Various types of fault current limiters have been proposed to reduce the fault currents in power transmission lines. The transformer type superconducting fault current limiter is one of the fault current limiters, and has many advantages such as design flexibility. By using an experimental fault current limiter, the short-circuit fault test was carried out for different fault phase angles. From the results of the experiments, it is confirmed that the transmission line fault current is seriously affected by the magnetic saturation of the transformer core. This has to be considered in the design of the transformer. Thus, in this paper, the transient characteristics of the transformer type super-conducting fault current limiter are analyzed by the numerical simulation considering the magnetic saturation of the transformer iron core and the time-dependent resistance of the current limiting device. The analysis is carried out by using the parameters obtained from the experimental superconducting fault current limiter. From the results of the analyses, the influence of the transformer core is clarified


This study examined the impact of preventive environmental management practices on sales growth, manufacturing and environmental performance of the US chemical manufacturing companies. In order to investigate the impact, this study examined the relationship between the degree of preventive environmental programs and sales growth, manufacturing and environmental performances. Using a cross-sectional research design to test three hypotheses. a survey questionnaire was mailed to chemical companies in the USA. To investigate the relationship between the degree of Preventive environmental programs and sales growth, manufacturing and environmental performances. t-tests were used. According to the results of t-tests the higher preventive implementation programs achieved better manufacturing and environmental performances than lower preventive or reactive strategies. But there was no difference in sales growth between tow groups.


FITTING DESIGN MANAGEMENT into crowded business school curricula is difficult. In this case, an interest in entrepreneurial issues and team teaching has resulted in a course on new product development co-taught by Richard Blackburn, a professor of management, and Barry Bayus, a professor of marketing. Lectures, discussion, and class exercises in this popular elective stress design as a strategic process, as well as the contributions consumer research can make to innovation.


karel hendrik wesseling ([Fig. 1][1]), emeritus professor of biomedical instrumentation, was born in The Hague, The Netherlands, on April 23, 1935. He studied electrical engineering, in his words, from 1950 on, and since 1953 at the Delft University of Technology (DUT) from which he graduated with


To produce the power with higher overall efficiency and reasonable cost is ultimate aim for the power industries in the power deficient scenario. Though combined cycle power plant is most efficient way to produce the power in today's world, rapidly increasing fuel prices motivates to define a strategy for cost-effective optimization of this system. The heat recovery steam generator is one of the equipment which is custom made for combined cycle power plant. So, here the particular interest is to optimize the combined power cycle performance through optimum design of heat recovery steam generator. The case of combined cycle power plant re-powered from the existing Rankine cycle based power plant is considered to be simulated and optimized. Various possible configuration and arrangements for heat recovery steam generator has been examined to produce the steam for steam turbine. Arrangement of heat exchangers of heat recovery steam generator is optimized for bottoming cycle's power through what-if analysis. Steady state model has been developed using heat and mass balance equations for various subsystems to simulate the performance of combined power cycles. To evaluate the performance of combined power cycles and its subsystems in the view of second law of thermodynamics, exergy analysis has been performed and exergetic efficiency has been determined. Exergy concepts provide the deep insight into the losses through subsystems and actual performance. If the sole objective of optimization of heat recovery steam generator is to increase the exergetic efficiency or minimizing the exergy losses then it leads to the very high cost of power which is not acceptable. The exergo-economic analysis has been carried to find the cost flow from each subsystem involved to the combined power cycles. Thus the second law of thermodynamics combined with economics represents a very powerful tool for the systematic study and optimization of combined power cycles. Optimization studies have been carried out to evaluate the values of decision parameters of heat recovery steam generator for optimum exergetic efficiency and product cost. Genetic algorithm has been utilized for multi-objective optimization of this complex and nonlinear system. Pareto fronts generated by this study represent the set of best solutions and thus providing a support to the decision-making.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Purpose
This paper aims to improve the tribological properties of aluminum alloys and reduce their wear rate.

Design/methodology/approach
Carbon is placed in the model at room temperature, pour 680°C of molten aluminum into the pressure chamber, and then pressed it into the mold containing carbon felt through a die casting machine, and waited for it to cool, which used an injection pressure of 52.8 MPa and held the same pressure for 15 s.

Findings
The result indicated that the mechanical properties of matrix and composite are similar, and the compressive strength of the composite is only 95% of the matrix alloy. However, the composite showed a low friction coefficient, the friction coefficient of Gr/Al composite is only 0.15, which just is two-third than that of the matrix alloy. Similarly, the wear rate of the composite is less than 4% of the matrix. In addition, the composite can avoid severe wear before 200°C, but the matrix alloy only 100°C.

Originality/value
This material has excellent friction properties and is able to maintain this excellent performance at high temperatures.

Peer review
The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-10-2019-0454/


This is a statement by Mohammed Dhif at the meeting of February 29, 2000 concerning the Country Assistance Strategy for Cambodia.


Title: Protection comes at a cost: Doctor's life inside Personal Protection Equipment Authors: Shashank Bhargava MDa, Mrinal Gupta MD, DNBb, George Kroumpouzos MD, PhDc,d Author Affiliations: aDepartment of Dermatology, R. D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India bTreatwell Skin Centre, Jammu, India cDepartment of Dermatology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA dDepartment of Dermatology, Medical School of Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil


This paper revealed the spatial characteristics of Mundra which is one of Kutch port cities, Gujarat, India. To discuss the urban structure and the group form of the neighborhood blocks of Mundra will be fruitful by comparing with the urban formation of port cities of the Persian Gulf and the East African coast in the Indian Ocean such as Muscat, Zanzibar, Monbasa, and Lamu. We carried out intensive researches on the urban formation, the community distribution and the space formation of neighborhood block in Mundra. Regarding the urban formation, the street based neighborhood blocks called fadia, sheri, deli, gali are the basic urban units. Basically, each neighborhood block has been formed by the group habitation of the single caste community. The inland cities of Kutch generally have darbargadh, the walled and fortified stronghold of the local landlord, there is no darbargadh in Mundra. The darbargadh in Bhadreshwar is not the fort of the landlord but only the residential block of Jadeja, the ruling caste of Kutch. The above mentioned spatial characteristics apparently express that Mundra is not the stronghold of particular landlord but the open port cities which allow the people's free access.


The invention discloses a new usage of a psoralea fruit extract, in particular to an application of the psoralea fruit extract in preparing antitumor medicines. The extract is prepared by the method containing the following steps: water and/or organic solvent are used as extractant, and the psoralea fruit extract is extracted and obtained from the seeds of psoralea fruit. The new usage of psoralea fruit extract provided by the invention has important significance for preparing antitumor medicines and especially for hepatic cancer resistance medicines.


A class of non-associative and non-coassociative generalizations of cobraided bialgebras, called cobraided Hom-bialgebras, is introduced. The non-(co)associativity in a cobraided Hom-bialgebra is controlled by a twisting map. Several methods for constructing cobraided Hom-bialgebras are given. In particular, Hom-type generalizations of FRT quantum groups, including quantum matrices and related quantum groups, are obtained. Each cobraided Hom-bialgebra comes with solutions of the operator quantum Hom-Yang-Baxter equations, which are twisted analogues of the operator form of the quantum Yang-Baxter equation. Solutions of the Hom-Yang-Baxter equation can be obtained from comodules of suitable cobraided Hom-bialgebras. Hom-type generalizations of the usual quantum matrices coactions on the quantum planes give rise to non-associative and non-coassociative analogues of quantum geometry.


The archaeological potential of the iKangwa /Xai /Xai1 region of northwestern Ngamiland was first recognised by Malan ( 1 950) who reported the presence of Late S tone Age (LS A) lithics on a dune surface adjacent to the /Xai /Xai pan (Fig.l). Subsequent survey and excavation by Yellen from 1968-70 (Yellen, 1971) demonstrated the existence of subsurface materials at /Xai /Xai and the presence of similar LS A sites near the waterholes of =gi, Mahopaand !ubi. Further (unpublished) surveys by Brooks from 1975 to 1982 and Wilmsen in 1987 have revealed additional sites again in association with present day sources of permanent or semi-permanent water and indicate congruence between the settlement and land use patterns of LSA peoples and contemporary Basarwa (!Kung or / Zutwasi) inhabitants. In this article we provide a detailed* report on Yellen' s 1970 excavations near theMahopa and /Xai/Xai pans. Because excavations at both sites have yielded archaeological sequences calibrated by multiple radiocarbon dates, their most immediate significance rests on the chronological information they provide. However these sites may also shed light on three issues of more general importance. Because charcoal from a clearly defined LSA hearth in good stratigraphie context at =gi has yielded a radiocarbon date of 1 1 0 +50 B .P. (Helgren and Brooks 1983), it appears highly probable that contemporary local Basarwa are directly descended from these LSA peoples. Although neither a tradition nor recollection of LSA lithic technology has been preserved, interviews conducted in the 1960s identified Basarwa who were born in the region during the late 1800s and Wilmsen (1978:6) states his genealogical interviews confirm at least 150 years of continuity at /Xai /Xai. The Basarwa in the /Xai /Xai and iKangwa valleys, together with their kin in adjacent eastern Namibia, have been the focus of concentrated anthropological attention for over three decades and they constitute perhaps the most intensively studied traditional society in Africa. Although in outline their history during the twentieth century is known, only through archaeological investigation of the LSA can their roots be traced further back in time.


This paper presents two interesting scaling laws, which relate some critical exponents in the critical behavior of spherically symmetric gravitational collapses. These scaling laws are independent of the details of gravity theory under consideration and share similar forms as those in thermodynamic and geometrical phase transitions in condensed matter system. The properties of the scaling laws are discussed and some numerical checks are given.


There is a clear evidence that emigration is associated with negative psychological outcomes, such as acculturation stress, depression, suicidal feelings, etc. Emigrants use various strategies to solve the psychological problems. Being a member of emigrants? Facebook supportive groups is common among Georgians mostly living in Europe and North America. They use Facebook groups to get acquainted with other Georgian emigrants, share their ideas and important information, get social support from other members and cope with their everyday hassles. This study examines how Facebook group membership experience (frequency of activity and using self-presentation tactics) is associated with accumulating online social capital among Georgian emigrants. 105 Georgian emigrants from 15 Facebook groups participated in the online survey. The results showed that frequent checking of notifications, writing posts, comments, and likes on emigrants? Facebook groups are positively associated with both bridging and bonding social capital. In addition, strategic self-presentation on Facebook groups is also positively related to online social capital variables.


This research verifies the relation between attitudes toward bank products and social demographics variables. The products studied were: car insurance; life insurance; home insurance; retiring plan; capitalization heading; real state trust. The attitudes are considered as an evaluative process of objects, which generates a positive or negative evaluation, involving three components (affective, cognitive and conative), being a link between two concepts. The data was collected with employees of a large Brazilian bank who sell these products and are located in its point of sale. The research counted with 975 valid questionnaires with answers from almost all states. The measurement developed for this research has demonstrated high reliability after the factor analyses. To test the hypotheses Stepwise Regression were made which indicated that age, income and mainly gender are relevant variables for the attitude toward the products. Finally, the research contributions and limitations are presented.


Background. The changes experienced by the elderly have an impact on a gradual decline in physical function. The life cycle experienced by the elderly determines the quantity and quality of life and health of the elderly in the future. When compared to young people, the elderly in Indonesia have a 70% to 80% decrease in the effectiveness of their nighttime sleep. Good sleep quality has an impact on the quality of life of the elderly, which can be seen in their effects on physical health, increasing cognitive abilities, concentration, and memory, lowering the risk of falling, and lowering the risk of death. The sleep quality of the elderly can be observed from the preparation for sleeping at night, the quantity of hours of sleep, the factor of sleep depth, the duration of sleep, and the ease of sleeping without medical and pharmacological assistance. Meanwhile, the quality of life of the elderly has a very broad and complex scope because it is interrelated with their level of independence, their social environment, and their physical and psychological health conditions, which can be monitored by the quality of their sleep. Methodology. This study was non-experimental with a cross-sectional analytic survey design. The population of this study was the elderly in the village of Gagak Sipat, Ngemplak Boyolali, with a total of 50 people. The sample selection method uses non-random sampling. The technique used is accidental sampling. Data collection on sleep quality variables used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and quality of life variables used the WHOQOL-BREF  numerical measurement scale, while data analysis used the Chi Square test. Results. The results of the Chi Square test obtained a value of 2 = 12.808 and a p-value of 0.002. Conclusion. The elderly's sleep quality is mostly good, but their life quality is mostly poor, and there is a relationship between the quality of their sleep and the quality of their lives in Gagak Sipat Village, Ngemplak Boyolali, where the better the quality of their sleep, the better the quality of their lives.


Given a finite irreducible Coxeter group W, a positive integer d, and types T 1 , T 2 ,...,T d (in the sense of the classification of finite Coxeter groups), we compute the number of decompositions c = σ 1 σ 2 ···σ d of a Coxeter element c of W, such that σ i is a Coxeter element in a subgroup of type T i in W, i = 1, 2,..., d, and such that the factorisation is "minimal" in the sense that the sum of the ranks of the T i 's, i = 1,2,..., d, equals the rank of W. For the exceptional types, these decomposition numbers have been computed by the first author in ["tropics in Discrete Mathematics," M. Klazar et al. (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, 2006, pp. 93-126] and [Seminaire Lotharingien Combin. 54 (2006), Article B541]. The type A n decomposition numbers have been computed by Goulden and Jackson in [Europ. J. Combin. 13 (1992), 357-365], albeit using a somewhat different language. We explain how to extract the type B n decomposition numbers from results of Bona, Bousquet, Labelle and Leroux [Adv. Appl. Math. 24 (2000), 22-56] on map enumeration. Our formula for the type D n decomposition numbers is new. These results are then used to determine, for a fixed positive integer l and fixed integers r 1 ≤ r 2 ≤ ··· ≤ r l , the number of multi-chains π 1 < π 2 ≤ ··· < π l in Armstrong's generalised non-crossing partitions poset, where the poset rank of π i equals r i and where the "block structure" of π 1 is prescribed. We demonstrate that this result implies all known enumerative results on ordinary and generalised non-crossing partitions via appropriate summations. Surprisingly, this result on multi-chain enumeration is new even for the original non-crossing partitions of Kreweras. Moreover, the result allows one to solve the problem of rank-selected chain enumeration in the type D n generalised non-crossing partitions poset, which, in turn, leads to a proof of Armstrong's F = M Conjecture in type D n , thus completing a computational proof of the F = M Conjecture for all types. It also allows one to address another conjecture of Armstrong on maximal intervals containing a random multi-chain in the generalised non-crossing partitions poset.


PURPOSE MusicXML is a universal interchange and distribution format for common Western music notation. It is designed so that a single XML file can be used by a wide range of music software applications. These applications include the display and editing of music notation, the playback and editing of a performance of a musical score, musical analysis, and music retrieval. MusicXML's design and development began in 2000, when Internet audio applications were coming into widespread use. Digital sheet music retail sites like Sunhawk were also starting to appear. However, there was no standard format for music notation that compared to the MP3 format for audio. Instead, each application had its own proprietary format. The only way to share sheet music files between applications was with Standard MIDI Files. But MIDI loses a great deal of information when representing music notation (Selfridge-Field, 1997). MusicXML was designed to be the MP3 equivalent for digital sheet music. MusicXML represents music from the 17 th century onwards, including guitar tablature and other music notations used to notate or transcribe contemporary popular music. Since MusicXML was being developed by Recordare, a commercial company, the focus was relentlessly practical. The format needed to support a wide range of Western music of commercial and artistic interest, in a way that was practical for contemporary music notation applications to use. ABSTRACT MusicXML is a universal interchange and distribution format for common Western music notation. MusicXML's design and development began in 2000, with the purpose to be the MP3 equivalent for digital sheet music. MusicXML was developed by Recordare and can represent music from the 17th century onwards, including guitar tablature and other music notations used to notate or transcribe contemporary popular music. MusicXML is supported by over 160 applications. The development and history of MusicXML is described in this chapter.


Underwater acoustic channel (UWAC) has the feature of sparse multipath. In traditional channel estimation algorithms, however, this sparse multipath feature is not considered, in order to obtain higher estimation accuracy, it take lots of frequency band, resulting in a waste of communication resources. In this paper, a sparse channel estimation approach based Bayesian Compressive sensing (BCS) is proposed in OFDM UWA communication. Owing to the sparsity of the UWAC, only a few pilot signals are needed to recover the channel impulse response (CIR) with a high accuracy, which effectively improve the utilization of spectrum, energy and so on. The simulation process analyzes the influence of pilot number, signal-to-noise ratio on channel estimation performance of proposed algorithm, Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) and Least Square (LS). According to the simulation result, under the condition of sparse channel the channel, estimation method based on the algorithm proposed in this paper enjoys better performance than OMP and LS.


In this paper, we propose, for finite sample size, exact confidence intervals of the Hurst index parametrizing a fractional Brownian by using concentration inequalities. Both cases where the scaling parameter of the fractional Brownian motion is known or unknown are considered. These intervals are obtained by observing a single discretized sample path of a fractional Brownian motion and without any assumption on the parameter H.


A method for operating a UE in a wireless communication network is provided. This is after the UE receives data from the PDSCH scheduled by the E-PDCCH ACK / comprising: transmitting a NACK message, and the transmission herein is made from at least one antenna port, the at least one physical resource used, and the and the at least one physical resource is determined based at least in part on the resource E-PDCCH is received, the resource is the E-PDCCH is received is composed of at least one eCCE.


The invention discloses a method to realize arbitrary-number frequency dividing of servo driver and arbitrary-number frequency divider based on field programmable gate array (FPGA), wherein the method comprises the following steps: filtering feedback pulse signals of an A phase and a B phase; carrying out quadrature pulse decoding on the A phase and B phase signals after being filtered, and outputting quadrature pulse direction and quadrature encoding pulses; counting according to the quadrature pulse direction and the quadrature encoding pulses; carrying out multiplication on the counting valve and the numerator of a frequency dividing ratio, storing the result in a dividend register, and storing the denominator of the frequency dividing ratio in a divisor register; calling a divider, and storing the quotient value in a register; comparing the quotient value with a quotient value at the front and adjacent to the quotient value, and judging whether the quotient value changes, if so, outputting a pulse high-arrangement level, and if not, outputting pulse low-arrangement level; and inputting the outputting pulses and the quadrature pulse direction into a pulser, and generating frequency-divided pulses by the pulser. The method has the advantages of having small occupied resources, being capable of accurately tracking frequency of two paths of encoder feedback pulses, pulse numbers, pulse phases and the like.


Research background: Labour migration, i. e. the transnational movement of foreign workers on the European markets and their integration, is among the key topics of both Czech and European politics. I devote my paper to the regulation of work-related migration in a wider perspective of the global labour market in a specific type of labour migration "posting workers".
Purpose of the article: The paper focus on economic, political, and ethical problematic aspects of posting workers within the European Union in connection with the European Commission's revision of Directive 96/71/EC with an emphasis on posting workers to the Czech Republic.
Methods: I will to analyse the key patterns of the reactions and discourse strategies of selected Czech stakeholders regarding the proposal for a revision of Directive 96/71/EC, in particular that of selected government representatives. For this purpose, it will be used the method of discourse analysis (especially methods developed by Ruth Wodak).
Findings & Value added: I would like to demonstrate, using the revision of Directive 96/71/EC as an example of new renovating models of global labour, as a part of the process of integration of the global market in the era of globalization, that the mechanism of posting workers creates a hybrid single European labour market, changes international relations, and contributes to the transnational flexibility of labour.


Peach represent one the most appreciated fruit tree specie of the temperate climate, which in the last time has benefited of a special attention, fact that has led to the expansion of cultivated areas with varieties and to diversification of the assortment. Researches carried out in USA, Canada, France, Italy, even in our country had led to obtained a large number of varieties with remarkable agro-productive characteristics. In the present work were studied ten varieties of peach belonging to the Peach and Nectarine World Collections introduced and multiplied in Romania by Acad. Dr. Vasile Cociu. The varieties studied originating from all continents has been planted in Timișoara in 2007 year, with the purpose of being tested in culture and naturalizing in Romania of some new foreign varieties. In this paper, we presented the partial results concerning growth and differentiate of generative and vegetative organs, respectively number and length of short, medium and long formations. The varieties followed were: Eureka, Gold Dust, Sun Hun Hui, Churko, Earlyred, Elbertina, Tebana, Giala di Roma Tardiva, Tokinostate and that witness experiment was choice Jerseyland variety.


Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells contribute to protection against certain microorganism infections and play an important role in mucosal immunity. However, the role of MAIT cells remains enigmatic in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we examined the level and function of MAIT cells in patients with rheumatic diseases. MAIT cell, cytokine, and programmed death-1 (PD-1) levels were measured by flow cytometry. Circulating MAIT cell levels were significantly reduced in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis patients. In particular, this MAIT cell deficiency was more prominent in CD8 + and double-negative T cell subsets, and significantly correlated with disease activity, such as SLE disease activity index and 28-joint disease activity score. Interestingly, MAIT cell frequency was significantly correlated with NKT cell frequency in SLE patients. IFN- g production in MAIT cells was impaired in SLE patients, which was due to an intrinsic defect in the Ca 2+ /calcineurin/ NFAT1 signaling pathway. In SLE patients, MAIT cells were poorly activated by a -galactosylceramide–stimulated NKT cells, thereby showing the dysfunction between MAIT cells and NKT cells. Notably, an elevated expression of PD-1 in MAIT cells and NKT cells was associated with SLE. In rheumatoid arthritis patients, MAIT cell levels were significantly higher in synovial fluid than in peripheral blood. Our study primarily demonstrates that MAIT cells are numerically and functionally deficient in SLE. In addition, we report a novel finding that


Critical thinking skill is an important tool used by students to solve the common problems either internal problem or problems that are found in school. This research aimed at indicating the influence of problem-based learning model implementation accompanied with the virtual laboratory to students' critical thinking skills and learning achievement. The method was a true experiment and the sample was taken by using the true experiment technique, where grade ten-two class was selected as the experimental class and grade ten-three class as control class. Each of the classes consisted of 30 students. The experimental class was taught using PBL accompanied by the virtual laboratory. The collected data were analyzed by studying the comparison of improvement from a result of pretest and N-Gain and continued by using the t-test. The findings showed that there were no differences between students' average scores between the experimental class and control class. N-Gain showed the real differences between the two classes. Overall, N-Gain for critical thinking skill function analysis revealed better results in experimental class than control class. It can be concluded that problem-based learning model implementation accompanied with virtual laboratory effectively increases students' critical thinking skills and learning achievement.


ABSTRACT Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is considered a minor parasitic pest of African honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), colonies, but little information is available on other coleopteran pests. We surveyed for A. tumida and other beetles in honey bee colonies at four major beekeeping locations: Watamu, Chawia-Taita, Matuu, and Nairobi in Kenya and compared their distribution within the colonies. The presence of A. tumida was confirmed in all the colonies surveyed, whereas Oplostomus haroldi Witte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was found for the first time to be associated with honey bee colonies in varying numbers at all the sites, except that none were found in colonies in Nairobi. More than 90% of A. tumida and O. haroldi were found in Watamu and Chawia, located within the coastal province of Kenya. Although A. tumida was found mostly on the bottom board of the hives, consistent with previous reports, O. haroldi was found on the frames. Laboratory bioassays using a two-choice olfactometer showed that both beetle species were significantly attracted to worker honey bee volatiles and commercial pollen dough inoculated with the yeast Kodamaea ohmeri associated with A. tumida. Based on these findings, we report for the first time O. haroldi as a pest of African honey bee colonies in Kenya, We propose that differences in their densities recorded in the colonies may be due to dissimilarities in the colony environments in the areas surveyed and that odor-baited traps that have been successfully been used to manage populations of A. tumida also will be suitable for use against O. haroldi.


The underflow of a sluice gate is well known when the gate is set into a channel of the same width (2-D underflow), while no studies are found in the literature when the gate is flush with the wall of the tank or reservoir upstream to the channel (3-D underflow). Experimental and numerical investigations were carried out to study the flow in this case, in a small range of relative openings, considering three wall slopes, and obtaining an equation for the discharge coefficient. Afterwards, numerical simulations were performed by means of a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model, following the RANS approach and based on a finite-volume computational code. Comparison of experimental and numerical results showed that the simulations predict accurately the flow behaviour; thereafter discharge coefficients in a more extended range of relative openings were computed for use in the practice.


Explores the future development of the "big five" UK grocery retailers and their response to the challenges of the next decade. Presents the results of a survey of manufacturers, analysts and retailers, in which saturation and internationalization are the key themes. Recounts how UK grocery retailers have not been in the forefront of international retail activity – both non‐food UK retailers, and continental European food retailers, have established stronger international profiles. Suggests that the prospect of a saturated UK grocery market faces the "big five", and addresses the question: when will opportunities in the UK become marginal, and how will retailers react to that prospect?


An integrated exhaust gas analysis system was designed and installed in the hot-section facility at the Lewis Research Center. The system is designed to operate either manually or automatically and also to be operated from a remote station. The system measures oxygen, water vapor, total hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Two microprocessors control the system and the analyzers, collect data and process them into engineering units, and present the data to the facility computers and the system operator. Within the design of this system there are innovative concepts and procedures that are of general interest and application to other gas analysis tasks.


mean JGWS values are significatively larger in the ictal than in the preand post-ictal epochs for all q ≥ 1. The present article described informational tools derived from the orthogonal discrete wavelet transform and their application to the analysis of brain electrical signals. The quantifier (relative wavelet energy) RWE provides information concerning the relative energy associated with different frequency bands that are to be found in the EEG and enables one to ascertain their corresponding degree of importance. Our second quantifier, normalized wavelet entropy (GWS), carries information about the degree of order/disorder associated with a multi-frequency signal response. Finally, our third quantifier, the statistical wavelet complexity (JGWC), provides us with a measure that reflects the intricate structures hidden in the brain-dynamics. In particular, it becomes clear that the ERR behavior reported by Gastaut and Broughton [1] for generalized TCES is accurately described by the RWE quantifier. Moreover, the reported study does not require the use of curare or of digital filtering. In addition, a significant decrease in the entropy was observed in the recruitment epoch, indicating a more rhythmic and ordered behavior of the EEG signal, compatible with a dynamical process of synchronization in the brain activity. In addition the recruiting phase also exhibits larger values of statistical complexity. It is well established that an EEG is directly proportional to the local field potential recorded by electrodes on the brain's surface. Furthermore, one single EEG electrode placed on the scalp records the aggregate electrical activity from up to 6 cm of the brain surface, and hence from many millions of neurons. With such large numbers, is seems quite natural to model the neocortex as a continuous sheet of neurons (neuronal matter) whose activity varies with time. Taking into account the available results for (i) the chaoticity index (the largest Lyapunov exponent with stationary constraints removed) as a function of time and (ii) the largest Lyapunov exponent for selected portions of the EEG signal, one can confidently assert that a chaotic behavior can be associated with the whole EEG signal. This chaoticity becomes smaller during the recruiting phase [2]. As pointed out by many authors (see for instance [9]), the coexistence of chaos with ordering and increasing complexity for extended system is a manifestation of self-organization.We can thus suggest, on the basis of experimental EEG data and using appropriate statistical tools, that in the case of tonic-clonic epileptic seizures, the epileptic focus triggers a self-organized brain state characterized by both order and maximal complexity.


---------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------------A study to investigate the presence of bacteria and their molecular characterization from poultry feeds sold in Keffi Metropolis was conducted. A total of 50 samples from three different brands involving four feed types namely Broilers, Layers, Quail and sussex were aseptically collected and analysed using standard microbiological techniques. Preliminary characterization of the bacterial isolates revealed the presence of the following contaminants: Escherichiacoli, Salmonella sp., Bacillus sp., Klebsiella sp., Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus sp. The bacterial load of the feeds were in the range of 0.49–7.08cfu/g with Brand A having the highest number of bacterial contamination. Bacillus sp. and Salmonella sp. had the highest occurrence rate of 34% each, while Proteus sp. and Klebsiella sp. had the lowest frequency of occurrence of 6% each. Staphylococcus sp., Enterococcus sp. and Escherichiacoli had 14%, 12% and 24 % occurrence rates respectively. Nonetheless, the isolates were highly resistant to Tetracycline (65.5%), Ceftazidime (51.9%), Amoxicillin (49.9%), Septrin (49.4%) and Ampicillin (47.9%), moderately resistant to Chloramphenicol (39.5%) and Cefoxitin (35.8%). However, the isolates showed varying degree of sensitivity to the following antibiotics: Cefoxitin (35.8%), Ciprofloxacin (30.4%) and Streptomycin (27.8%), but was highly susceptible to Gentamicin with a point resistant levels of 22.9%. Molecular studies of the isolates with multiple drug resistance showed presence of at least one Plasmid DNA with band weights between 1330bp to 1900bp. Thus all the poultry feeds were found to be contaminated with resistant bacteria which may pose a public health risk humans. It therefore becomes imperative to for routine bacteriological quality assessment to be conducted on poultry feeds in other to improve production performances in poultry management..


A condition is derived for the velocity-space distribution of suprathermal alpha particles to be monotonically decreasing with energy - and hence stable to homogeneous plasma instabilities - during the heating phase of a tokamak reactor. This stability condition is easily satisfied for presently envisaged neutral injection heating of reactors, but may be violated in strong heating of smaller plasmas or during fast compressional heating.


Abstract:Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a newly appeared technique for evolutionary computa-tion. It was originated as a simulation for a simplified social system such as the behavior ofbird flocking or fish schooling. An improved PSO algorithm (IPSO) is introduced to solve thenonlinear optimization for indoor positioning. The algorithm achieves the optimal coordinatesthrough iterative searching. Compared with standard PSO algorithm, the algorithm convergesfaster and can find the global best position. The error of position estimated by this algorithm issmaller than that estimated in Taylor Series Expansion (TSE) and Genetic Algorithm (GA).Thus this algorithm is proven to be a fast and effective method in solving nonlinear optimiza-tion for indoor positioning. 1 Introduction The popularity of wireless access infrastructure and mobile devices satisfies requirements toaccess the required services ubiquitously. Meanwhile, providing additional value-added ser-vices based on wireless access infrastructure gets more and more interest. Indoor positioningis one of the possibilities. Many domains get benefits from indoor positioning of mobile unitsto provide useful applications and services, such as museum tour-guide, hospital health-careand location-based handoff. In the network base architectures, the network receives signalsfrom mobile unit and utilizes necessary operation to evaluate location of mobile unit. Theposition estimations rely on different techniques: received signal strength indicator (RSSI),angle of arrival (AOA), time of arrival (TOA), time advance (TA), time difference of arrivalProceedings of MoMM2007


Wavefront sensing and reconstruction are widely used for adaptive optics, aberration correction, and high-resolution optical phase imaging. Traditionally, interference and/or microlens arrays are used to convert the optical phase into intensity variation. Direct imaging of distorted wavefront usually results in complicated phase retrieval with low contrast and low sensitivity. Here, a novel approach has been developed and experimentally demonstrated based on the phase-sensitive information encoded into second harmonic signals, which are intrinsically sensitive to wavefront modulations. By designing and implementing a deep neural network, we demonstrate the second harmonic imaging enhanced by deep learning decipher (SHIELD) for efficient and resilient phase retrieval. Inheriting the advantages of two-photon microscopy, SHIELD demonstrates single-shot, reference-free, and video-rate phase imaging with sensitivity better than {\lambda}/100 and high robustness against noises, facilitating numerous applications from biological imaging to wavefront sensing.


The present work relates with developing long acting sustain release microspheres of ropinirole hydrochloride (RPN) for treatment of Parkinson's disease, that will sustain drug release up to 1 month. Biodegradable microspheres of RPN were prepared by using two different polymers (poly lactic co glycolic acid [PLGA] 50:50 and PLGA 75:25) employing double emulsion (W/O/W) solvent evaporation method. Preliminary optimization of process parameter was done for concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, stirring speed, temperature of PVA solution, ratio of the drug to polymer (D/P) and ratio of internal phase to external phase volume (IP/EP). All formulations were evaluated for particle size, percentage yield, entrapment efficiency (EE), shape etc. Formulation E3 and E4 shows maximum EE. % in vitro drug release per day of E3 and E4 batch was studied. The RPN was incorporated successfully in microspheres prepared with 0.5% w/v PVA at 8000 RPM stirring speed, 20°C processing temperature, 1:4 drug polymer ratio and 1:30 IP/EP ratio, which provides sustained release up to 4 weeks with better efficacy and patient compliance and can be employed as an alternative to existing oral medications. Key words: Entrapment efficiency, poly lactic co glycolic acid 50:50, polyvinyl alcohol, solvent evaporation, sustained release


Along with the subscription of TRIPS, the scope and extent of trade mark protection has been strengthened greatly. And then we must face the problem of how to harmonize TRIPS and Trade Mark Law of China. In the paper, the authors begin with the analysis by legal economics, and analyzes the object of Trade mark Law , right of trade mark and so on. Based on these, the authors expounds the problem.


Dr. Casey Bergman is a recently-appointed lecturer in the Faculty of Life Sciences at the University of Manchester, with a primary affiliation in Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics. The major focus of his research group is to understand the function, organisation and evolution of genome sequences using computational methods. Dr. Bergman's research achievements include development of the prevailing model for cis-regulatory evolution of binding site turnover under stabilising selection [1], performing the pilot analysis to aid the choice of additional Drosophila genomes to be sequenced [2], and providing the official FlyBase annotation of transposable elements and transcription factor binding sites in Drosophila [3, 4]. Since 2000, Bergman has published 23 peer-reviewed articles in journals such as Nature, PLoS Biology, PNAS, Genome Research, Genome Biology and Bioinformatics, and has been invited to give over 30 research seminars in the US, UK and Europe. Dr. Bergman is also a member of the Royal Society International Policy Committee, a contributing member of the Bioinformatics subsection of the Faculty of 1000, co-leader of the NSF-funded National Center of Evolutionary Synthesis Working Group on cis-regulatory evolution, and was the only UK project leader in the Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium [5].


In conventional architectural design, the planning of a project depends on the building type, which in turn is framed by the design of past and present buildings. To meet the requirements of contemporary users, which may be specialised and diversified, innovation in the design of building types is crucial. To realise this, obtaining sufficient user involvement and making the design process human-centred are essential. The problem is that there is no adequate method to bring the viewpoint of the user into the planning process. In this study, we propose a new method to realise human-centred design. The method extracts the design parameters of the future building from the stakeholders as a series of episodes. From those episodes we can realise the logical design of the new building. The method is applied to a real house building project and we discuss the findings of this explorative study in this paper.


Abstract. Tracking and sniffer dogs have been employed in a variety of law enforcement roles world-wide and are increasingly utilized to combat wildlife crimes (i.e. poaching and trafficking). I examined the K-9 counter--poaching unit based at Akagera National Park in Rwanda. I discuss motivations and reasoning for the unit's creation, and examine the challenges faced and methods used to overcome these. I also highlight successes and best practices in place at the Park. The major challenge encountered is health issues related to the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma spp. Minor budgetary and facility challenges exist. Developing in-house solutions such as setting up a small clinic and basic veterinary training for handlers have reduced health risks and costs. Crossbreeding the original tracking dogs from Europe with local dogs from the communities around the park has been a success. Puppies bred and trained on-site offer affordable alternatives to purchasing additional dogs from abroad. The cross-bred dogs may also be better suited for working in the Akagera environment but further scientific study is needed to understand this. Additional successes include training dogs to track both on- and off-lead, allowing for a unit with multiple skill sets and more efficient, faster tracking.


This paper proposes the intelligent collection and algorithm matching of the English-Chinese material library based on database data mining. With the help of the part-of-speech dictionary in the "Concise Vocabulary Dictionary" published in "Modern Chinese" published in 2005, the conversion words in the English-Chinese dictionary are compared., Found that there are 30 conversion words, which are Chinese and English words. 666 species. This paper proposes an input feature recognition system that analyzes the input language of parallel corpus. To carry out different levels of corpus analysis, including grammar learning, shallow learning and demonstration of the Chinese language teaching system of students, design the corresponding English teaching system, compare the teaching effect in teaching, and study the teaching system.


The invention provides a banknote handling machine which can improve set degree of freedom and sort and stack banknotes according to various classification modes. The banknote handling machine includes a take-in unit configured to take in a plurality of banknotes, one by one, a recognition unit configured to recognize a kind of each banknote taken in a take-in unit, a plurality of stacking units, respectively configured to stack therein the banknotes, a transport unit configured to transport the banknotes, respectively recognized by the recognition unit, to any of the plurality of stacking units, an instruction accepting unit configured to accept an instruction concerning an automatic decision mode provided for deciding the kind of the banknotes to be stacked, by utilizing a recognition result obtained by the recognition unit, for each of the plurality of stacking units, and a control unit configured to control the transport unit to transport each banknote to a destination, which destination is decided based on the instruction accepted by the instruction accepting unit and on the recognition result obtained by the recognition unit.


AbstractA review of the research work that has been carried out thus far relating the casting and heat treatment variables to the structure and mechanical properties of Al–7Si–Mg (wt-%) is presented here. Although specifications recommend a wide range of magnesium contents and a fairly high content of iron, a narrow range of magnesium contents, closer to either the upper or lower specified limits depending on the properties desired, and a low iron content will have to be maintained to obtain optimum and consistent mechanical properties. A few studies have revealed that the modification of eutectic silicon slightly increases ductility and fracture toughness and also that the effect of modification is predominant at low iron content. Generally, higher solidification rates give superior mechanical properties. Delayed aging (the time elapsed between quenching and artificial aging during precipitation hardening) severely affects the strength of the alloy. The mechanism of delayed aging can be explained on the ...


This letter reports on a compact 110-GHz Schottky diode-based frequency doubler based on 3-D stacked packaging which allows combining four discrete multiplying circuits. The proposed architecture could increase the power handling capabilities by a factor of 4 compared with the traditional balanced doubler with drastically reduced electrical path length. Meanwhile, the whole circuit is composed of two critical submodules which can be evaluated separately to minimize the manually assembly and fabrication imbalances. The doubler is designed to operate in the 100–115-GHz band, which can deliver a peak power of 407 mW at 112 GHz when pumped with powers over 1.3 W. Besides, the measured conversion efficiency is roughly 82.6% of that of the single doubler, which directly proves the low combination losses of this architecture.


What makes climate change such a difficult problem to solve is that it is so pervasive: it is global but with very different effects on regions and nations. It stretches through time to many future generations. Its causes are ultimately the growth of population, the structure of production and growing consumption: greater numbers require ever more to make them happy.


From diagrams of buildings to diagrams of algorithms, architects rely on diagrams to bridge abstract intentions to generating of building forms. This paper proposes an approach for generating narrative diagrams which can visually describe what design intentions are reached, and how the diagrams are generated. In order to communicate with a broader public than just AEC professionals, this paper proposes a visual strategy for manipulating and generating narrative diagrams that tell the design stories in parametric architectural design. By providing editable clusters of topological algorithms for recognizing and reasoning spatial relationships among geometric entities, this paper aims to help architects to represent design intentions within the algorithmic process of parametric design.


This paper considers the relationship between economic factors and national security. While considering a broad number of issue areas, the principal theme of the course is the way in which economic factors (as immigration) fundamentally influence the national security of the region, and the way in which those factors shape and constrain the strategies chosen to pursue that security. South-South migration flows outnumber the flows between South and North, and a series of developing countries have, over time, become net immigration countries. This phenomenon implies new challenges, in particular at the social level, for both the countries of origin and destination and requires a different approach in the way we think about the governance of migration flows. In this paper, we try to examine the immigration effect on the Persian Gulf region's security. The results show that immigration decreases regional security.


All scientific and technological endeavour grows out of and builds upon the efforts of previous workers. Within the civil and structural engineering industries, desk studies are a well-known but often under-used method of gathering and assessing such existing information. This paper has three main objectives. Firstly, it describes the technical context of geotechnical desk study work. Secondly, it provides a checklist of the principal classes of desk study information for construction projects. And thirdly, through the description of two case studies, it illustrates how historical and precedent information obtained by geotechnical desk studies can make particularly cost-effective contributions to the planning and design of construction projects. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD E102464.


A previously developed simulation technique has been applied to the prediction of the location of tin whiskers, which create reliability problems, generated on electrodeposited tin plating on a copper lead frame. This multi-scale simulation technique uses molecular dynamics simulation and a finite element method (FEM). The FEM model is used to simulate stress and stress-induced mass diffusion, including grain-boundary diffusion, in tin plating. The stress analysis model considers elasticity anisotropy, thermal-expansion anisotropy, and the crystal orientation of ß-tin. A thermal cycling test was conducted to induce whisker generation on tin-plated specimens, and the crystalline orientations around the whiskers were evaluated using electron back-scattering diffraction pattern (EBSP) measurement. The hydrostatic pressure distribution and tin-atomic-density distribution in the specimens were calculated using a simulation technique that considers the crystal orientations of the β-tin grains determined using EBSP measurement. The results were used to investigate the relationship between the tin-atomic-density distribution and whisker locations. The whisker locations corresponded to the areas of higher tin-atomic density and lower hydrostatic pressure on the tin-plated surface, indicating that the previously developed simulation technique can be used to predict the location of whiskers generated on tin plating.


The effects of gamma irradiation on the electrical and trapping properties of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are investigated in detail. During the irradiation, the gate–source leakage current of the HEMT is monitored online when applying a reverse gate voltage. The variations of electrical properties of the device, including an increase in drain–source current, the negative threshold voltage shift, and a decrease of leakage current, are observed. In particular, three traps in the device are identified using the voltage-transient method and the variations of these traps after irradiation are also investigated. The results show that the absolute amplitudes of the three traps in the device decrease after irradiation, which indicates a reduction in the density of the traps. Furthermore, it is proposed that the time constants and energy levels of the three traps decrease after irradiation. The observed changes in the trapping behaviors are ascribed to the structural ordering of the defects, which is consistent with the improvement in the electrical characteristics of the device.


Improvements in performance which can be obtained by adding buffers to a crossbar switch are assessed by changing the configuration of the buffers and by adding the capability of combining messages to the buffers. Four basic k*k crossbar switch types are described: unbuffered; k-input buffers, one per output port; one-input buffers, one per input port; and one-input buffers, k buffers per output port. Previous analytical work and simulation studies of some of these switch types are reviewed, and the analysis is extended to the other types. An analytical model for simple hot-spot traffic is presented, and simulation results are shown for different kinds of message combining.<<ETX>>


Human cadaver dissection remains a core and preferred method of anatomical instruction at most low- and middle-income health professional training institutions. Dissection, which is both traumatic and stressful, sets the tone of the students' responses to later and or similar stressful learning opportunities like the post-mortems or care for terminally ill patients. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to determine the effect of the students': personality, perception of the learning environment, learning approach, and effect of the environment on the student, on undergraduate health professional student's activity in the human cadaver dissection room. This was a secondary analysis of previously collected data from a cross sectional survey of undergraduate health professional students. We found that personality type and perception of the environment had a positive effect on dissection room activity. Approach to learning and being affected by the dissection room experience (impact), had a negative effect on dissection room activity. All the above effects on dissection room activity were not significant. This study showed that personality, perception of the learning environment, learning approach and effect of the environment on the student, had effects on undergraduate health professional student's activity in the human cadaver dissection room. The modelled effects are opportunities for educational interventions aimed at increasing student activity in the dissection room.


A dynamic model for simulating recombinant protein production in transgenic lettuce for optimum environmental control was developed. The model comprised three main parameters, which were leaf fresh weight, the number of cells, and amount of protein in each leaf. The differential equations of the model were integrated using the modeling software STELLATM. The model was calibrated based on the measured data of transgenic lettuce plants which were grown in a plant factory for 50 days from seeding. The plants contained an introduced Cauliflower mosaic virus-35S promoter fused onto the β-glucuronidase gene. Simulations were conducted to investigate the effect of plant growth control on the productivity of recombinant proteins which have various stabilities. The simulations indicated the importance of recombinant protein stability. If the parameters corresponding to the production and degradation of a recombinant protein can be identified, the simulation will be a strong tool for devising an environmental control strategy for highly efficient recombinant protein production systems.


The ±1100kV high voltage capacitor filled SF6 gas bushing is an important equipment to realize the electrical connection between the converter transformer and the valve tower. The paper mainly discusses the design of the external and internal insulation structure. The research content is divided into four parts, the actual operating environment and the characteristics of the voltage and current waveform of converter transformer bushing are discussed. The design and analysis of the hollow composite insulator, corona ring and tail end of the bushing have been done. The main insulation structure of bushing has been designed by the equal margin method, and simulation and analysis of the multi-physical field have been done. The three dimensional electric field simulation model has been set up to calculate and analyze the external insulation performance of the bushing. The results show that the main insulation of the bushing is fit to the capacitance structure, the maximum axial field strength of the bushing is 0.62kV·mm−1, and the end of the bushing should be equipped with apple type corona ring. The insulation distance of the hollow composite insulator is designed as 7490mm. The insulation distance of the bushing tail is designed as 3110mm. In the actual operating environment, the maximum field strength of the corona ring appears on the lower end surface, and the value is 2386V·mm−1. The results of the paper can provide the theoretical basis for the design of the external insulation of the converter transformer bushing used in the HVDC transmission project.


From view point of thermodynamic system,three main kinds of power generation technology using solar energy have been presented,i.e.tough-type system,tower-type system,and disk-type system,which are already being in operation on the world.Combined with typical power station,the main parameters,such as the efficiency of power generation,the technical cost of each system,have been analysed,the advantages and insufficiencies of different technologies being pointed out.The analysis shows that the tough-type system is the most matured technology in the three said technologies,occupying the largest capcity ratio,appearing good usefullness;through further icreasing the scale,the tough-type system and disk-type system can reduce operation cost in the future,the efficiency will be enhanced.


Fast forecast of seepage is the content quite concerned by engineers who are engaged in flood control or prevention and seepage design. By linking of the boundary element method(BEM) and boundary fitted coordinate transformation method(BFCTM), the fast forecast of seepage is achieved; i.e. the area of seepage files by adopting the BEM. Then calculations of streamline and potential-line contours for an earth dam are given by applying the BFCTM. By comparing with the result of CLPM (compared of liquid with power method), it is proved that the method proposed is accurate and effective.


Purpose. To evaluate the long-term results of accelerated corneal cross-linking (CXL) in patients with progressive keratoconus. Methods. Sixteen patients underwent accelerated CXL at 6 mW/cm2 for 15 minutes in one eye. The follow-up visits were scheduled on 7 days, 14 days, and 3, 12, and 24 months after the treatment. Results. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between preoperative and 2-year postoperative mean values, respectively, in terms of uncorrected visual acuity, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, maximum keratometry K max, minimum keratometry K min, corneal astigmatism, and corneal eccentricity index. We noted a significant flattening of the cornea in 18.7% of patients with a higher preoperative K max value (>50 D) and its steepening in patients with a lower K max value (<50 D) (6.25%). There was no significant difference in the central corneal thickness and the apical corneal thickness preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively. The mean demarcation line depth was 282 ± 11 μm. Persistent corneal haze was noted in 25% of patients. Conclusions. Accelerated CXL appears to be a relatively effective procedure for the treatment of keratoconus in 2-year follow-up.


This paper evaluated the applicability of four AAR (areal average rainfall) estimation methods in the mountainous Kamo River watershed by using measured monthly rainfall at nine stations within and near this watershed between 1998 and 2010. The four methods were (i) the arithmetic mean, (ii) the Thiessen polygon, (iii) the elevation regression and (iv) the combination of (ii) and (iii). Method (iv) was newly developed in this study. For methods (iii) and (iv), linear monthly relationship between elevation and monthly rainfall was applied and it was evaluated as useful for predicting rainfall even at a high elevation. Firstly, the applicability of the four AAR methods was evaluated by relationships between annual AAR (= P) and annual evapotranspiration ratio (Et/Ep). Annual evapotranspiration (Et) was obtained using the water balance equation by incorporating each AAR and measured discharge, and Ep was calculated using Penman equation. The low Et/Ep by methods (i) and (ii) was caused by the underestimation of AAR, which resulted in the underestimation of Et, mainly because these methods did not include the effect of larger rainfall in the higher elevation area. Methods (iii) and (iv) produced Et/Ep reasonably and demonstrated closer relationship to that in another mountainous watershed. Secondly, the applicability was evaluated by examining relationships between annual Ep/P and annual Et/P with a rational method of Fu (1981), where the watershed parameter w was optimized for each method. Methods (i) and (ii) produced relatively low w as a value of a mountainous watershed, which would be caused by the underestimation of annual AAR. Method (iii) produced relatively high w as a value of a mountainous watershed and R was relatively low. As a result, the newly presented combination method (iv) was determined to be most applicable for AAR method in this mountainous watershed.


Modeling of flows in tidal marshes requires modifications to the classical equations of open channel flow. In this study, the authors formulate an equivalent continuum model for tidal marsh flows. The velocity derived from this approximation is a bulk velocity, similar to the Darcy velocity in groundwater flow, because it does not represent the actual path of a fluid particle. Modeling marsh flow as a continuum avoids the problem of describing the turbulence behavior between stems which has not been resolved for densely packed vegetation.


The invention discloses a method for manufacturing a phase-change sunflower heat-dissipating device. The method comprises the steps of processing an aluminium alloy sunflower heat-dissipating piece into an aluminium alloy casing with sunflower heat-dissipating fins, wherein the center of the aluminium alloy casing is a cavity, one end of the cavity is sealed, and the other end of the cavity is provided with a sealing stair; manufacturing a sealing cover matched with the sealing stair; manufacturing a hollow aluminium alloy powder column, wherein one end of the hollow aluminium alloy powder column is sealed, and the other end of the hollow aluminium alloy powder column is opened; inserting the hollow aluminium alloy powder column into the cavity of the aluminium alloy casing for foaming treatment, so that foamed aluminium powder is compounded on the inner surface of the cavity; and covering the sealing stair of the aluminium alloy casing subjected to the foaming treatment with the sealing cover, and then conducting working medium injection and encapsulation treatment. The heat-dissipating device which is manufactured according to the method has the advantages that the temperature distribution is uniform, particularly, temperatures of surfaces of fins are more uniform than that of the structure that a uniform temperature board is welded with aluminium heat-dissipating piece, and the heat exchange efficiency of fins is greatly improved.


The oyster shell is a residue rich in calcium carbonate, which can be reused as a raw material for creating building materials. For this reason, many researchers focused on the incorporation of oyster shell in the composition of composites, as it is a means of contributing to the economic sustainability by reducing the presence of pollution caused by aquaculture waste in the environment, thus increasing the value chain of the construction sector and reducing its carbon footprint. This paper intends to systematize the scientific production related to oyster shell-based composites in construction, carrying out a search using the Scopus tool and a systematic review based on the PRISMA statement. The results show that research on the incorporation of oyster shell into cementitious mortar mixtures, with a focus on its use in concrete, dominates existing scientific research. There is a lack of studies on the incorporation of the oyster shell that address its application as an aggregate or binder in the composition of coating and laying mortars. Most existing research is from Asia, and there is a lack of research in some parts of Europe. In the Americas, Africa and Oceania, no existing studies were found. Despite the growing understanding of the importance of sustainability and economic issues related to products used in the blue circular economy sector, there are still few studies that consider the incorporation of waste or by-products of aquaculture. Future investigations that cover these practical and contextual gaps can contribute to the better use of oyster shell waste and its insertion in the blue circular economy.


The presentation will provide an overview of the New Zealand Gambling Act and its implications for the prevention of problem gambling. New Zealand's long awaited Gambling Act was finally passed in September 2003. The Act, which was subject to intense lobbying and last minute changes, was passed during the third international conference 'Gambling Through a Public Health Lens' and brings a raft of new regulations to the industry as well as a new role for both Local Government and the Ministry of Health. In his address, John will argue that the legislation is but the bones on which policy will be built and examine the role of communities NGOs and Local Government in shaping the Nation's new gambling policy. He will also comment on the early impact of the legislation and initiatives by the Problem Gambling Foundation to address problem gambling in the new environment.


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SUMMARY Nine experiments were carried out on three different soil types in the south-east of Ireland over three years (1989, 1992 and 1993) to test the effect of early, normal and late sowing at three rates of fertilizer nitrogen (100, 125, 150 kg/ha) on the yield and grain quality ex-farm of spring malting barley (cv. Blenheim). Early sowing (January or February) was not possible in 1990 and 1991 due to wet weather. Sowing date had a pronounced effect on grain yield and grain N content in all three years. In 1989 and 1992, the earliest-sown barley (January or February) gave significantly greater yields than latersown crops (March and April) in five of the six experiments. The earliest-sown barley gave the lowest grain N in all six experiments and there was a gradual and significant increase in grain N content as sowing date was delayed. In 1993 the earliest-sown barley (February) gave significantly lower yield and greater grain N than the March-sown crop in all three experiments. The lower yield of the February-sown barley in 1993 was due to the significantly reduced number of grains/ear. The Aprilsown barley gave significantly lower yield and greater grain N than the earlier-sown crops in eight out of the nine experiments. In 1989 and 1992 only one of the six experiments, Ferns 1992, gave a significant yield response to increased rate of N (125 kg/ha). But in 1993, 125 kg N/ha significantly increased grain yield in all three experiments and 150 kg N/ha gave a further significant increase in yield in two of the experiments. Increasing increments of fertilizer N significantly increased grain N in all nine experiments.


ConclusionA technique has been described for measuring the contact angle during the pin-loading of a specimen. The technique employs an optical fiber and a simple device to accurately control and measure the position of this fiber. This technique overcomes the two major shortcomings of a previous technique which relied on electrical continuity. Although the technique has been demonstrated for an oversized model, it can be made to work for smaller pins and bolts. Such measurements are very necessary to validate analytical and numerical models of pin-loaded and bolt-loaded structures, especially those fabricated from modern composite materials.


Summary form only given. Controlling the magnetic properties of solids by electric fields has been an interesting research subject, not only because of the intriguing correlation between the electric and magnetic orders in solid-state systems, but also the potential applications in ultra-low energy spintronic devices. In the past, research has mostly been carried out with multiferroic materials and magnetic semiconductors. Recently, more effort was focused on 3d transition ferromagnetic metals. Especially in heavy metal/ferromagnet/oxide (HM/FM/oxide) structures where the magnetic anisotropy has an interfacial origin, electric fields can cause a marked change in the magnetic anisotropy energy. This voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) can be understood by the electric field induced charge transfer among different d orbitals of the FM. The order of this effect is around 100 fJ/Vm and it vanishes with the removing of the electric fields. Here we demonstrate another approach to alter the magnetism by electrically controlling the oxidation state of the 3d FM at the FM/oxide interface . The thin FM film sandwiched between a heavy metal layer and a gate oxide can be reversibly changed from an optimally-oxidized state with a strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy to a metallic state with an in-plane magnetic anisotropy, or to a fully-oxidized state with nearly zero magnetization, depending on the polarity and time duration of the applied electric fields . This is a voltage controlled magnetism (VCM) effect, where both the saturation magnetization and anisotropy field of the 3d FM layer can be simultaneously controlled by voltage in a non-volatile fashion . Although at present the speed of this effect is slow, the magnitude of magnetic anisotropy change can reach > 10 pJ/Vm, much larger than that of previous VCMA effects . A very different time dependence on voltages with different polarities was observed, reflecting the asymmetric energy barrier at the FM/oxide interface . We will also present the behavior of the VCM effect in different HM/FM/oxide systems, and its impact on magnetic tunnel junctions and spin Hall switching experiments . This work was supported in part by NSF (ECCS-1310338) and by C-SPIN, one of six centers of STARnet, a Semiconductor Research Corporation program, sponsored by MARCO and DARPA . Work at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the US Department of Energy .


A new quasi-resonant PWM converter is proposed. The proposed converter is constructed by using a resonant network in parallel with the switch of the conventional PWM converter. A new PWM converter achieves zero-voltage switching for all switching devices without increasing their voltage and current stresses.<<ETX>>


Day 1 Atlanta Training ... Training Fundamentals of Process Dynamics and Control Proportional Control Integral Action and PI Control A Formal Approach to Controller Design Using Design Tools Controller Performance Criteria Derivative Mode and PID Control PID Control with Derivative Filter Demonstration Modeling Process Dynamics Using Control Station Implementation of P-Only Controllers Adaptive PI Control of Nonlinear Processes PID Control of Tank Level PID with Filter Control of Heat Exchanger Temperature Hands-On Exploring Dynamics of the Gravity Drained Tanks P-Only Control of Tank Level The Hazard of Tuning PI Controllers by Trial and Error PI Control of Heat Exchanger Temperature PID Control of Heat Exchanger Temperature PID with Filter and Control of the Multi-Tanks Process


The represented review of literature enabled to identify the main factors influencing the development of diseases in infants and preschool children. Knowledge of the various risk factors that contribute to the development of respiratory diseases allows more effectively to plan and to implement preventive and recreational activities in children. Implementation of a set of preventive measures aimed at preparing future parents for the birth of healthy children, work with families to promote healthy lifestyles and nutrition, parental involvement in the process of children's health improvement, tempering, use of remedial gymnastics and massage, normalization of day regimen, as well as sanitation of chronic infections foci, treatment of comorbidities, application of immunotropic drugs, creation and implementation of health programs in preschool institution.


The role of biological membranes as a target in biological radiation damage remains unclear. In the present article, we show that the structural, biochemical and biophysical changes of a simple biological membrane, i.e. human erythrocyte membranes, which is altered after exposure, could be studied by membrane mimetics and conventional NMR spectrometers.


The infrared excitation of the cluster ion SF 6 .Ar 3 + at a photon energy of 950 cm -1 is observed to promote charge transfer leading to the formation of SF 5 + . Together with recent measurements of the ionization energies of small argon clusters, this result is used to determine a value for the ionization energy of SF 6 as 14.40±0.06 eV. Since it is assumed that SF 6 in the ground state of the complex is neutral and close to its equilibrium geometry, the above value probably constitutes a vertical ionization energy


A detailed NMR study and full assignments of the 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectral data for a novel enolate taxane isolated from Taxus canadensis needles is described. The structures of two stable conformers were established using a combination of 1D and 2D NMR techniques including 1H, 1H‐COSY, gs‐HMQC, gs‐HMBC, NOESY and T‐ROESY. Ab initio quantum mechanical calculations were performed on the B3LYP/6‐31G* level of basis set to assist the NMR findings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Electric vehicles (EVs) have been developed as an efficient solution to reduce automobile emissions. To ensure the effective diffusion of EVs in current transport systems, it is vital to understand the factors affecting consumers' intentions to purchase EVs. To provide insights for this understanding, this study aims to investigate such factors with a particular focus on users' attitudes and perceptions. A questionnaire survey was conducted in September 2019 among potential consumers in the major cities of South Korea. A total of 1500 valid survey responses were obtained, and investigations using binary logistic regression and regression tree were conducted for an empirical analysis. The results showed that among attitudinal attributes, environmental and economic perceptions concerning EV use were the strongest predictors for an EV purchase. In addition, technological concerns were found to have negative impacts on EV purchase intentions. The findings of this study could provide reasonable guidelines for establishing marketing strategies and serve as a reference for EV stakeholders to improve the applicability of current policies regarding EV adoption.


PurposeWhile the Olympic Games are always under the spotlight, the Paralympic Games are somehow ignored. This paper aims to invite the general public to think about the para-athletes and the differential treatments they received.Design/methodology/approachAmong the participating countries, many of them were unable to win a single Olympic or Paralympic medal. When the dependent variable is left-censored, ordinary least squares regression is asymptotically biased downwards. In the literature, researchers typically employ the maximum likelihood Tobit model to take care of the censoring problem. However, some researchers argue that the Hurdle model has an advantage over the Tobit model in identifying the determinants of winning Olympic medals. Following their wisdom, this paper employs both the Tobit and Hurdle models in analysis.FindingsThe empirical evidence gathered in this paper suggests that population size, host status and average years of schooling are the big three socio-economic determinants when it comes to winning medals at the Paralympic Games and Olympic Games. The findings support the hypothesis that sports talent is randomly distributed and a large country has a higher chance to have talented athletes or para-athletes winning the Olympic medals. The strong host advantage also showed up in the following Paralympics but was not so strong at the next Olympics.Originality/valueThis paper not only examines the relationship between various social, economic and political factors in determining the success of a nation in the Paralympic Games but also attempts to identify possible non-traditional determinants.


Using a dispersion model to calculate ambient odour concentrations, the separation distance between livestock buildings and residential areas is defined by a pre-selected odour threshold and an exceeding probability. The dynamic Austrian Odour Dispersion Model (AODM) is used to calculate the separation distance for several combinations of these two values, which represent the protection level of various land use categories. The AODM consists of three modules: (1) odour release on the basis of a simulation model for the indoor climate of livestock buildings, (2) a regulatory dispersion model (Gauss) to calculate hourly or half-hourly ambient odour concentrations and (3) a fluctuation module, calculating the instantaneous odour concentration, depending on wind velocity and stability of the atmosphere. The calculated separation distances are compared with empirical guide lines used in some countries (Austria, Germany, Switzerland, The Netherlands, USA). For most guide lines, the separation distances are smaller compared to the model calculation, except for the German guide line applied for non-agricultural areas. Odour sensation occurs predominantly around sunset, with neutral or slightly stable atmospheric stability.


Objective To analyze the clinical features of patients with juvenile polycystic ovary syndrome and to provide guidance for early intervention in high-risk patients. Methods An analysis was performed on the clinical data of 24 patients with juvenile polycystic ovary syndrome (observation group) in our department to screen out high-risk factors for juvenile polycystic ovary syndrome. Results There were significant differences in abnormal menstruation, obesity, hirsutism, acne, and abnormal glucose metabolism between the observation group and a control group (P0.05). Conclusion The high-risk factors for juvenile polycystic ovary syndrome are abnormal menstruation, obesity, hirsutism, acne, and abnormal glucose metabolism and should be taken seriously in the clinical setting.


Distance geometry methods are used to turn a set of interatomic distances given by NMR experiments into a consistent molecular conformation. In a set of papers (see the survey [8]) we proposed a Branch-and-Prune (BP) algorithm for computing the set X of all incongruent embeddings of a given protein backbone. Although BP has a worst-case exponential running time in general, we always noticed a linear-like behaviour in computational experiments. In this paper we provide a theoretical explanation to our observations. We show that the BP is fixed-parameter tractable on protein-like graphs, and empirically show that the parameter is constant on a set of proteins from the Protein Data Bank.


We have investigated the use of Rs and SIMS measurements to quantify substrate erosion due to plasma ashing and subsequent wet cleaning in the creation of ultra-shallow junctions. The near-surface proximity of the implants makes them highly sensitive to various plasma and wet chemical processes. We also observed a dependency on the implant species, dose and energy that can be correlated to substrate damage incurred during implant.


The rare species Plesionka exigua (Rathbun, 1906) is recorded for the first time from three western Pacific localities New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Ryukyu Islands of Japan. Redescription, illustrations on distinguishing characters and color photograph are provided for this poorly known species.


Abstract. A semianalytical model developed to estimate the Secchi disk depth (ZSD) was used in eutrophic-to-hypereutrophic reservoirs (Ibitinga, Ibi, and Barra Bonita, BB) placed in the cascade system of the Tietê River, Brazil. The model was evaluated using the simulated remote sensing reflectance based on the Ocean and Land Color Instrument/Sentinel-3A and the Operational Land Imager/Landsat-8 from both reservoirs. Three quasianalytical algorithm (QAA) versions (QAAv5, QAAM14, and QAAW16) were evaluated to derive the absorption and backscattering coefficients, and then used for ZSD retrieval. For BB, where the chlorophyll-a concentration exceeded 200  mg m  −  3, the model based on QAAv5 showed high uncertainties while the QAAW16, which was originally parameterized for BB showed better performance regarding the ZSD retrieval (mean absolute percentage errors—MAPE of 22%). However, QAAW16 did not perform satisfactorily for Ibi, which is dominated by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). For Ibi, QAAv5 provided the best result with MAPE of 34.60%, followed by QAAM14 with 34.65%. QAA-based ZSD models tend to perform poorly in waters with high concentration of chlorophyll-a possibly due to phytoplankton package effect, whereas the same models may require additional parameterization in waters dominated by CDOM. Landsat-8 data showed significant potential for ZSD retrieval in inland waters.


Natural course and co‐occurrence of asthma, eczema, and allergic rhinitis through childhood are still not fully documented. We aim to identify and characterize profiles based on the time course, severity, and apparent triggers of respiratory/allergy symptoms in school‐aged children.


Provided are an apparatus and method for driving the gate lines of a flat panel display (FPD). The apparatus for driving the gate lines of an FPD, includes: a first circuit converting a peak-to-peak level of an input pulse and outputting the converted input pulse as a first selection signal; and a plurality of second circuits generating a plurality of channel output pulses according to a plurality of second selection signals while the first selection signal is active.


The written comments on the judgment of the Criminal Court of Milan on the case "Google / Vivi Down" on the liability of providers for offenses committed online via Internal users, in particular relating to the liability of the provider who fails to use filters or plays no control over materials that users, through facilities, pour in the network.


can only be hoped that this article and the work done by E. Robinson on Patent law and J. F. Brenner on Nuisance will encourage economic historians to investigate a subject they have too long ignored. In an age when some economic historians find it difficult to resist the apparent precision temptingly offered by mathematical techniques and econometric models the Manchester School, it is fair to say, has almost ignored the existence of the American Revolution. The empirical tradition in which W. O. Henderson played a leading role continues to flourish, and since it is a tradition which often changes our viewrof the past let us hope it will survive, if in a modified form, the easy appeal of the new technology. There is, however, one quibble. For students who only know W. O. Henderson through his work, a biographical sketch would have been interesting and helpful.


The design of controllers for linear discrete-time systems using the Lyapunov stability theory and Hamilton-Jacobi framework, numerical optimization and other viable methods, has been thoroughly studied. However, for nonlinear discrete-time systems, the tracking problem has not been rigorously approached to ensure desirable results. Motion control and tracking are important problems, and these issues are emphasized and studied in this paper using the Hamilton-Jacobi theory. The optimal state-feedback nonlinear tracking problem is formulated and solved using necessary conditions for optimality, and a nonquadratic performance index is minimized. It is shown that the proposed procedure extends the available analytical tools and provides a viable avenue to solve a wide spectrum of nonlinear design problems. The reported concept is applied to design a nonlinear digital controller for a ground vehicle driven by an advanced turbocharged diesel. The synthesized controller is verified, and the nonlinear simulation results carried out using high-fidelity mathematical model are reported and discussed.


Abstract Background The clinical outcome of patients with bacteremia due to an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing member of the family Enterobacteriaceae who are treated with piperacillin-tazobactam appears to depend, at least in part, on the piperacillin-tazobactam MIC. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is any association between the MIC of piperacillin-tazobactam and presence of the narrow spectrum OXA-1 beta-lactamase enzyme among ESBL-producing Escherichia coli. Methods E. coli clinical isolates were obtained from patients evaluated at hospitals across Canada (January 2007 to December 2018) as part of an ongoing national surveillance study (CANWARD). ESBL production was confirmed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute phenotypic method. Susceptibility testing was carried out using custom broth microdilution panels, and all isolates underwent whole genome sequencing for beta-lactamase gene detection. Results In total, 671 ESBL-producing E. coli were identified as part of the CANWARD study. The majority of isolates (92.0%; 617/671) harbored a CTX-M ESBL enzyme. CTX-M-15 (62.3%; 418/671), CTX-M-27 (13.9%; 93/671), and CTX-M-14 (13.4%; 90/671) were the most common variants identified. The narrow spectrum OXA-1 beta-lactamase enzyme was present in 42.6% (286/671) of isolates. OXA-1 was detected in 66.3% (277/418) of isolates with a CTX-M-15 ESBL enzyme versus only 3.6% (9/253) of isolates with other ESBL enzyme types. The piperacillin-tazobactam MIC50 and MIC90 values were 8 µg/mL and 32 µg/mL for isolates that possessed the OXA-1 enzyme versus 2 μg/mL and 8 µg/mL for those that did not. The percentage of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates that were inhibited by a piperacillin-tazobactam MIC of ≤8 μg/mL was 68.5% for isolates that were OXA-1 positive and 93.8% for isolates that were OXA-1 negative. Conclusion The MIC50 and MIC90 values of piperacillin-tazobactam among ESBL-producing E. coli were higher for the subset of isolates that harbored a narrow spectrum OXA-1 beta-lactamase enzyme relative to the subset that did not. This association was primarily observed among ESBL-producers with the CTX-M-15 enzyme variant. OXA-1 was infrequently detected among isolates with other ESBL enzyme types. Disclosures George Zhanel, PhD, AVIR (Grant/Research Support)Iterum (Grant/Research Support)Merck (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support)Sandoz (Grant/Research Support)Sunovion (Grant/Research Support)Venatorx (Grant/Research Support)Verity (Grant/Research Support)


Abstract : This thesis examines the current partnership between Iran and Venezuela, particularly as it relates to Iran's involvement in Latin America and its impact on U.S. foreign policy. The thesis asks whether Iran is trying to strike out against the United States by forming a bloc with Venezuela, and, if so, whether it can succeed. Over the past five years, the Islamic Republic of Iran has expanded its influence in Latin America as part of the aggressive foreign policy of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He especially seeks support for Iran's nuclear program and a way to evade international isolation. Furthermore, Ahmadinejad intends to outflank Iran's foremost opponent -- the United States -- in its own backyard with the help of the Venezuelan populist leader, Hugo Chavez, who also endorses strong anti-imperialist and anti-American rhetoric. With the assistance of President Chavez, Iran has found a bridge to infiltrate the region. The two countries have formed an anti-U.S. front known to the world as the axis of unity. Through this relationship, Iran has deepened its contacts with other leftist countries, including Ecuador, Bolivia, Nicaragua, and Cuba.


To extract the active constituents of Xiaozhitongmai Granule with alcohol,using the yield of alcohol extractive and content of aliso B23-acetate as the detective index.Using alcohol concentration,water temperature,extraction times and extraction time as examing factors.We selected Optimum extracting conditions by The orthogonal design.which were:70% alcohol;extracting for 2 times(first time 60min,second time 30 min);water temperature was 50 ℃.


Objective To study the antitumor effects of RA538 on human colon carcinoma cell line HCT.Methods Gene transfer efficiency was determinated,by the growth rate of HCT cells after infection with Ad RA538,the analysis of flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation,TUNEL technique,western blot analysis.Results Transfection of RA538 gene into human colon carcinoma cell line(HCT) by recombined adenovirus showed an obvious suppression to tumor growth,the tumorigenicity of HCT cells infected with Ad RA538 followed by into nude mice was 20%.Result of DNA fragmentation analysis,TUNEL and FCM assays demostrated that the tumor cell can be induced to apoptosis by Ad RA538.Western blot analysis showed that RA538 has a function of downregulating c myc gene expression.Conclusion RA538 can inhibit the growth of HCT cells and induce the cell apoptosis.It could be a new therapeutic gene in gene therapy of human colon carcinoma.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for separating and drying a micromechanical component which is etched by a wet chemical method, without causing adhesion. SOLUTION: A micromechanical component put in a container 1 with a plurality of intake openings and discharge openings is etched for patterning on a device. The liquid etchant is discharged from below, via a liquid discharge opening 4 in a lower side of a container by putting water through a liquid intake part 3 in an upper side of a container, and turbulence is not generated in flow of liquid in the process. Water used as a cleaner is discharged by liquid of low density such as ethanol or acetone. Lastly, liquified gas such as carbon dioxide in liquid form is taken in, via a liquified gas intake port 5, and the liquified gas is evaporated at a critical temperature or higher by heating a container, an inner pressure of a container is reduced to an ambient atmospheric pressure by opening a gas discharge part 6 and a device 2 is unloaded from a container via a weir 10. COPYRIGHT: (C)1996,JPO


I N T H I S I S S U E Introduction The purpose of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is to liberalise world trade by reducing barriers to trade, so that the world as a whole benefits from liberalised trade. More goods and services would be produced, competition levels would rise, consumers would get benefit of lower prices, and resources would be used in raising global gross domestic product. However, WTO recognises the need for developing countries to protect certain sectors of their economy from sudden liberalisation, because of the time they take to build productive capacity or because of livelihood security. WTO negotiations between the developed and developing countries are characterised by "less than full reciprocity", and Doha Round was supposed to focus on the needs of developing countries, therefore, being called a Development Round.


The bicentennial of the French Revolution happens to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the Iranian Revolution. While the first has been widely regarded as the quintessential social and transformative revolution, the second is problematical both theoretically and politically. Whereas the October Revolution was in many ways the vanguard revolution par excellence, the Iranian Revolution appears retrograde. In the Marxist view, revolution is an essential part of the forward march of history, a progressive step creating new social-productive relations as well as a new political system, consciousness and values. In this context, how might events in Iran be termed 'revolutionary'? Precisely what kind of a revolution transpired between 1977 and 1979 (and afterward)? Surely clerical rule cannot be regarded as progressive? In what sense, then, can we regard the Iranian Revolution as a step forward in the struggle for emancipation of the Iranian working classes? Clearly the Iranian Revolution presents itself as an anomaly.