Effects of Experience on Relational Inferences in Children: The Case of Folk Biology John D. Coley (email@example.com) Anna Z. Vitkin (email@example.com) Claire E. Seaton (email@example.com) Jennelle E. Yopchick (firstname.lastname@example.com) Department of Psychology, Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave, Boston MA 02115 USA Abstract (e.g., birds) to share properties even in spite of dissimilar outward appearances (Gelman & Coley, 1990). Moreover, parental speech to preschoolers is rich in references to taxonomic relations, and parents stress these relations more for living things than for human-made artifacts (Gelman, Coley, Rosengren, Hartman & Pappas, 1998). But taxonomic relations are not the only candidate relations for guiding inductive inferences. Recent studies suggest that thematic relations–which emphasize external or complementary interactions between entities that co-occur in space and time–are also important for guiding induction. Information known to be true of Class A can be projected to Class B on the basis of causal or temporal interactions between the classes, regardless of taxonomic similarity. For instance, Ross and Murphy (1999) demonstrate that both script categories (e.g., breakfast foods) and taxonomic categories (e.g., meats) can support inductive inferences among food categories, depending on the property being inferred. Likewise, Lin and Murphy (2001) provide convincing evidence for the importance of thematic relations in adults' categorization and inductive reasoning. Finally, Medin, Coley, Storms and Hayes (2003) provide evidence that relevant causal relations can outweigh taxonomic relations in guiding inferences. Such thematic reasoning seems especially pervasive among individuals with relatively high levels of knowledge and experience, at least in the domain of folk biology. For example, Lopez, Atran, Coley, Medin and Smith (1997) found that the Itza' Maya of Guatemala utilize causal and ecological relations to guide inductive inferences about local mammals, whereas North American university students used taxonomic relations. Proffitt, Coley and Medin (2000) report a pattern of results for Chicago-area tree experts reasoning about trees that is virtually identical to that observed for Itza' reasoning about mammals, suggesting that expertise, rather than culture, may be primarily responsible for the salience of thematic relations in reasoning. Shafto and Coley (2003) found that experts reasoned more thematically than novices, and also found that experts showed more inductive selectivity than novices. Specifically, when reasoning about novel diseases, commercial fishermen based projections among marine species on predator-prey relations among species; however, when reasoning about "property x," experts relied on taxonomic relations. In contrast, undergraduate novices Recent research suggests that adults utilize thematic relations as well as taxonomic relations for guiding inductive inferences, and that thematic relations grow in salience with experience in a given domain. The present study examines the impact of experience on the salience of thematic versus taxonomic inferences. 151 kindergarten through sixth-grade children from urban, suburban, and rural communities in New England were given a forced choice triad induction task requiring them to project a novel internal substance or disease from a base species to a taxonomically or ecologically related target. Results indicate clear evidence of inductive selectivity; children projected insides taxonomically and disease ecologically, both at above-chance levels. Moreover, ecological projections of disease were more likely for older children and for children from more rural communities. Overall, results suggest that for children, like adults, experience renders non-taxonomic relations salient for selectively guiding inductive inferences. Introduction Acts of inductive reasoning—"inferential processes that expand knowledge in the face of uncertainty" (Holland, Holyoak, Nisbett & Thagard, 1986, p. 1)—are ubiquitous in everyday cognitive functioning and therefore a central issue in cognitive science. We are constantly using what we know to make inferences about what we don't know. On what basis do we extend knowledge from known to unknown? Given the multitude of relations that exist among classes of entities, which relations do we rely on to guide inductive inferences? Most existing models of induction stress the importance of taxonomic relations; information known to be true of Class A is projected to Class B on the basis of overall similarity, specific shared features, common membership in the same superordinate class, or the presumption of a shared underlying essence (e.g., Osherson, Smith, Wilkie, Lopez & Shafir, 1990; see Sloman, 1993 for a model which explicitly avoids invoking category membership but is based on featural similarity). Taxonomic relations—in addition to being an important guide for adult inferences—are also extremely important for organizing knowledge and guiding inferences from early in development. For instance, two-year-old children expect objects that are similar in appearance (e.g., a bird and a pterosaur) to share other less obvious properties; however, when given information about category membership, two- year-olds expect members of plant and animal categories


In the presence of acrylic acid (AA) as a primary dopant, polyaniline (PANI) doped with poly(acrylic acid) was successfully synthesized by using ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator and oxidizing agent. The effect of experimental conditions on the polymer yields was systematically studied. It was found that the polymer yield can be as high as 65%, and this value strongly depends on synthesis conditions, such as the reaction time, the molar ratio of oxidizing agent to aniline monomer, the concentration of reactants and reaction temperature. The molecular weight () of main chains of the de-doped PANI is estimated to be 32,000–53,000. Based on the data of FT-IR, UV-vis, 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis and electrical conductivity measurement, the emeraldine salt form of PANI was confirmed and the molecular structure of the resulting PANI-AA was proposed. Accordingly the reaction mechanism was discussed and it was convinced that the polymerization reaction of AA is initiated by APS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Recent decades have witnessed an increasing interest in motion events resulting in thorough knowledge about expressions of manner. However, the individual dimensions of manner of motion have been investigated less extensively. In this study, we focus on one particular dimension of manner: speed. By analysing the Estonian language and applying corpus methods, we show that speed is one of the core dimensions of manner. In Estonian, speed can be expressed with motion verbs and various types of manner modifiers. Speed modifiers can have a function of compensation (providing information that is not present in the verb), specification (providing additional details), and/or intensification (strengthening the meaning conveyed by the verb). Moreover, compared to slow motion, the expression of fast motion in modifiers is more frequent and more diverse in terms of semantic distinctions and morphosyntactic realisations. Drawing on these results, we frame a hypothesis of the fast-over-slow bias.


A multidose tolerance trial of an experimental antihypertensive drug was monitored by remote data entry. The study was conducted offshore with a 6-hour time difference between investigator and sponsor sites. All 12 patients were enrolled at the same time, making this 2-week study both short and data intensive. The primary end-points were blood pressure and various safety assessments. Personal computers (IBM-XT) were installed at both the investigator's site and the sponsor's site; data was transferred by phone lines via modems. Remote data entry provided a number of advantages over conventional monitoring. Because data was available for review within 48 hours of the patient visit, it was possible to identify miscalculations of certain parameters and protocol violations early in the course of the study. The capacity of the software to review data across parameters, visits, or patients allowed for better safety monitoring. In addition, graphs and tables of key endpoints were constructed within 24 hours of study completion, which saved considerable time in planning for future trials with this experimental drug.


Hugo Sinzheimer and his one-time student Otto Kahn-Freund are widely regarded as the founding fathers of German and British labour law respectively. While, at first glance, the two scholars might appear to have advocated rather different approaches to the regulation of employment relations, a review of their work reveals that both argued, in essence, for the constitutionalization of those relations. Both argued, in other words, for the removal from the economic sphere of the otherwise inequitable consequences of the functioning of private law, so that collectivized labour might participate with capital, on a parity basis, in the autonomous regulation of the economy.


This work is a preliminary study based on a qualitative research strategy of an exploratory nature to ascertain whether Brazilian public schools had the adequate technological infrastructure to begin remote classes during the pandemic period in the second quarter of 2020. An analysis was made on the availability of internet access and also on equipment needed for remote classes in Brazilian public schools from datas by Cetic.br, CIEBE, and MEC/FNDE. Although the data from the analyzed sources are numerical, the research does not combine the quantitative data, but only interprets the information provided by the three institutions. The result indicates a lack of technological infrastructure, connectivity, and planning for disruptive technologies.


We have studied the strangeness-changing antineutrino-induced reactions ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{l}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{l}^{+}\ensuremath{\phi}B$, with $\ensuremath{\phi}B={K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$, ${\overline{K}}^{0}n$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$, $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, $\ensuremath{\eta}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$, ${K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${K}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{0}$, using a chiral unitary approach. These ten coupled channels are allowed to interact strongly, using a kernel derived from the chiral Lagrangians. This interaction generates two $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1405)$ poles, leading to a clear single peak in the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ invariant mass distributions. At backward scattering angles in the center-of-mass frame, ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ is dominated by the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1405)$ state at around 1420 MeV while the lighter state becomes relevant as the angle decreases, leading to an asymmetric line shape. In addition, there are substantial differences in the shape of $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ invariant mass distributions for the three charge channels. If observed, these differences would provide valuable information on a claimed isospin $I=1$, strangeness $S=\ensuremath{-}1$ baryonic state around 1400 MeV. Integrated cross sections have been obtained for the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ and $\overline{K}N$ channels and the impact of unitarization in the results has been investigated. The number of events with $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1405)$ excitation in ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}p$ collisions in the recent antineutrino run at the Main Injector Experiment for $\ensuremath{\nu}$-A (MINER\ensuremath{\nu}A) has also been obtained. We find that this reaction channel is relevant enough to be investigated experimentally and to be taken into account in the simulation models of future experiments with antineutrino beams.


The present study was designed to develop and validate a simple, sensitive, precise and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Ascorbic acid and N-Acetylcysteine in bulk and tablet dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Denali C18 (4.6 x 250mm, 5µm) as stationary phase with a mobile phase of 0.1% OPA: acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and PDA detection at 220 nm. The proposed method was validated for system suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and robustness as per ICH guidelines. The retention times of Ascorbic acid and N-Acetylcysteine were found to be 2.587 ± 0.06 and 3.254 ±0.05 min respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 25% to 150% of the working concentration (r 2 =0.999) for both the drugs in binary mixture. The accuracy was found to be 99.45% and 99.31% for Ascorbic acid and N-Acetylcysteine respectively. The LOD was found to be 0.51 µg/ml and 0.24 µg/ml and LOQ was found to be 1.55 µg/ml and 0.73 µg/ml for Ascorbic acid and N-Acetylcysteine respectively. The percentage recoveries for both drugs were in the range of 99-100%. Hence the proposed stability indicating RP-HPLC ethod can be used in routine analysis of tablets containing Ascorbic acid and N-Acetylcysteine.


The existing curve-drawing algorithms are single step. A double-step commonly used algorithm for drawing curves is presented in this paper. In each step of the algorithm two pixels are drawn. As an example, the realization process for cubic Bezier curve is given. A pseudo code of the algrithm is given. The results of the calculation comparison between the algrithms are given. The results show that the calculation of the proposed double-step algorithm is much less than that of the single-step algorithm.


During the summer months of 1983 Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, not earlier recorded from the Adriatic, constituted a considerable proportion of the regular summer bloom in the Sibenik Bay (eastern Adriatic coast). During the subsequent years (1984,1985,1986) the proportions of P. minimum in summer blooms in the Ŝibenik Bay was constantly increasing (Marasović, 1986; Marasović, in press). At the same time its presence was reported from the other parts of the Adriatic coast, attributed to the intensified eutrophication of the Adriatic waters (Pucher-Petković & Marasović, 1987; Marasović et al., 1988; Pucher-Petković et al., 1988; Marasović, 1989).


Austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel was cycled with three constant stress amplitudes and different mean stresses and cyclic stress-strain response and fatigue life were measured. Fatigue hardening/softening curves and cyclic creep curves were recorded. Saturated plastic strain amplitude was plotted vs. stress amplitude to obtain cyclic stress-strain curves for different mean stresses. The dependence of the cyclic stress-strain curve on the mean stress was established. Cyclic creep rate decreases progressively during the fatigue life leading to saturation of the mean stress. Fatigue life decreases with the mean stress and different representation of the fatigue life curves were presented and discussed in terms of crack initiation and growth. K e y w o r d s: cyclic plasticity, cyclic creep, mean stress, fatigue life, duplex steel


Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for processing an exhaust gas, which enable to suppress decrease of pH and increase of ORP of a mixture of an aqueous solution of a reducing agent and an aqueous alkali solution circulated within a wet reactor comprising a reduction reaction region and an oxidation reaction region. The method and apparatus enable to prevent deterioration of the mixed aqueous solution, and can be continuously operated for a long time. Specifically, the ORP and pH of the mixed aqueous solution of the aqueous solution of a reducing agent and the aqueous alkali solution to be circulated within the wet reactor are measured, and a fresh aqueous solution of a reducing agent and a fresh aqueous alkali solution are supplied, if necessary, into a reservoir unit arranged in the lower part of the wet reactor so that the ORP and pH of the mixed aqueous solution are kept within predetermined ranges.


The Large Hadron Collider is a 26.7 km circular accelerator based on a twin aperture superconducting magnet design with a design proton beam energy of 7 TeV. The four particle physics experiments ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb are located around the ring.
The LHC was first operated with beams for short periods in 2008 and 2009. In 2010, a first experience with the machine was gained at a beam energy of 3.5 TeV, with moderate beam intensities of 1.1 × 1011 protons per bunch (ppb) and up to ∼200 bunches. In 2011, the beam intensity was increased to ∼1400 bunches of 1.4 × 1011 ppb, while 2012 was dedicated to luminosity production with higher bunch intensities (1.6 × 1011 ppb) and a beam energy of 4 TeV. The running years 2010–2013 are commonly referred to as Run 1. In early 2013 beam operation was stopped for a 2 year long shutdown (LS1) to complete work on the magnets in view of reaching the design beam energy. Beam operation resumed in 2015 with beam energies of 6.5 TeV following a dipole training campaign that took place at the end of LS1. The LHC experiments had expressed a strong preference for beams with 25 ns bunch spacing, as opposed to the 50 ns spacing used in 2011–2012, as this would result in too many inelastic collisions per crossing (pile-up). On the machine side, this posed additional challenges, so 2015 became a learning year dedicated to preparing the machine for full luminosity production in 2016–2018 (Run 2).
In addition to the proton beams, one month per year is dedicated to running with heavy ions, providing either Pb–Pb or p–Pb collisions. The first two years of Run 1 provided Pb–Pb collisions to the experiments, and the final year was dedicated to p–Pb. Run 2 (2015–2018) again saw a mix of Pb–Pb and p–Pb set-ups, except in 2017- when Xe–Xe collisions were provided for the first time to the experiments.


By understanding processes that create inclusive environments and methods for accommodating individual difference, outdoor adventure educators can successfully integrate students with impairments and disabilities into standard programs. This article offers a paradigm shift away from viewing disability as the primary identity of persons with impairments and disabilities toward understanding impairment and disability as a small part of the experience of individual difference. The author provides some historical background to the topic, offers suggestions about how to accommodate for specific differences, identifies principles of inclusion, and specifies criteria for implementing inclusive practices in outdoor adventure education.


Boumerdes 21 May 2003 earthquake caused several damages for both Boumerdes and Algiers departments. The container terminal of Algiers port constitutes one of the most damage case observed in the Algiers capital. This site has underwent strong disorders due mainly to soil liquefaction causing settlement of about 30 to 40cm and reaching even 70 cm in some zone. The Algiers port is characterized by their high strategic position and economics reputation. It extends over an area of about 126 ha and has a storage capacity of 28.20 ha. So, the improvement of the soil bearing capacity and the rehabilitation of the site are necessary. The aim of this paper deals the numerical modeling, using Plaxis software, to study the contribution of stones columns to the improvement of Algiers port bearing capacity in static and dynamics conditions, as well as reducing the site liquefaction potential.


Intermolecular interactions between new bismacrocyclic donors and a series of acceptors (such as quinone, TCNQ, or toluene) have been studied by crystallography in the solid state and by voltammetr...


A series of cations of the type 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane(π-all)palladium(II) (all = allyl, 2-methylallyl, 2-tert-butylallyl, 1-methylallyl, 1,1-dimethylallyl, syn-1-tert-butyl-2-methylallyl) have been isolated as PF6− and/or BF4− salts. Variable temperature n.m.r. data fully substantiate the proposal that pyridine promoted exchange of syn and anti proton sites in such complexes occurs via a π → σ → π mechanism that involves consecutive SN2 ligand substitutions. Comparison of this variable temperature n.m.r. data with that obtained for the complexes 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane(π-all)palladium(II) chloride (prepared in situ) has shown that the chloride ion, functioning as a nucleophile, is also effective in promoting π → σ → π reactions. Studies of bis(dimethylphenylphosphine) (π-1,1-dimethylallyl)palladium(II) chloride in CDCl3 below −30° have shown that rapid consecutive SN2 substitution reactions, in which chloride acts as a nucleophile, are also occurring in systems containing monodentate t...


Although precise mechanisms of MTX-induced hepatotoxicity are unknown, a variety of both folate-dependent and -independent pathways have been theorized (Fig. 1). There have been differing viewpoints in the literature about whether the type of rheumatic disease (i.e., PsO/ PsA versus RA) confers differing risk for MTX hepatotoxicity, with some studies suggesting a higher risk for patients with PsO/PsA, and others suggesting similar risk among rheumatic diseases.


There are numerous individual works in Qing Dynasty which is difficult to collect.The individual works scattered outside the collection are in a large number and the situation was quite complicated.It is a big task to compile works of the poets in Qing Dynasty.The poems outside the collections of the three poets in the late Qing Dynasty,namely,SUN Qiang-ming,WANG Kai-yun and XU Ding-chao,which refers to Qing poetry collection,or some important poets' lifetime and thoughts.Those collections of poems provide supplement for the previously published Collection of SUN Qiang-ming,Collection of XIANG Yi Mansion and XU Ding-chao,Investigating Censor,and render these collections more complete.


Much of the work on life history evolution in plants has dealt with allocation of reproductive effort (Abrahamson 1975; Abrahamson and Gadgil 1973; Gaines et al. 1974; McNaughton 1975; Oka 1976; Stearns 1976, 1977, 1980; Newell and Tramer 1978; Primack 1979). The juvenile period, however, occupies a major and critical portion of the life cycle of many species. Allocation of growth among vegetative organs during the juvenile period may place constraints on later development. The work of Marks (1975) and others (Troughton 1960; Monk 1966; Harper 1977; Pitelka 1977; Abrahamson 1979) suggested that species with short life spans make a greater investment in shoot biomass than do long-lived species. Preferential investment in shoot biomass is thought to permit a faster rate of development, but to sacrifice the capacity to withstand competition. We explored relationships between division of biomass and other aspects of life history: pines investing heavily in foliage as a proportion of total biomass had characteristics associated with r-selection, including small size at maturity, small seeds, low tolerance of competition, early reproduction, and short life spans. Species with the opposite constellation of characteristics invest more heavily in structural and conductive organs, roots, and stems. These character associations suggest that allocation of biomass in the juvenile stage is a fundamental aspect of


A thesis submitted to the
School of Graduate Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering
August 2013


With the impact of increased fire resistance requirements that NAVSEA is invoking on ship programs, and the lack of structural doors (i.e., watertight) that are also fire resistant, the industry can benefit from having a compliant option for structural doors that maintains the required internal shipboard fire zone boundaries using only one structural door. Currently using either legacy Navy standard watertight single doors or the new standardized family of watertight single doors tested for pressure and shock qualification during the prior NSRP project, would require installation of two doors in close proximity to one another at fire zone boundaries. One that serves as a fire barrier and the other serving to maintain watertight integrity, or some other mitigating design. A fire resistant watertight door design will reduce the area and volume penalty to ship designs compared to alternate methods and will reduce the ship cost due to having fewer doors to purchase and install. Upon incorporation in a revised Navy standard drawing, these drawings are expected to be invoked on current and future shipbuilding contracts, which will provide a strong basis for widespread implementation after the project is completed.


Following the Second World War and its attendant unparalleled barbarity, it has become a virtual impossibility for the writer to remain uncommitted. Even a Catholic writer as reputedly aloof from the events and preoccupations of the world as Greene's namesake and fellow convert from Protestantism, Julien Green, could state in the sixties that such a stance was no longer possible, that the attractive ivory tower of former times must have disappeared during an air raid. 1 Graham Greene's own personal commitment had already made itself apparent in a number of novels written before the Second World War. If the most notable example of his commitment to the Roman Church in this period is to be found in The Power and the Glory , published in 1940, and in his documentary account of his 1938 Mexican journey, The Lawless Roads (1939), in which a faith however downtrodden and oppressed is seen to offer a degree of solace and hope to a beleaguered population, his social and political involvement-never narrowly tied to the doctrines of any one partyis clearly revealed in It's A Battlefield (1934). The latter work was widely regarded as revolutionary by reviewers at the time 3 . Although Samuel Hynes is right to assert that a revolutionary interpretation is not evident or clear 4 , as Roger Sharrock states, quoting the character Caroline Bury's left-wing sentiments: "Greene was certainly some sort of socialist when he wrote this" 5 . For Sharrock, however, Greene's first concern here is with alienation, "with the alienation of individuals and not directly with attempts to change society" . Referring to this period in his writing in conversation with Marie-Franc;oise Allain, Graham Greene corroborates what he views as coherence and consistency in his Left wing position opted for as a young man, emerging in the works of the 30s and being kept up in the works of the 80s:


Nanocomposites made by epoxies and inorganic materials have been a vital subject of research not only due to that epoxies are one of the most important type of thermosetting resins widely used as surface coatings, adhesives, castings and laminates [1], but also owing to that epoxy–inorganic nanocomposites may offer unique properties compared with conventional epoxy-based composites because of their distinctive size, surface chemistry and topology [2]. In this study, Glycerol diglycidyl ether (GDE), and 3,3-dimethylglutaric anhydride (DGA) were carefully and homogeneously mixed, at a stoichiometric ratio, then nanoalumina (10 phr) is added to the epoxy matrix. In the last stage, the initiator was added at 0188 . 0  TEA X . Dynamic DSC scans were conducted in the temperature rang of 25-280 C at five different heating rates of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 min / 0 C . Experimental data was analyzed using DSC by the homogeneous reaction method in which a E


Introduction The paper is related to the physical processes in the SPT channel. The ion and electrons dynamics equations are established and the We investigated physical phenomena in experimental determination of electrons accelerator with closed electron drift distribution finction is shown. Electrons are shown on fig 1. Topogramms of magnetic distributed in three groups of different energy. lines of force ' = const and electric These measurements are essential for the SPT potential are also shown. We must note, optimization. that magnetic field increases from anode to outlet, where there is the main voltage drop. The characteristic dimensions are List of symbols the length of channel L = 42 mm, A Normalizing coefficient clearance between dielectric walls h = 16 Ae Potential vector component mm, magnetic field at outlet H'100Gs, c Spd of ght electric field E " 100V/cm, neutral density c Speed of lih no101 3 cm-3 electron density e Electron charge ne-101 1cm-3, electron temperature E Electrostatic field (mean energy) E '10-20eV. experimental f Distribution function investigation was carried out with small F probes rp'rd, where r -radius of the h Distance between channel walls probe, rd -Debye length and the spectral H Magnetic field methods were used to check the results, I Integral of motion obtained with probes [1]. L Lengh of channel m Electron mass m Mass flow 1.Ion dynamics M on mass na Atom density ne Electrons density Ion dynamics is obvious : when an ion ni Ion density appears, it is accelerated by electrostatic r Radial coordinate field. That magnetic it is a very good rd Debye length approximation to admit field and collisions rp Probe radius are negligible for ions. Ion motion is t Time described by equation: Ud Discharge voltage v Particle speed M dvi = eE, (1) V Potential dt z Axial coordinate and ion appears with zero velocity and Italic letters then moves practically along electric lines E Electron energy of force. Thus, if one knows $(x), he may P Moment plot the electrostatic lines sector of escape, and if ion appears in this sector, it Greek letters leaves the channel. Fig 2 represents the • Constant distribution of electric potential for Xe, Y Consant when m = 2mg/s, Ud = 220 V, H = 150Gs. A Energy spread Since the ionization distribution in channel 0 Potential of SPT is known, one may obtain that SMagnetic flux function each atom of Xe is ionized twice. In order e Angular coordinates to calculate the dynamics of heavy p Maximum energy of slow electrons particles (atoms and ions) it is necessary S Angular frequd potentialcy to solve the system of two kinetic SGeneralized potential equations: I qatos


ACE2 on epithelial cells is the SARS‐CoV‐2 entry receptor. Single‐cell RNA‐sequencing data derived from two COVID‐19 cohorts revealed that MAP4K3/GLK‐positive epithelial cells were increased in patients. SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced GLK overexpression in epithelial cells was correlated with COVID‐19 severity and vesicle secretion. GLK overexpression induced the epithelial cell‐derived exosomes containing ACE2; the GLK‐induced exosomes transported ACE2 proteins to recipient cells, facilitating pseudovirus infection. Consistently, ACE2 proteins were increased in the serum exosomes from another COVID‐19 cohort. Remarkably, SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein‐stimulated GLK, and GLK stabilized ACE2 in epithelial cells. Mechanistically, GLK phosphorylated ACE2 at two serine residues (Ser776, Ser783), leading to the dissociation of ACE2 from its E3 ligase UBR4. Reduction in UBR4‐induced Lys48‐linked ubiquitination at three lysine residues (Lys26, Lys112, Lys114) of ACE2 prevented its degradation. Furthermore, SARS‐CoV‐2 pseudovirus or live virus infection in humanized ACE2 mice induced GLK and ACE2 protein levels, and ACE2‐containing exosomes. Collectively, ACE2 stabilization by SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced MAP4K3/GLK may contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID‐19.


We consider the nonlinear Schrodinger equation \begin{equation*} -\Delta u + (1+\mu g(x))u = f(u) \quad \text{in } \mathbb{R}^N, \end{equation*} where $N \ge 3$, $\mu \ge 0$; the function $g \ge 0$ has a potential well and $f$ has critical growth. By using variational methods, the existence and concentration behavior of the ground state solution are obtained.


The problem of optimization which consists in search of a maximum or a minimum of the valid function at the valid variables and definition of corresponding values of arguments on some set of n-dimensional space is considered. Optimization task in view, as a problem of search of a maximum (minimum) of multidimensional criterion function in the conditions of incompleteness of the data concerning model of object of management.


In recent years, with the rapid development of IR imaging seeker, the application of IR imaging guiding integrated guzing technology in air-to-air missile has been a hot research topic. However, IR imaging detector working in passive mode can′ t offer the missile -target distance directly,and limits improving of efficiency of fuze warhead matching. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the distance between missile and target accurately.Through analyzing the IR radiant transmiting process, and the influence of cloud attenuation on IR radiation was computed quantitatively, the application condition of passive ranging based on IR imaging gray was put forward.Compared with character size, target area could be easily picked up from IR images, a passive ranging algorithm based on area was given. Missile target distance and approaching velocity were estimated in the algorithm according to the change of area. When the distance was unreliable due to abrupt area changing, the last approaching velocity value was used to estimate the current distance. Simulational results show that ranging error caused by target turning maneuver can be avoided effectively and the ranging accuracy will be improved sequentially through introducing reliability into the algorithm.


We propose a scheme for quantum error correction using robust continuous variable probe modes, rather than fragile ancilla qubits, to detect errors without destroying data qubits. The use of such probe modes reduces the required number of expensive qubits in error correction and allows efficient encoding, error detection, and error correction. Moreover, the elimination of the need for direct qubit interactions significantly simplifies the construction of quantum circuits. We will illustrate how the approach implements three existing quantum error correcting codes: the three-qubit bit-flip (phase-flip) code, the Shor code, and an erasure code.


This paper presents a genetic-based approach to correct the parameters for single-phase induction motors. From conventional tests, electrical (resistances and inductances) and mechanical (moment of inertia and damping coefficient) parameters of the stator and the rotor can be estimated. The set of obtained parameters is able to apply for steady-state performance analyses. In transient states, motor responses generated by these parameters are not met the condition of acceptable accuracy. By some efficient search method incorporate with experimental data, the obtained parameters can be refined to yield the best curve fitting in both transient and steady-state responses. A 0.37-kW, 220 V, 50 Hz single-phase induction motor is used for test to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. As a result, the parameters of the induction motors can be satisfactorily improved to represent the motor dynamic. Key-Words: Single-phase induction motor, motor parameter, genetic algorithm.


In this paper is presented the design of an asymmetric greenhouse, with a simulation and evaluation of its microclimate by means of DesignBuilder®. Climatic and geographical conditions of the greenhouse location are processed with DesignBuilder®, which also allows to include the geometrical characteristics of the enclosure and its roofing, the properties of its building materials and a description of the climate control system. Three configurations of this asymmetric greenhouse are evaluated in order to analyze and compare their internal gains.


Objective
To investigate the etiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa).

Methods
The clinical data of one patient with bronchial PEComa treated in Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University on March 31, 2017 were analyzed, and the related literatures were reviewed.

Results
The pale and yellowish PEComa with medium texture was stained positively with HMB-45, Melan-A, S-100, SMA, Desmin, CD34, Vimentin, Ki-67(1%) by immunohistochemistry, and its pathological diagnosis was PEComa.

Conclusions
Bronchial PEComa is rare.The high frequency electrocoagulation snare by bronchoscope with argon plasma coagulation is an economic and less trauma method.

Key words:
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor; Bronchoscope; High frequency electrocoagulation snare


A 71-year-old woman was evaluated in the emergency department for fatigue, progressive dyspnea on exertion, and a nonproductive cough. She had a medical history of psoriasis, hypercholesterolemia, and a small hiatal hernia. The results of electrocardiographic and chest radiographic studies were normal. Two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler video showed a large echo-dense mass attached to the left side of the interatrial septum. The mass appeared to be an atrial myxoma measuring 7.3 × 3.0 cm with a circumference of 18.2 cm and an area of 20 cm2. Figure 1 shows the parasternal long-axis view of the Doppler video echocardiogram in systole. In diastole, the mass obstructed the left ventricular inflow and protruded through the mitral valve into the left ventricle as shown in Figure 2. At surgical resection, the myxoma appeared to have a narrow base; it was centered in the fossa ovalis on the left atrial side of the septum. The mass was resected, including the septal attachment. A bovine pericardial patch was used to close the defect, which was approximately 2 × 3 cm.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

The postoperative period was uneventful. Pathologic examination showed a gelatinous myxoma that weighed 43 g and measured 6.5 × 3.5 × 3.5 cm. The cut surface was partially necrotic and hemorrhagic; on 1 end was an attached portion of the resected atrial septal tissue (Fig. 3). At the patient's 6-month postoperative evaluation, she had fully recovered and was asymptomatic.

Fig. 3


In the USA in 1980 more men were murdered than women, approximately 3.69 men for every woman. Previous research has indicated that this sex difference in the likelihood of victimization from murder does not appeat in babies (Resnick, 1969). In the present study, the age at which this sex difference in murder victimization appears was explored in data from the 1980 mortality tapes from the National Center of Health Statistics (1985). Looking at each age group separately, the earliest age at which the sex difference appeared for any age group was in those children aged 1 yr.; when the sex ratio was for the absolute numbers 1.51, x I 2 = 4.14 ( p = 0.05) versus the sex rario for the population of 1-yr.-olds. The adjoining age categories are 11 mo. and 2 yr. The sex difference was not statistically significant consistently until the age group 15 to 19 yr. Here the sex ratio was 3.41; x 1 2 = 636.7 ( 9 < 0.001). The sex ratio for 10to 14-yr.-olds was 1.24 and for 20to 24-yr-olds 4.65. Looking at cumulative numbers, the sex difference first appeared and consistently appeared for those aged 1 yr. (for whom the sex rario was 1.30) and up. It appears that possibly for 1 yr. olds, the sex of babies does not affect their likelihood of being m ~ r d e r e d . ~ ~


The peculiarities of the influence of Debye parameters' variations on the characteristics of the microwave radiation field of water solutions are examined. Examples of these parameters and their variation according to the data of different authors are presented. Approximate expressions for the dependence of brighness temperature versus physical temperature and salinity of water are obtained for different wavelengths.


in English, text in Spanish This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/637 Recommended Citation Smith, M. D. (1994). La politica y el arte en la obra de Isabel Allende. Retrieved from https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/637 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following:  Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright.  A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author's moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth).  Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. LA PO UTICA Y EL ARTE EN LA OBRA DE


The spread of the Corona virus and the closure of borders and the ban on travel and commercial bodies in companies, which resorted to many commercial activities, relying on a large scale, e-commerce, tourism in that, commercial relations, as a result of the inability to fulfill their contractual obligations, which led jurists to rely on the theory of emergency conditions to explain the impossibility or difficulty of fulfilling the obligations of the contractors on the terms of contracts, and as a result of the occurrence of many contractual problems, the affect of a virus on the capacity of contractors to fulfill their obligations.

This article aims to analyze the impact of the spread of the virus on contractual obligations by relying on the force majeure theory, and the position of jurists on using this theory in explaining the impact of the spread of this epidemic on the ability of the contracting parties to fulfill their obligations.

The researcher has come out with a set of results, the most important of which is that the new Corona virus can be considered an obstacle or a force majeure, based on what was stated in the contents of the provisions of the relevant bodies, and this will have legal and economic implications for the contractual obligations of the various international commercial contracts.


In the history of Islamic education, the golden age of Islam was in the era of Abasyiah. Islamic scholarship progressed very rapidly, since there were supports of the spirit of the Muslims in learning, the caliph, and more importantly, the learning method that was developed in the classical era which was very supportive in the development of Islamic scholarship. The method used in classic era has been able to deliver the muslimstowards the golden era, and that must be appreciated, with re-actualize it in Islamic schools in Indonesia. This is needed to be done since the Islamic education institutions in Indonesia are less able to realize a strong generation in science.


Both natural and anthropogenic sources of stress can produce unanticipated and unprecedented ecosystem responses, such as a new equilibrium with long-term effects. Ecosystem models that simulate the prospective outcomes of management help to analyze responses to stress mitigation but cannot usually anticipate surprises-the emergence of new stable states. In managing stressed systems, we should therefore consider both what we predict and what we cannot predict.


Submitted for the APR09 Meeting of The American Physical Society Pionless effective field theory and the 4-nucleon scattering system JOHANNES KIRSCHER, HARALD GRIESSHAMMER, The George Washington University — The effective field theory without pions at next-to-leading-order is used to analyse universal bound-state and scattering properties of the 4-nucleon system. Results of five phase shift equivalent nucleon-nucleon potentials for the singlet Swave 3He neutron scattering length, a0(He-n), the phase shifts of the 4He system, and bound state properties for 3H, 3He, and 4He, are presented. The calculations are performed within the refined resonating group model and include a full treatment of the coulomb interaction. All results are compared with experimental data and values from AV18/UIX model calculations. A correlation between a0(He-n) and the 4He binding energy is found. Furthermore, we confirm the linear correlations, already investigated at leading-order, between the 3H binding energy and the 3H charge radius, and the Tjon line. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the pionless theory at next-to-leading-order in the 4He system, and confirm that no 4-nucleon force is needed to renormalize the theory at this order. Johannes Kirscher The George Washington University Date submitted: 05 Jan 2009 Electronic form version 1.4


This paper describes how to carry out the matrix-vector multiplications Ax and ATx on parallel computers where A is a sparse matrix arising from the discretization of partial differential equations. Two partitionings of the sparse matrix suitable for parallel computers are discussed. They are derived by interpreting the sparse matrix as a graph. One of the techniques partitions the graph of the matrix by finding edge separators. The other technique partitions the graph by finding vertex separators. We claim that in either case computing ATx is no more complex than computing Ax. Results from the implementation of the matrix-vector multiplications on the Intel iPSC/860 are presented which substantiate the claim. Results from an efficient implementation on the Cray Y-MP/1 are also presented for comparison.


Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic upended the delivery of cancer services across the care continuum. In the United States, the federalist system of governance led to health policy changes by federal, state, and local jurisdictions. At the intersection of these levels of government are state cancer control plans. Funded by the federal government, state cancer control plans are developed by state health departments in collaboration with healthcare providers, public health agencies, and community organizations. By outlining specific strategies for addressing cancer in the state, these plans serve a critical role during a public health emergency. This policy analysis aims to understand how states updated their cancer control plan as a response to COVID-19.
 Methods: This qualitative policy analysis began by reviewing the cancer control plans of all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The inclusion criteria required that each plan be updated after March 2020 and included language related to "COVID". These plans were then analyzed for COVID-19 related adaptations along three themes: 1) cancer care continuum, 2) service delivery, 2) population health and equity.
 Results: Among the 51 cancer plans analyzed, seven plans met the inclusion criteria (IL, IA, ME, NV, NC, UT, VT). Three states (IL, IA, ME) adapted their plans to increase cancer screenings, two plans to increase clinical trials (IA, ME), and one plan each targeted increased treatment (NC) and prevention activities (NV). Three states identified telehealth as a priority for service delivery (IL, NV, UT), but only two (IL, UT) identified telehealth equity as a barrier. Two states (IA, NC) prioritized addressing workforce shortage and disruptions caused by the pandemic. Health insurance loss and public health investments were also identified as service delivery concerns. Two states (IL, IA) acknowledged the role of social determinants of health exacerbating COVID-19 and cancer inequalities. Food insecurity (NV, UT) and job loss (ME, NV, UT) were also components of equity within these plans. Utah explicitly acknowledged the role of racism and gender as related to the disparate impact of COVID-19 on cancer care.
 Conclusion: This analysis highlighted how states adapted their cancer control plans in response to COVID-19 and may inform ongoing policy debate. Continued policy surveillance and evaluation could ensure that cancer patients receive timely, appropriate care during public health emergencies.
 Citation Format: Jason Semprini. How Did States Adapt Their Cancer Control Plan During the COVID-19 Pandemic? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Closing the Research-to-Implementation Gap; 2023 Apr 4-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 45.


Matched samples of motorcycle riders from mandatory and non- mandatory helmet use midwestern states were tested to determine knowledge about motorcycle helmets and attitude toward motorcycle helmet use. A total of 391 motorcyclists were given knowledge and attitude tests. Knowledge test scores showed no statistical significant differences. However, knowledge from both samples was low indicating a lack of information on helmets in reducing the likelihood of head injury. The attitude scale was found to be a good predictor of helmet use in the sample data derived from the non-mandatory helmet use state. In addition, attitude towards helmet use was significantly more favorable for the subjects from the mandatory helmet use state as compared to the students from the non-mandatory helmet use state.


by first focusing on the concept itself and relating this to parallel concepts developed in political science, law and sociology. Next, we discuss manifestations of transnational private regulation in the domains of technical standardization, environmental sustainability, labor, consumer protection, banking and finance, sports and Internet. This literature identifies a number of fundamental governance challenges. The scholarly responses to these challenges and the theorization around them are discussed in conclusion


This paper mainly deals with the service supply chain.Firstly,it builds a basic model on the strategies for both parties of the transaction in the service supply chain based on the combination of option contracts and spot market to obtain the combined procurement decision of service integrators,and maximizes the overall profits of the supply chain by formulating aproper option pricing mechanism for the service integrators.Then the basic model is applied to the emergency circumstance to discuss the change of procurement decision of service integrators in option and spot markets,and to reuse emergency option price mechanism to realize the recoordination of the service supply chain.


BACKGROUND
The Amazon region corresponds to approximately 40% of the cases of leishmaniasis in Brazil. We report a prospective study with 180 patients conducted in a health care unit that diagnoses 10% of the cases of leishmaniasis in the Brazilian Amazon. The study addresses how a combination of procedures improves diagnosis in areas with high prevalence of Leishmania guyanensis.

OBJECTIVES
to evaluate diagnostic methods in areas with high prevalence of Leishmania guyanensis.

METHODS
All subjects were amastigote-positive by direct microscopic examination of lesion scarifications. We conducted skin biopsy and histopathology, polymerase chain reaction and parasite cultivation.

RESULTS
Polymerase chain reaction detected almost ninety percent of infections when two amplification protocols were used (mini-exon and HSP-70). HSP-70 specific polymerase chain reaction matched the sensitivity of parasite cultivation plus histopathology.

CONCLUSION
The best combination was polymerase chain reaction plus histopathology, which increased diagnostic sensitivity to 94%. Species discrimination by polymerase chain reaction disclosed prevalence of human infections with Leishmania guyanensis of 94% and with Leishmania braziliensis of 6% for this region.


Based on conservation of resources theory, this study examines the relations of resources loss, coping measures, evaluation of social support and psychological symptoms of people in the 921 earthquake two years after the earthquake. This study tested resources loss or coping that influence people' psychological symptoms. Based on COR, resources loss should strongly predict psychological symptoms, but Benight et al., (1999) and Zeidner and Hammer (1992) suggested coping will directly influence psychological symptoms. This study also examined how different kinds of resources loss affected coping measures one uses, and social support and psychological symptoms. Three hundred and fifty four subjects were interviewed in this study, including 240 stayed in shelter, and 114 living in the same home before earthquake. Correlation results of this study support the hypothesis of conservation of resources theory, (i. e., resources loss affects the subject's psychological symptoms). "Expected support from external agency" and "avoidance coping" also significantly correlated with psychological symptoms. Results of stepwise regression analyses showed that the loss of personal resources was the strongest predictor of subject's psychological symptoms. "A voidance coping" and "expected support from external agency" also significantly influenced subjects' psychological symptoms, more than received social support.


We present the first fully automated compiler-runtime system that successfully translates and executes OpenMP shared-address-space programs on laboratory-size clusters, for the complete set of regu...


Using new information technology to predict the mechanism and characteristics of chronic liver disease is an effective way to improve its diagnosis. In this paper, we used the principal component analysis (P C A ) of the machine learning algorithm to reduce the dimensional indicators of chronic liver disease, combined with neural network learning to build a new intelligent prediction of chronic liver disease (IPCLD). The experiment studied 125 data sets of 20-di mensional indicators of chronic liver disease, used receiver operating characteristic (R O C ) curve to select 13-dimensional more sensitive indicators ? further reduces the dimension down to 5 by P C A . The neural network is trained with 115 data sets,and the remaining 10 data sets are used as test data sets. Compared with being trained by original data, the IPCLD improves 15. 0 7 % prediction accuracy and reduces the complexity.


The present invention provides a method for distributing gaseous hydrogen in the refueling station, before distributing includes dividing the first hydrogen stream to at least two streams, wherein at least one of said streams , is purified in the hydrogen purification process provides the above method. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a system for distributing gaseous hydrogen. .The


3D modeling of buildings is an important task for various fields such as urban planning, architecture and engineering analysis. This has led to development of many techniques for automatic generation of building models. Among them, we are focusing on a computer vision segmentation approach to group pixels into facades of buildings. We compare two types of approaches to this problem. The first one relies on facade segmentation to mask the relevant portion of the image, while the second detects the corners of the facade which are then connected to a polygon. We show that for the case of building facade segmentation, our approach using a convolutional neural network to generate polygons has the potential to give better results than standard segmentation.


Chapter 8 draws together the insights of the chapters that precede it to argue that in an age increasingly characterized by translocal livelihoods, conventional measures have failed to capture the extent of inequality. This is due to the prevalence of static, atomistic, and economically foreclosed conceptions of wealth, which under-represent both the scale and fungibility of inequality, viewing it as a local phenomenon mediated through income, where a more complex reality is preferable. It reflects on the example of Cambodia—a country where inequality is purported by macroscopic indicators to have declined in the last decade, but which more detailed studies reveal to be an endemic issue—to exemplify the need for a mobile approach to the measurement of inequality. In doing so, it concludes by demonstrating that a person's inequality derives not only from multiple places, but also multiple forms of wealth and well-being. Inequality, viewed thus, is a 'total social fact' whose origins and remedies are far less tractable than conventional measures have shown.


Maoshi Jigubian is the work of Chen Qiyuan, a classical scholar in the end of the Ming and early Qing Dynasty, to interpret The Book of Poetry. He applied the means of investigating into the past to interpret the meaning of the ancient book and his goal was to rectify the fault of giving up elegant teachings to mundane interpretation that happened since the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Over the years, many scholars studied The Book of Poetry, but in-depth discussions on Chen Qiyuan, who was in the middle of the transition period of Confucianism in terms of its change and development in the end of the Ming and early Qing Dynasties, were hardly seen. It should be helpful to study his book in order to understand the meaning of studying The Book of Poetry at a time when people were searching for new values of the Confucianism. This thesis selected Chen Qiyuan's Maoshi Jigubian as subject, examined it and sorted out the theories in the articles of Xuli and Juyao to verify the presentation in each poetry and to conclude Chen Qiyuan's position in discussing The Book of Poetry. Further on, this study examined his interpretation principle and method so that a full and complete understanding about Chen's studying The Book of Poetry could be achieved. Dialectics and investigation into the past were the two focuses of Maoshi Jigubian and its main dialectical subjects were those teachings such as Jizhuan and Daquan in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The contents of dialectics focused more on the methods of how The Book of Poetry was interpreted. Chen Qiyuan emphasized the interpretation on ancient texts and he was dedicated to searching for securities for means and information when he probed into the meaning of poetries. His way of emphasizing proofs and textual research proved him to be the pioneer of the textual criticism on classics that later developed. Chen Qiyuan took references from past explanations and chose some better parts that allowed him to look into the meaning of the ancient book. He followed Shi Xu and Mao Zhuan to interpret the book. He constructed a Shi teaching system by tracing back Confucius' process of investigating into the past through classic scholars and Confucius' students. A content that emphasized so much on teaching and covered the interpretations of the poet, Guoshi, Caishiguan, Zhougong, Confucius, classic scholars, poetry interpreters and Chen Qiyuan himself no longer represented a pure meaning from the poet. With the attitude and studying method of a sinologist, Chen Qiyuan had given new meaning and value to Maoshi in the end of the Ming and early Qing Dynasties. The investigation into the past that he had made was actually an academic product of a classic scholar who wished to make good use of the teachings and establish new value for the Confucianism in a volatile time.


Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying asthma and related phenotypes is a monumental task. To date, >100 susceptibility genes have already been identified with diverse functions. These can broadly be classified into those involved in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune system, epithelial biology, lung function and remodelling, and disease severity 1. An important advance that has the potential to accelerate progress in this area is the emergence of microarray-based expression profiling technology that enables the systematic, genome-wide analysis of the transcriptional changes underlying cellular behaviour and functionality. This new technology has already revealed important insights into asthma pathogenesis in experimental animal models 2, 3 but has yet to be exploited to a significant degree in the context of human asthma. In the current issue of the European Respiratory Journal , the study by Kapitein et al. 4 focuses on CD4 T-cell phenotypes associated with childhood wheeze, which represents a significant initial step in this direction.

CD4 T-cells, especially T-helper (Th)2-polarised effectors, are acknowledged to be major players in the pathogenesis of human asthma 1. Previous studies have demonstrated that Th2 cytokine production is elevated in airway CD4 T-cells in both atopic and nonatopic forms of the disease 5, 6. Moreover, levels of expression of Th2 cytokines by airway CD4 T-cells correlate with disease severity 7. Findings in blood, whilst not always reproducing those in the airways 7, 8, have demonstrated that T-cell response patterns are, to some degree, predictive …


Our knowledge of the flora of Guam has accumulat ed rather slowly since Magellan's discovery of the island in 1521, and is based on the studies of a number of botanists , including Gaudichaud, Safford, Merrill (1914), Glassman (1948), Walker and Rodin, Wagner and Grether, Bryan, Stone (1964) and Fosberg, to name but a few . The island is the southernmost in the Marianas Chain, and phytogeograph ically can scarcely be considered alone, but forms with the southern Marianas Islands-Rota, Tinian, Agiguan, and Saipan-a natural phytogeographic unit. Virtually all plants known in Guam also occur in the other Southern Marianas, and only a few plants occur in the Marianas except for Guam. These are mostly plants of the Northern M ar ianas, or a few species of Rota or Saipan not yet found in Guam (but probably occurring there ). Thus, the phytogeographic position of Gua m is essentially the same as for th e Southern Marianas as a who le. Our knowledg e of the islands of Rota, T inian, and Saipan, is very largely due to the studies of R. Kan eh ira, T. Hosokawa (1934a-c ), T. Tuyama, N . Fukuyama, and other Japanese scientists. The total flora so far recorded for Guam comes to 931 species, including the native and the introduced vascular plants. There are 6 gymnospe rms, 58 ferns and fern-allie s, 262 monocots, and 605 dicots. These are distribut ed among a total of 546 genera, of whi ch 37 are fern genera , 5 are gymnosp erms , 142 are monocots, and 362 are dicots. Of this grand total, th e introduced element comprises approximately 63% of the total (585 of 931 species ). Many of the introduced species are howev er quite rare. T his grand total of 931 exceeds provious estimates by Glassman (of 510 species) and Hosokawa, (of 480 species for the whole Marianas Chain). The Introduced plants may be arranged as follows: (1) Crops and experimental plantings. Monocots 51, Dicots 125. Total 176.


Abstract In this paper, we generalize the concept of purely imaginary roots of Kac–Moody algebras to generalized Kac–Moody algebras. Also we give a complete classification of those generalized Kac–Moody algebras with the purely imaginary property. We also define a new class of indefinite non-hyperbolic generalized Kac–Moody algebras called extended hyperbolic generalized Kac–Moody algebras and find that it does not always possess the purely imaginary property whereas the extended hyperbolic Kac–Moody algebras possess the purely imaginary property.


Composting is an ecologically sound method of recycling organic waste. Its advantages include the maintenance of soil fertility and improvement of soil physicochemical property. It is an essential part of the waste minimization. That is, composting should be included to increase the recycling rate up to more than 20%. To encourage composting of waste, it is necessary to develop some effective composters of small scale facilities and densely populated areas. For medium and large-size facilities, the optimum process should be selected. Technical counselling and support is desirable for small scale composters for urban residential and rural area. On the other hand, adequate amendment of relevant legislation should be followed to encourage composting. An example of unreasonable legislation is the current fertilizer management act. According to the regulation, the maximum allowable limit of lead in the compost is less than 150ppm, which is too strict. This limit should be increased to at least 300ppm, which is the observed level in most states in USA. At the same time, sound infrastructure should be established and decent publicity work should be achieved to accelerate composting activity. In this paper the desirable standard for some heavy metal concentration in the compost were suggested.


In this work we investigate the eigenvalues and eigensubspaces of algebra of convergent power series $\sum_n$ of $n$ variables $z=\left(z_1,\dots ,z_n\right)$. We introduce the notion resonancing endomorphisms and for the algebras $\sum_2$ we determine the eigenvalues of resonancing endomorphisms, also describe their corresponding eigensubspaces.


In this study, inorganic mercury [iHg (Hg2+)] and monomethylmercury [MeHg (CH3Hg+)] ions have been preconcentrated and determined by a column solid phase extraction method. Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry was used for the determination of mercury species. Optimum retention and elution parameters were determined for both mercury species separately. For this purpose, the effect of pH, flow rate and volume of sample solution, type, and concentration of eluent on the recovery of mercury species were investigated. Effects of possible interfering ions were also studied. Optimum values of flow rate, pH, and volume of sample solution were found to be 3 mL min−1, 4.0 and 50 mL, respectively, for both iHg and MeHg ions. Although the both species were retained at pH 4, the elution could be performed only with different eluents. While MeHg ions were eluted with 10 mL of 0.1 mol/L HCl solution, iHg ions were eluted with 10 mL of 0.2 mol L−1 thioureasolution in 3 mol L−1HCl. Limits of detection for iHg and MeHg were 0.44 µg L−1 and 0.56 µg L−1, respectively. To validate the proposed speciation and/or preconcentration method, a certified reference material (ERM-CE464) was analyzed and MeHg was determined with a relative error of 7.3%. The accuracy was also checked by analyzing spiked water and fish samples for both species.


This paper focuses on a large class of concurrent data structures that we call pool-like objects (e.g., stack, double-ended queue, and queue). Performance and progress guarantee are two important characteristics for concurrent data structures. In the aspect of performance, weakening the internal order in a pool-like object is an effective technique to reduce the synchronization cost among threads accessing the object, but no objects with weakened internal order provide a progress guarantee as strong as wait-freedom. Meanwhile, wait-free algorithms tend to be inefficient, which is mainly attributed to the helping mechanisms. Based on the philosophy of existing helping mechanisms, a wait-free pool-like object with weakened internal order would suffer from unnecessary process of getting the latest object state and synchronization. This paper takes a state-of-the-art implementation of stacks with weakened internal order as an example, and transforms it into a highly-efficient wait-free stack named WF-TS-Stack. The transformation method includes a helping mechanism with state reuse and a relaxed removal scheme. In addition, we use a simple and effective scheme to further improve the performance of WF-TS-Stack in Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architectures. Our evaluation with representative benchmarks shows that WF-TS-Stack outperforms its original building blocks by up to 1.45× at maximum concurrency. We also discuss how to yield an efficient double-ended queue (deque) variant of WF-TS-Stack, because deque is a more generalized pool-like object.


Bravohollisia geruti, new species, has been collected from Pomadasys hasta (Bloch) off Pulau Ketam, Peninsular Malaysia. This new species is very similar to B. kritskyi Lim, 1995 in the overall size of their anchors and structure of the associated net-like secretions but are different in terms of the detailed shape of anchors, and shape and size of male copulatory organ and connective bars. It also differs from the other six known Bravohollisia species in the shape and size of the anchors, male copulatory organ and connective bars. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the morphometric data of the male copulatory organ and connective bars of the four known and one new Bravohollisia species from off Peninsular Malaysia also show that this new species is different from the four known Bravohollisia species based on these two features.


The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council established a university based unit in 1981 to conduct research into the medical aspects of road traffic accidents. The research program of the unit is in two main areas: drink driving countermeasures and the epidemiology, mechanisms and means of prevention of head injuries in road crashes. The results of an evaluation of the effectiveness of random breath alcohol testing by the police are presented in summary form, together with the main findings from an international comparison of blood alcohol levels in the non accident involved driving population. Studies on the epidemiology of head injuries are then reviewed briefly, followed by a description of a detailed ongoing investigation of the nature and mechanisms of brain injury in motor vehicle crashes. Other research and educational activities of the unit are summarised. The paper concludes with an assessment of the opportunities provided by the establishment of a unit of this type (a).


ABSTRACT Shales and mudrocks are significant to all aspects of hydrocarbon exploration and production. They commonly form both source and seal rocks, and in some areas they are also important reservoir rocks. In reservoir development, they may control production performance by compartmentalizing or baffling reservoir sandstones. Often, significant shales are beneath seismic resolution or detection limits, so their impact on reservoir performance is unrecognized until field development. Shale stochastic modeling is a useful technique for predicting production performance in reservoirs where shales and mudrocks are present. Future research should be directed toward understanding why shales and mudrocks vary in their capacity to seal or compartmentalize strata, toward developing recognition criteria to differentiate various shale types, and toward enhancing their detection on seismic reflection records.


Three methods of calculating and measuring the angles of cutting tools,including coordinate switch,triangular column model and vectors,were introduced and compared with 3D parametric models based on virtual technology.The result indicated that the virtual technology was one of the primary methods of calculating and measuring the angles of cutting tools in the future.


find few sympathizers within the seduction community; she titles her conclusion 'Against Seduction', capturing her overall position on the subject), more progressive readers may also be scandalized by O'Neill's willingness to treat pickup artists with an open mind and empathy – even compassion. Seduction presents a fascinating analysis of hard earned – and much needed – qualitative data. It is empirical without empiricism, offering an impressive theoretical grounding. As a bonus, it is exceptionally well-written. O'Neill's prose is lucid, cogent and lyrical. The book therefore deserves to be considered alongside C.J. Pascoe's Dude, You're a Fag as an exemplar of accessible masculinities ethnography, and should be assigned in sociology and humanities courses. Seduction is a must-read for everyone.


In recent decades packed columns have become very popular for distillation processes since they acquire higher loadings and a better separation efficiency than ordinary tray columns. Fluid dynamics cover an important place in the design of packed towers. Identifying the main quantities remains subject of various research works. There exists a wide range of different approaches to determine the mass transfer coefficient kL and the specific interfacial area a. Mostly these researches use integral measurements. Since the flow behavior inside the column may change within a few centimeters packing height local investigations are more reasonable. The research work presented here follows this approach to gain information on these quantities by coupling experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The presentation focuses on some fundamental investigations on the determination of the surface area.


In order to study the magnetic property of silicon steel sheet accurately, we presented the Epstein frames combination method(which adopts standard Epstein frame of 25 cm and modified Epstein frames of 17.5 cm and 20 cm) to measure and weight the magnetic properties of silicon steel sheets, including the mean magnetic path length, specific magnetization loss, and exciting power. Using the method, we investigated the effects of excitation frequency, strip angle, and ambient temperature on the measurement quality of Epstein frames in detail. It is concluded that, using the proposed Epstein combination, we can establish a loss model of oriented electrical steel, and use the model to accurately determine the magnetic losses. Moreover, the ambient temperature greatly influences the magnetic properties of the electrical steel sheet, for example, the measurement error of the specific magnetization loss is 8.10% between the environment iemperature 16 ℃ and 125 ℃. So the proposed method improves the application value of the measurement using Epstein strips.


This paper sets up a dual problem of a single objective programming in subdifferential and introduces the conditions for the efficient solution of a multiobjective programming satisfying the saddle point criteria by the duality.


This paper focuses on reducing power loss and the unbalance issue of power loss distribution of power devices in three-phase three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverters. Firstly, the topology and commutation path of the NPC inverters are analyzed. Secondly, according to the characteristics of different loss distribution of the inverter at high and low switching frequencies, an efficient active thermal control scheme with hybrid switching frequency is proposed. The scheme can ensure the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the line current, but also reduces power loss of each power device in the NPC inverter. As a result, the loss unbalance problem of the inverter is effectively relieved, and the maximum temperature difference between the internal and external power devices is reduced as well. Finally, the proposed method is verified on a low-power experimental platform, and experimental results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.


We use the popular active appearance models (AAM) for extracting discriminative features from images of biological objects. The relevant discriminative features are combined principal component (PCA) vectors from the AAM and texture features from co-occurrence matrices. Texture features are extracted by extending the AAM's with a textural warp guided by the AAM shape. Based on this, texture co-occurrence features are calculated. We use the different features for classifying the biological objects to species using standard classifiers, and we show that even though the objects are highly variant, the AAM's are 66 Image classification well suited for extracting relevant features, thus obtaining good classification results. Classification is conducted on two real data sets, one containing various vegetables and one containing different species of wood logs.


By creating an overlapped array of projected images, we can use projection technology to create truly seamless displays with resolutions that can scale up to tens of millions of pixels. Projection also lets us map these displays onto any surface, regardless of its shape or material.


Based on monofactorial comparison experiment, the following two excellent technological formations are derived for the production of starch-based totally-biodegradable tray via extruding, pelleting,slicing, and sucking molding: The first formulation: 40% of starch, 12.5% of DOP, 5% of EVA, 15% of polyvinyl alcohol, 20%of talc power and calcium carbonate, and 7.5 % of other materials. The material temperature in high-speed kneader is about 90℃, rotation velocity is 600 r/min, kneading duration is 5-10 minutes, diameter of screw stem of extruder is 90 ram, ratio of length versus diameter of screw stem (L/D) is 44, rotation velocity of the screws stem is 40-50 r/min. Temperature in four segments of extruder is 145 ℃, 155℃,150℃, and 160℃ respectively, and temperature in extruder head is 170℃ ; the material rod extruded is set while passing a cold water hath, and then is cut to pellets whose size is 3 mm×3 mm; the latter is transformed into slices and subject to sucking molding after predrying; temperature of sucking molding is 180-190℃, and sucking molding duration is 15-20 seconds. The second formulation: 60% of starch, 15% of DOP, 5% of PFIB, 15% of polyvinyl alcohol, and 5% of other materials. All technological parameters are the same with that for the first formulation. According to the test result of Chinese Institute of Plastic Processing, the biodegradation ratio of the tray made through the above treatment 1 and 2 in 30 days amounted to 54.2 % and 70.6% respectively,which shows that a satisfied biodegradation effect is realized.


Facial cosmetics, also called makeup, may change the appearance of a face that we could perceive. In order to contribute to studies in image processing related to facial cosmetics, a database is built which contains multiple images per person with and without applied cosmetics. Annotations provide detailed information about the amount and location of applied makeup for each picture. Furthermore, a classification approach is presented. The classification approach takes the altering effect of the applied cosmetics and the application area into account. Since automatic face recognition evolved to an important topic over the last decades and is affected by facial cosmetics, preliminary tests are done to evaluate their impact on automatic face recognition. The face as a whole as well as its most significant makeup application areas that are skin, eyes and mouth are investigated separately.


Using O2 as the oxidant, the benzoxazole frameworks can be directly constructed from the readily available phenols and primary amines in the presence of NH4PF6 over copper under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies showed that a novel mechanism involving biphenyldiols and o-quinones very possibly takes effect in the reaction, because both can selectively give the benzoxazoles under the reaction conditions. An unprecedented unstrained Caryl-Caryl bond cleavage takes place in the reaction.


Complex‐valued associative memories (CAMs) are one of the most promising associative memory models by neural networks. However, the low noise tolerance of CAMs is often a serious problem. A projection learning rule with large constant terms improves the noise tolerance of CAMs. However, the projection learning rule can be applied only to CAMs with full connections. In this paper, we propose a gradient descent learning rule with large constant terms, which is not restricted by network topology. We realize large constant terms by regularization to connection weights. By computer simulations, we prove that the proposed learning algorithm improves noise tolerance. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Various chorionic gonadotropin tests (HCG) for the diagnosis of pregnancy and chorionic tumors are reviewed. The tests divide into biological and immunological groups. Immunological methods are generally more sensitive than biological methods. A brief description of the widely used hemagglutination inhibition and latex particle agglutination methods is given. The antigen-antibody reaction which is involved in these methods has been applied in the development of highly sensitive radioimmunoassay procedures for detecting HCG. HCG levels during pregnancy rise very rapidly and reach a peak between Weeks 8-10 and decline sharply between Weeks 12-15 to a fairly constant level. The mean peak value of HCG in pregnancy has been established at 100000 IU 60-80 days after last menopause with a subsequent decline to about 20000 IU. Values of 300000 IU of HCG have been reported to occur in women with hydatid mole and instances as high as 3 million IU have been reported. The presence of titers of more than 200000 IU should indicate possible hydatid mole or choriocarcinoma though such values can occur in multiple pregnancy.


Immunology
Tumor-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress the antitumor effects of CD8+ T cells. Budhu et al. investigated the underlying mechanisms with an in vitro system that recreated some of the key features of the in vivo tumor microenvironment. Tregs inhibited the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells toward cocultured melanoma cells from mouse tumors through the cytokine TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β), which increased the levels of an immune checkpoint protein on CD8+ T cells. A TGF-β-blocking antibody prevented immunosuppression, suggesting a therapeutic strategy to inhibit Treg activity in tumors.

Sci. Signal. 10 , eaak9702 (2017).


We present a reliable approach towards automatic path planing of autonomous vehicles permitting the integration of trajectory optimisation and obstacle avoidance techniques. The hierarchical structure with increasing level of accuracy allows not only to avoid local minima, but is also reliable in the sense that the best computable path will always be available. Therefore, this methodology is implementable as an autonomous tool, intended for use in both off-line mission planning and online replanning. Its application is proposed for land vehicles (ALV's), but may be extended for underwater vehicles (AUV's).<<ETX>>


This paper aims to propose a framework for a digital social network designed to support the transfer of knowledge to innovation among companies incubated in technological poles. The theoretical basis is related to knowledge management, knowledge transfer and social networks. From a methodological point of view, the study is characterized by an exploratory research, bibliographic and inductive logic. As a result, this paper presents a set of assumptions for a digital social network aimed at enhancing knowledge transfer and the innovation in technological poles. These assumptions were structured in four dimensions - type of knowledge, profile of receivers and transmitters of knowledge, context for knowledge transfer and the nature of knowledge transfer - and they were deployed in requirements, features and strategies of network usage in the context of technological poles.


This paper presents a method of fingerprint indexing based on the state vectors of minutiae. The parameters of state vectors fitted in chain are used to calculate the indexes. Data base references are the same as indexes.


A simple, easily accessible solvent-free method for the dispersion of MWCNTs into PET is proposed, based on the preparation of a microparticulate polymer/nanotube masterbatch via cryogenic impact-milling and its subsequent melt blending with the bulk polymer. Thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites prepared using this method were evaluated as a function of nanotube concentration. Thermal stability was improved, and superior crystallization behavior of PET in the nanocomposites was observed. Significant improvements of around 25% in tensile strength and tensile modulus of the nanocomposites was achieved using this strategy, with only 0.25 wt.-% MWCNT, compared to previous literature data where 1wt.-% MWCNT was employed.


In this paper we describe the Novosibirsk terahertz free electron laser (NovoFEL) and present some of results obtained by many research groups working at the user stations of the NovoFEL.


University–community partnerships are based on the understanding that: (a) academics/researchers, practitioners (CSOs) and community members share a commonality of purpose for effecting sustainable development by producing knowledge to be used for the practical purpose of policy change and developmental interventions, contributing to theoretical elaboration and empowering communities through knowledge dissemination; and (b) they can be complemen-tary to each other in achieving these goals. Each partner equitably contributes their expertise and shares responsibility and ownership to enhance understanding, integrate the knowledge gained, with action to improve the well-being of community members and foster sustainable development.


A national theatre is a representative, specific, and unique image of a community's ethos, and is created through the living idiom, the distinctive tone, and the particular form that a community evolves in its process of living. Whatever is dead, irrelevant or alien cannot be an attribute of a living national theatre. A vigorous theatre is always rooted in patterns of public behaviour. The moment an experience is severed from these patterns of public conduct, at that moment we knock out the dramatic tensions, and the generative action which define the quality of a theatre. The theatre, as an art, emerges out of vital social


The objectives of writing this study were to: 1) to obtain the best methods and techniques in the limited face-to-face learning management system in Rantepao Christian Senior High School; 2) contributing advice to the school management team in order to improve the quality of learning during the Covid 19 pandemic; 3) contributing advice to educators and education personnel in order to improve face-to-face learning management during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method used in this writing is a qualitative method with a literature review approach and participant responses via google form to students and teachers at Rantepao Christian High School. In the analisis using the problem tree approach, target tree, and alternative solution tree in getting the expected results. The results show that the impact of a learning management system that is suitable for school conditions can provide time-effective and cost-efficient convenience for students and teachers in achieving learning objectives.

Keywords: learning management, face-to-face learning, Covid-19 pandemic


Background: Vibrio vulnficus produces SidC, an extracellular insulin-degrading enzyme. Results: SidC causes degradation of insulin, leading to proliferation of the pathogen, and sidC was expressed in low-glucose conditions. Conclusion: Degradation of insulin by SidC correlated with the proliferation of the pathogen. Significance: V. vulnificus manipulates host endocrine signals through SidC, making the host environment more favorable for its own proliferation. We describe a novel insulin-degrading enzyme, SidC, that contributes to the proliferation of the human bacterial pathogen Vibrio vulnificus in a mouse model. SidC is phylogenetically distinct from other known insulin-degrading enzymes and is expressed and secreted specifically during host infection. Purified SidC causes a significant decrease in serum insulin levels and an increase in blood glucose levels in mice. A comparison of mice infected with wild type V. vulnificus or an isogenic sidC-deletion strain showed that wild type bacteria proliferated to higher levels. Additionally, hyperglycemia leads to increased proliferation of V. vulnificus in diabetic mice. Consistent with these observations, the sid operon was up-regulated in response to low glucose levels through binding of the cAMP-receptor protein (CRP) complex to a region upstream of the operon. We conclude that glucose levels are important for the survival of V. vulnificus in the host, and that this pathogen uses SidC to actively manipulate host endocrine signals, making the host environment more favorable for bacterial survival and growth.


Deformation and vibration of the spindle is one of the main reasons which affect the machining quality and machining efficiency.In order to improve the static and dynamic characteristics of spindle,a method of structural optimization and an optimum process based on iSIGHT were proposed.An integrated software system for the spindle multi-objective optimization was built using iSIGHT and APDL.The spindle of certain horizontal machining center was taken as an instance,the Adaptive Simulated Annealing(ASA) was chosen to optimize the structural parameters.The results demonstrate that the dynamic and static characteristics of spindle are improved and the proposed optimization method is feasible and effective.


Abstract : In September of 1973 the Long Range Acoustic Propagation Project (LRAPP) Office sponsored a joint exercise, called CHURCH ANCHOR. This was an acoustic and environmental measurement effort conducted in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. This report discusses the results of the ambient noise horizontal directionality measurements from the CHURCH ANCHOR exercise. Measurements were taken along a north-south base line at approximately 143 deg W and extending north from about 31 deg N to 57 deg n. Data from two towed arrays and a circular array are presented. Results indicate that a persistent background noise directionality pattern might exist in the Northeast Pacific Ocean basin, one upon which the fluctuations due to nearby ships and other transients can be considered superimposed. It is suggested that such a persistent noise background directionality pattern is the result of propagation mechanisms which will introduce into the SOFAR channel noise from ships along the basin boundaries and at high latitudes. Once trapped in the channel, the noise travels throughout the basin, aided by the favorable sound transmission.


This paper investigates the role of infrastructure improvements on regional development, especially the improvements that relate to the transport network. This paper attempts to verify if the greater proximity to markets, by reducing transportation costs, provides greater regional development, which causes urbanization and changes in the local labor markets that lead to improvements in the living conditions of the population. We adopt an empirical strategy that is based on a difference-in-difference matching estimator. We focus on four different investments in the Brazilian transport network, namely, the Belém-Teresina (BR 010/316), the Cuiabá-Porto Velho (BR 364), the Cuiabá-Santarém (BR 163/230) and the Highway of Coffee (BR 376). Our analysis uses data from the Brazilian Census Demographic (IBGE) from 1970 to 2000. Considering the indicators of income, labor market and education, the main results show that the construction of new roads in areas of limited access has not necessarily contributed to the development of the municipalities that are benefited by the highway.


For several years the Russian market of soft drinks is growing rapidly. According to experts, this trend will continue in the future, but because our country is attrac-tive for brands large multinational companies. This article describes various ways to enter the Russian market brands world's largest companies, studied the experi-ence of promotion beverage company Coca-Cola, The peculiarities of the Russian perception of brands, shows how they are reflected in the advertising campaigns of the leading players in the market, formulate conclusions regarding behaviors of TNCs in various conditions.


Cod liver oil causes retention of lime salts and also cures and prevents rickets when administered orally. The assumption, therefore, was made that the beneficial effects of this agent result from its acting directly on the mucosa of the gastro-intestinal tract. Thus, Zucker and Matzner 1 were unable to obtain healing in rachitic rats with a subcutaneous injection of an extract of cod liver oil, although when administered orally it was invariably-potent. Similarly, Lesne and Vogliano 2 failed to cure rickets in rats when cod liver oil was injected hypodermically. On the other hand, Soames 3 reported moderate healing of rickets when cod liver oil was injected either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. Hess, Weinstock and Hellman 4 were successful in curing rickets with an aqueous suspension of irradiated cholesterol administered subcutaneously; and Wilkins and Kramer 5 have shown that an ether solution of a concentrate of cod liver oil is capable of curing severe rickets in children. The experiments briefly reported here may shed some light on the discrepancies in the literature just mentioned. The results of these experiments, in which 60 rats were used, are as follows: 1. The unsaponifiable fraction∗ of cod liver oil from which most of the cholesterol had been removed (crude concentrate) cured experimmtal rickets within 14 days when injected subcutaneously in ether solution. The same result was obtained when it was incorporated in cottonseed oil and added to a rickets-producing diet. The curative dose was equivalent to 2 cc. of cod liver oil. 2. When entirely freed from cholesterol by means of digitonin precipitation, an active concentrate was obtained which cured experimental rickets both when fed, and when injected in ether solution. The curative dose was equivalent to 2 cc. of cod liver oil.


A successful brand strategy plan can solve three problems at least.They are "how the brand now","how is the brand in future","how the brand develope from the present to the future".By analyzing W liquor industry brand in Hebei province,This article makes detailed explanation of the W liquor industry brand localization,the brand core concept as well as the brand promotion,explicitly answers three questions of the brand.It has certain model function to the resources-limited small white liquor enterprise.


The performance of several acousto-optic processors of digital accuracy is examined from the viewpoints of system efficiency and multiplication speed. Performance figures for both bit-serial and bit-parallel processors are calculated and compared with those of their electronic counterparts. Such a comparison shows that the acousto-optic systems do not offer any significant advantage.


From the late 1910s to the early 1940s, most caseworkers held such disparaging and stereotypical attitudes toward the elderly as, Old age is a twilight too dim to be of useful service. Sources such as the minutes of the Family Service Association's Conference on Old Age Problems, however, reflect the efforts of a handful of social workers to destroy prejudices and to develop foundations for casework with the elderly.


prerequisite for the broad introduction of fuel cell vehicles (chicken-and-egg dilemma). In this pr esentation main results of the German study "Hydrogen infrastructure for a sustainable mobility - Development status and need for research" will be introduced. The study was commissioned and funded by the Ministry of the Environment, Climate Protection and the Energy Sector Baden-Wuerttemberg and provides a comprehensive overview of current activities in the field of hydrogen filling stations, available concepts and technical solutions. Based on data from the German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (pilot study 2011) a forecast on the demand of hydrogen filling stations in Baden Wuerttemberg will be given and discussed. The findings result in a roadmap until 2030 for Baden-Wuerttemberg and provide further recommendations for the installation of a hydrogen infrastructure.


Many disputes about tourists' rights and interests have arisen with the development of the tourism industry.In order to protect tourists' rights and interests,the thesis discusses the protective measures of tourists' rights and interests from four aspects to promote the healthy development of tourism industry: tourist legislation? typifying tourist contract?administrative law enforcement of tourism,and trade self-management.


Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are pupiparous insects that transmit African trypanosomes to humans and animals. Using three species of tsetse flies belonging to two subgenera, Nemorhina and Glossina, our data provide a first answer to the following question: do the juvenile stages of tsetse flies provide metric traits allowing reliable species and/or sex identification? We compared three species using their wings and their pupae: Glossina palpalis gambiensis, Glossina tachinoides and Glossina morsitans submorsitans. To separate size and shape information, 11 landmarks per wing were submitted to the Generalised Procrustes Analysis (GPA). The contour of the pupae was processed by elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA).A validated reclassification method was used to compare the taxonomic power of each organ, as well as its utility for sex recognition. The contour of the pupae did not provide a satisfactory species signal (75 %), relative to the one obtained from wing landmarks (99 %). However, the overall pupae size was much more satisfactory than the wings size (93 % versus 57 %). In spite of a lower taxonomic signal, the morphometric variation observed on pupae was in agreement with known phylogenetic relationships. Contrary to the wings, sexual dimorphism was much reduced in pupae and not strong enough to allow any reliable sex identification.