ABSTRACT
This evaluating research aims to describe implementation process capability of  ADD (Alokasi Dana Desa) – Village Budgeting Allocation policy in Nguwok Village from RPJMDes document arrangement to budget utilization to implement the programs with Act No. 6 Year 2014 about The Villages. This research uses qualitative descriptive method with 'purposive' informant determining technic. The selected location for this research was a part of Village Administration of Region Secretariat of Lamongan Regency, ModoSubdistrict Office, and Nguwok Village. Technic of Data Collecting was using observation, documents study, and deep interview with the informants. And to guarantee the data legality, the researcher was using triangulation technic. The data analysis technic was using data reduction, and data presentation and conclusion withdrawal. And the result from this research indicates that fiscal decentralization and Village autonomy were not implemented completely yet because The Village administration still in Lamongan Regency Administration control through the 'Perbup Lamongan No. 5 Tahun 2015' – Regency regulation of Lamongan No. 5 year 2015 about ADD. The public participation in policy implementing cooperation, Nguwok Village society is involved although the involvement just in "reassurance" in Airnstein's category, because the final decision is in Chief of Nguwok Village. Also, ADD Policy implementing process was not really efficient and effective yet. There are seven aspects of effectiveness criteria, but still three effective aspects which found in this research, they are range, frequency and bias. While other aspects such access, service precision, programs compatibility with the requirements and accountability are still not effective yet. And from the comparison of the output and the input as the result indicates that implementation process was not efficient.


Superwinds of primeval dwarf galaxies seem to play an important role in the early magnetization of the intergalactic medium. Realistic estimates of the "ultimate", post-outflow dif- fuse intergalactic magnetic field strengths cannot be made with simple flux conservation arguments. Rather one has to consider dynamical field regeneration mechanisms. Furthermore the role of the neutral component of the superwind outflow gas needs to be taken into account since local-universe outflow winds are known to be only partially ionized. Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities are one plausible candidate for the amplification of magnetic flux expelled from the star- bursting primeval galaxies. We examine solutions of the ana- lytically derived generalized dispersion relation that is valid for partially ionized plasmas. Our calculations indicate that Kelvin- Helmholtz modes can operate fast enough to amplify the mag- netic field strengths in superwinds within the timescale of the outflow. Plasma-neutral gas simulations show that the non-linear evolution of the Kelvin-Helmholtz modes resemble the pure MHD one and corroborate the idea that the coupling of the neutral and ionized components is sufficient to convert the free energy supplied by the superwinds to magnetic field energy. We argue that further amplification can be expected due to the development of smaller vortices and sharper magnetic field gradients during the continuous injection of magnetic flux.


In this document the principal concepts and targets of an integrated treatment proposal are defined. A brief synopsis is offered on some international programs carried out in the bosom of a wide and difficult diversity, abiding by the recommendations of the international experts' committees, directed to optimize the actions undertaken in this field, by the creation of a National System of Complete Treatment of Addictions. The present circumstances and clinical characteristics that the corresponding evaluations must have are emphasized, prior to its application which will be based on a subsystem wherein the indicated criteria predominate in literature, and focused on a suitable nosographic classification within the current normativity. Some of the collective difficulties to overcome in the handling of addictive pathology are stated, as justification to the proposal, in a new struggle stage, whose conceptual - operative reorganization tries to professionalize the model and its procedures in an integral form. Furthermore, the above mentioned vision tries to overcome old difficulties and conceptual differences among groups responsible for obliterating the adequate development of rehabilitation actions. Also, to offer the scientific current vision of the phenomenon, the unification of the language code, of the purposes and diagnostic goals, and to generate in the frame of the functional conjunction that allows every organism to perform its task, better and more specific procedures which benefit the wide spectrum in the handling of the cases.


Originally, the aim of the study was to know why Bacillus cereus grown in milk dies off rapidly and to a great extent by the addition or formation of (lactic) acid in the milk. During storage of non-inoculated HTST-pasteurised milk at 10, 20 and 30°C, growth of B. cereus was observed, but no spores were formed. On milk agar, however, spore formation did occur. The number of vegetative cells of B. cereus in HTST-pasteurised milk decreased dramatically after acidification of the milk to pH values of 4.0, 3.5 and 3.0 and subsequent incubation at 37 °C for 1 h. Spores of B. cereus survived completely under these conditions . The formation of only vegetative cells in milk and their great acid sensitivity is the reason why B. cereus is not detectable in acidified or fermented milk although this organism was detectable before. These observations offer possible new insight into the causes of spore formation by B. cereus of the diarrheal type in food. Moreover, they may explain, why consumption of milk with high numbers of the potentially pathogenic B. cereus after passage through the acid stomach only in exceptional cases leads to food poisoning. The latter aspects are considered in the discussion of this paper.


A technique developed by Casetti, King, and Odland (Casetti et al., 1971) for testing growth-center hypotheses is analyzed and found to be sound in principle, but requiring modification in certain specifics. Refinements and modifications relative to problems of scale, 'center-specificity', directionality, and spatial-temporal resolution are explained and demonstrated through empirical reanalysis of Casetti et al.'s original data, and also a case study of intraurban Milwaukee as a growth-center analog.


This chapter first considers the status of the outer limit of the continental shelf in a case in which it has not yet become final and binding in accordance with the provisions of Article 76 of the Convention. Second, the existence of a land or maritime dispute may lead to a deadlock in the consideration of a submission by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). The reactions of Denmark and Iceland to the submissions imply that they submissions – at least for the time being – cannot be further considered by the Commission. After an overview of the issues involved in this case, the chapter proposes to discuss the options which are available to the Commission to deal with the existing situation. Finally, the chapter considers what options States have to deal with a deadlock in the consideration of a submission under the LOSC. Keywords:Article 76; CLCS; continental shelf; Denmark; Iceland; LOSC; maritime dispute


A system is being developed to test the possibility of doing peripheral, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) with a single contrast injection using a moving gantry system. Given repositioning errors that occur between the mask and contrast-containing images, factors affecting the success of subtractions following image registration have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. For a 1 mm gantry displacement, parallax and geometric image distortion (pin-cushion) both give subtraction errors following registration that are approximately 25% of the error resulting from no registration. Image processing techniques improve the subtractions. The geometric distortion effect is reduced using a piece-wise, 8 parameter unwarping method. Plots of image similarity measures versus pixel shift are well behaved and well fit by a parabola, leading to the development of an iterative, automatic registration algorithm that uses parabolic prediction of the new minimum. The registration algorithm converges quickly (less than 1 second on a MicroVAX) and is relatively immune to the region of interest (ROI) selected.


Aiming at the shortcoming which is poor effect of spectral image registration method,we present a new feature point matching algorithm that bases on the combination of PCA algorithm and clustering algorithm and introduce re-registration method into the registration process. Firstly,we extract SURF feature points and describe these feature points,and then match the feature points by the feature point matching algorithm proposed in this paper to complete the first registration. Finally we regard the first registration results as the initial values and implement accurate registration by using the improved Powell algorithm on the base of image gray information. Experimental results show that the method has high registration precision,and can shorten the time of spectral image registration effectively.


Research has shown that breakfast cereal consumption leads to a more
positive mood and improved memory. The present study investigated the acute effects
of having a fibre cereal bar for breakfast on mood and memory. Twenty volunteers (15
male, 5 female; mean age 22 years) were tested at 09.00 following an overnight fast.
They carried out a free recall task involving recall of a list of 20 words and rated their
mood using bi-polar visual analogue scales. The volunteers then had a 40 minute
break and half of the volunteers consumed cereal bars (37g; 606KJ/144KCcal; 26g
carbohydrate, 1.5g protein; 3.74g fat and 1.5g fibre) at the start of the break whereas
the others abstained from eating. Following the break the volunteers repeated the
memory task and mood rating. The results showed that consumption of the cereal bar
led to a more positive mood (greater alertness; being more happy/sociable; and being
calmer). Recall of the list of words was also significantly greater in the cereal bar
condition. Overall, the results extend previous findings and show that acute benefits of
breakfast can be identified following consumption of a fibre cereal bar.


Hierarchical modular systems are composed of identical elements assembled by systematic rules based on rotational group. The systems are characterized by hierarchical symmetries and their regular outlines defined by the last rules. To introduce fundamental an element of Japanese folk art into an initial module of our system, we can form various hierarchical symmetric patterns composed of identical elements. Since outline of a pattern is defined by a last rule, it can be mapped into regular or semi-regular tessellation and polyhedron. We show various examples from traditional uniform patterns to self-similar patterns.


Simple Summary The identification of commensal bacteria in normal eyes is relevant because they contribute to ocular defense mechanisms. Studies focused on identifying the normal ocular flora in horses confirm that Gram-positive bacteria are predominant, with the genus Corynebacterium being among the most frequently identified. However, identification at the species level is uncommon, which limits precise knowledge about the diversity of the corynebacterial species in equine eyes. The purpose of this study was to characterize some commensal Corynebacterium-like organisms recovered from the conjunctival sac of healthy adult horses using phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular genetic methodologies. Based on the results obtained, we propose a new Corynebacterium species, Corynebacterium conjunctivae, as a commensal organism of the horse eye. Abstract Twenty-two unidentified Gram-positive, rod-shaped organisms were recovered from the conjunctival surface of apparently healthy horses and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Based on cellular morphology and biochemical criteria, the isolates were tentatively assigned to the genus Corynebacterium, although they did not match any recognized species. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated that all of the isolates were phylogenetically members of the genus Corynebacterium. The isolates shared 99.4 to 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity among the strains and 96.5% similarity with Corynebacterium tapiri 2385/12T, which was the closest phylogenetically related species. The DNA G+C content was 58.4 mol%. The major fatty acids were C15:0, C16:0, C17:1 ω8c and C18:1 ω9c, while the predominant mycolic acids consisted of C30:0, C32:0 and C34:0. The isolates were distinguished from related Corynebacterium species by a number of phenotypic properties. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown isolates from horses be classified in the genus Corynebacterium as Corynebacterium conjunctivae sp. nov. The type strain of C. conjunctivae is ICM19-01138T (DSM 109759T = CCUG 73728T).


Based on the theory of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and used AHP,constructing the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of rural hydropower stations on safe operation.The Yinhe hydropower station,as example,applicated of the model a comprehensive to analysis and evaluation.Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model provides a new way for the evaluation on the safe operation of hydropower stations in rural areas.


1. Fedis Agricultural Research Centre, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia. 2. Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Haramaya University, Ethiopia. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 25 January 2020 Final Accepted: 27 February 2020 Published: March 2020


Photoluminescence and electron spin resonance measurements were carried out on amorphous silicon-carbon alloy film containing both F and H (a-Si1-xCx: (F, H)) prepared by the glow discharge decomposition of a mixture of SiH4 and CF4 gas. The a-Si1-xCx:(F, H) film, which had a wide optical gap (about 2.8 eV) had a smaller spin density and a photoluminescence with a higher intensity at room temperature and with a weaker temperature dependence than the a-Si1-xCx:H film with a similar optical gap. The temperature-independent photoluminescence appears to be due to an increase in the width of the band tail caused by the incorporation of F atoms.


According to the current water resources situation,demand-side management(DSM) technology was applied in Qinhuangdao City.If water conservation measures were adopted on the demand side,including agriculture,industry,domestic use,ecology and landscaping,an effective and reasonable water conservation management pattern and a water conservation mechanism adapting to the market economy would be established.Implementing DSM technology therefore has great significance,and it is beneficial to sustainable utilization of water resources in Qinhuangdao City.


Nigeria's stand-up comedy bears some uniqueness that sets it apart as distinctively Nigerian. It mirrors certain societal resemblance and awake in the audience reactions towards such: acceptance or rejection, tolerance or outright repudiation. One of the ways through which this is done, is by the use of Calabar humaphors. This paper sets out to study these humaphors using the metaphor theory. This theory, apart from expressing human experience, also projects some realities and convincing resemblance between different concepts of life. Sample-expressions have been selected from recordings of nine selected comedy events, examined and analyzed for their semantic peculiarity. Findings show that through the instrumentality of this kind of metaphors, certain linguistic, social and cultural concerns of the people have been misconstrued and satirically fore-grounded, thereby eliciting audience reaction and discourse. The work concludes that the comic presentation of the Calabar man is either misplaced or theatrical and does not have a true representation of the Calabar people. Key words : Humaphor, metaphor theory, stand-up comedy.


Oxygen in YBaCuO superconductor was partly substituted by Cl - in the forms of CuCl 2 and BaCl 2 .There sults show superconductive phase can be obtained no matter CuCl 2 or BaCl 2 was used. Cl - coming from CuCl 2 ccupies O2 site of 123 phase, while Cl - coming from BaCl 2 enters O4 site. The former effects superconductivity dramaticaly and the electrical conductivity of normal state changes from metallic behaviour to semiconductive behaviour. The latter reduces T c ,but T c keeps larger than 77K and the electrical conductivity of normal state still remains metallic behaviour. All these suggest that the oxygen on the CuO plane (O2) plays an important role in the high T c superconductivity.


Abstract This paper proposes the improvements in deviation settlement mechanism of Indian electricity grid system through demand response management (DRM) with the objective to minimize real-time under-injection/over-drawl or maximize real-time over-injection/under-drawl with respect to scheduled injection/drawl such that the deviation settlement charge (DSC) is minimum, subject to the network power flow equations, transmission line capability constraints, DRM constraints and bounds on variables. The mechanism to settle the unscheduled transactions, commonly named as deviation settlement mechanism (DSM), has been implemented to achieve grid frequency stability by imposing penalties and paying incentives, also known as DSC, for over- and under-drawls from the scheduled transactions. In this paper, the improvements in DSM have been solved as an optimization problem to minimize the DSC for a time period of 96 time-blocks (each of 15 min duration). The proposed improvement in DSM has been tested on modified IEEE 9-Bus system. It has been assumed that the generators installed at bus numbers 1, 2 and 3 are the central generating stations, which are monitored and controlled by the regional load dispatch center (RLDC). The simulation results are obtained (with varying percentages of shifting and different participating patterns of prosumers) for which the remarkable benefits of the proposed improvement in DSM (in terms of DSC minimization and improvement in the voltage profile and power flow) have been presented.


Twenty-three morphological characters among three species, Cotoneaster multiflorus, C.submultiflorus and C.melanocarpus from genus Cotoneaster Medikus, were compared by statistical analysis. Mean value and coefficient of variability (CV) indicated that the variations at intraspecies level were more or less vary in different characters and species. Results from the one-factor analysis of variance (one-factor ANOVA) showed that there was a significant variation at interspecies level in the 18 characters studied and the variation between C. melanocarpus and the other two species was more marked. The process of Stepwise Discriminant Analysis (SDA) indicated that 6 of the characters (hair on adaxial leaf surface, hair on pedicels, shape of base in midvein, shape of apex in midvein, orientation of arc in up quarter margin, petiole length/leaf length) were the key ones to distinguish 3 species, and besides, 82 materials could be specifically categorized into 3 groups. It is reasonable to consider C.submultiflorus, which is intermediate from C. multiflorus and C. melanocarpus in morpohological characters, as a species.


Telomere is an important DNA-protein structure.It caps the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes.Telomeric DNA consists of tandemly repeated simple sequences.Telomere is synthesized with the action of telomerase,a ribonucleoprotein with reverse transcriptase activity.Telomere plays an important role in maintaining the stability of intact chromosome,genome and cell.Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein responsible in most eukaryotes for replication of the end of chromosomes.Its RNA subunit acts as a template for the systhesis of telomeric DNA,while a protein component catalyzes this process to make up for convertional DNA polymerases' inability to replicate completely the end linear DNA.It belongs to the reverase transcriptase family but differs from reverse transcriptase.The overexprossion of telomerase has close relationship with cell's immortalization and tumorigenesis.The structure and function of telomerase suggest its extensive application in the near future.


The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of the child abuse prevention education program on the promotion of the intention to report child abuse. Subjects of experimental group watched VOD with child abuse prevention instruction developed by this researcher in 2019, and those in contrast group watched VOD with child abuse prevention instruction spread by Central- Child Protection Agency in 2016. All advance tests of both groups were taken from the 17th to 30th of August in 2019 and participants joining in each others' program were asked to participate in this program education and take the post-test after watching VODs for 10 whole days (from September 27th to October 6th in 2019). I used SPSS 18.0 for analyzing data, and three-way mixed ANOVA. According to this study, the experimental group offered child-abuse prevention instruction developed by this researcher showed that all the scores of intention to report child abuse rose meaningfully higher toward both the cases that can be recognized strongly and weakly to be child-abuse than the contrast group trained with existing child-abuse prevention instruction. and I confirmed that this program has an effect on child abuse prevention instruction through on-line.


The invention discloses a glass carrying and stacking manipulator, and belongs to the field of production equipment. The manipulator consists of a fixed base, a rotating pedestal, a large movable arm, a small movable arm, a tail movable arm, fixed sliding rails, adjustment sliding rails, sucker sliding frames, suckers, a vacuum air pump, a transverse adjustment cylinder, longitudinal adjustment cylinders, a hydraulic motor I, a hydraulic motor II and a servo motor, wherein the rotating pedestal is mounted in the fixed base; the large movable arm is hinged to the rotating pedestal through the hydraulic motor I; the small movable arm is hinged to the large movable arm through the hydraulic motor II; the tail movable arm is hinged to the small movable arm through the servo motor; the fixed sliding rails are fixedly connected with the end face of the tail movable arm; the adjustment sliding rails are arranged on the fixed sliding rails; the transverse adjustment cylinder is arranged on the rear part of the tail movable arm; the sucker sliding frames are arranged on the adjustment sliding rails; the longitudinal adjustment cylinders are arranged on the inner sides of the adjustment sliding rails; the suckers are arranged on the adjustment sliding rails and the sucker sliding frames. The manipulator can be used for efficiently and safely carrying and stacking glass instead of a worker.


An experiment for testing a new initial alphabet is advocated. This Multi Fontal Alphabet (MFA) maximizes the pattern differences between characters without the use of new symbols. Other techniques for training dyslexic children are also discussed. The hypothesis is presented that a diverse set of characters (multi-fonts) would make the initial reading task easier, especially where reversals and other symbol similarities are a problem. The authors have not performed any experiments to validate this hypothesis; they hope this report will act as a stimulant for experiments by others.


Civil society has become a central and contested concept in the study of Scottish nationalism. This article aims to scrutinise and qualify the concept by relating it to Weber's model of classes, status groups and parties, and by exploring the development of Scotland's civil society along with the welfare state in the twentieth century. It argues that civil society needs to be understood as a zone of status-group formation, and that attempts to relate 'class' and 'identity' to support for constitutional change in Scotland need to be complemented by attention to the role of status groups in civil society. It concludes with the suggestion that such an approach might be fruitful in the study of other cases of neo-nationalism.


A comprehensive approach to model faults in analog circuits and systems based on experimental statistics of manufacturing defects is presented. A case study based on a simple sample-and-hold circuit is discussed with specific results. It is shown that the digital fault models are applicable to analog and mixed-signal circuits but they account only for catastrophic faults. Out-of-specification faults occur as often as catastrophic faults and must be addressed in any DFT (discrete Fourier transform) technique or test generation algorithm.<<ETX>>


– SIMVONI is an acronym for the Virtual Indonesia Museum Application, which is a museum digitization service in the form of a virtual tour 360 0 . Every digital service requires feedback from users or visitors to achieve the basic goals of developing the service, not preparation for SIMVONI's efforts to become a digital e-museum in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of user experience on using SIMVONI through the website. This study uses a quantitative approach with the HEART method which is analyzed using Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). The number of respondents used for the sampling test is 257 provided that they have visited the SIMVONI page at least once. The results showed that there were 10 of 34 HEART items recommended for improvement (action) on SIMVONI, while the most important factors to get attention for improvement in a quick time were Retention and Engagement.


Abstract. Afforestation and reduction of fossil fuel emissions are two major components of climate mitigation policies. However, their effects on the Earth's
climate are different because a reduction of fossil fuel emissions directly alters the biogeochemical cycle of the climate system and modifies the
physics of the atmosphere via its impact on radiation and the energy budget, while afforestation causes biophysical changes in addition to changes
in the biogeochemical cycle. In this paper, we compare the climate and carbon cycle consequences of carbon removal by afforestation and an
equivalent fossil fuel emission reduction using simulations from an intermediate complexity Earth system model. We performed two major sets of
idealized simulations in which fossil fuel emissions follow extended Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP2-4.5, 3-7.0, and 5-8.5), and equal amounts of carbon are
removed by afforestation in one set and by a reduction in fossil fuel emissions in another set. Our simulations show that the climate is cooler by
0.36, 0.47, and 0.42 ∘C in the long term (2471–2500) in the case of reduced fossil fuel emissions compared to the case with
afforestation when the emissions follow the SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively. The global mean surface temperature is cooler
in the reduced fossil fuel emissions case compared to the afforestation case because the net biophysical effect of warming from afforestation partly
offsets the biogeochemical cooling effect of afforestation. Thus, in terms of climate benefits, reducing fossil fuel emissions could be relatively
more beneficial than afforestation for the same amount of carbon removed from the atmosphere. However, a robust understanding of the processes that
govern the biophysical effects of afforestation should be improved before considering our results for climate policy.


The ability to make independent detections of the signatures of exoplanets with complementary telescopes and instruments brings a new potential for robust identification of exoplanets and precision characterization. We introduce PEXO, a package for Precise EXOplanetology to facilitate the efficient modeling of timing, astrometry, and radial velocity data, which will benefit not only exoplanet science but also various astrophysical studies in general. PEXO is general enough to account for binary motion and stellar reflex motions induced by planetary companions and is precise enough to treat various relativistic effects both in the solar system and in the target system. We also model the post-Newtonian barycentric motion for future tests of general relativity in extrasolar systems. We benchmark PEXO with the pulsar timing package TEMPO2 and find that PEXO produces numerically similar results with timing precision of about 1 ns, space-based astrometry to a precision of 1 μas, and radial velocity of 1 μm s−1 and improves on TEMPO2 for decade-long timing data of nearby targets, due to its consideration of third-order terms of Roemer delay. PEXO is able to avoid the bias introduced by decoupling the target system and the solar system and to account for the atmospheric effects that set a practical limit for ground-based radial velocities close to 1 cm s−1. Considering the various caveats in barycentric correction and ancillary data Required to realize cm s−1 modeling, we recommend the preservation of original observational data. The PEXO modeling package is available at GitHub (https://github.com/phillippro/pexo) and Zenodo (Feng et al. 2019).


Nowadays, the aluminum metal matrix composites (AMCs) play an empirical role to improve the mechanical performance by various applications. Therefore, the secondary processes need to enhance the surface morphology of intermetallic phases with the appropriate reinforcing particles. In this research, Al7075- and ceramic-based nanosilicon carbide (SiC) were utilized to compose the metal matrix composites. These composites were subjected to friction welding for intermetallic surface modification with the various forging pressure and rotating speed. Initially, the AMCs were prepared with three (8–12) kinds of SiC weight proportions by the design of Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. As per the weight proportions, nine samples were prepared and then conducted the friction welding with 10–20 MPa of forge pressure and 1,650–2,050 rpm of rotational speed of spindle. Then, the entire nine specimens were allowed to conduct the tensile and microhardness test. During the mechanical test, the overall welded zone had higher mechanical properties than the base metal. Then, the artificial neural network was utilized to predict the output responses as per the designed concept of trial and error method. The overall predicted responses are nearly closed to the experimental values.


In this project, I implement a simplified version of "Animating Pictures with Stochastic Motion Textures" by Chuang et. al. from 2005 [1]. The system consists of three main steps: segmentation + matting, motion specification, and rendering. We can combine these steps in order to generate animated GIFs from a single image. Despite the simplifications made, the system can still handle a variety of input images and motion specifications, though it may require a significant amount of user input.


The squeezing effect of a curved circular plate moving normal towards a lower porous plate in the presence of a magnetic field consisting of an electrically conducting non Newtonian couple stress fluid is considered. The film shape is taken to be secant. Suitable expression for pressure is obtained taking into consideration viscosity variation and MHD effects.


BACKGROUND: FNAC is a minimally invasive procedure with a signicant diagnostic role in extrapulmonary tuberculosis. ZN Stain for
demonstration of mycobacterium tuberculosis is extensively used. However, it has low sensitivity. Fluorochrome stain like Auramine- Rhodamine
(AR) appear to be more likely to detect tubercular bacilli than ZN stain and also reduces the examination time. To study the OBJECTIVES:
correlation of cytomorphology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis(EPTB) obtained on FNAC with ZN and AR positivity. MATERIALMETHODS:
A total of 250 patients were taken, that were referred to the Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh from
October 2015 to November 2017. Samples were collected by FNA and smears prepared were stained with H&E, ZN and AR stain. Smears were
observed for positivity of Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB). Culture was taken as gold standard. RESULTS: The most common site of extra pulmonary
tuberculosis was cervical lymph node seen in 76.4% cases and the most common cytomorphological pattern on FNAC was epithelioid cell
granuloma with necrosis seen in 86.4% cases. The sensitivity of AR stain in picking up AFB was found to be 63.4% and the specicity was 81.9%,
whereas ZN stain had a low sensitivity of 45.3% but had a high specicity of 87.9%. Statistically signicant difference between the two stains was
seen on applying chi square test (p<0.001). Cohen's kappa coefcient for ZN vs AR stain was 0.65 and the strength of agreement between the two
stains was substantial CONCLUSION: AR stain is more sensitive than ZN stain in diagnosing extrapulmonary tuberculosis and on combining it
with cytomorphology it can help increase the diagnostic yield.


The theory describing both coherent and incoherent radiational processes when energetic γ-quanta, electrons or positrons move through crystals in directions nearly parallel to the crystal axes or planes is presented. It is shown that, within the logarithmic approximation, the local probabilities of incoherent radiation processes are proportional to the cross-sections of the same processes pertaining to a separate nucleus placed in a uniform field. When the coherent pair production rate increases, the total probability of incoherent pair production starts to decrease proportionally to the γ-quantum energy to the −2/3 power Presentation d'une theorie decrivant les processus de rayonnements coherents et incoherents lorsque des quanta γ, des electrons ou des positons se deplacent dans un cristal. Dans le cadre d'une approximation logarithmique, les probabilites locales des processus incoherents sont proportionnelles aux sections efficaces des memes processus relatifs a des noyaux places dans un champ uniforme. Quand augmente le taux de production de paires coherentes la probabilite totale de production de paires incoherentes commence a decroitre proportionnellement a l'energie des quanta γ suivant une puissance −2/3


Introduction Obesity is associated with an increased mortality rate, particularly of cardiovascular origin, due to the close association between obesity and cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia. The efficacy of different bariatric Surgeries in weight reduction and in glycemic homeostasis improvement has been widely described. In contrast, little is known about the effects of bariatric surgery on lipid profile. Few studies have compared the effect of different surgical techniques on lipid profile changes. So, we aim at assessing and comparing the effect of SG and OAGB in terms of improvement in the lipid profile. Patients and methods This is a prospective comparative study that included 46 morbidly obese patients. Patients were divided into two groups: SG group (23 patients), and OAGB group (23 patients). Preoperative and 3 months post-operative cholesterol levels, triglycerides, LDL (Low-density lipoprotein), and HDL (High-density lipoprotein) were measured. The results were documented, analyzed, and correlated to baseline results, and results from the two groups were compared together. Results This study revealed that most of our patients who were candidates for bariatric surgeries either SG or OAGB presented with elevated mean LDL, Cholesterol, and triglyceride and decreased mean HDL. The results showed a significant improvement of lipid profile after both SG and OAGB over a 3-month interval. There was a statistically significant difference between the two operations in the decrease of cholesterol over 3 months postoperatively in favour of the OAGB operation; hence the significant difference is observed in the change of the cardiovascular risk and improvement of quality of life of those patients underwent OAGB. Conclusion Obese patients have shown an association with elevated LDL, Cholesterol, and triglyceride and decreased HDL. SG and OAGB both result in a significant decrease in LDL, Cholesterol and triglyceride and an increase in HDL.


The objective of this paper is to look into the growth of Cryptomeria japonica stand in South Korea along with the evaluation on their yields, followed by their carbon stocks and removals. A total of 106 sample plots were selected from Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and Jeju, where the groups of standard are grown. We only used 92 plots data except outlier. As part of the analysis, the Weibull diameter distribution was applied. In order to estimate the diameter distribution, the growth estimation equation for each of the growth factors including the height, the diameter at breast height, and the basal area was drafted out and the verification for each equation was examined. The site index for figuring out the forest productivity of Cryptomeria japonica stand for each district was also developed as a Schumacher model and 30yr was used as a reference age for the estimation of the site index. It was found that the site index for Cryptomeria japonica stand in South Korea ranges from 10 to 16 and this result was used as a standard for developing the stand yield table. According to the site 14 in the stand yield table, the mean annual increment (MAI) of the Cryptomeria japonica reaches 7.6 m 3 /ha on its 25yr and its growing stock is estimated to be at 190.1 m 3 /ha. This volume is about 20 m 3 as high as that of the Chamaesyparis obtusa. Furthermore, the annual carbon absorptions for a Cryptomeria japonica stand reached the peak at 25yr, which is 2.14 tC/ha/yr, 7.83 tCO 2 /ha/yr. When compared to the other conifers, this rate is slightly higher than that of a Chamaecyparis obtusa (7.5 tCO2/ha/yr) but lower than that of the Pinus koraiensis (10.4 tCO 2 /ha/yr) and Larix kaempferi (11.2 tCO 2 /ha/yr). With such research result as a base, it is necessary to come up with the ways to enhance the utilization of Cryptomeria japonica as timbers, besides making use of their growth data.


The analysis of the state of the emerging microfinance sector environment has been carried out, and the peculiarities of its regulation have been revealed. The issues of interaction between banks and microfinance organizations at the credit market are also addressed.


We show that surface plasmon resonance reflectance measurement can be used to extract the effective complex refractive index of a Bruggeman nanoliquid, i.e. a solution consisting of spherical nanoparticles embedded into a host liquid such as water, using the maximum entropy method. This retrieval can be immediately performed once the optical properties of the host liquid are known. In this paper we investigate the upper limit of the volume fraction of spherical nanoparticles in a solution that still yields a reliable result in the retrieval based on the maximum entropy method. Finally, we show that by squeezing the spectrum we can significantly reduce the errors in the analysis and retrieve the effective complex refractive index for a high volume fraction of nanoparticles. ¶Permanent address: Department of Physics, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland. ∥Emails: email@example.com (EMV); firstname.lastname@example.com (K-EP)


Restrictions of double Fourier series implementation for modulated signal representation are considered. A general extension of double Fourier series for modulated signal with arbitrary modulation is proposed. The Fourier series premodulation with width and position functions is considered. The premodulation function properties are analyzed. Double Fourier series implementation on a program modulated signal example is shown.


There is certain reference function to our country in the experience that the foreign enterprise incentive mechanism succeeds, Our country should design the systems of incentive mechanism of executives of private company and ordinary staff too, but should pay attention to The inside and outside fair, question of supervising etc .


The 2th project of Pudong international airport locates in the front edge of Yangtze River's alluvial plain,nearby Eastern Sea,which foundation was suffer to low strength and large settlement due to mainly constructed on the beach.This project success- fully combined high vacuum dewatering preloading,low-energy dynamic tamping and dynamic compaction to accelerate the founda- tion consolidation and improve the bearing capacity.


Parents actively share information about their children on Facebook, but little research has explored the extent of this issue. The goal of this paper is to theorize a new type of parents' online activities concerning their children, especially the problem of sharenting, which is increasingly common in contexts where social media such as Facebook play a significant role in relationships and interactions. This paper explores what kind of baby pictures parents share on Facebook and what are the likely causes of doing it. The presented research was conducted with the use of social media ethnography among 168 Polish parents using Facebook. The findings have shown that the phenomenon of sharenting is common practice among parents.


Geometric spreading of Pn and Sn waves in a spherical Earth model is different than that of classical headwaves and is frequency dependent. The behavior cannot be fully represented by a frequency-independent power-law model, as is com- monly assumed. The lack of an accurate representation of Pn andSn geometric spread- ing in a spherical Earth model impedes our ability to characterize Earth properties including anelasticity. We conduct numerical simulations to quantify Pn and Sn geometric spreading in a spherical Earth model with constant mantle-lid velocities. Based on our simulation results, we present new empirical Pn and Sn geometric- spreading models in the form Gr;f ��� 10 n3� f� =r0�� r0=rn1� flogr0=r�� n2� fand nif �� ni1� logf=f0�� 2 � ni2 logf=f0 �� ni3, where i � 1 ,2 , or 3;r is epicentral distance; f is frequency; r0 � 1 km; and f0 � 1 Hz. We derive values of coefficients nij by fitting the model to computed Pn and Sn amplitudes for a spherical Earth model having a 40-km-thick crust, generic values of P and S velocities, and a constant-ve- locity uppermost mantle. We apply the new spreading model to observed data in Eur- asia to estimate average Pn attenuation, obtaining more reasonable results compared to using a standard power-law model. Our new Pn and Sn geometric-spreading models provide generally applicable reference behavior for spherical Earth models with con- stant uppermost-mantle velocities.


Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variability and associations of yield traits of pigeon pea, for indication of this crop for the breeding program in Mozambique. Eleven pigeon pea traits were evaluated in a experimental design with three randomized complete blocks, in the environments of Namapa (I) and Montepuez (II), in 2017/2018. To evaluate the traits, analyses of variance, genetic parameters, correlations, correlation network, and path analysis were used. In both environments, there is a high genetic and phenotypic variability for primary branches, secondary branches, pods per plant, number of seed per pod, pod width, pod length, and yield, as well as a high heritability for all traits except for plant height. The primary and secondary branches have a high correlation with yield and a positive direct effect on it. However, plant height and pods per plant show a high phenotypic variability and a positive correlation with yield in environment I. Pods per plant, weight of 100 seed, and primary branches show high direct positive effects in environment I, and secondary branches and number of seed per pod, in environment II. The primary and secondary branches show high variability and associations with yield in both environments and are indicated for the pigeon pea breeding program in Mozambique.


A single adult Diaprepes abbreviatus L. was discovered in a citrus nursery in Orange County Florida (Woodruff 1964). D. abbreviatus was not collected again until 1968, when larvae were collected at the same nursery and several hundred adults and larvae were subsequently collected in and around Apopka, FL (Woodruff 1968). Since its introduction in 1964, D. abbreviatus has spread to 20 counties in Florida, where it currently infests approximately 164,000 acres (66,420 ha) (Anonymous 1997). This area contains approximately 30,000 acres (12,150 ha) of infested commercial citrus and has a limited and localized geographical distribution. D. abbreviatus is an insidious pest; tree symptoms may not appear until the larvae are well established on the tree roots (Wolcott, 1936). Adults feed on young foliage, females lay egg clusters between leaves, and the larvae feed on the roots of a host (Fennah 1942, Jones 1915, Wolcott 1936, Woodruff 1968). Oviposition by D. abbreviatus appears to be restricted to nighttime hours (Jones 1915, Schroeder 1981, Wolcott 1936). Females oviposit approximately 60 egg masses during their lifetime which may contain from 30 to 260 eggs each and an average of about 5,000 eggs over their life span (Wolcott 1936). Wolcott (1933) observed that female D. abbreviatus preferred to oviposit between paper strips compared to leaves. Neonate larvae failed to emerge from these strips (Wolcott 1933). Fennah (1942) found that D. abbreviatus preferred paper strips over tin foil strips and mature leaves which were both favored over immature leaves for oviposition. Immature leaves are preferred feeding sites (Jones 1915, Wolcott 1936). Adair et al. (1998) reported that freezer paper strips might serve as a potential oviposition trap in citrus. Adult D. abbreviatus were field collected in Vero Beach, Florida and maintained as previously described (Adair et al. 1998). Thirty females and 30 males per cage were held in 30 x 30 x 60 cm aluminum rearing cages (Bioquip Products, Gardena, CA 90248-3602) at 27 ? 2?C, 30% RH and photoperiod of 11:13 (L:D). Five 2.54 cm x 15.24 cm doubled strips of transparency film (polyester, Labelon, Canadaigua, NY 14424) were provided for oviposition sites. At 10:00 PM, transparency film strips containing an ovipositing female were removed to a microscope stage for observation and photographing. Microscopic observations were conducted with an Olympus S2-6045 zoom stereo microscope with a 100AL 0.5x objective lens, lOx eyepiece and a NFK 2.5 x LD 125 lens and Olympus S2-PT (with L-adapter) adapter for a SLR camera. An Olympus OM 2S camera with automatic shutter speed and f-stop was used with Kodak Kodacolor 400 Gold? film. The transparency film strip with an ovipositing female was placed across an open Petri dish and illuminated above and below with a tungsten halogen lamp (Olympus Highlight 3000) equipped with bifurcating cold fiber optic goose neck


Abstract Small bowel adenocarcinomas are rare malignant tumors that account for less than 2% of gastrointestinal tumors. Despite a thorough history, physical examination and complete diagnostic workup, the correct diagnosis of small intestinal neoplasm has been established preoperatively in only 50% of cases. Due to the rarity of this disease, there are very few established guidelines for its management and it has been primarily treated the same way as colorectal cancer, even though patient's prognostic outcome is worse. With new guidelines in 2020, we review a clinical case of a 64-year-old male patient with adenocarcinoma of the jejunum treated in our institution.


As mobile devices increase in functionality, users perform more tasks when on the move. Spatial audio interfaces offer a solution for eyes-free interaction. However, such interfaces face a number of challenges when supporting multiple and simultaneous tasks, namely: 1) interference amongst multiple audio streams, and 2) the constraints of cognitive load. We present a comparative study of spatial audio techniques evaluated in a divided- and selective-attention task. A podcast was used for high cognitive load (divided-attention) and classical music for low cognitive load (selective-attention), while interacting with an audio menu. Results showed that spatial audio techniques were preferred when cognitive load was kept low, while a baseline technique using an interruptible single audio stream was significantly less preferred. Conversely, when cognitive load was increased the preferences reversed. Thus, given an appropriate task structure, spatial techniques offer a means of designing effective audio interfaces to support eyes-free mobile multitasking.


Abstract Parametric mortality models permit detailed analysis of risk factors for actuarial work. However, finite data volumes lead to uncertainty over parameter estimates, which in turn gives rise to mis-estimation risk of financial liabilities. Mis-estimation risk can be assessed on a run-off basis by valuing the liabilities with alternative parameter vectors consistent with the covariance matrix. This run-off approach is especially suitable for tasks like pricing portfolio transactions, such as bulk annuities, longevity swaps or reinsurance treaties. However, a run-off approach does not fully meet the requirements of regulatory regimes that view capital requirements through the prism of a finite horizon, such as Solvency II's one-year approach. This paper presents a methodology for viewing mis-estimation risk over a fixed time frame, and results are given for a specimen portfolio. As expected, we find that time-limited mis-estimation capital requirements increase as the horizon is lengthened or the discount rate is reduced. However, we find that much of the so-called mis-estimation risk in a one-year value-at-risk assessment can actually be driven by idiosyncratic variation, rather than parameter uncertainty. This counter-intuitive result stems from trying to view a long-term risk through a short-term window. As a result, value-at-risk mis-estimation reserves are strongly correlated with idiosyncratic risk. We also find that parsimonious models tend to produce lower mis-estimation risk than less-parsimonious ones.


The clinical consequences of cholesterol embolisation vary considerably. Patients may be completely asymptomatic when the diagnosis is made coincidentally at renal biopsy or they may present with a distinct clinical syndrome that is associated with a high mortality. As only a minority of patients sustaining cholesterol emboli are recognised clinically, the actual incidence and pathophysiology of the syndrome remains uncertain. Typical features of the clinical syndrome include livedo reticularis and painful focal digital ischaemia, characteristically with a normal peripheral arterial pulse (the purple toe syndrome). Other clinical features include retinal embolisation, renal failure (usually with baseline renal impairment), labile blood pressure, and abdominal symptoms that may vary depending on which organ is involved. Tissue biopsy is the diagnostic investigation of choice. Skin or muscle biopsy can be used but where possible the aVected organ should be biopsied. The characteristic pathological lesion is occlusion of aVected arterioles by luminal needle shaped cholesterol clefts (fig 1). The kidney is the solid organ most commonly aVected and renal biopsy is abnormal in approximately 70% of patients with the cholesterol emboli syndrome. Making a clinical diagnosis of cholesterol embolisation requires a high index of suspicion as there is no diagnostic serological investigation, and diVerentiation from a systemic vasculitis can be diYcult. Abnormalities of routine investigations are generally non-specific, but include an acute phase response (elevated C reactive protein, normochromic normocytic anaemia, and leucocytosis), a transient eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, reduced complement levels, proteinuria or haematuria or both. Cholesterol embolisation may be spontaneous or it may occur within eight weeks of arteriography, angioplasty, cardiac surgery or thrombolysis. Elderly male smokers with a history of hypertension and vascular disease appear to be at particular risk. Penetrating mobile semi-occlusive atheroma of the aorta detected by transoesophageal echocardiography has been demonstrated in a number of cases (fig 2). 4 This pattern of atheroma is an unusual finding and it appears to be a marker of severe widespread atheromatous disease. Further studies into the relation between this pattern of atheromatous aortic disease and the cholesterol emboli syndrome are currently in progress. The outcome of patients with cholesterol embolisation varies considerably. In patients undergoing investigation and treatment for ischaemic heart disease, muscle biopsy has demonstrated cholesterol clefts in 10% of patients. None of these patients had any clinical sequelae. In contrast, the clinical syndrome of cholesterol embolisation has a poor prognosis particularly when there is evidence of visceral and renal involvement. Mortality in these patients may approach 80%. Conventional treatment is supportive with aggressive blood pressure control and, if necessary, renal replacement treatment. There is no evidence that steroids or anticoagulation are beneficial. Some centres have advocated arterial surgery for atheroembolic disease, however, there are no randomised comparisons of surgery with medical treatment. In patients who are gravely ill, the extent of the vascular disease and the presence of multiorgan involvement makes any proposed surgical intervention extremely high risk.


Two key objectives must be kept in mind when a major relocation of a plant is undertaken: to make the move most economically and to ensure the least disturbance to production. The relocation of the Technicolor Motion Picture Division laboratory and executive offices from Hollywood to Universal City involved six phases: logistics, scheduling, preparation, execution, follow-up, and evacuation. Tasks to be managed under these headings are examined in detail. Through cooperation and attention to these six phases and using in-house labor to move everything except two computers and some heavy machine shop equipment, the move was carried off with virtually no disruption of production and this was done at a lower cost than was budgeted.


A kind of generalized convex functions is said to be stable with respect to some property (P) if this property is maintaincd during an arbitrary function from this class is disturbed by a linear functional with sufficiently small norm. Unfortunately. known generallzed convexities iike quasicunvexity, explicit quasiconvexity. and pseudoconvexity are not stable with respect to such optimization properties which are expected to be true by these generalizations, even if the domain ol the functions is compact. Therefore, we introduce the notion of s-quasiconvex functions. These functions are quasiconvex, explicitly quasicon vex. and pseudoconvex if they are continuously differentiable. Especially, the s-quasiconvexity is stable with respect to the following important properties: (Pl) all lower level sets are convex, (P2) each local minimum is a global minimum. and (P3) each stationary point is a global minimizer. In this paper, different aspects. of s–quasiconvexity and its stability are investigated.


A set of analytical solutions have been reached through Laplace transform and other mathematical methodologies based on the Fredlund's one-dimensional consolidation theory for unsaturated soil,etc. The problem to be solved is about a layer of soil of finite thickness,adding to one dimension a large-area instantaneous load,while the soil top surface is penetrable and the bottom is impenetrable to water and air. A typical example result was given to analyze the changes in the excess pore-air pressure,excess pore-water pressure and sedimentation rate of soil with respect to time under different conditions air-water coefficient rate,and the changes in the pore-air pressure and excess pore-water pressure with depth at different times. The comparison between the analytical solutions reduced to saturated soils and the Terzaghi solution for saturated soils,indicates that the method is correct.


Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is defined as the general terminology of advanced treatment for infertility which includes in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF) and intracystoplasmic sperm injection. More than 4% of new born babies in 2013 came from the conceptions achieved by ART in Japan. The history of ART started in 1978 from the birth of world first test-tube baby "Louise Brown" achieved by IVF in the United Kingdom. Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine of 2010 awarded late Professor Robert Edwards who developed the technology of human IVF which brought millions of babies from infertile couples all over the world. Moreover, his laureate has proven that IVF is effective and safe treatment for infertility. Japanese history of ART started in 1983 from Sendai where late Professor Masakuni Suzuki achieved the first successful IVF pregnancy and birth. Since then, number of ART cases in Japan has been steadily increasing and become the highest number of ART cases performed in the world. Although ART was considered to be almighty for any infertility disorders at the beginning, lately the pregnancy rate has been declining due to the increased number of older patient. Therefore, preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) of embryos are applied to older patient to select chromosomally normal embryos for transfer in order to improve pregnancy rate and avoid mis-carriage in the world. Otherwise, donor oocytes are substituted for their own oocyte to improve pregnancy rate in many other countries except for Japan. PGS is a strong tool to select normal embryos for chromosomal wise, but chromosomally normal embryos achieve only 60-70% of pregnancy rate, not 100%. Status of nucleus and also cytoplasm is critical for implantation. The condition of cytoplasm largely relies on the mitochondrial activity. It is well known that low-reactive level laser activates mitochondrial function. Although low reactive level laser treatment (LLLT) has not been well recognized in the field of reproductive medicine, promising potential effect of Although many data have appeared in the literature to show the effectiveness of assisted hatching (AHA), no concrete assessment of its clinical effect has yet been performed. It has not yet been con-cluded which procedure offers the optimum results with proven clinical usefulness. The history of AHA started from physical fenestration, and then moved to acidic Tyrode. At present, opening and thinning using a laser beam is becoming mainstream. Recently, good results for opening and thinning using a piezo micromanipulator (PMM) have been reported. In the present study, I compared and considered what kind of procedure led to pregnancy, opening or thinning, particularly comparing the efficacy of the laser beam or the PMM approach. Compared with the PMM, opening using a laser beam gave a good result regardless of the skill of the operator. In addition, I report herein on AHA-related factors, including the accuracy, ease, hatching rate, and so on, along with which procedure is effective clinically, and evaluation of the embryologist's skill. Objective: Recently vitrification has been on focused as a promising approach for human blastocyst(BLs) cryopreservation. We have reported the successful application of vitrification using a cryoloop technique, in which embryos are vitrified with a reduced amount of cryoprotectant to achieve extremely rapid cooling and warming. However, cryopreservation including exposure to cry-oprotectan and Liquid nitrogenst has been proven to cause the hardening of the zona pellucida(ZP). That is why assisted hatching of ZP has been used to improve implantation with either acidic Tyrode or laser pulse dissection. However, there is no clear definition as to how much the size to achieve the implationtion We evaluated the size of the with hatching rates of warmed-vitrified BLs comparing with the several size of Zona opening created by Laser pulse generating by the Saturn 5 ActiveTM system (Research Instruments Ltd. UK) for LAH. Those warmed blastocysts with zona opening were monitored with the time lapse cine-matography(TLC) with Primo Vision Scope (Vitrolife AB. Sweden) for continuous evaluation. Objectives: To assess the safety and efficacy of a novel fractional CO 2 laser for the treatment of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM). Methods: Women who suffered from GSM, met inclusion criteria and had not used any hormone replacement therapy, vaginal estrogen or vaginal lubricants for the past 3 months were enrolled. A baseline gynecological examination was performed and the largest tolerable dilator was determined. Vaginal pH was measured before initiating treatment and at each subsequent visit. A 10 cm Visual Analog Scales (VAS) measuring symptoms of vulvo-vaginal atrophy (pain, vaginal burning, vaginal itching, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia and dysuria) and VHI scores were completed prior to each treatment and at 3-months follow up. Each patient also completed FSFI and SF-12 questionnaires, and the PGI and vaginal exams were performed after each treatment and at the 3-month follow up visit. Patient satisfaction with treatment was measured on 5-point Likert scales (1=very dissatisfied, 5=very satisfied). After each procedure, the physician rated the ease of treatment using a 5-point Likert scale (1=very difficult, 5=very easy). Treatments were performed in the outpatient clinics with no anesthesia, and each patient received 3 laser treatments spaced 6 weeks apart. Laser energy was transmitted through a novel 360° vaginal probe and the full depth of the vagina was treated. Adverse events were assessed at all visits. Student's paired two-sample t-tests were used for comparisons where appropriate and p-values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: 30 patients were enrolled at 2 study centers. All patients were Caucasian with ages between 34-68 (58.6 +/- 8.8). Severe female infertility is almost always related to the malfunction of the ovaries . The use of assisted treatment of Assisted Reproductive Technology ( ART ) is important for overcoming infertility. Low reactive Level Laser Therapy ( LLLT ) has been shown to improve the blood circulation. A total of 337 females (mean age: 38.4) with severe infertility were treated with LLLT assisted for ART. Diode Laser and Long Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser was used on LLLT. The irradiation areas were near the stellate gan-glion and the femoral artery and LLLT was performed more than once a week. Of these, 110 cases became pregnant and the fertility rate was 32.6% and the best term was between 2 and 11 weeks for patients receiving ART and LLLT. Compared with the conventional assisted treatment for ART, such as Chinese herbal medicine or melatonin, LLLT had almost the same treatment outcome. In the future, LLLT with the conventional assisted treatments may lead to an increased fertility rate for ART . and aging cytoplasm. Aging of nucleus be prevent aging of cytoplasm, of mitochondria using integrated medicine. Integrative medicine consists assisted reproductive technology and complementary and alternative medicine integrative medicine programs of supplement treatment, counseling and genetic), treatment, and low level laser treatment (LLLT). the efficacy of supplement treatment (L-carnitine and melatonin) and LLLT and integrative medicine programs for We started Low level laser therapy (LLLT) treatments after having seen a seminar given the person who subsequently established this society. Since then, nurses started to slowly conduct the treatments in one room of Asada Ladies Kachigawa Clinic. I am taking this opportunity to report the latest data from our clinic.


An investigation was undertaken to determine the character and importance of the transition phase between the ground run and steady climb in the takeoff of an airplane and the effects of various factors on this phase and on the airborne part of the takeoff as a whole. The information was obtained from a series of step-by-step integrations, which defined the motion of the airplane during the transition and which were based on data derived from actual takeoff tests of a Verville AT airplane. Both normal and zoom takeoffs under several loading and takeoff speed conditions were considered. The effects of a moderate wind with a corresponding wind gradient and the effect of proximity of the ground were also investigated. The results show that, for normal takeoffs, the best transition was realized at the lowest possible takeoff speed. Moreover, this speed gave the shortest overall takeoff distance for normal takeoffs. Zoom takeoffs required a shorter overall takeoff run than normal takeoffs, particularly with a heavy landing, if the obstacle to be cleared was sufficiently high (greater than 50 feet); no advantage was indicated to the airplane with a light loading if the height to be cleared was less. The error resulting from the neglect of the transition in the calculation of the airborne distance of takeoff was found to vary from 4% with the heaviest loading considered to -4% with the lightest loading for normal takeoffs over a 100-ft obstacle; the percentage error was twice as great for a 50-foot obstacle. For zoom takeoffs the error attained much greater values. The average wind gradient corresponding to a 5-mile-per-hour surface wind reduced the airborne distance required to clear a 50-foot obstacle by about 9% with the lightest loading and 16% with the heaviest loading; for both cases. The overall reduction due to this wind was approximately twice that resulting from the wind gradient alone. A simple expression for the reduction of observed takeoff performance to no-wind conditions is presented. Ground effect is shown to reduce the airborne distance to attain a height of 50 foot by 10% with the lightest loading and 16% with the heaviest loading; for a 100-foot obstacle the percentage reduction was about 1/2 as great.


An exact method based on a displacement approach is developed and applied to obtain the buckling response of antisymmetrically laminated cross-ply and angle-ply rectangular plates resting on Winkler-Pasternak foundation. Two opposite loaded edges are assumed to be simply supported and various other boundary conditions on the remaining two edges are considered. Typical results for a number of different plate lay-ups and Winkler-Pasternak values are presented in dimensionless graphical form. The effect of material coupling and foundation stiffnesses on the buckling response of plates are considered.


This paper argues that public consultative procedures undertaken by governments or their public services sometimes go awry because of certain confusions as to the nature and purposes of consultation. One of the most important of these is a tendency to view consultation as an exercise in policy determination by the public rather than as public input into the representative democratic process whose ultimate use is to be defined by the elected decision-makers. The result of this confusion is a tendency to misunderstand or overestimate what public consultations can achieve, and a failure to make a distinction between occasions when such consultations are useful and occasions when they must give way to explicit political contest. Three levels of activity — the technical, the transactional and the political — are analytically distinguished along with the modes of action-response appropriate to each — in order to explain and clarify the nature of good consultative practice.


Problem statement: The web content mining used to access lot of web pages, mining of web contents aims to extort positive information or awareness. Approach: There are several type of Web contents which can suggest valuable information to users are accessible in the Web, for instance graphical data, Extensible Markup Language documents, Hyper Text Markup Language documents and simple text. Here, only element of the information is useful for a testing purpose and the remaining information are noises. Results: In this research study, we propose an approach for removing the noises from a given web page which will get better the presentation of web content mining. At first, the web page information is divided into various blocks. Conclusion: From which, the duplicate blocks are removed using sketching. The performance of the proposed approach and results ensure the effectiveness of the proposed approach in classify the main blocks.


Two problems concerning polynomials are considered. For the first problem it is proved that the zeroes of the fractional polynomials of rational order fulfil relations similar to the Vieta's formulae for the polynomials. In the second problem it is presented the iterative method of generalization of the Graeffe-Lobachevsky method to solution of the algebraic equations.


This summary describes an application of a vision-based implementation of three control algorithms to a rather light quadrotor to land on a moving platform with a random path and unknown velocity. Comparing sliding mode (SM), PID, and model reference adaptive (MRAC) controllers in both MATLAB SimScape synthetic space and real-world, we proved the superiority of the former one. The guidance method is an online tracking which uses a linear regression to estimate the landing point. We used a state-of-theart visual odometry algorithm, SVO, augmented by IMU to correct the path angle. No prior information about the quadrotor or the landing platform is required.


The scrapped volumes of the Biography of XIAO He and CAO Ceng,Biography of ZHANG Liang,and Biography of XIANG Ji in the Han Records of the Dun-huang version stored in France,are an abridged copy produced before Sui and Tang Dyansty. It is inferable from the preserved content that the abridger intended to provide a text accessible to ordinary readers;that he focused on deleting rather than revision,which guaranteed the reliability of the original discourse. In fact,all the annotations of the Dun-huang copy in question came from the Variorum of the Han Records by JIN Zhuo in Jin Dynasty and kept the original nature of JIN's annotation,which is,as evidenced,one of the main resources and bases of the Annotation of the Han Records by YAN Shi-gu at early Tang. Therefore,the copy,as a special text form,is of significant document value for studying the early circulation of the Han Records (in particular the nongovernmental circulation before Sui and Tang),for the text transformation,for the annotations of the Han Records since Han and Jin,and for the amendment of the present copy.


Rural road plays an important role in congregating-evacuating passenger and freight flow of arterial network.we should take fixed risk points of bridges,tunnels in the long-term as the starting point,give prominence to the liquidity risks,such as construction site and the disease sections.At the same time,we can establish and improve the responsibility-implementing mechanism,emergency response mechanism,joint prevention and control mechanisms,to improve the level of road traffic safety,and build a smooth,safe,comfortable and efficient rural road network.


This thesis deals with minority erime, especially the crime committed by the largest minority - the Romany minority. It is divided into four parts. The first part is focused on characteristics of individual minorities and their numbers in the Czech Republic and in the Kutna Hora region. The second chapter deals with overall crime as well as crime commited by foreigners. National and non-profit-making organizations are covered in the third part. In the fourt part of this thesis there are some possible solutions suggested by the author. It refers to the necessity of dealing with minority problems in individual regions as well as in the whole country and it also emphasises the importance of multicultural education.


Nucleophilic anions such as Cl^−, I^−, Br^−, t-BuO^−, O_2^− and OH^− efficiently catalyze the decomposition of dimethyldioxirane ( DMD ) and methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane ( TFD ). Singlet oxygen (^1O_2) is formed in these catalytic reactions, as demonstrated by the characteristic infrared chemiluminescence (IR-CL) at 1268 nm. The yield of ^1O_2 generation, measured by the IR-CL method, lies in the range between 2 and 98%, which depends on the particular anion employed. For the bromide ion, the catalytic decomposition of the dioxirane is in competition with the oxidation of Br^− to elemental bromine.


This report describes ways to make transportation planning evaluation more comprehensive and multi-modal. Conventional transport planning is mobility-based, it assumes that the planning objective is to maximize travel speed, and evaluates transport system performance based primarily on motor vehicle travel conditions. A new paradigm recognizes that the ultimate goal of most transport activity is accessibility, which refers to people's overall ability to reach desired services and activities. This new paradigm applies more comprehensive and multi-modal evaluation which expands the range of modes, objectives, impacts and options considered in the planning process. This is particularly important in large growing cities where increased motor vehicle traffic imposes particularly large costs, and in developing countries where a major portion of households cannot afford cars.


The synergistic relationship between sex work and drug use has propelled HIV epidemics in multiple settings. Both male sex workers (MSWs) and female sex workers (FSWs) who inject drugs are more likely to engage in injecting behaviors that increase risk for both acquiring and transmitting HIV infection. Many Central Asian Republics are experiencing concentrated HIV epidemics in at least 1 urban center largely driven by injecting drug use. Uzbekistan the most populous of the Central Asian Republics has the largest HIV epidemic in the region. Samarkand the second largest city in Uzbekistan lies on major drug transportation routes and as such has been affected by the IDU epidemic and the spread of HIV in the region. In late 2003 the AIDS Center in Samarkand had diagnosed 114 cases with 6 (5.3%) among SWs. A rapid assessment conducted in 2003 estimated there to be between 1000 and 1200 SWs in Samarkand with reported drug use varying by venue but did not include a seroprevalence assessment. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among SWs in Samarkand Uzbekistan to inform relevant prevention programs for this marginalized group.


A flip chip mounting method which is applicable to the flip chip mounting of a next-generation LSI and high in produc tivity and reliability as well as a method for connecting sub strates are provided. A circuit board 10 having a plurality of connecting terminals 11 and a semiconductor chip 20 having a plurality of electrode terminals 21 are disposed in mutually facing relation and a resin 13 containing conductive particles 12 and a gas bubble generating agent is Supplied into the space therebetween. In this state, the resin 13 is heated to generate gas bubbles 30 from the gas bubble generating agent contained in the resin 13. The resin 13 is pushed toward the outside of the generated gas bubbles 30 by the growth thereof. The resin 13 pushed to the outside is self-assembled in the form of columns between the respective terminals of the circuit board 10 and the semiconductor chip 20. In this state, by pressing the semiconductor chip 20 against the circuit board 10, the conductive particles 12 contained in the resin 13 self-assembled between the facing terminals are brought into contact with each other to provide electrical connection between the terminals.


In this paper, a theoretical model based on the electric field integration method is proposed to analyse radiation properties of the slotted annular Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA), which can generate a Circularly Polarized (CP) conical beam or broadside beam. The annular LWA contains radiating elements arranged along a circular travelling-wave structure with equal intervals. By combining the proposed model and LWA theory, the design procedure for the annular SIW LWA is presented. To verify the model, three examples of LWAs with different beam angles have been designed and fabricated. Calculation results from the proposed model are consistent with the simulation and measurement results. The model can significantly reduce the design period and is an instructive tool for antenna design.


—The view on children means how the society to regard and treat children. The view on children that adults, especially parents or teachers hold, has a very important impact on children's rights, development, education and childhood life. There are many common views on children in society, for example: children are the private property of parents; children are born as a "white board"; children are "little adults"; children are "flowers and trees"; children are the hope of families, etc., but these views on children are not scientific enough. The reason why there are so many unscientific views on children in the society is as follows: parents lack scientific ideas on childcare; parents have traditional ideas; parents have great pressure on work and life, and whether the relationship between husband and wife is harmonious. In order to help parents to set up a scientific outlook on children, it is necessary to carry out certain training. However, the core of setting up a scientific outlook on children is to "treat children as independent individuals". The so-called "treating children as independent individuals" means to respect children, follow the laws of children's physiological development, and recognize and protect children's rights. Only when adults have achieved the goal of "treating children as independent individuals", can they truly establish a scientific outlook on children and truly promote the growth and development of children.


Despite the growth in the number of NPOs operating abroad, very few studies have been devoted to understanding the international market selection of NPOs. The objective of this paper is to highlight the differences between the for-profit (FPO) and non-profit sectors and thereby argue that the international market selection decisions faced by organizations belonging to these two sectors are different. The study argues that current theories on traditional and for-profit internationalization have to be extended if they are to be used to predict non-profit international market selection. Further in order to highlight the critical differences between the two sectors, the study has examined the international market selection decisions faced by these firms and then developed propositions so that future studies might further develop and empirically test them. As a starting point, the study argues that due to structural differences in the two sectors NPO and FPO, in terms of mission, financing and planning, NPOs tend to have different objectives and pursue different strategies in achieving those objectives compared to FPOs. Furthermore, examining the existing for-profit theories reveal that certain assumptions (e.g., opportunism) on which these theories are based can be challenged in the non-profit context due to the sector's unique characteristics (e.g., the profit distribution constraint). Therefore, the study argues that certain long-held assumptions on forprofit internationalization cannot be used in their current form to explain the behaviour of nonprofit organizations.


MATERIAL FILM: there & whereNothing distinguishes me ontologically from a crystal, a plant, an animal, or the order of the world; we are drifting together towards the noise and the black depths of die universe, and our diverse systemic complexions are flowing up the entropie stream, toward die solar origin, itself adrift. Knowledge is at most the reversal of drifting, that strange conversion of times, always paid for by additional drift; but this is complexity itself, which was once called being. Virtually stable turbulence within the flow. To be or to know from now on will be translated by: see the islands, rare or fortunate, the work of chance or of necessity.- Michel Serres, Hermes: Literature, Science, and PhilosophyThermodynamics or information. What is material in motion? Is it a thing when it moves? The nature of cinema is kinetics, movement, but also graphics, writing, marks, that is, moving signs. Or moving visual thinking. But thermodynamics is irreversible, material in entropy; movement in decay even as thought creates new thought, birth rises from destruction. This material can coax new material from its death throes. Like a night-blooming flower that opens as it dies.Marcel Duchamp is speaking: "Given: 1 . The waterfall; 2. The illuminating gas." (Who listens and understands?)A waterfall is not a "thing," nor is a flame of burning gas. Both are, rather, stable patterns of energy determining the boundaries of a characteristic sensible "shape" in time and space. The waterfall is present to consciousness only so long as water flows through it, and the flame, only so long as the gas continues to burn. You and I are semistable patterns of energy, maintaining in the very teeth of entropy a characteristic shape in space and time. (Hollis Frampton, A Pentagram for Conjuring the Narrative). . .As is the material of film, a coiled body ofsnakeskin, the tattooed and stained glass ribbon we experience as the dancing hieroglyphs of thought and/or feeling, record or hallucination, shadowed icon or distorted info. Always true and always faUe. There and no. w.here.What are the irreducible axioms of that part of thought we call the art of film? In other words, what stable patterns of energy limit the "shapes" generated, in space and in time, by all the celluloid that has ever cascaded through the projector's gate? Frampton asks. Beyond this "plausible" "frame" of "illusion, " I want to know, what distinguishes this material, as it drifts through the shutters, between bkekness and light: sodium or silver, chlorophyll or bacteria, gelatin or marrow, or the gravitational weight of solar rays; ultimately, eros out of chaos, the becoming-being, or inversely that which vibrates: erosion. The matter that runs through the machine: the moving swarm of material-film & film-material.We're matter. The stars are matter.But it doesn't matter. - Captain Beefheart."Materialism. Utter the word with horror, stressing, each. syaable."- Gustave Flaubert, The Dictionary of Accepted IdeasOne person's "materialism" becomes another person's "romanticism."- Robert SmithsonThere is a romanticism in the material surface, for both are philosophical fictions & both contain myths of artifice.This is especially true if "materialism" becomes the esthetic motive of the artist. The reality of materialism is no more real than that of romanticism & both are fictions in the chance minds of the people who perceive them. - Smithson, again, from "Inverse Meanings," found in A Museum of Language in the Vicinity of Art.Materials, subject to cataclysms, express the cruelty of matter. The mind reels in defense as it recognizes its own inevitability.Shall I describe the material condition without idealizing or expressing preference for its qualities. Analog vs. digital. Physical vs. virtual. Material vs. immaterial. These distinctions, sometimes antagonistic, sometimes false, often culturally divisive, may be irrelevant as we enter and embrace the non-Cartesian (ghosdy machines, anyone? …


Hybrid Petri Net is one of the extended types of Petri Nets, which is originally prompted to solve the problems of reliability and safety of the complex dynamic system. Definition of structural conflicts in Hybrid Petri Net helps to go deep into the Hybrid Petri Net's semantics. Defining structural conflicts are also very necessary and important when they are applied in analysis of dynamic system reliability and safety.


The principles of rechargeable battery operation form the basis of the electronic network models developed for Nickel-based aqueous battery systems, including Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH), and non-aqueous battery systems, such as the well-known Li-ion. These electronic network models are based on fundamental physical and (electro)chemical processes, occurring during battery operation and also during over(dis)charging in the case of the aqueous battery systems. This enabled us to visualize the various reaction pathways, including conventional and pulse (dis)charge behavior but also, for example, the self-discharge performance.


The need for risk-management solutions is undisputed by policy makers, who are aware that poor families can lose - in a matter of hours - assets that took years to accumulate, due to a sudden sickness or accident. The policy to provide free primary care and to a certain degree secondary care is positive step and could effectively help to reduce financial exposure of Nepal's poor when the policy is implemented and functional on large scale. But even if this would succeed, only a part of the vulnerability is reduced: the poor still have to pay for services not covered under this policy, such as certain hospitalization cases, the transportation to health care providers, wage-loss – to name a few. The poor households currently need to finance huge amounts of health expenses (out of pocket expenditure) which are over and above their current income(s) and savings. They therefore need to resort to multiple sources of financing, of which a major source is borrowing (in 53% of the hospitalization episodes). Even such a source exposes large scale vulnerability of poor households as they have to borrow under unfavorable conditions due to their circumstance. There is a simple and proven tool to reduce the vulnerability to the financial consequences of ill health: insurance. Unlike the burden of financing huge health expenses from current income or through borrowing, insurance uses a solidarity mechanism and spreads the costs of illness over many households. It thus reduces the burden on the effected household. Furthermore, insurance converts unpredictable health expenses into predictable costs in form of health insurance premiums. This makes financial planning for households much easier and reduces the need to borrow money in an emergency situation at unfavorable rates. This paper discusses the financial vulnerability which poor households in Nepal need to face with respect to costs incurred due to ill health. It then goes on to explain how Microinsurance can act as a tool to reduce this vulnerability.


Growth and thermal behavior of copper‐phthalocyanine (CuPc) and fullerene (C60) organic nanocomposite thin films, grown on SiO2 and Cu(111) surfaces, have been studied using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It is found that the growth of pure CuPc organic thin films follows an island‐type growth mode. The island formation is found to be dramatically suppressed by the inclusion of C60 during deposition. XRD and STM studies reveal that the CuPc molecular packing is altered upon C60 inclusion, producing disordered CuPc–C60 interfaces. The ordered molecular stacking of CuPc is found to be disrupted completely when C60 concentration reaches 30 wt.%. The thermal stability of the CuPc thin film has been significantly improved upon C60 inclusion. It is suggested that the molecular diffusion kinetics rather than thermodynamics are responsible for the improved stability.


From July 2007 to June 2008, 6,550 broiler chicken carcass rinsate samples were collected at 182 establishments that slaughtered young chickens and produced whole carcasses under federal inspection. Samples were taken at two different locations within the plant (Re-Hang and Post-Chill) and were collected from two different shifts. The re-hang location is in the front of the plant just after picking and hock-cutting, before carcasses are transferred to the evisceration line. Carcass rinse samples were evaluated to estimate the percent positive rate and levels of multiple pathogenic organisms including Salmonella and Campylobacter. The presence and number of these bacteria were compared to determine if significant differences existed between samples taken at Re-Hang and Post-Chill and during the separate shifts. Figures 1 and 2 show the data obtained for Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalence on carcasses.


In their correspondence ' Why vascular siphons with sub-atmospheric pressures are physiologically impossible in sauropod dinosaurs ', Seymour and Lillywhite discuss a number of physiological problems with a siphon operating in sauropods. They cite three main objections: (1) collapse of blood


Public policy is the main social democracy management tools,civic participation is the basic trend in the development of world politics.China's public policy citizens to participate in face "inside the input" public decision-making system,"adjunct" social interest groups,"ranking of political participation in culture," defect of the "system safeguard mechanism," HouSheLun "mass media system,to improve our citizens to participate in public policy,need from the reduction of interest groups to political character,construct with people for the participation of culture,and enhance the public media public discourse,perfect the citizen participation in the system framework of effort.


PURPOSE: To improve resolution in the vicinity of the discontinuity of parallax, and provide a method and a device for depth measuring which are capable of measuring the parallax down to a sub-pixel unit and granting reliability to the parallax by setting an adapting window reflecting the discontinuity of the parallax through the application of a threshold energy principle, and finding the probability distribution of the parallax. CONSTITUTION: A picture input is stored in a picture memory 8 as a right picture and a left picture. A window decision device 9 computes the probability of parallax depending on the size of a window from a brightness value stored in the picture memory 8 using a reliability granting device 10, and outputs the window size having the highest probability to a parallax arithmetic device 11. The parallax arithmetic device 11 renews the parallax using the window size from the window decision device 9 and the brightness value from the picture memory 8, and gives the renewed parallax to the window decision device 9. A depth decision device 12 computes a depth from the parallax obtained by repeating this procedure so as to obtain a final depth data. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO&Japio


Objective To assess the clinical effects of infliximab in experimental immune myositis(EIM).Methods To treat EIM with infliximab 0.125 mL(1 time/week),dexamethasone 1 mg(1 time/d) and normal saline 1 mL(1 time/week) injected intraperitoneally and evaluate the effects of infliximab according to the clinical symptom scores and pathological examination.Results Scores of neuromuscular symptoms decreased by 1.1 points in the group dexamethasone and by 1.5 points in group infliximab.Effective power was 75% in the group dexamethasone and 94% in the group infliximab.Compared with group control,the increases of neuromuscular scores in the two therapeutic groups were statistically significant(P0.05).Nonparametric riddit analysis showed pathological rankings of two therapeutic groups were superior to group control(P0.01).Effective rates in the two therapeutic groups were higher than in the control,the differences were statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusions Infliximab was effective in the treatment of EIM.


The present invention relates to a dual polarization broadband antenna having a single pattern, which is provide with a radiation device having a square structure, in which a plurality of folded dipole elements are formed in a single continuously-connected pattern, and a feeding portion for feeding signals to the plurality of folded dipole elements is formed on the radiation device. Accordingly, the plurality of folded dipole elements formed on the radiation device are connected in a single square and rectangular pattern, so that the structure thereof is simplified, with the result that the cost can be reduced. Furthermore, the feeding portion, that dually feeds signals, and the plurality of folded dipole elements, connected in a single pattern, are coupled, so that the dual polarization characteristic can be easily acquired. Furthermore, currents input to the feeding points of the feeding portion are induced only to the folded dipole elements without having to flow into other feedingpoints, so that excellent isolation can be achieved.


In this paper, theoretical efficiency has been calculated for multiple junction solar cells for air mass 1.5 global spectra by using the spectral p-n junction model. This efficiency depends on the incident spectrum, bandgap, temperature of cells. Here GaInP2 has been used as the top cell, GaAs as the middle cell, Ge as the bottom cell .To produce optical transparency and maximum current conductivity between top and bottom cells, these three materials are lattice matched. Using the mathematical formulation by Matthias et al and studying the properties of GaInP2, GaAs and Ge the theoretical efficiency for the triple junction solar cells have been estimated 41.8%. Developments of the cell at different stages and future prospects for the realization of super-high-efficiency and low-cost multijunction solar cells are also discussed. INTRODUCTION Single-junction solar cells are limited in efficiency. The maximum theoretical limit depends on the incident spectrum. If a high band gap is chosen to obtain a high voltage cell, the current is low because most of the solar spectrum is sub-band-gap light, and, therefore, is not absorbed. If the band gap is decreased so that most of the spectrum is absorbed, then the voltage of the cell is decreased. Tandem solar cells can provide higher efficiency. Here we report the theoretical efficiency of a series connected multijunction solar cell with optimized cell thicknesses. Reduction of top-cell thickness results in significant increase in the efficiencies for a range of band-gap combinations. The primary increase in efficiency results from an increase in current as the top-cell thickness is optimized. For ideal cell (i.e, cells with low surface recombination velocities) the thinner top cells also lead to increased open circuit voltages, resulting in even greater improvements in the efficiencies. Selection of top cell materials is important for high efficiency tandem cells. GaInP2 as a top cell material (lattice-matched to GaAs), GaInP2 has some advantages such as lower interface recombination rate, less oxygen problem and good window layer material compared to AlGaAs. Top cell characteristics depend on the minority carrier lifetime in the top cell layers. The lower surface recombination rate is obtained by introducing AlInP window layer and the highest minority carrier lifetime is obtained by introducing a buffer layer and optimizing the growth temperature. METHODOLOGY The calculations assumed zero losses from reflection, grid coverage and series resistance. The short-circuit current density Jsc was calculated directly from the irradiance data [1]. The photon flux F is calculated from the irradiance I and wavelength. Jsc = e × F (1) (2) Where, e is electronic charge, F is photon flux, h is Plank constant ,λ is wavelength of incident , and c is velocity of light The reverse saturation current density, J0, was calculated for each cell as the sum of the currents for the n-type and p-type layers [2]. (3) Where, De is diffusion current constant for electron, Dh is diffusion current constant for hole, τe is minority carrier life time for electron, τh is minority carrier life time for hole, ni is intrinsic carrier concentration, NA is acceptor concentration, ND is donor concentration, Se is surface recombination velocity of electron, Sh is surface recombination velocity of hole, Xp is thickness of p-layer and Xn is thickness of n-layer. The diffusion constants De, and Dh were calculated from the Einstein's relation-ship:


This article describes the gist of the creativity in the student – teacherrelationship in Polish lessons in the secondary school. It is commonly known thatPolish school kills creativity of the young people. There are several appealing ideasto support students' creativity. This article focuses on specific examples of Polish lessonsplans, which have been elaborated in the teaching work experience. These ideasindicate the changing methods of teaching influences not only the attractiveness ofthe lesson but also its quality and consequently boosts the learning outcome.


The China Dark Matter Experiment reports results on light WIMP dark matter searches at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory with a germanium detector array with a total mass of 20 g. The physics threshold achieved is 177 eVee ("ee" represents electron equivalent energy) at 50% signal efficiency. With 0.784 kg-days of data, exclusion region on spin-independent coupling with the nucleon is derived, improving over our earlier bounds at WIMP mass less than 4.6 GeV.


By using WDS method of EPMA and EDS technique of STEM, 550℃ and
450℃ isothermal sections of Fe-Ni-C phase diagram were determined.


Background: While oral anticoagulation reduces the risk of stroke and stroke-related death in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), the specific causes of death are poorly understood. We assessed...


Pacinian corpuscles within the skin are mechanoreceptors with a high sensitivity and a broad receptive field, and they contribute to texture evaluation and contact detection. They are distributed in small numbers in the subcutaneous tissue, which is a deep layer in the skin. We propose a new skin model with texture of collagen fibers, based on observations of the thumb of a Macaca fuscata. A finite element analysis using the model reveals that collagen fibers disperse stress concentrations in the subcutaneous tissue, leading to a broad receptive field for Pacinian corpuscles while maintaining their high sensitivity. Graphical Abstract