This study aims to make comparisons on different univariate forecasting methods and provides a more accurate short-term forecasting model on the container throughput for rendering a reference to relevant authorities. We collected monthly data regarding container throughput volumes for three major ports in Asia, Shanghai, Singapore, and Busan Ports. Six different univariate methods, including the grey forecasting model, the hybrid grey forecasting model, the multiplicative decomposition model, the trigonometric regression model, the regression model with seasonal dummy variables, and the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, were used. We found that the hybrid grey forecasting model outperforms the other univariate models. This study's findings can provide a more accurate short-term forecasting model for container throughput to create a reference for port authorities.


Within the power range 0.01~22kW, commercially-available CO2 industrial lasers now incorporate microwave, RF, AC and/or DC electrical excitation technologies, with a correspondingly wide variety of gas flow and optical extraction geometries. This paper summarizes from an applications viewpoint some of the advantages claimed for the various approaches, making brief comparisons with Nd:YAG performance. Particular emphasis is given to the importance of laser brightness, reproducibility, and fluctuation-stability for uses such as the heat-treatment, cutting, or welding of steels in the thickness range 10-25mm.


Abstract. In his writings, Loren Eiseley revealed the feelings and the wonder that inspire many scientists in their work but that most scientists are unable or unwilling to write about. He was at once an anthropologist of science and the scientist's bard.


urine samples were centrifuged and the pellets were incubated with either fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- or phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated monoclonal antibodies, or both. Isotype-matched FITC- or PE-conjugated non-specific antibodies were also used for negative controls. Two-colour flow cytometric analy- sis was performed on a FACScan 2 (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Dead cells were excluded by forward scatter, side scatter and propidium iodide gating. The gates for mononuclear cells and lymphocytic cells were set using a previously published method [2,3]. The counts for T lymphocytes or monocytes u macrophages were determined by multiplying the number of viable cells in the gated mononuclear cell region in each sample by the percentages of CD3 q or CD14 q cells in the population. The counts for cells were standardized in accordance with the osmotic pressure of the urine; isotonic pressure, 280 mOsm u kgl, was designated as 1. PBMNCs were separated from heparinized blood samples with a Ficoll-gradient method using Lymphoprep 2 (Nycomed Pharma AS, Oslo, Norway) and treated in the same manner as cells from the urine samples. The urine samples of both patients showed more mononuclear cells than neutrophils on FACS analysis, and did not disclose a significant number of bacteria ( ) 1 3 10 4 colonies u ml urine) on cultures, whereby the possibility of bacterial infection in the urinary system could be ruled out.


The sustainable development of society depends, on the one hand, on the development of innovative technologies, on the other hand, on the positive and negative effects of this development. Social acceptance of new technological solutions seems to be also a key factor. One of the future technologies is 5G, which will undoubtedly have an unprecedented impact on socio-economic development. The scientific discussion on the risks caused by electromagnetic radiation in the context of a new wireless communication technology – the fifth generation (5G) standard – is going on around the world. The scientific aim of the study is to analyze the factors determining the social attitude of Poles towards 5G technology. Among the factors included are: general society attitudes of technology, the scale of actual Internet use, demographic characteristics and pro-health society attitudes. Data was collected using the CATI technique. The interviews were carried out among 1005 Polish citizens. The obtained results confirmed statistically significant relationships between the variables: attitudes towards technology (ATT) and attitudes towards 5G technology (ATT5G). Research has confirmed that people who use the Internet more frequently have more positive attitudes towards 5G technology. New knowledge regarding public attitudes toward 5G technology has been accumulated through research


Reliable estimates of the glottal function are of major
 importance in speech/voice processing for the characterization of voicing
 conditions, description of various phonation types, and identification of their
 parameters. This paper presents a new method for de-noising glottal wavelets
 (Differentiated Glottal Volume Velocity Pulses) and separation of the noise
 component, based on an approximation of their Discrete Cosine Transform as a sum
 of Exponentially Damped Sinusoids. The identification of the Exponentials'
 parameters leads to convenient estimation of ''clean'' glottal wavelets and thus
 separation of noise disturbances. The method is compared to standard Low-pass
 filtering and Wavelet de-noising using Monte Carlo simulations on synthetic
 Liljencrants-Fant glottal pulse models. As shown, the method supercedes for
 lower SNRs. Moreover, the method does not require exact determination of control
 parameters thus offering ease of implementation.


1 Introduction Chapter 2 Robert Redfield and the Modernist Vision in American Social Science Chapter 3 A Science of Social Change: Constructing the Folk-Urban Continuum Chapter 4 A Broadening of Perspective: Beyond Anthropology as a Natural Science Chapter 5 From Folk Societies to Civilizations Chapter 6 Comparative Civilizations Studies: Explorations in Theory and Methodology Chapter 7 An Anthropological Approach to Civilization Chapter 8 Afterword: The Redfield Legacy


Zn1-xNixO(x= 0.03,0.05,0.10) series were synthesized in water solution by sol-gel process.These compounds are characterized by means of X-ray and vibrating sample magnetometer.Measurements demonstrate that Zn1-xNixO(x= 0.03,0.05,0.10) series belong Wurtzite structure with space group P63mc and lattice parameters increase with Ni content and that magnetism decrease with increasing Ni content and Curie-Weiss temperatures reduce with increasing Ni content.The Lande factors derive from Curie constants and decrease with Ni content


In recent years, fuel cell electrical vehicles have offered promise of improving the urban environment. In particular, hydrogen‐fueled FCEVs have been considered for urban use because of their excellent characteristics such as short start‐up time, high responsiveness, and zero emissions. On the other hand, as far as hydrogen production is concerned, large amounts of CO2 are exhausted into the atmosphere by the process of LNG reforming.


Aim. To estimate the effect of ionol (2,6-di-teRt-butyl-4-methylphenol) on the dynamics of lens opacities and its free-radical status in experimental cataract. Methods. Cataract was induced by a single injection of diquat dibromide solution into the vitreous body of 80 rabbits (160 eyes) at a dose of 600 nmol, 5 rabbits were included into the control intact group. Animals with induced cataract were divided into 4 groups each including 20 animals (40 eyes) who were treated with TID instillation in conjunctival cavity of: olive oil (control), «Oftan Catachrom», solution of α-tocopherol acetate, 2.2% ionol oil solution. Treatment was started on day 7. The duration of the experiment was 56 days. Dynamics of lens opacities was assessed by the following criteria: progress, stabilization and regression. In the lens homogenate the concentration of malonic dialdehyde, level of non-protein thiol (SH) groups, activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase were determined. The results were analyzed by ANOVA, paired comparison was performed by the Newman-Keysl criterion. Results. Application of ionol reduced malonic dialdehyde concentration in the lens compared to the series without treatment on days 14, 28, 42 and 56 (by 74.3, 90.0, 89.3, and 80.2%, p Conclusion. The received results testify to the pathogenetic validity of the use of the direct antioxidant ionol for the treatment of cataract.


Roland Boer reviews Warren S. Goldstein (ed.), Marx, Critical Theory and Religion: A Critique of Rational Choice (Studies in Critical Social Sciences, vol. 6. Leiden: Brill, 2006).


[Objective]To study the changes of platelet function according to platelet aggregation(PAG)and the concentration of thromboxane B2(TXB2)in the patients with coronary artery disease.[Methods]78 cases of coronary artery disease patients who have no aspirin or other anti-platelet agents treatment for at least one month were selected.PAG was assayed by optical aggregation using adenosine diphosphate(ADP)and arachidonic acid(AA).Plasma and urine thromboxane B2(TXB2)concentration was detected by TXB2 kits.Then the patients were treated with aspirin 100 mg/day,≥1 week and tested again.[Results]Platelet aggregation using ADP and AA of the treated group reduced obviously.Urine TXB2 concentration decreased,but plasma TXB2 was not changed significantly.There was correlation between PAG and TXB2.[Conclusions]After aspirin treatment,most of patients' PAG and thromboxane A2(TXA2)are restrained obviously.There is correlation between them.


The curriculum plays an important role in determining the quality of learning. Changes to the education curriculum in Indonesia have occurred 11 times. Every curriculum change always begins with a study of the weaknesses of the current curriculum, then a comprehensive solution search process is carried out. In addition, curriculum changes can also occur because the existing curriculum does not accommodate scientific developments, developing cultural trends and other factors. Because of the importance of the role of the curriculum, it has become commonplace for researchers who focus on education to conduct studies which can be in the form of studies to determine the quality of the curriculum. The purpose of this study was to find similarities and differences in the study of self-learning curricula in social studies learning. In this writing, the data collection technique is through searching the Google Scholar database. In addition, the authors have used inclusion criteria in screening these papers. The results showed that social studies teachers' perceptions of the self-learning curriculum showed a positive trend even though several obstacles were found. From the effectiveness of the independent learning curriculum on social studies learning outcomes it is known that the Merdeka Learning curriculum gives satisfactory results, it is shown that students experience increased speaking skills and teamwork in groups.


In this paper we describe a method for least squares calculations with a spline function using a genetic algorithm (GA). Spline functions, which are piecewise polynomials, are the most successful approximating functions when their knots (the joining points) are considered as variables. This treatment results in a nonlinear least squares problem with many local minima. We apply the GA to search for the global minimum of the fitting criterion AIC (Akaike's Information Criterion). A Numerical example is given.


The pH values of the leaf tissue juices of 9 potato varieties with two types of resistance to potato late blight(Phytophthora infestans) were detected,5 of them with horizontal resistance and 4 with vertical resistance.During the disease period,the disease classes of these varieties were also investigated.The results showed that there was significant difference between two types of resistant varieties and the relativity between the pH value of potato leaf juice and potato varieties resistance.The pH values of potato varieties with horizontal resistance were higher than those with vertical in normalcy.


The steps to use VFP to carry out the unlimited condition query are as follows:input conditions by grid control and combo box combiner,then save the condition inputted as the temp table,get the query statement from the temp table,use the SQL statement to implement the unlimited condition query,satisfy the need of complex query.


women coming from los Angeles were divided according their aculturation characte- ristics (mexico-american vs. anglo-american) and compared in terms of their expectations with respect to the physicians' practices. Several variables such as age, illness, etc., Tvere controlled. The results show a lack of intercultural differences in the expectations of women. These results could imply a reconsideration of the role of cultural differences in the physician-patient rela- tionships.


In order to widen the tunable range, the PL spectra of C102 and RH6G in the ethanol solution with different concentration and in embedded filmsporous alumina were studied. C102 and RH6G are good dye in the dye family, they are characterized by wide tunable range and fine physical and chemical quality. The carrieranodic porous alumina is transparent in the range of visible light and that it will not disturb the absorption of dye.Commonly, the dye with shorter wavelength absorption and emission spectrum was named as donor, and the dye with longer wavelength absorption and emission spectrum was named as acceptor. It was known that if the fluorescence spectrum of the donor overlapped with the absorption spectrum of the acceptor, the donor would deliver part of its energy to the acceptor, and the acceptor would luminescence because of excitation. Anodization was conducted at a constant voltage condition using a DC stabilized power and flow supply and the specimens were prepared and measured in the ambient air.In this experiment, C102 was donor and RH6G was acceptor. It was found that the fluorescence spectrum of C102 and the absorption spectrum of RH6G overlapped in a certain range, so if they were mixed according to a definite proportion, the spectra would be expanded comparatively to any one of these two dyes. Keeping the concentration of the donor constant and altering that of the acceptor, the author found that, along with the increasing of the acceptor's concentration, the donor's fluorescence spectra shifted to shorter wavelength (blue shift), while the fluorescence of the acceptor shifted to longer wavelength (red shift). The trend of intensity alteration was that the intensity of donor changed from a degree far exceeding that of the acceptor to the degree almost equal to that of the acceptor and at last, the intensity of the acceptor exceeded that of the donor, when the intensity of acceptor was nearly equal to zero. All these suggested that energy transfer existed between donor and acceptor. The enhancement of acceptor PL intensity was at the cost of the weakening of donor PL intensity. Donor strengthened the efficiency of energy transfer while the concentration of acceptor increased. Compared with the fluorescence spectra in anodic porous alumina, it was found that the fluorescence spectra range of these two dye mixed together was wider evidently than that of one, and the trend of variation was similar to that in the ethanol solution. At last, the fluorescence spectra in ethanol solution and in anodic porous alumina were also compared.By this experiment, it was found that porous alumina perhaps was good medium in the development of solid tunable lasers.


Collection contains photocopies of notebooks compiled by Frank T. Siebert in his study of the language of the Penobscot Indians in Maine.


Congestion index is needed for quantifying congestion level for various areas. So far, the index has been calculated based on multiple vehicle data for specified time interval. Such being the case, it was costly to build it and the usage of it was focused on policy development and evaluation rather than on traffic information provision. This study focuses on a development on a single vehicle based congestion index which can be a representative value for link congestion level and link speed information at the same time for dual purposes of traditional usages and information provision. A new term has been added for representing real time based arterial congestion level and it has been verified on a real time basis. The index was based on single vehicle GPS data and seemed to be cost effective in deriving the index. With the help of the index, the traffic information contents can be diversified in a constructive way in providing real time traffic information for ITS area and in using congestion level determination for traditional transportation areas.


In this paper, we propose a CPM device with Variable Stiffness Mechanism. The CPM (Continuous Passive Motion) device is used for rehabilitation exercise for joint stiffening, and it moves the joint in motion along a track for a long time. With this device, the Variable Stiffness Mechanism is applied to change stiffness and it enables to exercise with a moderate pushing force. We describe how to design the device and we also describe its evaluation by doctors.


This article focuses on the relationship between humor and language acquisition in a bilingual immersion setting. Data stem from picture story narrations by 18 informants taking part in an English immersion program in Germany. The analysis concentrates on instances of laughter and smiling as they appear spontaneously during the child narrations. In an initial step, different categories of laughter are identified and subsequently analyzed with regard to their relation to humor and to (the second) language, respectively. A final step of analysis discusses the functions of these categories within the social interaction of interviewer and child. The results point to young language learners' use of humor (among other functions) as a mechanism to cope with the linguistic inadequacies of their interlanguage.


This paper reviews the research theory of domestic and foreign hybrid modeling dynamic substructure and frequency response, and then introduces the basic principle of Jetmundsen, Ren substructure synthesis method, mechanical impedance admittance method, mechanical admittance method of interchange-ability and FBS substructure method. In the end, the scope and limitations of the method are compared and analyzed, and a new direction of hybrid modeling of dynamic substructure theory is put forward.


In this paper, a systematic design of Fabry–Perot cavity antennas based on leaky waves is proposed in the THz range. The use of different topologies for the synthesis of homogenized metasurfaces shows that a specific fishnetlike unit cell is particularly suitable for the design of efficient THz radiating devices. Accurate full-wave simulations highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed geometries, thoroughly considering the bounds dictated by technological constraints and the homogenization limit as well. The radiative performance of different designs for achieving theoretical directivities ranging from 15 to 30 dB is evaluated with reliable analytical and numerical methods, and completely validated with full-wave simulations. The relevant results corroborate the proposed systematic design, consolidating the validity and the usefulness of the leaky-wave approach, well established at microwave frequencies, to the more challenging and still unexplored THz range.


The tenge devaluation occurring on 13 February 2014, approximately 5 years after the previous devaluation,
marked a change in focus on the part of National bank of Kazakhstan.


The supporters of bone density measurement of osteodensitometry claim that it is possible to reduce the frequency of fractures if a lack of systemic bone mineral content is detected in time. Important topical points of criticism are brought forward. Meaningful clinical use is only possible if reference date referring to population are accepted, and standardised quality assurance is safeguarded. Densitometrical methods do not quarantee sufficient prognostic data neither for diagnostic purposes nor for estimating the risk of fracture. In addition, they are not reliable enough for assessment of a treatment. The compensation of costs by statutory health insurance for bone density measurements as therapeutic aid should be restricted to regular controls of bone density after having diagnosed a pathological fracture, and to controls of certain secondary forms of osteoporosis


Multistage interconnection networks (MINs) are used to create wide diameter networks with a logarithmic number of stages. To further reduce the costs of constructing and operating this type of network, these stages can be stored in a volume hologram and accessed sequentially to achieve the same functionality as a MIN. We discuss the design of such a system and demonstrate a prototype that uses infrared sensitive photorefractive lithium niobate to store a wavelength multiplexed volume holographic lens array. The holograms were recorded at 800 nm and several stages were multiplexed in a single hologram, each separated by as little as 0.6 nm. The optical system performance was analyzed and the results discussed.


In strongly Van Vleck paramagnetic rare‐earth alloys or compounds, large hyperfine fields can be induced at the rare‐earth nucleus with moderate external fields. These fields are useful to generate low temperatures by the method of nuclear adiabatic demagnetization. Experiments in the Van Vleck paramagnets PrPt5 and PrTl3 are described in which end temperatures of 3.5 and 1.5 mK are obtained starting from about 60 mK and 20 kOe. The possibility of nuclear ferromagnetism in PrTl3 is discussed and compared with observations.


The analysis of kin relations from visual data represents a challenging research problem with important real-world applications. However, research in this area has mostly been limited to the analysis of facial images, despite the potential of other physical (human) characteristics for this task. In this paper, we therefore study the problem of kinship verification from ear images and investigate whether salient appearance characteristics, useful for this task, can be extracted from ear data. To facilitate the study, we introduce a novel dataset, called KinEar, that contains data from 19 families with each family member having from 15 to 31 ear images. Using the KinEar data, we conduct experiments using a Siamese training setup and 5 recent deep learning backbones. The results of our experiments suggests that ear images represent a viable alternative to other modalities for kinship verification, as 4 out of 5 considered models reach a performance of over 60% in terms of the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC-AUC).


Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate whether central nervous system‐related feeding behavior regulates mucosal apoptosis in rat small intestines.


Abstract:In this comparative reading of Doris McMillon's Mixed Blessing and Ika Hügel-Marshall's Invisible Woman, I examine the ways that the authors use the autobiographical form to engage notions of black girlhood in both Germany and the United States. By focusing on their fractured family relationships—and their desire for a return to family, race, and nation—the authors reveal the ways in which national and transnational discourses demarcate the boundaries of racial and national belonging. The narratives return us to scenes of fraught personal and national histories to articulate experiences of subject-making that echo transnationally, while making visible the black girl's body as a pivotal site of nation-state transformation.


With the rapid development of e-commerce and the economy, an increasing number of retailers are adopting a dual-channel retail strategy (DCRS), which allows customers to return unsatisfactory products, provided that their complaints are reasonable, and receive a full refund. This paper studies the pricing strategies of an integrated dual-channel retailer (DCR) when it provides return policies to customers, including original channel return, fixed cross-channel return, and relaxed cross-channel return. The relationship between the DCR's system performance and channel pricing is impacted by customer channel preferences, and the return rates of different channels are discussed. The results show that the greater the difference in customer preferences between channels is, the greater the profitability of the DCR will be. A fixed cross-channel return model should be selected when the return rate in the online channel is higher or the cross-channel return rate is lower; otherwise, the original channel return model should be selected. When the return rate of a certain channel is high, the retailer should increase the price in that channel and reduce the pricing of its competing channel to compensate for the loss caused by the returns and transfer sales between channels. A selective return policy can not only improve the flexibility of business operations and enhance competitive advantage but also provide convenient customer returns and enhance consumers' sense of security.


Interdisciplinary approaches often bemoan international law's lack of theoretical sophistication and naïve utopianism. Instead of offering effective tools of governance, it seems committed to outdated ideas about an international public realm and a dubious teleology of progress. This essay – given as the E. H. Carr lecture at the University of Aberystwyth in 2011 – reviews efforts to reform international law into a science and a more efficient instrument of international rule. Such efforts have been a part of international law's internal development but their lack of success depends on a mistaken view of the field as a 'discipline' − a set of theoretical or technical propositions. This essay defends a view of international law as an argumentative practice in which political claims are defended and attacked, rather than as a governance tool or institutional blueprint. At its worst, law may buttress bureaucratic privilege. At its best it may offer, for a cynical world, a vocabulary for imagining better futures. It may also sharpen political thought and strategic awareness, but it cannot replace them.


Background: Immune reconstitution following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) can be affected by many variables in the transplant process such as the particular conditioning regimen, donor type, GVHD prophylaxis, and so on. We assessed clinical factors to contribute to the immune reconstitution status at 100 days after allogeneic SCT in patients received fludarabine based conditioning. Methods: 114 patients received allogeneic SCT were divided into two groups according to the immune recovery status at D+100 days after SCT. Immunophenotypic analysis using flowcytometry was performed to evaluate the percentage and the absolute numbers of T cell subsets (CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + cells), NK cells (CD16 + CD56 + cells), and B cells (CD19 + cells) with serum immunoglobulin levels as well as clinical outcomes were investigated. Results: Disease status at the time of SCT (HR 2.54, p=0.034), risk stratification by HCI-CI (HR 2.94, p=0.000), and chronic GVHD (HR 0.30, p=0.006) were significantly associated with survival outcome, while grade II~IV GVHD tended to have a negative effect on overall survival without statistical significance (HR 1.74, p=0.068). Tacrolimus based GVHD prophylactic regimen and T cell depletion with anti-thymocyte globulin or alemtuzumab (HR 6.71, p Conclusions: Immune reconstitution after SCT was affected by tacrolimus based GVHD prophylasis and T cell depletion. Delayed immune reconstitution might cause increased morbidity from viral reactivation. We need strategies to prevent infectious complications and enhance immune reconstitution according the immune recovery status following SCT. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


The modern world happenings are presented and stored in the form of different types of information which might not mean anything unless probed with a purpose. Data Mining is one of the methods wherein this hidden information can be extracted and disseminated to the objective. Due to the abundance of such information in different formats, manipulation of the same has also increased. In this paper, an attempt is done on predicting the movements in Indian stock market and an Indian stock market is a place where every type of investors – small and large – try to maximize their returns by understanding the price movements. But, their returns would be better if they know when the price would fall and increase. Prediction of these movements basically rests on ordinary linear regression. But after the advent of Artificial Intelligence, this has become easier by the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Using different algorithms, the accuracy rate of prediction is enabled. This can be done with the help of the ANN tools and deep learning tools. In this research, the researcher made an attempt to predict the direction flow of the market using ANN tools and deep learning tools like Random Forest for the accuracy. Using BSE Sensex, the present study tries to predict the output and to find evidence to support the efficiency of the ANN. In this paper, both classification and regression are performed to find the prediction accuracy .


Statistics of normal university physics major graduates reveal that,their teaching ability is significantly related to academic achievements of such courses as experiment and physics pedagogy,but less relevant to academic achievements of some specialized courses of traditional importance.This analysis tells us academic achievements are related to teaching ability to some extent,but there still exists lack in training of some basic teaching skills,such as experimental skill.


This paper presents a hybrid magnetic model combining reluctance network and Laplace's equation resolution using magnetic vector potential in the air gap. The coupling of the two models is performed by introducing fictive equivalent magnetomotive forces in the air gap. The model is applied to the study of dc machines used as a starter in automotive application. Good results are obtained compared with finite-element model and experimental measurements.


HE principle objective of this overview is to highlight the principle metabolic and modulating T factors that can arise in toxicity and chemical carcinogenesis studies. Most will agree that practicality necessitates the use of laboratory animal studies to predict qualitatively and quantitatively the risks to human health from chemical exposures. The results of laboratory studies must then be extrapolated from the test species, generally rat or mouse, to the species of primary interest, man. Additionally, integral to any meaningful assessment of risk and safety is the difficult problem of extrapolation of dose-response curves generally obtained at high doses to dosage levels far below the observation range, which are more likely to be those to which man is exposed. In order to obtain or attempt such extrapolations with a requisite degree of confidence, a significant amount of information is required concerning: (a) the species of interest; (b) the behavior and impact of the substance in the test species; and (c) the similarities and differences between test species (generally rat or mouse) and man that influence the manifestation of adverse effects and the probability of their occurrence. Obviously, it would be extremely desirable if the fate of a particular compound or xenobiotic could be anticipated in a given animal species since this might aid in the appropriate choice of species for evaluation of its biological and/or toxicological properties. A major acknowledged problem encountered in attempting to anticipate the fate of a xenobiotic is not in predicting the possible routes of its metabolism but rather in predicting which of these potential reactions will actually occur in a particular animal species. This can best be attempted and possibly realized when the fate of a spectrum and range of structurally related compounds has been studied in a number of animal species under standard conditions chosen to keep other variables to a minimum. I*) Most will agree that while kinetic data may be most desirable to compare species or strains, practical considerations would indicate that absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion data will, for the present, be generally more useful for interpreting the results of toxicity studies than for selecting dosage levels or otherwise directing their performance."'


As dialogue systems are becoming more and more interac-tional and social, also the accurate automatic speech recognition (ASR) of conversational speech is of increasing im-portance. This shifts the focus from short, spontaneous, task-oriented dialogues to the much higher complexity of casual face-to-face conversations. However, the collection and annotation of such conversations is a time-consuming process and data is sparse for this specific speaking style. This paper presents ASR experiments with read and conversational Austrian German as target. In order to deal with having only limited resources available for conversational German and, at the same time, with a large variation among speakers with respect to pronunciation characteristics, we improve a Kaldi-based ASR system by incorporating a (large) knowledge-based pronunciation lexicon, while exploring different data-based methods to restrict the number of pronunciation variants for each lexical entry. We achieve best WER of 0 . 4 % on Austrian German read speech and best average WER of 48 . 5 % on conversational speech. We find that by using our best pronunciation lexicon a similarly high performance can be achieved than by increasing the size of the data used for the language model by approx. 360% to 760%. Our findings indicate that for low-resource scenarios – despite the general trend in speech technology towards using data-based methods only – knowledge-based approaches are a successful, efficient method.


Twenty years after Ireland adopted an external supervisory board model to promote public confidence in the handling of complaints against the police (the Garda Síochána), it had to replace it with a cross between the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland and the Independent Police Complaints Commission in England and Wales. This paper examines the nature and scale of the board's failure and offers a critique of the internal and external factors responsible. It focuses, in particular, on how the police and the government, acting separately and in combination, managed to smother the potential of the supervisory board model. It also offers insights into how the board contributed to its own failure. The paper concludes by drawing attention to the fact that several of these negative forces can also be active in the new complaints procedure that commenced operations in 2007.


The electrolytic reductions of some aromatic diketones were carried out by means of controlled potential electrolysis in various catholytes. Reduction products were intramolecular pinacols (cis and trans cyclic vicinal diols), intermolecular pinacol, and/or hydrol. The formation ratios of the products were strongly dependent on the molecular structure of diketone, the pH of catholyte, and/or the kind of organic co-solvent.


Combined oral contraceptives (OCs) are increasingly used for pregnancy spacing treatment of premenstrual syndrome and prevention of menopausal hormonal imbalance. Combined OCs function by mimicking the hormone combination that blocks ovulation during pregnancy. Objections to OCs have been raised on moral grounds in the belief that they will encourage sexual promiscuity on economic grounds in the belief that they like other contraceptives will aggravate aging of the population with a consequent reduction of the working age population and on medical grounds initially because they represented a new therapy applied in a nonimperative situation. New campaigns to counter past "antipill" campaigns are likely based on new data demonstrating the safety of the pill and other studies which have indicated serious complications of IUD use. Results of a study of 70 women who used OCs for 3-15 years permit a better assessment of the biological and clinical tolerance of OCs. Average glycemia level of the subjects increased from .91 g/1 to .93 g/1 but subjects could be divided into 2 groups at the end of the study: those in whom the level fell slightly and those in whom it increased markedly. The women in the 2nd group were overweight at the outset of the study and increased in weight as the study proceeded demonstrating the importance of correcting obesity before beginning OC use. Cholesterolemia changed from 2.09 to 2.05 g/1 while triglyceride levels also declined slightly. Mean blood pressure also changed in a favorable direction although the extreme pressures increased slightly once again demonstrating the benefit of weight control. There were few weight changes except in women who were overweight at the outset of therapy. All recent studies have shown a protective effect of combined OCs against cancer either because of improved surveillance or because of a protective effect of the hormones. Smoking appears to be the major factor increasing risks of thromboembolism due to disturbances of hemostasis in OC users. OCs in sum appear to have many more benefits than risks for appropriately selected patients.


The global carbon budget is, of course, balanced. The conservation of carbon and the first law of thermodynamics are intact. "Balancing the carbon budget" refers to the state of the science in evaluating the terms of the global carbon equation. The annual increases in the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, oceans, and land should balance the emissions of carbon from fossil fuels and deforestation. Balancing the carbon budget is not the real issue, however. The real issue is understanding the processes responsible for net sources and sinks of carbon. Such understanding should lead to more accurate predictions of future concentrations of CO2 and more accurate predictions of the rate and extent of climatic change. The recent past may be insufficient for prediction, however. Oceanic and terrestrial sinks that have lessened the rate of growth in atmospheric CO2 until now may diminish as feedbacks between the carbon cycle and climate become more prominent. 313 A nn u. R ev . E ar th P la ne t. Sc i. 20 07 .3 5: 31 334 7. D ow nl oa de d fr om a rj ou rn al s. an nu al re vi ew s. or g by M A R IN E B IO L O G Y L A B O R A T O R Y / W H O I L IB R A R Y o n 05 /0 1/ 07 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y. ANRV309-EA35-11 ARI 19 March 2007 18:53


Waste heat recovery (WHR) is crucial to the efficiency improvement of natural gas‐fired boiler systems. Two‐stage WHR systems based on the natural gas‐fired boiler were analyzed from the viewpoints of thermal efficiency and heat transfer irreversibility. An overall entransy dissipation‐based thermal resistance was derived to evaluate the irreversibility of WHR, including the entransy dissipations during condensation and in absorption heat pump (AHP). Compared with the basic WHR system, the two‐stage WHR systems have higher boiler efficiency and less irreversibility. The air‐humidified system recycles both the heat and vapor in flue gas, while the unutilized latent heat in the recovered vapor causes the boiler to be less efficient than the AHP system. Investigation on heat exchanger effectiveness of two‐stage WHR systems illustrated: in the two‐stage WHR system with air humidification, the increasing effectiveness of both heat exchangers could effectively increase boiler efficiency and reduce heat transfer irreversibility. In the two‐stage WHR system with AHP, boiler efficiency has a local optimum when the dew point occurs near the outlet of the first heat exchanger; increasing the second heat exchanger effectiveness is more efficient in improving boiler efficiency. The present work may provide available references and guidance for the design and optimization of the two‐stage WHR systems.


Background: Poor diet (high consumption of sugar, salt, saturated fat, etc) and unhealthy lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity) have been identified as major risk factors of cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Hypertension is now one of the most common non-communicable diseases globally. It is one of the most leading causes of death due to cardiovascular diseases and stroke. More alarming, conservative estimates indicate that the global burden of hypertension will increase to more than 1.56 billion by 2025. Its prevalence is increasing in countries undergoing economic transition. Objective: To assess the prevalence of dietary and life style pattern among hypertensives in rural field practice area of Osmania Medical College. Methods: Data was collected using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire from a total of 250 people. Results: out of 250 study subjects 136 are males and 114 are females. Prevalence of Hypertension was found to be 72% .Statistical significance was observed between Hypertension and dietary pattern and life style. Conclusion: There is still need for increase in IEC and BCC activities in terms of awareness regarding risk factors of hypertension, complications and adherence to treatment.


The learning session aims to obtain information on the non-periodic decimals and irrational numbers of students in the second grade of Secondary Education of the educational institution "San Nicolas", by analyzing the information provided using a video. To obtain the information, the originality, flexibility and fluency shown in the examples were examined and for the mathematical capacities the examples proposed were examined, as well as the logical coherence between information and requirements. As a result of the analysis conducted, we conclude that students show high levels of flexibility, fluency and clarity when understanding exercises by elaboration; that the originality is not very high due to the tendency to imitate the worked examples; that students reveal greater capacity for understanding when they know the context and dominate the mathematical environment; and that group work is more fruitful than individual work.


To investigate the correlation between the contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal and the duration of blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption induced by focused ultrasound (FUS).


— Introduction: Cervical Cancer (CC) ranks third among the most common malignant neoplasms among Brazilian women, representing a total of 15% of female cancers. OBJECTIVE: To identify the epidemiological profile of elderly women with Cervical Cancer in the historical series 2000-2017 treated in specialized public hospitals in Pará/Brazil. Methodology: A retrospective descriptive study with a quantitative approach, carried out in January 2020 with information from secondary data from the Hospital Cancer Registry Computerization System (SisHCR) regarding mortality from CC. From the data collected, a descriptive analysis of the population under study was performed. From the data collected, a descriptive analysis of the population under study was performed. RESULTS: A total of 1,980 cases of cervical cancer were found in the state of Pará in the historical series 2000 - 2017, mainly between the ages of 60 and 69, of the ignored/white race, married, with incomplete fundamental level and SUS referral origin. As for the factors associated with cervical cancer, 36% of the cases reported smoking, 76% of the cases had no information about alcoholism, and 64% of the cases had no information about their family history of cancer. CONCLUSION: It was noted that despite the campaigns that recommend screening until the age of 64, this age group presents resistance regarding the performance of the cytopathological examination and consequently a high number of cases, being necessary actions that clarify doubts and reduce taboos we return to the subject.


Abstract Upper Devonian rocks of the Catskill Mountains, New York, have been classically interpreted as of deltaic origin, and more recently as having formed in a "tectonic delta complex." In central Pennsylvania Upper Devonian rocks have been interpreted as the products of marine coastal deposition analogous to the coastal mudflats which occur down current from the modern Mississippi Delta. Although the rocks of central Pennsylvania are somewhat lower in the section than those in this study, north-central Pennsylvania, our study area is a strategic location between the New York and central Pennsylvania study sites The rocks of north-central Pennsylvania are of two kinds: (1) continental fluvial and (2) marine tidal facies. Specifically the rocks consist of three lithofacies: I. fossiliferous, gray sandstones, and siltstones interpreted as of tidal origin; II. shale-pebble conglomerates, red to grayish-green sandstones, and grayish to pale red siltstones and mudstones that are inferred to have accumulated in and near meandering streams as channel, overbank and marsh deposits; and III. coarse-grained, olive-gray sandstones interpreted as of braided-stream origin. The particles composing the rocks were derived from a rising mountain chain to the east which consisted of low-grade metamorphic rocks of greenschist facies. During Late Devonian time tidal-flat deposits (Lithofacies I) accumulated in north-central Pennsylvania. As rivers from the east deposited sand and silt at their mouths, the shoreline was displaced westward resulting in progradation of coastal-plain deposits over the tidal flats. Meandering-fluvial deposition (deposits of Lithofacies II) dominated during part of Late Devonian times. With increasing tectonism in the mountains to the east, perhaps reflecting the collision of two lithospheric plates, the supply of detritus increased resulting in the deposition of braided-stream sediments (Lithofacies III).


Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor super family that modulate gene expression upon ligand activation. They are 3 major subtypes of PPARs: alpha, delta (also called beta), and gamma. PPAR-γ is widely expressed in the cardiovascular system and is involved in the regulation of tissue inflammation and smooth muscle cell growth pathways as well as in lipoprotein metabolism and coagulation cascades. PPAR-γ ligands of (e.g., rosigitazone and pioglitazone) have been shown to exert antiatherogenic effects both in vitro and in vivo. PPAR-α ligands (e.g., clofibrate and benzofibrate) modulate lipoprotein metabolism, and affect inflammation and coagulation cascade. These effects may be helpful in resolving the dilemma arising from studies that showed significant mortality and morbidity benefits of fibrates in the face of minimal changes in HDL-cholesterol levels. The role of PPAR-δ in atherogenesis remains largely unknown, although it appears that PPAR-δ activation affects lipoprotein metabolism. PPAR ligands appear to be promising agents in limiting atherosclerosis; however, large-scale clinical trials are required to assess their safety and efficacy before they can be added to the clinicians' arsenal of antiatherosclerotic agents.


The aim of the study was to understand the relationship among Stigmatization, Self-Criticism and Coping Strategies of Individual with Substance Abuse. The sample size consisted of 100 substance abusers with 87 males and 13 females. The age range of the participants was 18-50 year old with (M=1.52 and S.D=.847). The purposive sampling strategy was used and study had correlational research design. The data was collected from different government and private hospitals as well as from rehabilitation centers. The data measurements used include demographic information sheet, The Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-12; Thornicroft, Brohan, Rose, Sartorius, Leese, & INDIGO, 2009), Forms of Self-Criticizing/Self-Attacking and Reassuring Scale (Gilbert, Clarke, Hempel, Miles, & Irons, 2004) and The Ways of Coping questionnaire (Folkman & Lazarus, 1985). The results showed that there is a significant relationship between stigma and coping strategies. There is no significant relationship between coping strategies and self-criticism and also there is no significant relationship between self criticism and stigma. Multiple Regression analysis had 7 % variance in Coping Strategies (F 3.672, p=.02), Stigmatization was a significant predictors of Coping Strategies (Beta= .262, p= .009) whereas self criticism (Beta=-.078, p=.434) was a non-significant predictors of coping strategies The current study will help the healthcare professionals and clinical psychologist to have better understanding of stigma, self-criticism and coping. The implications are further discussed at the end of the research.


The invention provides a connection method for an electronic system. The electronic system comprises a plurality of communication devices, each communication device can create multiple wireless connection modes with another communication device, and the method comprises the steps that: when a first communication device is indicated to transmit a datum to be transmitted to a second communication device, the first communication device judges at least one data property of the datum to be transmitted and at least one connection property of the second communication device to the multiple wireless connection modes; and the first communication device selects a wireless connection mode from the multiple wireless connection modes according to the at least one data property of the datum to be transmitted and the at least one connection property of the second communication device to the multiple wireless connection modes.


INTRODUCTION: In order to make a comparison between Iranian jumpers with the world champions, in the absence of Motion Analyzer, we made a Biomechanical Model with which we were able to assess the mechanical parameters such as : final run-up velocity, initial take off velocity and angle , initial velocity components, time of the last touch - down, force applied by jumpers and their height of flight. This could be feasible just by measuring run-up time tr, flight time tf, total flight distance R and the total time of run-up, and flight , tt.

METHOD: The subjects were ten male jumpers belonging to Iranian track team.
Each jumper, ran his run-up distance which with measured run-up time and mechanics formulae, we could obtain the final run-up velocity. By measuring the total range of flight and its time of flight and combining the formulae , we got for the angle of take off :
q = Arctan gt2 f / 2R Knowing q, R and tf , we can get , not only the flight mechanical parameters but also the force applied for jumping. This force can be achieved by measuring the total run-up and flight time and make the difference with the sum of the tr and tr separately measured, and then dividing difference momentum to difference of time , we obtain with F = dp/dt the force in question. In fact, this force is applied by the jumper, in order to change the direction of the final run-up velocity, which is horizontal to a velocity with an angle of q, previously obtained.

RESULTS: Most of our jumpers could reach velocities more than 10 m/s as final run-up velocity, but at take off they lost about 2 m/s, although their take of velocity components are comparable.

CONCLUSION: Our biomechanical model can easily be , in the absence of expensive 2D or 3D, used and would help to achieve effective mechanical parameters.
[table]


AIM: To study the effects of total polysacch ar ide of Astragalus (APS) on in vitro proliferatio n and collagen production of HSC-T6 cells. METHODS: Using rat h epatic stellate HSC-T6 cells, the proliferation and collagen production was mea sured by -TdR and -Proline incorporation assay. RESULT S: Low concentration of APS could suppress proliferation and collagen pr oduction of HSC-T6 cells. High concentration of APS (≥80 mg·L -1 ) could remarkably enhance proliferation of HSC-T6 cells. CONCLUSION: T he activation of proliferation and collagen synthesis can be suppressed in HSC- T6 cells exposed to low concentration of APS. Moreover, APS shows a tow-way reg ular capacity on the proliferation of HSC-T6 cells.


Hyperspectral data form a data-cube consisting of images of an object collected at several hundred, closely spaced wavelengths. They have been found to be of significant potential benefit in areas such as remote sensing of the Earth, medicine, and non-destructive evaluation. Effective extraction of information from the hyperspectral data cube presents several signal processing challenges, some of them unique to hyperspectral data. The problems involved range from registration and enhancement to development of statistical signal processing algorithms and models for object detection and classification. The focus of this paper is to provide an overview of select processing and modeling techniques for hyperspectral data


Advances in wireless communication mobile-information infrastructures such as GPS, WiFi, and mobile phone technologies have enabled us to collect, process, and manage massive amounts of mobile data from diverse information sources. These mobile data are fine-grained, information-rich, and provide unparalleled opportunities for us to understand mobile user behaviours and generate useful knowledge, which in turn allows the delivery of intelligence for real-time decision making in various real-world applications. In this context, knowledge discovery is the process of automatic extraction of interesting and useful knowledge from large amounts of mobile data, whereas knowledge management consists of a range of strategies and practices to identify, create, represent, distribute, and enable the adoption of novel insights and experiences for decision making. There is a critical emerging need to investigate knowledge discovery and management issues in the mobile context. The objective of this special section on Intelligent Mobile Knowledge Discovery and Management Systems is to bring together top-quality articles on the art and practice of mobile knowledge discovery and management systems that exhibit a level of intelligence. We received a total of 12 submissions from which 3 articles have been selected for publication after an extensive peer-review process. The first article, entitled " Mining Geographic-Temporal-Semantic Patterns in Trajectories for Location Prediction " by Ying et al., has a focus on location prediction by mining human location traces. A unique perspective of this article is to exploit a user's geographic, temporal, and semantic information simultaneously for estimating the probability of a traveler in visiting a location. The key idea underlying this study is the discovery of user trajectory patterns, which are used to capture frequent movements triggered by the user's geographic, temporal, and semantic intentions. The article " A Framework of Traveling Companion Discovery on Trajectory Data Streams " by Tang et al. studies the problem of discovering object groups which travel together (i.e., traveling companions) from trajectory data streams. Since the solution of this problem requires a large computational cost because of expensive spatial operations , the authors propose a smart data structure to facilitate scalable and flexible companion discovery from location traces. The article " Mondrian Tree: A Fast Index for Spatial Alarm Processing " authored by M. Doo and L. Liu promotes the efficient process of spatial alarms, which remind us of the arrival of a future spatial event. A key research challenge in scaling spatial alarm processing is how to efficiently …


Abstract. For several decades the potential field source surface (PFSS) approximation has proven helpful in the description of the large-scale coronal magnetic fields of the Sun and of cool single stars. Here, we extend the PFSS technique to systems with two objects, to investigate the magnetic field structure of close binary stars. We describe the deviation of the two-centre extrapolation technique and demonstrate its applicability in the case of the close pre-main sequence binary system V4046 Sgr. Our results reveal a joint magnetosphere with complex field structures connecting both stellar components. The binary extrapolation method is also applicabe to the case of magnetic interaction between a host star and a close-in hot Jupiter.


This research developed a computerized device in order to overcome some limitations found in conventional quality control methods related to data collecting and the way by which the results are displayed to the user. Such device allows the simulation of all physical phenomena found in the process of image formation as well as it considers the influence that each parameter exerts on the others. It is an improvement not available in traditional methods. The quality control provided assess all image plain pixels, in contrast to the methods traditionally employed, that assess the field center only in most cases. As result, a simulated x-ray image is formed revealing to the user physical phenomenon influences and exposure parameter alterations exerted on the image quality.


This is a research study that examines the implications of the agreement on marriage to assets in mixed marriages. The problems raised in this study discuss how the form of legal protection for couples who are married in mixed marriages and what are the legal consequences of the agreement to marry property in mixed marriages. This study uses normative methods with steps of description, systematization and explanation of the contents of positive law in depth using conceptual approaches, legal approaches and systematic synchronization analysis. The results of the study indicate that legal protection of property in the marriage agreement can only be carried out during the marriage. Where the marriage agreement is a law for the parties, this is in accordance with article 1338 of the Civil Code. According to the provisions of Article 29 of the Marriage Law the contents of the agreement must be carried out in good faith by taking into account the provisions of the law, the norms of decency and public order. The authority and responsibility of the notary in making the marriage agreement deed made is limited to the contents of the agreement that has fulfilled the legal requirements of the agreement based on article 1320 of the Civil Code. The legal consequences of a marriage agreement that has been ratified by a marriage / marriage registrar employee are binding and apply as a law to the parties and third parties to the extent that the party is involved. Article 1338 of the Civil Code states that all agreements made legally apply as laws for those who make them. The agreements are irrevocable other than by agreeing with both parties, or for reasons which are deemed sufficient by law, agreements must be carried out in good faith. If one of the parties does not implement the marriage agreement and harms the other party, compensation for the party who feels the loss is requested to the court, both demands regarding the implementation of the agreement and compensation claims. Therefore the most important meaning of the marriage agreement must be carried out in good faith and obedience, because the marriage agreement made has legal consequences for the assets in a mixed marriage.


A RISC (reduced instruction set computer) module for high-performance workstations has been made to demonstrate the advantages and technical feasibility of the silicon-on-silicon technology. The module consists of one 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS CPU (central processing unit) one 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS FPU, and six 1.0-/spl mu/m BiCMOS cache memories. The eight chips are attached on a 39/spl times/47 mm square silicon substrate with 120-/spl mu/m pitch flip chip bonding of 80-/spl mu/m-diameter tin-lead bumps. Two-layer interconnections for high-speed signals are formed with 20-/spl mu/m line and 80-/spl mu/m space on the silicon substrate. The conductors are 4-/spl mu/m thick gold formed by electroplating and the dielectric film is 10-/spl mu/m-thick polyimide. A decoupling capacitance of about 0.8 nF is formed in the substrate. The module was evaluated using reliability and functional tests. The reliability tests included thermal cycling, power cycling, and mechanical strength tests. The functional test was carried out by connecting the module to an IBM-PC/IF board and operating with a test program. Both evaluations were successful.<<ETX>>


This work handle problem of transportation people with oriented to people with limited competency exercise in Pardubice region in transport line Pardubice - Horni Jeleni. Destination of this work is project for innovation traffic accessibility of transport line Pardubice - Horni Jeleni for people with limited competency exercise so number of transportation people with limited competency exercise push up in public transport in this line.


The storage of basic liquor is an important procedure in distilleries that has close correlations with liquor quality. The analysis of mechanism of liquor storage pots could not only help us create the environments more suitable for liquor storage but also shorten the storage period and quicken the cycle of turnover which could then improve the product quality as well as the economic profits.


This article has an aim of connecting the sustainable healthcare to the environmentally-friendly strategy of regional development. We describe how a growing interest in ways health organisations and systems measure and report on their sustainability is recorded in the recent years. In addition, we note the growing need for sustainability indicators in the health system, such as health insurance coverage, quality of care, and access to health services. Our results show that environmental pollution and other hazardous activities have a profound effect on human health and therefore create a burden for the healthcare system. In addition, we discuss the importance of sustainable healthcare for the health and well-being of patients and the environment. In the same time, we stress that high standards of healthcare should be preserved and maintained in spite of the reduction in health costs and environmental impacts as a part of the sustainable regional development strategies.


The work objective is carried out a study about the comprehension achieved byundergraduate engineering students concerning energy processes in simple DC circuits. The methodology used in the research consisted of a first "exploratory" stage of more qualitative characteristics, which allowed us to state working hypotheses. In a second stage, of a more quantitative nature, written questionnaires were developed and administered to the students in order to experimentally test the formulated hypotheses. The research shows, on one hand, that many students do not adequately interpret some energy exchanges on a macroscopic basis. On the other hand, it also shows that they do not link (or they incorrectly link) macroscopic and microscopic interpretations of the proc-esses that energy undergoes in the circuit. Possible reasons are suggested for the detected mistakes; among them, the shortage of bibliography on the subject, the use of non-scientific modes of reasoning, the poor differentiation between the transitory and stationary stages that the circuits undergo, or the lack of discrimination between macroscopic and microscopic analysis.


Should the meaning of "ethical" lawyering change in the ADR context? This article contains several essays arguing that change is needed, that current ethics rules and codes must be adjusted, and new rules must be drafted that respond to the subtleties and complexities of the issues raised in ADR legal practice. Professor Carrie Menkel-Meadow provides an overview of the major ethical issues facing lawyers in ADR practice and reviews the current ethics rules landscape in ADR. Professor Robert Cochran offers a proposal to amend the current professional responsibility rules to include a mandate for advising clients of ADR options. Professor Kimberlee Kovach argues in favor of a new ethic for non-adversarial representation. Finally, Professor Stephen Huber addresses a number of critical ethical issues implicated by arbitration practice.


This paper presents the problem of older people's learning regarded as a positive aging strategy, according to the positive aging concept by Robert D. Hill. The growing population of older people in Poland generates the need to seek new solutions on how to deal with the subjective and social aging and the old age. In Poland, despite the fact that some good activities have been already emerging, there are still no system solutions in the area of : social welfare, health care, labor activity, cultural and educational activities targeted at the elderly, especially the oldest. What dominates is the economic perspective of looking at the problems of an aging society. The media promotes youth and consumerist lifestyles that are not conducive to positive perceptions of aging and older people. Learning is treated as a strategic action taken for positive aging. It includes three important components: the essence of learning in old age, the relations between positive aging and learning, and learning in the case of illness and long-term care. The older people's learning in addition to the invaluable benefits for the person, increases the social productivity and expands social capital of the older generation.


The anterior communicating artery complex [ACoA] is the most common site of occurrence of intracranial aneurysms, harboring about 30 percent of these lesions. Multiple aneurysms account for 20 percent of all cerebral aneurysms. Multiple aneurysms on the same artery correspond to 2.8 percent of aneurysms, usually found in the internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery. Multiple aneurysms of the ACoA are very rare and there are only a few cases reported in the literature. In cases of multiple aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery complex, not all lesions may be detected on preoperative radiological studies, due to the complex angio-archiecture around the ACoA. Careful dissection is mandatory to ensure the completeness of aneurysm surgery. Multiple separated and multi-lobular aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery are unusual lesions and should be studied as a special topic. The authors present four cases of these rare aneurysms, namely three multiple separated aneurysms and one multi-lobular aneurysm of the ACoC. Three of these patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage [SAH]. There were no familial or arteriovenous malformation.related aneurysms reported in our series. We propose a new classification for this type of aneurysm on the ACoA. The literature is reviewed. The results, physiopathology and management are dis cussed.


The purpose of the study, determine the level of performance of practitioners through student learning activities. The level of student practitioner performance is seen when solving mathematical problems (story problems) sub-topics of numbers. The research method used is quantitative descriptive. The analysis technique uses validity test and source triangulation. In this study the subjects of class VII students were taken as many as 6 people. Retrieval of data using observations and questions (problems). Data were observed using an observation sheet instrument, while questions with realistic media. The results of the study, the validation of the instrument on the observation sheet using the Va value for the test questions obtained 2.9 results thus the instrument is said to be valid. Based on the results of observations ST satisfies all activities well but in activities related to courage still can not be said to always be brave in responding and asking questions / opinions expressly, SS fulfills 3 out of 6 student activities well. These results are the same for the 2 subjects taken. SR fulfills 5 out of 6 student activities well. These results are the same for the 2 subjects taken. Conclusions, the Practitioner student's level of performance has different levels of fulfillment of critical standards through student learning activities. Students with high ability category (ST) can meet all critical standard indicators while students with medium (SS) and low (SR) ability categories cannot fulfill.
Key Words: Performance Level Practitioners, Learning Activities


This work presents fractionation and fraction property data for additional asphalts and focuses on the potential use of supercritical fractions as recycling agents for aged asphalts


Massive black holes (BHs) in galactic nuclei vary their mass MBH and spin vector JBH due to accretion. In this study we relax, for the first time, the assumption that accretion can be either chaotic, i.e., when the accretion episodes are randomly and isotropically oriented, or coherent, i.e., when they occur all in a preferred plane. Instead, we consider different degrees of anisotropy in the fueling, never confining to accretion events on a fixed direction. We follow the BH growth evolving contemporarily with mass, spin modulus a, and spin direction. We discover the occurrence of two regimes. An early phase (MBH ≲ 107 M☉) in which rapid alignment of the BH spin direction to the disk angular momentum in each single episode leads to erratic changes in the BH spin orientation and at the same time to large spins (a ∼ 0.8). A second phase starts when the BH mass increases above ≳ 107 M☉ and the accretion disks carry less mass and angular momentum relative to the hole. In the absence of a preferential direction, the BHs tend to spin-down in this phase. However, when a modest degree of anisotropy in the fueling process (still far from being coherent) is present, the BH spin can increase up to a ∼ 1 for very massive black holes (MBH ≳ 108 M☉), and its direction is stable over the many accretion cycles. We discuss the implications of our results in the realm of the observations of BH spin and jet orientations.


A method for controlling an orientation of data on a display (117) of a device (100) comprises determining a device angular position for the device, determining a usage context parameter for the device, and controlling the orientation of the data on the display based on the device angular position and the usage context parameter. A change in the orientation of the data on the display, for instance from portrait to landscape, may be suppressed based on the usage context parameter. Usage context parameters may include user facial orientation angular position detected by a camera (140), or user grip position detected by grip sensors (145). A usage context parameter may also comprise user input data, such as a user input regarding the locking of the orientation of the data. In a further embodiment the usage context parameter may consist of a reversal display orientation change event, such as when a user reacts to an orientation change by changing the device position to force a change back to the previous orientation. A first orientation angle threshold may then be modified if the reversal is detected within a predetermined time period.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that the fast page of each copy bears this notice and the full citation including title and authors. To copy othenvise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior sp.ecific permission from the copyright owner. PREFACE The Subject For over 20 years, businesses have been moving their data processing activities on-line. Many businesses, such as airlines and banks, are no longer able to function when their on-line computer systems are down. Their on-line databases must be up-to-date and correct at all times. In part, the requirement for correctness and reliability is the burden of the application programming staff. They write the application programs that perform the business's basic functions: make a deposit or withdrawal, reserve a seat or purchase a ticket, buy or sell a security, etc. Each of these programs is designed and tested to perform its function correctly. However, even the most carefully implemented application program is vulnerable to certain errors that are beyond its control. These potential errors arise from two sources: concur-rency and failures. Multiprogramming is essential for attaining high performance. Its effect is to allow many programs to interleave their executions. That is, they execute concwrently. When such programs interleave their accesses to the database, they can interfere. Avoiding this interference is called the concurrency control problem. Computer systems are subject to many types of failures. Operating systems fail, as does the hardware on which they run. When a failure occurs, one or more application programs may be interrupted in midstream. Since the program was written to be correct only under the assumption that it executed in its entirety, an interrupted execution can lead to incorrect results. For example , a money transfer application may be interrupted by a failure after debiting. .. III iv PREFACE one account but before crediting the other. Avoiding such incorrect results due to failures is called the recocery problem. Systems that solve the concurrency control and recovery problems allow their users to assume that each of their programs executes atomically-as if no other programs were executing concurrently-and reliably-as if there were no failures. This abstraction of an atomic and reliable execution of a program is called a …


A thermochemical analysis is performed in the quaternary system Cu–In–S–O at 298 K, including the respective four ternaries. The Cu–In phase diagram is updated with respect to the new experimental as well as to the new thermochemical results in the literature. Free energies of In_6S_7, In_2.8S_4, CuIn_2, and Cu_2In_2O_5 have been estimated. Consistent sets of data are used for the calculations of the ternary systems with the program thermo, and the results are used to calculate the quaternary tetrahedron Cu–In–S–O with the program thermoq; the algorithm is given. Twelve quaternary two-phase equilibria have been found. They are used to calculate predominance area diagrams of the quaternary system with the program stadiaq for different oxygen partial pressures. The algorithm of this program is given. From these diagrams it becomes obvious that CuInS_2 is unstable in air and even in UHV systems and should react to form In_2(SO_4)_3 and Cu_2S at oxygen pressures larger than log p (pascal) = −51.5. The results are useful for research in fields such as oxidation and crystal growth of CuInS_2 and for development of processes for producing this compound.


Objectives: The purpose of the study was to assess the frequencies of problems associated with ectropion and entropion whether the subciliary or transconjunctival technique is employed to repair ZMC fractures. Methodology: 50 patients with ZMC fractures who underwent surgical treatment in Abbottabad's Ayub Medical College and Teaching Hospitals in 2021–2022 were included in this prospective hospital-based research. Pure ZMC Fractures were required for inclusion, while prior lid laxity, prevalence of trauma-related lid abnormalities, and pan face fractures were required for exclusion. Results: 50 patients in all were engaged over the study's time frame; 28 patients received surgery using the sub ciliary route, with a mean delay of 11.25 days amongst the trauma & the operation, & 22 patients' used the trans conjunctival method, with a mean delay of 30.60 days. Twelve of the patients with ectropion were men and two were women. Men made up both of the entropion patients. Male patients made up more of the sub ciliary approach group (82%, 22/28) than female patients (18%, 6/28). 14% of patients (3/22) in the transconjunctival approach group were female, whereas 97% (19/22) were male. The gender distribution of the patients in the two clusters did not vary statistically significantly (p=0.12). Conclusion: In terms of postoperative issues like entropion and ectropion, the study's findings revealed that there is no discernible variance amongst the transconjunctival technique and the subciliary technique. It was challenging to draw any conclusions from this study's findings due to the time and patient constraints. Hence, it is advised to repeat the study with a bigger sample size in mandate to obtain more reliable results. Keywords: Transconjunctival approach, Subciliary approach, Road traffic accident (Rta)


Abstract In this article, we first apply the method of combining the interpolation theorem and weak-type estimate developed in Chen et al. to derive the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality with an extended Poisson kernel. By using this inequality and weighted Hardy inequality, we further obtain the Stein-Weiss inequality with an extended Poisson kernel. For the extremal problem of the corresponding Stein-Weiss inequality, the presence of double-weighted exponents not being necessarily nonnegative makes it impossible to obtain the desired existence result through the usual technique of symmetrization and rearrangement. We then adopt the concentration compactness principle of double-weighted integral operator, which was first used by the authors in Chen et al. to overcome this difficulty and obtain the existence of the extremals. Finally, the regularity of the positive solution for integral system related with the extended kernel is also considered in this article. Our regularity result also avoids the nonnegativity condition of double-weighted exponents, which is a common assumption in dealing with the regularity of positive solutions of the double-weighted integral systems in the literatures.


Considering the relative indefinition of the notion of death drive, as well as the great controversies it provoked, the author suggests that when Freud first presented this notion he only signaled his concern with clinical facts that had not yet been taken conveniently into account. Only later, with the development of the theory of the superego, he succeded in obtaining the theoretical tools for a clinical approach of the cases in which the attraction for suffering and pain is central.


Land is an important means of production and the ultimate source of all wealth.The Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth CPC Central Committee held in Beijing from October 9 to October 12,2008 adopted a number of plans regarding rural land reform,one highlight of which was the approval of a resolution to "allow the free circulation of rural land within the premises of law".This not only reflects the tenets of Marxist theory of land rent,but also enriches and extends its theoretical realm.Therefore,studies on issues regarding China's land circulation must proceed under the guidance of Marxist theory of land rent,and focus on the necessity and practical needs of the circulation of land resources.


Ion Beam Sputtering (IBS) offers a deposition process yielding optical thin films with stable optical parameters, near bulk density, and ppm level optical loss. Recently higher throughput systems with higher deposition rate and larger substrate fixtures have been developed. The higher deposition rates make accurate layer control essential. This is most readily achieved by using an optical monitoring system (OMS). Multiple optical bandpass, edge filters and notch filters have been deposited in a high throughput IBS system with four 333mm diameter planetary using both a single wavelength (SWLOMS) as well as a broadband OMS (BBOMS). A wavelength repeatability of less than 0.1% for five subsequent short wave pass filters is demonstrated. Results for a multi notch filter coated using the BBOMS are also presented. A control strategy utilizing a mix of a broadband and a single wavelength model was used successfully in the deposition. Spectral performance of multiple bandpass filters using turning point control is presented. A 2D mapping of a 15nm FWHM bandpass filter centered at 830nm shows a +/-0.05% variation in the center wavelength across the central 180mm diameter and a +/-0.35nm variation in the FWHM to the edge of the wafer. A variation of the standard turning point monitoring that enables control of filters with narrower bandwidth than the spectral resolution of the OMS system has been developed. A 0.8nm FWHM bandpass filter centered at 532nm controlled using a BBOMS with a ~1.5nm FWHM spectral resolution of the spectrometer is demonstrated.


and 15% (mass concentration) hydro-alcoholic extracts of Geranium robertianum in 50%, 70% and 96% alcohol were obtained. They were further purified and concentrated through membranare procedures (ultrafiltration). 2 types of membranes were used: Millipore ultrafiltration membranes of regenerated cellulose with 10.000 Da cut-off and composite membrane: polysulphona- polyaniline - PSF/PANI. The contents of flavones, total polyphenols, proteins and reducing sugars in all extracts' types ranged between: 7.233 - 72.71 mg/mL -flavones, 271.17 - 437.07 µg/ mL - polyphenols, 1.262 - 2.40 µg/ mL -proteins and 153.10 - 661.60 µg/ mL -sugars. It was ascertained that such contents were proportional to plant mass and to the used solvent concentration, the maximum being obtained in extracts realized in 70% ethanol, with 10% plant mass. The increase of ethanol concentrations and plant mass above the mentioned values resulted in the decrease of the concentration of the studied compounds.


We present record-breaking experimental data on high power transmission through novel 7X1 and 19X1 multimode combiners based on Photonic Crystal Fiber technology. Both combiners are monolithic, have losses of ~0.2 dB, show very high thermal robustness and can handle record high optical powers. We have transmitted 100 W through the 7X1 and 310 W through the 19X1 combiner without evidence of any degradation or critical heating. The powers were limited only by available pump power. The combiners are based on Air-clad technology, where a ring of air-holes running along the length of the device provide guiding for the light. This Air-clad offers three major advantages for the device: 1: It is well suited for high optical powers as no polymer coating gets into contact with the light; 2: it is much easier to package as mechanical contact can be made anywhere on the device without risk of optical performance penalty; 3: the Numerical Aperture of the light can be increased beyond the limits imposed by polymer coatings. The presented pump combiners are especially well suited for high power fiber lasers, since such combiners can be spliced directly onto the active fiber, thereby enabling a robust, stabile laser solution with excellent efficiency and beam quality.


This study aims to investigate the characteristic of a compact generator – hydro turbine system. The generator is of permanent magnet type and the turbine operates in a very low head. The integration of the two components is conducted in such a way that simplifies the construction of the conventional turbine generator. The method is by mounting the generator stator to the turbine casing and the permanent magnets are assembled in the perimeter of the turbine blade rotor. This simple construction is approached by making the stator from individual teeth and yoke. The permanent magnet generator (PMG) is designed to produce the nominal power of 300 Watt 50 Hz at 83 rpm of turbine shaft. All components of the integrated turbine- generator are totally immersed in the water stream. The stator has to be hermitic to avoid water entering the spool. Another issue investigated is the influence of the type of the stator inner casing material to the generator performance. The results show, the PVC material for inner casing has a good influence to the generator performance compared with the mild steel material.


This article aims to critically examine the media's treatment of digital entrepreneurship. To that end, it describes the paradigm from which journalists develop their ideas about digital start-ups and internet entrepreneurs. The answers that we obtained from 129 journalists revealed three main results. First, we observed that there is a kind of uniformity of opinion among journalists. Second, we uncovered a discrepancy between the convictions of the media and the observations of research in management sciences. Lastly, we demonstrated that the inaccuracies in some articles in the press are consciously conveyed and accepted by the journalists. Our article includes a number of discussions to comprehend the impact of these observations on the behavior and actions of stakeholders in the entrepreneurial ecosystem.


Objective To investigate the clinical effects of different acupuncture treatments based on syndrome differentiation in reducing body fat and weight in simple obesity patients. Methods Two hundred patients with simple obesity were randomly allocated to five groups, that is, filiform needle acupuncture, acupuncture plus auricular-plaster therapy, acupuncture plus cupping, acupuncture plus iontophoresis, and electroacupuncture, 40 cases each. Acupuncture treatment was given once every other day, 15 times as a course. The clinical effects of different acupuncture treatments were compared at the end of the course. Results There was no marked effectiveness in 3, 2, 2, 1 and 2 patients, respectively, in the five groups. The total efficacy rate was 95%. Conclusion Acupuncture based on syndrome differentiation is an effective way to treat simple obesity.


The Village of Jugutbatu has mangrove forest which is used as a tourist attraction. Mangrove forest itself has a function to minimize abrasion and tidal wave. Utilization of the attraction is inseparable from the participation of Jungutbatu villagers so this study aims to see the form of participation of Jungutbatu villagers in mangrove tour
This research uses observation, interview, and documentation techniques. This research uses qualitative data. Data source used is primary and secondary data source. Data analysis techniques in the form of narrative data exposure
Tourist attraction in newly discovered mangrove forest. Then the community began to plunge into the field of tourism by estabilishing mangrove tour organization sari segara serving mangrove tour services and making various tourism services such as restaurants, souvenirs, and alternative services around mangrove forests such as canoes, and standard paddle. Finally, public awareness to preserve the environment to create sustainable tourism

Keywords : Mangrove Tour, Participation, Local Community


Reprin low in Ra Level 1 C BT9 7AB 28906994 Present ciety of T 1–5, 2009 Purpose: F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has benefits in target volume (TV) definition in radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP) for non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, an optimal protocol for TV delineation has not been determined. We investigate volumetric and positional variation in gross tumor volume (GTV) delineation using a planning PET/CT among three radiation oncologists and a PET radiologist. Methods and Materials: RTP PET/CT scans were performed on 28 NSCLC patients (Stage IA–IIIB) of which 14 patients received prior induction chemotherapy. Three radiation oncologists and one PET radiologist working with a fourth radiation oncologist independently delineated the GTV on CT alone (GTVCT) and on fused PET/ CT images (GTVPETCT). The mean percentage volume change (PVC) between GTVCT and GTVPETCT for the radiation oncologists and the PVC between GTVCT and GTVPETCT for the PET radiologist were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Concordance index (CI) was used to assess both positional and volume change between GTVCT and GTVPETCT in a single measurement. Results: For all patients, a significant difference in PVC from GTVCT to GTVPETCT exists between the radiation oncologist (median, 5.9%), and the PET radiologist (median, -0.4%, p = 0.001). However, no significant difference in median concordance index (comparing GTVCT and GTVFUSED for individual cases) was observed (PET radiologist = 0.73; radiation oncologists = 0.66; p = 0.088). Conclusions: Percentage volume changes from GTVCT to GTVPETCT were lower for the PETradiologist than for the radiation oncologists, suggesting a lower impact of PET/CT in TV delineation for the PET radiologist than for the oncologists. Guidelines are needed to standardize the use of PET/CT for TV delineation in RTP. 2010 Elsevier Inc.


This document describes the development of a full scale empirical validation dataset for building energy simulation tools. This development is part of the IEA ECB ANNEX 58 "Reliable building energy performance characterisation based on full scale dynamic measurement" (ANNEX 58 Homepage). The German part of this project is gouvernmet-founded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). The validation method consists of a set of high quality measurement data and a precise documentation of all boundary conditions. This enables a user to create a complete model of the different validation scenarios. The results of this model can be compared to the real measurement data. Because of the detailed modelling the remaining deviations should indicate the limitations of the tool under investigation. The definition of the scenarios consists of extensive weather data and a detailed description of the building geometry, components compositions, thermal bridges, air tightness, ventilation, etc.


A succinct explanation of this discovery, and of subsequent scholarship, must start with Mr. Frank Sidgwick, who was the first to publicly exhibit the ballad, in I905 in Notes and Queries.2 It had been collected originally in i888 from an old Herefordshire man, who called it "The Withies" (see Appendix, B). At practically the same time that this second Notes and Queries text was printed, another version appeared in the Journal of the Folk-Song Society.3 It was collected by Dr. Vaughan-Williams and designated "Our Saviour Tarried Out" (see Appendix, C). Mr. Sidgwick soon followed, this time in Folk-Lore, with a reprint of his variant from Notes and Queries, and with various conjectures upon the ballad's origins, explication, and relation to other similar ballads.4 He also contributed still another text (variant), albeit incomplete. Mr. Sidgwick's zealous activity had meanwhile aroused some of the great ballad scholars of the day, who were amazed that Child's collection could have neglected an essentially "traditional" ballad. But the noted F. B. Gummere, in his The Popular Ballad (Boston, I907), pronounced it genuine. In an American journal G. H. Gerould supported Gummere's position with the single, most scholarly study that had been attempted as yet.5 In this investigation Gerould produced still another variant (actually a completion of Sidgwick's partial text which had appeared in the Journal of the Folk-Song Society-see Appendix, D), and he corrected Sidgwick's comments and interpretations in the course of attempting more advanced hypotheses of his own. The consensus then was that "The Withies" (or "The Bitter Withy," or "Our Saviour Tarried Out") was a traditional ballad not found in Child's extensive collection. However, the discussion of the new ballad was by no means termi-


The rocks of the 3rd ore-bearing rocks in Hongqiling area are composed of gabbro and pyroxenite and Ore-bearing come from pyroxenite facies.The ratio of Mg/Fe(m/f) is 1.27-4.93,with a 3.54 average,which indicates that that are iron ultramafic rocks.The REE patterns of the rocks show a relatively right deviation and enriched in LREE.Sulphur isotope of the ore was -1.7‰~+0.3‰,with a -0.68‰ average, which is identical with the sulphur isotope of meteorolite.The 3rd ore-bearing rocks have apparent consistent and similarity with the other ore-bearing rocks(the 1st,the 2nd,the 7th,and the 9th)in petrofacies,ore-bearing rocks and its mineral components,petrochemis try features,main ore elements,REE features and its patterns,sulfur isotope compon ent.All the ore-bearing rocks in the ore field formed in the same tectono-magmatic activities.Magma and mineralization have the same sources,and formed the same ore deposits.


Chinese jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is highly resistant to environmental stress and can be easily cultivated, thus many jujube cultivars are being developed. However, the same cultivars had been cultivated with different names. Thus, systematic man-agement is required to protect the intellectual property of different varieties. To aid systematic control of jujube cultivars, this study presents efficient markers for distinguishing cultivars through identification of morphological characteristics and relationships among 25 jujubes. Among 10 qualitative characteristics, flowering time, fructification time, presence of thorns, and shape of fruit were found to be useful traits for the cultivar identification. In the results of principal component analysis, 3 principal components (PC) represented 73% for the total variations. PC1 showed high positive correlations with fruit – related characteristics and PC2 formed a cluster with leaf-related characteristics. Therefore, the differences in fruit and leaf were identified as useful traits for the cultivar identification. According to the results of cluster analysis, which largely divided cultivars into 4 clusters, Sour jujube 2, with smaller fruits and leaves, was separated first. Cluster II included Chinese cultivars with large fruit sizes, such as Dalizao, Dabailing, Damaya, and Daguazao. Three Korean cultivars were grouped with Bokjo, Panzao, Zanhuangdazao, and Jinsi No. 3, and the remaining 13 cultivars formed a separate cluster.


Purpose: to analyze the value of theoretical and practical knowledge and skills obtained in the study of Academic Drawing by students of the Decorative and Appling Art`s Department of the Kosiv Institute of Applying and Decorative Art LNAA. Methodology. Analytical and comprehensive approaches to the subject of research, structural analysis, observation and modeling methods, as well as comparative analysis were used, which made it possible to identify the features of drawing techniques` using in the realization of decorative and applied art projects. Results. The importance of the Drawing in the process of creating and making of decorative and applied art`s projects has been determined. It was revealed that for the realization, analysis of the form, its design (architectonics) and material is of particular importance, while the graphic means characteristic of a drawing is most often used to apply an ornament to the surface of the item. It is also important to sketching, aimed at theoretical comprehension of existing forms; search for new forms and designs in accordance with the previous idea. Special attention to the importance of the drawing in the education of students' aesthetic ideas and the creation of artistic and expressive works of art is paid. Scientific novelty of the paper lies in identifying the theoretical and practical skills and abilities that students of decorative and applied art`s specialties receive in the study of Academic Drawing and how they use them in the creating projects and art works based on the Kosiv Institute of Applying and Decorative Art LNAA. Practical significance. The obtained results into account in the process of teaching special disciplines can be taken, developing guidelines for them, in further scientific research.


This topical textbook provides a bridge between technical and popular texts on global warming within the broader context of climate change. Written at an introductory level, it explains the interacting components of this system : what the greenhouse effect is; and how scientists seek to predict climate change. It makes accessible the technical and heavy science literature to the 'non-science' student. Global warming is one of the major environmental problems facing the world today. But it is an issue surrounded by great contention because it is based largely on scientific prediction and has yet to be proven. Opinion is divided regarding whether global warming will occur and, if it does, what the effects will be. In order to appreciate the uncertainties surrounding this issue, it is necessary to understand the workings of the climate system and the methods by which scientists seek to predict climate change. 'Global Warming' aims to make accessible the heavily technical literature to the non-science student, providing a bridge between the highly scientific and the popular non-academic texts. Placing global warming within the broader context of climate change, this textbook details the interacting components of the climatic system, reviewing the importance of changing carbon dioxide levels for the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and climate. Utilising observed and modelled data, it presents the latest evidence for and against global warming whilst highlighting the difficulties involved with analysing both types of data and introducing areas of controversy within research. The book also addresses the important problem of making policy decisions for the future, based on the uncertain science of global warming.


Mid-gap work function (∼4.7eV) for mono-nickel-silicide (NiSi) was obtained by extrapolating flat band voltages of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with different gate oxide thickness. Both silicidation temperature and time can affect the nickel silicide work function as a result of different Ni:Si ratio close to the gate oxide interface. Arsenic implantation into the polysilicon before silicidation can shift the NiSi work function towards the silicon conduction band, which makes it suitable for high performance NMOS applications. The physical mechanism responsible for this work function shift is arsenic pile-up at the oxide interface during the nickel silicidation process. Therefore, dual work function metal gate can be obtained by using a single gate full silicidation process. Silicidation temperature and time also affect the work function shift from arsenic dopant, and the incomplete gate silicidation can have the maximum work function modification effect. Arsenic activation temperature before silicidation was found to have a significant effect on the work function shift. Un-annealed samples exhibit a minimum shift in work function due to the low dopant pile-up concentration at the oxide interface.