The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate whether drug treatment is unequally distributed among older adults on the basis of age and socioeconomic position. All studies in this thesis are based on nationwide register data from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (SPDR) record-linked to other registers in Sweden. In Study I, we investigated differences in drug use between centenarians (≥100 years; n=1,672), nonagenarians (90-99 years; n=76,584) and octogenarians (8089 years; n=383,878). The results showed that the proportion of people living in institutions increased with age, but the number of drugs was similar across the age groups. Centenarians were more likely to use psychotropics (hypnotics/sedatives, antidepressants and anxiolytics) and pain killers (minor analgesics and opioids). This might indicate that drug treatment has a more palliative character in centenarians than in the other age groups. Centenarians used older types of cardiovascular drugs which could reflect a lack of regular reevaluation of drug use in centenarians or a disinclination to make changes in well-functioning drug therapy among the extremely old. The aim of Study II was to investigate educational differences (as a measure of socioeconomic position) in osteoporosis drug use before and after osteoporosisrelated fractures among persons aged 75-89 years (n=645,429). There is a general underuse of osteoporosis drugs among older adults in Sweden. Our results suggest that older persons with lower levels of education are less likely to receive drug treatment both before and after an osteoporosis-related fracture (only statistically significant in women) than their more highly educated counterparts. The educational differences were more pronounced for newer and more potent osteoporosis drug treatments. Lower socioeconomic position seems to be linked to a lower use of osteoporosis drugs – a drug therapy that is generally underused. In Study III, the aim was to investigate educational differences in antipsychotic drug use among older adults (aged 75-89 years) with and without dementia (n=641,566). Antipsychotic drugs are commonly used to treat behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, but the use of these drugs has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Efforts have therefore been made to reduce the prescribing of antipsychotic drugs to older adults with dementia. We found a higher use of antipsychotic drugs among persons with lower levels of education, both among persons with and without dementia. Lower socioeconomic position seems to be positively associated with a higher use of antipsychotic drugs – a drug therapy that is generally overused. We investigated educational differences in being prescribed psychotropic drugs by specialist physicians among older (aged 75-89 years) psychotropic drug users (n=221,579) in Study IV. Higher levels of education were associated with more access to geriatrician and psychiatrist prescribing. However, when place of residence was taken into account, the association between higher education and psychotropic prescription by geriatricians became non-significant, whereas the association between higher education and prescription by psychiatrists persisted. Limited access to specialists could be one mechanism liking lower socioeconomic position to less optimal drug treatment. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of how socioeconomic position and age are related to drug use. In general, lower socioeconomic position and older age seem to be associated with less optimal drug treatment. However, the mechanisms behind these findings are probably complex and need to be addressed in further research to provide a foundation for social policy. LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS I. Wastesson JW, Parker MG, Fastbom J, Thorslund M, Johnell K. Drug use in centenarians compared with nonagenarians and octogenarians in Sweden: a nationwide register-based study. Age Ageing 2012:41:218-224. II. Wastesson JW, Weitoft GR, Parker MG, Johnell K. Educational level and use of osteoporosis drugs in elderly men and women: a Swedish nationwide register-based study. Osteoporos Int 2013:24:433-442. III. Wastesson JW, Weitoft GR, Johnell K. Educational disparities in antipsychotic drug use among older people with and without dementia in Sweden. Acta Psychiatr Scand (In press). IV. Wastesson JW, Fastbom J, Weitoft GR, Fors S, Johnell K. Socioeconomic inequalities in access to specialised psychotropic prescribing among older Swedes: a register based study. Eur J Public Health (In press). Doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cku058 Reproduced with permission from the publisher. Paper I © 2012 Oxford University Press Paper II © 2013 with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media Paper IV © 2014 Oxford University Press CONTENTS


This research is focused on the effects of deceiving in daily life. In a one-day diary study the consequences of feelings and emotions after deception in everyday life were tested (N = 259). The one-day diary, completed by the participants at the end of the day, examined to determine the effects of deception (versus truth telling), gender and type of deception on experienced feelings and emotions, regarding guilt, shame, stress, fear, comfort and duping delight. Participants were asked if they deceived that day and what the possible deception was about. Hereafter the deceivers, but also the truth tellers have to score different statements about feelings and emotions. Results showed that, deceivers feel more guilt, shame and comfort, compared to truth tellers. In addition self-oriented deceivers who feel more duping delight compared to other-oriented deceivers. There is no difference in feelings and emotions between men and women after deception and there is no difference between self-oriented deceivers and other-oriented deceivers in the feelings and emotions guilt, shame, stress, fear and comfort.


Taking a gnoseological perspective that considers the use of metaphors within educational coordinates as heuristic tools able to activate processesof recognition of the multiple elements hidden behind the adoption of a concept and a representation related to it, the aim of this paper is to examine some of the metaphors of the relationship between teacher and learner that may lead to more democracy in the classroom. In particular, I have analyzed the ways in which the roles of students and teachers are described, experienced and acted upon in order in order to try to identify the realspaces of democracy that the school grants to its main actors.


The output limits of the power system stabilizer (PSS) can improve the system damping performance immediately following a large disturbance. Due to non-smooth nonlinearities from the saturation limits, these values cannot be determined by the conventional tuning methods based on linear analysis. Only ad hoc tuning procedures have been used. A nonlinear least squares method, which is the Gauss-Newton optimization algorithm, is used in this paper. The gradient required in the Gauss-Newton method can be computed by applying trajectory sensitivities from the hybrid system model with the differential-algebraic-impulsive-switched (DAIS) structure. The optimal output limits of the PSS tuned by the proposed method are evaluated by time-domain simulation in a multi-machine power system (MMPS).


In this paper, the dressed-atom approach is successfully used to derive the analytic solution of FIB gain foeffieient for two-photon resonantly pumped four-level system. The gain characteristics and AC stark effect of the system are discussed in detail. It is theoretically proved that the stimulated super-Raman process can lead to high power and frequency stable FIR lasers.


The invention relates to a production process of instant abalone, belonging to the technical field of an instant food processing technology. The production process of instant abalone is characterized by comprising the following steps: checking and accepting raw materials, cleaning and removing the viscera, stewing and shaping, cleaning again, flavoring, bagging, sterilizing at high temperature and warehousing and refrigerating. Based on meat features of the abalone, the production process of instant abalone ensures that nutritive materials can be fully absorbed and utilized by the human body on the premise of maintaining nutritive materials. Besides, the technology completely retains the shape of the abalone and can preserve freshness by using nitrogen gas without adding any preservative.


The book "Abgharie Al-Sharif Al-razi" was authored by the famous Egyptian writer named Zaki Mobarak. This book is one of the important books in which the personality of Sharif Razi and his poetic themes are mentioned. The book contains views on Sharif Razi's personality on one hand, and reviewed and analyzed his Ghazaliat, Hejaziat, Lamentations and Descriptions in terms of science and literature on the other hand. The author attempted to clarify many uncertain points about this great personality and his hidden talent. Since his religious character has been jeopardized in some of the views, the present investigation was aimed to discuss on the expressed opinion in the book Abgharie Al-Sharif Al-razi and specify their accuracy according to the Shia and Sunni sources in addition to the introduction of this book and its author.


In this study, the pathway and date of migrating Primordial germ cells (PGCs) were observed light microscopically and ultrastructural changes of them during migration were observed by electron microscopic examination. For these purpose, alkaline phosphatase reactions were used for identifying the PGCs and acid phosphatase reactions were used for observing their degenerating activities. Also, effects of actinomycin D on the migration of PGCs were examined. According to these results, at the 9th gestation day, PGCs were observed in the endodermal cells of yolk sac, at the 11th gestation day, they were seen in the hindgut and then entered into the dorsal mesentery by the 13th gestation day. At the 14th gestation day, they were located in the genital ridges. When PGCs were located in the hindgut and genital ridges, the positive reactions of alkaline phosphatase were dominated, but acid phosphatase reactions were limited in all stage except they were in dorsal mesentery. However, these reactions were lessened in case of actinomycin D treatment. By electron microscopic examination, PGCs had pseudopodia, tail process, trailing cytoplasm and nuage as the ultrastructural characteristics. In addition, these morphological features were damaged by actinomycin D treatment.


We demonstrate that the in-plane thin film heat transport can be accurately mapped via confocal anti-Stokes fluorescence imaging using fluorescent dye probes and nanoheaters. We employ 3D finite elements analysis to evaluate the thermal conductivity of a control sample and to assess the validity of a point heat source approximation. We have found that this approximation is adequate with use of a tightly focused laser beam, providing a robust means for determining the thermal conductivity of a sample under investigation.


In this paper, we describe our approach to estimating the geographic location of videos. Our system relies on textual meta-data and includes two basic term ltering strategies: ltering according to the general use of terms and ltering according to the geographic spread. Combining both ltering steps yields 50% accuracy within a 10km range.


The effect of incising lumber to various depths was investigated for Douglas-fir that had been subjected to commercial kiln-drying but still had moisture contents ranging from 20 to 70 percent. Following treatment with chromated copper arsenate, the wood was tested to failure in bending. Bending properties declined significantly with increasing depth of incision, but the reductions were far smaller than those found in an earlier study that used dry lumber. Within the moisture range tested in this study, moisture content at time of incising was poorly correlated with changes in strength.


Petrobras has developed two standard subsea completion systems for water depths up to 150 meters. These completion systems are consistent with the Petrobras philosophy of developing simple, reliable equipment in a stepwise manner. These economic systems are operationally efficient, can be rapidly adapted to special requirements and have been used to complete over sixteen subsea wells since 1984.


Hemp concrete is a multifunctional ecological material used in buildings. This material composed of hemp chips (shiv) mixed with a binder is "atypical" due to its high porosity (about 70% in volume) with three main pore sizes (1 μm, 100 μm and 1 cm). This paper focuses on the impact of raw materials (hemp particles and binder) on the mechanical and thermal properties of the concrete. It is shown that a physico-chemical interaction at the interface binder / plant particles plays a significant role in the mechanical setting of the material. Moreover, the compressive strength of hemp concrete is correlated with the morphological characteristics of the hemp particles. Due to the hygrophilous character of plant chips, the phase change effects (water / vapour) result in increasing the global thermal insulating performances of the hemp concrete.


Abstract This article examines the views of Edith Cooper and Katharine Bradley, the female poetic couple known as 'Michael Field', regarding the matter of memorial effigies. Starting with Cooper's essay 'Effigies' (1890) on the memorial sculptures and funeral effigies of Westminster Abbey, it then explores both women's reactions, as expressed in their shared diaries, to a variety of physical presentations and representations of the dead—mummies, waxworks, the corpses of the Paris morgue—to elicit their expectations of memorial sculpture, and frame their particular reactions to Edward Onslow Ford's Shelley Memorial, seen on two separate occasions in 1892 and 1897.


Summary The permanganate oxidation method was used to analyze residual lignins in Norway spruce (Picea abies) organosolv pulps. The pulps were produced by ethanol water solvolysis catalyzed by 0.005M or 0.01M H2SO4 at 175 °C. Condensation reactions of residual lignin occurred at a significant rate when the ethanol volume fraction was 0% but not when it was ≥ 51 %. There was selective removal of uncondensed guaiacyl units when mixtures of 51 %, 76%, and 91% ethanol were used. The condensed units in the native lignin were less reactive and accumulated in the fibers. They constituted > 60 % of the C9 units by the time 80 % delignification was achieved. A limited amount of results are presented for a kraft pulp with hopes of enhancing the credibility of permanganate oxidation as an analytical tool for residual lignins.


Hypothesis: Injuries sustained from vertical trauma are predominantly orthopedic and have been associated directly with the height of the fall. For prehospital survivors of falls, their physiologic stability and non-orthopedic injuries may be independent of the actual vertical fall distance. Methods: The records of 226 consecutive, adult trauma patients sustaining falls from a height >6 feet and admitted to a Level-1 Trauma Center during 1990 were reviewed. Pearson Correlation Coefficients (R) were used to determine if the height correlated with injury and outcome. Results: 217 victims fell a mean 22.1111.0 feet. Ninety-four percent of the patients were male, with a mean age of 36.1 years, mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 14, and a mean admission Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 14. Fracture distribution included 13% lower extremity (LEX), 22% upper extremity, and 25% spinal column with 7% associated cord injuries (CLCD). Mean values were: Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) of 147+23 mmHg, Base Deficit (BD) of-2.4 mg/L, Lengdi of Stay (LOS) 11.7 days, and a mortality rate (MORT) of 3.1%. No significant correlation between fall distance and SBP (R = -.120), BD (R = -.014), GCS (R = -.114), LOS (R = .088) and MORT (R = .017) was found. Only height and ISS (R = .275), LEX (R = .305) were significant (p <.O5)


This research was conducted with a hypothesis that teaching L2 English writing will promote the critical thinking ability of Japanese senior high school students. Eighty-two 2nd-year senior high school students participated in this study. Three sets of evaluation instruments were administered to the participants as a pre-test and a post-test. One was a logical/critical thinking skills test (provided by the Japan Institute of Lifelong Learning), another was a questionnaire on students' attitude toward writing in view of critical thinking and the third was students' written products. Three writing lessons were given to senior high school students as the intervention. The students learned the organization of an English paragraph / English essay, hierarchical structure of ideas in a paragraph/essay, and some writing strategies. As a result, the scores of the critical thinking skills exams and students' self-evaluation scores on the questionnaire increased after the lessons. In addition, the students wrote with better paragraph structures in the post-test writing on the topic that was the same as the pre-test. We concluded that the writing lessons helped the students to form some elementary critical thinking skills in their L2 and that they became better writers of English composition.


Cooperative Communication (CC) allows the transmission of information by collaborating different nodes in the network by effective utilization of communication resources. In this paper, a new methodology for relay selection has been proposed where the relay is chosen based on the highest channel capacity of the node with the neighboring nodes as well as destination node. A new frame format ready to forward (RTF) has been proposed to enhance the communication by selecting the relay in a decentralized method. The existing RTS and CTS are modified to support cooperative ad-hoc network.


This paper presents 23 species of aphids, deleterious to the fruit trees of some mixed orchards situated on private properties in Vaslui County. Vaslui County is situated in Barlads plateau, East Romania. The identified species belong to the Aphidinae subfamily, 9 of them belonging to the Aphidini tribe, and 14 belonging to the Macrosiphini tribe. For each identified species, the attached notes are presenting information regarding the identifying material, geographical distribution, and the speciesbiology. Hyalopterus amygdali Blanc., Melanaphis pyraria Pass., and Ovatus insitus Walk. are aphids mentioned for the first time in Romania as species infesting fruit trees. Dysaphis devecta Walk. is mentioned for the first time in Moldova.


Drucker's search for an alternative to both capitalism and socialism was not undertaken in isolation from others also searching for such an alternative (Mosse, 1987). Regarding those others, the proponents of a totalitarian alternative admired the industrialist, Henry Ford. Their admiration was partially because of the belief that an entrepreneur such as Ford could innovate and prosper without management. Drucker, however, advocated the necessity of autonomous management in a society of organisations. What thus becomes essential to the organization for Drucker is management, even if for Drucker marketing is the essential function of the business. Furthermore, Drucker's advocacy for the necessity of autonomous management in a society of organizations explains his concerns regarding business ethics.


This paper studies sufficient conditions for deriving the kappa distribution in polytropic plasmas by an improved method compared with the previous work [R. Guo, Phys. Plasmas 27, 122104 (2020)]. We find that the polytropic equation of state can lead to the kappa distribution without any other assumptions in one dimension. In higher dimensions, an extra assumption that the global distribution must only depend on the energy is still needed. In addition, the self-consistence of the electrostatic potential is investigated in such plasmas. This study implies that in single-component plasmas, the potential is constrained by the Lane–Emden equation. However, in two-component plasmas, any arbitrary potential could exist with a suitable background ion density. Finally, we discuss the connections between the kappa distribution and the polytrope.


The term 'cocktail party effect' derives from acoustics and refers to the possibility to distinguish the voice of a particular speaker amid the noisy confusion produced by a plethora of overlapping voices and conversations. In this article I propose a conceptual elaboration of the term by considering the acoustic phenomenon in question, both literally and metaphorically, as one of the most characteristic conditions shaping contemporary collective and acoustic experience in environments overloaded with information. In the first part, I discuss the conditions that give rise to the cocktail party acoustic phenomenon, as they relate to particular types of social, communicative and listening practices. In the second part, I present a case study of the phenomenon based on the creation of a soundscape composition developed in conjunction with a written text, both occasioned by the political activity in the public space of the Syntagma Square in Athens during the summer of 2011. The conceptual distinction between the visual and the acoustic space, introduced and elaborated by media theorist Marshal McLuhan and anthropologist Edmund Carpenter (Carpenter & McLuhan, 1960; McLuhan, 2004), has been one of the most influential theoretical propositions in the current development of the interdisciplinary field of sound studies. Acoustic space is conceived as quintessentially dynamic, without fixed boundaries, while the visual space encourages registering and locating static points within a well-defined frame. The experience of the acoustic space is 'gyroscopic', as the sound, or rather multiple sounds, reaches the listener simultaneously from multiple directions. In contrast, visual experience encourages the sensorial focus on a single and fixed direction. Acoustic experience favours a more or less immediate sense of the environment, rather than a detached, secondary representation thereof. This distinction, originally formulated in the mid-1950s, acquires renewed significance, when related with a number of recent developments, be they epistemological (such as the sensorial and affective turn), economic (globalised flows of capital, experience economy), techno-social (ubiquitous flows of information, real time anthropotechnological interactions, fluid subjectivities). For cultural and social theory in particular, the distinction between visual and acoustic space corresponds to prevalent binary schemes that conceptualise space, notably 'representation of space' versus '"representational space' (Lefebvre, 1992), 'strategies' versus 'tactics' (de Certeau, 1984) and 'striated' versus 'smooth' space (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987). The first part of all these binary schemes refers to the top-down, hierarchical, static, rational and large-scale construction of space. The second part refers to the bottom-up, open, experiential, performative, contingent use of space.


The scientific monograph presents research in the context of integration of traditional and innovative processes. The general issues of economics and public administration are considered, research in the field of law and political sciences is presented, issues of philological, philosophical, pedagogical and other sciences are covered. The publication is intended for scientists, lecturers, postgraduates and students, as well as the broader audience.


Added to repository from USAIN file on December 10th, 2013 / kc / replaced with new digitized file from theses/dissertations project on October 24, 2014 / kc


On 7 March 2014, the UK's Automobile Association (AA) launched a campaign to encourage motorists to 'Think Bikes'. The campaign, which has been supported by cycling and motorcycling organisations, was intended to address a lack of awareness by car drivers that cyclistsmay be present but not visible on the roads. Using a short filmed advert featuring a naked cyclist and the slogan 'you don't know what you're missing', the implication was that either motorists are not looking in their mirrors or rather, assuming that they are checking for other cars, they are not expecting to see cyclists in them who are therefore rendered invisible. On the eve of the campaign launch, the globally popular British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) motoring magazine-style television programme, Top Gear, staged a series of sketches in which the controversial presenter, Jeremy Clarkson, and co-presenters produced public safety information films about the dangers of urban cycling which were then shown to a panel of road safety experts, including the cycling commentator and former professional racer Chris Boardman. Clarkson, notorious for his populist pro-motoring positions and attention-grabbing slogans, offers the provocative slogan, 'work harder: get a car', as the basis for the first of the series of films. In a marginal rapprochement to the expert panel, the feature culminates in a sequence in which the presenters cycle through London and experience potential risks from buses and right-hand turns. They then produce their final filmwith the slogan 'give [cyclists] an inch and they'll save you a mile'. Albeit still with an eye to their main constituency, here they draw attention (somewhat ironically) to the generosity of cyclists who are making more space for those driving cars to enjoy the experience.


In this paper, a vertical device structure and its process flow are proposed for fabrication of Gallium Nitride Trench Field Effect Transistors (GaNTT). A TCAD model is developed to capture effect of bulk and interface traps on the electrical performance of fully vertical Gallium Nitride devices on a Silicon Carbide substrate (GaN-on-SiC). The simulation results show a promising specific on-resistance of Rsp,on = 1.4 mΩ . cm2 and a blocking voltage of BV = 540V at VGS=0V for a GaN drift thickness of 4 μm.


In vascular adrenergic neurons the release of calcium from SER stores known as calcium induced calcium release (CICR) plays a role in determining the magnitude and shape of stimulation‐evoked intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) transients. The release of calcium is triggered by activation of ryanodine receptor (RYR) channels. We measured electric field stimulation (EFS)‐evoked [Ca2+]i transients in isolated fura‐2 loaded superior cervical ganglion (SCG) cells from F‐344 rats aged 6, 12 and 24 months. 50 square‐wave pulses of EFS (5Hz) were delivered using a Grass stimulator via platinum electrodes. The current was ramped from 50–300 mA in the absence (control) and presence of the RYR antagonist, ryanodine (100 μM) to block release of calcium from SER stores. EFS‐evoked changes in peak and rate of rise of [Ca2+]i significantly declined by 43% and 59% respectively in SCG cells from 24 month‐old animals as compared to 6 and 12 months (P<0.05 by ANOVA). Following the addition of ryanodine, EFS‐evoked changes in peak and rate of rise of [Ca2+]i significantly declined by 22% and 25% respectively only in SCG cells from 6 and 12 month‐old animals with no effect at 24 months (P<0.03 by paired T‐test). In addition, following blockade of CICR the dynamics of EFS‐evoked [Ca2+]i transients in young cells is similar to old. These data suggest that in SCG cells there is an age‐related decline in the contribution of CICR in determining the magnitude and shape of EFS‐evoked [Ca2+]i transients.


Summary. Human haemopoietic tissues contain primitive plastic‐adherent progenitor cells (PΔ cells) that can be detected by measurement of their granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐forming cell (CFU‐GM) progeny. Limiting dilution analysis and Poisson statistics are necessary for determining the frequency of PΔ cells because each of them produces several CFU‐GM. Limiting dilution also permits measurement of the abilities of individual PΔ progenitors to produce CFU‐GM. Here we report that the frequencies of PΔ progenitors in cord blood and adult marrow are similar (5.6 and 7.8/105 mononuclear cells respectively) and individual cord blood PΔ progenitors produce fewer CFU‐GM than adult PΔ progenitors. To test the possibility that the lower production of differentiated progeny by cord blood cells was the result of a higher rate of self‐renewal, we devised a two‐stage limiting dilution assay relying on the relative production of CFU‐GM after two consecutive weeks of incubation. The probability of progenitor renewal (PPR) was derived from the number of wells (progenitors) that produced CFU‐GM on both occasions compared with the number that produced CFU‐GM on the first occasion only. The total number of CFU‐GM produced on the second occasion compared with the number produced on the first occasion provided an index of the overall change in the size of the PΔ cell population. The data indicate that PΔ cells in cord blood have a higher PPR (0.59) than those in adult marrow (036). Also, the relative numbers of CFU‐GM produced in the second and first weeks were greater for cord blood (1.2) than for adult marrow (0.36). Therefore PΔ cells in cord blood have a greater capacity for self‐maintenance and possibly for expansion than PΔ cells in adult marrow.


This thesis examines whether or not feminist dystopian fiction can be seen as a distinct literary (sub)genre. It considers the importance of looking at both internal features of texts and at recognition by the field with regard to the emergence of (new) (sub)genres. Chapter one will focus on theory on genre, for which Claire Squires' Marketing Literature: The Making of Contemporary Writing in Britain (2007) is of particular importance, as her work discusses both these aspect with regard to genre and simultaneously focuses on the significance of genre to the marketplace. Chapter two will focus on Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale (1985), as this novel has been analysed as a feminist dystopia and is nowadays often used as touchstone for contemporary works regarded as similar to it – demonstrating its significance to this thesis. Chapter three will focus on the internal features through an analysis of both The Handmaid's Tale and the four novels of which my corpus is composed, which are Jennie Melamed's Gather the Daughters (2017), Naomi Alderman's The Power (2016), Louise Erdrich's Future Home of the Living God (2017), and Sarah Hall's The Carhullan Army (2007). Chapter four shows how the field has dealt with these works and whether or not the feminist dystopia is used and acknowledged as a generic label. This thesis establishes that Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale presents a narrative that remains of relevance in that it can be applied to different times and contexts and it continues to be of interest to both academics, television producers, and critics. Atwood's work and the four novels of which my corpus is composed all present narratives that can be labelled as feminist dystopian fiction, which is concluded on the basis of a shared set of internal features. These features are often pointed out by critics (and sometimes also by publishers), but feminist dystopian fiction is not (yet) entirely recognised as a distinct literary (sub)genre.


The declaration of will on a unilateral commitment out of limitation of action should have legally binding force,as well as a repayment agreement which two sides have made.The reason is that—abandoning limitation interests don't make prejudice to the interests of the public and good customs;Repayment agreement reached between the two sides and unilateral committing to fulfilling the obligations and debt are the embodiment of the principle of autonomy;Approving the repayment agreement reached between the two sides or commitment of fulfilling the obligations and debt to have the binding force of law,are consistent with defense right occurrence theory adopted on limitation validity;And doesn't violate the mandatory provisions and establishment objectives of the limitation system.


Based on the data from the Shanxi Statistical Yearbooks between 2006 and 2008,the ecological footprint and carrying capacity of Shanxi Province were calculated with the help of the ecological footprint model.The results show that the per capita area of ecological footprint of Shanxi Province has increased from 4.434944hm2 to 4.512656 hm2;and the ecological carrying capacity has increased from 0.562952hm2 to 0.772641hm2 over the last three years without stop.This region has been in ecological deficit,which had increased to 3.740015hm2 by 2008.That means the arrival of unsustainable ecological development in Shanxi.Measures for sustainable development are proposed as a reference for Shanxi ecosystem sustainable development.


Abstract Land expansion and population growth are the most important factors for urban development in the rapid urbanization stage. Intensive land use is a key goal of urban sustainable development...


An eighteenth-century French lyre guitar (a variant of the familiar Eu- ropean guitar) was examined and treated during 1995-96. Visual and technical analysis revealed that extensive adhesive and material failure had occurred overall, leading to severe deformation of the wooden plates comprising the instrument, and the loss of decorative as well as structural elements. The treatment of the instrument relied on a careful balance of conservation and crafts techniques and this paper focuses on details of these techniques. The treatment was informed by the multidisciplinary approach inherent in objects conservation, which is ideally suited to the composite (and functional) nature of musical instruments.


: Pneumopericardium indicates the free air in the pericardium. It can develop secondary to many different reasons and the most common cause in etiology is trauma. Other pathologies are usually accompanied in cases of pneumopericardium developed secondary to penetrating thoracic traumas, and isolated pneumopericardium is a very rare condition. In this article, a rare case of isolated pneumopericardium developed in a 82-year-old male patient without any additional pathological lesion secondary to a penetrating chest trauma is presented in the light of the literature.


Information Retrieval is become a research area in the field of Computer Science. Information Retrieval is the process of tracing and recovery of specific information from Database.It is a continuous process during which we consider, reconsider and refine the research problems by using different retrieval techniques. It is crucial to documentation and organization of knowledge. This paper provides aComprehensive study of major Information Retrieval Models and Methods and their Applications. Keywords:Information Retrieval (IR), Indexing, IR mode,Searching, Vector Space Model (VSM).


A four month old kid was presented to the department for necropsy with history of illness since few days and respiratory distress from two days. Necropsy examination revealed debilitated carcass and pale mucus membranes. Lung showed red hepatisation with frothy exudate in trachea, bronchi and lungs. Small intestine was completely blocked by tapeworms which were confirmed as Monenzia expansa, whereas one ninety round worm were recovered from caecum, which were confirmed as Trichuris spp. Grossly, intestine and caecum showed severe catarrhal enteritis and typhlitis, respectively. Histopathological examination of various organs revealed interstitial pneumonia in lung, severe enteritis with cut sections of tapeworm in intestine and typhlitis in caecum.


Requirements are complex by nature. When describing something that has not been realized, users may find it difficult to interpret it accurately. Many problems cannot be discovered until some abstract concepts become concrete and some details have been confirmed. So checking the origination and processing history of the requirements and making adjustments are very normal practice. Requirement provenance records which have well-defined syntax and explicit semantics can provide solid support for requirement traceability analysis. By setting up the mapping between PROV and a typical requirement framework, this paper proposes RE_PROV, a novel model for the description of requirement provenance. The rationales of the mapping are explained and a comprehend example of an embedded software design is provided to show possible usage.


In this letter, we investigate nonlinear properties of the underlying dynamics for the Arctic Oscillation Index (AOI). First, we develop a test statistic for surrogate data analysis so that we can deal with the high-dimensionality of AOI. Second, we validate the test statistic with toy models. Then, by applying the proposed new test statistic with surrogate data to the dataset of AOI for the last 60 years, we show that AOI is nonlinear with determinism beyond pseudo-periodicity. These results mean that the underlying dynamics of AOI is consistent with deterministic chaos, implying that it is predictable in a short-term but not in a long-term.


Antisense RNA molecules deactivates target gene by binding to the sense strand. This allowed the application to the molecular alteration of flower color. To date, 3 kinds of genes have been transformed into 14 cultivars for this purpose and transgenic plants with color-altered flowers have been obtained. This paper briefly reviews the progress of antisense RNA technology and its use in flower color improvement.


The Dianqiangui and Qinling areas are the most important mineralizing district of Carlin-type gold deposit in China. A comparison of geological settings, stable isotopes(O, D, C, S), Pb isotope, rare earth elements and fluid inclusion data provided insights into similarity and differences in the source of ore-forming materials, nature and physico-chemical conditions of ore fluids and geological controls on mineralization. The Carlin-type gold deposits in the two areas are chracterized by: (1) mineralization age ranging from 100 to 200 Ma, (2)the deposits hosted in a brand spectrum of rocks both in terms of age and lithology,(3)the ore-forming fluid dominated by mteoric solutions,with additional magmatic or mantle-derived components in some deposits, with temperature of 150-300°C and low f(O2),(4) the metallogenic materials mainly derived from host rock, and (5)ore bodies chiefly controlled by shear-compressional structures.Relative complexity of ore materials and fluid sources and higher temperature of mineralization fluids in the Qinling area is largely due to its orogenic affinity, while simplicity and low temperature in the Dianqiangui area is consistent with its intra-cratonic setting.


The article is dedicated to the thoughts of the well known French philosophers of the XVIII century (physiocrates, Voltaire, Diderot, Boulanger) about the ideas of "virtue", "morality order", "sociability", their secular character is particularly emphasized.


In this paper, we formulate a model for evaluating the effects of an opportunistic disease affecting only those individuals already infected by a primary disease. The opportunistic disease act on a faster time scale and it is represented by an SIS epidemic model with frequency-dependent transmission. The primary disease is governed by an SIS epidemic model with density-dependent transmission, and we consider two different recovery cases. The first one assumes a constant recovery rate whereas the second one takes into account limited treatment resources by means of a saturating treatment rate. No demographics is included in these models.Our results indicate that misunderstanding the role of the opportunistic disease may lead to wrong estimates of the overall potential amount of infected individuals. In the case of constant recovery rate, an expression measuring this discrepancy is derived, as well as conditions on the opportunistic disease imposing a coinfection endemic state on a primary disease otherwise tending to disappear. The case of saturating treatment rate adds the phenomenon of backward bifurcation, which fosters the presence of endemic coinfection and greater levels of infected individuals. Nevertheless, there are specific situations where increasing the opportunistic disease basic reproduction number helps to eradicate both diseases.


Two different day-ahead bidding strategies for a flexible combined heat and power plant are discussed. The plant portfolio consists of multiple combined heat and power units, a heat storage, gas boilers and an electric boiler. The first strategy relies on two-stage stochastic optimization which uses scenarios for electricity prices and thermal loads as inputs. The second "flat-bidding" strategy uses deterministic forecasts for electricity prices and thermal load. The performance of the two strategies is evaluated for four months in 2016 by consecutively simulating the day-ahead auction participation and subsequent plant operation. Both strategies are benchmarked against a perfect information optimization. The stochastic optimization decreases the costs in the range of +4 to −1 percent compared to the flat bidding scheme yet requiring excessively more computation time.


Summary.  Acute hepatitis and recovery from woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection involves increased intrahepatic expression of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) mRNAs. In the present study, recovery correlated with increased intrahepatic expression of mRNAs for major histocompatibility complex class 1 (MHC1), β2‐microglobulin, 2′5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase (2′5′‐OAS), and indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO). By comparison, acute WHV infection progressing to chronicity was associated with diminished expression of these IFN‐γ‐associated mRNAs in liver. Transfection of WHV‐infected primary hepatocytes (WPH) from WHV carriers with an IFN‐γ‐expressing plasmid (pIFN‐γ) resulted in dose‐dependent accumulations of MHC1, TNF‐α, 2′5′‐OAS, and IDO mRNAs within 96 h. Markers of T cells and immune‐mediated cytotoxicity that accumulate in recovering liver were not apparent in WPH based on the relative lack of CD3, CD4, Fas ligand, perforin, and granzyme B mRNAs. Expression of pIFN‐γ, and TNF‐α‐expressing plasmid (pTNF‐α), did not affect total WHV RNA, or fully double‐stranded WHV DNA in WPH, but each reduced some of the replicative intermediate (RI) species of WHV DNA synthesis. WPH treated with recombinant IFN‐α protein had a higher fold induction of 2′5′‐OAS mRNA associated with partial reductions in WHV RNAs and the major RI species. Thus, IFN‐γ expression in carrier WPH induced several host responses often observed in liver of recovering woodchucks, and impaired a stage of WHV DNA synthesis by a non‐cytolytic mechanism mediated by TNF‐α. Local enhancement of IFN‐γ‐associated responses in chronic WHV‐infected hepatocytes may promote therapeutic antiviral effects, but additional effector mechanisms evident during recovery appear necessary for more complete clearance of WHV infection.


Based on the tight-binding model of the single electron, the one-dimensional Anderson model with random binary distributed on-site energies is studied using the transfer-matrix approach. We calculate numerically the localization length, the density of the electronic states and the Lyapunov exponent. The results show that the localization length strongly depends on energies and is affected by disordered degrees to some extent. With finite size systems, the localization length presents obvious effect on the impurity concentration. While in the dilute limit there exist extended states, increasing the impurity concentration beyond a critical value destroys these extended states and the localization length over the entire energy range becomes smaller than the system size. By studying the scaling relation, we find that the localized states are stable in the thermodynamic limit. Transforming the random matrix product into a conformal map, we introduce the Lyapunov exponent, which is finite within the entire band...


A permanentmagnet suspension bearing includes an inner ring of a permanent magnet; an outer ring make of non-magnetoconductivity material, the thickness of the inner ring in an axial direction is less than that of the outer ring in the axial direction, and the outer diameter of the inner ring is less than that the inner diameter of the outer ring; a first radial permanent magnet embedded in the outer ring and absorbed with the inner ring through magnetic force; a plurality of axial permanent magnets, wherein at least one axial permanent magnet is fixed on the end face of a first end of the outer ring along the axial direction, at least one axial permanent magnet is fixed on the end face of a second end of the outer ring along the axial direction, and the repulsion force of the axial permanent magnet located on the end face of the first end to the inner ring and the repulsion force of the axial permanent magnet located on the end face of the second end to the inner ring is zero. A permanentmagnet suspension bearing assembly includes the permanentmagnet suspension bearing. The permanentmagnet suspension bearing of the utility model may be implemented by a simple structure including the inner ring and outer ring of the permanent magnet, the first radial permanent magnet and axial permanent magnets.


We introduce the notion of a leak for general process theories and identify quantum theory as a theory with minimal leakage, while classical theory has maximal leakage. We provide a construction that adjoins leaks to theories, an instance of which describes the emergence of classical theory by adjoining decoherence leaks to quantum theory. Finally, we show that defining a notion of purity for processes in general process theories has to make reference to the leaks of that theory, a feature missing in standard definitions; hence, we propose a refined definition and study the resulting notion of purity for quantum, classical and intermediate theories.


A new tester-induced HBM current waveform anomaly was discovered as a result of efforts to understand the cause of low level HBM failures seen on 65 nm CMOS products. The anomaly, which consists of a current spike occurring just prior to the actual HBM pulse, was found to be caused by contact misalignment in the tester¿s discharge relay.


Abstract Chromosome studies have been carried out on two endemic species of the northern Western Ghats, India, viz. Barleria lawii and B. sepalosa. Both species showed 2n = 40 mitotic chromosomes. Chromosomes had median region centromeres and both species exhibited a karyotype formula of 20m. Karyotypes were moderately symmetrical and fell into category 4b of Stebbins' asymmetry classes. Values for the intrachromosomal index (A1) for Barleria lawii and B. sepalosa were 0.23 and 0.28, respectively, while the interchromosomal index (A2) for the former was 0.19 and 0.23 for the latter. Meiosis was found to be normal and both species had 20 bivalents at diplotene/diakinesis. These data on cytogenetics add to the information about karyosystematics of Barleria section Chrysothrix and will be useful in understanding species interrelationships and also in undertaking hybridization programmes for producing hybrids of ornamental interest. Since gross chromosome morphology of the two species in particular, and all Barleria species for which chromosome data are available in general, is similar, it is suggested that further linear differentiation of chromosomes and better understanding of karyotype evolution in Barleria should be possible using banding techniques and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approaches.


Abstract Objective Aromatherapy has been used for patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), but the outcomes are still controversial. Thus, we conducted this study to systematically evaluate the effect of aromatherapy on the quality of life of patients on MHD. Methods We searched the PubMed, Embays, Scopus, Web of Science, and CNKI databases for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the use of aromatherapy in dialysis patients and reported at least one outcome of interest. Results Twenty-two relevant studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that aromatherapy significantly increased subjective sleep quality (a lower score indicates better sleep quality) [standardized mean difference (SMD) = −1.52, 95% CI (−2.38, −0.67), p < 0.01] and reduced fatigue [SMD = −1.14, 95% CI (−1.95, −0.33), p = 0.01], anxiety [SMD = −1.38, 95% CI (−2.09, −0.67), p < 0.01], symptoms of restless legs syndrome [RLS; SMD = −1.71, 95% CI (−2.09, −1.33), p < 0.01], and arteriovenous fistula puncture pain [SMD= −1.56, 95% CI (−2.60, −0.52), p < 0.01]. Conclusions Aromatherapy may be used as a novel complementary and alternative therapy to improve sleep quality and reduce fatigue, anxiety, symptoms of RLS, and arteriovenous fistula puncture pain in patients on MHD.


Control strategies of pulse detonation engine are analyzed by using pulse detonation performance model.There is an local optimal operating frequency existing when the detonation chamber is filled with partially gas.Thus fuel flow control method should be used to achieve the best performance.On the other hand,the performance of the engine will also increasing with frequency and fuel flow up.Therefore,a cooperation method of the frequency and fuel flow should be used for pulse detonation engine control.


Objective: To investigate the infection characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) patients in order to improve diagnostic and therapeutic level of infection and decrease their mortality. Methods: Five hundred and forty-four cases diagnosed as SLE during 15 years from 1983 to 1998 were retrospectively studied, and the infectious characteristics, mainly the relationship between those and C-reactive protein (CRP) investigated. Results: Among total 865 case/times in 544 SLE inpatients, 537 mild episodes and 216 severe episodes(24.9%) were found, the most common case was lower respiratory tracts infections in 129(59.7%), the next was skin infections in 29(13.4%), and urinary system infections in 21(9.7%). Conclusions: The infection rate of SLE inpatients was rather higher. As the clinical infection manifestation of SLE being not very typical it is necessary to carry out clinical observation and examination closely, take clinical differentiating diagnosis carefully. In the laboratory examinations CRP is an important indicator related to infections.


A clonal cell line (44-2C) which synthesizes and secretes somatostatin, neurotensin, calcitonin (CT), and CT gene-related peptide and transiently expresses c-fos was used to characterize the mechanism of action of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). bFGF had two modes of action: 1) short term incubation of 44-2C cells with bFGF increased the cellular content of neurotensin, somatostatin, and CT; and 2) bFGF enhanced the response of the cells to rat hypothalamic GRF-mediated cAMP efflux. The long term action of bFGF was manifested by the permissive effect of the molecule. bFGF had a sustained effect on RNA synthesis, and pretreatment with bFGF for 24 h altered the time course of response of the cells to rat GRF. In this cell line the cellular action of bFGF was not mediated via protein kinase-C action. bFGF was not mitogenic in 44-2C cells. bFGF stimulated uridine incorporation without affecting thymidine incorporation. Results obtained with actinomycin-D and alpha-amanitin suggest that the above effects of bFGF can be correlated with increased RNA stability produced by bFGF.


Objective Meta-analysis was performed to compare the myocardial protection of sevoflurane versus propofol in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Methods Electronic databases were searched to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published to September 2008 which compared sevoflurane with propofol in patients undergoing CABG surgery. Two authors independently assessed the quality of each study to meet the inclusion criteria and extracted perioperative data, including patients' preoperative information (baseline characteristics, heart function, disease history and situation of medication), surgical variables (number of grafts and iachemia time) and outcome data such us cardiac index after CPB, postoperative cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnⅠ) levels, mechanical ventilation time, positive inotropic drugs, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay length, postoperative mortality, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia and atrial fibrillation. Then Meta analysis was performed using RevMan 5.0 software. Results A total of 696 patients from 13 prospective RCTs were inchided in the Meta analysis, 402 out of 696 patients were allocated into sevoflurane group, and 294 into propofol group. There were no significant differences in postoperative mechanical ventilation time, usage rate of positive inotropic drugs, postoperative mortality, incidence of myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ). Cardiac index after CPB was significantly higher, postoperative cTnl level and incidence of postoperative myocardial ischernia lower, and ICU and hospital stay length shorter in the sevoflurane group than in the propofol group ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion Sevoflunme has better myocardial protection than propofol in patients undergoing CABG surgery.

Key words:
Anesthetics, inhalation;  Propefol;  Coronary artery bypass;  Meta-analysis


Transforming the UML model information into XMI standard format can realize transformation between models and generating code from model automatically,speed up the progress of system development and improve the quality of software. Firstly this paper introduces some basic concepts,such as MDA,UML,XMI,Stereotype Class diagram,then it proposes a method of UML Stereotype Class diagram mapping to XMI,and represented the mapping algorithm according to XMI schema definition and the mapping rules for UML Stereotype Class diagrams. Finally it verifies the algorithm by using a specific example of the UML Stereotype Class diagram mapping to XMI. The example shows that the algorithm is feasible.


Introduction. The purpose of this paper is to provide a fresh outlook to various questions on rings with polynomial identity by examining the centers of such rings. This approach yields the interesting result that any nonzero ideal of a semiprime ring with polynomial identity intersects the center nontrivially (Theorem 2). There are at least two interesting consequences to Theorem 2: a generalization of Wedderburn's theorem (any semiprimitive ring with polynomial identity, whose center is a field, is simple) and a strengthening of Posner's theorem [1] (any prime ring with a polynomial identity has a simple ring of quotients whose center is the quotient field of the center of the prime ring). The proofs are elementary modulo Jacobson [3]. Of course rings are not necessarily commutative and for the sake of simplicity we assume a unit 1. The key argument in this paper is an application of Formanek's central polynomials for matrix algebras over a field, whose important properties are [2] : Let Mn be an n x n matrix algebra over an arbitrary field. Then there exists a polynomial gn(Xl9.. .,Xm) which has coefficients in Z; is homogeneous (degree > 0) in every variable and linear in all but the first variable; takes values in the center for every specialization in Mn; and is nonvanishing for some specialization.


N ovavax reported that, in 28 days following public release of the avian influenza A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) virus gene sequences, its recombinant DNA and baculovirus-Spodoptera frugiperda cell culture-based technology was used to produce a virus-like particle vaccine to avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, and murine animal challenge studies were initiated.[1] This report describes Novavax's manufacturing process and the coordinated timing of critical activities necessary to produce and release a clinical batch of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus virus-like particle vaccine, under current good manufacturing practices, within three months from the time that the virus genomic sequences for this potential pandemic influenza virus were reported. The key enabling factors were: • A detailed, integrated project plan and daily coordination meetings • Advanced use of the baculovirus master virus seed to bypass production of the passage 3 virus stock • Successful functional testing of the master virus seed to establish process parameters • Drug substance quantitation with an alternate method prior to availability of single radial immunodiffusion assay reagents • Forward processing of intermediates prior to completion of quality control testing • A process that uses single-use manufacturing technology Introduction Since 1997, avian influenza A viruses of various subtypes, including H5N1, H9N2, H7N7, H5N2, and now H7N9 have infected humans. Unfortunately, there is no method to predict which existing, novel avian, or other influenza A subtypes—for which little or no pre-existing immunity in the human population exists—may emerge as human-tohuman transmissible and lead to the next pandemic. One of the best methods of protecting society from the health, social, and economic risks of an influenza pandemic is rapid immunization of the population with a potent vaccine prior to the major wave of infections that come with the onset of a pandemic. In the past decade, manufacturers have improved the response rate and timelines for influenza vaccine production through the use of cell culture and recombinant DNA technology— as compared to the traditional production method that uses embryonated chicken eggs with reassortant viruses adapted for high growth.[2] The industry is now preparing vaccines for avian influenza A(H7N9) virus through various novel manufacturing process technologies[3-7] in response to the recent human H7N9 infections resulting in severe respiratory symptoms, extended hospitalizations, and a high mortality rate, especially in the elderly. On March 31, 2013, the Chinese Health and Family Planning Commission noti f ied the World Health Organization (WHO) of the first confirmed human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus.[8] Although the H7N9 virus is a low pathogen in avian species, three confirmed human avian influenza A(H7N9) virus-associated infections had occurred in Shanghai and Anhui.[9,10] During the first weeks of April, the incidence of confirmed cases rose rapidly, spreading to eight provinces of eastern China.[11] Patients were admitted to the hospital displaying severe Article Published Online: 29 July 2013 TRENDS & DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOPROCESS TE Article Published Online: 29 July 2013


This study aims to develop Computer-Based Tests kits on essay type questions to prepare professional teachers in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. This research is a type of development research which is carried out in 6 stages, namely (1) development of an essay type question instrument;(2) Focus Group Discussion;(3) development of computer-based test kits;(4) expert assessment;(5) pilot study;(6) final revision. The focus group discussion was conducted involving 9 experts, then validation on the computer-based test kit was carried out by involving 4 media experts. The pilot study of the test kit was conducted on 65 students of mathematics pre-service teacher. Expert validation values are obtained through the Aiken formula;the level of readability and effectiveness of the test kits are described based on expert judgment. The results showed that the test kit (computer-based) had met the readability aspect and met the good standard with an average expert judgment of 0.78. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the computer-based test kits developed in this study can be used by teachers as a means of online learning assessment, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, which forces teachers to do online learning. © 2022 Author(s).


Supply chain scheduling problem has always been a focus of research in supply chain management. The multi-plant supply chain scheduling problem with random and fuzzy in the process of production of customized products was studied on. This paper establishes a fuzzy stochastic expected value model in this problem for considering the longest lead time of completing all orders and the total cost of producing and transiting all orders as evaluation index. It solves the problem by using genetic algorithm and then verifies the effectiveness of the model and algorithm through the simulation results.


Simple community parameters, such as number of species caught and the species diversity of a planktonic group (in this case Ostracoda), have been found to be stable enough in time and space to detect shifts in these parameters likely to be generated by interannual and decadal variation, especially if sampling is conducted at mesopelagic depths. At this time scale, changes in spatial variability will be expressed most clearly as shifts in zoogeographical boundaries. The clearest boundary to be detected in the North-east Atlantic occurs in the vicinity of 40°N, across which is a rapid equatorwards reduction in the total available nutrient as a result of a reduction in the depth of the mixed layer in winter. The boundary at 40°N is marked in satellite images by a sharp reduction in seasonality of surface chlorophyll concentrations. In the planktonic ostracods there is a sharp decline in both species numbers and diversity on the poleward side to a depth of at least 2000 m. If these changes are related to the degree of seasonality in the production cycle, then they can be expected to be climatically controlled. Monitoring this boundary will give an unambiguous signal of any future climate change, natural or anthropogenic, having a significant biological impact on the oceanic ecosystem and on fluxes of material within the water column.


The paper reports an experimental study of production and propagation of diverging and converging spherical shock waves. In order to quantitatively observe spherical shock waves and the flow field behind them, an aspheric spherical transparent test section was designed and constructed. This 150 mm inner-diameter aspheric lens shaped test section permits the collimated visualization laser light beam to traverse the test section parallel and emerge parallel. Spherical diverging shock waves were produced at the center of the spherical test section. In order to generate shock waves, irradiation of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam on micro silver azide pellets were used. The weight of silver azide pellets ranged from 1 to 10 mg, with their corresponding energy of 2.1 to 21 J. Pressure histories at different points over the test section were measured to validate production of uniform shock waves. After reflection of spherical shock wave from the test section, a converging spherical shock wave was produced. Double exposure holographic interferometry and time resolved high speed photography were used for flow visualization. The whole sequence of diverging and converging spherical shock waves propagation and their interaction with product gases were studied.


The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that influence inflation, using secondary data from 1987 to 2017. Methods for analyzing data using multiple linear regression. The result of the study shows that money supply has a positive and significant effect on inflation while economic growth has a negative and significant effect on inflation occurs in Indonesia. While interest rates do not have an influence on inflation occurs in Indonesia.


Various downscaling approaches have been developed to overcome the limitation of the coarse spatial resolution of general circulation models (GCMs). Such techniques can be grouped into two approaches of dynamical and statistical downscaling. In this study, we investigated the performances of different downscaling methods, focusing on East Asian summer monsoon precipitation to obtain more finely resolved and value added datasets. The dynamical downscaling was conducted by the Regional Model Program (RMP) of the Global/Regional Integrated Model system (GRIMs), while the statistical downscaling was performed through coupled pattern-based simple linear regression. The dynamical downscaling resulted in a better representation of the spatial distribution and long-term trend than the GCM produced; however, it tended to overestimate precipitation over East Asia. In contrast, the application of the statistical downscaling resulted in a bias in the amount of precipitation, due to low variance that is inherent in regression-based downscaling. A combination of dynamical and statistical downscaling produced the best results in time and space. This study provides a guideline for determining the most effective and robust downscaling method in the hydrometeorological applications, which are quite sensitive to the accuracy of downscaled precipitation.


Objective  The objective of this study was to determine whether the improved prediction of risk for perinatal mortality obtained with the use of a customised birthweight standard can also be obtained with the use of a non‐customised but intrauterine‐based standard.


Cold extrusion of steel is one technology which makes possible to produce accurate components of small and middle size, with very good mechanical properties and high quality of surfaces. However, due to relatively high costs of dies and equipment, this technology is economical only if batch size is big enough. In cold extrusion processes high pressures occur. In order to perform appropriate die design and die construction the amount and distribution of acting stresses should be known. Of special importance are contact stresses which take place between die and workpiece surface. Current paper investigates the contact stresses in radial direction at the container (die) wall in the process of cold forward extrusion of low carbon steel. Investigation has been carried out by two methods: Finite Element simulation and by experiment. Comparison of the results obtained by both methods shows good agreement.


Novel 4-ethynylphthaloyl amino acid esters carrying different terminal groups, 4-ethynylphthaloyl glycine (1S,2R,5S)-menthyl ester (1), 4-ethynylphthaloyl glycine (1R,2S,5R)-menthyl ester (2), 4-ethynylphthaloyl L-leucine methyl ester (3), 4-ethynylphthaloyl L-leucine (1S,2R,5S)-menthyl ester (4), 4-ethynylphthaloyl L-leucine (1R,2S,5R)-menthyl ester (5) were synthesized and polymerized with a rhodium catalyst. Polymers with high molecular weights were obtained in 71–92% yields. The helical conformation of the polymers could be tuned by the chirality of the amino acid connected to the backbone, together with the chirality and bulkiness of the terminal pendent groups. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4183–4192, 2008


In [7], Hedstrom and Houston introduce a type of quasilocal integral domain, therein dubbed a pseudo-valuation domain (for short, a PVD), which possesses many of the ideal-theoretic properties of valuation domains. For the reader′s convenience and reference purposes, Proposition 2.1 lists some of the ideal-theoretic characterizations of PVD′s given in [7]. As the terminology suggests, any valuation domain is a PVD. Since valuation domains may be characterized as the quasilocal domains of weak global dimension at most 1, a homological study of PVD's seems appropriate. This note initiates such a study by establishing (see Theorem 2.3) that the only possible weak global dimensions of a PVD are 0, 1, 2 and ∞. One upshot (Corollary 3.4) is that a coherent PVD cannot have weak global dimension 2: hence, none of the domains of weak global dimension 2 which appear in [10, Section 5.5] can be a PVD.


We demonstrate the detection of spin‐orbit interaction and evaluation of spin‐orbit interaction energy using the Kondo effect in self‐assembled InAs quantum dots with large tunnel coupling.


AMPS-AM-IA terpolymer is synthesized using 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS),acrylamide (AM) and itaconic acid (IA) as raw materials.The optimum conditions of the synthesis are determined through orthogonal experiments:reaction temperature 55℃,initiator dosage 0.1%,reaction time 6 h and monomer ratio AMPS∶AM∶IA=30∶60∶10.


PBT/POE and PBT/ POE-g-(GMA-co-St) systems were prepared through toughening PBT with POE and POE-g-(GMA-co-St),respectively.The effect of POE and POE-g-(GMA-co-St) on the mechanical properties of modified PBT was investigated,and the phase structure was also characterized by TEM.The results showed that the toughening effect of POE-g-(GMA-co-St) on PBT was better than that of POE obviously.When the amount of POE-g-(GMA-co-St) was 15 phr,the notched impact strength of modified PBT was 29.21kJ/m2,and was about 4 times and 3 times higher than PBT and PBT/POE,respectively,the tensile strength and flexural strength decreased a little.POE-g-(GMA-co-St) dispersed uniformly in the PBT matrix with small size and the two phases had good compatibility.


A field experiment was undertaken at Regional Agriculture Research Station, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh for two consecutive years viz., 2018-19 and 2019-20 on Vertisols under rainfed condition to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and topping on performance of bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties. The treatments consisted of two varieties as main plots, three nitrogen levels as sub plots and three topping levels as sub sub plots in split split plot design and replicated thrice. The data pooled over two seasons revealed that significantly higher leaf length (47.6 cm), leaf width (21.3 cm) and cured leaf yield (2217 kg ha-1) were recorded with variety ABD 132 over other variety Nandyal Pogaku 1. Application of 140 kg N ha-1 recorded higher leaf length (47.7 cm), leaf width (20.9 cm) and cured leaf yield (2110 kg ha-1). The topping at 15 leaf stage recoded higher cured leaf yield (2147 kg ha-1) over other topping stages. Higher net returns (Rs 105544 ha-1) with BCR of 2.72 were recorded with ABD 132 over Nandyal Pogaku 1. Application of 110 kg N ha-1 recorded higher BCR of 2.55 whereas topping at 15 leaf stage recorded higher net returns (Rs 100275 ha-1) with BCR of 2.64. ABD 132 recorded higher nicotine (5.94%), lower reducing sugars (2.25%) and higher chlorides (1.61%) when compared to Nandyal Pogaku 1 (5.71%, 2.97% and 1.23% respectively). The levels of nitrogen and topping had non-significant effect on leaf chemical constituents. The interactive effect among various treatments had significantly beneficial effect on cured leaf yield of bidi tobacco and maximum cured leaf yield was obtained with ABD 132 with 140 kg N ha-1and topping at 15 leaf stage.


The second half of the nineteenth century was afflicted by sharp conflicts between science and faith. They divided Victorian England into many parties and caused a sphere of suspicion which pervaded the universities and even turned the Boden Chair of Sanskrit at Oxford into a battleground for members of the Low Church in England.1 The chair had fallen vacant in May 1860 after the death of Horace Hayman Wilson. Friedrich Max Müller, his pupil, was generally regarded as the most qualified candidate and received the support of a wide circle of learned people from the university. Yet, he was defeated by M. Monier-Williams, a devout Anglican, who played the Evangelical card and argued for making the chair subservient to missionary goals. Colonel Boden 'thought more of aiding, by means of Sankrit, the diffusion of Christianity in India than promoting the fame of the professorship'.2 With this proclamation, Monier-Williams won the favour of the country clergy who had been whipped up to cast their votes at the Convocation and thus defeated Müller, despite his High and Broad Church supporters.3 The incident may seem small, but it is significant for the relations between the various religious parties. Forty years later, The Times focused again on the affair in its obituary of Max Müller and made it clear that the scientific qualifications for the Sanskrit Chair had been made subordinate to chauvinistic, theological and clerical arguments: 'he was a foreigner'; 'his theology was suspect to the rigid orthodoxy'; and 'he was the familiar friend of the leaders of the liberal movement'.4 Müller had studied in Leipzig and Berlin and promoted Higher Criticism of the Sacred Sriptures, including the Bible, in Oxford. He became associated with the group of liberal theologians with 'German tastes', who in the


A description is given of a system that has been constructed to make radiometric measurements from high altitude balloons. The instrumentation consists of a 20-cm aperture, 30-cm focal length radiometer that has been equipped to scan in azimuth and elevation, a filter system so that spectral data can be obtained, an onboard digital magnetic tape recording system for recording the data generated during the flight, auxiliary electronics and power supplies for operation of the equipment, and a gondola to serve as a suitable scanning platform and to protect the equipment when it is returned to the ground by parachute at the end of the flight. The results obtained on a balloon flight made with this equipment on May 8, 1959 are also presented. For this flight the radiometer was equipped with a thermistor bolometer detector with a KRS-5 window and with filters that transmitted radiation from 1 μ to 2 μ, 2 μ to 3 μ, 3 μ to 5 μ, 5 μ to 8 μ, and 8 μ to 35 μ. These results are presented in the form of isoradiance plots.


Problem statement: One of the major problems in power system is the over line current
from short circuit effect. It may cause in the electrical apparatus outages. Approach: Static
Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is a power electronic based device that has the capability of
controlling the line current. This study applies the SSSC to decrease the over line current in power
system during dynamic state. To verify the effect of the SSSC on over line current reduction, the
mathematical model of power system equipped with a SSSC is presented. The variation curve of line
current of the faulted system with without and with a SSSC is tested and compared in various cases.
Results: The line current of the system without a SSSC is continuously oscillation and the maximum
value is much more than the system with a SSSC. Conclusion: SSSC can decrease over line current in
power system from short circuit effect.


An important way to understand the effects of native neurochemicals in the autonomic system is in considering the effects of pharmaceutical drugs. This can be considered in terms of how drugs change autonomic function. These effects will primarily be based on how drugs act at the receptors of the autonomic system neurochemistry. The signaling molecules of the nervous system interact with proteins in the cell membranes of various target cells. In fact, no effect can be attributed to just the signaling molecules themselves without considering the receptors. A chemical that the body produces to interact with those receptors is called an endogenous chemical, whereas a chemical introduced to the system from outside is an exogenous chemical. Exogenous chemicals may be of a natural origin, such as a plant extract, or they may be synthetically produced in a pharmaceutical laboratory.


Broadband wavelength tuneability can ensure a new level of versatility for laser systems and extend areas of their applications. Principle limitations of achieving wide tuning wavelength ranges are generally defined by the spectral bandwidth of the gain and traditional tuneability techniques, relying on electrically controlled or bulk filters, reducing laser efficiency and generation stability. In this work, we present nearly 90 nm tuneability in ultrafast Tm-doped fibre laser within the span from 1873 to 1962 nm by implementing variable feedback for efficient control of the excitation level of the active medium and, hence, the gain spectrum. The highest laser efficiency is observed with 20% feedback, generating 580-fs soliton pulses at 1877 nm central wavelength with 1.5 nJ output pulse energy. By combining the nonlinear Shrödinger equation and population inversion rate equations for the gain medium, the developed numerical model helps to unveil nonlinear pulse evolution under the influence of dynamically varying gain spectrum. The resulting laser system presents a compact and straightforward approach to achieve laser generation with a broad range tuneability of wavelength and operation regimes, which is not impaired by the limitations on laser stability or power performance and can be translated to other wavelength ranges. the tuneable range the of us to clarify the of the effects and highlighted the of optimisation of the saturation and gain level, and composition in the defining the range. The of our show the high of to


Culex pipiens is a mosquito vector of West Nile virus (WNV), the causing agent of West Nile fever. Epizooties of WNV have taken place in Europe, mainly in France, Italy and Spain, and in some instances, human cases have been diagnosed. However, beyond WNV, little is known on the viruses associated to Culex pipiens, above all on viruses non-pathogenic for humans or livestock. Like Wolbachia bacteria, such viruses could have a role in WNV epidemiology either limiting mosquito populations or modulating the chances of WNV infection of C. pipiens. Through metagenomics approach, we characterized the virome of C. pipiens in five countries around the Mediterranean basin Our results show for the first time conserved patterns in diversity and structure within the virome of C. pipiens with a large abundance of the Mesoniviridae, a relatively new family of mosquito-specific viruses in the Nidovirales order. To date, the few data available on Mesoniviridae show that they probably have a worldwide distribution and they can infect different species of mosquitoes. The sequences obtained allowed to assemble several full genomes of Mesoniviridae. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis showed a highly similarity with strains of Nam-Dinh virus, a virus recently identified in Cote d'Ivoire (West Africa) and Vietnam but which had not yet been observed in Europe. In view of the importance of the Mesoniviridae dispersion throughout the world, we determined the relative abundance of this family in natural population of Culex pipiens in Camargue. (Texte integral)


A method and apparatus for efficient data delivery to users of the group. In an aspect, a method for distributing information is provided. The method includes detecting one or more requests for information, and determining whether to broadcast information, and transmitting the information in a broadcast transmission based on the determination. In another aspect, an apparatus is provided for distributing information. Apparatus, transmitting the one or more detectors configured to detect a request for information, and configured determination module to determine whether to broadcast information, the information based on the determination by the broadcast transmission and a transmitter configured to.


Recent legislation requires that assistive technology be provided when a child with a disability requires it in order to receive a free, appropriate education. Assistive technology devices and equipment range in function from simple technologies like adapted spoons and switch-adapted, battery-operated toys to complex computerized environmental control systems. Procedures for identifying the need for this service, and then paying for it, are unclear to many professionals who work with these students. SLPs are frequently called upon to deal with assistive technology because so many assistive devices are related to communication. This article was directed towards infants and toddlers in particular; however many of the ideas apply to school age children as well. Federal Legislation Affecting Technology


Abstract: Monoclonal antibody HNK‐1 is an important marker for embryonic neural crest cells and some of their differentiated derivatives. We have identified 3‐sulfoglucuro‐nylneolactotetraosylceramide (SGGL‐1) as one of the HNK‐1 antigens present in cultures of trunk neural crest cells. This lipid was present at 2 days in vitro and increased in amount with time in culture. Other major HNK‐1‐reactive antigens present in the culture were glycoproteins of apparent molecular masses of 120, 180, and 200 kDa. The 180‐ and 200‐kDa bands were present at 2, 7, and 17 days in vitro, whereas the 120‐kDa band was present only at 17 days in vitro. Gan‐gliosides GD3, LD1, and LM1 were also found in the cultures and exhibited distinct temporal patterns of expression. Gan‐glioside GD3 was present at all stages examined and its expression peaked at 7 days in vitro. In contrast, LD1 was present only at 2 days in vitro and was not detectable at later times. Ganglioside LM1 increased in amount with time in culture in a pattern similar to that seen for SGGL‐1. Taken together, these results indicate that several HNK‐1‐reactive molecules are expressed in neural crest cultures in a temporally regulated manner along with several glycolipids that do not bear this epitope.


Urban settlements have a long, unique history as well as an early marker of the formation of urban civilization. Initially, an urban settlement was a village that was inhabited by traditional society. The modern urban development has made the image of the village faded. Bugis Village is one of several villages that formed Singaraja City at the beginning of the Dutch colonial period which served as a bustling port city. Cultural acculturation as a result of trading activities makes residential areas inhabited by various ethnicities and forms villages with certain ethnic characteristics. The data collection in this study was carried out by means of observation, interviews, and literature study. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed qualitatively descriptively. The analysis was carried out using theoretical and conceptual guidelines from the results of a literature review on urban villages and cultural heritage tourism. The results of the study stated that the tourism potential of Bugis Village qualifies as cultural heritage tourism based on tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage that is more than 50 years old and is still well maintained. As a tourist destination, Bugis Village is still in the exploration stage, to realize it, steps are needed such as building revitalization, planning tourist routes, and education and community involvement for the development of urban village tourism.


In this paper, we focus on the planning of the merging area after toll and have established an optimization model by means of nonlinear integer programming model. With the consideration of factors such as safety, cost, and throughput, we select indexes including traffic flow, vehicle speed, lane width and the number of lanes to calculate and determine the tollbooth and merging area, and depending on the situation, we built modification model and reconstruction model. Then, we select Delaware Memorial Bridge toll plaza as an example to evaluate the effectiveness of our solutions based on the optimal model. We apply the method of computer simulation to solve the model, and we find that some parameters with the fixed value such as forced exchange rate, average expected speed and gradient rate may affect the applicability of the model. Then, we carry out the sensitivity analysis with the three parameters to determine the scope of application of the model. Finally, we further discuss development direction of this model.


The current thesis project aimed to explore further non-linguistic context effects during language comprehension. The research in visually situated language comprehension has been conducted by applying different methods, which has revealed immediate visual-context effects, the effect of linguistic cues (e.g., verb, adverb, prepositional phrase) and non-linguistic cues (e.g., size, color, depicted action) during language processing. By contrast, less attention has been paid to the influence of events on language comprehension. Our everyday situated language refers to events and our understanding of the influence of these events onto linguistic and non-linguistic input needs to be examined. Previous experiments that examined event influences on sentence reading time found that participants were faster in reading about ongoing than completed events while they read a past progressive or past perfect sentence (Madden & Therriault, 2009). Furthermore, eye-tracking results revealed an effect of a recently seen event on language comprehension (Knoeferle, Carminati, Abashidze, & Essig, 2011). When participants saw an action event before and after a sentence and they listened to a German (NP1-Verb-Adv-NP2) sentence referring to the recent event or to a plausible future event, their eye-movements towards a plausible future event target emerged only after the target object had been named. Most of their attention independent of sentence tense went to the target of the recent action event. This gaze pattern has been dubbed the 'recent event preference'. Thus, these results contrast with other findings which suggest that listeners are able to anticipate the target object of a plausible future event in a scene before that object is mentioned (e.g., Kamide, Scheepers, & Altmann, 2003). The findings of the recent event influence on language processing have motivated the present thesis project and we tested the following questions: we asked, how strong the recent event influence is when pitted against various other factors such as a frequency bias towards the future event, a situation-immediate cue (the actor's gaze), and an incongruence between the verb and the recent event. In order to


In order to destruct problematic wastes such as discarded paints, paint sludge, greasy wastes, distillation residues etc., possibly containing oil sludge, organic compounds etc., the wastes, after tearing and/or comminuting, if required, are dispersed in water to saturation, preferably to a water content of 20 to 40%, whereby a pumpable dispersion is obtained which may be used as a fuel.


since that enterprise consisted of a number of highly insightful essays that were never fully developed into a consistent, systematic theory. As a second, less striking case in point, to say that Mukafovsk^'s "anthropological constant"—an engaging but only minimally developed concept—"introduced a principle of order in the evolution of norms" (p. 170) also appears exaggerated, if for no other reason than that this idea again represents another seemingly fruitful notion in need of further elaboration. As Galan acknowledges: "Mukarovsky at no time tried to write a structuralist summa which would bring his partial efforts—in linguistics, poetics, semiotics, aesthetics—under the roof of a single unified theoretical construction" (p. 175). So the fully engaged reader of Mukarovsky is confronted with an emergent but incomplete theory that one may well wish to round off or sum up. Such appears to be the monumental task undertaken in the book at hand. But however notable that task, the reader is bound to harbor certain misgivings in being presented a description of a potentialy magnificent canvas on the basis of a number of ambitious and, indeed, productive sketches, although from these much further creative thinking has surely emerged, as the book at hand admirably demonstrates.


Polyacrylonitrile/pitch nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning as a precursor for a gas sensor material. Pitch nanofibers were properly fabricated by incorporating polyacrylonitrile as an electrospinning supplement component. Polyacrylonitrile/pitch nanofibers were activated with steam at various temperatures followed by subsequent carbonization to make carbon nanofibers with a highly conductive graphitic structure. Steam activation was effective in facilitating gas adsorption onto the carbon nanofibers due to the increased surface area. The carbon nanofibers activated at 800°C had a larger surface area and a lower micro pore fraction resulting in a higher variation in electrical resistance for improved CO gas sensing properties.


Culinary tourism allows tourists to be exposed to new cultures by enjoying the local food as well as the local people hospitality. Previous studies have confirmed the linkages among experience quality, tourist satisfaction, destination experience and behavioral intentions in the context of culinary tourism. Hence, there has been lack of studies on the linkages among the variables specifically on the local Indonesian food. This study was intended to investigate the effect of culinary experience quality on behavioral intentions with culinary experience satisfaction and destination experience satisfaction as the mediating variables. There were 194 international tourists participating in the survey both in Bandung and Solo. The result showed that culinary experience quality positively and significantly influenced both culinary experience satisfaction and destination experience satisfaction. Moreover, it was also found that culinary experience satisfaction had a positive and significant effect on destination experience satisfaction. Further, it was also confirmed that destination experience satisfaction had a positive and significant effect on behavioral intentions. However, culinary experience satisfaction did not have a significant effect on behavioral intentions. Keywords—culinary experience quality; culinary experience satisfaction; destination experience satisfaction; behavioral


In a first order monomolecular reversible reaction system, the time evolution of molar concentration of the reacting species in a batch reactor is governed by linear ordinary differential equations. In this work, a flow graph theory approach is considered to derive the analytical solution for the kinetic equations of two and three species reacting systems. The flow graph is based on the image of reaction stoichiometry and utilizes Cramer's method of determinants to find an analytical solution for the chemically reacting system. The exact solutions derived for the reversible reaction systems through the flow graph theory approach are consistent with the reported analytical solutions obtained through Laplace transforms.


The article analyzes the number and employment of the German population of Kazan and Vyatka provinces in the late XIX century. The authors reveal the level of professional employment and occupation of the Russian Germans, relying on the statistical data of Russian population census of 1897. Purpose – to compare the number of members and the level of professional employment of Russian Germans in Kazan and Vyatka province in the late XIX century. Method and methodology of work: analysis, comparison, generalization, comparative-historical. Results. The present study shows that the number of the German population that lived on the territory of the Kazan and Vyatka province in the late XIX century, did not exceed 0.1% of the general population. The number of Germans in the Kazan province was more than in the Vyatka province. The level of professional employment shows that the Germans living in the Kazan province, were represented in the armed forces, administration, courts and police. The German population of the Vyatka province was employed in such fields as training, educational, medical and sanitary. In addition, the Germans living in district cities, were engaged in agriculture, food production, distilling. Thus, the scope of activities of the German population of Kazan and Vyatka province in the late XIX century was varied and traditional for German colonists activities (particularly in the agricultural sector) continued its development. Practical implications. The results can be the basis for further study, which identifies the continuity and family traditions of professional employment of Russian Germans.


The article intends to recover some points in the comical hero trajectory– emphasizing especially some aspects in Aristophanes and Moliere's work. The aim is to include them in the debate concerning the Psychoanalysis ethics. Taking into account that in the sixties, in Jacques Lacan's seminary, the Ethic of Psychoanalysis, the model for refl ection about ethics would go back to the tragic action dilemma, the idea is to propose a different approach to the problem. Bearing in mind that in the comedy we deal with the unsolved condition of the abandonment of the human being (exemplifi ed in the text by the analysis of the comic types), we conclude that there is a possibility of constructing some roads that tend to dissolve the cultural semblances through irony and mockery


In many European Union countries, regional and rural development strategies also include rural tourism, which helps to retain the local population, creates new jobs and contributes to the socio-economic progress of underdeveloped areas. Through specialized institutions and funds, the European Union helps and through various forms directly participates in tourism development in rural areas, and the strengthening of rural development policy has become one of the highest priorities of the European Union. Although not a member of the EU, the Republic of Serbia has defined its path of development, which implies strengthening the competitiveness and attractiveness of tourism products, taking into account new world experiences, while relying on own innovations and pre-accession EU funds. This aspect was the starting point for the development of these research and the aim of the authors was to point out one of the ways to use the excess labor force in the tourism sector, how to develop rural tourism and how to use the European funds for the development of regional tourism in the region of Vojvodina.


In elderly pts, the prognosis of AML associated with poor risk cytogenetics or secondary to either MDS or previous cancer is so bad that only supportive care or investigational studies are usually recommended. Fit patients may achieve CR after conventional induction, but early relapse appears to be nearly inescapable whatever classical consolidation or maintenance therapy is used. Therefore, the GOELAMS investigated the impact of a maintenance using two agents mainly used in MDS, ie AZA and Len. Between March 2011 and February 2013, 117 pts from 27 centers (median age 69 yrs; 60-80) with previously untreated poor prognosis AML were included. Poor Risk factors were either preceding MDS (n=52), previous cancer (n=37) or centrally reviewed (IL) poor risk cytogenetics (n=83) defined as complex karyotype (≥3 abnormalities, n=65), monosomal karyotypes (n=54), del or - 5 (n=61) or 7 (n=44), 3q abnormality (n=9) or MLL rearrangement except for t(9;11) (n=5). Median WBC was 2.9 G/L (0.5-160), 7 pts had WBC ≥ 30 G/L. Induction chemotherapy included Lomustine 200 mg/m² po d1, Idarubicine 8 mg/m²/d (d1-5), Cytarabine 100mg/m²/d CI (d1-7). Patients in CR received 12 maintenance cycles alternating every 28 days AZA (sc 75 mg/m²/d1-7) and Len (10mg/d1-21), which started if PMN and platelets were >1 G/L and 100 G/L respectively. After d42, subsequent cycles were reduced to 50 mg/m²/d and 5 mg/d. GCSF was allowed in case of PMN Maintenance courses were interrupted because of relapse (n= 34, 77%), alloSCT (n=4 %), count error (n=1 %) or toxicities (n =5, 11%) occurring after Len (depression, vascular purpura and pseudomembranous diarrhea, sudden death, all during cycle 1) or after Aza (atrial fibrillation and cardiac dysfunction). Twenty Gr3/4 AE were reported among 441 cycles (0.56%/courses). Median follow-up for survivors was 38 mo (26-47). Median OS was 10 mo, with 21% 2y OS. Median CR duration was 7 mo (1-30). Impact of prognostic factors on DFS is shown table 2. Within poor risk factors, Cytogenetic abnormalities appeared as even poorer than previous MDS or cancer. In the previous GOELAMS SA2 trial, 78 pts with poor risk cytogenetics without secondary leukemia received the same LIA induction followed in CR by maintenance therapy with 6 mini-reinductions (Ida 10mg/m² d1, cytarabine 50 mg/m²x2/d d1-5) and 6MP-MTX for 2years. In the present study, the DFS of the group of pts with poor risk cytogenetics without previous cancer or MDS is very similar. This alternating azacitidine/lenalidomide maintenance improved DFS and OS of pts without poor risk cytogenetics (median 15.7 and 24 mo). In this setting, it could be randomly compared to conventional chemotherapy maintenance. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


: The purpose of this study is to investigate the estimation formula for the static modulus of elasticity of porous concrete in consideration of type of coarse aggregate and admixture used. The porous concretes using the crushed hard sandstone and limestone as coarse aggregates with the different static modulus of elasticity and silica fume premix-cement mortar as a binder are prepared with the percentage of the target voids of 10, 20 and 30 %, water-cement ratios of 15.0, 20.0 and 25.0 %. The porous concrete specimens are cured under 20 ℃ moist for 1d and 20 ℃ water for 55 or 83d, and subjected to the voids, compressive strength and static modulus of elasticity tests at the age of 56 and 84d. The compressive strength and static modulus of elasticity of the porous concretes are discussed in detail. As a result, the factors of coarse aggregate and admixture types are introduced to the previously proposed estimation formula for the static modulus of elasticity of porous concrete in the bases of the estimation formula for the static modulus of elasticity of ordinary cement concrete. The estimation formula for the static modulus of elasticity of the porous concrete is newly developed as follows:(cid:9481)=(cid:9519) , where, static modulus of elasticity strength of :coefficient of type of aggregate, :coefficient of type of admixture. The coefficients of the coarse aggregate for the crushed hard sandstone of 1.0 and limestone of 1.2, and the coefficient of admixture for silica fume of 0.95 are used in the estimation formula for the static modulus of elasticity of ordinary cement concrete. These coefficients are applicable for the newly developed formula for estimating the static modulus of elasticity of the porous concrete in this study using the silica fume premix-cement mortar as a binder. It is considered that the use of silica fume premix-cement for the mortar as a binder gives the same meaning of the use of silica fume as an admixture for improving the strength properties of the mortar as a binder for the porous concrete.