Urban ecological landscape features such as water bodies,parks and green spaces provide environmental amenities and services that contribute fundamentally to the quality of life of urban citizens.Most empirical studies on the value of various landscapes have focused on developed countries where markets function well,while literature on this issue in the developing world is very limited.There are two main reasons for this: First,people in developing countries usually focus on food or clothes rather than the value of landscapes,so it is commonly ignored by local residents.Second,due to both market failures and government failures,the value of landscapes have not been captured and distributed properly.Therefore,it is essential to accurately assess the social benefits generated by various landscapes in terms of making rational public policy and smart urban land use planning in developing countries.Due to the diversity of urban landscapes and market failure in assessing social gains,various methods have been developed to evaluate non-market values of landscapes.The hedonic price model,derived mostly from Lancaster's consumer theory and Rosen's model,posits that a good possesses a number of attributes that combine to form bundles of utility-affecting attributes that the consumer values.It has been employed by previous empirical studies to capture the effects of location,structure,and neighborhood-related housing attributes on property prices.This study explored the impacts of lake landscape on residential house values in the Mochou Lake district of Nanjing using a hedonic price model,which involves location attribute variables,structural attribute variables and neighborhood attribute variables.Based on data from 190 samples,we conclude that the environmental amenities created by Mochou Lake raised apartment prices in the surrounding area by an average of 12.81%.This paper demonstrates that hedonic price method can be successfully applied in the context of developing countries,and can provide a basis for evaluating the value of landscape features in urban areas.The results also imply that not only real estate developers but also policymakers should pay more attention to the value added by the existence of landscape features so that benefits can be captured correctly and distributed fairly,contributing to shaping public policy for maximum social gain and equality.


Scots, English, Catholics and Protestants, as well as by native Irish and newly convinced Friends, all of whom Edmondson loved and served. Perhaps the most surprising aspect of Edmondson's life is die frequency and success of his efforts to speak Truth to power in high places. From George Fox to Raymond Wilson, Friends have been known for their open, frank, courageous lobbying efforts. Edmondson's Journal is a record of continuous efforts on his part, often under extreme duress as when he was himself a prisoner, applying to rough Irish rapparees, local justices, army officers, members of Parliament, even monarchs, to modify and improve their treatment of individuals in the name of Truth. Though one does not expect to find many personal or family details in early Friends' journals, Edmondson rewards the reader with insights into his own life. Among these are brief accounts of his first wife and their seven children (two of whom were given cryptic if not prophetic names— Hindrance and Tryal); the death of his wife after the burning and plundering of their home and shameful mistreatment; his second marriage at the age of nearly 70, with careful study and consent by family and Friends. That Edmondson survived the difficult seventeenth-century travel, illness, imprisonment, and numerous tragedies and still won wide approval and support for his interpretation of Christianity as an "honest man," is in itself a testimony to what Friends may rightfully attribute to the work of the Lord. The carefully chosen sections of the Journal, less than half of the 1820 edition, are supplemented by a typically helpful, short historical "Foreword" by Henry Joel Cadbury, and by frequent, very brief, luminous paragraphs by Caroline Jacob throughout the nine chapters, thus giving unity to the entire story of Edmondson's life from 1627 to 1712, and to the rise of Quakerism in England, Ireland, and the Americas. I know of no other such attractive, small, modern edition of an early Quaker document which has so much potential for contemporary Friends in giving a depth of understanding for die planting of Quakerism or inspiration for continued, courageous commitment. I hope this volume will have the wide and careful reading which it deserves.


This research Aimed to know the method of PAIKEM GEMBROT obese learning with a scientific approach to self efficacy and the result of students learning at SMPN 1 East Sakra in the school year 2018/2019. The research which in this research was a quasi-experimental method. The population is all the seventh graders of SMP Negeri 1 East Sakra in the School 2018/2019 with a 112 number of students. The sample was definite with simple random sampling. VII A class (28 students) as experimental class and VII B class (28 students) as control class. The technique of collecting data was used a questionnaire of self efficacy (20 items) and the result of study (multiple choice is 20 items). The data analysis was used MANOVA. The result of analysis showed tarithmetic ≥ ttable was 26 ≥ 4.02 roommates means H0 received and Ha rejected, so it conclude that there was a significant effect in using PAIKEM GEMBROT learning with a scientific approach to self efficacy and the result of students at SMP Negeri 1 East Sakra in the school year 2018/2019.


The mobile wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN) architecture adopts power saving mechanism to prolong the battery lifetime of mobile devices. Due to the burst characteristic of non-real-time service, the exponentially growing sleep window, which is employed in the IEEE 802.16e and IEEE 802.16m, seems not the best approach in term of packet response time. To let the sleep window match the traffic pattern, base station (BS) should collect traffic information and then notify mobile station (MS) the appropriate sleep window size. As a solution, we propose an advanced power saving mechanism, namely A-PSM, which simply adjusts the sleep window according to the average packet inter-arrival time in order to improve the power saving capability. To reduce the negotiation overhead and accomplish the synchronization of sleep pattern between BS and MS, the information of measured inter-packet arrival time is piggybacked on every downlink packet sent from BS. Moreover, a parameter of tolerable delay is proposed to control the packet delay when the inter-packet arrival time suddenly becomes longer. As confirmed by the performance evaluation, the proposed A-PSM can easily achieve better power saving capability, as compared to the IEEE 802.16e and IEEE 802.16m under all kinds of traffic arrival rates.


This is perhaps the most complex sphere of work of village [sel'skie] soviets. All their manifold activity is associated with it. Funds for economic and cultural development, and for maintenance of the institutions subordinate to the rural agency of power, are concentrated in the budget. The soviet's specific relationships with various enterprises and organizations on the territory within its jurisdiction take shape through it.


Purpose – Customer relationship management (CRM) strategies rely heavily on the importance and performance of the attributes that define a service. The aim of this paper is first to investigate the asymmetric relationship between performance of service attributes and customer satisfaction, and second, through a case study in the mobile telecommunication industry to prove that the importance of a service attribute is a function of the performance of that attribute.Design/methodology/approach – An empirical study using questionnaires with a focus on service enquiring about the performance of service key attributes and overall customer satisfaction was conducted. The data were fed into the Kano customer satisfaction model and the importance‐performance analysis (IPA) method for analysis and comparison.Findings – The results indicate that there is a dynamic relationship between service attributes and overall customer satisfaction. Service attributes have a different impact on customer satisfaction regardless ...


SummarySeasonal samples of leaves, stems and roots were collected from cv Ascolano olive trees in their third year of growth from cuttings and analysed for changes in dry weight, component 80% methanol-soluble carbohydrates and polysaccharide resources extracted after hydrolysis with 5% trichloroacetic acid. The main components of 80% methanol extracts were sucrose, glucose, fructose and mannitol. There were times during the winter when fructose could not be detected but it was present in a moderate amount during the summer growing season. Mannitol was always the major component and appeared to function both in translocation and storage. Seasonal fluctuations in relative carbohydrate contents occurred throughout but with least amplitude in the roots. The leaves, most of which persisted for two years or more, showed the highest potential for carbohydrate production and storage.


We investigated a‐IGZO TFT with ZrO2 gate‐dielectric having high on‐current. High‐capacitance is necessary to lead high on‐current. Among many candidates, ZrO2 which is one of the most promising high‐k materials has high capacitance originated high dielectric constant. We fabricated a‐IGZO TFTs with ZrO2 gate‐dielectric and analyzed electrical performances. Especially much higher mobility of 26 cm2/Vs and on‐current of ∼6 mA than reported in other previous work are obtained. Also the threshold voltage (Vth), the on‐to‐off current ratio and the subthreshold swing are obtained of 3.6 V, of 9.6 × 106 and 0.6 V/decade, respectively.


Abstract : This memorandum provides a brief introduction to finite rate chemistry in the framework of large eddy simulation for compressible flow fields. Particular emphasis is placed upon the filtered reaction rate expression through the use turbulent chemical closure terms. The Eddy Break-Up model is an example of this type of closure term. Within the multiphase physics computer code LESLIE3D, these algorithms are tested on a gas phase acetylene combustion problem and on a shock wave initiated droplet evaporation and combustion problem. Results are shown for each problem. Comparisons are shown for kinetic and Eddy Break-Up model filtered reaction rates. For the droplet problem, droplet evaporation, combustion and product formation is demonstrated.


(1883). XXVIII. On magnetomotive force. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 15, No. 93, pp. 205-217.


Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) scientists have developed an instrument that has extreme sensitivity to energy dissipation in mechanical resonators. While previous instruments measured loss to one part in ten, the new instrument measures mechanical loss to one part in 10 4 or better. Low defect levels, that result in small residuals of loss above background, are detectable because of the instrument's high resolution. We have used the resonator to examine loss spectroscopy of quartz resonators vibrating in flexure. The resonators have a largebackground loss that peaks up at low temperature. Although the peak very closely fits a Debye-like equation, the derived parameters, such as the decay time prefactor, are unphysical.


Topicality: According to the 2019-2020 cancer registry, the incidence of laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancer remains high in Ukraine. Malignant tumours of the larynx rank first among ENT organs accounting for 50-70%. The incidence of laryngeal cancer has a tendency to constantly increase. At the same time, 70% of patients with malignant tumours of the larynx are men of working age which is 41-60 years.
The vast majority of cases of malignant tumours of the larynx (60-75%) are diagnosed in stage 3-4 of the disease, when the main method of treatment is laryngectomy. Total laryngectomy, which is necessary from an oncological point of view, leads to a deep disability of the patient, namely loss of voice. Difficulty or inability to communicate, social isolation cause severe psychological trauma and is the main reason for refusal of radical surgery.
According to various authors, 35% of patients after extirpation of the larynx use whispered speech, 30% use writing for communication. Rehabilitation of the voice function in such patients would not only improve the functional results of treatment and quality of life, but would also facilitate social adaptation, thus reducing the number of refusals of surgical treatment.
At the Department of Oncological Diseases of ENT Organs of the State Institution "O. S. Kolomiychenko Institute of Otolaryngology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine" to restore voice function after laryngectomy, the TEP technique is used with Рrovox, Provox2, Vega, Voice Master prostheses with low pressure for long-term use. The principle of sound formation during rehabilitation with voice prostheses and shunting is common and is based on the use of a strong flow of air from the lungs (about 3 litres), which is directed into the pharynx during exhalation with a closed tracheostomy. The sound is formed at the level of the socalled neoglottis. Thus, sufficient volume, speech intelligibility, fluidity, emotional colouring is ensured, and individual characteristics of the voice of each patient are preserved. The barrier function of the transmission mechanism (prosthesis, shunt) is of great importance as it ensures the absence of return current from the pharynx to the respiratory tract during swallowing.
However, this technique of voice rehabilitation is noted to have a number of problems that can be predicted and prevented, particularly in the intraoperative period.
Aim: to analyse the difficulties and complications of TEP in patients after laryngectomy and to develop measures for their prevention.
Materials and methods: The observation included 74 patients who underwent treatment at the Department of Oncological Diseases of ENT Organs of the State Institution "O.S. Kolomiychenko Institute of Otolaryngology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine". There were 65 men and 9 women aged 41-75 years.
The average age was 58 years. All patients underwent laryngectomy for laryngeal or laryngopharyngeal cancer.
Eighteen patients underwent simultaneous laryngectomy with TEP, 44 patients had delayed prosthesis fitting (within 2 months to 2 years), 6 patients underwent TEP during pharyngostomy, and 6 patients had prosthesis fitting in a previously formed shunt.
Patients with lesions of various parts of the larynx and laryngopharynx of stage 2 (with subsequent recurrence of the tumour), stages 3 and 4 were among the prosthetic patients. The course of treatment included pre- or postoperative radiation therapy, polychemotherapy, total laryngectomy with resection of the pharynx, tongue root, thyroid gland, selective and radical neck dissection, and various combinations of these methods. In addition, 7 patients underwent tracheostomy.
Results and discussion: Surgical rehabilitation by the TEP technique in patients with laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancer after laryngectomy was carried out. The obtained results showed the following complications during the surgery:
- Impossibility of the posterior tracheal wall perforation due to its cicatricial-sclerotic changes in the area of tracheostomy, narrowing and deformation – 5 cases;
- Injury to the walls of the pharynx and esophagus with a tube or trocar (in case of cicatricial changes, tracheostoma deformations, cervical osteochondrosis) – 3 cases;
- Detachment of the band from the prosthesis (due to excessive tension, rigidity of the tracheal tissues, narrowing of the stoma and difficulty of manipulations in this area) – 3 cases;
- Swallowing or aspiration of prosthesis – 1 case;
- Bleeding from the edges of the fistula – 6 cases;
- Difficulties during esophagoscope introduction (difficulty in extending the neck due to cervical osteochondrosis, narrowing of the pharyngoesophageal junction, difficulty in opening the mouth) – 12 cases;
- Prosthesis descent in fistula (the length of the prosthesis does not match the length of the shunt) – 2 cases.
It should be noted that some patients had a combination of the above mentioned problems and complications.
To overcome problems arising during surgery and to prevent complications, a number of diagnostic and treatment measures have been introduced.
The formation of a permanent tracheostomy during laryngectomy is an important stage of the operation.
The course of the postoperative period and the subsequent condition of the patient depend on the shape and size of the tracheostomy opening. It should be noted that under the influence of force of tracheobronchial apparatus, the trachea stump is lowered to varying degrees, which contributes to the narrowing of the stoma. In addition, gross post-operative and post-radiation scar changes negatively affect the effectiveness of plastic surgery in this area.
The main method of forming a tracheostomy is based on a racquet-shaped excision of the skin around the stoma (suggested by Professor O. S. Kolomiychenko in 1943) to stretch the edges of the tracheostomy. At the Department of Oncological Diseases of ENT Organs of the State Institution "O. S. Kolomiychenko Institute of Otolaryngology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine" there has been developed a method that consists in cutting the trachea in the anterior half parallel to the ring, then obliquely to the top, with the excision of subcutaneous fatty tissue and fixation of the tracheal wall to the connective tissue of the sternoclavicular joint for 4 and 8 hours. In some cases, the anterior pedicles of the sternocleidomastoid muscle are crossed (patent No. 117057 from 12.06.17).
The proposed method of forming a tracheostomy makes it possible to avoid using a tracheostomy tube from the first day of the postoperative period, form a permanent tracheostomy of the correct shape for further voice and respiratory rehabilitation, reduces the risk of complications, does not limit the oncological plan of surgery, does not make it difficult to perform laryngectomy.
The stage of inserting the tube into the esophagus is also of great importance. The implementation of the technique with an introduction of the straight tube of the esophagoscope with the extension of the patient's neck is complicated by a number of factors such as: cervical osteochondrosis, postoperative and post-radiation fibrosis, keloidosis of the soft tissues of the front surface of the neck and pharynx. This increases the risk of a fracture in the neck and the risk of tooth injury, as well as injury to the soft tissues of the pharynx and esophagus.
At the Department of Oncological Diseases of ENT Organs of the State Institution "O. S. Kolomiychenko Inst itute of Otolaryngology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", the TES technique has been improved by changing the design of the tube, which ensures minimal trauma, reduces the time of surgical intervention, improves treatment outcomes and increases the number of patients that can be treated (patent No. 117058).
Conclusions: The proposed method of forming a tracheostomy makes it possible to create a permanent stoma of the correct shape for further voice and respiratory rehabilitation in patients who underwent laryngectomy. In patients of the risk group (hypersthenics, patients with a small diameter of the trachea, in cases of tracheal resection), it makes it possible to avoid using a tracheostomy tube from the first day of the postoperative period, reduces the risk of complications, does not limit the oncological plan of the operation.
An improved TES technique due to changes in the design of the esophageal tube reduces the time of surgical intervention, improves treatment outcomes and expands the possibilities for rehabilitat ion of pat ients.
Thorough preoperative preparation taking into account each patient's individual situation, compliance with the indications and technique of surgery using the specified improvements help prevent and overcome the most common intraoperative complications during TEP.


1. A dosage form comprising a part of the disintegrating tablets and hard caramelized part where: (I) disintegrating tablet portion comprises at least one pharmaceutically active component, and! (Ii) a solid portion caramelised covers at least 20% of the surface portion of the disintegrating tablet, and wherein the decay time of the solid part of caramelized at least ten times greater than the decay time of the decaying portion of the tablet. ! 2. A dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the hardness of the disintegrating tablet portion is less than about 15 kp / cm2 and a hardness caramelized solid portion is more than about 15 kp / cm2. ! 3. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically active component contained in a disintegrating tablet portion is selected from the group consisting of phenylephrine, dextromethorphan, pseudoephedrine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, loperamide, famotidine, calcium carbonate, simethicone, and menthol, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. ! 4. A dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically active ingredient is in the form of particles that are further coated with the taste-masking polymer and wherein the average particle diameter of the particles is from about 50 to about 1000 microns. ! 5. A dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the solid portion includes caramelised pharmaceutically active component other than the pharmaceutically active component contained in the decaying portion of the tablet. ! 6. A dosage form according to claim 5, wherein the pharmaceutically active ingredient contained in solid caramelized portion is selected from the group consisting of fenilefr


The optimization of the two bisphosphonates (disodium pamidronate and zoledronic acid) separation by ion-suppression and ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The influence of the eluent pH, composition of the mobile phase and the concentration of complexing ion-pairing agents was investigated. This developed method provides high separation and specificity to bisphosphonate analysis. In quantitative analysis in the optimized conditions (10 mM n-amylamine or n-butylamine; 14% acetonitrile in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH=7.0), the method showed good linearity (r=0.9999-0.9998) and suffi- cient sensitivity (10 -7 -10 -8 g/ml). It can be easily and conveniently adopted for the routine quality control analysis.


The present invention relates to a monocarboxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid, dialkyl phosphonates and dialkyl phosphinate, characterized in that, A) a phosphinic acid source (I) and an olefin (IV) in the presence of a catalyst a reaction of alkylphosphonous acid, salt or ester (II), B) the compound thus formed alkylphosphonous acid, salt or ester (II) with formula (V) in the presence of catalyst B to generate mono-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid derivative (VI) reaction, and c) the thus produced mono-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid derivative (VI) in the presence of a catalyst under reaction C monocarboxy-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid derivative (III), wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, same or different R7, independently of one another and in particular H, C1-C18 alkyl, C6-C18 aryl group, C6-C18 arylalkyl, C6-C18 alkylaryl group, and X and Y are the same or different and are each independently H, C1-C18 alkyl, C6-C18 aryl group, C6- C18 arylalkyl, C6-C18 alkylaryl, Mg, Ca, Al, Sb, Sn, Ge, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Ce, Bi, Sr, Mn, Cu, Ni, Li, Na, K nitrogen base and / or a protonated, catalyst a is a transition metal and / or too Metal compound and / or catalyst systems, the catalyst system consists of a transition metal and / or transition metal compound and at least one ligand, catalyst B is a compound formed peroxide and / or peroxo compounds and / or azo compounds and / or alkali metal and / or alkaline earth metal, alkali metal hydrides and / or alkali metal alcoholates, alkaline earth metal hydrides and / or alkaline earth metal alcoholates, alkali or acid catalyst C.


International standards for testing soft magnetic materials require that the magnetic flux density remain sinusoidal with respect to time. Traditionally, this has been achieved via control of the magnetic flux using either analog feedback, which provides real-time control, or iterative digital feedback, which yields more accurate solutions with the cost of increased convergence time. In certain applications, such as magnetic nondestructive testing, rapid convergence of multiple interacting flux controlled channels is required. In this paper, a multichannel flux controller design is presented that combines the real-time performance of analog feedback with an iterative digital feedback algorithm to reduce error. The system demonstrates a 95% reduction in convergence time at power line frequencies over a comparable system using only digital feedback. Several examples of the system's ability to control arbitrary periodic waveforms are presented over the frequency range from 0.735 Hz to 100 Hz. Sinusoidal form factor errors are shown to be 0.1% from 2 Hz to 100 Hz across four strongly coupled channels with highly nonlinear magnetizing conditions. A detailed description of both analog circuit and digital algorithms is provided.


Permeability enhancement of a reservoir through hydraulic stimulation is ever so often accompanied by potentially hazardous induced seismicity. Monitoring of in situ pressure propagation remains an important step in understanding the underlying seismo‐hydromechanical processes during hydraulic stimulation and mitigating hazardous induced seismicity. In an effort to monitor pressure propagation remotely, active seismic monitoring was performed during decameter‐scale hydraulic stimulation experiments at the Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland. Using cross‐correlation schemes, subtle traveltime variations that correlate well with the high‐pressure fluid injections during hydraulic stimulation become apparent. The 4‐D seismic tomograms obtained through time‐lapse differential traveltime inversion reveal transient changes in the seismic velocity within the stimulated volume that depend on the effective stress. In‐depth comparison of the seismic velocity variations and measured pressure data indicates that the seismic velocity variations can be used as a proxy for pressure propagation within an equilibrated system. Observations show that traveltime tomography is insensitive to isolated, high‐pressure variations such as a breakthrough within the fracture network. Joint interpretation of the 4‐D seismic tomograms with geological and hydromechanical data reveals fundamental differences between the different experiments due to a large variability in the rock mass response to the hydraulic stimulation. Using the observed velocity variations as a proxy for pressure propagation, we can infer characteristics of the shear zones and the rock volume at the Grimsel Test Site. The observed velocity variations provide not only information on the characteristics of the reservoir itself but also its response to different stimulation techniques.


Objective To study the relationship between anticardiolipin antibody(ACA) and cerebral hemorrhage and to provide the new perspectives for the mechanisms of early changes in cerebral hemorrhage and immunotherapy treatment for cerebral hemorrhage.Methods The positive rate of serum ACA was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in 101 health people and 271 patients with cerebral hemorrhage at 1-3 h,24 h and 14 d after the onset of the disease.Results The positive rate of serum ACA in cerebral hemorrhage group(43.91%) was significantly higher than health people group(12.87%) and difference was statistically significant(P0.01).With the progression of disease,the positive rate of ACA in cerebral hemorrhage increased gradually,and difference was statistically significant(P0.05,P0.01).With the onset extension of disease,the positive rate of ACA gradually decreased and difference was statistically significant(P0.01).IgG compared to IgA and IgM was more sensitive(P0.01).Conclusion There was a positive correlation for ACA and cerebral hemorrhage.To provide an effective indicator for evaluation of severity of cerebral hemorrhage,which IgG ACA was the most sensitive.The immune mechanism may play an important role in the early pathological changes of cerebral hemorrhage.


A detailed description is given of a spectrographic procedure for the analysis of "Ticonal" alloy, a complex ferrous material. To permit the accurate determination of the high-percentage constituents, "a concentration ratio" method is used which allows for variations in the content of iron, the base metal. A modification of the calculating board is suggested to simplify the clerical work involved. The precision of the spectrographic method is shown to compare favourably with that obtainable by routine chemical methods. The paper concludes with suggested requirements for the accurate spectrographic analysis of any complex material containing high-percentage constituents.


1. A clamping device for fixing the working tool, especially an oscillating working tool of the machine tool, comprising at least one clamping assembly (12) having at least one clamping member (14) for clamping the working tool (16) in the axial direction (18 ), and having at least one node (20) for influencing the control of the clamping element (14), characterized by having at least one converting unit (22) is provided for changing the transmission ratio as a function of the at m Leray one body movement component (24) control unit (20) upravleniya.2. Clamping device according to claim 1, characterized in that the converting unit (22) comprises at least one cam profile (26) which has at least in its two points spaced along the working surface of the cam profile (26) other than angles from each other in the axial direction of lifting (18) .3. Clamping device according to claim 2, characterized in that the converting unit (22) comprises at least one probe (28) provided for moving the clamping member (14) in the axial direction (18) depending on the shape of the working surface of the cam profile (26) .4. Clamping device according to claim 3, characterized in that the probe (28) is designed as a pin (30) .5. Clamping device according to claim 4, characterized in that the finger (30) has a longitudinal extension which in the assembled state of the clamping device extends in a direction at least substantially perpendicular to the axial direction (18) .6. Clamping device according to claim 1, characterized by having at least one separating unit (32) provided in order to


C heart defects were more common in infants whose mothers smoked in the month prior to or the first trimester of pregnancy than in those whose mothers didn't smoke during these times, according to the results of a populationbased case–control study. Researchers studied 3,067 infants with nonsyndromic congenital heart defects and 3,947 infants without birth defects who were entered in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal smoking and passive exposure to tobacco smoke in the home or workplace during the periconceptional period (defined as one month prior to pregnancy through the first trimester) were assessed. Smokers were categorized as light (up to 14 cigarettes per day), medium (15 to 24 cigarettes per day), or heavy (25 or more cigarettes per day). Infants with congenital heart defects were 3.92 times more likely to be of low birth weight than control infants. Infants with septal heart defects were more commonly borne by women who reported smoking during the periconceptional period than by those who didn't smoke during that period. The risk of septal defects increased as the amount of smoking increased, with heavy smokers' infants having a doubled risk compared with those of light smokers. Heavy smoking was also associated with right-sided obstructive defects. There was no significant association between environmental smoke exposure and congenital heart defects. More than a quarter of U.S. women of childbearing age smoke, and approximately 20% of them continue to smoke after becoming pregnant. Nurses need to advise women not to smoke during this time and to offer them assistance in quitting.—JC


Purpose:Total knee and hip arthroplasty is a commonly performed surgical procedure. As the population ages the numbers of these procedures are predicted to increase. Maximizing patient outcomes and decreasing healthcare delivery costs will be essential to creating a higher value U.S. healthcare system. The purpose of our study was to analyze the effect of a multidisciplinary preoperative education program (Joint Academy) on various outcomes that effect overall cost of primary hip and knee arthroplasty.Methods:A retrospective review of 904 patients' charts that underwent primary total hip and knee arthroplasty from October 1, 2010 to September 31, 2011 at a single institution was performed. We then compared 102 patients who did not have preoperative education to 802 patients who did have preoperative education through the Joint Academy (JA). We looked at patient length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, and internal hospital cost. Linear regression was performed on all data to look for statistical signi...


These pages take a tour of the study and professional itinerary of some women who were either born, studied at, or worked in Cadiz. Doctors, Pharmacists, Teachers and an Inspector. They walked very lonely through the Faculty of Medicine of Cadiz, they made a debut of certain professions in the city, and that aroused curiosity, if we look at their presence in the press. Bringing their memory to the present has been the objective of the work. Bibliographic, newspaper and archival sources have been used following the criteria of historical research.


The characteristic and shortcoming of the common algorithm of constrained two-dimensional Non-Guillotine Optimal cutting stock problem are analysed. Base of designing a model of cutting stock problem, a new heuristic algorithm applying column generation algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm is shown. The presentation of the processing steps and the data structure prove that the algorithm has fast computing speed and excellent result. An examples by the algorithm are given, which indicates the algorithm is new and effective.


This paper describes the use of the Micro Experimental Laboratory (MEL Lab) software program in an upper-division undergraduate psychology laboratory course (Cognitive Psychology). MEL Lab provided solid, practical information to 65 students and the teacher about the conduct of psychological research.


A portable, handheld electronic navigation device includes an altimeter, a compass, and a GPS unit. An internal memory stores cartographic data, for displaying the cartographic data on a display of the navigation device. Accordingly, the device is capable of displaying cartographic data surrounding a location of the unit as determined by GPS, heading information as determined by the compass, and altitude information as determined by the altimeter. Additionally, through operation of an input, a user can cause the display to move, and thus display additional cartographic information, in the direction of the compass heading even when the user of the device is standing still. Furthermore, through utilization of a clock, such as the GPS clock, a user can determine altitude changes over time. Also, the altimeter of the navigation may be calibrated with altitude information entered by a user, with altitude information obtained from the cartographic or with altitude information derived from GPS.


Energy efficiency of trains is an important and beneficial task. According to the research conducted on energy-efficient control both by domestic and international professionals, it is studied that the energy-efficient algorithms of the train of Urban Rail Transit with fixed running time. The algorithms adjust the maximal speed of whole lines and minimal speed of sections, which are used as the limited speeds, according to a given operational time. At the same time, using a forward calculating algorithm makes the best use of coasting to reduce times and time of traction and braking, which helps to decrease energy consumption. A computer simulation system has been developed, and some cases have been designed and analyzed for train movement under different times and different loco-tractions. It provides a method for optimizing real control model of the train of Urban Rail Transit.


This study were conducted to establishing the phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC) of Acacia etabica leaves belonging to Fabaceae family. Phytochemical screening of total ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponin, Anthraquinone, Triterpenes glycosides.TLC studies constituted different colored phytochemical compounds with different Rf values. All spots are colorless in day light but they are colored under UV light. Ethanolic extract showed six spots and dichloromethane (DCM) extract showed six spots, while water extract resulted in only one spot.


Female genital mutilation/cutting/circumcision (FGM/C) is a form of childhood sexual violence, typically perpetrated by females on females, which has been passed down the generations across cultures and communities around the world. While the explanations for this practice involve love, future security, and cultural pride, the resulting expression of these ideals is a physical-cum-sexual/psychological damaging of the genitalia and the self for the purpose of suppressing and dominating the female, particularly her sexuality.
Exploring this form of child abuse and sexual assault, this article will provide an overview of female genital mutilation. Varying purposes and functions of the practice are then outlined, from both cultures of origin and feminist perspectives. Psychological defences enabling the perpetuation of this harmful practice are explored. Potential versions of the therapeutic work are considered, which might involve resolving confusion, letting go of psychological defences, processing trauma and grief, reconfiguring attachment patterns, and/or re/connecting with one's body and sexuality. The journey is from victim to non-perpetrating, resilient survivor.


Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region and is currently facing a serious water crisis. The climate change, droughts and political and economic problems are believed to have aggravated the water crisis. As a result, management solutions to resolve the water crisis are critically important. This paper discusses the current status of water resources in Iran and the root causes of water crisis, including population growth, inefficient agriculture, concurrent droughts and mismanagement of available water. If Iran wants to survive, it must prioritize water resources management in the country.


To build the optimal military and civil information exchange organization management system, ensure that all kinds of Civil-Military Integration main body can obtain and exchange Civil-Military Integration information very efficient and convenient, and as many ways as possible. Defined the concept of military and civil information exchange organization management system, designed two kinds of military and civil information exchange organization management system, such as decentralized and centralized, used the "institution + process relation" method to obtain decentralized and centralized organization operational structure, evaluated the decentralized and centralized organization operational structure from the order degree and flexibility degree based on structural entropy theory, on this basis, get the optimal military and civil information exchange organization management system, centralized organization management system.


This study conducted closed kinetic chain and sling exercise with 16 patients with hemiplegia after stroke for 12 weeks to examine the effects of closed kinetic chain and sling exercise on balance, walking, and isokinetic muscle function. The subjects were male patients who were diagnosed as hemiplegia caused by stroke in J University Hospital of G Metropolitan City and had chronic hemiplegia over 12 months after a stroke attack. They should participate in exercise based on physiatrist's opinion, walk independently using walking assistance devices, and not have subcutaneous atrophy and orthopedic-diseases of lower extremity. Their consents to the whole process of experiment were obtained and they were willing to participate in the study. The subjects were randomly assigned to the exercise group(n=10) and the control group(n=8). 2 participants of the exercise group dropped out. The purpose of this study was to examine how closed kinetic chain and sling exercise for 12 weeks made a difference to balance, walking, and isokinetic muscle function in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. The results of analysis and comparison were as follows. First, for the change of balance ability, patients with hemiplegia after stroke who participated in closed kinetic chain and sling exercise showed improved balance. It suggests that closed kinetic chain and sling exercise had a positive effect in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Second, for the change of walking ability, patients with hemiplegia after stroke who participated in closed kinetic chain and sling exercise showed improved walking in both TUG and 10MWT. It suggests that closed kinetic chain and sling exercise had a positive effect in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Third, for the change of isokinetic muscle function, patients with hemiplegia after stroke who participated in closed kinetic chain and sling exercise showed the improvement of affected extension, unaffected extension, affected flexion, and unaffected flexion. It suggests that closed kinetic chain and sling exercise had a positive effect in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Based on the findings, closed kinetic chain and sling exercise had a positive effect on the improvement of balance, walking, and isokinetic muscle function in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. However, it is difficult to generalize the findings for all patients with hemiplegia after stroke because the number of the subjects of this study was small. It is considered that more various exercise programs should be applied to patients with hemiplegia after stroke who are usually limited in exercise.


S OCIAL scientists are often confronted with the problem of dividing large areas into smaller sub-units for purposes of research. The process through which any desired sub-area system is derived varies with the theoretical position and substantive interests of the investigator involved. In recent decades, urban sociologists and ecologists have been particularly concerned with the division of cities (large areal units) into census tracts (small areal units). The distinction and utility of the census tract lies in the fact that it is the smallest urban areal unit for which the Bureau of the Census regularly reports complete information. As of 1950, approximately seventy-five American cities of over 100,000 population have had census tract plans accepted for use by the Bureau of the Census. These plans may be deemed useful for sociological research only insofar as they provide a set of urban sub-areas which are meaningful for research within cities and among cities. The plain fact is that most tract plans are not meaningful in this sense. Census tracting has largely been a piecemeal operation, and sociologists have only been directly responsible for the plans of a small number of the cities already tracted. Since the existing plans have been formulated by members of widely divergent interest groups,


This paper by the method of questionnaire combined with interviews,statistical analysis was made on sports injury of competitive aerobics training,to the injury and the causes are analyzed in focus,and puts forward the comprehensive measures of injury prevention,in order to make our school aerobics training more scientific,to promote the development of aerobics faster while reducing competitive aerobics athlete's body injury.


A family is described in which a woman, probably in a state of 'hysterical conversion', produced factitious lesions in her own skin (dermatitis artefacta) and in the skin of two sons (child abuse). Non‐accidental injury to a child's skin may form part of a spectrum of skin artefacts in the parent.


Solid solutions Ln2O3-Bi2O3(Ln = Er, Sm, Lu) have been prepared by the ceramic method. In all cases, a tetragonal phase of the β-Bi2O3 type has been characterized by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The sequence of basicity of the catalysts has been derived from the energy of the O 2p→Bi 6d transition and Bi–O distance. The activity and selectivity towards C2 hydrocarbons in the oxidative coupling of methane have been measured in a fixedbed flow reactor. From the correlation of the catalytic tests and the characterization results it has been concluded that the activity to C2 increases with catalyst basicity, ethene being a secondary product of the reaction. At the lowest temperature tried (988 K) an alternative reaction route, which results in the formation of ethene as primary product, is proposed. An increase in the Lewis acidity of the bismuth cation led to an enhancement of the ethene production. All these results imply that optimization of the activity and selectivity towards C2 can be attained by fine tuning of the Lewis acid-base properties of the surface pairs responsible for the activation of C–H bonds.


Scientific literacy is more than the simple reproduction of traditional school science knowledge and requires a set of skills, among them identifying scientific issues, explaining phenomena scientifically and using scientific evidence. Several studies have indicated that playing computer games in the classroom can support the development of students' conceptual understanding about scientific phenomena and theories. Our paper presents a research study where the role of the video game Spore as a learning tool was analysed in a Biology class. An ethnographical perspective served as the framework for the organization and development of a workshop comprised of five sessions with 22 4 th grade students, and their Biology teacher. The results show that this video game could become an interesting learning tool to improve students' understanding of evolution and natural selection. The students could combine their previous knowledge with the academic knowledge obtained though the simulation presented by the video game. To sum up, an attempt has been made to give some empirical guidance about effective approaches to the utilisation of games in classrooms, additionally paying attention to a number of concerns related to the effectiveness of video games as learning tools.


(1) Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) seedlings were grown in replacement series (100, 75:25, 50: 50, 25:75, 100) at variable densities (17 to 10 000 plants m2) for 12 weeks in a greenhouse experiment and for 3 years in a field test. (2) Analyses of survival, height, weight, form, resource allocation, relative yields and relative crowding coefficients indicated that aspen dominated in all mixtures and densities except 10 000 plants m-2.


Introduction. Tourists are in search of authentic experiences such as unique arts and culture in tourist destinations. Policymakers are now focusing on cultural tourism because of its perceived links to economic advantages inclusive of employment, business opportunities, and income generation. Purpose and methods. Using the examples of Tanzania, Botswana, Namibia, Mauritius, and Seychelles, this study critically analyses the measures employed by these five countries to manage cultural tourism to improve their global tourism competitiveness. A comprehensive literature review approach is adopted as a research method to build a sufficient and accurate pool of data to attain reliable findings. Results. The study identified strategies utilized in the selected countries that can be adopted by other regional countries for cultural tourism development. These strategies include establishing cultural exchange programmes, preserving local cultural practices, sensitizing the local community on the importance of cultural tourism, local and international cultural tourism development collaborations, and cultural policy development among others. Conclusions. This study builds a body of knowledge by identifying some cultural tourism management strategies in the Southern African Development Community region. It extends new knowledge by comparing the differences and similarities in adopted strategies in the selected countries to learn about the most common cultural tourism management strategies and unique strategies adopted. Moreover, it provides recommendations that other developing countries in Africa can adopt to improve their cultural tourism management. The study provides directions for future cultural tourism research in the Southern African Development Community region.


An oviposition profile of the first 4 d after mating was constructed for the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar). Effects of pupa] weight on potential and realized fecundity were examined by comparing the numbers of oocytes contained in newly emerged females to numbers of oviposited eggs and retained oocytes of females allowed to oviposit for 4 d. Oviposition was greatest on the second night after mating and least on the fourth night. Pupal weight did not influence the percentage of the egg complement that was oviposited in 4 d, but accounted for 81 and 74% of the variation in the size of egg complements among newly emerged moths and moths that oviposited for 4 d, respectively. Slopes of these regression equations were not different and indicated that E. loftini females contain a full egg complement at eclosion. Realized fecundity was also related to pupal weight at 1–4 d after mating. Pupal weight explained an increasing proportion of observed variation in fecundity with increasing oviposition time, from 17% after 1 d to 61% after 4 d. Implications of these findings to future studies are discussed.


Objective:To explore the relationship between urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and multiple related risk factors such as blood glucose control.Methods:Thirty-six type 2 diabetes mellitus with urinary albumin excretion rate (20~200μg/min) were selected into the study.72 hours average glycemic level (Glu-ave),glycemic fluctuation (Glu-SD) and changes of HbA1c,blood pressure and blood lipids were detected and analyzed.Results:① The mean UAER,HbA1c,Glu-Ave and Glu-SD were 143.10±77.8 μg/min,7.87±3.0%,7.04±1.7mmol/L and 1.93±1.1 mmol/L respectively.② Pearson analysis showed that UAER and ratio of albuminuria and creatinine (A/C) were positively correlated with the course of disease,HbA1c,Glu-Ave and Glu-SD (r value were 0.350,0.431,0.626,0.555 and 0.394,0.473,0.734,0.709 respectively,P0.05).UAER was not correlated with age,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,TG,HDL-C and LDL-C (P0.05).③ Multiple regression analysis indicated that the course of disease and Glu-ave were significantly positively correlated with A/C (R2=0.566,P0.05).Conclusions:The course of diabetes,HbA1c,Glu-Ave and Glu-SD were the important risk factors in diabetic nephropathy.Energetic blood glucose control and diminishing glycemic fluctuation are helpful to the prevention of diabetic microvascular complications.


On the basis of the WDM broadcasting network structure,a real time scheduling method for avionics periodic or aperiodic real time messages named MMAS(multichannel multiclass avionics scheduling) was proposed to improve the utilization of the channels.For the periodic real time messages,the multichannel static round robin scheduling method was applied,in which the RL parameter optimization strategy was involved to increase the load rate of channels and decrease the fragments of the bandwidth at the same time.The message allocation method was provided to reduce the splitting times of the messages.For the aperiodic real time messages,the dynamic reservation multichannel scheduling method was adopted.The surplus bandwidths of periodic messages in every period were reused to improve the utilization of the channels.Then the admitting control condition for aperiodic messages was presented.The evaluation of an example verifies that the utilization of the channels could be efficiently increased by using the RL parameter optimization strategy,channel allocation method and the surplus bandwidths reused method.Also the splitting times could be lowered by allocation method for periodic messages.


To conclude, our comments illustrate the difficulties in promoting strategies adapted to the management of obese patients, as the relevant data are limited and cannot be used to establish strong recommendations. Nevertheless, we consider it desirable, on the one hand, to warn about the potential risk of postoperative bleeding with the highest twice-daily doses, which can reach curative targets and, on the other hand, open the door to other strategies with a higher-dose once-daily injection, which have been the subject of randomised trials.


Examines the consequences of the introduction of electronic data processing (EDP) in a sample of large offices. Impact of automation on labor requirements; Effect of EDP on white-collar situations; Role of EDP in slowing the growth in office employment. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)


The present invention relates to a method comprising a method for treating and / or preventing the common cold caused by rhinovirus, a patient in need of such treatment and / or prophylaxis, treatment with medicaments comprising hydrogen peroxide production enzymes on.


Histochemical observations indicate the presence of extracellular substances in the connective tissue of human gingiva which are stained by the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) procedure.'-4 There is evidence to the effect that such PAS-positive substances contain polysaccharides which are different in composition from acid mucopolysaccharides.5-7 Furthermore, it is not probable that the acid mucopolysaccharides of gingival6 or other connective tissues stain by the PAS reaction.7 The present article deals with the isolation from human gingiva of two different polysaccharide-protein complexes which are both PAS-positive but neither of which contain acid mucopolysaccharides.


Student learning activity in MOOCs can be viewed from multiple perspectives. We present a new organization of MOOC learner activity data at a resolution that is in between the fine granularity of the clickstream and coarse organizations that count activities, aggregate students or use long duration time units. A detailed access trajectory (DAT) consists of binary values and is two dimensional with one axis that is a time series, and the other that is a chronologically ordered list of a MOOC component type's instances, videos in instructional order, for example. Most popular MOOC platforms generate data that can be organized as detailed access trajectories (DATs). We explore the value of DATs by conducting four empirical mini-studies. Our studies suggest DATs contain rich information about students' learning behaviors and facilitate MOOC learning analyses.


This study was designated to evaluate the self-esteem and its influential factors among the junior and senior high school students in Macao by applying 《Adolescent Self-Worth Questionnaire》designed by Prof.Huang Xiting.Results of this investigation show that the difference between male and female is significant and the variance of grades are of no significance.Goal of life,study performance,family relationship,participation in recreation and artistic activities and participation in sports and physical activities are five key factors which greatly influence the level of self-esteem in middle school students.


Arylsilicones are widely exploited for their thermal and optical properties. The creation of phenylsilicone elastomers with specific physical properties is typically done by a 'one off' formulation and test process. We demonstrate that high-throughput synthesis methods can be used to rapidly prepare a series of arylsilicone elastomers and then assess the relative impact of different aryl groups on their physical properties. Aromatic groups were incorporated into PDMS elastomers by exploiting the relative reactivity of different functional groups in the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction. In order to analyze trends in silicone mechanical properties as a function of increasing aryl concentration - structure/property relationships - libraries of elastomers were both quickly synthesized and characterized using high-throughput suites starting from low viscosity silicone oils/monomers in 96 well plates. Liquid handling parameters were optimized to effectively work with silicones. Incorporating aryl instead of alkyl crosslinkers into the PDMS backbone increased silicone elastomer modulus by ~50 % (at a crosslink density of 6%); elastomers prepared with an aromatic crosslinker with 3-contact points led to much higher moduli vs those with 1-contact point at the same crosslink density. When located at precise rather than random points on the silicone chains, diphenylsilicones had lower moduli than analogous monophenylsilicones.


The purpose of our study is to develop a method for estimating the facial skin temperature of an automobile passenger. The facial skin temperature is a good index for evaluating the environment. For the estimation of skin temperature, the rate of change in facial skin temperature was predicted from environmental data using a neural network. Then the facial skin temperature was estimated from the rate of change in facial skin temperature and the initial facial skin temperature calculated from the environmental data. Furthermore, the level of thermal sensation was estimated from the predicted facial skin temperature. By use of a neural network, the rate of change in facial skin temperature could be predicted from the environmental data easily and accurately, and the facial skin temperature could be predicted within ±0.6°C error. This is better than the method in which heat balance equations for the body are used. The thermal sensation could be estimated within ±0.8 error on the scale used.


The topographic impact on land surface reflectance is an important factor influencing the practical use of remotely sensed data in forested areas. The sun-canopy-sensor (SCS) topographic correction model has been developed to reduce the topographic effect in forested regions, which is more appropriate than terrain-based methods because it considers the geotropic nature of tree growth. However, the SCS model, similar to the cosine correction, can not avoid an overcorrection problem. To address this problem, an empirical parameter C has been introduced into the SCS algorithm to form the SCS+C model. A well-known Minnaert constant might also play a role in reducing the overcorrection. In this paper, a new SCS+K topographic correction method by introducing the Minnaert constant k into the SCS model was proposed. The SCS+K model was applied to a TM forest image of a rugged site in Huailou County, Beijing, China. In comparison with the SCS and SCS+C algorithms, the SCS+K model performed markedly better than the SCS method and was comparable to the SCS+C approach. The results of this study showed that the SCS+K method can effectively reduce the topographic effect in forested terrain.


The Cool Water Coal Gasification Program is an undertaking of a number of private entities to design, construct, and operate the nation's first integrated gasification-combined-cycle (IGCC) power plant to supply electricity to a utility system. The plant, comprising commercial-scale components and subsystems, will be located at the existing Cool Water Generating Station of Southern California Edison Co. (SCE) near Barstow, California, about halfway between Los Angeles and Las Vegas in the Mojave Desert. Organizations presently sharing in the funding are EPRI, SCE, Texaco Inc., Bechtel Power Corp., General Electric Company (G.E.), Japan Cool Water Program Partnership (JCWP), and the Empire State Electric Energy Research Corp. (ESEERCO). Formulation of the Program began in early 1978 by Southern California Edison and Texaco. During 1980 EPRI, Bechtel and General Electric executed contracts to share in the Program funding with SCE and Texaco. Subsequently, these parties were joined by the Japan Cool Water Program Partnership and the Empire State Electric Energy Research Corp. Airco Inc. also signed a contract to build and operate an air separation plant to supply oxygen and nitrogen through an ''over-the-fence'' arrangement. Airco will supply the capital cost for this air separation plant.


The present invention, while suppressing an increase in increase and the current consumption of the layout area, by performing stress and temperature compensation relates Hall electromotive force compensation device and the Hall electromotive force correction method for correcting the magnetic sensitivity of the Hall element with high precision . Hall resistance measurement unit (13) is measured in two directions or more current direction of Hall resistance value between a plurality of electrodes having a Hall element (11) to (V Hall electromotive force measurement unit (14) measures the Hall electromotive force of the Hall element (V Temperature measuring unit (15) measures the environmental temperature of the Hall element. Correction signal generation unit (20) corrects the hole electromotive force based hole resistance and temperature output value of the temperature measuring part by Hall resistance measuring unit (T) and the. Correction coefficient calculating circuit (21) calculates the Hall resistance value measured by the Hall resistance measuring unit, the correction coefficient from the temperature output value measured by the temperature measuring unit (K). Correction factor is composed of the stress correction coefficient (Kσ) temperature correction coefficient (K


This essay examines parallels between the discussion of kingship and law in the Confessio Amantis and the account of Edward II's deposition that opens the Nova statuta Angliae, a comparison that reveals how each text employs a hybrid discourse that creates multiple frames of reference for the reader. Manuscript copies of both texts appear to have been commissioned tar Richard II in the early 1390s, at a time when the king sought to defend against limitations of his power, and the Confessio has been depicted as a commentary on the king's fulfillment of his responsibilities. This essay shows how both texts interweave discourses of legal argument, romance narrative, advice to princes, and religious exemplum in ways that strengthen their representation of the king's sacred obligation to uphold the laws of the land, based on the English coronation oath that entered textual circulation in the fourteenth century.


Robustness is an important attribute in engineering systems. The paper presents a new notion of robustness as applied to signal and array processing. A filter is termed robust if its output is satisfactory even when there is uncertainty in the input signal shape. The mathematical definitions of 'satisfactory' and 'uncertainty' as used in the present formulation are based on hard inequality constraints. Convergent algorithms and numerical examples are presented and discussed.


OF THE DISCLOSURE Water-in-oil emulsions comprising a combination of two additives, one of which is a succinic anhydride or imide derivative thereof and the other a polyalkoxylated partial ester, possess good emulsion stability over a wide range of temperatures. This invention is a continuation-in-part of our copend ing patent application Ser. No. 388,261, filed Aug. 7, 1964. This invention relates to improved water-in-oil emul sions. More particularly, this invention relates to water in-oil emulsions which are stable over a wide temperature range. The type of fluid which constitutes an emulsion of water in a mineral oil has important advantages such as fire resistance, and is having increasing use in various in dustrial and other applications. Problems frequently arise, however, with respect to insufficient stability of the emul sion, particularly at extremes of temperature to which the emulsion may be subjected. The present invention provides a fluid comprising an emulsion of water and mineral oil, which emulsion is re markably stable even at extremes of temperature and from which separation does not occur even under the quite severe conditions, to which hydraulic fluids are sub jected. This result is obtained by employing a combina tion of two additives, one of which is an alkenyl succinic anhydride or imide derivative thereof and the other is a polyalkoxylated partial ester of a polyhydric alcohol. It has been found that this additive combination pro vides water-in-oil emulsions which are highly stable under a wide range of temperature conditions. The water-in-oil emulsion of the present invention is from about 20% to about 45% water phase and from about 55% to about 80% oil phase, the oil phase being essentially a mineral oil having from about 1% to about 10% by weight and preferably about 2% to about 8% of a combination of (A) an oil-soluble compound hav ing the formula: where R is a polyalkene of from about 30 to 500 carbon atoms and Z is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, N-H and N-X, X being a monoto poly-Qhydrocarbyl wherein Q is an atom having an atomic num ber of 7-8 and replaces a carbon atom in an otherwise hydrocarbyl radical and (B) a polyalkoxylated partial ester of a polyhydric alcohol with monocarboxylic acid, the ratio of (A) to (B) being in the range from about 1:1 to 8:1. Mineral oils suitable for the oil base include distillate oils such as gasoline, kerosene, furnace oils, lubricating 10


The solubilities of adefovir dipivoxil (AD) in saccharin (SAC) ethanolic solutions at different temperatures and in SAC aqueous solutions at constant temperature were determined to investigate the thermodynamic characteristics of AD-SAC co-crystals. The solubility products (Ksp), complexation constants (K11), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) were calculated. Ternary phase diagrams of the AD-SACethanol systems at various temperatures were established. We demonstrate that temperature has significant influence on the Ksp and K11 in ethanolic solution. Ksp decreased and K11 increased with a decrease in temperature. Dissolution of the co-crystals in ethanol is an endothermic process. Co-crystal formation is a spontaneous and endothermic process. A decrease in temperature favors complexation between the AD and SAC in ethanol. In aqueous solutions of SAC, the solubility of AD shows a threestage profile with a platform.


There exist numerous Mantras by countless sages. All of these aim the welfare of each individual on the earth. There is need to recognize the process by which these Mantras act &advantage the human body, mind & spirit. For the complete benefit of Mantra, Chandas (Chanting style) play key role. Physical and psychological factors facilitate action of these Mantras only if the Mantras are recited properly.


Haigou gold deposit,occurring in Haigou granite body,is a large low-sulfide quartz-vein type of deposit,controlled by NE-to NNE-trending faults. Analysis on trace element geochemical characteristics of ores,altered rock and wall rocks shows that infilling mineralization is dominant in the ore-forming process. The main indicator elements are Au,Ag,Hg,Pb,Bi and Mo.The axial zonal sequence of the deposit,from upper to lower,is presented as Ba-Hg-Ag-Bi-Au-As-Sb-Pb-Mo. The data of isotope and fluid geochemistry show that the ore-forming elements are derived from the metamorphic rocks of Seluohe group and Haigou granite. The ore-forming fluid is composed of magmatic water and paleo-meteoric water,which belongs to CO2-NaCl-Na2SO4-H2O type. Under the background of regional geological evolution,the movement of lithospheric faults causes the anatexis of the metamorphic rocks of Seluohe group in the deep,forming Haigou granite and magmatic fluid rich in ore-forming elements and mineralizers,as well as the ore-forming fluid dominated by paleo-meteoric water. With the conversion of the stress field in the studied area to tension,and the forming of many secondary NE-to NNE-trending faults in Haigou granite body and its periphery at about 143 Ma,the equilibrium between magmatic fluid and paleo-meteoric water is disturbed,leading the migration of the two kinds of fluids to the dilation zones of the fault system. The mixture and ebullition of fluid and the change of physicochemical conditions result the deposition of gold from fluids,and form the Haigou gold deposit.


Abstract During the 2020 election, voting by mail greatly expanded due to concerns with COVID-19. While voting by mail is relatively easy for most individuals, who have United States Postal Service (USPS) residential mail service, it is much more difficult for those with nonstandard mail service. In this article, we examine how decisions made by the USPS in the latter part of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have resulted in deeply entrenched structural inequities in the access to mail services on the Navajo Nation in Arizona when compared to rural nonreservation communities. Most (89 percent) of current Post Offices were established during the settler colonial period, during which sites were chosen primarily to advance military objectives and serve the interests of Anglo-American settlers. The resulting inequitable pattern of postal access remains, resulting in inferior mail service on the Navajo Nation and adversely impacting many aspects of life. Post Offices are fewer and farther from each other on reservation communities; there are fewer service hours; and we show in a mail experiment that letters posted on reservations are slower and less likely to arrive. This research fits within the growing body of American political development research on path-dependent processes and "spatial racism" within geography.


In this interview Rashmi Mayur an urban systems scientist environmental planner and futurist who directs the Urban Development Institute in Bombay India is asked to set priorities for 3rd world development and to discuss the relationship between the 3rd world and the industrialized countries. Mayurs vision for the year 2000 is a 1% growth of population and the elimination of basic problems such as lack of food water health care shelter and education. In responding to the question as to how this vision can be realized Mayur identified the need to educate people about family planning in the high population growth countries of India Mexico Brazil and Kenya. He goes on to say that women should be central to this effort. Mayur suggests that the 1st priority for the next 17 years for 3rd world development should be food. According to the UN almost 55 countries will be food dependent or food starving by the end of the century. Currently there are about 35 countries in that situation. Another aid to the 3rd world would be the widespread use of solar water distillation. Additionally the massive deforestation that is occurring in the 3rd world today needs to be stopped. There is also a need to stop the growth of 3rd world cities at a rate of 4.5% annually. What needs to be done is to build up the power of the people in the villages who are generally the least educated. Mayur states that the 3rd world has to find its own place within the global community. At this time for all practical purposes the 3rd world has no place because of callousness lack of education and a lack of consciousness. Mayur would change education by teaching global subjects and global history. Responding to a question about what message the West should learn from the 3rd world Mayur said it should be brought out that 3rd world people are proud and have much to offer. The West can also learn from what is happening because of the parasitical 3rd world elite. This elite controls a great deal of resources and power and wants to perpetuate a class system that is irrelevant in these countries. They want to continue the status quo and are at the root of a new form of imperialism--internal imperialism--that has emerged in the 3rd world. The elite has power resources and consumes a large amount of resources at the cost of the common person. These elite are the byproducts of the period of decolonization. The future according to Mayur is not designed by great events but by the small things people do wherever they are. The individual can become part of the process of creating 1 world community.


Starting in 1990, more than 25 countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union faced fundamental structural changes not only in the financial markets, but in their overall political, social and economic structures. In fact, many systems of national importance had to be built from scratch rather than reformed: creating a system from scratch may indeed be termed an extreme example of reform. The above statements were particularly valid for the banking systems in those dramatically reforming countries. As is well known, the socialist type of centrally planned economy provided for a single-tiered or mono-banking system. In such cases the central bank was usually the only commercial bank as well, and the payments running across the country were in fact intrabank payments between different branches of the same bank. Settlement did not exist. Building a two-tiered banking system and an appropriate and sophisticated interbank payment and settlement system was indeed an extreme example of reforming the existing environment – very close to the case of building from scratch. Facing such a situation, in which the normal continuation of processes is missing and a long series of radical steps needs to take place, we recognised that, first of all, as a general policy issue we had to make a choice between at least three possible ways of carrying out this major reform: the easy way; the fast way; and the right way. This policy task was, furthermore, complicated by the fact that these three ways may be defined or appear in practice in different manners. A common example of the easy way would be to try and "buy" a payment system. This way of thinking sounds reasonable to many specialists and managers, who believe, or rather hope, that this process can be undertaken on a cash-and-carry basis by large, or very large,


An LLC dual active bridge (DAB) bidirectional converter with reduced switch count as a dc–dc transformer (DCX) is proposed in this article. It can achieve voltage regulation, full load range zero voltage switching (ZVS) for eight main switches and wide load range ZVS for four auxiliary switches, with consideration of the switch junction capacitors under different power direction. A part portion of total power is transferred through an auxiliary DAB circuit to achieve voltage regulation and bidirectional power conversion. The main power is transferred through LLC circuit with an easy PWM scheme achieving high conversion efficiency. Different from the existing LLC-DAB DCX structure, the two secondary side transformer outputs are in parallel, and connected to the same full-bridge circuit. In this way, the auxiliary DAB circuit can not only adjust the output voltage, but also can inject current into the secondary side to help achieving ZVS of switches without synchronous rectifier circuit. The converter operation principle is analyzed under different power directions, and ZVS is analyzed with the consideration of all the switch junction capacitors. Based on the analysis, the design consideration is introduced. Finally, a 2-kW prototype with 750 V input and 400 V output is built up to verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution.


Leadership phenomena are present in every aspect of organizational life, and as such, a tremendous potential exists for people in leader roles to improve lives of employees, customers, and stakehol...


A field experiment was conducted with 30 genotypes to study the genetic divergence using Mahalanobis D statistics. The genotypes were grouped into seven clusters based on D values for 7 characteristics indicating the presence of large amount of diversity among the genotypes. Maximum number of genotypes were grouped in cluster I (12) followed by cluster III (9), cluster IV (3), cluster V & cluster II with 2 genotypes in each cluster, whereas cluster VI and VII are solitary with single genotype in each cluster. The intra cluster distance ranged from 0.00 to 52.45. The highest intra cluster distance was observed for cluster III (52.45) followed by cluster IV (37.70), cluster I (27.20), cluster V (24.68), cluster II (3.22), cluster VI and cluster VII (0.0). The inter cluster D values ranged from 17.11 to 200.17. The maximum inter cluster distance (200.17) was noticed between cluster VI and VII followed by cluster V and VI (167.08). Since the clusters VI and VII had a single genotype with maximum inter cluster distance indicated that the genotypes included in these clusters will give high heterotic response and better segregants


OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharmacokinetics of cefazedone sodium in Chinese healthy volunteers after a single or multiple dose of intravenous drip infusion.METHODS Thirty healthy volunteers,half male and half female,were randomly assigned to three groups of single dose and one group of multiple dose.The plasma drug concentrations after intravenous drip of single dose of 0.5,1.0,2.0 g and multiple dose of 1.0 g cefazedone sodium were determined by HPLC-MS/MS.RESULTS The pharmacokinetic parameters of cefazedone sodium after single dose of 0.5,1.0,2.0 g were obtained as follows: t1/2z were(1.85±0.53),(1.81±0.29),(2.07±0.32) h,respectively;AUC0-t were(145.30±68.67),(244.26±38.284),(513.10±127.27) mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞ were(147.89±70.45),(246.60± 40.61),(521.02±134.33) mg·h·L-1;tmax were(0.30±0.06),(0.33±0.00),(0.35±0.05) h;ρmax were(87.18±36.37),(151.13±19.02),(271.94±38.86) mg·L-1;Vz were(9.97±2.91),(10.67±1.27),(11.75±1.78) L,CLz were(3.88±1.239),(4.14±0.57),(4.03±0.86) L·h-1,respectively.The multi-dose pharmacokinetic parameters of cefazedone sodium were obtained as follows: AUCss was(208.93±37.37) mg·h·L-1;AUC0-t was(208.93±37.37) mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞ was(210.64±38.55) mg·h·L-1;tmax was(0.33±0.00) h;ρmax was(130.20±22.83)mg·L-1;ρss was(17.41±3.11) mg·L-1;ρmin was(0.89±0.60) mg·L-1;DF was(7.45±0.70);t1/2z was(1.77±0.25) h;Vz was(12.40±2.57) L;CLz was(4.90±0.95) L·h-1.CONCLUSION Cefazedone sodium displays linear pharmacokinetics in the dose range of 0.5 to 2 g after single intravenous drip injection.No significant differences between genders are observed.The differences of the main pharmacokinetic parameters of tmax,t1/2z,Vz and CLz between each group are not significant(P0.05).There is no significant accumulation of cefazedone sodium in healthy volunteers after multiple intravenous drip injection.


Next-generation nuclear reactor systems have been under development aiming at simplified system and improvement of safety and credibility. One of the innovative technologies is the supersonic steam injector, which has been investigated as one of the most important component of the next-generation nuclear reactor. The steam injector has functions of a passive pump without large motor or turbo-machinery and a high efficiency heat exchanger. The performances of the supersonic steam injector as a pump and a heat exchanger are dependent on direct contact condensation phenomena between a supersonic steam and a sub-cooled water jet. In previous studies of the steam injector, there are studies about the operating characteristics of steam injector and about the direct contact condensation between static water pool and steam in atmosphere. However, there is a little study about the turbulent heat transfer and flow behavior under the great shear stress. In order to examine the heat transfer and flow behavior in supersonic steam injector, it is necessary to measure the spatial temperature distribution and velocity in detail. The present study, visible transparent supersonic steam injector is used to obtain the axial pressure distributions in the supersonic steam injector, as well as high speed visual observation of water jet and steam interface. The experiments are conducted with and without non-condensable gas. The experimental results of the interfacial flow behavior between steam and water jet are obtained. It is experimentally clarified that an entrainment exists on the water jet surface. It is also clarified that discharge pressure is depended on the steam supply pressure, the inlet water flow rate, the throat diameter and non-condensable flow rate. Finally a heat flux is estimated about 19MW/m2 without non-condensable gas condition in steam.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


Sociological research has documented the various strategies employed by members of stigmatized populations to mitigate the negative social effects of these identities in everyday life. Furthermore, social and political campaigns have called for efforts toward destigmatizing identities. However, we know much less about how these groups come to aim for destigmatization and how individuals navigate multiple stigmas simultaneously or intersectional stigmas. Drawing on four years of ethnographic data, I use the case of Black gay men to articulate a form of stigma response that prioritizes the "stigmatized" rather than attending to the smoothness of interactions with a potential stigmatizer. I illustrate how the confines of multiple forms of stigma can make existing stigma response techniques, like passing and covering, untenable. I offer the term, "unspoiling" to account for the ways that some members of stigmatized populations reject the Goffmanian notion that these identities would be perpetual marks of inferiority. In so doing, I articulate an intersectional understanding of (de)stigmatization processes by attending to groups that are overlooked in mainstream efforts to focus solely on either race or sexuality. These findings add to the growing literature of stigma management response techniques and challenge the conversation of larger group destigmatization processes. This work reveals the contested process of stigma negotiation as young Black gay men debate the appropriate strategies to combat stigma in their local communities. Ultimately, unspoiling is a strategy borne out of tense discussions about the (un)acceptability of passing or covering one's sexual identity.


The simultaneous design of the structure and control for a typical wing section with a trailing control surface is considered. Since the original structure usually has inadequate dynamic characteristics for active control, design parameters must be optimally modified. Full-state feedback control gains are designed using the linear quadratic Gaussian regulator theory at the design airspeed; this is the only control design parameter. A typical wing section with a trailing control surface is examined as a design example, and then both structure and control design parameters are optimized in accordance with the following prioritized design requirements: 1) the flutter speed of an initial open-loop system is maintained, 2) the stability characteristics of a closed-loop system are obtained over a wide range of flight speed, 3) the control surface deflection angle is restrained, and 4) the degree of structural design changes is minimized. The sequential goal programming method is successfully applied to optimize these multidisciplinary design requirements.


This article summarises efforts at disease surveillance and risk management of chronic wasting disease (CWD). CWD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids and is considered to be one of the most contagious of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Evidence has demonstrated a strong species barrier to CWD for both human and farm animals other than cervids. CWD is now endemic in many US states and two Canadian provinces. Past management strategies of selective culling, herd reduction, and hunter surveillance have shown limited effectiveness. The initial strategy of disease eradication has been abandoned in favour of disease control. CWD continues to spread geographically in North American and risk management is complicated by the presence of the disease in both wild (free-ranging) and captive (farmed) cervid populations. The article concludes that further evaluation by risk managers is required for optimal, cost-effective strategies for aggressive disease control.


Three experiments investigate how the interval between target items of information in an audio context influences recall under background conditions of music and silence. In experiment 1, when a goal-directed learning task encouraged allocation of resources to the message, recall increased linearly for both background conditions as the interval increased. However, under the incidental learning task used in experiment 2, increasing the interval from two to three seconds had a deleterious impact on recall, but only in the background silence condition. Experiment 3 suggested that this was due to a surplus of cognitive resources in the background silence condition producing interfering extracommunication thought. Results also support the theory presented that background music borrows resources from the processing of message information in an incidental learning task. Although music impairs processing of brand information and reduces recall at shorter intervals, relative to silence, it increases the interval preceding the onset of excess resources, delaying interfering thought.


The Connect-2-Tomorrow project is a federally funded grant which utilizes Internet connectivity to provide children receiving care at University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) the opportunity to continue their education and maintain contact with peers, teachers, family members and newly assigned keypals. The Blair E. Batson Hospital for Children in conjunction with the Mississippi Department of Education (MDE) is working to ensure that along with the medicine that heals the physical body we not forget about the healing of the mind and heart. Patients within the hospital have the opportunity to email classmates, "meet" new friends through a keypal program and participate in their classrooms using video conferencing equipment. In addition, problems and solutions regarding confidentiality and firewall protection to provide access for a multi-platform system will be presented in this poster demonstration.


Crime has always been a topical issue in society. Because crime can cause significant damage and harm to individuals and groups, researchers have researched the antecedents of crime to reduce the crime at its source. This paper reviews previous research from individual, environmental, and social perspectives and makes suggestions for future research. At the individual level, researchers have found that the MAOA gene is associated with criminal behavior from the perspective of genetic polymorphism and that criminal behavior is hereditary; in addition, antisocial personality is closely related to crime. At the environmental level, parenting styles and traditional education in the family environment can lead to delinquency. Poor parenting styles can cause individuals to develop poor attachment patterns, leading to sexual delinquency. Community organization and order are associated with delinquency among young people at the social level. In addition, social media coverage of violent crime-related information gives stimulus to aggression leading to crime, and the researcher used information processing theory to explain this behavioral arousal process. The results of previous studies are comprehensive, but some of the results are controversial, which requires a combination of multidisciplinary and modern technological tools to strictly control the variables and thus design more rigorous experiments to produce more accurate results, which can effectively reduce the incidence of crime.


The law of economics operation and the present situation of our real estate development demands to establish a scientific and effective early warning system. This is very imprtant for developping real estate soundly and utilizing resource rationally. According to the logical relationship of social reproduction, it is the important prerequisite of establishing this system how to select correctly the economic indexes that can reflect the main opertion characters and the relationship between various aspects of real estate. This paper, applying a series of quatitive analysis method including "first major component" analysis and correlation analysis combined with qualitative analysis, researches the problem of how to establish early warming indexes that conforms with the characters of real estate. In addition, designs a set of real estate early warning indexes for Wuhan city.


The film, Devils on the Doorstep which is directed by Jiang Wen, is studied from the angle of double anxiety of seeing and being seen. The film has subverted the traditional narrative mode of anti-Japanese films, dispelling a series of grand abstract object, such as noble, authority and community, attempting to restore historical individuality, folk and privacy and analyzing the real existence of national aureole through the metaphorical narration, with the realization of the fable on two national character destiny.


During the struggle between Iranian Prime Minister Mossadegh and the Shah in April 1953, John Foster Dulles noted that under normal circumstances the United States did not want to support dictators (e.g., the Shah), "but in times like these, . . . we know that we cannot make a transition without losing control of the whole situation."2 Dulles's comment epitomized a fundamental truth of foreign policy, namely that security remains an "irreducible" national goal and security is well served by stability. Nonetheless, subjugating foreign policy exclusively to security concerns often has unanticipated and unsavory results. Since its emergence as a global power in the late 1800's, U.S. foreign policy has been governed by six principles: peace, prosperity, stability, security, defense, and democracy. Over time there emerged a synergy among these objectives, but a single-minded strategy may extraordinarily influence the pursuit of them. For example, while the United States is a prime advocate of democratic principles, the pursuit of security, as defined by anti-communism during the Cold War, resulted in supporting regimes that have little inclination towards democracy, such as that of the Shah. Second, American foreign policy is issue-sensitive, meaning that policies may shift quickly in response to crises and other factors in the international system. This approach limits the United States' attention span, particularly as new crises emerge. As American attention shifts, the tendency to neglect those who previously were considered critical allies and whose expectations had been raised through contact with the United States increases. This shift from attention to neglect encourages increased authoritarianism by leaders seeking to remain in power and an anti-American backlash that can severely curtail American influence. This scenario occurred in Iran and is possible in Uzbekistan if the United States is not careful. Prior to the attacks of September 11, 2001, American policies in Central Asia sought to capitalize on the economic potential of the region's energy resources, retard the re-emergence of Russian influence, and ensure that the region remained free from domination by China or Iran. The region's increasing importance was evident in President Clinton's creation of an ambassador-level position for the Caspian basin, since discarded by the Bush Administration, and Congress's 1997 declaration naming the Caspian Sea region as being of vital interest to the United States. In 1999, the Silk Road Strategy Act and the shift of U.S. regional mili-


Incentive mechanism of university teachers is the core of the modern university system.The income,the human capital,the authority and the pressure are the main factors that affect the university teachers' incentive mechanism.The article analyzes the reasons in depth which make the system distorted and not perfect,and advances the possible way out to breakthrough the dilemma the incentive mechanism of university tutors are faced with,hoping to achieve the the human capital accumulation and the reasonable disposition.


Abstract Understanding how public investment affects economic performance in highly indebted low‐income countries is crucial in order to implement effective fiscal policies for adjustment with growth. In this paper we provide an empirical analysis to investigate the relationship between public investment, private investment and output. A dynamic econometric procedure is implemented on a selected group of Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs). Our results provide empirical support for the crowding‐in hypothesis and a positive relation between public investment and output.


Antimicrobials are among the most important advances in human and veterinary medicine. However, the use of virtually any antimicrobial that continue to grow leads to some potential for antimicrobial resistance, and concerns about the epidemic of resistance in human and animal pathogens, as well as the environment (Wernli et al ., 2011) . The impacts of antimicrobial resistance in dairy production are multiple, including treatment difficulties, the need for more expensive drugs or intensive treatments and negative public perceptions. It is well accepted that the main risk factor for this increase in resistance in pathogenic bacteria is the use of antimicrobials, prudent use, overuse and misuse all included (van den Bogaard and Stobberingh, 2000). This review aims to describe the current knowledge regarding appropriate antibiotic usage in calves with diarrhea and bovine respiratory disease and cows with mastitis.


It has recently been brought to our attention by members of the scientific community that a paper published in Climate (ISSN 2225-1154, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/climate) has raised some controversy regarding its originality, overall quality, and the scientific validity of the data presented. Moreover, two members have resigned from the Editorial Board, stating they are not willing to be associated with a journal where such articles are published. The paper they referred to was "Akasofu, S.-I. On the Present Halting of Global Warming. Climate 2013, 1, 4–11", published in the first issue of Climate in May 2013 [1], available online at: https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/1/1/4. [...]


A new formulation of the problem of brittle fracture statistics is presented. It is shown that it is possible to devise a mathematical approach by which a strength distribution function corresponding to a given form of a size‐mean‐strength relationship can be obtained rather than by fitting test data to an a priori assumed form of strength distribution function. The problem in effect is shown to reduce to the solution of a nonlinear integral equation, and a method of its solution is presented. To illustrate the feasibility of the method, the well‐known distribution function due to Weibull is derived.


AbstractRats were exposed for 7, 3, 73, 52, or 78 wk to air or a simulated urban profile of O3 designed to mimic diurnal exposure patterns frequently seen in worst-case summer environments. Daily exposures consisted of a background level of 0.06 ppm for a period of 73 h, a broad exposure spike rising from 0.06 to 0.25 ppm and returning to 0.06 ppm over 9 h, and a 2 h downtime. Integration of the spike portion of the exposure pattern was equivalent to a 9-h square-wave exposure pattern of 0.79 ppm. Rats were exposed to this profile 5 days/wk; weekend exposures were to background levels only Spleens were removed and blood was drawn at the end of the exposure periods. Spleen cells were assessed for natural killer cell (NKC) activity and responses to T-cell mitogens, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and the B-cell mitogen, Salmonella typhimurium glycoprotein. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PSU were also assessed for responses to T-cell mitogens. Sections from spleen, femur (including bone marrow), thymus,...