An m-layer peiodic Lotka–Volterra network-like multidirectional food-chain with harvesting terms is proposed in this paper. By applying Mawhin's continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory and some skills of the inequalities, sufficient conditions which guarantee the existence of positive periodic solutions of the system are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.


Designed by finite elemental modelling, large-area arrays of TiO2 nanowires and nanotubes with differentiated heights mixed together are synthesized on a planar Ti wafer via hydrothermal methods. Experimental measurements reveal that the TiO2 nanowire/tubes arrays with differentiated heights demonstrate a lower shielding effect and their cold field emission (CFE) performances can be further enhanced by increasing their height/diameter ratios for both the nanowires and nanotubes. Theoretically, the TiO2 nanowires and nanotubes are simplified to a "Zero Thickness Charge Disc (ZTCD)" model, based on which their characteristic macroscopic field enhancement factors (γC) are quantified. The theoretically calculated γC values are in good agreement with the experimental ones of the TiO2 nanowires and tubes with a series of geometrical parameters. The TiO2 nanowires and nanotubes have promising potential in CFE. The "ZTCD" model is valuable for future research on quasi-one-dimensional field emitters.


This paper draws together interdisciplinary support for a recently popular trend in cognitive science known as embodiment theory. In addition, it forwards an argument for a phenomenological approach to cognitive science that understands the perceiving subject as essentially embodied and thus calls for the development of a more holistic methodology for the scientific study of cognition. I critically investigate embodiment theory as it pertains to Cartesian dualism, behavioral psychology, artificial intelligence, Merleau-Pontian phenomenology, and, finally a Wittgensteinian critique of phenomenological language. My analysis argues that embodied cognitive science should adopt the stance of what I call, "naturalized perspectivism." As opposed to a representationalist approach to cognition, this stance rejects the conception of the perceiving subject as an organism that acts by following internalized rules and perceives using mental representations of an objective, external world. Instead, by taking the naturalized perspectivism stance towards embodiment theory, I posit that human organisms have evolved to see the "natural world" in similar, objective ways only insofar as we share similar bodies and particular evolutionary-friendly embodied goals. That is, during the process of perception and learning, an organism's cognitive system cuts across brain-body-world divisions by constantly reconstituting the "sensory world" as it offloads its dispositions into sensory objects themselves for its own embodied, evolutionary purposes. This paper draws together interdisciplinary support for a recently popular trend in cognitive science known as embodiment theory. In addition, it forwards an argument for a phenomenological approach to cognitive science that understands the perceiving subject as essentially embodied and thus calls for the development of a more holistic methodology for the scientific study of cognition. I critically investigate embodiment theory as it pertains to Cartesian dualism, behavioral psychology, artificial intelligence, Merleau-Pontian phenomenology, a Wittgensteinian critique of phenomenological language and, finally, contemporary experimental neuroscience. My analysis argues that embodied cognitive science should adopt the stance of what I call, "naturalized perspectivism." As opposed to a representationalist approach to cognition, this stance rejects the conception of the perceiving subject as an organism that acts by following internalized rules and perceives using mental


The improvement of lignocellulosic biomass degradation processes is a key aspect of the development of "green" biotechnologies. During this thesis, we focused on two subjects centred on the usage of fungal strains for the degradation of lignocellulose. First, we studied the taxonomic and enzymatic diversity in an original ecosystem: mangroves. A sampling was performed in New-Caledonia in order to study the fungal communities colonizing mangrove trees. By using Tag-Pyrosequencing, we showed the existence of very large communities harbouring several thousand species in the different microhabitats of the ecosystem. This work also revealed the key role of host specificity as a factor driving the fungal colonisation of mangrove trees. We then isolated several fungal strains from various mangrove tree samples, and performed a screening of their lignocellulolytic activities (oxidase, cellulase, mannanase, xylanase). A single strain was selected fromthis screening, identified as Pestalotiopsis sp., which showed the most complete diverse enzymatic activities. A de novo transcriptome was assembled from mRNA sequences, which allowed highlighting a wide array of transcripts encoding biomass degradation enzymes, as well as the existence of a mechanism of adaptation to salt based on the secretion of salt-tolerant lignocellulolytic enzymes. Secondly, we studied the limitations of fungal co-culture linked to competitive interactions mechanisms. The RNA-Seq analysis of genetic expression during the interaction between Pycnoporus coccineus and Coniophora puteana or Botrytis cinerea indicates that different mechanisms are used depending on the opponent.


The modern engine must meet many requirements such as low emission, low NVH, low fuel economy, low cost, high performance, good durability, etc. to compete aggressively in the world market.
KIA started the development of the future DOHC 16 valve spark ignition engine designated T-series. An all new design was done for T-series engine that must be produced on an entirely new plant. This engine has positive features such as a low emission level, good combustion stability and noise and vibration reduction. The basic construction of T-series engine is characterized by 4 cylinder belt-driven DOHC engine, state-of-the-art combustion chambers with tumbling intake ports and the valve angle of 45˚, deep skirt cylinder block, laminated steel cylinder head gasket. aluminum structural oil pan, and a six ribbed serpentine belt driven accessory system. Combustion research was carried out primarily on single cylinder engines and the developed combustion system has shown that the part load HC emission level is the "best in its class". Moreover part load and idle stability characteristics are comparable with the recent top class engines in the world. Subsequent durability testing was carried out on all production parts for the first engine of T-series; called the T8D engine, and it has 1.a liter displacement. Mass production of T8D engine, installed in the new KIA CREDOS, began on July 1995. Key Word: DOHC, Tumbling Intake Port, Combustion Stability, Emission. LEV,NVH, Laminated Steel Cylinder Head Gasket


Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is currently a unique method in studying metabolism, biochemical changes of the tissue non invasively and analyzing its chemical compound. MRS could identify the difference of metabolism between tumors and normal tissue, which reflects pathological condition at molecular level. Phosphorus is a main element in muscular metabolism, therefore phosphorus spectrum analysis is very important in musculoskeletal system imaging. This article has reviewed the application advancement of 31 P MRS combining with ordinary MRI in tumor of bone and soft tissue.


This paper shows the evaluation of the implementation of the basic profile of the ISO/IEC 29110 standard in the Software Development Center (CEDESOFT) from the Institute Technological Superior of Nochistlán using the survey method through a questionnaire that was applied to students and teachers who worked under this standard. The evaluation of the implementation of the standard in the CEDESOFT allowed to know the usefulness of the processes for the completion of the projects, the activities of the processes with greater difficulty during their execution, and to know if the implementation of the standard helps teachers and graduates in their activities related to software development.


In this paper we show an alternative approach to the standard data mining tools for detecting outliers both in sampling rates and in the measurements derived from those samples. Our interactive tool fits in the context of the VAST Mini Challenge 2, regarding the alleged chemical dumpings in the Boonsong Lekagul Wildlife Preserve. The approach developed comprises an interactive dashboard built in R using mainly the Plotly and Shiny packages that allows the user to choose the summary statistics for the sample sizes and to select which measurements (e.g. locations, chemicals) to analyse.


Purpose - This paper aims to examine the impact of buyer-supplier cooperation on suppliers' trust on buyers and the moderating role of buyers'...


Our objective in this paper was to examine the effect of ocean age on TL content and annual change on TL content of muscle in high-seas chum salmon caught in the central North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea in summer. Chum salmon were collected by gillnet on the T/V Wakatake-maru in the central North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea in June and July 1993, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001. We found a significant difference between younger and older chum salmon in the total lipid content in white muscle in 1999, 2000 and 2001. There were annual changes in TL content in the muscle of chum salmon in the central North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Further analysis of the effects of maturity level on TL content should be examined in future analysis of condition of salmon when sample sizes are large enough to stratify samples by ocean age and maturity. Introduction In previous papers, total lipid (TL) content and fatty acid composition were studied to investigate trophic condition of chum and pink salmon in the North Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska in winter (Nomura et al. 1999, Nomura et al. 2000) and spring (Nomura et al. 2001, Nomura et al. in press). These studies suggested that in winter, TL content of immature chum salmon is extremely low as compared to maturing chum salmon sampled in the spring (Nomura et al. 1999), and the authors concluded that chum salmon may be in a starving condition in winter (Nomura et al. 1999). Our objective in this paper was to examine the effect of ocean age on TL content and annual change on TL content of muscle in high-seas chum salmon caught in the central North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea in summer.


The article considers the problem of pre-trial settlement of individual labor disputes, and especially paid attention to shortcomings of legal regulation of dispute resolution by the commission of labor disputes.


Divided into two mutually enabling parts, the Outline of a Theory of Practice is first of all an interdisciplinary operation. It is thus a metaphor in the sense that there is a passage from one genre to the other: from ethnology to sociology. Things are, however, not that simple. It is difficult to situate the book. Does it depend on the interdisciplinary confrontations Bourdieu earlier urged, confrontations that going beyond the stage of simple exchanges of "data," sought a reciprocal and explicit expression of the assumptions peculiar to each discipline? These confrontations are supposed to provide a mutual epistemological elucidation; they labor to bring their implicit foundations to light-the ambition and the myth of knowledge. But perhaps what is at stake is different and has to do rather with the otherness introduced by the move through which a discipline turns toward the darkness that surrounds and precedes it-not in order to eliminate it, but because it is inexpungeable and determining? In that case theory would involve an effort on the part of a science to think through its relation to this exteriority and not be satisfied with correcting its rules of production or determining the limits of its validity. Is this the path that Bourdieu's discourse takes? In any event, practices shape the opaque reality out of which a theoretical question can arise beyond the frontiers of any discipline.


What is specific in the efforts of the Slovenian state institutions to handle the current economic, political, and cultural crisis in the country? The answer is searched for in the media representations of the building of a new government in February 2012. The analysis is focused on five major functions of modern states: security provision, regulation of macro-economy, administration, reproduction of human resources, and environmental protection. The source of primary information for the analysis and argumentation is the daily newspaper Delo (Labor). Relevant publications in the newspaper were differentiated by applying two criteria: first, predominant reference to one of the five functions of the state; second, if the article contains no alternative (1) or presents a strong alternative to a given situation, event or opinion related to the state functions (5) on a 5-point scale. The analysis identifies a large share of publications focusing on the administrative function of the state and rather limited share of publications on security issues and environmental protection. The analyzed publications contain only modest efforts to present and discuss alternatives to political situations and opinions. The hypothesis about alleged colonization of politics by mass media is falsified.


The heave motion of semi-submersible drilling platforms is a limiting factor for drilling operations.In this paper,a semi-submersible platform in South China Sea is installed with an active heave plate,which is designed on the principle of turned mass dampers.In order to reduce the heave response of the platform,the hydrodynamic parameters of the platform is computed in a frequency domain by AQWA software,and the time domain model of this new type of platform is built in Simulink.According to the principle of minimizing the heave motion under the sea state of work in South China Sea,the stiffness and damping ratio of the conjunction is optimized;the heave performance of this new type of semi-submersible platforms is conducted,which is compared with traditional semi-submersible platforms and semi-submersible platforms with fixed heave plates.The results indicate the installation of an active heave plate can reduce the heave response of the semi-submersible platform under normal sea states more effectively,providing a new way to control the heave motion of semi-submersible platforms.


Here are the questions... Don't forget to write them in your diary on page 6 and be ready to answer to them on Friday!! ;)


Abstract Recently a new construction of run length limited block error control codes based on control matrices of linear block codes was proposed. In this paper a similar construction for obtaining trellis run length limited error control codes from convolutional codes is described. The main advantage of it, beyond its simplicity is that it does not require any additional redundancy except the one which is already contained in the original convolutional error control code. One example is presented how to get such a code from a convolutional low density parity check code.


With its long serum half-life (25–30 hours at steady state), nevirapine may be an appropriate drug for once-daily dosing. To explore this possibility,


Unlike its sister investigations in Norway, Sweden and Denmark, VALTA, the Finnish research programme on power, conducted from 2007 to 2010, was not directly commissioned by the state, but by the Academy of Finland. It claimed a more independent approach, both theoretically and methodically, than TANDEM, a thematically similar research programme in the 1970s. This article analyses the narratives constructed to advertise the VALTA programme and present its results to the public. It also examines how the key concepts of the programme, power and citizenship, were influenced by the views on historical change expressed by the investigators. In the framing narratives of the investigation and several of its individual projects, such change was defined as a displacement of the welfare state by a new model, one in which the state served as a coach for its citizens in a climate of heightening economic competition. Passive images of the citizen and the sometimes contradictory historical narratives contained in the framing articles obscured the results of the individual projects, which often uncovered civic agency in the uses of power in society.


With the rapid development of China's economy, the number of vehicles has a sharp increase. It led to the traffic problem becoming more and more serious, with the problems of traffic congestion, easy to cause accidents, solving the accident no in time and so on. For the current traffic congestion problem, the paper designs a traffic warning and monitoring platform based on IoT technology. It takes advantage of computer technology, communication technology, sensor technology and so on, connecting together vehicles with the side of road infrastructures over wireless network, and finally we can know the status of the entire cars' on the monitoring platform which is at road junction. It can shorten the time of finding and dealing with accidents, improve the overall efficiency, reduce operating costs and facilitate people's life.


In order to improve the reliability of DC line protection, it is necessary to study the principle of back-up protection, which can distinguish transient and steady process after fault. Principle of fault whole-time Differential protection based on polarity characteristics of current fault component difference is proposed. By analyzing the characteristics of the current fault components in transient-state (current fault components in the non-response state, the dynamic regulation state) and the steady-state of the fault, during the whole process of the fault, it is found that the fault component difference between rectifier side and inverter side satisfies the positive polarity characteristics when internal fault occurs. But it is not satisfied when external fault occurs. The protection principle criteria satisfying the characteristics of the whole process of the fault is established to realize the protection action. The simulation results show that the principle can operate correctly under various working conditions, and is less affected by the harmonics of fault characteristics of AC system. It has strong resistance to transition resistance and anti-interference ability.


Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between grades of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) and clinical characteristics and determine the detailed clinical characteristics of Ménière's disease (MD) patients with evidence of hydrops based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: One hundred ninety-eight MD patients (396 ears) with MRI evidence of hydrops were included. ELH grades were evaluated using the Nakashima grading standard. Correlations between the extent of ELH and clinical features were evaluated. Detailed clinical characteristics were analyzed to assess the clinical diagnostic criteria. Results: Of 198 patients, ELH was observed in 100% of cases on the clinically affected side and 8.6% of cases on the asymptomatic side. In addition, 98.5% of ELH was classified as moderate or significant grade. Low-frequency hearing loss was significantly correlated with the extent of both vestibular and cochlear hydrops, whereas the vertigo attack frequency showed no significant correlation with ELH grades. The disease duration of MD with bilateral ELH was longer than that with unilateral ELH. The clinical characteristics were variant and did not completely fit the proposed diagnostic criteria. Conclusions: MRI findings have relevance to the clinical severity, to a certain extent, but not vestibular symptoms. The proposed diagnostic criteria based on clinical characteristics may be partially effective; analysis of the detailed clinical characteristics of MD was meaningful. Diagnosis of MD based on both MRI and clinical symptoms could facilitate an early diagnosis.


The invention provides an on-line monitoring model, a power grid model and an integrated modeling method for the on-line monitoring model and the power grid model. Integrated modeling of the on-line monitoring model and the power grid model is achieved through matching between the nid property of a primary equipment asset layer of the power grid model and the equanid property of a monitoring device layer of the on-line monitoring model; an integrated state analysis model based on on-line monitoring information and power grid operation information is established. The integrated modeling method meets the requirements for various integrated analysis application functions of a state monitoring system, and also meets the technical requirements of an integrated power grid operation intelligent system (OS2).


Visual images and the tools for producing visual images are literally ubiquitous in our society. The hand-held still camera has long been a staple of families in the broad middle class which populates most colleges. With a modicum of effort, successful photographic projects using this tool can be undertaken in situations where there is interest on the student's part, but in which neither the student nor the instructor has specialized knowledge or training beyond normal snapshot familiarity with a camera. This article, then, is an attempt to discuss some of the major aspects of a student presentation or project employing still photography. First, we will briefly discuss the range of visual sociology. Second, we will discuss the fundamental premises and formats useful for an instructor attempting to direct a limited project of this sort. Third, some pragmatic, "nuts and


THE following case would appear of interest as I can find no reference to a similar case in recent literature. I have seen unilateral hypertrophy of the tonsil resulting from chronic inflammation or associated with malignancy, but have not observed, unilateral idiopathic polypous hypertrophy. Starry reports the examination of 8,516 pairs of tonsils. " Every tonsil received in the laboratory was fixed in formaldehyde then sectioned longitudinally at right angles to the mucous surfaces, dehydrated in acetone and


This study is to estimate the economic value of Ha-hoe historic heritage village a renowned cultural heritage resources using the Double-bounded dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method. Hicksian compensating variation was estimated using Hanemann's methods as a Non-market value. The pilot survey was done to derive the bidding price for dichotomous choice questions of the main survey. Some variables were found significant in the derived model such as the travel cost, the population size of residential region, annual income, state of employment, educational level, opinion of re-visiting. The derived amount of willingness to pay for Ha-hoe historic heritage village was found 12,635 Korean Won as a non-market value and thus whole annual non-market value was slightly over 10 billion Korean Won.


The Drosophila melanogaster pAbp gene encodes the cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). Cytoplasmic PABPs participate in the metabolic pathways of the mRNA: translation initiation and termination, cytoplasmic polyadenylation/deadenylation, mRNA stability, mRNA degradation. Despite the extensive biochemical and structural characterization, relatively little is known about the biological roles of PABPs in the processes of cellular development and differentiation. In Drosophila spermatogenesis, posttranscriptional mechanisms of gene regulation play an important role, so cytoplasmic PABP can have significant function in this process. Deletion of PABP leads to embryonic lethality. However, some flies carrying combinations of mutant pAbp alleles survive but display male sterility and show defects in spermatogenesis. It has previously been shown that hypomorphic pAbp mutations cause a number of meiotic defects, abnormalities of Nebenkern formation. These data provide an insight into the effect of pAbp mutation on the individual events of spermatogenesis, but they do not cover the entire process. We studied spermatogenesis in pAbp allele heterozygotes by transmission electron and fluorescent light microscopy. We showed that cellular mitochondria were the primary structural target of the mutation. Abnormal mitochondria were less structured, swollen, had transparent matrix and depleted cristae. Further mutation had a polymorphous effect and induced anomalies in the ultrastructure of mature spermatocytes, defects in Nebenkern formation and division, axial complex formation, shutdown of spermatogenesis during spermatid elongation. Thus our data show a significant role of PABP in structural transformations of male germ cells during entire spermato-genesis.


In this paper, period-3 motions to chaos in the periodically forced, softening Duffing oscillator are investigated analytically. The analytical solutions for period-3 and period-6 motions are appro...


Extraction water information from remotely sensed is significant for surveying, planning and protecting water resources.In this paper, taking Weishan Lake as a case study area, the small satellite image collected on Jan, 2006 is used.The approach of extraction is discussed.Firstly, the special band (PRWI) is applied to extract water information.Secondly, water body information is extracted by image intensification processing and decision tree.Finally, the results are checked by visual and statistical accuracy assessment.Through indicated in the plain experiment, this method gets satisfied result.However, some pixels in the neighborhood between water bodies and mulberry are judged by mistakes.The experiment in mountainous area shows that it can get satisfied results in small satellite image and the TM/ETM image by the same method.The small satellite can be used in dynamic monitor just like urban planning, ecological environment, land utilization, environmental disaster and so on.


The article reconstructs the life and analyzes the main thematic components of the creative heritage of Nazariy Antonovich Favorov (1820-1897), Doctor of Theology, a professor who for almost four decades (1859-1897) taught moral theology at the St. Vladimir University and was the rector of the university church. Ideological and political prejudices have led to the long neglect of a highly respected, recognized person both by university tutors corporation and a wide circle of the public. N. A. Favorov is the author of many works on moral theology, in particular, "Essays on the Moral Orthodox-Christian Doctrine", which had seven editions, were highly appreciated by colleagues and for a long time were considered an official textbook on moral theology in Russia. The moralist-theologian concentrates his attention on the problems of the origin of morality, correlation of the morality doctrine with religious and philosophical foundations, the characteristic features of the moral activity subject, freedom of will and substantiation of its significance for the moral existence of man, moral choice, moral qualities and their place and role in the human essence. It was established that the main topics of his creative ideas were predominantly determined by the problems, established in moral theology, but N.A. Favorov did not overlook the issues relevant for academic philosophizing in Ukraine and the Western European ethical discourse of the second half of the nineteenth century. The semantic accents in the substantiation of N.A. Favorov's crea- tive searches were based on the main provisions of the Orthodox religious doctrine. The work of N.A. Favorov, though not entirely original, has a thorough and holistic presentation of the main problems of the moral existence of man, widely spread in the educational space of Ukraine in the second half of the nineteenth century, making his creative legacy important and meaningful in the national historical and cultural context.


The continuous technological advance means that every day the human being gets involved in the knowledge society, information and communication technologies, within education, has allowed to make a change in education, that is why educational institutions now They have the need to insert technology into their educational processes.

This research report is focused on the management and use of educational web portals as pedagogical tools within the cognitive development of students, educational web portals are a set of resources linked to the world of the internet, where both teacher and student have them as learning tools, in order to change the way of carrying out the educational process both inside and outside the institution; Web portals have become a very useful resource for teachers, as they can prepare their classes more dynamically, while students can strengthen what they have learned in the classroom.

The results obtained during the investigation made it possible to demonstrate the need to implement a technological tool for the cognitive development of students, in this case the educational web portals can be used by both teachers and students,

With the information obtained was made in the approach of the use of the web portal Schoology, a manual was developed which explains everything necessary for the application of this tool within the teaching and learning process.


Sodium manganese oxides (SMO) with different crystal structures have been synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reaction (HTSSR), in which both morphology and crystal structure of SMO can be well-controlled by synergistic effects of both the ratio of sodium-to-manganese and the heat-treatment temperature. The material is further used as the cathode in Li/Na-ion batteries, and the experimental results indicated that the performance of SMO as the electrode material mainly depends on its crystal structure, while its morphology only plays an important role in the initial stage. SMO with a 3-D tunnel structure (Na0.44MnO2) and a layer structure (Na0.67MnO2 and Na0.91MnO2) delivers better battery performance.


Epidemic Routing is a data delivery scheme based on the store-carry-forward routing paradigm for sparsely populated mobile ad hoc networks. In Epidemic Routing, each node copies packets in its buffer into any other node that comes within its communication range. Although Epidemic Routing has short delay performance, it causes excessive buffer space utilization at nodes because many packet copies are disseminated over the network. In this paper, aiming at efficient buffer usage, we propose an XOR-based delivery scheme for Epidemic Routing, where nodes encode packets by XORing them when their buffers are full. Note that existing delivery schemes with coding are active coding, where source nodes always encode packets before transmitting them. On the other hand, the proposed scheme is passive coding, where source nodes encode packets only when buffer overflow would occur. Therefore, the behavior of the proposed scheme depends on the buffer utilization. More specifically, if sufficient buffer space is available, the proposed scheme delivers packets by the same operation as Epidemic Routing. Otherwise, it avoids buffer overflow by encoding packets. Simulation experiments show that the proposed scheme improves the packet delivery ratio.


Ever increasing need for better performance, die size reduction to aid cost saving and achieving schedule targets has challenged chip designers in multiple spaces. One such very important area is delivering required voltage to on die circuits through robust power grid. Designers have to make some tradeoffs to meet design requirements amid different constraints. Some of these tradeoffs if not well assessed can cause design failures. Through this write-up, we present assessment scheme which can bring out package power plane weaknesses by doing chip-package power delivery network (PDN) analysis.


The paper looks at the transformation of intergovernment fiscal relations from the point of view of a regional administration in Russia. It also describes changes in local fiscal management. The Yaroslavl region faces a set of budgetary problems typical for Russian regions in the transition, ranging from budget preparation and managements, scale of extrabudgetary financing and expenditure verification. The paper shows what the actual priorities of regional government policy are, how these priorities are determined and through which channels and mechanisms they are implemented. Between 1990 and 1993, the manner in which the oblast's budget was prepared, approved, and implemented changed considerably, as did the relationship between the oblast and the federal authorities. However, many vestiges of the former system remain. The central government still exerts control over some aspects of the regional budgets, and oblast, city and rayon budgets are not fully separated. But decentralization is proceeding at a brisk pace, faster than the federal authorities can codify the rules for the game. The resulting uncertainty sets the stage for bargaining with the central government and rent-seeking behavior on the part of the region. The allocation of expenditures between federal and regional governments continues to be a very murky process, particularly with respect to the so-called 'national economy' expenditure terms, which include expenditures on industry, agriculture, transport, and other infrastructure. The shift in expenditure responsibility in the social areas, however, has been consistent almost all such responsibilities have been devolved down to the regions, cities and rayons.


Objective To investigate the test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability of the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA),Wolf's motor function test (WMFT),the box-block test (BBT) and the nine-hole peg test (NHPT) in assessing the upper limb motor function of stroke patients.Methods Eighteen stroke patients participated in the study.Each patient was assessed twice within 2 hours with the U-FMA,WMFT,the BBT and the NHPT.Two raters recorded each session separately.Test-retest reliability was investigated by comparing the assessment results of different sessions; interrater reliability was identified by analyzing the assessment results of different raters.Results The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for the U-FMA were 0.988 on test-retest reliability and 0.959 on inter-rater reliability.The ICC of WMFT by mean and median time were respectively 0.996 and 0.393 on test-retest reliability and both 1.000 on inter-rater reliability.The ICC of WMFT by score mean was O.989 for test-retest reliability and 0.977 for inter-rater reliability.The ICC for test-retest reliability of the BBT using affected hand counts and the difference in counts between the affected and un-affected hand were respectively 0.975 and 0.982.The ICC of the NHPT using affected hand times and the difference between the affected hand and unaffected hand times were respectively 0.937 and 0.936 for test-retest reliability,and both 1.000 for inter-rater reliability.Conclusion The U-FMA,WMFT,the BBT and the NHPT are all measurements with good test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability.They are reliable for assessing the upper extremity motor function of stroke patients.

Key words:
Fugl-Meyer assessment ;  Wolf's motor function test ;  Box-block test ;  Nine-hole peg test ; Upper extremities;  Reliability


Abstract : This paper reviews developments in the field of store carriage and separation. First, the Store Separation Program Plan, a long term effort carried out at NWC, China Lake, is summarized, and then corresponding efforts are reviewed from a wide variety of sources. The recommendations of the NWC study are, with some changes in emphasis, still valid in this rapidly changing technological environment, but especially important is the recommendation of accelerating efforts to apply transonic techniques. European literature suggests a greater application of analytical techniques to this field than corresponding United States literature. There is still a strong requirement for high quality experimental data suitable for rigorous comparisons and critical correlations. (Author)


This bachelor thesis deals with possibilities of preparation of microtome cuts of polymer materials for microscopy. At the beginning of the thesis is briefly described history and individual types of microtomes. The next section deals with the selection of the right knife for given application. In detail, the preparation of thin and ultra-thin sections for both light and transmission electron microscopy is described. In the last part of the thesis, there are described differences between cuts from filled, soft and hard polymers.


Technical fumed silica has a surprisingly strong intrinsic fluorescence, which is fed back to a content of foreign elements and leads to a characteristic fluorescence spectrum. The fluorescence decay time and other data of this intrinsic fluorescence changes in a characteristic manner with the surrounding medium, such. As polymer matrices, and can be used for its characterization, are used such as for recycling purposes, quality control or to identify particular batches.


Magnetostrictive patch transducers are operated by the magnetostrictive principle, the coupling phenomenon between magnetic and elastic fields. When multiple magnetostrictive patch transducers are used in close proximity as for ultrasonic imaging of a damaged plate, the magnetic fields used to drive transducers can interfere with each other, resulting in distortion in the ultrasonic waves transmitted and measured by the transducers. While a number of recent papers have investigated the development and applications of the transducers, no study has been reported on the analysis of the effects of the magnetic interference. In this paper, we analyze the effects of both the dynamic actuating and the static biasing magnetic fields of a magnetostrictive patch transducer on the occurrence of undesired cross-talk signals in a receiving transducer and also on the radiation pattern of an adjacent transmitting transducer. The analysis is performed both experimentally and semi-analytically and a guideline is suggested to minimize the undesirable interference. While the specific transducer used in this study is an omni-directional Lamb wave magnetostrictive patch transducer, the findings from this study can be utilized for any type of magnetostrictive patch transducers.


This thesis seeks to investigate the complex role of the foot in lower limb energetics. Much of the existing research into the kinematics and kinetics of the lower limb focuses primarily on the hip, knee, and ankle, while overlooking the contributions of the foot. Current understanding of foot mechanics is further limited owing to the methodological approaches commonly used. A review of the literature (Chapter Two) revealed that current foot-biomechanics research methods are limited by soft-tissue artefact (STA) and modelling assumptions, that there are conflicting reports of contributions of the midfoot to lower limb mechanics, and that intrinsic foot muscles appear to possess the necessary traits to actively contribute to work performed on the centre of mass (COM). Based on the review of the literature, three studies were conducted to address three separate aims, described below.The first study evaluated current methods used to measure foot and ankle kinematics (Chapter Three). The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement between two approaches (traditional skin-mounted three-dimensional (3D) motion capture and biplanar videoradiography (BVR)) for quantifying foot and ankle kinematics during walking and running. Ankle angle and medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angles output from both techniques were compared for convergent validity. Traditional motion capture and BVR demonstrated strong agreement for the ankle and MLA angle in the sagittal plane, thus confirming convergent validity in the sagittal plane. Despite the difference between systems being similar across all three planes (2°-4°), the divergence between systems was exacerbated in the frontal and transverse planes due to their relatively small range of motion (ROM).  As a result, the level of agreement in the frontal and transverse planes was weak-to-moderate. These findings confirm that either BVR or motion capture can be used to measure foot and ankle kinematics in the sagittal plane.The second study aimed to determine the role of the intrinsic foot muscles in regulating midfoot quasi-stiffness and to determine if midfoot quasi-stiffness is modulated in a manner similar to the ankle during a single-leg hopping task (Chapter Four). The secondary aim was to determine the differences in ankle kinematics when modelling the ankle traditionally (shank-rigid-foot) compared to modelling it anatomically (shank-calcaneus). It was hypothesised that with increased hopping-frequency there would be an increase in midfoot quasi-stiffness and an increase in intrinsic foot muscle activation (flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), abductor hallucis (AH)). In line with the hypothesis, midfoot quasi-stiffness increased with increasing hopping-frequency. Interestingly, the increase in quasi-stiffness was observed despite decreased FDB activation during contact. Furthermore, the data demonstrated that rigid-foot models overestimated ankle ROM and underestimated ankle stiffness. This chapter provides evidence for task specific alterations in midfoot quasi-stiffness, thus signifying the importance of the midfoot in lower limb mechanics. Further work is required to investigate how midfoot stiffness is regulated.The third study aimed to determine the role of the intrinsic foot muscles in contributing to energetics at the COM during a single-leg hopping task, with and without a selective nerve block to prevent the intrinsic foot muscles from actively producing force (Chapter Five). The secondary aim was to determine if there was any alteration in ankle, knee, or hip mechanics and energetics following the administration of the posterior tibial nerve block. It was hypothesised that when the intrinsic foot muscles could not actively produce force; there would be a reduction in work performed about the midfoot and ankle.  Furthermore, it was hypothesised that to maintain constant COM energetics without use of the intrinsic foot muscles, the work performed at the hip joint would increase. In support of the hypotheses, when the nerve block was applied, there was a significant reduction in work performed at the midfoot (~3 J/ 3% reduction of total lower limb work) and a significant concomitant increase in work at the hip (~2 J/ 2% increase of total lower limb work). While work performed at the ankle joint did not significantly change, there was a large reduction in activation of the medial gastrocnemius (GM) across the entire hop-cycle. These findings suggest that the intrinsic foot muscles actively contribute to mechanical work performed on the COM. Furthermore, this study suggests there is a potential relationship between intrinsic foot muscle function and plantar flexor function.This series of experiments systematically evaluated the function of the midfoot, and the harmony between the midfoot and ankle during spring-like gait. Modelling the ankle with a rigid-foot introduced substantial errors in ankle joint excursion and quasi-stiffness, likely leading to overestimations of the contribution of the ankle joint to the energetics of locomotion. When the function of the intrinsic foot muscles were inhibited, there was a distal-to-proximal shift in mechanical work, thus making movement potentially less efficient and less spring-like. This thesis has demonstrated that the midfoot is an active contributor to COM energetics and a necessary component for human spring-like gait.


Due to the nature of the development of gas transmission network, the problem of ensuring reliability and safety of the underwater gas pipelines was practically exhausted by the calculation of underwater crossings through the rivers, lakes, and other water barriers. However, in recent years in connection with the development of oil and gas fields on the shelf, and the globalization of the gas transmission network, the question came up related to designing, building, and subsequently ensuring the stable operation of the offshore deep-water pipelines. Individual information about the accident rate of the offshore pipelines is given. They mainly concern the coastal pipelines transporting raw materials from the offshore production platforms to the onshore terminal. The largest number of accidents is typical for the pipelines of small diameters (2–6 inches) — 59 % of their total number. A group of medium-diameter pipelines (8–16 inches) accounts for 32 % of accidents. Pipelines of large diameter (18–36 inches) are the least susceptible to damage — about 3 % of accidents. In recent decades, the offshore main gas pipelines were widely used and are considered as the most promising way of transporting gas due to higher reliability, safety, and environmental friendliness, as well as the advantages of direct Analysis is presented in the article concerning the accident rate and features of failures of the offshore gas pipelines. The criteria of limit states and the algorithm for calculating the stress-strain state of the offshore pipeline, which are the main part of the safety assessment, are given. Methodology for the safety of the offshore gas pipelines was developed, based on which the example of the safety assessment of the Blue Stream gas pipeline is given. The materials of the article were used in the development of the projects for the offshore gas pipelines and are also included in the industry regulatory document.


We suggest a two‐layers model, a pulsed ultrasonic waveform excited by a thermal source located at interface between laser irradiation layer (or film) and substrate. The elastic properties for the two layers are different. By using Laplce and Hankle transfers and Cagniard technique, we deduce approximate analysis expression and calculate the epicenter displacement of ultrasound. Investigation results show that: the waveform of displacement depends on the depth of the surface layer, the parameters of the two materials and laser beam. The higher the ratio of the velocities between the irradiation layer and substrate the larger the amplitude of the epicenter pulse is, and the jump of the transverse pulse becomes flat. The detail process, results, discussions and the comparison between this work and the sublayer model are presented.


Objective To analysis the relationship between the MRI features and its pathology of parasagittal meningiomas and improve the ability of the diagnosis and treatment of it.Methods 73 cases of parasagittal meningiomas were examed by MRI.The MRI features including location,size,shape,edge,edema,signals,features of enhancement and so on were analyzed combining with pathological characters.Results Besides common MRI findings of meningiomas such as wide base,dural tail sign and false capsule,the following imaging signs were seen:cystic changes in 2 cases,hemorrhage in 2 cases,calcify in 5 cases,extra-cranial involvement in 4 cases and striding across the superior sagittal sinus and/or falx of the tumor in 2 cases,which were relevent with the results of pathology.Conclusion There are some uncommen features of parasagittal meningiomas including cystic changes,hemorrhage,calcify,extra-cranial involvement and striding sign of the tumor.Being familiar with the untipical manifestations and a combination of pathology and surgery are of great value in the diagnosis,differential diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of tumor.


A new-type EMBR(electromagnetic brake) was specially designed for the funnel shape mold during thin slab casting because of the irregularity of the wide walls of such molds.Numerical simulations were carried out to predict the liquid steel flow under the action of the EMBR of which the positional height and magnetomotive force(the number of winding turns multiplied by the current passing through the winding) have both been changed.The results showed that the two changed parameters have slight influence on the trend of magnetic field distribution,and the distribution is heterogeneous in mold.And it was found that the region where the magnetic induction is maximum is slightly below the center of magnetic field and close to the inner surface of narrow wall of the mold.Compared with the mold without electromagnetic force exerted on it,the results showed that the liquid steel flow strands can be inhibited so as to improve the flow field greatly if the height of the new-type EMBR is in the range from 250 mm to 300mm and the magnetomotive force are 8 000 A or higher.


Purpose The ideal timing for a Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) remains a highly controversial topic in the treatment of displaced acetabular fractures in the elderly with damage to the articular surface of the acetabulum or femoral head. Acute THA offers early rehabilitation but a high incidence of heterotopic ossification has been reported. Its incidence and consequences on the patient9s function are not clear. The goal of this study is to compare the incidence of heterotopic ossification following acute THA of acetabular fractures compared to delayed THA, and to evaluate its functional effects on the patient. Method In this retrospective consecutive case series of acetabular fractures; 20 patients were treated with acute THA and 20 patients were treated with delayed THA after failed conservative or surgical treatment. The incidence of heterotopic ossification (using Brooker9s classification) was obtained and functional outcomes were evaluated using SF-12, WOMAC, Harris Hip Score surveys. Results Heterotopic ossification (HO) was found in 55% (13/20) in the acute THR group compared to 25% (5/20) in the delayed THA group. The relative risk of having significant HO (grades 2–3-4) when the prosthesis was done acutely was 3.4 times higher then when it was delayed. (p=0.01). Furthermore, significant difference in functional outcome was noted in the acute THA group. In fact, seven of eight (7/8) patients in the first subgroup of patients with no HO or grade 1 HO had excellent or good HHS scores. However, only three of eight (3/8) patients with grade 2 or 3 HO showed excellent or good HHS scores. The specific heterotopic ossification grade did not correlate with function. Conclusion The incidence of HO was significantly higher in patients with acute THA compared to delayed THA for acetabular fractures. Interestingly, in the acute THA group, patients with grades 2 and 3 HO seem to have worst functional outcomes than patients with no HO or grade 1 HO.


We present a novel progressive painting‐based mesh cut out tool, called Paint Mesh Cutting, for interactive mesh segmentation. Different from the previous user interfaces, the user only needs to draw a single stroke on the foreground region and then obtains the desired cutting part at an interactive rate. Moreover, the user progressively paints the region of interest using a brush and has the instant feedback on cutting results as he/she drags the mouse. This is achieved by efficient local graph‐cut based optimizations based on the Gaussian mixture models (GMM) on the shape diameter function (SDF) metric of the shape. We demonstrate a number of various examples to illustrate the flexibility and applicability of our system and present a user study that supports the advantages of our user interface.


Rats were fed three dietary variations containing 100 ppm of Phenoclor DP6 (a commercial PCB mixture) for 30 days. Compared to the normal diet, rats on high fat (20%, and low protein (3,5%) diets had a same curve of PCB storage in liver and carcase fat. However the DP6 in whole body (as per cent of ingested dose) was lower in rats receiving unbalanced diets. Intestinal absorption of DP6 was unaffected by higher-fat diet ingestion.


The role of water in the development and yield of the coffee crop (Coffea arabica L.) is reviewed. A period of water stress, induced either by dry soil or dry air, is needed to prepare flower buds for blossoming that is then stimulated by rain or irrigation. Although attempts have been made to quantify the intensity and duration of stress required, these have not yet been specified in ways that are commercially useful. Water must be freely available during the period of rapid fruit expansion to ensure large, high-quality seed yields. Depending on the time and uniformity of flowering this can occur at times when rainfall is unreliable, particularly in equatorial areas. Although there are differences in their responses to drought, commercial cultivars have retained many of the characteristics adapted to the shady environment of the forests in the Ethiopian highlands in which C. arabica is believed to have originated. These include partial closure of the stomata when evaporation rates are high as a result of large leaf-to-air saturation deficits (>1.6 kPa), even if the soil is at field capacity. This is thought to be an adaptive mechanism that minimizes transpiration at high irradiances when the leaves are light-saturated. Our understanding of the actual water use of coffee crops grown in diverse ways is imperfect. For mature crops, well supplied with water, the crop coefficient (Kc) appears to have a value in the range equivalent to 0.7–0.8 times the evaporation from a US Weather Bureau Class A pan. There is some evidence that Kc values are less than this on days when evaporation rates are high (>7 mm d−1). For immature crops allowance has to be made for the proportion of the ground area shaded by the leaf canopy, but this alone may underestimate rates of water use. Present methods of calculating crop water requirements for the purposes of irrigation scheme design and management are imprecise and, probably, subject to large errors depending on local circumstances. The need for irrigation, and its role in controlling the timing of flowering, varies depending on the rainfall distribution, the severity of the dry season, and soil type and depth. Two geographic areas need to be distinguished in particular; those close to the equator with a bi-modal rainfall pattern and those at higher latitudes with a single rainy season and an extended dry season. Despite the international importance of irrigation in coffee crop production, the benefits to be derived from irrigation, in yield and in financial terms, have not been adequately quantified in either location. Allowable soil-water deficits have been specified for deep-rooting crops (2–3 m) on water retentive soils, usually linked to conventional over-tree sprinkler irrigation systems. Other, potentially more efficient, methods of irrigation are now available for coffee grower use, in particular, micro-jet- and drip-irrigation systems. However, there appears to be little advice, based on sound experimental work, on how to design and operate these to best advantage. There is a need to interpret and apply the scientific understanding of the role that water plays in the growth and development of the coffee plant into practical advice that can assist the grower to plan and to use water efficiently, whether rainfall or irrigation, for the production of reliable, high-quality crops. Future research opportunities are identified.


possible to make the diagnosis during life ". In 1950 Engle et al.3) analyzed the clinical aspects of this disease concluding that there were sufficient characteristic features to allow the clinical diagnosis. Reynolds4) in 1950 and Soloff et al.5) in 1951 reported the first cases diagnosed during life. With the widespread use of modern diagnostic methods, such as catheterization and angiocardiography, resulting in better understanding of the clinical syndrome, a considerable number of reports on the clinically established diagnosis of this disease have appeared recently. In Japan, however, the present case represents the first instance of which the accurate diagnosis was ascertained in autopsy and was reported at the 2nd Kanto District Meeting of the Japan Circulation Academy in Sept., 1956.


Solvothermal reaction of 4,4′-[(4-carboxybenzyl)nitrilo]dibenzoate(H3L) with 1,10-phenanthroline(Phen) produced a two dimensional(2D) zinc(Ⅱ)coordination polymer [Zn(HL)(Phen)]n(1).The complex was characterized by elemental analysis,IR spectroscopy,and X-ray single-crystal diffraction.It crystallizes in the monoclinic system,space group P21/c.The neighboring Zn(Ⅱ) ions are linked by HL2-anions and Phen to form infinitely 1D zigzag chain,the 1D chains further linked each other to form 3-fold interpenetrated 2D wavelike sheet by H-bonding and π-π interaction.In addition,the fluorescence property of 1 was also studied.


Computer vision can highly benefit from modern learning meth ods. In the context of an active vision environment we introduce a machine learning approach which is able to learn strategies of object acquisiti on. We propose a hybrid learning method, called Sphinx, that combines two approaches originating from seperate disciplines of computer science, namely reinforcement learning on the one hand and belief revision on the other. The former represents knowledge in a numerical way, while the latter is based on symbolic logic and allows reasoning. Sphinx is designed according to human cognition and interacts with its environment by rotating objects depending on past perceptions to acquire those views which are advantageous for recognition. Our method was successfully applied in simulations of object categorization tasks.


Gone With the Wind was written by an American writer Margaret Mitchell (1900-1949). After its publishing, the novel caused a great stir in the entire America and won a Pulitzer Prize in 1937. The novel is still popular even nowadays, winning multitudinous readers. With the impact of American Civil War upon the South and suffering of Scarlett's family as the background, the story describes the transformation of Scarlett from an innocent girl into a mature lady. The present paper, first of all, gives a brief introduction of the story. Then, it mainly makes an analysis of Scarlett's characters from two aspects: Her persistence towards love for which she sticks to for more than a decade and her persistent pursuit of a better life for which she does by fair means and foul. The paper concludes with Scarlett's motto "Tomorrow is another day".


Questions connected with modeling of mixing process in drum mixer of continuous action are considered. The character of grain material distribution along the full length of the drum is investigated and analysed. According to the results of experimental research with various components it is stated that the distribution of material along the length of the drum under modeling process can be referred as linear.


ABSTRACT

Part B

Introduction: This paper discusses the core competencies for visual resources (VR) management, created as a part of a project funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS). The content analysis of job listings in Part A of the series and the survey of the visual resources professionals described in this paper together contributed to the development of the Core Competencies. The results of the survey of visual resources professionals, the core competencies, and the next phases of the project are discussed in this paper.
Method: A survey of VR professionals was conducted to gather the opinions of current VR professionals on status, recruitment, training and skills needed in the VR field.
Analysis & Results: Image processing, digital imaging, visual literacy, communication, data asset management and cataloging emerged as prominent skill areas desired by VR professionals. The eight areas of the Core Competencies, together with detailed descriptions of the skills associated with the areas, are described.
Conclusions: VR is an emerging field which is becoming increasingly complex due to the impact of digital technologies and the many information environments in which VR is practiced. These environments include museums, archives, private organizations and libraries. A graduate degree in Library and Information Science supplemented with the weeklong non-certified Summer Educational Institute in Visual Resources and Image Management (SEI) course is suggested to better prepare future VR professionals for the field.


Railroad cars can be subject to a lateral instability called hunting while running at relatively high speeds on tangent track. Hunting causes car, lading and track damage, and as a worse case scenario, possibly leads to derailment. This Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) project investigated a wayside truck hunting detection system that consisted of an array of paired displacement measurement sensors (DMS) placed along a section of tangent track on which trains operate at relatively high speeds. Speed, wheelset alignment, and lateral position relative to the track are established at each non-end sensor pair in the array to determine a particular wheelset's path through the array to identify, among other things, trucks with poor lateral stability. In July of 2004, Norfolk Southern (NS), in conjunction with the Equipment and Operating Practices Research Division of the Office of Research and Development at FRA, conducted a comparative test of truck hunting detection systems as part of their ongoing cooperative agreement for wayside component inspection demonstrations. Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) was allowed to participate in the evaluation using the Lynxrail prototype. The Lynxrail prototype performed reasonably well when compared with onboard data. Additionally, the prototype performed comparably to the other systems evaluated at the NS/FRA hunting test in July of 2004, according to an NS presentation at the Wheel/Rail Interaction Conference at Chicago in May of 2005. In the interim between the end of testing and the production of this report, Lynxrail completed several prototype enhancements needed to better support the operations of the North American railroad industry. These enhancements include: incorporation of Automatic Equipment Identification (AEI) interface capabilities, ruggedization of track-mounted system components, and protection of all system components so they can successfully function in all North American climates. Furthermore, the data from this evaluation was provided to Lynxrail, who was encouraged to continue optimizing its algorithms for improved detector performance at higher vehicle speeds. The Lynxrail system, now sufficiently mature, has been offered in several proposals to North American freight railroads. If desired, the Lynxrail system could equally serve to detect hunting for passenger railroads as well.


The conceptual design study of a hadron Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV in a new tunnel of 80-100 km circumference assumes the determination of the basic requirements for its detectors. A superconducting solenoid magnet of 12 m diameter inner bore with the central magnetic flux density of 6 T is proposed for a FCC-hh experimental setup. The coil of 24.518 m long has seven 3.5 m long modules included into one cryostat. The steel yoke with a mass of 21 kt consists of two barrel layers of 0.5 m radial thickness, and 0.7 m thick nose disk, four 0.6 m thick end-cap disks, and three 0.8 m thick muon toroid disks each side. The outer diameter of the yoke is 17.7 m; the length without the forward muon toroids is 33 m. The air gaps between the end-cap disks provide the installation of the muon chambers up to the pseudorapidity of ±3.5. The conventional forward muon spectrometer provides the measuring of the muon momenta in the pseudorapidity region from ±2.7 to ±4.6. The magnet modeled with Cobham's program TOSCA. The total Ampere-turns in the superconducting solenoid coil are 127.25 MA-turns. The stored energy is 43.3 GJ. The axial force onto each end-cap is 480 MN. The stray field at the radius of 50 m off the coil axis is 14.1 mT and 5.4 mT at the radius of 100 m. All other parameters presented and discussed.


Speech presented to high school principals, College Arms, Adelaide College of TAFE, October 1992 by Adam Graycar, Chief Executive Officer, Office of Tertiary Education, Adelaide. Made available under the Creative Commons BY 4.0 (CC BY) Attribution license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


In this response to Asle Eikrem's discussion of my program for "Systematic Theology as Contemporary Theology" (DTT 2008, 290-310), I lay out my principled reasons for maintaining the distinction between Theology 1, 2 and 3. While I find Eikrem's proposals concerning the relation between the semantics and the pragmatics in Theologyl revealing, I argue that systematic theology should not be understood as a purely theoretical metaphysics.


Background and Aim: Regular use of a potent antiplaque compound, especially formulated in toothpaste, can be beneficial in dental plaque control. Many herbal toothpastes are claiming to have anticariogenic property but they are not evident and not substantiated by the dental professionals. It is important that clinical trials should verify the efficacy of any new product, instead of simply accepting them. Hence, the present work was designed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of commercially available herbal toothpastes against the clinically isolated human Streptococcus mutans. Materials and Methods: The known clinical samples from caries-positive patients were collected, and S. mutans bacteria was isolated and identified by morphology, biochemical profiling, and 16s rDNA sequencing method. The antibacterial efficacy of six herbal toothpastes against S. mutans clinical isolate was evaluated by standard agar well diffusion method. Results: Danthakanthi, among all the tested toothpastes, was found to be more effective with zone of inhibition 27.50 ± 0.51 mm, compared to standard and other tested pastes followed by Miswak and Colgate herbal. Vicco was found to be least effective with zone of inhibition 18.90 ± 0.18 mm against the tested bacteria. Conclusion: Herbal toothpastes have the prospect of becoming safer and effective alternative and provide an ideal home care anticariogenic regime. Toothpaste with multiple herbal ingredients is more efficient than the toothpastes with fewer herbal ingredients in an anticariogenic property.


Communications between the left ventricle and the right atrium are rare. A left ventricle to coronary sinus fistula is an extremely rare form of left ventricular-right atrial shunt. This is the first report of such a shunt following myocardial infarction, and emphasizes the use of two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography in making the diagnosis.


The second messenger 3 0 , 5 0 -cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a master regulator of intracellular signaling across all species, from bacteria to mammals. Given its central role in key cellular functions, cAMP signaling is disrupted in many patho-logical conditions and is an attractive target for drug develop-ment. 1 Intracellular levels of cAMP result from the balanced activity of adenylyl cyclases (ACs) that, on activation of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), utilize ATP to generate cAMP and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a large superfamily of enzymes with over 50 isoforms, that degrade cAMP to AMP. The cAMP relays its signal to a small number of intracellular effectors and, prominently, to the protein kinase A (PKA), a highly promiscu-ous enzyme that phosphorylates multiple target proteins. PKA is a tetramer composed of a regulatory (R) dimer and two catalytic (C) subunits. R 2 :C 2 holoenzymes are classified according to the R-subunit isoform (RI a , RI b , RII a , and RII b ) as PKA-I and PKA-II, respectively. Binding of the C-subunit to the inhibitory sites of the respective R-subunit renders the kinase inactive, whereas allosteric binding of cAMP to two carboxyl-terminus tandem cAMP-binding domains of the R-subunits unleashes the catalytic activity of the holoenzyme. 2 The cAMP/PKA signaling controls a myriad of cellular functions and responses, ranging from energy metabolism to gene transcription and protein expres-sion, from ion fluxes and electrical activity to cell mechanics, cell survival, and cell death. As many of the cAMP/PKA-responsive processes run concurrently within the


Summary from only given. Resonant picosecond-pulse, mid-infrared laser irradiation has been shown to ablate glassy and crystalline solids with high efficiency and low collateral damage. We have extended this concept to show that resonant infrared (IR) pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) is an effective method for depositing polymer films with physical and chemical structure as well as optical properties virtually identical to those of the bulk starting material. This contrasts sharply with PLD at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, where deposited polymer material is significantly degraded.


The invention also to the image to automatically obtain a projection apparatus provided, and project the image to automatically track the flight screen mechanism for flight screen mechanism to fly automatically along a given trajectory, while automatically tracking a screen flying and at the same time, fly screens are public places where people crowded like if consisting of three-dimensional surfaces by automatically correcting the distortion of the projected images, the ground without being affected by conditions without the problem of the image is obscured showrooms, department stores, an indoor theme park in the present invention relates to an image projection device through the trajectory tracking of a fly screen mechanism to maximize advertising effectiveness and guidance. Image-projecting device via the trajectory tracking of a fly-screen apparatus according to the invention, is for injury gas is injected therein, is attached a screen on one side thereof, the air vehicle flying in a trajectory determined by the control of the micro controller, the micro- the controller is built-flight screen apparatus provided with a driving device that moves along a trajectory determined for the vehicle and a control box installed at a lower center of gravity of the vehicle, is provided in the control box outside under the control of the microcontroller; And And a pan / tilt drive system for adjusting the direction of the projector according to the projector to project the image on the fly screen, movement of the fly screen, and overall for while controlling the projector and the pan / tilt driving system to project the image on the fly screen and that comprising an image projection apparatus having a main controller for controlling operations as a technical feature. Aircraft, ship, image analysis, image projection, tracking, distortion correction,


In this work it is shown that provided a certain positive real condition is satisfied, the AML recursion for the parameters of a scalar ARMAX time series model converges with probability one without the need of monitoring. Previous proofs of convergence had effectively required that the recursion be monitored.


The problem in this study is whether there is an influence of the use of video compact disc (VCD) media on the results of jumps in the eighth grade students of Palembang State Junior High School 3 in the 2018/2019 academic year. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of n media video compact disc (VCD) on long jump results in class VII students of Palembang State Junior High School 2019/2020. The method used in this study is an experimental method using the Pretest-Posttest One-Group design. Data sources of this research are seventh grade students of Palembang State 3 Junior High School, totaling 40 students. Data analysis techniques used are quantitative analysis techniques. From the results of the study found that the average final test score (posttest) is higher than the average value of the initial test (pretest), where the average value of the initial test results is 2.08 while the average value in the final test is 2 , 25. Based on the analysis carried out using the t test, the value = 13.93 is greater than = 2.02 so that the use of video compact disc (VCD) media on the squat style long jump results in class VII students of Palembang State 3 Junior High School in 2018/2019 acceptable.


T recent social upheaval and political turbulence in Nicaragua are widely reported as the citizenry's response to the Daniel Ortega administration's new policy prescriptions. To date, hundreds of Nicaraguans have fallen victim to alleged extrajudicial killings by pro-government supporters and military police, while nearly 25,000 continue to seek asylum in Costa Rica and an estimated 131,000 have descended into poverty (Fundación Nicaragüense para el Desarrollo Económico y Social [FUNIDES], 2018; Partlow, 2018). Initial reports emphasized that protests arose in response to the government's proposal to reduce pension benefits while raising social security taxes (Rogers, 2018; Thaler & Mosinger, 2018; Toro & Bosworth, 2018). Stories have surfaced from Nicaragua's capital, Managua, that protestors have been tearing down a symbol of national unity — the trees of life — that was designed by the current vice president and first lady, Rosario Murillo. These árboles de la vida, many of which still dot the cityscape, embody a multifaceted symbolism that ranges from a simple art project meant to enhance Managua's colorful urban aesthetic to a representation of Nicaragua's literal and figurative roots in the "land of lakes and volcanoes," the country's tourist and nationalistic motto. However, Nicaraguans are tearing down these trees as symbols of a corrupt regime that is detached from the social realities of its pueblo and tierra. The smaller demonstrations over the Indio-Maíz Biological Reserve that preceded the widespread and violent protests underscore these relationships. From April 3 to April 16, 2018, a wildfire consumed 5,500 hectares of forests in Nicaragua's Indio-Maíz Biological Reserve. To raise public awareness, environmentalists turned to social media, inspiring the creation of #SOSIndioMaíz on Twitter that fomented peaceful civilian and student protests from April 10 to 13 (Pilz, 2018). Protestors perceived the government's response to be slow, inadequate, and even counterproductive as officials waited weeks to send firefighting crews to the reserve and reportedly refused firefighting aid from Costa Rica (Agren, 2018). The fire was extinguished within days after the initial protests. Yet, these embers remained on the streets and social media, as on-the-ground and online advocates drew parallels between perceived government neglect of its land in Indio-Maíz and neglect of its people via social security reforms. These connections are visible


Effusive eruptions are the most common volcanic manifestations in basaltic volcanoes. Emission of lava flows may occur from the main craters at summit or from vents along the flanks, representing constant threat to the human infrastructures located in volcanic areas [1] . The motion of lava flows are dependent on the physical and chemical characteristics of lava [2] and their extensions are strongly controlled by the rate at which lava is emitted at the vents [3] , [4] . However, complex eruptive dynamics, linked with the sequential opening of new vents and fluctuations in effusion rates may lead to the development of composite lava fields. Furthermore, the formation of thermally-insulated systems such as lava tubes, allows the flow to reach a greater extent due to the lower cooling rate. The development of complex tube networks is highlighted by the presence of different orders of ephemeral vents along the margins of the main flow, which is controlled mainly by the ground slope and the discharge rates [5] .


Gandhi's case against the West looks... infinitely stronger than it looked, to us Westerners, thirty years ago. G. D. H. cole


The Energy Systems Laboratory (ESL) at the Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station of the Texas A&M University System is pleased to provide this preliminary report, "Energy Efficiency/Renewable Energy Impact in the Texas Emissions Reduction Plan (TERP): Integrated NOx Emissions Savings from EE/RE Programs Statewide," as required under Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. § 388.003 (e) (Senate Bill 5, 77R as amended 78 R & 78S).

The ESL is required to annually report the energy savings from statewide adoption of the Texas Building Energy Performance Standards in Senate Bill 5 (SB 5), as amended, and the relative impact of proposed local energy code amendments in the Texas non-attainment and near-nonattainment counties as part of the Texas Emissions Reduction Plan (TERP).


The paper addresses the possibilities of application of discrete Short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and Fast Fourier transform (FFT) for detection of voltage dips in the distribution grid with high level of distributed generation in the concept of the future smart grids. Modelling and testing are carried out in the MATLAB/SimPowerSystems environment. Modified IEEE13 bus system with high level of distributed generation from wind and solar sources, with different control algorithms, was used. Some advantages of FFT is noted, especially when the task is very fast detection of voltage dips.


Several studies validate the role of various supportive interventions including loosening exercises, neck exercises and yogasanas in conventional management of cervical spondylosis. The present cross-sectional study proposes that religious meditation and prayers including namaz could also be beneficial in improving the overall health and wellbeing of patients with cervical spondylosis.


Biomarker detection in LC-MS data depends mainly on feature selection algorithms as the number of features is extremely high while the number of samples is very small. This makes classification of these data sets extremely challenging. In this paper we propose the use of genetic programming (GP) for subset feature selection in LC-MS data which works by maximizing the signal to noise ratio of the selected features by GP. The proposed method was applied to eight LC-MS data sets with different sample sizes and different levels of concentration of the spiked biomarkers. We evaluated the accuracy of selection from the list of biomarkers and also using the classification accuracy of the selected features via the support vector machines (SVMs) and Naive Bayes (NB) classifiers. Features selected by the proposed GP method managed to achieve perfect classification accuracy for most of the data sets. The results show that the proposed method strikes a reasonable compromise between the detection rate of the biomarkers and the classification accuracy for all data sets. The method was also compared to linear Support Vector Machine-Recursive Features Elimination (SVM-RFE) and t-test for feature selection and the results show that the biomarker detection rate of the proposed approach is higher.


ABSTRACT Ferguson's concept of diglossia is examined with a view to dedetermining its applicability to creole continua. The characteristics of classic instances of diglossia are subdivided into sociocultural and linguistic features, and these in turn are used as a basis for determining the extent to which different types of community might be fruitfully described as diglossic. The conclusion is drawn that creole continua share far more in common with Ferguson's defining cases of diglossia than they do not, and far more than other types of speech community. (Diglossia, Creole continua, Typology of speech communities)


In order to ensure the durability of industrial buildings the corrosion mechanism of concrete and structure is introduced.Taken on coal refuse-fired electric power plant as example and based upon detection analysis practical corrosion prevention and treatment measures of concrete structures are proposed,in order to effectively prevent and reduce corrosion of various corrosive matters to reinforced concrete structures.


This paper applied the object-based approach in feature extraction and classification of airborne laser Scanning data and aerial Photographs. The experiment results show that the method applied the complementary information of multi-resources image and information is effective.


Abstract The effects of Cu addition on the corrosion behavior of austenitic stainless steel in 18.4 N sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at 80°C to 120°C was investigated through anodic polarization, cathodic p...


It is proved in the paper that practically all known higher‐order sliding controllers can be combined with recently developed 2‐sliding‐mode‐based differentiators yielding universal output‐feedback Single‐Input‐Single‐Output (SISO) controllers. These controllers can be applied at least locally, whenever the system relative degree is known. The convergence is global, provided the system relative degree is permanent and few boundedness restrictions hold. No detailed mathematical model of the system is needed. The proposed output‐feedback controller provides for the exact finite‐time‐convergent output tracking of real‐time‐given smooth signals if the output measurements are exact. Otherwise the tracking accuracy is proportional to the magnitude of the sampling noise. The control may be made arbitrarily smooth, thereby removing the chattering effect. The theoretical results are illustrated by computer simulation.


Micropatterned films are attractive materials with potentials applicable in the fields of photonics, electronics, biotechnology, and so on. Fabrication of honeycomb-patterned microporous films ("honeycomb films") by casting dilute solution of various types of polymers under high humidity has been already reported. Introduction of luminescent nanoparticles into micropores of the film is investigated to realize photofunctional materials. Novel luminescent monodisperse nanoparticles containing europium or terbium complexes have been prepared for this experiment. By a scanning electron microscope (SEM), many wrinkles were observed on the surface of lanthanide-containing nanoparticles. Zeta potential of the lanthanide-containing nanoparticles was positive. Composites of honeycomb film and the nanoparticles, the latter embedded in the micropores, were fabricated by dropping water dispersion of mixture of the europium-, terbium-, and no-dye-containing nanoparticles on the films. The number of the nanoparticles in a micropore was estimated no less than 400 by analyzing SEM images. The ratio of emission intensity of terbium to that of europium in the individual micropores of the composites fluctuated and deviated from the intensity ratio in bulk. Numerical simulation confirmed this tendency qualitatively.


The heavy metal anticorrosive ceramic paint is formed from aluminium powder, silicone powder, titania powder, epoxy resin, toughening agent and diluting agent, they are uniformly mixed, stirred and canned so as to obtain the invented product. Its composition includes 15-20 % of aluminium powder, 30-40% of silicon powder, 10-20% of titania powder, 20-40% of epoxy resin and 2-5% of toughening agent. It can be directly applied, and possesses extensive application.


Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection has emerged as a major
opportunistic infection particularly in immunosuppressed persons and therefore a serious disease ill high Human Immunodeficiency Virus!Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) prevalence areas as seen in sub-Saharan Africa. Present drugs for HSV management, such as the nucleoside analogue acyclovir, are experiencing resistance from the re-emerging strains of HSV. In this study, aqueous extracts from 12 medicinal plants were investigated for anti-HSV activity. The plants were collected within Kenya from medicinal plants used widely for the management of various diseases using information obtained from literature search and ethnomedical use. Plaque reduction assay was used to determine the in vitro anti-HSV activity for the extracts by evaluating the ability ofthe extracts to inhibit the formation of plaques in Vero E6 cells infected with 100 Plaque Forming Unit (PFU) of HSV. A 50% inhibition at 50~g/m1 extract concentration was registered as active. A murine model, in which BALB/c mice were cutaneously infected with HSV and treated with extract, was used for in vivo determinations of therapeutic efficacy for the extract showing the best antiviral activity in vitro. Acyclovir was used as a reference drug for both in vitro and in vivo investigations. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of the extracts was determined by cell lysis and weight lose or death respectively. Of the 12 plants tested, three extracts from Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl (Apocynaceae), May tenus heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Robson (Celastraceae) and Periploca linearifolia Dill & A. Rich. (Asclepiadaceae) exhibited remarkable anti-HSV activity in vitro for both the wild type (HSV-1, HSV-2) and the resistant strains
(TK- HSV-1, APTHSV-1) with an EC50 of 15-60Jlg/ml with no cell cytotoxicity (CC50 300-480 ug/ml). Carrisa edulis root-bark extract had the best activity in vitro, with a therapeutic index of between 31.8 and 69.6 for both susceptible and resistant HSV strains. The therapeutic efficacy of C. edulis extract was demonstrated in mice infected with wild type or resistant strains ofHSV since an oral dose of 250mg/kg significantly delayed the onset of HSV infections by over 50% and increased the mean survival time by 28% to 35% relative to the infected untreated mice (p < 0.05 Vs control by Student's t-test). The mortality rate for mice treated with extract was also reduced by between 70% and 90% as opposed to the infected untreated mice which had 100% mortality {p < 0.05 Vs control by repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA)}. No acute toxicity was observed in mice at the oral dose of 250mglkg. The anti-HSV activity seemed to arise from terpenoidal and phenolic compounds detected in these extracts. These results show that the water extracts from C. edulis, M heterophylla and P. linearifolia have anti-HSV activity. C. edulis root bark extract has both in vitro and in vivo activity and therefore can be exploited as an alternative herbal remedy for HSV infections.


A comparison based tile classification technique has been developed and applied computationally in order to compile a mosaic, which constituting tiles emplaced as to form a particular figure. The mosaics are generated using the surficial shapes of the tiles. Unlike the conventional mosaic tiling process, geometric properties of the tiles do not have any role for the proposed methodology. Therefore, square breccia rock tiles, having variable surface appearances, have been used by processing with the developed algorithm and lined up as to form targeted sample images. The technique showed satisfactory results even with a limited number of tiles in the database. The compilation of the mosaic with the proposed methodology is a very fast and cheap process, which makes it ideal to follow the different requirements of the individual customers and eliminates skilled workforce in the production. Since the mosaic contains different ratios of breccia tiles, having variable surface appearances, the gap between the market prices of the tile groups has been eliminated and an extra value to the final product has been added by attributing an artistic value. The technique offers practically no size limitation for a mosaic, which makes it suitable for large coverings such as ones in museums, lobbies and even for open spaces. The methodology presented in this study allows creating photorealistic mosaics having higher engineering properties


In contrast to vitamin K antagonists (VKA), direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC's) are not strictly monitored and dose titrated by anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands. This may affect drug persistence of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, whom often require lifelong treatment.


The current state and developing trend of the manufacturing equipment of paper container was introduced. It was suggested that energetically innovation and employment of new-high technology combined with "United Development" strategy should be the way out to promote the quality of manufacturing equipments for paper container in our China. Then it will be helpful to minimize the distance to the world's advanced level and to gain a strong position in global competition.


Many studies have been reported whose objective has been the removal of effluent dyes from aqueous solution via adsorption methods. Among the adsorbents studied have been natural clays. The present study was aimed at evaluating smectite clay as a viable adsorbent for the removal of dyes from wastewater in industrial textile laundries. This clay is mainly composed of residue generated in the activities related to the exploration of gypsite which is abundantly available in the Araripe–PE region, located in Northeast Brazil. In the methodology chosen, a solution of the navy blue dye Solophenyl, which is the main dye employed in such laundries, was prepared with the following composition: 0.75 g dye + 11.25 g sodium chloride in 1000 mℓ of water. The clay (0.2 g quantity) was used in two forms: the natural extracted material and product obtained after its calcination at 300 °C. All assays were undertaken employing a porous bed column. The experimental data allowed an assessment of the kinetic behaviour of the dye, and of the removal capacity and removal efficiency of the examined clays. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained with smectite clay calcined at 300 °C, being 10.36 mg Solophenyl dye per gram clay at an output rate of 3 mℓ/min. The results were adjusted to the Logistic function model available in Origin 6.1 software, when an excellent correlation was obtained with the experimental adsorption data.


To develop vocational ability as a professional secretary, appropriate curriculum and effective teaching method is needed, Furthermore, innovation in curriculum and teaching method should result in students' concentration, and thus motivating students will be possible, The goal of this study is to provide "Guidelines for Secretary Training and Education for Vocational Ability Development." For the achievement of this goal, cases of vocational training and education innovation actively pursued by colleges are reviewed. As a result of our study, we provide vocational training and education development guidelines for teachers.


Introduction: Vestibular papillomatosis is an anatomical variant of the vestibular mucosa that is rarely reported in the literature. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 8 cases of VP diagnosed in the department of Dermatology of Hedi Chaker University hospital of Sfax. The study period went from June 2005 to January 2016. Results: There are 8 women between the ages of 20 and 38 (average age 26). Seven of them were married. The unmarried patient denied any sexual activity. Four of them were sent for suspicion of condyloma acuminatum. Two patients were impaired by vulvar pruritus and two patients reported dyspareunia. Three patients were pregnant (term of 16, 28 and 30 weeks of amenor-rhea). A patient (unmarried) consulted for the unsightly aspect. The lesions were discovered fortuitously by the gynecologist (4 cases) or by the patient herself. The examination found multiple papillomatous, pinky, filiform, translucent lesions of the same


Submitted for the DPP15 Meeting of The American Physical Society H-mode Edge Turbulence and Pedestal Measurements in Pegasus Plasmas using Langmuir Probes1 D.M. KRIETE, G.M. BODNER, M.W. BONGARD, R.J. FONCK, K.E. THOME, D.S. THOMPSON, University of Wisconsin– Madison — In Pegasus discharges, L-H mode transitions are induced using Ohmic heating and high-field-side fueling. H-mode plasmas have energy confinement consistent with the ITER98pb(y,2) scaling law, indications of increased electron and ion temperature, and an increase in core rotation compared to L-mode plasmas. Electron density and temperature profiles have been measured in the edge region using a scannable triple Langmuir probe on a shot-by-shot basis. In H-mode, a pressure pedestal that has a hyperbolic tangent shape and a ∼ 2 cm ∇pe scale length is observed, in contrast to a linear shape in L-mode. Autopower spectra of the collected ion saturation current in H-mode discharges show a factor of ∼ 3 reduction in fluctuations in the 50–200 kHz band with respect to L-mode. Two Langmuir probes with 8 cm poloidal separation have been installed on Pegasus. The turbulence correlation length in the edge will be measured by radially scanning the probes. Knowledge of the correlation length will be used to inform the design of a future 8-channel radial multiprobe array. This system will simultaneously measure the dynamic ne(R, t), Te(R, t), and Φ(R, t) profiles and fluctuations across the L-H mode transition and be used to investigate nonlinear ELM dynamics. 1Work supported by US DOE grant DE-FG02-96ER54375. D.M. Kriete University of Wisconsin–Madison Date submitted: 24 Jul 2015 Electronic form version 1.4


Gas and oil reserve predictions based on reservoir limit tests are proving to be as accurate as estimates made by production or pressure-decline methods. A study of 11 wells indicates reserve predictions based on pressure drawdown tests compare closely with estimates from decline curves. Thus, there is now sufficient production history in wells on which early life reservoir limit tests (RLT) were made to prove the reliabililty of pressure drawdown techniques. Analysis of several of these case histories lead to the conclusions that the reservoir limit test is a valid tool for the following: (1) estimating reserves; (2) detecting barriers or fluid contacts early in well life; and (3) determining recoverable hydrocarbons. Graphical representations are presented to compare reserve calculations for the 11 gas and oil wells by these 2 methods. The reservoir limit tests were made during early life of each well. As a general observation, reserves from RLT in this summary are consistently lower than actually anticipated recovery. This may be due, in part, to a lower estimation of recovery factor.


This research study has been developed through a cross sectorial benchmarking survey and represents the development of a descriptive framework from a management strategy perspective. The survey is based on face to face interviews and a questionnaire about obsolescence and availability in defence and non defence sectors. The high research elements reported are related to the set of obsolescence factors and unavailability drivers identified, the availability modelling methodologies studied, and the categorization of obsolescence management strategies from suppliers to customer perspective reported. The main results presented in this research are the evolution of the state of the art of the availability modelling techniques, the justification of the lack of availability predictive tools based on a list of typical commercial tools applied in the industry today and the positive and negative outcomes of using commercial of the shelf (COTS) as design criteria in long life systems.


The percentage of glazed and engobed roofing tiles is constantly increasing. This article describes the reasons for this trend. Examples of the latest developments, i.e. lead- and calcium-free glazes, are given. The significance of technical advice and quality control is presented.


Despite recent assertions about the new prospects opened up by the literary periodicals which emerged in the years immediately following the expiry in 1695 of the Licensing of Print Act, it is apparent that, right through to the 1740s, writing for the stage remained the best prospect for a writer hoping to make a living by the pen. We should therefore be cautious before we make sweeping generalizations either about the profits to be made out of periodical publication or the expanding opportunities they presented for professional writers, let alone about the role of the periodical essays of Addison and Steele in the emergence of 'a bourgeois public sphere' in which hierarchy was suspended, and which was accessible to all. Despite The Spectator's advocacy of polite rational exchange, historical consideration of the periodical press at this time reveals a high degree of political partisanship.


Provided is a mould-release film exhibiting excellent tracking properties with respect to a mould requiring significant deformation, and excellent sealed-body release properties from the mould, in a sealed-body production method in which a structure provided with a substrate, a semiconductor element, and connection terminals is disposed inside the mold requiring significant deformation, and sealed with a curable resin to form a resin seal part having a thickness of at least 3 mm. This mould-release film is provided with: a first layer which comes into contact with the curable resin during formation of the resin seal part; and a second layer. The first layer has a thickness of 5-30 µm, and is configured from at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyolefins having a melting point of at least 200˚C and fluororesins. The second layer has a thickness of 38-100 µm. The product of the thickness (µm) of the second layer and the tensile storage elastic modulus (MPa) of the second layer at 180˚C is not more than 18,000 (MPa∙µm). Furthermore, the product of the thickness (µm) of the second layer and the tensile rupture stress (MPa) of the second layer at 180˚C is at least 2,000 (MPa∙µm).


In th i s paper I sha l l be concerned w i t h s i m i l a r i t i e s of pattern as against ' m a t e r i a l 1 s i m i l a r i t i e s l i ke Eng/Fr garage between composite expressions of d i f ferent languages. I concentre·te on syntax, but vocabulary is not excluded. Whenever such a pattern is thought to have arisen in one language from i m i t a t i o n of the other, it is called a caique. My question w i l l precisely be this: Are such s imi l a r i t i e s as we typically f ind between neighbouring and contemporary languages caiques or not? I d i f f e r from most of the vast l i t e ra ture on b i l i n g u a l ism in that I only consider normal patterns in standard languages, and my method is the old-fashioned one of comparing standard languages and of judg ing causes from effects, not t rying to observe causes working.