Objective
To compare different blood purification techniques on serum fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF-23) scavenging effect in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), in order to choose the best blood purification method for clinical maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Methods
60 MHD patients were randomly divided into hemodialysis group (HD), hemodiafiltration group (HDF) and HD+ HP group, 20 cases in each group.Three groups of patients in the observation 1st start of treatment and observation at the end of the last treatment were detected cacium, phosphorus, FGF-23, intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH).

Results
After treatment, HD group and HDF group, Ca: t=0.29, P=0.77; P: t=1.65, P=0.11; iPTH: t=16.85, P=0.00; HD group and HD+ HP group: Ca: t=0.20, P=0.84; P: t=2.62, P=0.01; iPTH: t=42.64, P=0.00; HDF group and HD+ HP group: Ca: t=0.09, P=0.92; P: t=2.18, P=0.04; iPTH: t=31.41, P=0.00.After treatment, FGF-23 in the three groups were decreased significantly than before treatment, and the HD+ HP group decreased most significantly(HD group and HDF group, t=4.47, P=0.00; HD group and HD+ HP group: t=8.06, P=0.00; HDF group and HD+ HP group: t=3.20, P=0.00).

Conclusion
HD+ HP treatment can effectively remove phosphorus maintenance dialysis patients and FGF-23.

Key words:
Maintenance dialysis; Fibroblast growth factor-23; Blood purification


The number of cases of fires and accidents caused by the leakage and explosion of LPG gas cylinders is a frightening thing for most people who use LPG gas. There are various factors that cause explosions or fires on LPG, including leaks in gas hoses, gas cylinders or gas regulators that are not installed properly. In addition, the factor of human error (human error) can also be a factor in the explosion of LPG gas. One example is forgetting to turn off the stove after finishing cooking. As technology and IoT (Internet of Things) develop, an IoT (Internet of Things)-based Android application has been developed. This application can monitor and control gas stoves remotely. If there is a leak and fire on the gas stove, the IoT (Internet of Things) system can turn off the gas stove automatically or be controlled manually.Keywords : Android App, Microcontroller, Internet of Things, Wemos D1 Mini


Stability of insulin in microemulsion systems was investigated through raising temperature and shaking velocity during test.RP-HPLC was employed to determine the content of insulin.The results showed that the stability of insulin was increased microemulsion systems.The insulin was degraded mainly in the aqueous phase.Increasing the ratio of insulin in the oil phase helped to increase it stability.


In my work I tried to describe the theatre process with high school students. On the text whose theme has been close to the teenagers for several generations I wanted to show the possibilities of less frequent expression means, which are now accessible thanks to modern technique. This way I tried to develop the aesthetic sensitivity of my students visiting the Basic School of Arts.
 Each chapter deals with preparing the performance from choosing the text, textual analysis and the theatre process to the specificity of subsequent performances. I always had the characteristic features of pubescence and adolescence on my mind. Respecting always the characteristic features I was choosing the methods and the techniques and their difficulty regarding the personality of every student. The work should be an illustration and maybe even an inspiration how to do theatre work with teenagers developing their personal and social abilities.


This article states the error factors in parts of data acquisition and data processing of reverse engineering, and gives optimization suggestions in practical applications. It provides a more practical method for manufacturing products closer to the samples.


Objective: To explore the acupoint selection compatibility according to different departments and to study the influence on ghrelin and GHSR expression in the gastric fundus in rats with Diabetic Gastroparesis (DGP).
Methods: Sixty male SPF SD rats were given adaptive feeding for one week and were randomly divided into a blank control group, a model group, the Zusanli and Zhongwan (ZZ) group, the Zusanli and Neiguan group (ZN), as well as the Zusanli and non-meridian acupoint (ZNA) group, with 12 rats in each group. Except for the blank group, the other 48 rats were used to establish a DGP model by using streptozotocin. Acupuncture therapy was performed from the end of the tenth week for an additional four weeks. Then the rats were sacrificed and the serum and gastric fundus tissues were collected. ELISA assay was used to detect the ghrelin content in the serum. The expression of ghrelin positive cells in the gastric fundus tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of ghrelin and GHSR mRNA in the gastric fundus tissue was detected by real-time PCR.
Results: Compared with the blank group, the food intake and the expression of ghrelin and GHSR mRNA in the gastric fundus tissue in the model group were significantly increased, while the small intestinal propulsion rate, the ghrelin content in the serum and the gray value of the gastric fundus were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression of ghrelin and GHSR mRNA in the gastric fundus tissue, the small intestinal propulsion rate, the ghrelin content in the serum and the gray value of the gastric fundus were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the ZZ group, the food intake were significantly increased in the ZN and the ZNA groups (P<0.05), and the expression of ghrelin and GHSR mRNA in the gastric fundus tissue of rats were significantly increased (P<0.05) but the ghrelin content in the serum in ZN group was significantly decreased (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The improvement of gastrointestinal motility in DGP by acupuncture therapy was associated with the ghrelin content in the serum and GHSR expression in the gastric fundus. The treatment effect of local acupoints compatibility was better than that of the distal acupoints compatibility, and the acupoint selection according to department was one of the main influencing factors of acupoints compatibility.


This paper describes the design and the implementation of a novel tracking system that does not depends on the use of GPS-GSM tracking techniques or radar systems. The designed tracking system integrates both of wireless signals in VHF frequency band and laser beams to realize the tracking principle of an object movement, such as vehicles or pedestrian movement within any areas to determine its position precisely by using low cost and easy to install modules. The designed system consists of three modules; the transmitter module, the analyzer module, and the central monitoring module. It was concluded that the designed tracking system can be used efficiently in urban areas with high buildings that prevents the propagation of GPS satellites signals, valleys in mountainous region, underground areas and desert lands that is not covered by GSM mobile networks.


Phosphatized fish fossils occur in various locations on the world, including the Santana Formation in Brazil, the Gogo formation in Australia


SUMMARY

Crystalloids and colloids may be used to maintain normovolemia. Crystalloids are generally well tolerated. To increase blood volume by 0.5 L, 2-2.5 L of crystalloidshave to be administered. In addition, the duration of intravascular persistence is short and thus significant quantities have to be re-administered following the initial infusion. The administration of large quantities of cry stalloids results in tissue edema. In contrast, 0.5 L of isotonic colloids such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and gelatin increase blood volume by approximately 0.5 L and their intravascular persistence is longer than that of crystalloids. However, colloids are associated with some side effects such as anaphylactoid reactions (gelatin > H E S), compromised blood coagulation (HES > gelatin), tissue storage and pruritus (HES > gelatin) and impairment of renal function in kidne y transplantation (HES > gelatin). In clinical ane sthesia, both cry s talloids and colloids need to be combine d. During rapid blood loss, colloids are particularly effective in main taining normovolemia. Using cry s talloids during periods of less severe blood loss may help to avoid side effects.


A filamentary model of bipolar resistive switching has been developed for the Au/ZrO2(Y)/TiN/Ti memristive nanostructures by using kinetic Monte-Carlo approach for the migration of oxygen vacancies at the stages of electroforming, SET, and RESET processes observed experimentally in the current-voltage switching hysteresis. Statistics of the forming and switching voltages are collected and used to simulate current-voltage characteristics based on a simplified multi-filament model. It is demonstrated that both abrupt and gradual switching behaviours can be determined by the parameters of the statistical distribution of switching voltages of different conductive channels - filaments. The results can be used for the development of new-generation nonvolatile memory.


■ Productive as the recent collaboration between genetics and anthropology has been, additional insights are within reach. Molecular DNA evidence has been beneficial to the study of the peopling of the Americas, but the interpretation of this very complex dataset has been constrained by longstanding assumptions. The use of DNA evidence to test lesser-known historical hypotheses may reveal a more complicated picture of demography in American antiquity. Scholars debate the details of the initial colonization of America, but few have investigated claims of later historical migrations from Asia to America. This is an effort to address the paradoxical sustained similarity between Native American and East Central Asian cultures and gene pools, in the face of turbulent East—West admixture throughout Eurasian history. Though inconclusive, these data may nonetheless be consistent with the possibility of modest Asian—American ties within historical timeframes.


▪ What lies ahead for the veterinary profession following the UK's decision to leave the EU? ▪ Determining the BVA's priorities for 2016/17 ▪ Council supports BVLGBT+ becoming an affiliate group These were among matters discussed by the BVA Council at its meeting on July 20. The BVA President, Sean Wensley, chaired the meeting, which was held at the BVA's headquarters in Mansfield Street, London.


In order to solve the problems of short circuit, open circuit and insulation faults in aviation cables, a fault diagnosis method based on BP-Adaboost algorithm is proposed in this paper. The BP neural network is used as the weak classifier in the Adaboost algorithm, and many weak classifiers are composed a strong classifier with stronger classification performance to diagnose fault categories. The BP-Adaboost fault diagnosis model is established, and the BP-Adaboost algorithm is improved to adapt to the multi-classification faults of cables, so as to identify the short circuit, open circuit, and insulation faults in the aircraft cable as well as normal working conditions. The accuracy of classification is analyzed; the results of the algorithm are analyzed by Matlab software, and the analysis results show that the improved BP-Adaboost algorithm has a relatively good classification performance for multi-class aviation cable fault diagnosis. Finally, the feasibility of the algorithm proposed is verified through an example combined with cable fault detection equipment.


The abilily of a country′s economic competition is embodied by the competition among its enterprises at a certain time. The competitive ability is one of the main abilities of enterprises under the condition of the market economy. The different competitive abilities among enterprises are decided by the grasp of its value chain and value system. Therefore,the only way to improve the competitive ability is to grasp its key ability and connected factors from the outer environment and the inner comprehensive analysis.


Objective To investigate the effect of si-Id-1 on the proliferation and apoptosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Methods Si-Id-1 was synthesized and transfected into TE-1 cells by Lipofectamine 2000.Cell morphological change and the transfection index were observed with inverted fluorescent microscope.The mRNA level of Id-1 was examined by RT-PCR and the protein level of Id-1 was examined by Western blot.Cell proliferation of TE-1 cell line was examined by CCK-8 assay after transfection.Cell cycle distribution and apoptotic index were detected by flow cytometry.Results Compared with that of the control groups,the mRNA level of Id-1 in TE-1 cell line dramatically reduced after TE-1 cell line was transfected with si-Id-1(P0.05);cell proliferation was inhibited significantly after si-Id-1 transfection(P0.05);the percentage of TE-1 in G1-phase was significantly higher than that in control groups;the percentage of TE-1 apoptosis cell was significantly higher than that in control groups(P0.05).Conclusion The transfection of si-Id-1 into TE-1 cell line by lipofectamine 2000 is safe,efficient and low toxic.The transfected si-Id-1 can effectively inactivate the expression of Id-1 in TE-1 cell line and slow down the cell proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.


Fiber's nonlinearity fundamentally bounds the achievable information rates in fiber-optic communication systems. In a wavelength-division multiplexed system it induces a nonlinear interference between adjacent channels, an interference that was recently shown to have a strong dependance on the input distribution. In this work we show that a ball shaped input constellation may significantly reduce the nonlinear effects. We study the shaping gains in the fiber-optic channel and show that in certain scenarios the maximum gains may be higher than the 1.53dB ultimate shaping gain in linear additive white Gaussian noise channels. Furthermore, the maximum gain is achieved with a finite-dimensional ball shaping region.


This article presents an efficiency evaluation of a 5 MW wind turbine generating system comprising of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) system as well as an IGBTequipped forced-commutated inverter. Three different inverter dc-link voltage levels are used, 11.8, 10 and 8.4 kV. By using these voltage levels the PMSG is utilised in slightly different ways. The lowest voltage level (8.4 kV) is the minimum voltage level that can be used without going into overmodulation. The highest voltage level (11.8 kV) gives the possibility to utilise Maximum Torque Per Ampere (MTPA) control in the whole operating region and 10 kV is inbetween. The higher the voltage that is used, the lower the copper losses in the machine becomes. It is found that the efficiency of the generating system at the rated operating points are 97.6 % and 97 % when the 11.8 kV and 8.4 kV level respectively are used, of which for the 11.8 kV level 1.44 percentage points of the losses are related to the inverter losses and less than 1 percentage points of the losses are related to the machine losses, while for the 8.4 kV level 1.4 percentage points of the losses are related to the inverter losses and 1.6 percentage points belongs to the machine losses. For an average wind speed of 6 m/s, the annual energy efficiencies for the generator are 99.0, 99.0 and 98.8 percent, for the voltage levels 11.8, 10 and 8.4 kV respectively. For the whole drive system these values are 97.4, 97.6 and 97.5. To sum up, from a pure loss point of view, the 10 kV dc-link voltage level is the most energy efficient.


With the development of information society,all kinds of electronic products tend to be miniature and intelligent.Electronic components also tend to be smaller,faster and greater integration.The electromagnetic compatibility problems are more and more serious.So the EMC is the key of normal operation of the electronic system.With the rapid development of electronic technology,the density of PCB is increasing,and the design of PCB has a great impact on the interference and anti-interference capability of the circuit.It is very important to design the EMC of PCB.It is the key point to ensure the PCB's EMC of the whole system's design.This paper analyzes the causes of electromagnetic interference and proposes the anti-interference measures.


The dichotomy between developed and developing countries was observed not only in asymmetric human population growth, but also in increasing demand for animal products revolving around poultry and pigs in developing World. Modern livestock industry has adopted innovative technologies to improve the biological efficiency of animal production and feeding, and for this purpose different mathematical models have been applied. In this review, the authors summarize the growth models, briefly introduce the principles of precision feeding and provide evidence that models are key elements of these systems. Modelling is an excellent tool to help in understanding and to predict the animal's response to different farm conditions. Models comprise of equations set describing nutrient flows and animal response. They are essential elements of precision livestock farming system being the basis of the decision support tool since, from yesterday's data, they provide today what happens tomorrow. Precision farming adopts real-time monitoring systems collecting serial data about individual or group of animals. However, without a well-defined goal-oriented data process, data by itself are not useful to farmers. Available and newly recorded data can be converted to valuable information for management purposes through models applied in farming systems. Nutritional models are integrated part of those systems; therefore, growth modelling is a key tool to improve the efficiency and sustainability of livestock production systems.


Cement-stabilised self-compacting earth (CSCE) is a mixture of soil, water, stabiliser and chemical admixture, with sufficient fluidity to mould earth walls and structures without the need for mech...


Having reliable information is very important while using a process mining technique as data mining is all about finding out how processes are actually performed to discover problems and areas for improvement. In this paper, we analyzed the real-life event log from a financial institution using the data mining tool called Fluxicon disco. The dataset is related to the application process for a personal loan or overdraft. The event log has a total of 262200 events and 13087 cases. The data was collected from October 1, 2011, to March 14, 2012. The whole loan procedure started with the customer submitting an application and the successful endpoint is the application being activated. For this study, we collected the data in CSV format and imported it into the Fluxicon Disco software. The Disco makes it easier to deal with large event logs and complex models. After importing the data, we defined the column as Case ID, Activity, Resource, Timestamp, and Attributes. We do not have any large specific problem; the dataset simply shows the loan process activities and path. But we assume that there might be some departments and activities which might be taking longer than necessary, and it might be increasing the entire loan selection process. We assume that some work is not being done in an efficient way, resources of the organization are not optimized, and as a result, clients have to wait for more for the loan process. So based on these problems, our objective is to find those activities and paths where duration is comparatively very high, and cases are being piled up there. But the data analytics tool does not exactly state what the real problem is, it just gives us direction and we have to find it out on our own. In this data analyzing process, we came up with two major areas which we think need to be taken care of. The first one is the activity which is modifying approved contracts where the frequency is very low, but the mean duration is very high. And it is placed in a bit of a weird place which is after application and offer events are completed. So, we assume that it is the result of faults in the above process and things can be improved in the application and offer selection process either. Another finding is the path from W_Nabellenoffertes-COMPLETE to W_Nabellenoffertes-START (which basically means following up with client start and complete) is taking a very high total duration and a lot of cases are being piled up here. So, we assume that this particular path and activity needs to be looked up to find if the work is being done in an efficient way.


The sympathetic-adrenal medullary nervous system is a key component of the response of mammals to maintain homeostasis during stress. This notion was first articulated by Walter B. Cannon in the early 20th century, who introduced the term "fight or flight" response. Hans Selye promoted the notion of a unified, systemic and nonspecific response to a variety of stressors that includes all parts of the sympathetic nervous system (1). However, more recently it has become evident that different stressors can elicit different sympathetic responses. One example is hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia causes the splanchnic nerve, whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord, to stimulate chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine into the circulation. The increased epinephrine has numerous metabolic effects that increase blood glucose. Hypoglycemia causes little or no activation of postganglionic, noradrenergic sympathetic nerves, another major component of the sympathetic nervous system (2, 3). In PNAS Wang et al. investigate the response of the sympathetic nervous system to fasting, a stress similar to hypoglycemia (4). The authors find that the sympathetic response is also isolated to the adrenal medullary pathway. Unexpectedly, their study suggests that an important component of the increased secretion of epinephrine results from increased efficiency of cholinergic transmission between the splanchnic nerve terminal and the chromaffin cell. Further investigation suggests that this synaptic plasticity results from a paracrine system within the adrenal medulla.

Wang et al. (4) first demonstrate that mice that …

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: holz{at}umich.edu.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1


The study evaluates potential developments of manufacturing MSMEs in Nagpur District. The objective of the study is to study the impact of resources availability on development of manufacturing MSMEs and scope of development of MSMEs in the resign. Furthermore, study also evaluates the basic facilities and resources available in the district to develop manufacturing MSMEs. In the present study Nagpur District of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state, India was selected as study area. In the present research, data was collected by following survey methodology. For the present study total 175 MSMEs are selected randomly for generation of data. We find that MSME sector in district play a vital role for the development of the region. Also provide the ancillary products to the large industries. In addition to this study also focused on employment generation in the district due to MSMEs, However, there is scope of expansion of micro, small and medium scale industry near future. There is strong possibility of generation of employment opportunities in micro, small and medium manufacturing enterprises..


Background. Nowadays, phytotherapy offers viable solutions in managing respiratory infections, disorders known for considerable incidence in both children and adults. In a context in which more and more people are turning to phytotherapy, finding new remedies is a topical goal of researchers in health and related fields. This paper aims to identify those traditional medicinal plants that show potentially antibacterial effects against four Gram-negative germs (Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis), which are considered to have high involvement in respiratory infections. Furthermore, a comparison with Romanian folk medicines was performed. Methods. An extensive review of books and databases was undertaken to identify vegetal species of interest in the context of the topic. Results. Some traditional Romanian species (such as Mentha × piperita, Thymus vulgaris, Pinus sylvestris, Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Ocimum basilicum, and Lavandula angustifolia) were identified and compared with the plants and preparations confirmed as having antibacterial effects against specific germs. Conclusions. The antibacterial effects of some traditionally used Romanian medicinal plants are poorly investigated, and deserve further attention.


Websites serve as the presenting carriers for excellent courses construction. With the deepening of excellent courses construction and research, we have relinquished the pure evaluating display platform, and constructed comprehensive courses websites combined with teaching applications, management and display. The practice has become a tendency for the construction of excellent courses websites. In order to deal with the inadequacies of the construction of current excellent courses websites, this article considers the current status of websites construction and applications, makes use of performance technology, explores and sums up the ways of promoting the performance of excellent courses websites construction in practice, improves the platform for creating excellent courses technically and assumes some possible solutions to specific issues.


The MWNTs/PP nanocomposites were prepared by solution-mixing method assisted by high-energy sonication method.The phase structures were investigated via SEM and the crystallization characteristics of pure PP and MWNTs/PP nanocomposites were investigated by WAXD and POM.The results shows that this solution-mixing method will make MWNTs well dispersed in the PP matrix.The MWNTs enhanced the nucleation of polypropylene crystallization and made the crystal smaller and even. But the formation of PP crystal didn't change,the formation of PP crystal in MWNTs/PP nanocomposites and pure PP were a-form on the whole.


HOW DO YOU MEASURE DAMAGES? LOST INCOME OR LOST CASH FLOW? The choice of method can make a big difference in the final amount. In the burgeoning field of litigation services, one common role played by the CPA is as an expert on damages. As a general rule, attorneys are unfamiliar with the different ways to compute damages and normally leave it up to the expert to decide how damages should be computed. Moreover, the law itself gives little guidance to CPAs on the proper way to compute damages. Damage statutes usually don't prescribe an exclusive way of doing it. Statutes authorizing the award of damages often use this kind of language: "Damages are to be awarded in an amount which will make the plaintiff whole" or "damages are to be awarded in the amount of the benefit of the bargain." So how should an accountant choose between calculating damages as lost income or lost cash flow to the plaintiff? This article explains the difference between the two methods and the factors to be considered when making a decision about which approach to use. TYPES OF DAMAGES The first consideration is typically the type of damages that are being computed. Damages may be in the form of out-of-pocket losses or lost profits. Out-of-pocket losses are generally computed on a cash basis. Damages are the total amount of cash paid less any cash received. However, there are certain situations in federal class action securities litigation in which out-of-pocket damages are computed as the difference between what a security was purchased or sold for and what it was actually worth on that transaction date. This difference is attributable to the alleged fraud or misrepresentation that affected the security's price. In these circumstances, the computation of out-of-pocket loss is not a simple cash basis computation but requires sophisticated econometric techniques to determine the value of the securities in question. For computing lost profits, there's less guidance on which approach to use. The choice is really up to the expert CPA. Either the income or the cash flow approach is valid and will be acceptable to the court. There's no common practice among CPAs and often a CPA will use the approach he or she is most comfortable with. However, here are some factors to consider when deciding on which approach to use. HOW MUCH IS BEING CLAIMED? One factor to consider is the amount of damages being claimed. Why should that make a difference? A large number of capital items may have to be purchased to reach the incremental level of sales or services estimated in the damage claim. Since capital items aren't expensed on the income statement but, instead are depreciated over their useful lives, there can be a difference in the estimate of damages depending on the approach used. A simple example will explain this problem. Exhibit 1 A comparison of the cash basis and income basis damages methods illustrates the results of using the cash basis and the income basis approaches to damages. It shows the amount of cash or income that would have been generated if the legal violation had not occurred. The top portion of the exhibit shows the calculation of cash basis damages over the three-year damage period. In year one of the damage period, capital items totaling $9,000 would have to be purchased in order to achieve the incremental revenue estimated in the damage claim. Therefore, under the cash basis damages method there's a loss of $3,000 in the first year. Under the income basis damages method, there's a profit of $3,000. Looking at the total three-year period, the problem seems to resolve itself because the timing differences between the two approaches even out; both methods arrive at the same amount of damages--$12,000. However, there still are two problems. SHORTENING THE TIME FRAME The first problem is explained by exhibit 2 A comparison of the cash basis and income basis damages methods. …


Telemedicine is the use of electronic information to communicate technologies to provide and support healthcare when distance separates the participants. Brown N. A brief history of telemedicine. Teledentistry is a field that combines telecommunications and dentistry to provide newer opportunities of dental education and delivery of oral care. It involves delivering data in the form of clinical information and images from one point (spoke point) to another point (hub site) for dental treatment using telecommunications technology. It can potentially improve the accessibility and delivery of oral healthcare, extending to underserved patient populations, such as those in rural areas, at a reasonable cost. Teledentistry can thus eliminate the disparities in oral health care between urban and rural communities. This article reviews the role of teledentistry in different fields of dentistry.


Cloud is an environment which provides services and resources to enterprises on the go. It provides various resources like CPU, Memory, Storage, Network Bandwidth, most importantly some service to the subscriber. These services may be Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Resource management Software as a Service (SaaS). Cloud allows many users to use central facilities, thus posses the problem of resource allocation between various users. Allocation of the resource is to be done on demand; moreover it must be done in a fair manner so that no user is denied a service. Further we need to optimize the resource allocation so that costs can be reduced and profits may be increased. There is variety of methods to allocate resource amongst users. This paper surveys such methods giving brief account of situations where a particular method may perform the best.


Java virtual machines (JVMs) have become increasingly popular for execution of a wide range of applications on mobile and embedded devices. Most JVMs for such devices execute programs using interpretation. However, JVMs that use dynamic compilation have been shown to enable significant performance improvements. A disadvantage of a compile-only approach in resource-constrained environments is that it uses more memory than interpretation to store compiled code for reuse.In this paper, we address this limitation with techniques that attempt to automatically unload dead or infrequently used native code to reduce the memory footprint of a compile-only JVM. We describe a number of profile-based strategies that identify unloading candidates. Our empirical evaluation, using a number of common benchmarks, indicates that dynamic code unloading can reduce code size significantly with negligible overhead. When memory is highly constrained, this reduction translates into significant execution time benefits for the benchmarks, JVM, and JVM configuration that we investigated.


Solar energy is considered as one of the best alternative energy in the future.Multicrystalline silicon ingot casting is the main production process for major supply of solar cell.However,the casting process cannot be understood clearly because of some difficulties,such as enclosed furnace,long cycle time of production and so on.In this paper,an integrated model,including casting process analysis,quality prediction and production parameters optimization,is proposed and the preliminary results are acquired.The framework of the proposed model is introduced and the numerical simulation results on the temperature field and grain growth process are also given out and discussed.


Altruism is our country's fine tradition,and it plays an important role in China's economic construction and social development.To some extent,the values of our society depend on the values of college students.Understanding the altruistic behavior of college students and analyzing its influencing factors is important for enhancing altruistic level of college students and construction of harmonious society.Based on statistical survey,altruistic behavior of college student and its influencing factors were discussed.


Plasma cell granuloma (PCG) is a rare reactive tumor such as proliferation composed chiefly of plasmacytic infiltrate. Both clinically and histopathologically, it may be misinterpreted as various pathological entities thus necessitating the complete evaluation of patient and proper histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue to rule out other lesions with poor prognosis. Here, we present a case of PCG of gingiva in a female patient masquerading as pyogenic granuloma clinically and plasma cell neoplasms histopathologically.


Histopathology images are gigapixel-sized and include features and information at different resolutions. Collecting annotations in histopathology requires highly specialized pathologists, mak-ing it expensive and time-consuming. Self-training can alleviate annotation constraints by learning from both labeled and unlabeled data, reducing the amount of annotations required from pathologists. We study the design of teacher-student self-training systems for Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) using clinical histopathology datasets with limited annotations. We evaluate the models on in-distribution and out-of-distribution test data under clinical data shifts. We demonstrate that through self-training, the best student model statistically outperforms the teacher with a 3% absolute difference on the macro F1 score. The best student model also approaches the performance of a fully supervised model trained with twice as many annotations.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of multilateral trade policy (MTP) liberalization on developing countries' economic exposure to shocks.

Design/methodology/approach
The analysis is conducted on a panel data set comprising 120 countries over the period 1996–2013 and uses the within fixed effects estimator.

Findings
The empirical results suggest that over the entire sample as well as sub-samples of least developed countries (LDCs) and non-LDCs, multilateral trade liberalization have a negative and significant impact on economic exposure to shocks. Interestingly, LDCs appear to experience the highest magnitude of the reducing impact of multilateral trade liberalization on countries' economic exposure to shocks.

Research limitations/implications
These findings suggest that a greater cooperation among countries in the world, including among WTO members to further liberalize trade would surely contribute to reducing developing countries' economic exposure to shocks.

Practical implications
The current study shows that the current backlash against trade and the consequent strong appeal for domestic trade protectionist measures would likely to undermine the likelihood of further multilateral trade liberalization. One implication of this could be a rise in countries' economic exposure to shocks.

Originality/value
To the best of the author's knowledge, this is first the study on this matter.


The wake of a flat plate has been studied, at a Reynolds number of 200 000, by means of experiment series in the S4 wind tunnel in IMFT. Biand tridimensional static velocity fields have been measured by PIV and Tomo-PIV. Vortex dynamics have been studied by means of the POD approach on a rigid model. Mots clefs : PIV tomographique, turbulence


Resurrection plants can survive for years in an air-dry state before growing at full capacity when the rain comes. How do they do it, and can this trait be transferred to improve the tolerance of crops to drought, heat, salinity and infection?


Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic showed distinct waves where cases ebbed and flowed. While each country had slight, nuanced differences, lessons from each wave with country-specific details provides important lessons for prevention, understanding medical outcomes and the role of vaccines. This paper compares key characteristics from the five different COVID-19 waves in Pakistan. Methods We used specific criteria to define COVID-19 waves, and key variables such as COVID-19 tests, cases, and deaths with their rates of change to the peak and then to the trough were used to draw descriptive comparisons. Additionally, a linear regression model estimated daily new COVID-19 deaths in Pakistan. Results Pakistan saw five distinct waves, each of which displayed the typical topology of a complete infectious disease epidemic. The time from wave-start to peak became progressively shorter, and from wave-peak to trough, progressively longer. Each wave appears to also be getting shorter, except for wave 4, which lasted longer than wave 3. A one percent increase in vaccinations increased daily new COVID-19 deaths by 0.10% (95% CI: 0.01, 0.20) in wave 4 and decreased deaths by 0.38% (95% CI: -0.67, -0.08) in wave 5. Conclusion Each wave displayed distinct characteristics that must be interpreted in the context of the level of response and the variant driving the epidemic. Key indicators suggest that COVID-19 preventive measures kept pace with the disease. Waves 1 and 2 were mainly about prevention and learning how to clinically manage patients. Vaccination started late during Wave 3 and its impact became apparent on hospitalizations and deaths in Wave 5. The impact of highly virulent strains Alpha/B1.1.7 and Delta/B.1.617.2 variants during Wave 3 and milder but more infectious Omicron/BA.18.104.22.168 are apparent.


Theory on deduction of congenital experience is considered as base to analyse and discuss theory of congenital comprehensive estimation. The theory on deduction of congenital experience reflected basic attributes and characters of congenital comprehensive estimation which was based on deduction of congenital experience proved continuously in mathematics and science.


Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), referenced as drones, have advanced to consumer adoption for hobby and business use. Due to this increased availability in drone technology other sectors of the economy such as infrastructure technology, security mechanisms, and resource deliveries have begun to implement drones in their own operations. Following the consumer and private sectors demand for better iterations of the product, increasingly more complex tasks will become possible due to the advances in hardware. These tasks increase the potential impacts that drones will have on applications such as smart cities, modern cities which have fully adopted technology in order to enhance daily operations as well as the welfare of its citizens. These cities are being designed to consist of mostly static mesh networks of sensors, but can contain dynamic aspects as well, including both ground and air-based autonomous vehicles.When devising networked computation devices for use in a smart city, safety should be of paramount concern. In an attempt to meet these high standards of security, services and devices should be implemented with security protocols in mind during every stage of development. Given the large number of sensors, autonomous vehicles, and other advancements, a smart city necessitates this level of security. The SHARKS protocol (Secure, Heterogeneous, Autonomous, and Rotational Knowledge for Swarms) ensures this kind of security by allowing for new applications for UAV swarm technology. Enabling drones to circle a target without centralized control or selecting lead agents, the SHARKS protocol performs organized movement among agents without creating a central point of vulnerability. Through comparisons on the stability of the protocol in different settings, experiments demonstrate the efficiency and capacity of the SHARKS protocol as a potential solution for future smart cities.


In this paper, a general formulation of the theorems of structural variation and integrated force method is briefly presented. Application of the structural variation theorems is extended to form a procedure for modified (varied) structures. In the present method, the governing equations of the integrated force method of the main structure are used as structural variation theorem tools to compute forces and displacements of the modified pin‐jointed trusses and rigidly jointed frames. The computational time of the integrated force method, dual integrated force method and the present method is also compared to show the abilities of the present approach. Examples are presented to illustrate the procedure of the present approach compared with the new analysis of a modified structure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Claims that an open office plan is the most efficient and can promote the greatest amount of innovation and creativity over all other designs of workspaces have become common place. An examination of the basis of this claim finds little objective or empirical evidence to support it. Most innovations and inventions over the past 2000 years have been reported by single individuals working alone. The modern laboratory is often seen as the evolution of the medieval artist/alchemist's workshop as is the modern factory. The link here is spurious as the modernity of the workplace replaces the innovator's presence with the supervisor or overseer. It is the new Panopticon.


Instant Messaging Applications (IMAs), such as Discord and WhatsApp, have become one of the main communication tools for mobile device users. Network traffic analysis is a method of monitoring network activity to identify operational and security issues. There is limited research on network traffic analysis of IMAs on mobile devices due to the challenges of end-to-end encryption, user privacy, and dynamic port usage. In this paper, we design, develop and evaluate a framework to generate end-to-end IMA traffic on mobile devices, employ feature selection and conduct traffic analysis that can cope with encrypted traffic while identifying different IMAs. Results show a performance evaluation workbench as well as highlight the key characterictis of six popular IMAs.


Abstract In a recent book, the author has argued that policy statements for design control are inadequate, especially in Britain. He proposed a new approach based on the production of design objectives for small areas through the new device of the design area. It was suggested that this would avoid the limitations of the land‐use map and be able to deal with different degrees of controller intervention. This article draws attention to the significance of the incremental nature of urban and regional change and the systems attempting to control it. Drawing upon urban morphology, it describes the theoretical issues which underlie the proposals but which were not covered in the book. They are based largely on the work of Conzen and the synthesis of his ideas with those of Caniggia proposed by Kropf. They can be useful in distinguishing thresholds in the process of incremental change that can be identified with different modes and levels of intervention. An example from the Dacorum BC Residential Character Stu...


This paper describes three approaches to the task of automatically identifying the language a text is written in. We conducted experiments to compare the success of each approach in identifying languages from a set of texts in Dutch/Friesian, English, French, Gaelic (Irish), German, Italian, Portuguese, Serbo-Croat and Spanish.....


In 1956, under the leadership of the Communist Party, the people of our country achieved a fundamental victory in the area of the socialist system of ownership. By launching the rectification campaign in 1957, they also achieved fundamental victories on the ideological front and the political front, and it was in that year that they overfulfilled the First Five-Year Construction Plan. In this manner the more than 600 million people of our country, under the leadership of the Communist Party, clearly recognized their own future and responsibility. They have dealt a blow to the evil wind of anti-Party, anti-people, and antisocialism whipped up by the bourgeois rightist elements and have at the same time corrected or are in the process of correcting some deficiencies and errors which the Party and the people themselves had carried over from the old society or which had been caused by their subjectivism. The Party has become more united and the spiritual demeanor of the people has become more enthusiastic. Th...


Human fetuses with severe intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have less pancreatic endocrine tissue and exhibit β-cell dysfunction, which may limit β-cell function in later life and contribute t...


to regard the appearance of a dictionary dealing only with the letters A-E as a culmination, but the word is justified when we consider the history of the AND. Lexicographical material began first to be assembled by a group of Anglo-Norman specialists in the decades following the Second World War. They were led, initially, by Louise Stone (1947–1973) and later by Timothy Reid (1973–1981), for ever under the keen eye of William Rothwell (1963–1992), who brought the first edition to completion in 1992 with Fascicule 7 (T-Z). Dictionaries, even of languages no longer spoken, are organic and, thanks to the bequest of a large amount of non-literary material collected by J. P. Collas, the scope of the AND widened, to such an extent that by the time Fascicule 7 appeared, the first fascicules (A-C and D-E) required major overhaul to bring them into line with the more recent sections. This revision took 13 years to complete, a pivotal role being played by David Trotter. The second edition reflects not simply the addition of new material (presented with exemplary clarity), but the sea-change in our view of language effected by developments in sociolinguistics. Living languages are protean entities within which no one variety can claim precedence, and which are being permanently adjusted to suit the needs of their users. Societal monolingualism is a widely accepted norm in the modern world, but it was completely unknown in medieval Europe. Britain in particular was profoundly multi-lingual, with Celtic, Germanic and Romance languages jostling each other to different degrees in different parts of the archipelago. This is wonderfully reflected in the AND. The history of medieval English cannot be understood in isolation from Anglo-Norman, and it may be that the principal users of the AND are historians of English. It may also be that future editors of Anglo-Norman texts will have to be recruited primarily among Anglicists. The AND (second edition) closes one lexicographical chapter, but it also opens another. Dictionary-writing is like painting the Forth Bridge, and the advent of computerisation triggered a quantum-leap which enables not just permanent up-dating, but also reader-access to all the documentary material previously truncated for hard-copy publication. The online version of the AND (www.anglo-norman.net), pioneered in particular by Andrew Rothwell , is a delight to use, and keeps UK lexicography fully in step with dictionaries of medieval languages currently being developed on the Continent, notably the Dictionnaire du moyen français (http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/). What is surprising, however, is that a dictionary of the quality of the AND has emerged from such a precarious sequence of relatively small grants. This does great credit to the AND team, for many of their Continental colleagues are in receipt long-term funding permitting the recruitment of permanent research staff and premises designed for their needs. The one lacuna I see in the AND is the failure to tie in each lexical entry with the relevant section of the lexicological treasure-house which is the Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, now regarded as the central reference-point of historical dictionaries of French. To include such references would make manifest the idea that Anglo-Norman was not some insular oddity, but a perfectly normal regional dialect of a medieval French language which only existed in its various dialectal forms.


ABSTRACT:Fauda, the Israeli TV show that follows a unit of mista'arvim, undercover Israeli operatives who assimilate among the Palestinian population in the West Bank, has been an international hit on Netflix. The show has generated a lot of analysis in the popular press and among scholars, much of it focusing on how it represents Jews and Arabs and whether it offers a fair description of the Arab-Israeli conflict. This article examines the battlefield in which the Israeli agents and their Palestinian counterparts operate not as a site of contesting identities but as a place where brute, physical violence meets advanced cyber technologies as a reflection of the place of modern surveillance technologies in the neoliberal world order.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which science teachers taught problem solving in elementary science. The survey involved 348 teachers in 36 Singapore elementary schools. The study investigated the science teachers' views about their use of science instructional techniques in general and the problem-solving teaching approach in particular. It also focused on the difficulties faced by science teachers in implementing the problem-solving teaching approach in the science classroom. It was found that the most emphasised activities were completion of science workbooks, teachers' explanation of concepts, and hands-on activities. The least emphasised activities were computer-based learning, activities beyond the textbook and workbook, and visits to the ecology garden and other parts of the school. Only about one-third of the teachers often conducted activities pertaining to problem solving. Most of them were more concerned about covering the science syllabus for examinations, the physical constraints of the learning environment, and pupils' abilities and motivation. On the other hand, teacher-related factors ranked low: these included teachers' preference for teaching and learning outcomes, their ability to maintain control over pupils' learning, feelings of inadequacy of science knowledge, and insufficient understanding of the pedagogical method of teaching problem solving.


A 1471 and the return of Edward IV to the throne following the Readeption, royal policies saw the renewal of an expanded, powerful monarchy under an active king. Post-Victorian analyses of the late medieval shift in monarchical management have largely fallen into two opposing camps: the "New Monarchy" thesis, supported by such historians as J.R. Green, A.J. Pollard, and Steven Gunn, and the "Tudor Revolution in Government" thesis, put forth by Geoffrey Elton. While the former emphasizes a gradual centralization of power beginning under Yorkist rule and credits these monarchs with a return to the medieval – and in no real sense "new" or novel – management techniques of such monarchs as Edward I, the latter posits that such centralization began only after 1485 and was concentrated primarily in the 1530s as a Tudor phenomenon, building upon the Whiggish influence of "Lancastrian constitutionalism." Looking at the latter half of Edward IV's reign and all of Henry VII's, these late medieval monarchs concentrated power by reining in their nobles, renewing effective treasury-bolstering economic techniques within the context of a general Western European economic upturn, and standardizing and expanding the justice system and governmental bodies, thereby creating the momentum necessary for the authoritative tendencies of later Tudor reign. Given these expansions of monarchical authority under both Yorkist and Tudor rule, the theory of New Monarchy is a much more appropriate description of the period's developments than Elton's explanation, and both Edward IV and Henry VII's policies were essential to the development of bureaucratic modernity in the later Tudor administrations of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Acknowledging the role of Edward IV's reign in paving the way for Tudor interventionism and, eventually, the Henrician Reformation, Green was the first to expound on the idea that the Yorkist and early Tudor monarchs created a new kind of monarchical authority.1 While it is notable that he cited the period of 1471-1509 for this era of change, encompassing both Edward IV and Henry VII within the upswing of crown authority, this initial presentation of what became the New Monarchy thesis equated centralization of monarchical power with despotism, attaching judgment for the perceived removal of liberties in a constitutionalist bend. Again countering Elton's view of the Tudor dynasty as the starting point of this shift in government and administration, Pollard described the years preceding Henry VII's rise to the throne as "not years of continuous and all-consuming destructive anarchy," as both Victorian historians and Elton's Tudor-centric theory might have portrayed them.2 In a more favorable interpretation than Green's, Pollard saw this process of centralizing the administration as merely an orderly system returning to Edward I's successful administrative style of management, and he did not attach Green's constitutionalist judgment to his assessment of this governmental trend because such admirable values as "chivalry could not provide the means for a lasting political solution to England's problems."3 Emphasis on noble obedience to a monarch over considerations of the community, exemplified by the royal control of Tudor monarchs, became the solution to a crisis that arose in the absence of active kingship, the unfortunate state of Henry VI's reign.4 Pollard even described the period of 1471-1509 as one in which "royal authority recovered and normal politics were restored," suggesting that the state of increased authority was actually a return to normalcy rather than a divergence from appropriate practice; the lack of innovation creates, to an extent, a nonthreatening historical narrative.5 In his work Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII, Elton, even within the very title of his book, narrowed the focus of his analysis of governmental shift to Henry VIII's reign and, more specifically, the 1530s of the Henrician Reformation. While this period did see some drastic change in the use of monarchical power, to highlight such a specific period as central in the overall trend of increased monarchical authority and bureaucratic modernity is to ignore the earlier centralization of authority under Edward IV and Henry VII that made the Henrician Reformation possible. Elton cited "new man" Thomas Cromwell as the main source of bureaucratic modernity during Henry VIII's reign. Given this benchmark of governmental modernity, Elton treated Edward IV and Henry VII's expansion of the royal household, which became an institutionalized governmental body, as a "temporary aberration" and "quintessentially medieval."6 This perspective placed Henry VIII's administration as the


In the article the methodology of research of social management is opened, methodological levels of researches in the field of social management are presented, approaches to research of social management and management in social work are identified.


In Portugal, the Curriculo Nacional do Ensino Basico [National Curriculum for Primary Education] was published in 2001. This document reorganises primary level education from a curricular point of view. It is a key reference document for curricular management in Portuguese schools and outlines guidelines for the whole set of educational experiences as well as the core and specific skills that students are to develop in each subject or subject area. Since the implementation of this curriculum reorganisation, working documents have been produced by the Geography Department of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Porto, reflecting the interpretation of documents issued by the Ministry of Education and providing guidelines regarding teacher training in this subject area. These documents were shared among students, future teachers and also trainee supervisors during training sessions. Centred on issues concerning the National Curriculum for Primary Education and Curriculum Guidelines for Geography, this paper aims to present not only the reasons that led the authors of the Geography Curriculum to provide certain options, but also the (re) interpretations made by Geography teachers who graduated from the Faculty of Arts of the University of Porto as regards the fulfilment of the prescribed curriculum at national level, that is, in their professional teaching practice.


Abstract : The report presents some work pertinent to the quantitative evaluation of information retrieval (IR) systems and extends the development of an Information Retrieval System Simulation Model. The present IR system simulation examines system response time, equipment/personnel utilization and idle time, and delay time in queue. The general IR model is, essentially, an ordered grouping of basic retrieval functions. The nature of the functions and the configuration of the system can be specified to the simulation program by the investigating engineer. The simulation program can ultimately be used by Naval planners of information retrieval systems to evaluate alternative IR configurations, to identify and illustrate the need for an IR system, and to assess the effectiveness of such a configuration. Response time of an IR system is cited as one necessary criterion of system performance and is closely related to the operating costs, another quantitative measurement of an IR system.


METHODS. cDNA library was obtained in one glioma cell line which highly expressed this protein and screening was performed using VDR monoclonal antibody. This partial cDNA was then subcloned into pcDNA3.1 and sequencing was performed. This partial cDNA sequence also was used as a probe to identify mRNA, which encodes for this putative gene. To characterize this 220-Kd protein, we have used five cell lines as follows: Glioma 1, U118, SW1783, which possess variable amount of 220-Kd protein, and U-373 and T-98G which lack this 220-Kd protein.


Certain integer and non-integer relations are shown to determine the maximum degeneracy (optimum coupling) conditions in large, unloaded multimode cavities of the type used in microwave power processing. Mathematically, the conditions are analogous to problems that have been studied in acoustics.The continuous frequency modulation of a typical two kilowatt magnetron by a full wave, unfiltered power supply has been measured. This figure is taken as a typical source bandwidth (0.6% at 2.45 GHz) for the energy supplied to a cavity.Measurements of energy conversion efficiency, and energy distribution, are given for an 80 liter volume cavity, all the dimensions of which are different. For water filling factors from 0.135 to 3% by volume, the average energy conversion efficiencies range from 53 to 98%. A method for measuring the power available at a point within a system, using a microwave thermometer, is described.


David Rudrum - On the Very Idea of a Definition of Narrative: A Reply to Marie-Laure Ryan - Narrative 14:2 Narrative 14.2 (2006) 197-204 On the Very Idea of a Definition of Narrative: A Reply to Marie-Laure Ryan David Rudrum I "Quid est ergo tempus?", St. Augustine famously asked. "Si nemo ex me quaerat scio; si quaerenti explicare velim, nescio". These words, which strike me as some of the most deeply honest and self-aware of his Confessions, describe an experience that must surely be familiar to most narratologists: Augustine's philosophical musings on the nature of time lead him to conclude that when no-one is asking him what time is, he knows, but as soon as he attempts to explain it, it turns out that he doesn't know. So it is with narrative. Mutatis mutandis, we all know what a narrative is: we all recognise one when we see one. But when we try to commit our knowledge to paper, it inevitably turns out that for every generalisation there is an exception, for every taxonomy there is a misfit, and for every definition there is always room for further definition, as extraneous elements creep into our classifications. Such, no doubt, is life. The question then arises as to the consequences of a knowledge that is simultaneously present and absent. It would seem odd (or, better, wrong) to claim that we don't know what a narrative is if our definitions of it are unsatisfactory. Is anyone going to claim that Augustine didn't know what he was talking about...


This study examines Bulgakov's socialist ideology and how it was influenced by Sophia's theory of Solovyov. Chapter 1 analyzes the differences between socialism and Christianity through Bulgakov's early writings. Chapter 2 examines aspects of Bulgakov's Sophia Theory that were developed from Solovyov's Sophia Theory. The study seeks to understand Sophia and Gnosticism, the flow of Sophia's divinity and humanity, and the differences and trends in Sophia's theory in Russian religious philosophy. While Solovyov tried to prove the basic concept of Sophia's theory with reason, Bulgarkov analyzed the problem of the fourth person by dividing it into the problem of hypostasis and hypostatized. This problem of personification originates from the duality of Sophia's theory. While Solovyov focused on the divine Sophia, Bulgakov defined Sophia as a middle ground between the divine and human beings in the form of 'creatures'. The problem of duality and person in Sophia's theory is further examined in Chapter 3 through the problem of the image and name of the divine. The study posits that God manifests as divine energy from the word God itself. Before examining the concept of name worship, the study briefly reviews the meaning of icon and compares the correlation between the meaning of icon and name worship as the original image of God.


A versatile resistive temperature sensor for Internet-of-Things is presented, based on an all-dynamic architecture. This allows efficient scaling of power with conversion rate, enables optional oversampling for an adaptable resolution, and provides efficient adaptability to different resistor values. A new double-sided measurement mode is proposed to compensate for offset, 1/f noise and nonidealities at system level. The sensor achieves a minimum power consumption of 174 pW at 1 S/s measurement rate, which scales up to 488.3 nW at 100 kS/s. It offers a nominal rms resolution of 0.61 °C and a resolution FoM as low as 1.82 pJ<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cdot ^\circ \text{C}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.


Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) can be assessed by faecal biomarkers such as Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Neopterin (NEO) and Alpha‐1 anti‐trypsin (AAT). We aimed to test the association of intestinal pathogens with faecal markers of EED among slum‐dwelling children in first 2 years of life.


This article offers a repeat of a 2000 survey of rural librarians and how they view librarianship, libraries, and the future of both. The purpose of the 2007 survey was to look for changes and ask questions about community partnerships, staffing, and financial information. The researchers found many similarities between the surveys but a number of distinct changes in behavior and attitudes emerged. These included the shift towards viewing the library as more of a service than a repository of materials, increased dissatisfaction with pay and economic issues; an increase in MLS degree holders; and a trend towards the library being viewed as less vital to the community. The 2007 results showed that almost half of rural libraries engage in community partnerships and that the average rural librarian earns less than $12/hour and has an operating budget of less than $30,000. The changes and results are analyzed along with suggestions for future research.


Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC), endemic Tyrolean infantile cirrhosis (ETIC) and idiopathic copper toxicosis (ICT), are clinically and pathologically indistinguishable liver disorders of infants and young children linked with exogenous copper and with increasing evidence for a genetic predisposition. North Ronaldsay sheep are a primitive breed which have adapted to a copper impoverished environment (<5 ppm) and display an abnormal sensitivity to copper poisoning when transferred to a copper replete (11 ppm) habitat. The aetiological parallels prompted a study of copper‐associated liver disease in North Ronaldsay sheep (RCT) to see if the pathology could contribute to the understanding of the childhood disorder. A retrospective study was performed in which the livers of 22 mainland‐bred North Ronaldsay sheep were compared with three island‐bred sheep and categorized for liver copper content and pathomorphology. It was found that all the mainland sheep had accumulated liver copper (>300 µ/g), in contrast to the island sheep, although 10 sheep with increased liver copper (mean 600 SD 270 µ/g) showed no evidence of liver damage. A further 10 sheep with liver copper (mean 1276 SD 508 µg/g) exhibited periportal to panlobular histochemical copper retention, a periportal and/or panlobular pericellular fibrosis, a mixed inflammatory infiltrate and cholangioplasia. Steatosis was absent and regeneration was in abeyance. Finally, two sheep (liver copper>2000 µg/g) had a more active hepatitis with a florid pericellular, panlobular fibrosis and cirrhosis. Electron microscopy identified large numbers of collagen‐producing hepatic stellate (Ito) cells in periportal regions. The pathological findings were sufficiently reminiscent of ICC, ETIC and ICT to warrant further exploration of RCT as a putative animal model. The North Ronaldsay sheep liver may be a useful tool for the investigation of copper‐induced fibrogenesis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


During recent years, ever-increasing importance has been attached to head injuries and their neurologic and mental aftereffects, because the incidence of accidents and head injuries has increased (MARBURG 1936). During the First and Second World Wars, many soldiers received shots in the head, with penetrative injuries to the brain, which both necessitated and made possible intensified research in this sphere (GOLDSTEIN 1942). In peacetime, however, closed head injuries caused by blunt objects striking the head predominate. PENNINGTON and MEARIN (1943) have examined and queried the frequency of craniocerebral injuries in a sample consisting of 4,822 consecutive male naval inductees, ranging in age from 17 to 50 years. The percentage of this number that had sustained a head injury was, as a minimal estimate, 13 per cent. The closed head injuries are classified, according to their clinical symptomatology in the acute stage, as concussion, contusion or compression of the brain (BOSTROEM 1939). Sometimes, head injuries result in protracted and even permanent neurologic and mental symptoms. In some cases mental symptoms dominate the picture and the neurologic signs may either be very slightly marked or entirely absent. This condition is now described in Sweden as encephalopathia traumatica. The statements in the literature on the prognosis of head injuries and the incidence of after-effects show much diversity. This probably depends partly on the fact that the material examined was chosen in different ways, so that head injuries of varying severity were included. Even serious head injuries may heal without any discernible symptoms being left. On the other hand, one sometimes meets


Statistical methods are required as a tool for data analysis in student-led research projects, such as thesis/final projects. However, many students, particularly those from the Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Studies Education, State University of Malang (FIS-UM), do not comprehend statistical methodologies yet. One way to overcome this problem is to conduct data analysis training on statistical methods. For this reason, the Quality and Productivity Engineering Laboratory, Department of Business Statistics, Faculty of Vocational, ITS, organized a community service program in the form of training for Social Science Education students. Initially, this program was planned to be held using a combination of online and offline training. However, the program was carried out using only online training because of some restrictions on community activities in Java and Bali. In this case, six materials are offered with software practice and assignments. The movement had 202 participants from three batches: 2018, 2019, and 2020. However, participants from batch 2018 can not finish the training due to some reasons. The average learning score (RHB) for the class of 2020 was 84.56, while the RHB for the class of 2019 was 80.85. There was no significant difference in RHB between these two groups using the t-test at a significance level of 5%. In addition, the training process of batch 2020 is capable since the X and MR charts of average learning scores demonstrate a controlled process, with a capability index of 1.55.


Over time, Answer Set Programming (ASP) has gained traction as a versatile logic programming semantics with performant processing systems, used by a growing number of significant applications in academia and industry. However, this development is threatened by a lack of commonly accepted design patterns and techniques for ASP to address dynamic application on a real-world scale. To this end, we identified robotic intra-logistics as representative scenario, a major domain of interest in the context of the fourth industrial revolution. For this setting, we aim to provide a scalable and efficient ASP-based solutions by (1) stipulating a standardized test and benchmark framework; (2) leveraging existing ASP techniques through new design patterns; and (3) extending ASP with new functionalities. In this paper we will expand on the subject matter as well as detail our current progress and future plans. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Computing methodologies → Logic programming and answer set programming


The emergence of leaders and followers is a key factor in facilitating group cohesion in animals. Individual group members have been shown to respond strongly to each other's behavior and thereby affect the emergence and maintenance of these social roles. However, it is not known to what extent previous social experience might still affect individual's leading and following tendencies in later social interactions. Here, by pairing three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) with 2 different consecutive partners, we show a carryover effect of a previous partner's personality on the behavior of focal individuals when paired with a new partner. This carryover effect depended on the relative boldness of the focal individual. Relatively bold but not shy fish spent less time out of cover and led their current partner less if they had previously been paired with a bolder partner. By contrast, following behavior was mainly influenced by the personality of the current partner. Overall, the behavior of relatively bold fish was more consistent across the stages, whereas shy fish changed their behavior more strongly depending on the current context. These findings emphasize how the history of previous social interactions can play a role in the emergence and maintenance of social roles within groups, providing an additional route for individual differences to affect collective behavior.


ABSTRACT In this article we draw on our varied experiences of conducting feminist sport and leisure scholarship in digital spaces to offer some reflections, learnings and ways forward for navigating the challenges of digital and social media research. The paper outlines our methodological and ethical relationships to doing feminist research with and about women and girls, taking Margaret McClaren's activist lens as a starting point to consider issues of positionality and reflexivity when researching lived experiences of gender in digital spaces. We then analyse our own actions across four dimensions of the research process: (1) connecting with communities and participants, (2) conceptualising and managing data, (3) navigating the ethics of representation and (4) vulnerabilities and self-care. In sharing our learnings from a range of projects, this paper offers insights into the methodological implications of conducting digital research on the moving body, as well as practical considerations for those doing feminist research on sporting and physical cultures in digital spaces. This article contributes to emerging conversations amongst qualitative sport and physical activity researchers about the challenges of digitisation for feminist engagements with power, context and situated knowledges.


Early visions of component-based software development have been realized, with software projects now composed mostly of other peoples code. However, the challenge of selecting the best components, with speed and confidence in the result, has only become more difficult. Previous work has focused on systematic approaches to component selection, but in continuous*and agile settings, the increase in confidence from being systematic is not worth the cost of delay. In this emerging ideas paper, we present early results on work to balance speed with confidence in component selection. Our idea is to define a scorecard for components based on high-level quality attribute indicators, project health measures, and a context-specific aggregation function for producing a single yes/no decision for integrators. We present preliminary results showing how this scorecard approach works on computer vision components.


The discovery that asthma is due to anaphylaxis, for which we are indebted especially to American investigators, has done much to lif t the veil which has always surrounded this disease. What TROUSSEAU has very significantly termed sles fantaisies de l'asthmes, the caprices of asthma, and which everyone who has studied the disease can cite numerous examples of, we are now in a position to explain on the basis of our knowledge of anaphylaxis. It is not too much to say that this new view of asthma as an anaphylactic disease has brought about a complete revolution in our ideas of the etiology, clinical aspect, and treatment, of this malady, and it is therefore natural to enquire whether the pathogenesis alone is untouched by our new knowledge, or whether we can learn something fresh in this field as well. Let us then first see what we understand by anaphylactic asthma. It is asthma which depends upon an anaphylactic disposition; the attack is excited when the patient is exposed to the substance for which he is anaphylactic.


A dynamic memory cell (DRAM) based on the Field-Effect-Diode (FED) is presented, and with the help of the underlying device physics its operation is explained and guidelines for its design are presented. This cell is characterized by fast operation speed, wide read 0/1 margin, long retention time and it is compatible with CMOS technology.


these ingredient8-Ideas Training Courage-Determination shake weD, quaff deeply, and then start off on the trail. You're sure to succeed!" The formulated structure of the successful radio play is described as a central idea with supporting and sub-supporting ideas: for example, love, youth and boy-girl-boy; or love, mystery and robbery-police. Once you have the structure in mind, you have achieved the first of what Mr. Nagler calIs the three "e's" of radio playwriting: Concep› tion, Creation, Consummation. Cre› ation deals with plot, where the writer . must artfully employ his radio tools, being careful to use ac› tion words, to set the stage with word pictures and sound, to deline› ate characters and to create natural dialogue. This, is the art of radio writing, "illusion made reality by someone who knows his business!' And the chapter on "tools" is one of the few saving graces of the book. If you have the urge to write comedy, a brief chapter will give you the rules of all comedy, good and bad. And you will find sug› gestions on the incorPQration of mu› sic, sound effects and announce› ments, and on what to expect from. actors, agencies, sponsors and pub› lic. Also, a brief discussion and listing of POtential markets should be counted among good POints. Perhaps this criticism sounds too severe. If utter. simplicity is to be the rule of--radio playwriting, Mr. Nagler is justified in his presenta› tion. As he puts it, cCaudiences ... want• chocolate ice cream even though you had planned to give them pastry ••••" The listener, then, is to blame; but that does not entirely excuse the trivial tone of the book. which is obviously writ› ten for the novice who believes there is a magic key to succeuful ..:.... wn~. R. D. MICBABiL Virginia Polytechnic Ifl8titute • • •


The chimeric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide is provided. The disclosed polypeptides are the first amino acid sequence comprising an F2 domain linked to a domain of possible cut in the F1 polypeptide respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein; RSV and attachment (G) comprising a dominant epitope immunologically and a second amino acid sequence containing a portion of the protein polypeptide. Herein are pharmaceutical compositions containing the nucleic acids, and chimeric RSV polypeptide encoding the chimeric RSV polypeptides, as well as also provide their manufacture and use.


Due the rapid development in economy of India over past decades. To meet the requirements of more housing projects are to be completed in a short duration of time. One of the major factor for timely completion of project is formwork used by the company. In the present study the key parameters like cost, speed of construction, quality achieved, cycle time etc. were identified role in selection of efficient formwork system is studied. So as to help new contractors who are entering into construction activities to complete the project with in allocated budget and duration. To do that a real time project was considered and all the parameters were studied and compared the results from different construction companies all over the India. The attempts were made to highlight the key parameters and type of formwork to be used for project was explained.


Percutaneous needle biopsy has become an indispensable tool for the evaluation and management of patients with renal allograft dysfunction. But this invasive procedure is not without risk. Vascular injury in the form of arteriovenous fistula, pseudoaneurysm, or arteriocalyceal fistula may result in symptoms that require percutaneous endovascular intervention. In this article, the occurrence, detection, and treatment of biopsy-related renal transplant injury are described.


Avatar use on video-conference platforms has found dual purpose in recent times as a potential method for ensuring privacy and improving subjective engagement with remote meeting, provided one can also ensure a minimal loss in the quality of social interaction and sense of personal presence. This preliminary study focuses on interaction through virtual avatars in a video conferencing context.


Multiagent formation control may proceed by ensuring that designated pairs of agents maintain a specified distance between each other, in order that the overall shape of the formation can be preserved while it translates or rotates. A minimally rigid formation is one in which loss of any one such constraint or link means that individual agent motions can occur, which do not preserve the shape of the formation. Recognizing that real‐world formations may suffer link loss and even agent loss, this paper presents a systematic approach to defining a measure for redundant or nonminimal rigidity, which is the property that formation shape will still be preserved in the face of loss of a certain designated number of distance constraints or formation agents. Most of the results are concerned with advancing a deterministic measure, but this paper also indicates circumstances under which a statistical measure may be relevant. For illustration, the paper analyses a number of standard formations to establish their levels of redundancy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this paper a small scale wind energy conversion system is proposed for supplying power to households and charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries at remote locations. A squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) is used to convert wind turbine output power into the electrical power. The output of the SCIG is rectified and fed into a buck converter. At the output of buck converter there is a DC link capacitor across which a bidirectional DC-DC converter and three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) is connected. The VSI is used to feed power to the household loads. The bidirectional converter is connected to a swappable battery system having multiple batteries to be used for the EV. The batteries can also provide backup power when required. The proposed system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and experimental verification is done using a wind turbine emulator for varying wind speeds and loads.


Litter decomposition rates of three shrub species (Artemisia halodendron, Salix gordejevii, and Caragana microphylla) in Horqin Sandy Land were investigated. Collected litter was put in nylon bag and then was put on different kinds of sand dunes or was buried deep down in 10 cm, with sampling and weighing it every month. The results showed the decomposition rate of litter put on the fixed sand dunes was higher than the decomposition rate of litter put on the mobile sand dune from May to August, and the situation was just the reverse in winter. The decomposition rate of litter buried in the sand dunes was higher than the decomposition rate of litter put on the sand dune. Litter decomposition rates of Artemisia halodendron was higher than that of the other two shrub species, for example, decomposition rates of litter of Artemisia halodendron put on the fixed sand dunes was 53.6% after one year, while that of Caragana microphylla and Salix gordejevii was 28.5% and 21% respectively. Impact of precipitation on litter decomposition rates was more significant than that of ground temperature.


Abstract This paper presents the comparative study for performance efficiency of conventional optical transmitter with spatial optical transmitter through coarse wavelength division multiplexed fiber system. The spatial light source mode polar and rectangular configuration are clarified in x directions. The lighted power signal through CWDM fiber system is simulated and measured with the use of conventional and spatial light transmitters. The lighted base band signal through CWDM fiber system is clarified with the use of conventional and spatial light transmitters. The lighted base band signal with spectral wavelength through CWDM fiber system is simulated with the use of conventional and spatial light transmitters. The Q base band signal quality factor and bit error signal rates are studied in the same configuration after receiver photodiode system with the use of conventional and spatial light transmitters.


To treat the front-form Hamiltonian approach to quantum field theory, called light cone quantum field theory, in a mathematically rigorous way, the existence of a well-defined restriction of the corresponding free fields to the hypersurface {x0+x3=0} in Minkowski space is of an essential necessity. However, even in the situation of a real scalar free field such a restriction does canonically not exist; this is called the restriction problem. Furthermore, since the beginning of light cone quantum field theory there is the problem of nonexistence of a well-defined Fock space expansion of a free quantum field in terms of light cone momenta which is called the zero-mode problem. In this paper we present solutions to these long outstanding problems where the study of the zero-mode problem (of the corresponding classical field) will lead us to a solution of the restriction problem. We introduce a new function space of "squeezed" smooth functions which can canonically be embedded into the Schwartz space S(R3). T...


The thesis introduce a economical reasonable technological process of reusing refinery wastewater"upper flotation -upper biofilter- ozone catalytic oxidation reactor- superfilter ". After treating secondary clarifier effluent of sewage disposal plant in the first oil factory of Fushun petrochemical branch campany by this process, the result of study indicate that there is a evident decline in several main pollution target such as chemical oxygen demand (COD)、oil、turbidity .this process can satisfy the demand for the industrial water. A better result is attained in the aspect of COD from 70~180 mg/L to 15 mg/L, the content of oil from 2.5~5.6 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L, tubidity from 24~33 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L, total ironion from 1.5 mg/L to 0.3 mg/L, total phosphorus from 1~1.5 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L of effluent. The treatment process can result in good econmical and social benefit.


Introduction Type-I Si clathrates, whose general chemical formula is A8Si46, have a unique structure. In the compounds, Si atoms form Si20 dodecahedra and Si24 tetrakaidehedra, and these polyhedra are linked by shared faces. The A atoms are located in the center of the polyhedra. A search on the superconducting materials has been conducted in Si clathrates since discovery of superconducting fullerides because these polyhedra are isostructural with the fullerene C20 and C24. Yamanaka and his coworkers synthesized the superconducting Si clathrate (Na,Ba)8Si46 by removing Na atoms from Na2BaSi4 at high temperatures under vacuum [1]. They, furthermore, succeeded in a synthesis of Ba8Si46 from a mixture of Si and orthorhombic BaSi2 at pressures ranging from 3 to 5GPa and temperatures ranging from 1073 to 1673K [2,3]. On the other hand, BaSi2 has been reported to undergo two structural phase transitions, the orthorhombic-totrigonal, and the trigonal-to-cubic transitions, in this pressure-temperature region [4]. It is, therefore, interesting to see which kind of phases (the orothorhombic, the trigonal or the cubic) of BaSi2 is responsible for the formation of Ba8Si46 from the mixture of BaSi2 and Si at high pressures and high temperatures. In this research, we have tried to observe the formation of Ba8Si46 from the mixture of BaSi2 and Si in-situ at high pressures and high temperatures.


Abstract The weak rotational Raman scattering in CH4, induced by zero point vibrational motions was searched for using a double Fabry-Perot method with spectral multiplexing. The cross-section for rotational Raman scattering is shown to be less than 2×10−6 the Rayleigh cross-section.


THE term "edema" is applied to swellings produced by excessive accumulation of extracellular fluid without definite bounding membranes. These may be local or general. They are usually, but not always, associated with expansion of the total extracellular fluid of the body. They are even more loosely correlated with the total amount of water in the body. The simplest example of the formation of edema without change of the volume of fluid in the body is the swelling of the feet of a subject who stands still or rests in a relaxed position against a board at an angle of 60°. . . .


We examined the effect of selective logging and corresponding forest canopy loss on arboreal ant diversity in a tropical rainforest. Arboreal ants were collected from an unlogged forest plot and from forest plots selectively logged 14 years and 24 years earlier in Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia, using a canopy fogging method. Selective logging was associated with a significant decrease in canopy cover and an increase in understory vegetation density relative to unlogged forest. Our study showed that selective logging in primary forest might not dramatically decrease total species number and overall abundance of arboreal ants; however, it may influence the species composition and dominance structure of the ant community, accompanied by an increase in abundance of shrub‐layer species and trophobiotic species. In view of the results of this study, management techniques that minimize logging impact on understory vegetation structure are likely to help maintain the conservation value of logged forests for arboreal ants. Our results also suggest that accurate assessment of the impacts on biodiversity should not be based only on measurement of species number and overall abundance, but also on analysis of species composition and community structure.


Objective: To search a new method that application of autografting of corneal rim stem cells to cure eyes disease.Methods: Retrospectively analyzed 42 cases(48 eyes) with eyes diseases that treated by autografting of corneal rim stem cells.Then,visited the patients for 0.6-2 years.Results: Transplanting survived good and without new blood vessel growth.The eyesight of 48 eyes increased,without any recrudescence and complications.Conclusions: It is a good method to cure and prevent recrudescence of eyes diseases that the operation of autografting of corneal rim stem cells.It has a positive curative effect and without any complications.


We have investigated the effects of geometry on the mixing performance of peristaltic micromixers. For the parametric study, we designed and fabricated eleven different mixers, varying the distance between the mixing valves, the mixing valve width, and the mixing loop shape. From the experimental parametric study, we derived design guidelines for a peristaltic micromixer. The guidelines would greatly improve the layout of the high-throughput integrated nanofluidic systems and overall performance by maximizing the mixing performance of the unit mixer.


The angular dependence of the magnetic properties of all known octahedrally coordinated oxo-bridged dimers with trivalent 3d transition metals are interpreted in terms of the most simple concepts. These concepts are based on a combination of kinetic exchange and the chemically intuitive angular overlap model. The use of an angular overlap model allows the separation of the σ donor properties of the bridging oxide ligand into sσ and pσ contributions. An estimate of the sσ and the pσ angular overlap model parameters is given. An analysis of the magnetic properties of the known oxo-bridged dimers allows us to predict the magnetic properties of unknown oxo-bridged dimers with trivalent 3d transition metal ions.


ABSTRACT Yucca schidigera Roezl. (yucca) is one of the major industrial sources of steroid saponins approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as generally recognized as safe. Due to the increasing applications of yucca extracts, there is a need for a simple, low-cost method for the authentication of samples. This paper presents a method to obtain unique fingerprints of commercial products of yucca using a single-thin layer chromatography (TLC) system and two visualization reagents for the detection of phenolics and saponins, as a tool for the preliminary quality assessment of the products. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Introduction: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are hemorrhagic lesions causing stroke and epilepsy. They develop with loss of function of three known genes in endothelial cells (ECs). Mice he...


You might find this additional info useful...This article cites€22 articles, 7 of which you can access for free at: http://jap.physiology.org/content/113/3/510.full#ref-list-1Updated information and services including high resolution figures, can be found at: http://jap.physiology.org/content/113/3/510.fullAdditional material and information about Journal of Applied Physiology can be found at: http://www.the-aps.org/publications/japplThis information is current as of August 3, 2012.


Background: mHealth technologies could help to improve cardiovascular health; however, their effect on arterial stiffness and hemodynamic parameters has not been explored to date. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a mHealth intervention, at 3 and 12 months, on arterial stiffness and central hemodynamic parameters in a sedentary population with overweight and obesity. Methods: Randomised controlled clinical trial (Evident 3 study). 253 subjects were included: 127 in the intervention group (IG) and 126 in the control group (CG). The IG subjects were briefed on the use of the Evident 3 app and a smart band (Mi Band 2, Xiaomi) for 3 months to promote healthy lifestyles. All measurements were recorded in the baseline visit and at 3 and 12 months. The carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and the central hemodynamic parameters were measured using a SphigmoCor System® device, whereas the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and the Cardio Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) were measured using a VaSera VS-2000® device. Results: Of the 253 subjects who attended the initial visit, 237 (93.7%) completed the visit at 3 months of the intervention, and 217 (85.3%) completed the visit at 12 months of the intervention. At 12 months, IG showed a decrease in peripheral augmentation index (PAIx) (−3.60; 95% CI −7.22 to −0.00) and ejection duration (ED) (−0.82; 95% CI −1.36 to −0.27), and an increase in subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) (5.31; 95% CI 1.18 to 9.44). In CG, cfPWV decreased at 3 months (−0.28 m/s; 95% CI −0.54 to −0.02) and at 12 months (−0.30 m/s, 95% CI −0.54 to −0.05), central diastolic pressure (cDBP) decreased at 12 months (−1.64 mm/Hg; 95% CI −3.19 to −0.10). When comparing the groups we found no differences between any variables analyzed. Conclusions: In sedentary adults with overweight or obesity, the multicomponent intervention (Smartphone app and an activity-tracking band) for 3 months did not modify arterial stiffness or the central hemodynamic parameters, with respect to the control group. However, at 12 months, CG presented a decrease of cfPWV and cDBP, whereas IG showed a decrease of PAIx and ED and an increase of SEVR.


The effects of Heterocapsa circularisquama (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) on the clearance rate of blue mussel Mytilus galloprovjncialis were studied in the laboratory to clarify the mechanism involved in the toxic effects of dinoflagellates on bivalve mollusks The clearance rate of blue mussels was s~gnificantly reduced when exposed to H. circularisquama, even at a low dinoflagellate cell density (50 cells ml-'). Mussels also showed extreme retraction of the mantle edge and no production of feces or pseudofeces. The reduction in clearance rate did not seen1 to be caused by slze, density, or shape of H. circularisquama, since no inhibitory effect was observed when mussels were exposed to other n~orphologically similar dinoflagellates, i.e. Scrippsiella trochoidea and Heterocapsa tnquetra. A filtrate of the H. circularisquama culture d ~ d not repress the clearance rate of M. galloprovincial~s. 'Naked cells' of H. circularisquama (without cell wall), which were prepared by centrifugation, showed no inhibitory effect on clearance rate. Therefore, it is quite likely that the source of toxicity of H. circularisquama is localized on the cell surface. The inhibitory effect of H. circularisquama was inactivated by treatment of intact cells with trypsin and sodium dodecylsulfate. These results indicate that the toxic response of M . galloprovincialis to H. circularisquama is caused by a protein-like substance involving the outer cell components. T h ~ s is the first study to explain the specific inhibition process of H circulansquama on the filtering activities of bivalve mollusks.


Syntheses of CJ-15,161 (1) involving intermolecular N-arylation of an appropriately functionalized diamine, obtained from the precursor alpha-amino acids or, more conveniently, from the corresponding 1,2-amino alcohols via 1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-2,2-dioxide 22, are reported.


Croesia holmiana (L.) was the most common of nine species of tortricids found in 1977 in a survey of the apple leafrollers of the Vancouver, British Columbia, district. It is an European species not recorded previously from North America. Specimens from British Columbia were identified by Dr. A. Mutuura, Biosystematics Research Institute, Canada Agriculture, Ottawa.