoms into the sodalite cages of zeolites Y ...


In order to evaluate the effect on car movements of road information transmitted by terminals on board vehicles, the SIER and INRETS, with the technical support of the SRILOG company, realized within the framework of the CITIES project a study aiming at modelling the choice of itineraries by drivers. From the inquiries made to the drivers having experimented with vocal or visual road information terminals, on their home-to-work trip, a behavioral model describing in particular the changes of itinerary according to the information received was established. This model was later transposed into a global model using INTEGRATION software. Several scenarios, varying in particular the rate of equipment of drivers with onboard systems (5%, 10% and 15%), were tested. The results show the positive, although limited, effect of onboard terminals on the global fluidity of the network. Among the three rates tested, the 10% equipment rate constitutes an optimum which maximises the collective gains. For the covering abstract, see IRRD 490001.


Abstract After the first report of the synthesis and deblocking of some 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (SE) glycosides by Lipshutz and coworkers,1 a few more papers appeared describing facile deprotection of the SE group in such glycosides or some of their derivatives.2 We have employed the SE glycosides of D-galactose,3a,b D-glucose, D-galacto-samine, D-glucosamine,3c D-lactose,3d and neuraminic acid3e very extensively in our work on oligosaccharide synthesis. We have found that the SE group possesses a useful combination of properties, namely, stability over a wide range of pH which makes many experimental manipulations possible, and easy removability under certain specific but mild conditions.


The article touches upon the problems of spiritually-moral education of students, issues related to moral guidance in life goals, the ratio of students to career choice factors that influenced the formation of their personality, the attitude of students toward healthy lifestyles, and ways of solving problems spiritually-moral education of students.


The procedure for determine if a floor design will result in annoying vibrations due to walking in the American Institute of Steel Construction Design Guide 11 Floor Vibrations due to Human Activity is based on single degree of freedom response with a number of assumptions which reflect actual occupant conditions. Understanding the development of the procedure is necessary when comparing the results of field testing of problem floors. Development of the procedure, its accuracy when compared to a large data base of tested floors, and comments on appropriate testing protocols are presented.


Abstract Experiments have been performed on smooth bore guns to obtain quasi-isentropic compression in tungsten to stresses approaching 250 GPa. Quasi-isentrophic loading was introduced in the material either by using graded density or layered impactors. Results of these experiments indicate that the quasi-isentrope lies above the Hugoniot up to ∼140 GPa, contrary to initial expectations. These results suggest that the dynamic yield strength of the material is higher for the relatively slower rates of isentropic loading.


Very high flux densities of suprathermal electrons with energies up to several hundred keV, can be produced by focusing high power laser beams to small spots on solid surfaces. If these suprathermal electrons can be confined in a sufficiently small volume, they can produce significant 3p ..-->.. 3s and 4 ..-->.. 3 population inversions in highly stripped medium Z ions.


Data File: A key to future success in Medicare risk may be how well you manage your frail elderly members who have multiple health problems and chronic conditions. While they may just be a handful of patients in your panel now, data from the U.S. Census Bureau show their numbers are growing.


The Fujibo-type auto-doffer is an automatic doffing machine designed for use with existing ring spinning frames in service in ordinary spinning mills. It is of the continuous multi-cop doffing type and usuable anywhere if the present arrangement of the spinning frames in a mill leaves a space of not less than 330 millimeters from the nearest pillar to either side of a ring spinning frame in a straight line with one side of its gear-end and out-end frames. The auto-doffer, specifically built in two symmetrical types for use on either the right or left side of the spinning frame, must be carried separately to one end of each ring spinning frame. Once placed on a pair of rails laid along the sides of the spinning frame, it automatically moves back and forth, doffing cops and donning bobbins in its forward movement at a speed of two per second and returning at four times the speed of its forward movement. The time required for the whole doffing operation is about 2 1/2 minutes. End-breakage caused by the operation of this machine, including that caused by starting the spinning frame, is about 2.5 °% of the total number of spindles, according to experimental data obtained by using this type of auto-doffers on 30 spinning frames. This gives us the assurance that the doffer can be used in any existing mills with complete facility of spinning operations. 1. Its Type and Features The Fujibo-type auto-doffer belongs to the continuous multi-cop doing type and is specially designed for service in existing spinning mills. With a space of not less than 330 millimeters available from the nearest pillar to the side line of a ring spinning frame extending from one side of its gearend frame, the doffer can be used without any alteration in the present arrangement of the equipment or the building. No rails need be laid on the floor. Guide rails have to be laid and a cop conveyor for the auto-doffer has to be installed along the spindle rail of the spinning frame. Figs. 1 through 5 show the general look and the components of the Fujibo-type AD. 2. Build, Function and Operation 2-1. Primary Function


The Research Study and the Sample Areas The Parents and Carers The Children Social Work Practice and Agency Policy Social Work Practice in the 220 Cases The Nature and Extent of Family Involvement Characteristics Associated with Working in Partnership.


An experimental test of DuBridge's theory of the total energy distribution of photoelectrons. Photoelectrons were released from an outgassed Mo filament placed at the center of a large collecting sphere connected to an FP-54 amplifier and current-voltage curves obtained for filament temperatures from 300 to 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The effect of temperature on the tail of these curves is quite pronounced, and when analyzed by DuBridge's method the curves show an excellent agreement with the theory. The derived energy distribution curves are also in general agreement with the theory and show, at room temperature, a most probable energy much closer to the maximum energy than obtained by other investigators. Further analysis of the theoretical curves has shown that fortunately they are of such a form that the temperature effect has probably not introduced appreciable errors in the determinations of $h$ by the photoelectric method.


: Industrialization and urbanization has led to depletion of high quality construction materials. The cost of construction materials is increasing significantly, so are their availability. So alternate construction materials are to be found and exploited. The material Phosphogypsum and fly ash has been found to have certain properties which can be useful in the construction. Phosphogypsum is the primary byproduct of the wet-acid process for producing phosphoric acid from phosphate roc and fly ash is the by-product of coal. The aim of the project is to develop a sustainable concrete with improved strength, durability and having less maintenance by utilizing Phosphogypsum and fly ash. Mechanical strength for compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength were conducted to find the optimum usage of alternative materials with proportions of 5%, 10% and 15% of total weight of concrete and durability tests of sulphate , chloride resistance and corrosion test were performed. From the studies, it is concluded that long term strength and durability has increased when fly ash concrete is modified by partially replacing cement with 10% of phosphogypsum.The phosphogypsum increases the workability of the concrete due to the combined lubricating effect of fly ash and phosphogypsum. The strength properties are similar to the addition of fly ash in concrete.From durability studies of rapid chloride permeability, with the inclusion of fly ash, chloride ingress capacity of concrete is decreased. Pore refinement and grain refinement due to reaction between fly ash and liberated lime improves impermeability. The reduction in permeability of concrete is mainly due to filling of the pores and voids with calcium carbonate precipitation.


The domain orientation switching phenomena in the ferroelastlc material LaNbO4 were observed by means of a time-of-flight neutron diffraction technique using a position-sensitive area detector. When stress is applied to the direction nearly perpendicular to (100) of one of the domains in the specimen, the a- and c-axes are easily transformed into the c- and a-axes of another domain, respectively. The domains with [001] nearly parallel to the stress direction do not switch orientation. Thus, the domain which occupied 34% of the specimen at the initial stage expanded up to 92% of the total volume by switching from other orientated domains. The estimated stress was 600 gW/mm2 at the final stage. The mechanism of switching orientation can structurally be interpreted by a small rotation and a small displacement of NbO4 tetrahedra at the domain boundary which is a transient zone with a prototype structure.


Global markets, increased technology, information overload, corporate mergers, and complex products and services have combined to make the buying/selling process more complicated than ever. Salespeople must understand and balance these factors to survive amid a broad spectrum of competition. Moreover, a lot of what the typical old-time salesperson did as recently as ten years ago is now done by e-commerce. The new sales professional has to capture and maintain customers by taking a consultative approach and learning to unearth the four pieces of information critical to buyers, none of which e-commerce alone can yield. The Sales Advantage will enable any salesperson to develop long-term customer relationships and help make those customers more successful—a key competitive advantage.


The fission probability and the mean square deviation of position as a function of time are calculated by solving the Langevin equation directly with a computer generated randon force. The fesults are compared with the results by Weidenmiiller et al. which are obtained by solving the Fokker-Planck equation numerically. The method may be easy to extend to multiple dimension cases.


There have been many proposals for secure hash algorithms, and some of them have been in use for a while. However, in time many of them have proven insecure. One of the major reasons for this defeat is the advancements in technology. The defeated efforts of many researchers suggests that we should work on some guidelines or principles for the design of hash functions. This thesis presents some principles for the design of secure hash algorithms. Hash algorithms are classified based on whether they apply a block cipher as the underlying one-way function or not.
For a block-cipher-based hash scheme, if the underlying block cipher is secure against chosen plaintext/ciphertext attack, the hash scheme is secure against meet-in-the-middle attack. We develop structures, based on DES-like permutations and assuming the existence of pseudorandom function generators, which can be adopted for the structure of the block-cipher-based hash schemes and also the underlying block ciphers to be used in such schemes.
Non-block-cipher-based hash functions include a spectrum of many different proposals based on one-way functions from different branches of mathematics. So, in the other part of the thesis, generalized schemes for the construction of hash functions are developed, assuming the existence of a one-way permutation. The generalized constructions are improvements upon the Zheng, Matsumoto and Imai's hashing scheme, based on the duality between pseudorandom bit generators and hash functions, but they incorporate strong one-way permutations. It is shown that we can build such strong permutations with a three-layer construction, in a theoretical approach. Two schemes for the construction of families of strong one-way permutations are also proposed.


Lysine acetylation plays a critical role in cellular regulation and is implicated in human disease. Sirtuin deacetylases remove acetyl groups from modified lysine residues, and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) has been identified as a target for cancer therapeutics. Robust and high-throughput screening methods for these targets will be important to the development of therapeutics. This article describes the use of self-assembled monolayer desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, or SAMDI-MS—a label-free drug discovery tool—to characterize SIRT3 activity and discover inhibitors. SAMDI-MS was used to analyze a peptide array having 361 distinct acetylated peptides to identify an active SIRT3 substrate (GYKAcRGC). This peptide was used in a screen of 100,000 small molecules to identify inhibitors of SIRT3. A total of 306 SIRT3 inhibitors were identified, with one compound, SDX-437, having an IC50 of 700 nM with >100-fold selectivity for SIRT3 over SIRT1.


The cost of investigation for criminal case refers to the whole expenses which investigation department spend clear up the case in process of investigation.Research on investigation cost for criminal case is to draw analysis between cost and income in economics into investigation process,to analyze its formation and main factor from the essential and economic aspect,and to bring its efficacy into full play on present condition.


A new concept for the improvement of the downstream processing and purification is the so‐called magnetic separation. By using surface functionalized magnetic substrate particles, which selectively adsorb the target product, it can be directly separated out of a crude bioprocess stream. These methods are already used for analytical purposes, where only small amounts of functionalized particles are necessary. To apply the same concept at a larger scale, effective and economical procedures have to be provided. First, suitable process equipment has to be developed. Second, the magnetic particles have to be manufactured with a stable surface functionalization and long‐term stability for their reuse. Up to now mainly high‐gradient magnetic separation filter devices are applied for selective magnetic separation. They consist of a magnetic matrix in which the magnetic particles are trapped. In this work, a new magnetic filter is introduced that overcomes the capacity limitations of the current high‐gradient magnetic separation technology. The principle is demonstrated by selective recovery of lysozyme from hen egg white. Prior to the separation experiments magnetic beads with a strong acid cation‐exchange surface functionalization are synthesized. The separation procedure is implemented in only one unit operation. With the implementation of the displacement elution sequence lysozyme can be separated out of a hen egg white solution with a purification factor of PF=36 and a purity P=0.83.


The present invention provides an easy to manufacture stator core, can each phase winding arranged in the circumferential direction of the stator core, even heterogenized, does not change in the axial length of the linear motor. The structure is linear pulse motor with a stator and the mover, the stator poles has a plurality of projections spaced at equal angles radially inwardly disposed, there are formed a plurality of stator salient poles in the axial direction along the circumferential surface of the small the teeth of the stator core, the mover can be supported to move axially within the stator has on its outer circumferential surface with the stator teeth in the opposite axial direction at equal pitch plurality of mover teeth formed in the movable stator core.


(57) and Abstract] The present invention is a head 12, particularly retention of the nail 10 on the axis of the elongated body portion 14 when the floor joists are used to strike the coating material to the studs of the roof of the bracket or wall, to improve the relates nail 10 having a body portion 14 in which two parts 18, 20 that are deformed or slip is formed. Enhanced holding power is caused by the second anti-slip portion 20 about 2-25% larger in diameter than the first slip portion 18 of the body 14.


INTRODUCTION: Upper limb surgeries are mostly performed under peripheral blocks; the brachial plexus block. Peripheral nerve blocks not only provide intraoperative anaesthesia but also prolong analgesia in the post-operative period. Although studies have described the effects of dexmedetomidine on neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks, till date, there are limited number of studies available on the effect of adding dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine for an axillary brachial plexus block. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of adding 1 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine for an axillary brachial plexus block to assess the onset and duration of sensory and motor block along with duration of analgesia in the postoperative period. METHODS: Hundred patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I/II, scheduled to undergo forearm and hand surgeries, were enrolled for the prospective randomized, double blind placebo controlled study. Patients were divided into two equal groups. Group I (Control Group): 39 ml of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine + 1 ml of isotonic saline. Group II (Study Group): 39 ml of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine + 1 ml of dexmedetomidine (1 µg/kg) solution. RESULTS: The results showed that the onset of sensory and motor block are significantly shorter in group II (study group)(p<0.05) while the duration of blocks were significantly longer in group II (p<0.05) along with better postoperative analgesia. None of the patients had bradycardia, hypotension or any other side effects in either of the groups. CONCLUSION: Addition of dexmedetomidine (1µg/kg) to 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine shortens the onset time of sensory and motor block significantly, increases the duration of sensory and motor block and prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia without any side effects.


Significance Particle-laden flow is ubiquitous in physiological and diagnostic systems, where usually the particles (e.g., colloidal particles, cells, macromolecules, etc.) gain a nonzero net surface charge when suspended in an aqueous phase. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been the most popular material used for microfluidic fabrications for the past two decades. Its high gas permeability is well appreciated, but the possible influence of gas leakage on the motion of charged particles has not been recognized. By systematic experiments and model calculations, we demonstrate that initial (early time) gas leakage through PDMS can create a charge-dependent accumulation of particles in common channel flows by diffusiophoresis and show that the phenomenon can be applied to concentrating and collecting proteins. We identify a phenomenon where the onset of channel flow creates an unexpected, charge-dependent accumulation of colloidal particles, which occurs in a common-flow configuration with gas-permeable walls, but in the absence of any installed source of gas. An aqueous suspension of either positively charged (amine-modified polystyrene; a-PS) or negatively charged (polystyrene; PS) particles that flowed into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel created charge-dependent accumulation 2 to 4 min after the onset of flow. We unravel the phenomenon with systematic experiments under various conditions and model calculations considering permeability of the channel walls and CO2-driven diffusiophoresis. We demonstrate that such spontaneous transport of particles is driven by the gas leakage through permeable walls, which is induced by the pressure difference between the channel and the ambient. Since the liquid pressure is higher, an outward flux of gas forms in the flow. We also observe the phenomenon in a bacterial suspension of Vibrio cholerae, where the fluorescent protein (mKO; monomeric Kusabira Orange) and bacterial cells show charge-dependent separation in a channel flow. Such experimental observations show that diffusiophoresis of charged particles in an aqueous suspension can be achieved by having gas leakage through permeable walls, without any preimposed ion-concentration gradient in the liquid phase. Our findings will help resolve unexpected challenges and biases in on-chip experiments involving particles and gas-permeable walls and help understand similar configurations that naturally exist in physiological systems, such as pulmonary capillaries. We also demonstrate potential applications, such as concentrating and collecting proteins below the isoelectric point.


The 2002 and 2005 recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction at the acute stage are reviewed. Primary angioplasty should, whenever possible, constitute the default strategy, but intravenous thrombolysis still has an important role, particularly in the first few hours following symptom onset.


Under the cover of thick clouds and blinding sun, a drone assignation takes place in the Middle East. Interception of internet messages leads US authorities to a 16-year-old Anonymous group member.


Abstract: Pheochromocytoma is rarely observed during pregnancy. The diagnosis is often overlooked for the more common pre-eclampsia. Maternal prognosis depends on early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management prior to tumor resection. The literature is replete with mistakes in diagnosing and managing this disease. We report 3 cases of pheochromocytoma during pregnancy each with varied presentation, management, and culmination.


anterior position. The more experienced practitioner may wish to extend the range of his intervention, but this should be limited to institutional conditions. There are many general practitioners in this country, including several of our former house-surgeons, who are using the instrument successfully. Further extension of this trend would help to reduce the dan gers of forceps in unpractised hands and lead to improved figures for infant survival in the home, as we believe it has in the hospital.


We successfully demonstrated a multispectral remote sensing system based on our reported spectral imaging design. Dynamic spatial filters such as electronically selected slits were used to select desired bandpass spectrum at a Fourier plane of its optical system. Minimum 9 nm spectral resolution and 0.6° field of view has been achieved. In addition, compact prototype system packaging with a dimension of 17×11×8 inch has been attained. The real-time spectral imaging system capable of wide spectral band operation with simultaneous fine spectral resolution is particularly useful for a variety of defense, medical, and environmental monitoring applications.


To accurately and efficiently predict the effects of creep and shrinkage on the time dependent behaviour of concrete structures, two basic prerequisites are necessary: (i) reliable data for the creep and shrinkage characteristics of the particular concrete mix; and (ii) analytical procedures for the inclusion of these time effects in the design of concrete structures. An earlier report (UNICIV r-234) contained a review and comparison of current methods for the prediction of the creep and shrinkage properties of concrete. This report is concerned with the second of the above prerequisites. The most well known and popular methods for the time dependent analysis of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures are outlined and their strengths and weaknesses are discussed. The gradual redistribution of stress on an axially loaded, symmetrically reinforced section is calculated using each method and results are compared. The age adjusted effective modulus method is one of the most efficient procedures, in terms of both accuracy and ease of solution, and should find most favour with practising engineers (a).


Tuberculosis (TB) is an epidemic affecting one-third of the world's population, mostly in developing and low-resource settings. People having active pulmonary TB are considered highly infectious; therefore, it is critical to identify and treat these patients rapidly before spreading to others. However, the most reliable TB diagnostic methods of bacterial culture or nucleic acid amplification are time-consuming and expensive. The challenge of TB diagnosis lies in highly sensitive and specific screening with low cost. Here, we present an LNA-modified microtip-sensor, which is capable of selectively detecting low-abundance DNA from bacteria. When genomic DNA of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG, a surrogate marker of Mycobacterium bovis), and genomic DNA of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epi) are used, the microtip-sensor yields the detection limit of 1,000 copies/mL within 20 minutes. The high sensitivity and specificity approaching nucleic acid amplification methods can potentially overcome the current challenges for rapid TB screening.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


In this paper, a microcomputer-based simulation game designed for a specialized marketing curriculum, food marketing, is described. In this simulation, student groups are responsible for operating a supermarket for a one-year period, and receive feedback after each of fifty-two weekly decisions. In order to achieve portability and flexibility, the programs were written in the C programming language.


This study examined the number of text lookbacks encouraged by tutors, appropriate text sampling, and the use of other strategic text behaviors (i.e., rewording, segmenting, and commenting). Eighty pairs of students, (one fifth-grade tutor and one third-grade confederate) worked with an expository text passage; an investigator observed and noted any evidence of the strategic behaviors while the con federate was answering five questions with the tutor's assis tance. It was expected that there would be good comprehender (40 tutors)?poor comprehender (the other 40 tutors) differ ences among the strategic behaviors. A series of analyses of variance were performed on the observational notation data; significant differences by reader proficiency level were found for all three strategies being studied. The use of a confederate in the tutoring role is proposed as a means of reducing tutee confounding. Currently much research effort is being expended on the nature and development of metacognition and of comprehension monitoring. These research studies have found that: younger and poorer readers have little awareness that they must make sense of text while read ing (Canney & Winograd, 1981; Garner & Anderson, 1981-82); younger and poorer readers tend to deal with language in "bits and pieces" rather than in contextual wholes (Garner, 1981; Rozin & Gleitman, 1977); poorer readers do not use strategies to resolve comprehension failure (Garner & Reis, 1981; Owings, Peterson, Brans ford, Morris & Stein, 1980; Paris & Myers, 1981); and adults do monitor their reading comprehension but fail to use appropriate "fix-up" strategies for comprehen sion problems (Baker, 1979; Baker & Anderson, 1982). The question now is: how can the error detection paradigm dilemma be resolved? Allen (1976) states that by placing a subject in a tutorial role where information must be explained in simple terms, the tutor comes to better understand the material. By comparing his/her abilities and competencies with those of younger chil dren, tutors discover that they may know more than they realized. Steinberg and Cazden (1979) suggest that when subjects are placed in tutorial roles, subjects may display surprising competence in dealing with educa tional tasks outside the teacher's span of direct control. A tutorial strategy may also help resolve reader pro duction deficiencies (Flavell, 1970) in that tutoring will induce subjects to spontaneously call up metacognitive skills. Brown and Campione (1981) state that "in spite of the evidence that the basic elements of self-regulation become part of a child's repertoire via the process of in ternalizing that which was originally social, most studies concerned with training self-regulation have not used social interactions as a vehicle for training, and most studies of metacognition have been concerned with self regulation during individual problem solving" (p. 526). Therefore, asking subjects to assume teaching roles could induce the subject/tutor to bring into focus meta cognitive knowledge about a cognitive task demand. In other words, a tutorial strategy may be a way of exter nalizing an internal process, such as metacognition. A paradigm that has been widely used to demonstrate the use or non-use of comprehension monitoring has been the error detection paradigm (e.g., Baker, 1979; Garner, 1981; Hahn, 1983; Markman, 1979). But, Winograd and Johnston (1980) state that "to assume Address correspondence to Amos L. Hahn, 418 West Walnut St., Lancaster, PA 17603. This content downloaded from 126.96.36.199 on Wed, 12 Oct 2016 04:06:13 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 332 Journal of Educational Research that metacognitive abilities are not well developed be cause subjects do poorly on error detection tasks is un warranted" (p. 18). Baker and Brown (1980, p. 20) list several factors other than inadequate comprehension monitoring that could account for current research find ings using this paradigm. Garner, Wagoner and Smith (in press) used a tutorial methodology to study the strategic text behaviors dis played by good and poor sixth-grade comprehenders while assisting fourth-grade tutees on the answering of questions from expository text. The strategic text behav iors of interest in this study were sixth graders': use of text lookbacks; differentiation of text-based and reader based questions; text sampling; and other strategic text behaviors. Significant differences by reader proficiency level were found. Good sixth-grade comprehenders en couraged tutees to look back and skim text to find answers to questions, rephrased questions for their tutee and differentiated between reader-based and text-based questions. Poor sixth-grade comprehenders rarely ex hibited these observed strategic text behaviors. A concern in the Garner et al. study was the fourth grade tutees' proficiency level and school interaction style brought to the experiment. With middle-range achieving fourth-grade students as tutees, some of the tutees asked questions of the tutors, some did not: some looked for affirmation of processing, some did not; some responded quickly, others slowly. Therefore, there was a degree of tutee confounding in this study. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a tutorial methodology would work with younger-aged subjects (fifth-grade tutors and third-grade tutees) in ex ternalizing metacognitive behaviors. In order to control for tutee confounding in this study, the third-grade tutees were trained as confederates. The questions tested were: 1) Do good and poor fifth-grade comprehenders differ in their use of text lookbacks to resolve compre hension obstacles at the post-reading, question answering stage? 2) Do they differ in their sampling of text to resolve comprehension obstacles? and 3) Do they differ in other strategic behaviors (e.g., rewording of questions, specifying the difficulty level of a ques tion, laying out a sequence of tasks)?