United States history: general.-The Library of Congress added manuscript material to an extent which makes it impossible to attempt a description within the compass of this report. The Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions fortunately provides detailed commentaries on groups of material added. Particularly noteworthy items in the Quarterly Journal are: "The Robert Todd Lincoln Collection of the Papers of Abraham Lincoln" (Vol. V, No. i [November, '947]); "The Booker T. Washing on Papers" (Vol. II, No. 2 [February,I945]); and "The Papers of William Allen White" (Vol. IV, No. i [November, I946]). Indiana University's War of i8I2 collection was greatly enhanced by the purchase of the Forest H. Sweet collection. The latter covers the war generally, especially in its military and naval aspects, and is particularly rich in manuscript materials. A second major addition to Indiana's collection were the papers of Jonathan Williams, one-time secretary to Benjamin Franklin, superintendent of West Point, and officer in the Engineer Corps during the War of i 812; they consist of 5,000 letters, diaries, manuscript reports, documents, and ephemera. Indiana also acquired a fundamental collection on the Amenrcan Revolution, which consists of some 700 historically important volumes of contemporary imprints relating largely to the causes of the Revolution and has since been supplemented.'4 The papers of Hugh McCulloch, prominent Indiana banker and secretary of the Treasury under Lincoln, Johnson, and Arthur, were bought by Indiana in I944.'s One of the most significant events of the period was the Frederic Bancroft bequest to Columbia. This included Mr. Bancroft's working library, especially strong in material relating to the Old South, slavery, and the Civil War. Of even greater importance was the establishment of the Edgar A. and Frederic Bancroft Foundation with a fund of about $I,500,000, the income from which is to be used for the acquisition of books and literary materials dealing with American history, diplomacy, and international relations. Among the materials already obtained are a collection of 5,ooo books and pamphlets on the slavery question in the United States; the John Brown collection formed by Oswald Garrison Villard, representing one of the three great-


In this note we give an alternative proof of a theorem of I. M. Chiswell which states that every finitely generated group which acts non-trivially on a Atree admits a non-trivial action on an Rtree. In [4], P. B. Shalen asked the following question: If a finitely generated group G admits a non-trivial action without inversions on a Atree, then does it also admit a non-trivial action without inversions on some 2tree? Here A denotes an arbitrary ordered abelian group. In [2], I. M. Chiswell showed that one can reduce the question to the case where A = iR, i.e., he proves the following theorem: Theorem. Let A be an ordered abelian group. Let G be a finitely generated group admitting a non-trivial action (possibly with inversions) on a Atree T. Then G admits a non-trivial action on some Rtree. Chiswell's proof of the theorem depends on the fact that every ordered abelian group can be embedded in some non-standard model of the first-order theory of the real numbers. In this sense, the proof is non-constructive. In fact, the mere existence of a non-standard model of R involves a non-constructive process. They may be constructed using the Compactness Theorem of first-order logic, which is a consequence of Godel's Completeness Theorem (cf. [3] ), or by using a non-principal ultrafilter on an infinite set. Both of these methods in turn depend on some form of the axiom of choice. In this note, we give an alternative proof of the above theorem which is independent of the existence of a non-standard model for the real numbers. We begin by introducing some terminology. For a more comprehensive account of the basic theory of Atrees, we refer the reader to [1] and [4]. Let G be a group acting (by isometrics) on a Atree T. An element g e G is called an inversion (or phantom inversion), if g2 has a fixed point but g does not. If g e G is not an inversion, we denote the translation length of g by tgt. It is defined to be the minimum of d(x, g(x)) as x ranges over all points of T. Let Ag denote the characteristic subtree of g, i.e., Ag = {X E Received by the editors January 15, 1994. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 20E99, 06F20. The first author was partially supported by NSF grant 90-07808. The second author was partially supported by a grant from the Texas Advanced Research Program and a Faculty Research Grant from UNT. ? 1995 American Mathematical Society


The Future Circular Collider FCC-ee is a study toward a high luminosity electron-positron collider with a centre-of-mass energy from 91 GeV to 365 GeV. Due to the beam parameters and pipe dimensions, collective effects and electron cloud can be very critical aspects for the machine and can represent the main limitations to its performance. An estimation of the electron cloud build up in the main machine components and an impedance model are required to analyze the induced instabilities and to find solutions for their mitigation. Special attention has been given to the resistive wall impedance associated with a layer of nonevaporable getter (NEG) coating on the vacuum chamber required for electron cloud mitigation. The studies presented in this paper will show that minimizing the thickness of this coating layer is mandatory to increase the single bunch instability thresholds in the proposed lepton collider at 45.6 GeV. For this reason, NEG thin films with thicknesses below 250 nm have been investigated by means of numerical simulations to minimize the resistive wall impedance. In parallel, an extensive measurement campaign was performed at CERN to characterize these thin films, with the purpose of finding the minimum effective thickness satisfying vacuum and electron cloud requirements.


PURPOSE: A system for supporting clinical decision and a method thereof are provided to supply clinical information of a patient and a guide in a remote place. CONSTITUTION: A clinical decision supporting system comprises a personal health device(100), a platform(300), a gateway(200) installed in a smart device, an EMR(Electronic Medical Record) system(400) which manages the platform and patient information. The personal health device secures health data of a user by using installed measurement tools(101-107). The health data is transmitted to a health card analysis platform through the gateway. A data analysis unit(330) finds disease association with the health data and a health history of a patient which is transmitted from the EMR system. A rule management unit(350) predicts a disease state of the patient and calculates a medical guide. [Reference numerals] (101) Electronic stethoscope; (103) Lung measurement tool; (105) Oxygen saturation measurement tool; (107) Pedometer; (200) Gateway; (310) Application unit; (330) Data analysis unit; (350) Rule management unit; (400) EMR system


In this inspirational handbook, the discoveries of Donald O. Clifton, the grandfather of positive psychology, show how the briefest interactions affect people's relationships, productivity, health, and longevity. 100,000 first printing.


The paper analyzes the evolution of the number of animals, by species, from "Hațeg Country", Hunedoara County. Following the researches carried out, both by data taken from the field and by the ones existing at the Institute of Statistics, respectively the technical-operative reports on the situation of animal husbandry from DAJ Hunedoara and from the town halls of communes, it was found that in the last year taken in calculation, 2018, the number of cattle, pigs and horses decreased to almost half compared to 2000, in the first two cases, respectively to less than 30% in the case of horses. In contrast, there have been increases in the number of sheep and goats, the latter reaching almost double in 2018, compared to 2010.


The invention discloses a webpage drawing method, which comprises the following steps: receiving webpage data corresponding to a webpage browsing command; extracting graphic elements to be drawn in the webpage data; decoding the graphic elements, of which color formats are the same with that of a hardware acceleration cache region, into an established hardware acceleration cache region; decoding the graphic elements, of which color formats are different from that of the hardware acceleration cache region into an established picture cache region; when the graphic elements in the hardware cache region are suitable for a hardware acceleration drawing, calling a hardware acceleration interface to draw the graphic elements; when the graphic elements in the hardware cache region are not suitable for the hardware acceleration drawing, calling a preset software algorithm to draw the graphic elements; and copying the drawn content to a frame buffer area to be displayed. With the adoption of the webpage drawing method, drawing operation in a browser is finished by utilizing the hardware acceleration interface, so that drawing of the browser is effectively accelerated, the burdens of a CPU (central processing unit) are lightened, and the speed of the webpage browsing by users is improved. The invention also discloses a webpage drawing system.


Developments since the 1990s make it abundantly clear to what extent new conditions can cast doubt upon previously unquestioned ideas about how people experience music. Twenty years after the internet was opened up to all comers with the graphics-enabled web browser Mosaic, new behaviours related to music have become established which would never before have been thought possible. But it is still the case that not all experts understand (or respect) the new ways in which members of "generation Web 2.0" receive their music. Empirical music sociology can help here. Using reliable data on the population of the small European country Austria this essay demonstrates where the deep divisions between "digital natives" and "digital immigrants" in music reception already appear irreversible, and also where they have played almost no role for a long time now.


The generality of latent variable modeling of individual differences in development over time is demonstrated with a particular emphasis on randomized intervention studies. First, a brief overview is given of biostatistica l and psychometric approaches to repeated measures analysis. Second, the generality of the psychometric approach is indicated by some nonstandard models. Third, a multiple-population analysis approach is proposed for the estimation of treatment effects. The approach clearly describes the treatment effect as development that differs from normative, control-group development. This framework allows for interactions between treatment and initial status in their effects on development. Finally, an approach for the estimation of power to detect treatment effects in this framework is demonstrated. Illustrations of power calculations are carried out with artificial data, varying the sample sizes, number of timepoints, and treatment effect sizes. Real data are used to illustrate analysis strategies and power calculations. Further modeling extensions are discussed.


To determine the safety of IUD Copper T 380A as a contraceptive in state post - abortion in patients attending the Maternity "Concepcion Palacios" in the period March 2015 - June 2016. Methods: A prospective study was conducted, longitudinal and descriptive with a non-probabilistic sample of 80 patients who were inserted intrauterine device during the first 24 hours after uterine emptying. The monitoring was performed with transvaginal ultrasound immediately, at 7 and 30 days and 3 months verifying the insertion and retention of the intrauterine device according sonographic parameters measuring the background distance uterus - intrauterine device (DFD: 20mm ± 5) and interrogation complications regarding each control. The safety of the method was evaluated by gestational age reached and method of
2
uterine evacuation, and adherence of patients to the contraceptive method according to the age of the same. Results: The mean age of patients was 27.3 ± 6.9 between years, the most frequent diagnosis of incomplete abortion income was 37.5% with a mean gestational age of 10.2 ± 3.9 reached weeks the main method of uterine evacuation curettage used was 60%. The most common complication between 5 -9 weeks 15 -20 weeks and was bleeding from moderate to abundant with 31.8% and 26.6% respectively of total presented complications (P = 0.104); between 10 to 14 weeks, the pain in 22.7% of these cases (P = 0.956) was introduced, there were 12 cases of patients with pain in those who were underwent curettage compared with 9 cases in manual vacuum aspiration (P = 0.960) were statistically not significant. There was a pregnancy, uterine perforation and uterine perforation. Adherence to the method presented in 90% (72 patients). Conclusions: The symptoms described by patients in IUD insertion in post abortion state seem to have no relevance when deciding adherence to method and is not appropriate to defer the inclusion of this when the complication rate is similar to those present in patients without abortion, thus offering a safe and effective contraceptive method immediately.


This paper presents the morphological matrix as a creative technique to aid the process of generating ideas in design. Although there are many studies about creative techniques, few studies discuss how to use them, in what stages of design process and for what kind of problems are more suitable. The objective of this paper is to discuss these issues related to the use of this technique. For this, the paper reviews the literature on the morphological method, from its origin through its application in design. It also examines the use of morphological matrix from design exercises and verifies their application possibilities in product design and visual design. Finally, the article brings to discussion and contribution the possibilities of using the procedures described for the construction of the morphological matrix, criteria for selection of proposals as well as their advantages and limitations for generating design alternatives.


To support the market introduction of fuel cells and hydrogen for energetic use in Germany, the National Innovation Programme Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology was set up in 2006. The German Federal Government together with representatives from research organisations as well as from various industry sectors were involved in designing the programme. Combined funds from the public and private sectors amount to Euro 1.4 billion and cover the period 2007–2016. About one‐third of this total is to fund R&D and two‐third to finance demonstration and market preparation projects. The National Organization Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology manages the implementation in close collaboration with its partner organisation Project Management Organization Jülich, and in continuous consultation with the key stakeholders. This article spells out the main characteristics of the Innovation Programme and the organisations involved.


The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Short Hopelessness Scale in an undergraduate student sample. The scale was originally developed as a brief measure of hopelessness for large scale epidemiological surveys and is based on two commonly used measures of hopelessness. A total of 4098 students from different Polish universities took part in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the model fit. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to investigate the relationship between hopelessness scale and criterion variables. Due to the lack of fit of the initial congeneric, unidi-mensional model, the lowest loading item was removed, and a tau-equivalent model with three items was tested. The tau-equivalent model showed a good fit to the data. The scale had adequate reliability. Hopelessness was positively related to anxiety, depression, and stress and negatively related to the quality of life, health, and self-esteem. The study provides evidence of good psychometric properties in terms of factorial structure, reliability and criterion validity of the shortened 3-item Polish version of a hopelessness scale. Future studies should investigate its predictive value, especially in terms of suicidal ideation and behaviour, as well as other health outcomes.


This paper introduces an algorithm of reduction of tolerant decision rules,it tries to use the rough set theory in data mining to find the useful rules and core properties.


Objective To explore the impact of nursing intervention on the recovery of independent urinary function in patients after radical resection of rectal carcinoma,reduce the discomfort and urinary tract infection which improper care bright to the patients.Methods One hundred patients undergoing a rectal carcinoma surgery were equally randomized into an observation group and a control group(n=50).The conventional nursing care was given to the control group,while their counterparts in the observation group were subjected to the perioperative bladder function training.The natural micturition,auxiliary micturition,urine retention and residual urine output after pulling urinary canal were observed.Results In observation group,48 patients micturate naturally,only 2 patients needed to reset urinary canal,the residual urine output was more than 100 ml in 8 patients;the above number in the control group was 40,10 and 17,respectively.The independent urination time was earlier in observation group than that in the control group.The incidence rate of urinary retention was lower in observation group than that in the control group.Conclusion The perioperative bladder function raining can effectively improve recovery of independent urinary function,which should reduce the pains,decrease the psychological and physiological burden,shorter the hospital stay.


The lesser short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) and the long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus) are Aotearoa New Zealand's only native extant terrestrial mammals and are believed to have migrated from Australia. Long-tailed bats arrived in New Zealand an estimated two million years ago and are closely related to other Australian bat species. Lesser short-tailed bats, in contrast, are the only extant species within the Mystacinidae and are estimated to have been living in isolation in New Zealand for the past 16-18 million years. Throughout this period of isolation, lesser short-tailed bats have become one of the most terrestrial bats in the world. Through a metatranscriptomic analysis of guano samples from eight locations across New Zealand we aimed to characterise the viromes of New Zealand's bats and determine whether viruses have jumped between these species over the past two million years. High viral richness was observed among long-tailed bats with viruses spanning seven different viral families. In contrast, no bat-specific viruses were identified in lesser short-tailed bats. Both bat species harboured an abundance of likely dietary– and environmental-associated viruses. We also identified alphacoronaviruses in long-tailed bat guano that had previously been identified in lesser short-tailed bats, suggesting that these viruses had jumped the species barrier after long-tailed bats migrated to New Zealand. Of note, an alphacoronavirus species discovered here possessed a complete genome of only 22,416 nucleotides with entire deletions or truncations of several non-structural proteins, thereby representing what is possibly the shortest genome within the Coronaviridae identified to date. Overall, this study has revealed a diverse range of novel viruses harboured by New Zealand's only native terrestrial mammals, in turn expanding our understanding of bat viral dynamics and evolution globally.


Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of lumbar disc herniation on mobilization. Methods: 63 patients, as the experimentals, were treated with mobilization, while 74 patients as controls were treated with traction therapy. Results: After mobilization treatment, feexion with the lumbar increased 17. 27 ?16. 31 (P 0. 01 ), extension 4. 08 ?13. 02 (P 0. 01 ), rotation 3. 72 ?11. 39(P 0. 01 ). The difference was very significant. There were better the experimentals comparing with the controls(r= 9. 595 ), the difference was very significant(P 0. 01 ). Conclusion: Mobilization secures better therapeutic effect on lumbar disc herniation. No side effect. The shorter the term, the better the therapeutic effect so it is worth while to be used.


Objective To understand the life quality in peasants with different demographic characteristics in Heilongjiang province.Methods Totally 2 300 peasants were investigated with a self-designed "Questionnaire of Life Quality for Chinese Peasants" to collect the information on life quality of the peasants with different demographic charateristics.Results There were significant differences in standard of living and degree of satisfaction to the spiritual life between the peasants of the Han nationality and other nationalities(3.73±0.62 vs 2.81±0.38 and 3.55±0.57 vs 2.80±0.75,P0.01 for all).There were significant differences in spiritual life quality,degree of satisfaction to spiritual life and cultural entertainment between the peasants with and without religious belief(3.75±0.45 vs 3.55±0.46,3.79±0.62 vs 3.50±0.56,3.38±0.71 vs 3.07±0.77;P0.05 for all).There was a significant difference in cultural entertainment between the unmarried and married peasants(F=3.392,P0.05).There were significant differences in spiritual life quality and cultural entertainment between the peasants with junior college or above and other education level(F=4.138,3.435;P0.01 for all).There were differences in the general life quality and social life quality between in-village and floating peasants(F=3.971,4.350;P0.05 for all).There were differences in material life quality and satisfaction to material life between in-village and not-in-village peasants(F=3.404,3.101;P0.05 for all).There were significant differences in standard of living,social environment,and social safety between in-village peasants and other peasants(F=5.679,3.061,and 4.727;P0.01 for all).Conclusion The general life quality of the peasants in Heilongjiang province is higher and there are differences in the life quality and its dimensions among the peasants with different demographic characteristics.


The EU macroeconomic and budgetary policies will be politically sustainable only if the EU increases its anemic growth by making the necessary domestic regulatory reforms. In the absence of a Doha deal, preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are the only instrument left for buttressing EU domestic reforms and boosting EU growth. But PTAs could achieve such goals only if the PTA partners of the EU are big economies, well regulated and well connected to the rest of the world. Japan and Taiwan are the only economies in the world (except the US) meeting these three conditions--hence the need for a EU resolute pivoting to East Asia based on concluding ambitious PTAs with these two economies as quickly as possible. Another consequence of the Doha failure is to induce other large economies to create "mega" PTAs--the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) led by the US and the China-JapanKorea (CJK) agreement. For the EU, the only way to insure its firms against the risks of discriminations from these mega-PTAs is also to conclude a PTA with Japan (insuring against the TPP) and with Taiwan (insuring against the CJK). Finally, managing a resolute EU pivoting to East Asia raises a series of problems. Those involving a few major EU trading partners--the US, China, Korea, Brazil and India-are examined.


I1 "Health supply chain personnel: an integral part of the health workforce." Giorgio Cometto, Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, Andrew Brown, Lisa Hedman, James Campbell Global Health Workforce Alliance, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland, New Zealand; People that Deliver, UNICEF, Copenhagen, Denmark; Essential Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland E-mail: email@example.com Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice 2014, 7(Suppl 1):I1


Chromosome abnormalities occur in humans at a rate of approximately 1 in every 150 live births. They are seen in approximately 50% of first-trimester and 20% of second-trimester spontaneous abortions [Jorde et al., 2006]. Of all chromosome abnormalities, aneuploidy is the most common, occurring in 25% of miscarriages [Hassold et al., 1996]. Most aneuploidy is due to nondisjunction arising in oogenesis, which can occur during meiosis I or II. As a woman's age increases she has an increased risk of meiotic nondisjunction, resulting in aneuploidy and an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. In contrast to aneuploidy, increased maternal age is not a risk factor for polyploidies such as triploidy or tetraploidy [Eiben et al., 1990; Ford et al., 1996]. Determining which classes of chromosome abnormalities in products of conception are related to maternal age is an important factor in establishing accurate recurrence risk information for a woman for future pregnancies. In a small series, Ford et al. [1996] suggested that the maternal age distribution for cases with combined polyploidy– aneuploidy is very similar to karyotypically normal cases. However, in such combined cases, it is not known which anomaly arises first, that is, whether an aneuploid gamete occurs first followed by triploidy or tetraploidy, or whether a triploid or tetraploid zygote might occur followed by mitotic nondisjunction leading to aneuploidy. If aneuploidy arises first, there may be a similar maternal age effect as seen in typical aneuploidy, and a similar small increased risk of aneuploidy in subsequent pregnancies [Warburton et al., 2004]. The primary objective of our study was to test for a maternal age effect in products of conception cases that had combined polyploidy–aneuploidy in the same cell line, for example, a triploid chromosome complement with additional or missing chromosome(s) (69,XXY, 21 or 70,XXY, þ21 or 71,XXY, þ18, þ21). We hypothesized that if aneuploidy occurs first, there would likely be a maternal age effect. Conversely, if polyploidy occurs first and is followed by mitotic nondisjunction to produce the aneuploid, we would expect to see no maternal age effect. With IRB approval, we collected maternal age at the time of pregnancy loss and karyotype results on 6,782 aneuploid or polyploidy (or both) products of conception cases sent to the Mayo Clinic Cytogenetic Laboratory from December 1999 to April 2011. Cases were assigned to one of six groups: trisomy (n1⁄4 4,448), monosomy X (n1⁄4 1,043), triploid (n1⁄4 936), aneuploid–triploid (n1⁄4 112), tetraploid (n1⁄4 214) and aneuploid–tetraploid (n1⁄4 29). The trisomy and monosomy X groups served as positive and negative controls for advanced maternal age, respectively. Analysis of variance was used to test for differences in maternal age across groups. To account for multiple comparisons, a P-value threshold of 0.01 was used to declare statistical significance. The cytogenetic distribution of the 6,782 products of conception cases and the comparison of maternal age between groups are shown in Tables I and II, respectively. The mean maternal age for monosomy X was not significantly different from either the triploid or tetraploid groups. The mean maternal age for aneuploid-triploid was significantly greater than the monosomy X (P1⁄4 0.001) and triploid groups (P1⁄4 0.008), but was significantly less than the trisomy group (P< 0.0001). The aneuploid-tetraploid cases represented the most uncommon karyotype group, with only 29 cases. Nevertheless, the mean maternal age for the aneuploid–tetraploid group was significantly greater than monosomy X (P1⁄4 0.009), trended greater than the tetraploid group (P1⁄4 0.079), and trended less than the trisomy group (P1⁄4 0.024). The mean maternal age for the aneuploid–triploid group (32.2 years) and the aneuploid–tetraploid group (33.2 years)


This study presents an improvement to the secant method by reconstruction,in numerical analysis,the secant method is a root finding algorithm that uses a succession of roots of secant lines to better approximate a root of function F.secant method which its convergence is superlinear is used in combination with bissection and inverse quadratic interpolation in Bren't and Zhang' method wich are one of the most powerful root finding algorithms.the new method presented in this study presents so much advantages in root finding algorithms for non-linear equations,compared to the secant method,this new method uses secant lines from 2 circles in each iteration,it the requires only one initial guess and its convergence is quadratic,this new method could replace the secant method in Brent's and Zhang's method to make the algorithm more quick and more efficient,some experimental tests presented in this study compares the performances of this new method to the secant method.


Vibrational properties of tetrahedral clusters of Cu and Co on the Cu(111) surface are studied by using interatomic interaction potentials constructed within tight-binding second moment approximation. It was shown that interaction of the Co4 and Cu4 clusters with the substrate leads to arising of frustrated translation and frustrated rotation in-plane polarized vibrational modes localized on the cluster atoms. The vibrational modes of the free Cu4 cluster upon its adsorption on the Cu(111) surface mix with Cu bulk phonons and become almost delocalized. Contrary to that, in the Co4 cluster on the surface the high frequency modes remain strongly localized and mixed with the nearest neighbor atoms vibrations. The highest frequency vibration of the Co4 cluster splits due to different interaction with certain groups of nearest neighbor atoms (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


ABSTRACT This article explores the use of the Danish change-of-state token nå as it is used in polar Q(uestion)-A(nswer) sequences. Nå is more generally employed in Danish to register an informing, whether this informing was solicited by the producer of nå or not. In polar Q-A sequences, nå is used to register solicited informings and here serves exclusively to receipt answers that counter the questioner's expectations and that may thus require a redirection of action. I rely on both distributional and sequential evidence to illustrate this. First, in polar Q-A sequences where nå is produced, answers that are nonconfirming and/or not type-conforming are overrepresented, when compared to polar Q-A sequences in general. Second, participants orient in additional ways to their expectations being countered in polar Q-A-nå sequences, for instance, by explicating why the answer was counter to their expectations or what consequences this will have for them. Data are in Danish with English translation.


This study explores the arguments used by 14-year-old students in making decisions about the design of a road in their area. The whole activity was based on an actual problem at the time the research took place. The procedure was a sequence, where students worked first individually, then in groups and finally they had to take a class decision. Then they had to realize one of the final proposals and design the construction of a bridge that their planning had involved. This paper first elaborates the general perspective of such an approach; it then describes the process of argumentation and analyses the nature of the students' arguments, which are discussed on the basis of a specifically constructed network.


This study examined how home could partner with school science teachers by exploring opportunities, strategies and challenges for catching the children young in Nigeria. The study population consists of all the nursery school pupils of the government approved schools in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State of Nigeria. From the 2016 list, there are 98 approved Nursery schools. A purposive or deliberate sampling method was used to select 30 schools (representing 30.6 %) that satisfy the requirement of the research. In each school, 3 teachers and 6 parents were randomly selected to give a total of 90 teachers and 180 parents. The two instruments used in the study are: Home-School Science Connection Questionnaire for Teachers (HSSCQT) and Home-School Science Connection Questionnaire for Parents (HSSCQP). The study has shown that curriculum for science and technology at the kindergarten school does not exist in Benue State (or Nigeria) and that more teachers (61.2%) do not desire the provision of curriculum for science and technology. Both parents and teachers desire to assist teachers in school to teach their children science and technology effectively. However challenges such as the issue of time, patience with children and short attention span of the kinder learners, among others, have to be overcome. The need to explore the homework given to kinder children by teachers to bring in the parents and for parents to assist the teachers was ranked highest. It was suggested that parents should become partners in their children's schooling and communicate regularly with their children and their teachers, school administrators, and counselors. Also, parents should encourage their children to participate in extracurricular opportunities focused on science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), such as clubs, field trips, after-school programs, and science competitions. A curriculum for science and technology is urgently required for nursery schools in Nigeria and the existing numerous curricula should be harmonized.


Data mining is used to extract the information from the large dataset and used to predict patterns and behavior of an application. Data mining plays a chief role in the fields of e-commerce, healthcare sector, and agricultural sector. Agriculture is the prime occupation in India. Crop productivity mainly depends on weather conditions. Data mining is used in agriculture to predict crop productivity, water management, crop disease management, pesticide recommendation by using different algorithms. Image processing techniques are also widely used to identify crop diseases using images of affected crops. The purpose of this survey is to study data mining and image processing techniques used in crop disease prediction and identification.


Destructive spondyloarthropathy (DSA) in patients on hemodialysis due to chronic renal failure was first reported by Kuntz et al. in 1984. As far as we know, there are few reports on surgical treatment for lumbar lesion. We here report two patients with DSA of the lumbar spine treated successfully. Both patients had gait disturbance because of severe pain, whose X-ray of the lumbar spine showed narrowing of the disc space between L4 and L5 and instability of the vertebral body. We performed posterolateral fusion combined with posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Rigid fusion seems to be an optimal surgical option for these patients. However, it is often difficult because of the poor general conditions of the patients. It is very important to select the appropriate operative method according to the patients conditions.


LYONS, SUSAN M., M.S., August 2011, Biological Sciences The Influence of Condition, Context, and Life History on Variation in Female Mate Preference in Xiphophorus Fishes. Director of Thesis: Molly R. Morris Variation in acquisition of resources across the lifetime of a female, as well as species differences in allocation of resources to life history traits, can interact to produce variation in female mate preferences. By examining the influence of resources, it is possible to understand how variation in mate preference is adaptive. I first investigated how diet manipulation during juvenile development and maternal effects influenced mate preference for two male traits, male size and male symmetry, in Xiphophorus multilineatus. While diet influenced preference for male size, maternal effects influenced preference for male symmetry. I then compared how diet influenced preference in X. multilineatus to preference in X. variatus, a species with a potentially different life history strategy. I found that X. variatus appears to have a higher reproductive effort than X. multilineatus, and that their preference for male size was not influenced by diet, which could be predicted if female preference is a component of reproductive effort. These studies suggest that to understand adaptive variation in female mate preference, both life history strategy and the specific male trait being assessed needs to be considered. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Molly R. Morris Professor of Biological Sciences


Fisheries have a long history and tradition in Latvia. In recent years, the fish processing subsector has been challenged by the development and introduction of new and innovative products manufactured from Baltic Sea sprats (Sprattus sprattus balticus), which serve as an alternative to canned sprat production. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to perform an economic assessment of the establishment of a potential factory for the production of innovative fish products from sprats caught in the Baltic Sea. To achieve the aim, two specific research tasks were set: 1) to perform a financial and efficiency analysis of the investment project for the industrial production of the newly developed innovative products; 2) to determine the economic effect from the establishment of the factory. The research base scenario established the minimum amount of necessary investment to start up a factory and estimated processing capacity at 408 tons of sprats a year to pay back the investment in time by producing two new innovative products from Baltic Sea sprats: fish buns and fish meatballs in jelly. The research established main economic and financial performance indicators for the investment in the factory project, calculated the number of employees needed for the factory and identified the economic benefits the factory would provide. The research found that setting up a factory within one year could reach the planned fish processing capacity in the third year of operation, reaching 4.7 million euro in turnover and 2 million euro in net profit with a 44% net margin in year 3 and onwards.


Discusses the economic designs of np charts for a single assignable cause. Develops a simple algorithm to get the optimum designs of np charts. Twenty numerical examples show that the algorithm is very efficient and accurate indeed.


Consider the regression model:y_i=x_iβ+g(t_i)+σ_ie_i,1≤i≤n,wher σ~2_i=f(u_i),(x_i,t_i,u_i) are known and nonrandom design points,β is an unknown parameter to be estimated,g and f are unknown functions,and the errors {e_i} are negative quadrant dependent random sequence.Strong consistency for the least squares estimator ,the weighted least squares estimator and the ultimate wighted least squares estimator of β are obtained under some conditions.


In recent years, Healthcare Analytics has been seen as the domain for interdisciplinary research and invention. These inventions and advancements have a promising future. Automation in health care processes is an ongoing practice in the healthcare industry. An increase in patient satisfaction coupled with efficient care and better population health are few of the areas that will benefit from automatic healthcare improvement. In the healthcare industry, data mining plays an important role, as it enables health care systems to systematically use data and analyze it to identify inefficiencies and best practices that improve care and reduce cost. Preventing epidemic outbreaks, reducing cost of treatments and improving quality of life are the potential targets of using analytics on healthcare data. The doctors, clinicians, healthcare researchers and the medical industry as a whole are beneficiary of healthcare analytics. The paper presents a holistic view of the different components, applications, challenges and future direction of data analytics in healthcare. Keywords-Analytics, Cloud Computing, Data Mining, Healthcare, IBM Watson, IoT, Machine learning, Sensors


To solve the problems of drawing complicated and repetitive labour when designing CAD drawings for windows and doors, a door and window parameterized design system based on open-source CAD was designed and developed. The system applies the concepts of composition and parameterization to the design of doors and windows. According to the principle of composition, the doors and windows are divided into units, the doors and windows are decomposed into several standard small units to form a standard unit library, and the unit of the unit library is called to be combined into a specific window type. After the window type design is completed, the user according to the specific window type custom parameters, parameterize the window type. Through practical use, the system can greatly improve the designer's design efficiency for new windows and save design time and costs.


This issue of the Rocky Mountain Economist discusses how the unemployment rate is calculated and explores recent trends in the Mountain States' unemployment rates.


A large superior mediastinal mass was found incidentally by ultrasonography in a 60-year-old man. There was an abnormal accumulation of Tl-201 in the lower pole of left thyroid gland, extending into left superior mediastinum on Tc-99m pertechnetate/Tl-201 subtraction scan. Laboratory findings relating thyroid and parathyroid were all within normal range. We considered the mass as a non-functioning parathyroid adenoma tentatively. However, subsequent surgery and pathologic examination revealed the mass to be a benign mixed thymoma. We report a case of patient with thymoma showing unusual Tc-99m pertechnetate/Tl-201 subtraction imaging and laboratory findings, and suggest to consider the possibility of other mediastinal tumors rather than parathyroid adenoma.


A Wavelet transform(WT) called Lifting has been implemented for fusion of two ultrasound images. It is observed that this scheme has better performance over conventional scheme of Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) .


Faceted navigation is a proven technique for supporting exploration and discovery within an information collection. The underlying data model is simple enough to make navigation understandable while at the same time rich enough to make navigation flexible in a wide range of domains. Nonetheless, there remain issues in both the presentation of navigation options in the interface and in how to extend the model to allow more flexible discovery while still retaining understandability. This paper explores both of these issues.


Summary A model has been developed for estimating liveweight change and pasture growth during 90 days of winter. Availability of pasture and liveweight of sheep in May were the main input parameters. Since soil moisture and nutrients were regarded as non-limiting, pasture growth was estimated from a function of leaf area, temperature and incoming radiation. The model gave accurate predictions of experimental results over six years at three stocking rates (r2 values for pasture availability and liveweight on day 90 were 0.87 and 0.83 respectively). Sensitivity analyses indicated that pasture availability at the beginning of winter had a larger influence on liveweight at the end of winter than did either pre-winter Iiveweight or winter pasture growth rate.


Weak electrical signal of leaves in Lycoris radiata has been studied with metal electrode,which the electric potential range of the low frequency signal is 4~30?μV,and the signal became weaker from bottom to tip of leaves.The weak signal formed the equipotential surfaces with extending of leaves in space.This kind of weak signal has the property of physiological direction from bottom to top of plant.


In the band bending (BB) picture, electric potentials assumed to be constant parallel to a surface rigidly shift the pristine electronic structure of semiconductors. This approximation is often app...


Abstract : Irony detection is an important problem in computational sociolinguistic tasks, such as automatic community detection on the web. But the ironic/sincere distinction has proven to be a particularly difficult classification problem. Existing Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) approaches, which tend to rely on simple statistical models built on top of word counts, are not very good at it. We hypothesize that this is because, in contrast to most text classification problems, word counts and syntactic features alone do not constitute an adequate representation for verbal irony detection. Indeed, sociolinguistic theories of verbal irony imply that a model of the speaker is a necessary condition for irony detection, at least in certain cases.


The purpose of this study is to find out growth opportunity has a significant effect on capital structure, profitability has a significant effect on capital structure, growth opportunity has a significant effect on firm value, profitability has a significant effect on firm value, capital structure has a significant effect on firm value, growth opportunity has a significant effect on firm value through capital structure, profitability has a significant effect on firm value through capital structure. The sampling technique was determined by purposive sampling. Data analysis and hypothesis testing in this study used the Structural Equation Model – Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) Based on the results of the study, it is known that growth opportunity has a positive but not significant effect on capital structure. Profitability has a positive and significant effect on capital structure. Growth opportunity has a positive and significant effect on firm value. Profitability has a positive and significant effect on firm value. Capital structure has a positive and significant effect on firm value. Growth opportunity has a positive but not significant effect on firm value through capital structure. Profitability has a positive and significant effect on firm value through capital structure.


Information recording medium (100) includes a user data area to record therein the record data (108), the basis of defect management for a defect in the data area defect management information (120) a plurality of for temporarily recording a temporary defect management area (104, 105), and the flag area (111) for recording identification information for identifying the temporary defect management area in which the effective defect management information among the plurality of temporary defect management area is recorded It has a, in the flag area identification information as the type of the combination pattern of the recorded state area and an area that has been left as an unrecorded state in accordance with a predetermined rule is recorded.


Chimaphilin is a yellow naphthoquinone which occurs naturally in various Chimaphila and Pyrola species. In Chimaphila umbellata (winter green) and C. maculata, it is a major constituent. Folk medicine recommends the leaves of Chimaphila species as a topical application to treat skin diseases. Since 1887, winter green is claimed to have caused dermatitis and to have been responsible for "idiosyncrasy". Experimental sensitization using the open epicutaneous as well as Freund's complete adjuvant technique has now revealed that chimaphilin is a moderate contact sensitizer


A method for providing an application store, systems, and computer-readable media. In some embodiments, a request for a software application may be received at the application store. Subsequently, based single sign-on credentials, application software can be configured at the application store. Then, the application software can be configured to store application provides a single point to the login credentials associated with the at least one receiving device.


This paper describes the interfaces to a high performance computing (HPC)-based high-fidelity radar simulation including task partitioning, parametric control, and visualization. This capability approximates realistic airborne surveillance radar platforms, and performs near-real-time flight test simulations through the integration of a Department of Defense (DoD)-developed radar simulation application, and the Maui High Performance Computing Center, DoD Supercomputing Resource Center's (MHPCC DSRC) 9,216 core "Mana" HPC.


A new technique for the simultaneous measurement of fluorescence and phosphorescence depolarization is reported. The technique is based on a newly developed photomultiplier gain suppression technique. The gain suppression characteristics of the circuit were studied by applying a constant level of incident light. To demonstrate this new technique, a solid sample of the triplet probe eosin was excited by a pulsed, frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser; the resulting orthogonally-polarized emissions were collected by two balanced photomultiplier (PMTs). The gains of the PMTs were suppressed for the duration of the fluorescence emission, and subsequently returned to normal, in order to keep the measured fluorescence and phosphorescence signals at the same level. The suppression of the gain was controlled by using a specially designed dual-channel PMT gain suppression circuit. The signals from the PMTs were recorded by two digital oscilloscopes, one set at a fast sweep time in order to measure the transient fluorescence depolarization and the other set at a slow sweep time in order to measure the slow phosphorescence depolarization. The anisotropies can then be deduced from the two sets of recordings.


Event-related potentials were recorded in a simple reaction time task using a 3-sec interval between S1 and S2. The sensory modalities of S1 and S2 were varied across 4 conditions to yield all possible combinations of tones and flashes. A negative component which peaked between 600 and 800 msec after S1 was specific in scalp distribution to the modality of S1 but not S2. It was concluded that this negative component is a response to S1 and not related to processes associated with anticipation of S2. A slow negative shift which peaked at S2 was largest at the vertex in all conditions, suggesting its motor origin. A trend for the latter activity to be more negative in posterior recordings when S2 was visual than auditory leaves open the possibility that the terminal CNV is a combination of motor activities and anticipation of the sensory modality of S2.


Cheating in academia is described in the literature like an epidemic, and one which crosses geographic and cultural boundaries. Academic dishonesty hurts the reputations of institutes of higher education, and carries implications for the job market as well. Some studies have attributed the spread of this phenomenon to technological advancements, which have made it much easier to locate academic content and to copy it. Our study examined students' attitudes to various forms of academic dishonesty, and the connection between demographic, personal and situational variables and the attitudes and behaviors associated with academic dishonesty. Seven hundred and seventy-nine students of business management, psychology and education completed questionnaires regarding their attitudes towards academic dishonesty and their personal involvement in academically dishonest behavior. The results showed that the infractions that were perceived as most severe were cheating on exams and in final term papers. Other acts were viewed with less severity, like letting a friend copy a paper, and referencing sources in a paper that the student has not actually read. Education and psychology students perceived cheating as more severe than did students of business management. The latter were more likely to justify copying in certain situations, like when a course is not taught clearly or an exam is hard. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the best predictors of attitudes and behaviors are the situational factors (i.e. the characteristics of the student's academic environment). Classroom norms and the severity with which the institute treats dishonesty were found to be the factors that most strongly influenced students' attitudes and behavior. Demographic and personal variables proved less reliable as predictors.


Auditory brain stem response (ABR) was recorded in 10 rats with total spinal anesthesia induced by injection of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride into the subarachnoid space through the skull. The ABR disappeared immediately (within 4 minutes) after the injection of 13.3 to 40.0 mg/kg lidocaine. The disappearance started with the later waves of the ABR. After cessation of the injection, the ABR reappeared and recovered progressively from wave I to wave IV. The effect of lidocaine on the ABR was reversible and extended in the acoustic nerve to the midbrain.


The personal side of the problem of counselor impairment is the focus of this article. The impact this problem has on people, organizations, and the profession, and the reasons why it is ignored are explored. The relationship between these problems and the articles selected for this special issue are explained.


Water ingestion and inhalation rate is an essential factor for determining the daily dose of environmental pollutants and establishing health criteria or environmental quality standards. In Japan, an daily water ingestion rate of 2 L/day and inhalation rate of 15 m /day is commonly used to estimate the daily dose of pollutants through water ingestion and air inhalation. However, the scientific basis and representativeness of these values for Japanese has not been fully discussed. In this article, existing and most current scientific knowledge of human water ingestion and inhalation rate are introduced and discussed to better understand the current default values for Japanese in health risk assessment.


The Chinese people's commune, as we know it, is on its way out. The possibility of an across-the-board radical restructuring of the commune has been under discussion in Chinese political and academic circles for the past few years.' Carefully monitored keypoint-type experiments in decommunization have been conducted around the country. And the 1982 state constitution makes it clear that the distinctive feature of the people's commune-its merger of political, social, economic, and governmental functions within a single comprehensive organization-will be discontinued. There is to be a deliberate separation of economic authority and governmental power at the local level (zheng she fenkai). Township governments (xiang zhengfu), the rural local administrative form of the early 1950s, are to be reestablished to handle civil affairs and routine state administration (Zhang Youyu et al., 1982).2 The term "commune" will be preserved for the time being but will refer to the various collective economic enterprises, companies, shareholders' committees, service bureaus, market brokerage units, and corporate planning and management committees that are now taking shape in the


In [1] D. K. Harrison introduces a Grothendieck ring based on nondegenerate symmetric r-linear forms, r > 2, over a Noetherian commutative ring. The structure results are quite strong for r > 3. In this note we determine which finitely generated projective modules over a Dedekind domain admit a nondegenerate r-linear form. Definition. Let R be a commutative ring and let V denote a finitely generated R-module. A symmetric r-linear map 0: V' R is said to be nondegenerate if the induced group homomorphism r: V? ... * V -*v HomR(V, R) -V* given by 17(x X ... * x )(x) = .(x19.. ., xr 1, x) is surjective. In this case (V, 0) is called a nondegenerate space. Harrison's ring is the Grothendieck ring based on isomorphism classes of nondegenerate symmetric r-linear space under orthogonal direct sum and tensor product. According to [1, Lemma 2.61, if (V, 0) is nondegenerate, then V is projective; so let R be a Dedekind domain and V a finitely generated projective R-module. Thus V E 2 @ R @ * ) * R for some ideal U of R. If V admits a nondegenerate bilinear form, then Fr V V * induced by 0 is an isomorphism, so we see that U 2-1, i.e. 22 is principal. Conversely if 2 2 XR for some X in the field of fractions K of R, then it is easy to see that 0 (x, y) = xy/X is a nondegenerate bilinear form on U. Thus V admits a nondegenerate bilinear form if and only if 22 is principal. Similarly one argues that U admits a nondegenerate r-linear form iff UT is principal. Now consider the case r > 3 with rank V > 1. We claim that in this case V will always admit a nondegenerate form 0. It will suffice to consider V = U @ R. Let el, e2 E KE K be such that V = 2e1 + Re2. A symmetric r-linear form on V corresponds precisely to elements ,uO, 'ulg . fu'r, where 1uk e 6 k9 k= O, ... , r as follows: Given the tt, we define 0 on K e K by 0(e i . . . *, eir) =k if exactly k of the subscripts il, . . , i, are equal to 1. Then since tt, e -kg 0 restricted to Vr gives a mapping from Vr into R.


The car-body of a railway vehicle is flexible in nature.Car-body flexibility is considered while the wheel-sets and the bogies of a railway vehicle are regarded as rigid bodies in the proposed vehicle-bridge dynamic interaction analysis method.The vehicle is considered as a spatial structure supported on the wheel-rail interface through Hertz nonlinear spring.The wheel-sets and bogies are established by rigid beam elements coded in general finite element software.The car-body is modeled by flexible beam elements,and linear stiffness of the primary and the secondary suspensions is modeled by spring elements in the same software.The damping forces of the suspensions and the wheel-rail interaction forces on wheel-sets are treated as pseudo forces acted on the vehicle subsystem.The wheel-rail interaction forces on the rails are similarly treated as pseudo forces acted on the bridge subsystem.Mode analyses are conducted based on finite element models of the vehicle and the bridge.And then mode superposition method associated with pseudo force treatment is applied to establish equations of motion of the coupling vehicle-bridge system.An iterative scheme is used to solve the equations of the system.The proposed method is firstly verified by a numerical example,and then the vibration of the car-body with different flexibility is numerically simulated when high speed train traverses multi-span simply supported bridges.The car-body acceleration is found to be underestimated if its flexibility is not considered,especially when flexible car-body resonance phenomena occur.Nevertheless,the bridge acceleration is hardly affected by flexible car-body vibration.


This year, as Canada hosts the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, Ministers from the world's eighteen most dynamic economies will convene to discuss issues ranging from environment to trade liberalization.(1) During the year's span of activity, another 300 plus meetings of mid-level bureaucrats, local municipality heads, non-governmental organizations and business leaders will take place to forge cooperation on a clutch of issues ranging from government procurement policy to destructive fishing practices. With this exposure, APEC is also coming under increasing public scrutiny as a source driving environmental degradation or, at the very least, not doing enough to promote more ecologically sensitive growth.


Bacteremia is quite common in Severe Acute Malnourished (SAM) children with pneumonia, who often experience a fatal outcome, especially in developing countries. There is limited information in the medical literature on the risks of bacteremia in SAM children with pneumonia. We have examined the factors associated with bacteremia and their outcome in under-five children who were hospitalized for the management of pneumonia and SAM.


The digital rubbing is a novel approach to promote and pass on Chinese traditional arts,as well as a new idea for protecting stone relics.Combined with computer image processing technology, this work fully manipulates the advantages of arts,proposes a new method to transform relief images into digital rubbings,and presents the solution to generate digital rubbing automatically.It has been proved that the proposed method is an effective means to make digital rubbing conveniently and fast, and also produce better processed images.


This study investigates the complex relationships between organisational strategic change, developing accountabilities, and materialised values in the emerging public-service network. The study highlights the importance of bilateral governance, relational forms of behaviour, and the voluntary exchange of information that is based upon shared values and that regulates networked behaviour in a much less overt way than formal attempts at control. In these circumstances accountancy basically serves as an assistant, helping to mediate, shape and construct inter-organisational relations through various socio-economic and discursive power-based mechanisms. The results indicate that for some organisations value-based management may still have elements of value-adding contributions of a more non-financial and social nature despite the veneer of the rhetoric. In combining participation in development work, work in practice, and theoretical analysis, the study carries both theoretical and practical implications.


The study evaluates the potential of pine litter for use as a substrate in the propagation of vegetable transplants in trays. Sub-optimum pH and electrical conductivity of pine litter were addressed by incorporating 10% feedlot manure by volume. The water holding capacities of pine litter and the pine litter-feedlot manure mixture were higher than the minimum required, but their air filled porosities were below optimum. The pine litter-feedlot manure mixture reduced the germination percentages of cabbage seedlings by 17% and lettuce seedlings by 13% relative to composted pine bark, but the germination percentage of tomato seedlings was similar in both substrates. There were no significant differences in the growth of vegetable transplants between the two substrates. In both substrates increasing nutrient availability by adding controlled-release fertilizer had similar positive effects on the growth transplants. Substrate-nutrient availability interactions were only observed in dry shoot mass of lettuce seedlings and dry root mass of tomato seedlings. Composting the pine-litter animal manure mixture could possibly improve the observed low germination percentage of vegetable transplants in pine litter.


Graphite is a versatile material which is also used in various load bearing applications such as thrust bearings and dies for mechanical pressing such as hot pressing. Natural graphite has anisotropic layered structure which reduces its (compressive) strength in axes which are not parallel to c-axis. To increase strength, isotropy is introduced in graphite structure by breaking down its layers and minimizing grain size. We performed an in-depth characterization of relative aniostropy in graphite using pole figure density mapping. Locally available graphite samples were characterized by XRD and pole figures/3-D orientation distribution function (ODF). SEM and hardness testing were also performed to substantiate the pole density method. Results show that it is possible to characterize (qualitative/quantitative) isotropy or lack thereof in graphite by correlating it with the distribution of crystallinity/pole density mapping of (002) poles and 3D ODF figures.


. Breadnut ( Artocarpus altilis Fosberg) is an Indonesian plant that serves as a source of pectin. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and characterize isolated pectin from breadnuts. Extraction was carried out with the aid of ultrasound using citric acid as a solvent (pH 2, 60 o C, 30 and 60 mins). The organoleptic pectin consisted of a coarse and fine powder, blackish-brown in color, and odorless. Water content, ash content, and equivalent weight ranged between 11.36 – 11.00%, 5.28 – 5.65%, and 2295.09 – 2121.20g/Eq, respectively. Low-methoxyl content, galacturonic acid content, and esterification range was 0.44 – 1.14%, 10.19 – 14.78%, and 24.71 – 43.79%, respectively. The results showed that variation of pectin extraction time from breadnut using UAE citric acid solvent method affects the yield, equivalent weight, methoxyl level, galacturonic acid level, and degree of esterification, but it does not affect water and ash content.


The clinical success of imatinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), which was first reported 9 years ago,1 catalyzed a systemwide shift in the development of cancer drugs to include molecularly targeted therapies. According to one recent estimate, approximately 200 such drugs are now in the clinical-development pipeline. First approved for interferon-resistant CML, imatinib quickly became the standard of care in patients with newly diagnosed CML on the basis of the drug's remarkable efficacy (complete cytogenetic remissions in some 70% of patients) with minimal toxic effects when used as initial therapy.2 Success of that magnitude is rare in oncology. . . .


This paper presents an overview of uplift criteria for existing concrete gravity dams. The author concludes that, for existing dams, the use of design based criteria can be over conservative if drain efficiencies are underestimated, or can be non-conservative if site specific foundation problems are not considered.


A locator bed has nests where sample well containing plates are held and positioned for accessing by probes moved by an X-Y-Z positioning system. Each nest includes stop posts at two sides of a rectangular base of a plate, and biasing posts at the opposed two sides. The stop posts and the biasing posts have tapered upper guide portions for guiding a descending plate into position and cylindrical lower portions receiving the base of the plate in a seated position. The stop posts are located on the surface of the locator bed by conical seat portions. The biasing posts are placed over studs fastened to the bed surface, and hoop springs are captured between the studs and the biasing posts.


According to the survey data of household fertilization status of 36 typical blocks from Yichang area,the fertilization status of each distract and country in Yichang city in 2008 are analyzed and summarized.The results show that:at present,the consciousness and skill of scientific fertilization of farmers in Yichang have markedly increased,the most obvious manifestation is in the economic crops.But there are still some problems need to be improved:such as rape need for application of boron,rice needs for application of zinc fertilizer,and supplementary application of potassium fertilizer and so on.


This thesis describes the formation of iridium fluoroacyl compounds by reaction of XeF2 with Ir(I) compounds, and the reactivity of some of these fluoroacyl species. Reactions of [Ir(CO)3L 2 ] [AsF 6 ] with XeF2 led to the fluoroacyl compounds [Ir(CO)2(COF)FL2J[AsF 6 ] for L = PEt3, Pile3, PNe2Ph, PEt2Ph and PEtPh 2 but not for L = PliePh2, PPh3 and PCy3. Reactions of [Ir(CO)(Pble3)4][Cl] and Ir(CO)2C1(Pfle 3 ) 2 with XeF2 led to fluoroacyl containing iridium compounds but reaction of Ir(CO)2Cl(PPh3)2 with XeF2 did not. Reaction of [Ir(CO)2(COF)F(PEt 3 ) 2 1[BF 4 ] with SiH3CN, S1H3NCS and S1H3NCO led to -the complexes [Ir(CO)2(C(0)]ç)F(PEt3)21[BF 4 ], X = C, NCS, NCO. SiH3N(PF 2 ) 2 , SiH3NIIe 2 , Me3SjH, FIe3SiCl and SiH3Br were also reacted with [Ir(CQ)2(CQF)F(PEt 3 ) 2 1[3F 4 j. Reaction of [Ir(CO)2(COF)F(PEt3) 2 ][3F 4 ) with BF3 gave [Ir(CO)3F(PEt 3 ) 2 ][BF 4 ] 2 . This compound was reacted with Nl'1e3, PNe3, SNeEt, Pr4NC1, LiA1(OBut) 3 H, PEt3 and AsH 3 . In these reactions there was evidence for both nucleophilic attack at coordinated carbonyl ligands and for fluoride migration onto a carbonyl ligand. Products were characterised using 19F, sap, 13 C and 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy using suitable isotopic enrichments where appropriate. When isolated, products were further characterised by I.R. spectroscopy.


As calls to "reopen the economy" intensify, attention has turned to early care and education (ECE) for young children. Leaders throughout the country recognize child care as not just a parental responsibility but also a social responsibility that is foundational to the United States' economy. For understandable reasons, a large focus has been on the ECE sector's financial precarity, with some estimates suggesting that up to half of all child care could be lost as a result of COVID-19 pandemic-related closures and falling enrollment in a sector that is largely funded by fees that families pay.1 While this is a critical issue, the pandemic's intense negative mental health effects on early childhood educators are getting far less attention, which can have serious ramifications on the well-being of the children in their care. Emerging evidence underscores that teachers' stress (both personal and work-related) and emotional responsiveness impact children's learning, anger, aggression, anxiety, social withdrawal, and overall social competence.2


Summary Vein grafts are used to bypass coronary arterial stenosis, but many grafts thrombose soon after surgery. A model was developed in the pig to allow continuous measurement of blood flow and production of flow-restricting thrombi (cyclic flow reductions; CFRs). Saphenous vein lumen was exposed to adenovirus ex vivo, to over-express human tissue plasminogen activator (h-tPA), with β-galactosidase adenovirus as a control. The vein segmen ts were engrafted into carotid arteries and examined 0,1 or 3 days later (4–7 animals/group). Untransduced grafts examined on the day of surgery developed repeated CFRs at both normal and restricted flow, but their frequency declined in grafts examined after 3 days. Adenovirus transduction was evident as β-galactosidase or h-tPA expression 1 day after engraftment. Blood flow was increased 1.4-fold in h-tPA transduced grafts after 1 day [control 390 (280–510), h-tPA 550 (450–660) ml/min; p=0.02 (expressed as mean (95% confidence intervals)]. CFRs were less severe (p=0.002) in the h-tPA transduced grafts than β-galactosidase-transduced grafts. CFRs were also less frequent in unstenosed undamaged h-tPA grafts [control 17 (6.1–29), h-tPA 7.6 (1.7–14) CFR/hr; p=0.02], but this difference was reduced after damage or stenosis. CFRs formed faster in h-tPA than in β-galactosidase-transduced grafts [control 14 (11–17), h-tPA 23 (19–27) ml/min2; p<0.001], and resolved twofold faster [control 25 (22–30), h-tPA 48 (39–60) ml/min2; p<0.001]. Hence, in this model, local gene therapy with h-tPA increased graft blood flow and decreased measures of early graft thrombosis, namely quicker CFR resolution and decreased frequency and severity.


The purpose of this research is to find out the influence of account receivable turnover, inventory turnover, fixed asset turnover, total assets turnover and sales growth both simultaneous and partial to the profitability (ROA). The samples are food and beverages companies which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2010-2013 periods. 10 companies have been selected as samples. These samples have been selected by using purposive sampling. The multiple linear regressions is used as the data analysis technique. The hypothesis test has been done by using t-test to examine the regressions coefficient of each variable. The significance test has been carried out by using F test to examine the suitability of independent variable to the profitability variable with 5% level of significance. Based on the result of the data analysis of t-test, it can be concluded that the account receivable turnover, inventory turnover, fixed asset turnover, total asset turnover and sales growth do not have any significant influence to the Profitability (ROA) whereas fixed asset turnover give significant influence to the Profitability (ROA). Keywords: Account Receivables Turnover, Inventory Turnover, Asset Turnover, Sales Growth, and Profitability (ROA).


A comparative study of the microscopic morphology and chemical characteristics of spicules of Hexactinellids (Hexactinellida) with different structural features of the skeletons, as well as the freshwater Baikal sponge belonging to the class of common sponges (Demospongia), was carried out. The trace element composition of sponge spicules was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The spicules of siliceous sponges contain many elements, arranged in decreasing order of concentration: Si, Ca, Fe, Cl, K, Zn, and others. It was shown that the surface layer of sea sponges contains mainly carbon (C), oxygen (O), and to a lesser extent nitrogen (N), silicon (Si), and sodium (Na). The spicules of the studied siliceous sponges can be divided into two groups according to the phase composition, namely one containing crystalline calcium compounds and one without them. Analysis of infrared absorption spectra allows us to conclude that the sponges Euplectella aspergillum, E. suberia and Dactylocalyx sp. contain silica partially bound to the organic matrix, while the silica skeleton of the sponges of the other group (Schulzeviella gigas, Sericolophus sp., Asconema setubalense, Sarostegia oculata, Farrea sp. and Lubomirskia baicalensis sp.) practically does not differ from the precipitated SiO2. This comparative study of the chemical composition of the skeletons of marine Hexactinellids and common freshwater sponge allows us to conclude that there are no fundamental differences in the chemical composition of spicules, and all of them can be used as a starting material for creating new composite silicon–organic functional materials.


People spend most of their time indoors, so the composition and quality of indoor air has a significant impact on human health. Because people's time is often divided between home and work, it is important to examine air quality in both residences and workplaces. Sources of indoor air pollution include outdoor air that infiltrates indoors and indoor emissions. Outdoor air contains the constituents of smog, but some of these constituents dissipate quickly indoors because of the lack of UV radiation to regenerate them indoors. Major indoor sources of pollution include stoves, heaters, carpets, fireplaces, tobacco smoke, motor vehicle exhaust from garages, building materials, and insulation. In developing countries, major sources of indoor air pollution include the products of solid biofuel and coal combustion for home heating and cooking. Such pollution is responsible for significant premature mortality worldwide. Whereas indoor air pollution is often regulated in workplaces, it is not regulated in residences. In this chapter, characteristics, sources, and regulation of indoor air pollution are discussed. Pollutants in Indoor Air and Their Sources Throughout the world, people spend most of their time indoors. One study found that, in the United States, about 89 percent of time was spent indoors, 6 percent was spent in vehicles, and 5 percent was spent outdoors (Robinson et al., 1991). A study of less developed countries showed that people in urban areas spent about 79 percent of their time indoors, and those in rural areas spent about 65 percent of their time indoors (Smith, 1993). Because people breathe indoor air more than outdoor air, an examination of indoor air is warranted. Nearly 1.6 million people worldwide die each year prematurely from indoor air pollution (not including smoking), making it one of the leading causes of death worldwide (World Health Organization (WHO), 2005). Most of these deaths are due to indoor burning of solid biofuels and coal for home heating and cooking with inefficient cook stoves and heaters.


In the DARKexp framework for collisionless isotropic relaxation of self-gravitating matter, the central object is the differential energy distribution n(E), which takes a maximum-entropy form proportional to exp[−β(E − Φ(0))] − 1, Φ(0) being the depth of the potential well and β the standard Lagrange multiplier. Then the first and quite non-trivial problem consists in the determination of an ergodic phase-space distribution which reproduces this n(E). In this work we present a very extensive and accurate numerical solution of such DARKexp problem for systems with cored mass density and finite size. This solution holds throughout the energy interval Φ(0)≤ E≤ 0 and is double-valued for a certain interval of β. The size of the system represents a unique identifier for each member of this solution family and diverges as β approaches a specific value. In this limit, the tail of the mass density ρ(r) dies off as r−4, while at small radii it always starts off linearly in r, that is ρ(r)−ρ(0)∝ r.


Background: Cardiac involvement in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a major risk factor for death. The aim of this study was to evaluate strain-based measures of the right ventricular (RV) systolic function in SSc patients without pulmonary hypertension. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess strain-based measures of the RV systolic function in patients with SSc without pulmonary hypertension. Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight consecutive SSc patients (mean age = 48.1 ± 13 years) with normal pulmonary artery pressure and left ventricular ejection fraction and 27 healthy subjects (mean age = 53.2 ± 10 years) were investigated. The RV systolic strain and strain rate were assessed using standard echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and compared with the results of the healthy subjects. Results: In the SSc patients, the RV strain (- 19 ± 10 vs. - 25 ± 4 %; P = 0.004) and the systolic strain rate (- 1.3 ± 0.5 vs. - 1.5 ± 0.3, s-1; P = 0.03) were significantly lower than those in the control group. Conclusions: This study indicated that the RV systolic strain and strain rate can be used to detect early RV systolic dysfunction in SSc patients without pulmonary hypertension. These parameters may be useful for the provision of a more adequate management of SSc patients.


The present study aimed to identify the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral program in the development of the skill of anger management among a sample of spinsters suffering from dysthymic disorder . To achieve this goal , the researcher prepared a 16-session program . The study sample consisted of (16) females suffering from dysthymic disorder from the clients at the specialized psychiatric clinic in the city of Khan Younis , aged between ( 30-40 ) years , and who received low scores on a scale of anger management , and at the same time who received high  scores in the level of dysthymic disorder as diagnosed  by specialist doctors working in the clinic . The study sample  has been randomly and equally divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The results showed the presence of statistically significant differences at the level of ? ? 0.05 between the  mean scores of the experimental group and the control group on each of the post-test , and the follow -up test in the skill level of anger management , and showed a rise in the experimental group's level of skill of anger management compared to the control group . The findings also indicated the presence of statistically significant differences between the two measurements pre and post in the skill level of anger management in the experimental group ,  which means that the program had a positive impact  on anger management skill development in females who suffer from dysthymic disorder. This result indicates the effectiveness of the program in  achieving the goal of the current study. Keywords: Dysthymic disorder - program - the skill of anger management .


– Slow fluctuating radar targets have shown to be very difficult to classify using neural networks. This paper deals with the application of time-frequency decompositions for improving the performance of neural networks for this kind of targets. Several aspects, such as dimensionality reduction of the timefrequency representations and the optimum value of SNR for training are discussed. The proposed detector is compared with a single neural network for radar detection, showing that time-frequency decompositions improve the performance of neural networks for slow fluctuating radar targets detection, specially for low values of the probability of false alarm. Key-Words: Neural network, radar, detection, PCA, time-frequency analysis.


Iron (Fe) colloids dominate the soil solution Fe and these colloids potentially act as vectors for nutrients and contaminants in soil. The question remains which factors, that is, gradients in soil chemical characteristics with depth or physical processes, cause vertical mobilisation and immobilisation of Fe colloids in soils. This question was addressed by characterising the change in concentration, size and composition of Fe colloids in a podzol profile and by relating these changes to soil properties along the profile. Pore waters were analysed with Flow Field Flow Fractionation (FlFFF‐UV‐ICP‐MS) to overcome the artefacts typically obtained when using filtration for fractionation. Pore water was obtained by centrifugation of field moist samples taken from an Albic Podzol. The samples were taken within a depth of 110 cm, at eight depths corresponding to different horizons. The pore water Fe concentration increased with depth and peaked at 66 μM in the E horizon just above the Bh horizon, beyond which, it sharply decreased to only 9 μM. The pore water Fe concentration correlated strongly with dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The high‐resolution size fractionation analysis with FlFFF suggested that the Fe colloids (<100 nm) in the pore water not only consisted of Fe‐organic carbon (OC) complexes, but also of mineral Fe colloids associated with organic matter (OM), as indicated by the colloid size (>5 nm) and by the relatively large Fe/OC ratio that exceeds the complexation capacity of natural OM. The smallest mineral Fe colloids dominated in the Ah1 horizon, while the larger mineral colloids increased with increasing depth, explaining the rise in total Fe towards the Bh horizon. This suggests that Fe complexation with OM and stabilisation of mineral Fe colloids with OM explain colloidal Fe in the pore water. The adsorption of the OM at the top of the Bs horizons is likely the primary mechanism of DOC retention in the Bh horizon. Below this depth, the concentration of DOC was very low, resulting in low Fe concentration in the pore water. The colloids (<100 nm) are considerably smaller than the soil pore size distribution and increase in size with depth, which suggests that straining was not a significant mechanism for colloid retention. This study demonstrates that OM plays a key role in the transport of Fe colloids in acid sandy soil.


The dynamic model of a humanoid robot arm with seven degrees of freedom (DOF) is highly nonlinear and complicated. A traditional controller is difficult to control it. In this paper, an independent joint sliding mode control (IJSMC) with gravity compensation is proposed to control a 7 DOF humanoid robot arm subject to parameter variations and external disturbances. The proposed controller possesses not only the sliding mode control like robustness but also the independent joint control like simplicity. In addition, it can be easily implemented. The global asymptotic stability is guaranteed by Lyaunov approach, and the input chattering phenomenon is handled by using boundary layer technology. To evaluate the tracking performance, the proposed controller is first applied to a two-link robot arm through simulations. The simulation results indicated that the proposed controller is better than those of both computed torque model-based and convectional independent joint PID controllers. Finally, the proposed controller is successfully applied to a 7 DOF humanoid robot arm through dynamic simulations using the ADAMS and Matlab/Simulink softwares.


The gear is the most important transmission part of wind turbine's speed-increasing box.The wind power generation is largely dependent on natural wind,and the random changes of wind speed cause the stress changes of speed-increasing gear at any time.This sets very high requirements for gear hardness and resistance to fatigue.So the dynamic numerical calculation of the gear is necessary.In this paper,the entity model of the wind turbine's speed-increasing gear box is established by SOLIDWORKS gear plug-in,and the dynamic analysis of it is done by using ANSYS.The conditions when the gears are rounding are simulated,and the stress analysis is made to find out the stress distribution law of gear tooth contact.The results of numerical calculation and those of theoretical calculation are compared to verify the accuracy of the numerical calculation.


The history of commercial aircraft environmental control systems (ECS) is reviewed. This paper notes many of the significant developments in commercial aircraft ECS functional systems, such as bleed system, air cycle refrigeration system, temperature system and cabin pressure regulating system. The various system types are comprised. Finally some possible directions that would be taken in future design are briefly discussed.


MRO/HiRISE has been seeing many more candidate RSL than in typical years, following the 2018 dust storm. They have been imaged at 216 unique locations during August-December of 2018, about half of them at locations where RSL have not been seen previously (Fig. 1). They are present on most steep, rocky slopes in the southern middle latitudes in southern summer of Mars Year (MY) 34, rather than ~40% as seen previously [1]. The RSL in late 2018 are present over a wider range of latitudes and slope aspect than in prior years. These RSL sites also show evidence for recent dust deposition: obscuration of relatively dark areas, overall brighter and redder surface than in prior years, and dust devil tracks. These post-PEDE RSL observations could be explained by flow of freshly-deposited dust down steep slopes [2]. If this is the case, then the otherwise puzzling recurrence and year-to-year variability of RSL activity are now explained. Fig. 1: RSL abundant after 2018 PEDE (bottom) but absent in a prior year at about the same season. Introduction: Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) are relatively dark flows on steep slopes with low albedos (minimal dust cover), typically originating at bedrock outcrops [2, 3]. Individual linea are up to a few meters wide and up to 1.5 km long. RSL recur annually (by definition) over the same slopes. The lineae grow incrementally over a period of several months, usually during the warmest time of year for the particular latitude and slope aspect, then fade (and typically disappear) when inactive. This pattern repeats over multiple years, with varying degrees of interannual variability. They are often associated with pristine small gullies or channels that are otherwise rare on equatorial slopes. Hundreds of individual lineae may be present over a local site, and thousands in a single HiRISE image, and there are hundreds of likely RSL sites [1, 4-6]. RSL are common in the southern middle latitudes where they are most active in southern summer on equator-facing slopes, the equatorial regions where activity is usually timed to when the local slope receives the most insolation, and in Acidalia/Chryse Planitia with activity in northern spring and summer [5]. RSL are classified as "fully confirmed" when incremental or gradual growth, fading, and yearly recurrence have all been observed [4]. They are called "partially confirmed" when either incremental growth or recurrence have been observed, or "candidate" sites when they resemble RSL in single images but changes have not been observed or only fading has been seen. Post-PEDE Observations: Correlations between RSL activity and dust storms has been described by previous workers [3-5, 6-7]. In particular there seemed to be greater RSL activity in 2007 following the MY28 PEDE. However, since the unique temporal behavior of RSL had not been recognized in 2007, the HiRISE images were all targeted for other purposes, and we had no "before" images at any of these locations. The 2018 PEDE provided the opportunity to more systematically monitor RSL. In addition, HiRISE has an ongoing campaign of imaging gullies for changes [8], mostly on pole-facing slopes where RSL are not typically found. But in late 2018 we usually see RSL on the steep eastand west-facing slopes of pole-facing gullies and alcoves. We have also seen new RSL in images targeted for reasons other than monitoring slope processes. As a result, we collected a total of 260 images containing candidate RSL from August 20-December 28 of 2018, in 216 unique locations (plus 44 repeat images) (Fig. 2). The 2018 PEDE was in its decay phase by August, but dust opacities remained quite high, obscuring small-scale surface features. We did identify some RSL during this decay phase, which provided an im1376.pdf 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132)


A new in situ optical microscopy set-up is introduced which allows direct observation of cross-sections of Li-ion full cells in combination with simultaneous recording of electrochemical data. The method is validated by comparison of electrochemical data from coin full cells. Color changes give insights into processes on the electrode and particle level, such as lithiation behavior and electrode thickness changes. Our observations allow the evaluation of (i) the speed of lithiation fronts for LiC12 and LiC6 through anode coatings, (ii) estimation of apparent diffusion coefficients from analysis of the color distribution in single graphite particles, as well as (iii) electrical de-contacting and re-contacting of single graphite particles in connection with (iv) electrode thickness changes. Furthermore, our direct observations from the inside of full cells give indirect insights into aging phenomena such as Li plating and SEI growth.


The paper presents the formulation of a mathematical model using the expected path approach in order to minimise the expected long-run total system cost per cycle of a two-retailer inventory system with preventive lateral transshipment. Each retailer employs base stock periodic review policy. The model assumes Poisson distributed demand and instantaneous transshipment. Unsatisfied demands are fully backlogged. Transshipment quantity is controlled by the hold-back inventory level. The benefits of inventory redistribution are illustrated by percentage reduction of system cost. The results show that cost parameters play a substantial role in transshipment decision. The benefits of lateral transshipment increase with either four conditions; unit transshipment cost is lower, unit backorder cost per unit time is higher, the transshipment point is scheduled near the end of the cycle, and regular replenishment lead time is longer. Furthermore, the decrease in system cost mainly comes from the reduction of the expected holding inventory cost. [Received 6 March 2010; Revised 28 February 2011, 4 August 2011, 15 September 2011, 28 September 2011; Accepted 28 September 2011].


Main parachute, No. 2 of SRB A-12 on STS-3, sustained damage during deployment or initial inflation that resulted in its collapse and failure to sustain load. During an investigation of the materials from this parachute, optical and scanning electron microscope analyses were conducted. This examination identified stains and abrasions on vent lines that appear to have been a result of friction contact with its flotation bag lanyard. Mechanical testing of the vent band indicated a reduction in strength of 37 percent obviously due to structural overload, heat, and ocean water exposure. It is concluded from this and other available data that entanglement of parachutes No. 1 and No. 2 during deployment caused adequate structural damage to main parachute No. 2 to render it unable to carry load.


The failure of the microfinance institution (MFIs) to respond to their customers' needs and expectations is one of the main reasons they lose customers. Nowadays, customer satisfaction becomes a central concern for MFIs in order to improve the quality of their products and services. The aim of this study is to develop a decision making support tool that can help managers in microfinance industry perform scenarios analysis and then plan customer satisfaction strategies. We managed to build a Bayesian networks model; such approach is widely required for modeling complex systems characterized by scarce or uncertain information. It has also the ability to take into account several factors and the interactions among them, which can successfully meet the current study requirements.


Aims: Concepts that may be effective in alleviating negative alcohol-related consequences among college students are protective behavioural strategies (PBSs), such as alternating alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. Our study used an innovative hypothesis-testing statistical technique (structural equation modelling, SEM) to examine the relationship of PBSs, drinking behaviour and school performance among college student drinkers. Methods: We used confirmatory factor analysis and SEM to explore the relationship between drinking behaviour, PBSs and school performance among a sample of college students (N = 371) who reported drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. Findings: Results indicated that PBSs were positively associated with school performance and drinking behaviour mediated the relationship. Based on the combinatory rules for standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) and comparative fit index (CFI), this model represented a good fit to the data (χ2 = 34.4, df = 17, SRMR = 0.03 and CFI = 0.98). Conclusions: Our study extends the line of research examining the relationship between drinking behaviour, including PBSs, and academic performance of college students by showing the usefulness of an innovative hypothesis-testing statistical technique – SEM. Researchers might want to consider utilizing SEM when examining such relationships in the future. In addition, based on the results of our analyses, colleges and universities with an interest in the academic performance of their students may want to consider implementing and promoting programmes that concern increasing the awareness of PBSs.


In the past, social psychologists focused on issues pertaining to variation in perceptions of distributive and procedural justice and in reactions to perceived injustice of both types. That work, however, focused primarily on justice in terms of individual processes, thereby ignoring a core element of justice: its implications for a collectivity. Here we argue that inclusion of legitimacy, which is fundamentally a collective process, augments our understanding of justice. We offer predictions regarding the effects of two sources of support-endorsement and authorization-on justice evaluations and on emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to injustice. These predictions, as well as consideration of additionalfactors that may temper the proposed relationships, provide an important direction for future research.


Photoinitiated cationic polymerization of oxetane, oxirane (epoxide), and a formulation of both was carried out and their reactivity compared. To investigate a formulated system of oxetane and oxirane in photoinitiated cationic polymerization, computational and experimental methods were used. In the computational study, we employed a semiempirical molecular orbital method (AM1). On the other hand, the reactivities of each system were evaluated and compared experimentally by a real-time FT-IR method. The computational study reveals that oxetane seems to polymerize in S N 2 mechanism, but two possibilities, of S N 1 mechanism through the α-cleavage and of S N 2 mechanism through β-cleavage, are implied for oxirane. Using the real-time FT-IR method, the formulation of oxetane and oxirane was proved to possess rather high reactivities of oxetane toward photoinitiated cationic polymerization. The formulated system exhibited slightly lower number-average molecular weight than oxetane but higher than oxirane. These experimental observations are well explained in terms of the calculated reaction paths. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.


Bacterial strains formerly isolated from the root nodules of indigenous and exotic forage legumes and preserved at the South African Rhizobium Culture Collection (SARCC) were tested for nodulation of their original host. The nodulation authentication trial was conducted following the Koch's postulate experiment under glasshouse condition and revealed that all bacterial strains are root nodule micro-symbionts of the forage legumes from which they were initially isolated. Nodulation and improved growth of the legumes was achieved by the tested strains with statistically significant (p = 0.05) increase in plant biomass and nodule number in comparison with the un-inoculated controls. To elucidate their identity and phylogenetic relatedness, the effective strains were selected and characterized by means of the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. The analysis confirmed that the isolates nodulating Macrotyloma axillare, Desmodium uncinatum, Indigofera spicata var. spicata and Stylosanthus gracillis predominantly belong to the genus Bradyrhizobium. Vigna unguiculata and Vigna sp. were nodulated by strains belonging to members of the genus Bradyrhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium. The results obtained in this study provide baseline information in the investigation of the legume-rhizobium interaction on South African soils, and are also of paramount importance in the selection and development of commercial rhizobium inoculants for sustainable production of forage and other essential legumes.


This article explores a renowned Italian salume (cured meat product) made of many different pork oddments that give it a complex but melting texture. It is usually found in one of two forms, cotechino or—the chief focus of the article—the more demanding zampone . Both are associated with the Christmas-New Year9s holiday season throughout the Emilia-Romagna region. For cotechino, a mixture of pork meat, tendons, rind, and bits of snout and jowl is filled into hog casings just as for other sausages; for the more demanding zampone, a similar mixture is stuffed into an almost completely deboned pig9s foot. The article traces the history of zampone from Renaissance Modena to modern commercial versions; it then recounts the author9s attempt to make it from scratch, as was done in his childhood in the Cape Cod village of Sagamore, a community of immigrants from Emilia-Romagna who long preserved traditions of home butchering and sausage-making.