The 'violent reasoner' imagined by Diderot in the Encyclopedie article DROIT NATUREL is a dual-purpose rhetorical weapon. The violent reasoner's argument, intended to counter Hobbes's voluntarist contractualism, is also an oblique way of criticizing Rousseau's political philosophy. Rousseau, indirectly targeted by Diderot, adopts the same character at the same time, in the Geneva manuscript, with the clear aim of invalidating Diderot's arguments and conclusions concerning political law. Rousseau's aim is to show that his own contractualist proposal is the only possible solution to the political problem, but his 'independent enlightened man' runs the risk of giving La Mettrie's 'pre-Sadian' point of view its maximum speculative power. Sade, who inherits this dual critical conception of natural law theory, can hence be read as an author who uses Rousseau against Diderot before ditching his unwitting accomplice. A comparison of the different incarnations of Diderot's 'violent reasoner' - from Rousseau's 'independent enlightened man' to Sade's 'libertine villain' - allows us to compare the three authors' political theories and also reveals one of the Marquis's favourite literary strategies, namely the philosophical and logical subversion of the thinkers he admired.


Parsons and Bales maintain that the temporal organization of a group's activities is characterized by a periodic swing between internal and external imperatives. The phase hypothesis holds that at the societal level phases characterized by an emphasis on solving external problems will be accompanied by economic prosperity. Temporal organization is also characterized by adaptive upgrading in response to environmental demands and a concomitant secular trend, or increasingly external focus. To test these hypotheses, 3,209 roles featured on the cover of Time magazine from 1923 to 1988 were classified as either internal (educators, mass media, entertainers, athletes, celebrities, private interest group leaders, religious leaders, and labor leaders) or external (politicians, public interest group leaders, military, administrators, scientists, and foreigners). A Phase Index was determined by the proportion of external roles. The level of business activity was established by the Cleveland Trust Company's "America...


When it comes right down to it, what difference does environmental policy make for the actual level of environmental quality? And if it has no significant impact, which factors are most important in determining the condition of a given environmental medium? In most studies of the implementation of public policy it is, at least implicitly, assumed that the policy or program at issue would, if carried out effectively, make a difference with regard to the objectives being pursued. In the following report on the preliminary analysis of data collected in connection with a research project examining SO2 air quality control policy in six European Community countries and Switzerland, it is this assumption that is examined critically (for a comprehensive presentation of the research concept, see Knoepfel, 1982; Knoepfel, Weidner, and Hanf, 1980a and 1980b). In addition, the extent to which and the manner in which different interests are incorporated in control programs, thus enjoying privileged status (or relative disadvantage) during the implementation phase, is also considered. In particular we address, on the basis of the initial results of the comparative analysis, the following questions common to other studies of the implementation process:

1.

In what ways does the structure of environmental control programs affect the ability of different actors involved in the implementation process to promote their particular interests? How do these different actors attempt to assert their interests in earlier stages of the policy process (e.g., during the program formulation phase) so as to prestructure the implementation game to their advantage? (See, for example, Bardach, 1977; Sabatier and Mazmanian, 1982.)

2.

Is it possible to attribute changes in emitter behavior (viewed as the observable impact of policy implementation outputs) directly to implementation activities when environmental quality data are taken as the indicator for tendencies in emitter behavior?

3.

Is there any evidence that the institutionalization of public participation in the enforcement process strengthens the position of environmental actors in implementation activities?


In this study, the moisture management properties of plasma treated single jersey knitted fabric with different types of polyester yarns: spun polyester, continuous filament yarn and micro denier yarn with different linear densities were analysed and investigated. The moisture management properties of the same were measured using a moisture management tester. The results of the treated and untreated single jersey fabric were tested for their wetting time, absorption rate, maximum wetted radii, spreading speed, and overall moisture management capacity . It was observed that for the plasma treated fabrics, the time taken for wetting and the absorption rate of spun polyester are faster. Continuous filament polyester shows the maximum wetted radii, and the spreading speed and overall moisture management capacity (OMMC) of spun polyester significantly increases when compared with untreated fabrics. The plasma treatment significantly improved the overall performance of polyester fabric.


Chlamydia trachomatis is a pathogen of global public health significance. It is associated with trachoma (serovars A, B, B1 and C), lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV, serovars L1, L2 and L3) and genital infection (serovars D to K). Genital C. trachomatis infection can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and is a threat to the reproductive health of women in both developed and developing countries: the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 89 million new cases of genital C. trachomatis infection occur each year1. C. trachomatis eye infection is easily treated, and the WHO aims to eliminate trachoma blindness by 2020. In contrast, genital C. trachomatis infection and LGV will not be eliminated in the foreseeable future, as both are sexually transmitted infections (STI) with complex epidemiologies.


1. An apparatus (2, 3), comprising: a connecting unit (20-1, 20-2; 31) for releasably attaching the device (2) to the medical device (1) for delivering a medicament or for detachable installation in it at least portion of the medical device (1), wherein the medical device is an injection device or an infusion device iodine or more optical sensors (25, 26) for determining information relating to the state and / or the use of said medical device (1), wherein said determining e simvolov.2 comprises recognition. An apparatus (2, 3) according to claim 1, wherein said information regarding the status and / or use of said medical device (1) comprises at least information about the selected dose of medicament to be supplied by said medical ustroystvom.3. An apparatus (2, 3) according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein said medical device is a syringe for injection or infusion nasosom.4. An apparatus (2, 3) according to claim 1, wherein said one or more optical sensors (25, 26) comprise at least one optical sensor (25) operable to produce an image portion, the carrier information or part, displaying ( 13) information of said medical device (1), said device (2, 3) is arranged to character recognition obtained from said izobrazheniya.5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said apparatus is further configured to capture at least two images of said part carrying the information, or parts, displaying (13) the information, mention


Understanding the complexity of teaching also means understanding issues outside classrooms, including planning in mathematics. Although planning is part of a mathematics teacher's everyday life, t ...


X-ray mass absorption coefficients play an important role in the accu-racy of any XRF intensity calculation. It is necessary to determine the proper schemesfor providing satisfying values μ/p. In this work we examined and compared variousschemes. A program based on the existing schemes to provide more accurate andconvenient μ/p values was then introduced. The results from the program appears tobe tolerable.


Abstract The thesis here is that the concept of political religion (PR) is useful as a heuristic device or model to explore certain unique features of modern secular revolutionary and/or ultra‐nationalist movements and regimes which develop elaborate ideologies and public rituals. It depends on a broad or 'Durkheimian' definition of religion and is not to be confused with the politicisation of traditional religion, which can be found in varying forms in nearly all historic polities. The differences between modern civil religion (CR) and PR are examined, and some of the principal regimes and movements for whom PR may be a useful concept are analysed with regard to their similarities and differences. The conclusion is that both the politicisation of religion and the cultic forms of PR continue to characterise in varying ways some of the major radical new forces of the twentieth century, while much of the Western world tends toward an inchoate kind of incipient, not fully coded PR most simply characterised as Multicultural Political Correctness.


Review on SET (SET translocation (myeloid leukemia-associated)), with data on DNA, on the protein encoded, and where the gene is implicated.


Traditional firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS) and network analytics tools extensively use the 'flow' connection concept, consisting of five 'tuples' of source and destination IP, ports and protocol type, for classification and management of network activities. By analysing flows, information can be obtained from TCP/IP fields and packet content to give an understanding of what is being transferred within a single connection. As networks have evolved to incorporate more connections and greater bandwidth, particularly from "always on" IoT devices and video and data streaming, so too have malicious network threats, whose communication methods have increased in sophistication. As a result, the concept of the 5 tuple flow in isolation is unable to detect such threats and malicious behaviours. This is due to factors such as the length of time and data required to understand the network traffic behaviour, which cannot be accomplished by observing a single connection. To alleviate this issue, this paper proposes the use of additional, two tuple and single tuple flow types to associate multiple 5 tuple communications, with generated metadata used to profile individual connnection behaviour. This proposed approach enables advanced linking of different connections and behaviours, developing a clearer picture as to what network activities have been taking place over a prolonged period of time. To demonstrate the capability of this approach, an expert system rule set has been developed to detect the presence of a multi-peered ZeuS botnet, which communicates by making multiple connections with multiple hosts, thus undetectable to standard IDS systems observing 5 tuple flow types in isolation. Finally, as the solution is rule based, this implementation operates in realtime and does not require post-processing and analytics of other research solutions. This paper aims to demonstrate possible applications for next generation firewalls and methods to acquire additional information from network traffic.


A bifurcated stent graft, comprising a body and a body forming an acute angle with the side branch, side branch comprising a coating and provided only a first bare stent on a coating film, a portion of a first bare stent near the body and coating boundary, and within an acute angle with the apex region. Due to the apex region with a portion of the first bare stent attachment, the portion of the holder releases from the expanded first bare stent such that the apex region of the side branch can be effectively supported so that the film is not easy shortening, and easy guidewire enter. At the same time, does not require, in the first bare stent on the creation of an additional special attachment of the bare stent apex region, thus simplifying the manufacturing process bare stent, and the first bare stent provided only on the side branch, without crossing the main and side branch connecting portion, the waveform shaping is simple.


The quality of liquid-encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) grown GaAs substrates critically affects the final low-noise microwave device and circuit performance as evidenced by comparing Si-implanted undoped, In-alloyed, and whole-ingot annealed semi-insulating substrates. We investigated differences in Si-implant activation, electrical profiles, and uniformity of material, device, and circuit parameters. The best noise figure of 1.33 dB at 10 GHz was measured on a 0.5-µm low-noise FET fabricated on the high-pressure whole-ingot annealed LEC wafer. A noise figure of 2.0 dB with associated gain of 24 dB at 10 GHz was achieved for a monolithic two-stage low-noise amplifier (LNA) fabricated on the standard high-pressure LEC substrate.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term mental stress on cardiac autonomic function. Sixty healthy adults (35 males and 25 females), aged 20 32 years, were participated in this study. Resting electrocardiogram for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis at spontaneous respiration was recorded at rest and under stress. Time and frequency domain and nonlinear HRV metrics were used to assess the effect of mental stress. HRV measurements showed consistent differences between stress and non-stress phases; and are associated with parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathetic activation. Heart rate increased under stress phase reflecting lowered functionality of the cardiac pacemaker. This study indicates that stress has an impact on the cardiac autonomic function as measure by HRV.


Forty eight Yorkshire×Landrace piglets were used in two nitrogen balance trial to study the performance and protein(CP) and amino acid(AA) utilization of 40-days-old pigs fed diets with or without addition of microbial phytase at the dose of 500IU/kg diet.In trial one,phytase was added into diets with normal available phosphorus(AP)(0.36%)or low level AP(0.26%).The decrease of AP from 0.36% to 0.26% reduced average daily gain (ADG),feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) by 17.2%,7.4% and 11.2%,respectively(P0.01);ADG,FI and FCR increased by 10.8%,6.5% and 3.5% after the addition of phytase(P0.05).The improvement was greater for 0.26% AP than that for 0.36% AP.The addition of phytase to 0.36% AP diet did not affact the digestibility of phosphorus(P),CP and AA and the retention of P,but made CP biological value(BV) improved by 3.3%.However addition of phytase to 0.26% AP diet improved P digestibility,P retention and BV of CP by 12.8%,13.1% and 16.0%,respectively.In trial two,two diets were designed with same AP(0.26%) but different lysinelevel(0.97% vs 0.92%).The decrease of lysine from 0.97% to 0.92% reduced ADG and FCR(P0.01),and BV of CP(54.7% vs 51.5%)(P0.1),but enhanced essential AA ileal digestibility(P0.05),P digestibility and retention and lysine digestibility were not affected by the decrease of lysine.The addition of phytase enhanced ADG and FCR(P0.01),improved P digestibility and retention(P0.01),and BV of CP(P0.25) and lysine ileal digestibility (P0.25).It is concluded that,dietary addition of 500IU/kg phytase can significantly improved the performance of piglets and the utilization of dietary phosphorus and protein.The extent of improvement depends on the level of dietary phosphorus and lysine.


The establishment of a global framework recognising coaching competencies and qualifications is part of the International Council for Coaching Excellence key objectives for the period 2009-2015. It is partly for this reason that the South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC) has developed a framework for Long-Term Coach Development in order to identify, recruit, support and provide recognition to coaches (SASCOC, 2011). As part of a study exploring the impact of coach education on coaching practice, a national survey of lifesaving coaches was conducted (n = 120). This was done using the Survey Monkey® internet tool and targeted all coaches and administrators listed on the Lifesaving South Africa's database. Survey questions focused on obtaining a demographic profile, coaching experience and the foci of athlete training. Questions also sought to gather information on the coach education process, its content and the way it was assessed. Results from the survey indicated that 81% of respondents are volunteer coaches with an age range between 18 and 60 years. 50% of sampled coaches had been coaching lifesaving for between two and five years, mostly at the club level (96%). Coaches were asked where they had learnt to coach, and the most common responses were drawing from their own sporting experiences, watching other coaches and being self-taught. The implementation of a coach education programme through Lifesaving South Africa was well received, although only 54% felt that certification should be mandatory. It was through this preliminary data that an understanding of what the coaches' require in a coach education programme was gained.


Narrow, thread-like structures in the Sun's chromosphere are currently understood to be plasma guided along narrow tubes of magnetic flux. We report on 1 s cadence imaging spectroscopic measurements of the Hα line with the IBIS Fabry–Pérot instrument at the Dunn Solar Telescope, obtained +0.11 nm from line center. Rapid changes grossly exceeding the Alfvén speed are commonly seen along the full extent of many chromospheric threads. We argue that only an optical superposition effect can reasonably explain the data, analogous to striations of curtains blowing in the wind. Other explanations appear to require significant contrivances to avoid contradicting various aspects of the data. We infer that the absorbing plasma exists in two-dimensional sheet-like structures within the three-dimensional magnetofluid, related perhaps to magnetic tangential discontinuities. This interpretation demands a re-evaluation of basic assumptions about low-β solar plasmas, as advocated by Parker, with broader implications in astrophysics and plasma physics. Diverse, high-cadence observations are needed to further define the relationship between magnetic field and thermal fine structure.


At present,the gas for carrying cuttings in gas drilling system is commonly burnt or exhausted directly,which causes pollution of environment and waste of energy.A ground system was designed to separate drilling cuttings from gas in gas drilling.The system is composed of two-stage series-wound cyclone separators and two filters(one is spare).The high-cost drilling gas purified by this system can be recovered and recycled.The granularity and mass concentration of cuttings at inlet of cyclone separator were obtained on the basis of the concentration of the drilling cuttings at wellhead.The simulation test in laboratory indicated that the separation efficiency of cyclone separator could be above 99.5%,and drilling cuttings bigger than 10 μm in diameter could be removed absolutely.The field tests indicated that the system operated steadily and reliably.The diameters of drilling cuttings at the filter outlet were smaller than 5 μm,and the mass concentration was less than 0.05 mg/m3,which could meet the requirement of compressors.


There are a large number of different solutions for dosing liquid products on the world market today. There is no universal technology because the same substances can be dosed on different types of equipment. Thus, the manufacturer faces a difficult task: what type of equipment will be the most optimal for this purpose. These questions are a complex multicriteria scientific task, for the effective solution of which it is necessary to develop a technology for the synthesis of the system of authorization of fluid dosing using methods of multicriteria optimization in different conditions of information certainty. Goal. To develop the technology of synthesis of the liquid dosing system, which will allow to make a scientifi-cally based decision on the choice of hardware and software for the liquid dosing system in different conditions of information certainty. Methodology. The criteria for the selection of hardware and soft-ware for liquid dosing automation systems have been substantiated in the work. Based on the analysis of existing decision-making methods in different condi-tions of information certainty, mathematical models of hardware and software selection for fluid dosing automation have been developed, a physical model of liquid dosing system on the Arduino NANO / UNO microprocessor platform has been built. Results. The developed technology of liquid dosing system allows to determine the features of the project of synthesis of liquid dosing automation systems, develop models of hardware and software selection of liquid dosing automation systems. Originality. Methods using multicriteria optimization methods in different conditions of information certainty due to their extension to a new subject area were further developed. Math-ematical models of hardware and software selection for fluid dosing automation system have been devel-oped. Practical value. The theoretical results obtained are confirmed by building of a physical model of the liquid dosing system on the platform of the Arduino NANO / UNO microprocessor


A multi-objective criteria analysis was used to identify a proposed rail spur route with the optimal combination of low environmental impact, favorable engineering characteristics and economic feasibility. In Phase I of the three-phased alternatives analysis, 17 corridors were developed based on preliminary routing criteria defined by desirable environmental and socioeconomic features and engineering design constraints. In Phase II, the corridors were evaluated and ranked based on weighted environmental, socioeconomic, and engineering factors, in order to reduce the alternatives to four routes. The Phase III reanalysis of the top four routes included more detailed engineering studies and route modifications to further reduce potential impacts and project costs. Ultimately, the analysis was effective in distinguishing the least damaging, practicable alternative based on cost, logistics, existing technology and environmental impacts.


The utility model provides a fiber optic current sensor, including the laser instrument, the polarizer, fiber splitter, the optic fibre coil, polarization maintaining fiber, survey the wire, wollaston prism, light detector, and signal processor, laser beam via the polarizer fiber splitter that transmits to partially of the younger generation that sends of laser instrument wherein, two outputs of fiber splitter are connected to the input of an optic fibre coil respectively through polarization maintaining fiber, the output of every optic fibre coil is connected to a wollaston prism's input respectively through polarization maintaining fiber, every wollaston prism's output sets up two light detector respectively, these two light detector all connect a first signal processing unit, these two the first signal processing unit connect a second signal processing unit jointly, wherein one optic fibre surface coating in two optic fibre coils has electromagnetic shield layer.


With the explosive growth of network applications and complexity,Internet worms become a major threat to the network security. Modern worms can spread so quickly,and so widely,that no human-mediated can hope to contain the outbreak. In this paper,first some concepts about worm are presented. Next we introduce the critical techniques of Internet worm detection. Finally the summery and trends of worm detection technique are given.


The societal requirement for improving the safety of automobiles has become stronger year after year. Safety, in addition to clean emissions, are the most important keywords for automobiles. There are two basic technologies to improve safety. One is passive safety which tries to minimize the damage of passengers in case of an accident. The other is active safety which tries to prevent the accident itself. In response to passive safety needs, Hitachi has developed a crash sensor and an air bag module for the air bag systems. Hitachi's electrostatic capacitive crash sensor has an active self-diagnostic function with a three-layer structure. Hitachi's air bag module uses this crash sensor and Hitachi's H8 microcomputer. In response to active safety needs, Hitachi developed a controller for an antilock brake system (ABS). Furthermore, Hitachi is developing sensing technologies for the future, such as the smart camera unit for recognizing situations in front of the vehicle.


level: interMediate I t's official: The "Age of Cell Therapy" has arrived. A robust pipeline of cell therapies, with increasing numbers of both earlyand late-stage clinical trials as well as FDA-approved commercial products that have entered the market already, strongly indicates that the cell therapy industry is poised to emerge as a distinct healthcare sector (1). Renewed investor interest and recent activity among major pharmaceutical companies suggest that this industry will rapidly develop the capability and capacity to be a highly competitive, sustainable, multibillion-dollar enterprise. But when commercialization comes, will companies be ready to meet the enormous demand for viable cells? The maturing field of automated cell cultivation using highly specialized bioreactor designs and stringent bioprocess controls will be crucial for the development of biomanufacturing technologies suitable for clinical-grade production of future cytotherapeutics. However, unlike well-established therapeutic modalities (pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, and medical devices), the broad spectrum of highly diverse cell therapies in development requires a customizable manufacturing platform that is flexible enough to accommodate bespoke cellular designs yet rigorous enough to consistently produce a complex, viable product: living cells. As for those widely integrated pillars of medicine, however, the unique core competencies and underlying scientific principles of platform technologies used in manufacturing cell-based products will ultimately define their potency, purity, stability, efficacy, safety, and quality. In addition to other special challenges (e.g., constraining the innate protean nature of polymorphically active cells, assessing the variableness of their multipotencies, and tracking highly personalized medicines), creatively addressing manufacturingrelated issues is key for successful bioengineering of cell products at an industrial scale. As in other biotechnology applications such as the mass production of therapeutic antibodies or live-attenuated virus vaccines, bioengineered cell therapies will critically depend on bioreactor-based manufacturing systems (2). Intended as a means to create and maintain a controlled physiochemical culture environment, bioreactors represent a key element for the automated, standardized, traceable, cost-effective, safe, and regulatory-compliant manufacture of cell-based products for clinical applications. The realization that industrializing the cell therapy industry will require pioneering manufacturing systems has promoted interactions among scientists, engineers, clinicians, and business professionals to create devices that will facilitate the transfer of academic-level, cell-based processes into clinically and commercially viable solutions. Companies need to translate highly individualized culture protocols developed by research laboratories into validated, streamlined bioprocesses that can guarantee reproducibility, scalability, standardization, robustness, and safety. It has become increasingly apparent that success will rely on the Human embryonic stem cell colonies are stained for alkaline phosphatase (red) to show pluripotency. They are growing on a layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts that help sustain their growth and pluripotency.


Escanaba, Michigan, is the first city to adopt an ordinance setting up a complete administrative code. It is the first city, also, to establish a city–manager corps in place of a single manager.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the properties of Old Russian clitics and to compare them to those of other Slavic languages, especially South Slavic languages. Slavic clitics may be either clause-second or verb-adjacent. Serbo-Croatian and Slovene belong to the first group, which are often referred to as having Wackernagel-position clitics, while Macedonian and Bulgarian belong to the second category. Old Russian texts show an interesting aspect with respect to clitic position; 14th century Old Russian text, Povest' vremmenyx let (The Primary Chronicle), reveals that early Old Russian most closely resembles Serbo-Croation and Slovene among the South Slavic language(s), i.e.. second-position clitic languages. However, later Old Russian texts, by the 17th century when short-form pronominal clitics gradually disappeared. show a different aspect in terms of clitic position: they could be placed in 2nd position. as Wackernagel s law suggests, or they could be found after verbs, not necessarily in 2nd position. The interesting thing is that most 2nd position clitics in these texts are verb-adjacent at the same time. It suggests that the language moves toward an ad-verbal type, as we see in Macedonian and Bulgarian. The data are very complicated, and yet since any historical text reflects a snapshot of a particular moment in linguistic and cultural history, we may mention two important factors that undoubtedly influence the state of these texts: 1) during the process of diachronic language change. there arises a stage when both systems coexist on some basis and these texts may represent just such an intermediate state; and 2) the philological-literary traditions of Old Russian generally cause texts to be conservative with respect to on-going diachronic changes. Writers and scribers are familiar with the tradition of writing clitics in 2nd position. The violations of this tradition due to genuine language change are thereby partially suppressed.


In their recent point-counterpoint regarding priorities for tiger conservation, Saberwal (1997) and Karanth and Madhusudan (1997) initiate an important dialogue on the direction tiger conservation in Asia needs to move. We write to highlight what we believe is a critical—but frequently underemphasized—component of the tiger conservation puzzle: how to respond to problem tigers, those tigers that kill or injure humans or livestock. To protect tigers, Norchi and Bolze (1995) call for the identification of high-priority populations, better legislation, reduction of habitat loss and prey base decline, control of trade in tiger parts, and "support for tigers among people living near them ...." These issues, also discussed by Nowell and Jackson (1996) and Dinerstein et al. (1997), and presented at the recent Tigers 2000 symposium (Seidensticker 1997), reflect a growing consensus among tiger conservationists that there are two fundamental hurdles to saving tigers in the wild: halting the loss and degradation of tiger habitat and prey and controlling poaching and trade in tiger parts. We agree. But we are concerned that even if more habitat is secured and trade in tiger parts is reduced, the specter of increasing tigerhuman conflicts may overshadow these efforts. Human and livestock losses from tiger attacks are, as pointed out by Saberwal (1997), "...one of the most basic causes of local animosity toward tiger conservation." In Sumatra, Indonesia, as elsewhere in Southeast Asia, tigers still roam outside the boundaries of designated core protected areas (Dinerstein et al. 1997). Although these protected areas will form the base of future tiger conservation units, and indeed may provide the only safe long-term refuge from poaching, habitat degradation, and prey loss, it is in nonprotected and low-priority conservation areas where people and tigers will most overlap. If conflict resolution between tigers and people in these areas is not addressed, we worry that hostility toward tigers will only continue to grow. Recently we witnessed such a tiger "crisis" in Sumatra. In 3 months, four villagers were killed and five villagers and several livestock were attacked by tigers in one multiple-use protected forest. In 1996 and 1997 more than a dozen deaths were allegedly caused by tigers in Sumatra, far above the average of two per year cited by Indonesian authorities. From these experiences and our field work in Indonesia, we would like to propose two points for consideration in the ongoing tiger conservation debate. First, there is an urgent need to develop a systematic process for dealing with problem tigers. Many authors describe tiger-human conflicts (reviewed in Nowell & Jackson 1996), particularly in the context of tigers as "man-eaters," but to our knowledge no proactive policies regarding problem tigers have been implemented in tiger range states. We believe this issue can be addressed in part by organizing, training, and equipping teams capable of responding to a spectrum of tiger conflicts. This issue is recognized in the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy (Ministry of Forestry 1994), which recommends rescue teams be formed to deal with problem tigers. These teams have yet to be deployed. Second, we believe that if tigerhuman conflicts increase in transition areas where both tigers and humans share resources but neither has "priority," the support of local people will erode and so too may the enthusiasm of political leaders and conservation authorities to protect tigers. We run the risk that these tigers will be perceived not as individual animals causing local problems, a controllable dilemma, but as a dangerous "problem species"—a label that will certainly make support for landscape-level tiger conservation initiatives even more difficult. We need to remove the onus of the tiger as a "man-eater," relabel the tiger as "predator," and manage the species accordingly. Our concern is that if the international tiger conservation community and range state conservation authorities do not adequately deal with tiger-human conflicts, we run the risk of losing political support for tigers and protected areas and an increasing number of dead tigers as a result of local animosity. Poaching and trade for profit by outsiders could easily be surpassed by quiet acts of poisoning for retribution by angry villagers. Plowden and Bowles (1997) already note that farmers may be the main killers of tigers in Sumatra. Given these circumstances, we advocate that tiger range states develop and implement proactive policies to manage problem tigers as part of their larger strategic plan to save tigers.


Objective: To establish the optimum preparation procedure for Cangzhi Granules. Methods: The extraction rates of alkaloid and volatile oil were used as indexes. Results: The extraction time of volatile oil was 8 h. The extracted volatile oil included β cyclodextrin. Fructus Psoraleae and cortex Magnoliae Officinalis in the prescription were extracted with alcohol, others were extracted with water. Then the extracts were granulated with the dry method. Conclusion: This preparation procedure is suitable for the requirement of production on a large scale and assures the curative effect of prescription.


We are given n sticks of lengths 1, 2, 3, …, n and three are selected at random. Which selections enable a triangle to be formed? This question can be written in the form of a game: you win if a triangle can be formed from the three numbers interpreted as side lengths, you lose if they do not. We let ℕ n = {1, 2, 3, …, n}, and see there are two variants of the game: • From ℕ n draw at random three numbers sequentially. At each stage do not replace the drawn number. • From ℕ n a number is drawn at random and is recorded. In three stages three numbers are drawn. Replace the number at each stage.


Though the real-life linguistic and cultural interpenetration between mainland people in the Principality of Catalonia region and natives of Valencia, Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera has always been enormous and constant, institutional relations between these realms have often been less than fluid. Like Catalonia, Uruguay's destiny has been fundamentally shaped by its location between competing powers. During the chaotic first decades of the nineteenth century, the nucleus of Catalan merchants-demonstrating a characteristic if somewhat ungainly mix of recalcitrance, opportunism, and liberal attitudes-would occupy key roles in the political life of the colony. A close examination of important Uruguayan social and educational institutions founded in the latter half of the nineteenth century along with documents and studies cataloguing the contributions of 'Spaniards' to the nation's development, confirms that Catalans played also played an outsized role in the creation and maintenance of key cultural institutions in the period between 1850 and 1925. Keywords: Catalan merchants; Catalonia region; pre-nineteenth century Uruguay; transatlantic cultural commerce; Uruguayan educational institution; Uruguayan social institution


Through an inductive, comparative study of four early entrants in the nascent air taxi market, we examine why start-ups, generally characterized as flexible, malleable entities, might instead exhibit inertial behavior. While two of the firms engaged in ongoing experimentation and adaptation, two firms actively reinforced their original venture concepts, even in the face of environmental shifts and declining firm performance. Comparisons of the firms revealed the importance of founders' identities. Two founders saw themselves as "revolutionaries" building novel ventures to drive radical change. In contrast, two sets of founders saw themselves as "discoverers" identifying new opportunities and exploiting them to build successful businesses. We propose that these identities contributed to the firms' inertia and flexibility primarily through the mechanism of identity affirmation. Acting in a manner consistent with their self-views, revolutionary founders committed to and actively reinvested in radical venture concepts, rejecting potentially adaptive changes that they felt compromised novelty. In contrast, discoverer founders prioritized experimentation and change in reaction to shifting conditions. We propose an emergent framework exploring how, in a nascent industry, a founder's identity can set off self-reinforcing cycles of firm inertia or flexibility.


We approximate the exchange-correlation energy of density functional theory as a controlled extrapolation from the slowly varying limit. While generalized gradient approximations (GGA's) require only the local density and its first gradient as input, our meta-GGA also requires the orbital kinetic energy density. Its exchange energy component recovers the fourth-order gradient expansion, while its correlation energy is free of self-interaction error. Molecular atomization energies and metal surface energies are significantly improved over GGA, while lattice constants are little changed.


Abstract : This report presents a user-friendly interactive computer program, written in Fortran IV, that tabulates and evaluates the single and double sampling plans contained in MIL-STD-105D. The program also provides the user an option to plot curves for the associated operating characteristics when the switching rules are applied. The sampling scheme is described in terms of a Markov chain to obtain steady-state probabilities of being in the various states of normal, tightened and reduced inspection. From these probabilities, such measures of effectiveness as the operating characteristic curve, average sample number, average outgoing quality, and average fraction inspected are obtained.


As an old community, Luoliu community is representative in Shanghai. Traditional infrastructure is not combined with public space and green space layout, which makes the climate resilience of the old residential area urgently need to be improved. Through questionnaire survey, field measurement, combined with Envi-met to simulate microclimate changes and formulated green space resilience transformation strategies. Microclimate factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction change with the spatial distribution and vegetation structure. First, the walls of buildings are most vulnerable to the shadow of buildings. The microclimate of the building enclosed green space is stable, but its toughness is poor. Parallel green space can restrain the temperature rise to a certain extent, it has strong space toughness. Green enclosure space is also closed, usually covered with green plants. Although it can reduce the impact of solar radiation, overgrown and untrimmed trees will become an obstacle to air ducts. Ventilation should be the priority. Second, the canopy and vertical structure of green plants should be reasonable. Third, the combination layout of the dominant wind direction and the residential complex shall be considered comprehensively to plan the public facilities and sidewalks.


The 2009 African Economic Conference (AEO) has discussed, in some detail, the possible impact of the current global economic crisis on African economies. It has mainly focused on the medium-term effects. The adverse impact that the crisis can have on growth in the immediate future and its effect on macroeconomic balances and fiscal space, are also well recognised. However, for some countries, the possibility that the shock could have long-lasting effect on growth has received less attention. There is considerable diversity among African countries in terms of their vulnerability to the current crisis and their potential to recover from it.


Osteossarcoma (OSA) is the observed primary osseo tumor more in dogs. It is developed mainly in long bones being observed more frequently in dogs of aged great and giant races of half age and. Comment they are presented with acute lameness or chronic and swell in the affected member and even so an appendicle diagnosis of OSA, in dogs, is suggested, frequent, for only found radiographic, the cytology and the histopathology is necessary for confirmation of the diagnosis. The surgery rare results in separately carried through cure when. Chemotherapy is necessary to diminish the total load of the tumor, to draw out the free interval of the illness and to improve the quality of life of the patient.


In this work we investigated the reproducibility of Pd dispersity measurement by chemisorption methods. The results from different laboratories were analyzed


As in other subjects, students can develop Design for Manufacturability (DFM) skills by solving problems in the classroom. A number of texts provide graphical examples of poor DFM with improved versions, but there are few exercises available for students to solve. With support from the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, a workbook of open-ended DFM problems is being prepared. These exercises and experience with their initial use in the classroom are discussed.


The following chapters are based on the financing of alternative forms of tourism. First of all, the first chapter begins with the general picture of tourism and the contemporary touristic period, as well as the second chapter presents the specific forms of tourism. Following, through the third chapter, it is described extensively the E.S.P.A. program, which is characterized as a financing means of alternative tourism and it becomes more understood through the reference of two of its financing projects. In the last two chapters, the financing of two alternative shapes of tourism is analyzed, which is become more comprehensible through their related instances. To sum up, the thesis concludes with the results, in which the tourism is presented briefly, particularly its alternative forms, as well as the results of its financing to the Greek state.


The main feature of the boundary layer flow problems, such as Blasius and Falkner-Skan problems, is the inclusion of the boundary conditions at infinity. As a well known fact, such boundary conditions cause difficulties for any of the series methods. This is because the boundary conditions at infinity can not be imposed directly into the series solution, where Padé approximant should be first constructed before applying such conditions. To overcome this difficulty, an approach has been suggested recently by Ebaid and Al-Armani [Abstr. Appl. Anal., 753049 (2013)], which is based on changing the boundary conditions at infinity to classical ones by using a proper transformation. This approach is applied in the present paper to solve a class of Falkner-Skan equation analytically and numerically. Moreover, an exact solution is deduced at a certain value of the velocity ratio parameter. In addition, the current numerical results are compared with the other existing solutions, and good agreement has been achieved. Indeed, the main advantage of the present approach is the complete avoidance of Padé approximant to deal with the boundary condition at infinity.


Proper control model of the Internet is crucial in network control and management. In this paper, we presented a methodological control framework to describe general process logic and dataflow of network control, which could obtain consistent and global network view on elaborate resource data and network state. As for its scheduling problem, we found that it shares features with virtual network embedding problem if control request appears as a graph of atomic network control action. Inspired by this, we designed an algorithm for the scheduling problem of control request in the Internet based on isomorphic subgraph detection. Furthermore, we also discussed control action migration under measuring revenue and cost. Finally, we evaluated the performance of our proposed algorithm with different parameters by simulation experiments.


Purpose
Despite the widespread application and implementation of servitization strategy by manufacturing firms worldwide, little attention has been devoted to its adoption by European-Mediterranean countries, such as Italy. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by investigating if and how Italian manufacturing firms adopt a servitization strategy.

Design/methodology/approach
According to the paper's aim, the survey methodology has been chosen and a specific questionnaire has been constructed by adopting and adapting the questions used by Baines et al. (2010). Key respondents were CEOs and General Managers of the manufacturing firms surveyed.

Findings
Findings show the main features and determinants of the adoption of a servitization strategy by Italian manufacturers as well as a comparison between them and UK manufacturers, determining both theoretical and practical implications.

Research limitations/implications
This paper investigates the manufacturing firms located exclusively in the Italian region of Lazio. Thus, even though it is reasonable to believe that they can be considered as representative of the Italian reality, future enrichment of the sample could provide further insights into the investigation of the Italian case.

Originality/value
The paper examines the little-researched adoption of servitization by Italian manufacturing firms, contributing to the servitization research and providing evidence on its trends in a specific European-Mediterranean region.


Abstract The Plan Shear Indicator (PSI) is a new mode for display of meteorological Doppler radar information which may prove to be valuable in identification of hazardous winds and turbulence in storms. It provides real-time location and convenient highlighting of regions within precipitation echoes of abnormally large shear and spectral broadening of the Doppler velocity. The real-time capability of the PSI and its high data rate are achieved at the cost of mediocre resolution of ranges and velocities, and the ability to display only the shear and not the absolute value of wind components along the Doppler beam. The PSI display for a scanning Doppler radar utilizes an ordinary PPI scope intensity-modulated by a coherent memory filter. The resultant pattern is a series of concentric arcs, each one located on the scope at its appropriate range plus an incremental displacement which depends on the radial component of velocity at that range. Radial shear is indicated by gaps or bunching of the arcs, while t...


The present article is an overview of the origin, evolution and diversification of heterosporous lycopods through geological time. Factors responsible for rise and decline of the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic lycopods have beendiscussed in detail with special reference to Lepidodendrales and Isoetales. Various views on the evolution of isoetalean clade have been elaborated.


The invention relates to a process for producing a PET laser transfer membrane. A PET membrane is used as a basement transfer membrane, and laser transfer pigment is coated and spread on the PET membrane. The method includes the following steps: a laser transfer pigment is coated and spread on the PET basement transfer membrane by an anilox roll at one step to form a coating layer, and a precoating membrane can be formed after the operation of drying is carried out; the precoating membrane is processed by the operation of laser mould pressing, and interference figures on a laser slab are printed on the coating layer of the precoating membrane by heat pressing so as to form a mould pressing membrane; and aluminum is coated on the mould pressing membrane, an aluminum layer is formed on an information layer, and the PET laser transfer membrane can be prepared, wherein the pigment includes thermoplastic acroid resin and cellulose acetate. The process has the advantages that the special singly coated laser transfer pigment and the unique manufacture process control are selected, and the entire process is simple, novel, stable and reliable. As the laser mould pressing transfer coating layer has the properties of easy mould pressing, favorable stripping, and the like, the operation of coating just needs to be carried out for one time, and therefore the production efficiency can be greatly improved. After being transferred and stripped, the aluminum coated membrane can be recycled to be repeatedly used for many times, and therefore cost can be greatly reduced; and the PET laser transfer membrane is the environmentally friendly anti-counterfeit laser material for packaging and printing.


OBJECTIVE
The influence on age estimation by comparing the differences between left and right side development of osteophiphysis.

METHODS
27 osteophiphysis development indexes in the X-ray films of 6 major joints and pelvises in 130 male juveniles were observed. The positions and levels of difference between left and right side development of osteophiphysis were compared. The male juvenile age by regression equation according to left side and right side were estimated respectively.

RESULTS
In 76 cases, the age estimation results are the same for both sides. In 47 cases, the difference between left and right side is less than 6 months. In 7 cases, the difference is between 6 and 12 months. The error of 94.6% age estimation is within 6 months. The differences between left and right osteophiphysis development are often found in proximal humerus, distal radius, distal ulna and crista iliaca.

CONCLUSION
The subtle difference between left and right osteophiphysis development has no influence on age estimation.


The Internet of Things (IoT) will create a huge network of billions of smart 'Things/Objects' communicating each other. In the IoT, smart things/objects are expected to become active participants in business, information and social processes. The IoT will be able to interact and communicate by exchanging data and information sensed about the environment and by reacting autonomously to the real/physical events with or without direct human intervention. The IoT has the purpose of providing an information technology (IT) infrastructure facilitating the exchanges of things in a secure and reliable manner. This keynote will discuss the anatomy of the IoT environment and its use within the home, business and our everyday lives.


This study implements the eye-tracking method to analyze participants' eye movement data to stimuli in order to assess images from different camera perspectives of apparel clothing on online shopping websites. The results show consumer preferences for camera perspectives on apparel e-commerce: images with models displaying the item are better than enlarged images of the single item; images with scenario backgrounds receive more visual attention than images with the background removed, images with scenario backgrounds also provide customers greater mental stimulation for use of the product; although the participants answered that they prefer models with their faces visible when displaying the item, however through the eye-tracking experiment, results show that images where model's faces are not visible receive greater visual attention. KEYWORD: camera perspective; e-commerce; eye movement; visual attention; visual behavior.


The transcriptome of the mammalian brain is extensively modified by adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) nucleotide conversion by two adenosine deaminases (ADAR1 and ADAR2). As adenosine and inosine have ...


Electrical power flows all the way from power generating station to loads through transmission and distribution network where a lot of energy is wasted in these lines. Any wastage of power in the load side reflects the power wastage in the transmission and distribution network because of which generating fuel like coal or gas is wasted. Therefore, it is to be noticed that effective utilization of power not only helps in saving the fuel reserves but also regulates pollution in the environment. A Home Energy Consumption Control (HECC) system is a setup which monitors and controls the loads existing in a residential home and manages the available energy effectively. It plays a significant role in smart grid environment and helps in regulating the wastage of energy at residential homes. It provides a homeowner the ability to automatically perform smart load ON/OFF switching based on home owner preference and load priorities. This paper explains the hardware realization of the HECC system for managing the end-use appliances which helps in effective utilization of the energy available and minimization of the electricity bill and energy wastage. The HECCs control algorithm to perform load control is analyzed along with the power consumption details.


A STENOGRAPHY test was given by the Cincinnati Public School System last May to over two hundred twelfth-grade pupils who at the time were completing the advanced course in shorthand. The findings show that many pupils complete the advanced course in shorthand without acquiring sufficient skill to take dictation at a rate of 100 words per minute. In other words, they do not possess the degree of technical skill usually expected of a stenographer. These results have several implications for the teaching of shorthand. Guidance procedures should be made more effective so that only those whom have a reasonable chance of mastering shorthand are permitted to take the subject. Needless to say, the guidance in this connection should be based upon a careful study of the factors that are essential to success in shorthand.


Let T be a formal triangular matrix ring,U and V be right T-modules,we introduced a concept of f-simple relative injectivity,N-generated relative injectivity and weakly simple relative injectivity of modules over T,and studied the f-relative injective,N-generated relative injective and weakly relative injective by means of the categoryΩbeing equivalent to Mod-T.For right T-modules U and V,some sufficient conditions were obtained for U to be f-V-injective,N-generated K-injective or weakly V-injective.


Effects of Outbreak of War — On Private Contracts — Trading with the Enemy. Enemy Character — of Corporations — English Company with Directors in Enemy Territory — Contract Made for Company by Agents in Enemy Territory — Whether Contract the Act of the Company — Difference between Contracts Suspended and Contracts Abrogated by War — Whether Doctrines of Severance Applicable — Purported Ratification after War.


In this paper, we study parameters on the control of the solitary waves of the variable coefficient combined KdV equation through the extended F- expansion, and have the result that the solutions can be changed, and their propagation can be manipulated by suitable variations of the parameters.


The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of canine gastrointestinal helminths in guardian and herding dogs of Gilanegharb suburb during March 2012 to April 2013. A total number of 138 fecal samples were collected. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in the studied animals was 44.92%. The mean of prevalence the gastrointestinal helminths was as follows; Toxocara canis (17.39%), the most prevalent helminths in dogs, Ancylostoma caninum (7.97%), Taenia spp. (10.14%) and mixture of these infections (9.42%). Our findings also indicated that young dogs, under 1 year of age, show a higher overall prevalence than that of older dogs, over 12 months of age (P


The middle class plays important role nowadays. On politics, they uphold the stability of social politics, advance political democratization.On economy,they push economic growth with stable and continuous; promote to achieve the goal of common prosperity. On culture, they innovate knowledge, spread culture and frost new culture even new way of living


The microbial bioprocesses, which occur during the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima cause considerable changes that affect its organoleptic properties, nutritional value and also enhances the microbial safety of the food. Fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima involves activities of different groups of microorganisms, which result in the production of a sour dough with smooth texture. The microorganisms include Bacillus spp. mainly Bacillus subtilis, Yeast -Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis,Zygosaccharomyces spp. and lactic acid bacteria mainly Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus brevis. The interactions within and between the different types of microorganisms were studied using the Agar Well Diffusion Assay method. Nearly all lactic acid bacteria isolated at the end of agbelima fermentation inhibited those, which were present at the start of fermentation. Three out of 10 isolates of Bacillus spp. tested were inhibited by all 20 isolates of lactic acid bacteria tested but these lactic acid bacteria inhibited none of the yeasts. Three out of 10 Bacillus spp., which was all Bacillus subtilis, inhibited growth of yeasts. Twelve isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum inhibited bacteriocin indicator organisms, namely Lactobacillus sake and Listeria monocytogenes. When supernatants of L. plantarum isolates were neutralized inhibitory effect of the isolates were lost on Lactobacillus sake and Listeria monocytogenes therefore none of the isolates studied tested positive for bacteriocin production. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh


STEP is a worldwide-recognized standard for the exchange of digital product data in the future.Many developed industrial countries are taking great efforts in expanding STEP into manufacturing fields.This paper expatiates on the standard's recent research,interface technology and mapping language,gives a stress upon the STEP-based applications in CAD/CAPP/CAM/CAE/CNC,PDM models and data exchange fields.


Numerical modelling of convection driven dynamos in the Boussinesq approximation revealed fundamental characteristics of the dynamo-generated magnetic fields, but the relevance of these results remains to be assessed for highly stratified systems, like gas planets and stars. The common approach is then to rely on the anelastic approximation to model the background density stratification. A conclusion from different anelastic studies is that dipolar solutions seem more difficult to obtain in presence of a substantial density contrast. We review some important results obtained by Raynaud et al. (2015), who investigated the influence of the density stratification on the stability of dipolar dynamos. This study indicates that the loss of the dipolar branch does not ensue from a specific modification of the dynamo mechanisms related to the background stratification, but could instead result from a bias as our observations naturally favour a certain domain in the parameter space characterized by moderate values of the Ekman number. In strongly stratified systems, the force balance may vary with depth, and a local increase of inertia close to the outer surface can explain the loss of the dipolar branch, while volume-averaged measures may underestimate the role of inertia on the field topology.


We have calculated the maximum ballistic current density in circular-shaped silicon nanowires (SiNWs) to investigate the validity and limitation of an isotropic in-plane effective-mass approximation, which is often used for analyzing circular-shaped SiNW transistors. We compare the exact elliptic model with three types of isotropic approximations, based on arithmetic, harmonic, or geometric means. The ground subband level is found to be well approximated in the harmonic mean model. For the maximum current density, all the models give the exact value in the quantum limit at smaller radius. The geometric mean model approaches the exact elliptic model for larger radius. In an intermediate region, the harmonic mean model gives the smallest error compared to the other isotropic models.


One of the important ministries of the Holy Spirit to believers today is His bestowal of spiritual gifts on Christians at the time of their conversion. While Christians may have natural abilities even before they are saved, spiritual gifts seem to be related to the special purpose of God in calling them and saving them; and, in the language of Ephesians 2:10, they are "created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them."


Based on the theory of Complex System,this paper is to study the teaching strategies from horizontal and vertical angles in view of the complexity of College English classroom teaching system. The study aims to promote the evolution of the classroom teaching system,cultivate students' creativity,and explore the law of creativity development.


The FORTRAN IV (H) computer program, DEROCS, constructs Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) resource development scenarios and quantifies the requirements for and impacts of the operation of the onshore service bases necessary to support offshore oil and gas operations. The acronym DEROCS stands for ''Development of Energy Resources of the Outer Continental Shelf.'' The user may specify the number, timing, and amounts of offshore oil and natural gas finds, onshore service base locations, and multiplier relationships between offshore development activities and onshore land, supply, labor and facility requirements. The program determines schedules of platform installation, development drilling, production from platforms, and well workover, and calculates on a yearly basis the requirements for and impacts of the operation of the onshore service bases demanded by offshore activities. Two examples of program application are presented.


The study aims to test hypotheses that people living in the 'Disturbed Area--more dangerous situations' would have higher death anxiety than that of those inhabiting in the 'Non-Disturbed Area--less dangerous situations', and that women and younger persons would have higher death anxiety than men and older persons respectively. A total of 194 participants with age range 45–96 years (mean=72.45 years) completed the Death Anxiety Scale (Upinder Dhar et al., 1998), standardized in the Indian context, consisting of 10 items. t-test results revealed that persons residing in the more dangerous situations had higher death anxiety than that of those living in less dangerous situations. Women as compared with men and younger persons as compared with older persons tended to be more death anxious. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research were also discussed.


In Reply.— Dr Underwood's remarks are correct. The conversion of carotenoid to vitamin A is rate limited so that vitamin A intoxication from a vegetable source is not possible. However, in patients with vitamin A-induced or suspected pseudotumor cerebri, it seems unwise to select a diet that contains either liver with its abundant amount of vitamin A or vegetables rich in carotenoids that allow for a steady repletion of the daily requirement for vitamin A.


The amount of the mass flow of the jet flow is the main performance index of the exhaust injection cooling system of gas turbine and in engineering it is very important to precisely predict the mass flow of the jet flow.Based on the property of the three-dimensional turbulence flow inherently existed in the jet flow,three kinds of turbulence model,standard k-e model,Spalart-Allmaras model and k-ω model were used separately in the flow simulation.The numerical results obtained based on the three turbulentce models were compared respectively with the experimental ones.The results show that the selection of the turbulence model has great influence on the amount of the mass flow of the jet flow and the k-ω turbulence model should be recommended to predict the jet flow.


Environmental pollution caused by various heavy metals is a serious global problem. To solve this problem, microbial bioremediation of contaminated metals has developed rapidly as an effective strategy when physical and chemical techniques are not suitable. In this study, cadmium (Cd)-tolerant soil bacteria were isolated via artificial induction in laboratory conditions instead of screening bacteria naturally adapted to metal-contaminated soils. Wild-type (WT) bacteria grown in uncontaminated soils were artificially and sequentially adapted to gradually increasing Cd concentrations of up to 15 mM. The resultant cells, named Soil-CdR15, survived at a Cd concentration of 10 mM, whereas WT cells failed to survive with 4 mM Cd on solid media for 2 d. In liquid media containing Cd, the Soil-CdR15 cells grew with 15 mM Cd for 7 d, whereas the WT cells could not grow with 5 mM Cd. Both Soil-CdR15 and WT cells removed approximately 35% of Cd at the same capacity from liquid media containing either 0.5 or 1.0 mM Cd over 2 d. In addition to Cd, the Soil-CdR15 cells showed increased resistance to nickel, zinc, and arsenic compared to WT cells. The Soil-CdR cells were identified as Burkholderia sp. by partial sequencing of 16S rRNA. The data presented in this study demonstrate that isolation of heavy metal-tolerant microorganisms via artificial induction in laboratory conditions is possible and may be useful for the application of the microorganisms for the bioremediation of heavy metals.


Figure 4: (A) C. burnetii growth in ACCM-2 medium with either FeSO4 or hemin. P values are mean ±SD (n=4). (B) Major heme biosynthesis intermediates and genes for C. burnetii are shown. Figure 5: Expression of tRNAGlu (red), heme-biosynthesis genes (blue), ferrous iron uptake genes (green), and genes for heme-containing proteins (purple) in C. burnetii during intracellular growth. Values normalized to gene size and sequencing library size (calculated as RPKM)5.


Sera from two rabbits bled after one, two and three inoculations of concentrated type 1 poliovirus tissue culture fluid were assayed for neutralizing activity by a quantal and a plaque method. The plaque counts in these tests have been shown to approximate to a Poisson distribution as determined by the relationship between the variance and the mean of replicate counts. However, there is a considerable scatter of the points in such a comparison and this accounts for the absence of the expected increase in accuracy of this plaque method over the quantal. The relationship between the antibody content of the sera determined by the two methods is non-linear. This can be attributed to inhomogeneity of the antibody produced which increases with the number of antigenic stimuli given.


Juvenile mussels collected from the wild were fed with five different marine microalgae species (Chlorella sp., Tetraselmis suecica, Dunaliella tertiolecta,Chaetoceros calcitrans and Nannochloropsis oculata)for five months.According to the results, significantly higher growth in length and weight were obtained with diets of Tetraselmis suecica and Chaetoceros calcitrans (P


The distribution,collection,research and landscaping of Chinese Iris resources were reviewed in this paper.Four ways for the future research work were brought up.First of all,collecting and reserving Chinese Iris resources;secondly,strengthening the molecular biology research;thirdly,innovating germ plasm by modern biotechnology;fourthly,accessing generally and using good Iris species.


The L Word: Generation Q is the reboot of The L Word, a long running series about a group of lesbians and bisexuals in Los Angeles in the early 2000s. Both programmes are unique in their positioning of lesbian characters and have been well received by audiences and critics alike. These programmes present a range of characters and narratives, previously excluded from mainstream film and television, bringing a refreshing change from the destructive images typically presented before. We argue that the reboot Generation Q now offers more meaningful representation of the broader lesbian and transgender communities, and discuss its relevance in the changing portrayals of gay representation.

Gay visibility has never really been an issue in the movies. Gays have always been visible. It is how they have been visible that has remained offensive for almost a century. (Russo 66)

In 2004 The L Word broke new ground as the very first television series written and directed by predominantly queer women. This set it apart from previous representations of lesbians by Hollywood because it portrayed a community rather than an isolated or lone lesbian character, that was extraneous to a cast of heterosexuals (Moore and Schilt). The series brought change, and where Hollywood was more often "reluctant to openly and non-stereotypically engage with gay subjects and gay characters" (Baker 41), the L Word offered an alternative to the norm in media representation. "The L Word's significance lies in its very existence" according to Chambers (83), and this article serves to consider this significance in conjunction with its 2019 reboot, the L Word: Generation Q, to ascertain if the enhanced visibility and gay representation influences the system of representation that has predominantly been excluding and misrepresentative of gay life.
The exclusion of authentic representation of lesbians and gays in Hollywood film is not new. Over time, however, there has been an increased representation of gay characters in film and television. However, beneath the positive veneer remains a morally disapproving undertone (Yang), where lesbians and gays are displayed as the showpiece of the abnormal (Gross, "Out of the Mainstream"). Gross ("Out of the Mainstream") suggests that through the 'othering' of lesbians and gays within media, a means of maintaining the moral order is achieved, and where being 'straight' results in a happy ending. Lesbians and gays in film thus achieve what Gerbner referred to as symbolic annihilation, purposefully created in a bid to maintain the social inequity. This form of exclusion often saw controversial gay representation, with a history of portraying these characters in a false, excluding, and pejorative way (Russo; Gross, "What Is Wrong"; Hart).
The history of gay representation in media had at times been monstrous, playing out the themes of gay sexuality as threatening to heterosexual persons and communities (Juárez). Gay people were incorrectly stereotyped, and gay lives were seen through the slimmest of windows. Walters (15) argued that it was "too often" that film and television images would narrowly portray gays "as either desexualized or over sexualized", framing their sexuality as the sole identity of the character. She also contested that gay characters were "shown as nonthreatening and campy 'others' or equally comforting and familiar boys (and they are usually boys, not girls) next door" (Walters 15). In Russo's seminal text, The Celluloid Closet, he demonstrated that gay characters were largely excluded from genuine and thoughtful presentation in film, while the only option given to them was how they died.
Gay activists and film makers in the 1980s and beyond built on the momentum of AIDS activism (Streitmatter) to bring films that dealt with gay subject matter more fairly than before, with examples like The Birdcage, Philadelphia, To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar, and In and Out. Walters argues that while "mainstream films like Brokeback Mountain and The Kids are Alright entertain moviegoers with their forthright gay themes and scenes" (12), often the roles have been more of tokenisation, representing the "surprisingly gay characters in a tedious romcom, the coyly queer older man in a star-studded indie hit, the incidentally gay sister of the lead in a serious drama" (Walters 12). This ambivalence towards the gay role model in the media has had real world effects on those who identify themselves as lesbian or gay, creating feelings of self-hatred or of being 'unacceptable' citizens of society (Gamson), as media content "is an active component in the cultural process of shaping LGBT identities" (Sarkissian 147). The stigmatisation of gays was further identified by the respondents to a study on media and gay identity, where "the prevailing sentiment in these discussions was a sense of being excluded from traditional society" (Gomillion and Guiliano 343). Exclusion promotes segregation and isolation, and since television media are ever-present via conventional and web-based platforms, their messages are increasingly visible and powerful.
The improved portrayal of gay characters was not just confined to the area of film and television however, and many publications produced major stories on bi-sexual chic, lesbian chic, the rise of gay political power and gay families. This process of greater inclusion, however, has not been linear, and in 2013 the media advocacy group known as the Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (GLAAD) mapped the quantity, quality, and diversity of LGBT people depicted in films, finding that there was still much work to be done to fairly include gay characters (GLAAD Studio Responsibility Index). In another report made in 2019, which examined cable and streaming media, GLAAD found that of the 879 regular characters expected to appear on broadcast scripted primetime programming, 10.2% were identified as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and or queer (GLAAD Where Are We on TV). This was the highest number of queer characters recorded since the start of their reporting.
In January 2004, Showtime launched The L Word, the first scripted cable television to focus chiefly on lesbians. Over the course of six seasons it explored the deep bonds that linked the members of an evolving lesbian friendship circle. The central themes of the programme were the love and friendship between the women, and it was a television programme structured by its own values and ideologies. The series offered a moral argument against the widespread sexism and anti-gay prejudice that was evident in media. The cast, however, were conventionally beautiful, gender normative, and expensively attired, leading to fears that the programme would appeal more to straight men, and that the sex in the programme would be exploitative and pornographic. The result, however, was that women's sex and connection were foregrounded, and appeared as a central theme of the drama. This was, however, ground-breaking television. The showrunner of the original L Word, Ilene Chaiken, was aware of the often-damning account of lesbians in Hollywood, and the programme managed to convey an indictment of Hollywood (Mcfadden). The L Word increased lesbian visibility on television and was revolutionary in countering some of the exclusionary and damaging representation that had taken place before. It portrayed variations of lesbians, showing new positive representations in the form of power lesbians, sports lesbians, singles, and couples.
Broadly speaking, gay visibility and representation can be marked and measured by levels of their exclusion and inclusion. Sedgwick said that the L Word was particularly important as it created a "lesbian ecology—a visible world in which lesbians exist, go on existing, exist in forms beyond the solitary and the couple, sustain and develop relations among themselves of difference and commonality" (xix). However, as much as this programme challenged the previous representations it also enacted a "Faustian bargain because television is a genre which ultimately caters to the desires and expectations of mainstream audiences" (Wolfe and Roripaugh 76). The producers knew it was difficult to change the problematic and biased representation of queer women within the structures of commercial media and understood the history of queer representation and its effects. Therefore, they had to navigate between the legitimate desire to represent lesbians as well as being able to attract a large enough mainstream audience to keep the show commercially viable.
The L Word: Generation Q is the reboot of the popular series, and includes some of the old cast, who have also become the executive producers. These characters include Bette Porter, who in 2019 is running for the office of the Mayor of Los Angeles. Shane McCutchen returns as the fast-talking womanising hairdresser, and Alice Pieszecki in this iteration is a talk show host. When interviewed, Jennifer Beals (executive producer and Bette Porter actor) said that the programme is important, because there have been no new lesbian dramas to follow after the 2004 series ended (Beals, You Tube). Furthermore, the returning cast members believe the reboot is important because of the increased attacks that queer people have been experiencing since the election of Donald Trump in 2016.
Between the two productions there have been changes in the film and television landscape, with additional queer programmes such as Pose, Orange Is the New Black, Euphoria, RuPaul's Drag Race, and Are You the One, for example. The new L Word, therefore, needed to project a new and modern voice that would reflect contemporary lesbian life. There was also a strong desire to rectify criticism of the former show, by presenting an increased variation of characters in the 2019 series. Ironically, while the L Word had purposefully aimed to remove the negativity of exclusion through the portrayal of


This paper presents a comprehensive review and synthesis of ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) based on a new mapping inventory that includes previously hypothesised ice streams and includes a concerted effort to search for others from across the entire ice sheet bed. The inventory includes 117 ice streams, which have been identified based on a variety of evidence including their bedform imprint, largescale geomorphology/topography, till properties, and ice rafted debris in ocean sediment records. Despite uncertainty in identifying ice streams in hard bedrock areas, it is unlikely that any major ice streams have been missed. During the Last Glacial Maximum, Laurentide ice streams formed a drainage pattern that bears close resemblance to the present day velocity patterns in modern ice sheets. Large ice streams had extensive onset zones and were fed by multiple tributaries and, where ice drained through regions of high relief, the spacing of ice streams shows a degree of spatial self-organisation which has hitherto not been recognised. Topography exerted a primary control on the location of ice streams, but there were large areas along the western and southern margin of the ice sheet where the bed was composed of weaker sedimentary bedrock, and where networks of ice streams switched direction repeatedly and probably over short time scales. As the ice sheet retreated onto its low relief interior, several ice streams show no correspondence with topography or underlying geology, perhaps facilitated by localised build-up of pressurised subglacial meltwater. They differed from most other ice stream tracks in having much lower length-to-width ratios and have no modern analogues. There have been very few attempts to date the initiation and cessation of ice streams, but it is clear that ice streams switched on and off during deglaciation, rather than maintaining the same trajectory as the ice margin retreated. We provide a first order estimate of changes in ice stream activity during deglaciation and show that around 30% of the margin was drained by ice streams at the LGM (similar to that for present day Antarctic ice sheets), but this decreases to 15% and 12% at 12 cal ka BP and 10 cal ka BP, respectively. The extent to which these changes in the ice stream drainage network represent a simple and predictable readjustment to a changing mass balance driven by climate, or internal ice dynamical feedbacks unrelated to climate (or both) is largely unknown and represents a key area for future work to address.  Previous article in issue  Next article in issue


The invention discloses a soil improvement type slow release fertilizer and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps: mixing a compound fertilizer composed of a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer and a potash fertilizer with a humate salt mixture comprising one or more selected from sodium humate, zinc humate, manganese humate, boron humate, calcium humate, magnesium humate and iron humate to form a slurry; preparing the slurry making into granules; coating a slow-release inhibitor on the surfaces of the particles; and spraying an anti-caking agent on the surface of the slow release layer. After application, the soil improvement type slow release prepared by the invention not only can be improve soil but also can realize slow release, and can achieve the best fertilization effect on different varieties.


M ARIO A. PEI, in his excellent survey of American words in Italian,1 noted that, in Italy, 'Ugly is applied to a citrus fruit which is a blend of orange, tangerine, and grapefruit; it is possible that the word has been used in the United States, but the terms king orange and temple orange are far more familiar to us.' The fruit here referred to is a large, nearly seedless citrus with orange-colored pulp of a mild, grapefruity flavor. Its rind, which has the 'kid-glove' characteristic of a tangerine, is rough and of an unattractive yellow-green color, whence the nickname, ugly fruit, which was applied in the 1930s, when the citrus first appeared in the Canadian market. The fruit is little known in the United States, being a product of Jamaica, where it is extensively grown for export to Canada and Britain under the trade name Ugli. This last word is probably that known to Italians; possibly Field Marshal Montgomery's men brought it to Italy during the Second World War. The mother tree of this strange fruit was discovered near Brown's Town, Jamaica, about 1914, by a Mr. Levy. He judged it to be a natural hybrid of the Seville sweet orange and the variety of tangerine called the mandarin. However, general opinion regards it as a tangelo (tangerine + pomelo), i.e., a hybrid of a tangerine (Citrus reticulata) with the pomelo or grapefruit (C. paradisi). Although about a dozen named varieties of tangelo are sold by American nurserymen, the Ugli is not among them. The so-called 'king orange' was first imported into California from Indo-China in 1882 under the name 'King of Siam' orange or tangerine. Until recently it was given specific rank as Citrus nobilis, but present genetic knowledge indicates that it is actually a 'tangor' (tangerine + orange), which is to say, a natural hybrid of a tangerine and C. sinensis, the sweet orange. The 'temple orange' also partakes of the genetic characteristics of a tangor. Named in honor of William Chase Temple, it was introduced into commerce by a Tampa nurseryman in 1917, and the parent tree may yet be seen at Winter Park, Florida.


Human-robot interactions (HRI) happen in a wide range of situations. Safety is one of the biggest concerns in HRI. This paper proposes a safe set method for designing the robot controller and offers theoretical guarantees of safety. The interactions are modeled in a multi-agent system framework. To deal with humans in the loop, we design a parameter adaptation algorithm (PAA) to learn the closed loop behavior of humans online. Then a safe set (a subset of the state space) is constructed and the optimal control law is mapped to the set of control which can make the safe set invariant. This algorithm is applied with different safety constraints to both mobile robots and robot arms. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm. INTRODUCTION Human robot interactions (HRI) have been a topic of both science fiction and academic speculation for a long time [1]; however, it is the development of modern robotics and artificial intelligence that constitutes a solid ground for the analysis and applications of HRI. Nowadays, physical human-robot interactions take place in great abundance. In factories, robots are leaving their cages and starting to work cooperatively with human workers. Car giants, such as Volkswagen and BMW, have launched cooperative robots in their factories in 2013 [2]. These manufacturers employ cooperative robots to take the advantage of both the human's flexibility and the robot's productivity, to meet the needs of flexible production [3]. Additionally, in view of the success of Google's autonomous cars, many car makers have been investing in driverless vehicles recently. Human drivers and autonomous cars will interact on the road, which poses new challenges in road safety [4]. Another example is in the field of rehabilitation. In order to rebuild the sensory connection of a patient after a stroke, robots or exoskeletons are needed to guide and assist the patient in walking. There are very close physical interactions between the patient and the robot [5]. Others like nursing robots [6] or robot guide dogs [7] are in great demand and involve HRI. Safety is one of the biggest concerns in HRI. The difficulty of designing a safe robot controller comes from (i) sophistication of human motion and (ii) real time implementation of the algorithm. Control theory offers plenty of methods to deal with disturbances. However, when humans are in the loop, the disturbances introduced by human motions are much more complicated. They are time varying with unknown models. Moreover, it seems counterproductive to view human motions as disturbances in the robot control, as the system should be human-oriented. Deep learning of human behaviors is needed to make robots compliant. Even with robots learning human behaviors, another concern is that a complex control algorithm may not be executed fast enough to ensure quick responses of robots in emergencies. To address safety, some authors use potential field methods, e.g. introducing a virtual force that is generated by an obstacle [8]. Some use numerical optimization methods which put the safety requirements in hard constraints [9, 10]. Others use sliding mode methods to locally modify the reference trajectory 1 Copyright c © 2014 by ASME in the presence of obstacles [11]. However, the motion patterns of human subjects are much more complicated than that of general obstacles, as humans make decisions and react to the robots. To account for human decisions, a method is proposed in [12], which uses a joint probability distribution to describe the interaction between a group of people and a robot. However, the probability distribution for human motions is generally very hard to construct. A safe set method is proposed in this paper to address the real time safety in HRI. All humans and robots in the system are regarded as agents. This method consists of two steps. Firstly, the closed loop dynamics of all human agents are estimated online to account for human decisions and to avoid the difficulty in getting the exact model of human motions. Secondly, control is applied in a safe set to account for various constraints and to enable fast online computation. The safe set is a subset of the state space that is constructed to be invariant under a feedback-like control law. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: firstly, a multi-agent interaction model will be introduced. Based on that model, the safe set method will be proposed with theoretical guarantees that the system will always stay in the safe region. Finally, the safe set method will be applied in three different cases to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm. INTERACTION MODEL There are two types of interactions, space sharing and time sharing. In space sharing interactions, humans and robots are doing their respective works in a shared workspace. In time sharing interactions, humans and robots are jointly finishing one task. In this paper, only space sharing interactions are studied. State Space Model To describe human robot interactions, a multi-agent model is needed. Robots and humans are all regarded as agents in this model. Suppose there are N agents in the system and are indexed from 1 to N. Let R be the set of indices for the robots, and H be the set of indices for the humans. We denote each agent's state by xi ∈ Rnxi for i = 1, ...,N, where nxi is the dimension of xi. The control input of each agent is ui ∈ Rnui for i = 1, ...,N, where nui is the dimension of ui. Then the state of the system is the union of all agents' states, i.e. x = [xT 1 ,x T 2 , . . . ,x T N ] T ∈ Rnx, where nx = ∑i=1 nxi. For simplicity, we write xR as the union of the states of all robots and xH as the union of the states of all humans. Let X ∈ Rnx be the set of all possible values in the system's state space. The open loop system dynamics can be written as ẋ = f (x,u1,u2, . . . ,uN ,w) (1) where w is a Gaussian noise term. If the agents are independent with respect to each other, the open loop dynamics of xi is solely determined by xi, ui and the noise wi. Then the open loop system can be decoupled as ẋi = fi (xi,ui,wi) ,∀i = 1, ...,N (2) This case arises in human-robot cooperative manufacturing [13], since the dynamics of either the human or the robot does not depend on the other. However, in general, the open loop system cannot be decoupled. For example, in the case of rehabilitation, the robot can affect the human's dynamics directly by assisting the human to accomplish special tasks, such as walking. Then the robot's input enters the human's dynamic equation, which renders the open loop system indecomposable. In this paper, only decomposable systems are studied. Every agent has its measurement of the system yi = hi (x,vi) ,∀i = 1, ...,N (3) where vi is the measurement noise. Assume there is no direct communication among the agents. Then for any agent i, he can only choose his control ui based on the measurement yi and his reference goal Gi ∈ Rnxi , i.e. ui = gi (yi,Gi) = gi (hi (x,vi) ,Gi) ,∀i = 1, ...,N (4) Since we assume that the system is space sharing but not time sharing, Gi specifies space relations instead of time relations. Denote the system goal as G = [ G1 , ...,G T N ]T ∈ X . Then the closed loop system is ẋ = f (x,g1 (h1 (x,v1) ,G1) , ...,gN (hN (x,vN) ,GN) ,w) (5) = f ′ (x,G,v1, ...,vN ,w) Since the agents will react to all system state variables that they observe, the closed loop system is no longer decomposable. The system block diagram for the general multi-agent system is shown in Fig.1. The block diagram for the decomposable system is shown in Fig.2. The interaction in the decomposable system is easier to deal with as the interaction happens only in the measurement and controller side, instead of in the open loop dynamics. Information Structure In a multi-agent system, information structure is important as it determines the system's type [14]. Suppose every agent 2 Copyright c © 2014 by ASME FIGURE 1: Multi-Agent System Block Diagram FIGURE 2: Decomposable Multi-Agent System Block Diagram i is trying to minimize a cost function Ji(x). Since Ji depends on the system state x, all agents can affect Ji through their controls. Thus the control ui that minimizes Ji is actually a function of all other u j's for j 6= i. Before choosing the control ui, every agent i needs to 'guess' or observe the 'strategies' the others will play (i.e. the control signal u j's that others would choose). When all agents are operating on the same information set (i.e. no one knows the others' strategies for the next move) before they take the next move, this is a simultaneous game and the optimal solution of this system defines a Nash equilibrium. When some agents know the others' u j (by observing x j) before deciding on their own controls, this is a sequential game and the optimal solution defines a Stackelberg equilibrium. The agents being observed are considered as leaders and the agents that take the observation are considered as followers. We assume that safety-oriented HRI can be modeled as a sequential game and the robot being controlled is always a follower. There are several advantages in doing so. First, it is a conservative strategy to play, thus good from the safety point of view. Second, we assume that robots have a smaller reaction time than humans, thus they can adapt very fast to human motion. In this way, robots are qualified as followers. Last but not least, to analyze a human's control strategy, we need to know his cost function, which, however, is hard to obtain. So it is better to assume all humans' strategies are revealed in their past moves SAFE SET FIGURE 3: Invariant Safe Set before the robot takes the move. Then the robot must be a follower, which plays a reactive strategy. SAFE SET APPROACH During human-robot interactions, the system needs to be safe, e.g. no collisions. In this section, the safe set approach to ensure safety is discussed. A general framework is set up first wit


Various improvements to rotorcraft performance and operational environment with the application of Individual Blade Control (IBC) and High Harmonic Control (HHC) has been demonstrated via analytical methods and test. The need for IBC (swashplate-less actuation) as well as HHC (vibration and acoustic level reduction) is well understood and a driving force in the rotorcraft world. However, to date the level of fault tolerant, flight worthy and certifiable electric or hydraulic actuation systems capable of IBC-HHC technology has not been established to levels necessary for safe and mission critical systems. In this paper, an actuation system will be offered that utilizes a very simple mechanism connected to a direct-drive electric Brush-Less Direct Current (BLDC) motor that is capable of providing HHC frequency and amplitude control without the need of slip-ring, or rotating hub-mounted power generation system. The intent is to show in detail, the concept of control, fault tolerance and synchronization of a redundant system as well as the flight worthy (weight and envelope) attributes for a notional blade operational requirement.


Children accompanied by migrant families in India are less often allowed to exercise their rights due to social, economic and political factors in an urban locale. There is a law preventing child labour and many interventions were being implemented to protect these vulnerable children. One of the recent campaigns is the 'schooling of migrant children' initiated by many government schools and non-governmental organizations across the country. With this concept, this paper was performed a media content review of various interventions implemented to address schooling of migrant children of construction labourers and the review revealed a very grim picture of the complexity of the issue.
The interventions were taken three different approaches; (i) children were directly mainstreamed into the government school driven by local government (ii) bridge schools were driven by non-governmental organizations for the children of first-generation learners and those discontinued their learning due to family migration. Bridge schools are found in various forms such as tent school, worksite school, moving school, study centres and community schools, finally (iii) seasonal hostel model for migrant children mainly at the source of migration.
The content review arises the following discussion points: (i) what is the objective of the schooling of migrant children? (ii) what is the impact of the schooling of migrant children on the under-five children or mainly their younger siblings below under-five years age? (iii) is there any curriculum for bridging the learning gap? (iv) besides education, are health and nutrition being considered essential for the improvement in learning outcome? and (v) is the tracking mechanism effective enough to continue schooling of the migrant children?
This paper recommends the following policy implications: a compulsory bridging programme for migrant children, compulsory health-checkup and supplementary nutrition along with education and inter-state partnership in addressing schooling of migrant children.
DOI: 10.5958/2347-6869.2020.00007.2


A great deal of measurement research is currently being utilized to improve instruction at the elementary and secondary levels, but many opportunities for improving utilization are still untapped. The author proposes specific approaches to increased collaboration between researchers and practitioners to meet the burgeoning research needs of the nations' schools and to assist in data-based decision-making efforts. Society's increasing demands for accurate, usable data have contributed to the urgent current need for viable, appropriate research. This need can be met only by reseachers and practitioners working together to provide answers to critical educational questions.