Objective:To evaluate the microleakage of two adhesive cements routinely used for fiber-post bonding by the method of quantifying glucose.Methods:Thirty-two extracted single-rooted mandibular first premolars were divided in two experimental groups and two control groups(positive and negative control every one cases).The two experimental groups were restored using D.T. Light-post and the following luting agents:RelyXTM Unicem and Dulink.After one day of water stored at 37℃,each specimen was given a vertical load of 100Nwith 240thousand cycles by universal test(Instron,America),and then placed in microleakage detection model.The glucose concentration was detected after 3,4,10,17,31,38,and 73days,respectively.Results:All samples were detected the microleakage from the 17th day to the 38th day,and then the speed of microleakage was slowing down.There's no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion:There's no difference between RelyXTM Unicema and Dulink in microleakage after fi-ber-post bonding.


The standard LQR design technique is extended to systems with parametric uncertainty in the open-loop "A" matrix. This design, called the robust LQR (RLQR), guarantees the stability of the uncertain system, and the same level of performance robustness as standard LQR designs. To determine the properties of the RLQR design, simulations are performed on various mass-spring systems, and compared to a mismatched LQR controller, designed on the "nominal" system. These simulations show the RLQR design first reduces the length of the uncertain springs to their equilibrium value, so as to mitigate their effect on the dynamics of the system, and then regulates the system to the zero position. Additional control variables increase the performance robustness of the design. Simulations also show that disturbances are attenuated, even better than in the mismatched LQR design. The RLQR design differs from the standard LQR design in that two additional terms are added to the standard LQR cost functional. The first is interpreted as a weighted sum of the uncertain stored potential energies of the springs. The second is equivalent to a "worst-case" disturbance in the direction of the parametric uncertainty. We then show these interpretations hold in general structural systems with uncertain stiffness and damping matrices. We show that we are guaranteed better performance robustness than the mismatched LQR design. The price we pay is less robustness to high-frequency unstructured uncertainty. Also, we show that the design is conservative with respect to stability robustness. Thesis Supervisor: Michael Athans, Professor of Electrical Engineering Thesis Co-supervisor: Andreas von Flotow, Associate Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Acknowledgments I would like to thank my thesis supervisor, Professor Michael Athans, for his help and guidance over these last two years. He has helped direct me in my work, and shown the importance of my results in the "big picture." Professor Athans has also helped teach me how to properly present my work, both in oral presentations and on paper. I would also like to thank my thesis co-supervisor, Professor Andreas von Flotow, for his willingness to dedicate his time to my work on short notice. There are many other people who have offered me their technical guidance during this research. These include Professor Armando Rodriguez, who has been both my advisor and my friend; Douglas MacMartin, who belped me understand power dissipation in structural systems, and Leonard Lublin, who has helped me understand various aspects of structural systems; Dr. Daniel Miller, who has helped with various proofs; Dr. Dragan Obradovic and Ignacio Diaz-Bobillo, who have helped me better understand control theory. I would also like to thank the various friends I have made over these past two years. I would especially like to thank my officemate, John Wissinger, who has kept me inpired about research. The completion of this thesis marks my twentieth consecutive year in school. Therefore, I would like to dedicate this thesis to the students in my family. This research was carried out at the MIT Space Engineering Research Center with support from NASA Grant NAGW-1335 from NASA, Washington, D.C., with Mr. Samuel Vexineri serving as technical monitor.


An induction regimen consisting of dexamethasone, cytarabine, thioguanine, etoposide and daunorubucin (or rubidomycin), administered on an intensively-timed schedule as a form of timed-sequential therapy and used for the treatment of childhood acute myeloid leukemia.


Standard labor market models (e.g. search and matching) assume random hiring, i.e. workers are ex-ante identical and the individual job-finding probability is the same for all unemployed. In this paper, we develop a tractable model of selective hiring (with ex ante heterogeneous workers), which can be calibrated such that job-finding rate, unemployment and business cycle fluctuations are the same as in a random hiring model. However, our model implies starkly different welfare implications. Under selective hiring, unemployment delivers large welfare costs because the ex-ante heterogeneity makes some workers bear higher unemployment risks than others. Thus, optimal labor market policies look very different under random and selective hiring, with unemployment insurance being more generous in the latter case.


Along with the worsening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the US is simultaneously witnessing an insidious rise in drug-associated overdoses, now reaching a record high level.1 While the opioid epidemic has been at the forefront of addiction treatment, policy, and research in the recent past,2 the steady rise in stimulant use and associated deaths from drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine portend an extremely concerning future. As necessary next steps to curb these trends, more biopsychosocial research, stimulant-specific harm reduction methods, and adequate public health resource allocations are urgently needed. At present, opioid overdoses remain the most common drug-associated cause of mortality— claiming more than 130 lives daily in the US.3 However, stimulant-associated fatalities are not far behind. In 2018, overdoses involving cocaine killed nearly 40 US individuals daily—up from 10 daily deaths in 1999. From 2013 through 2018, the age-adjusted rate of cocaine-associated overdose fatalities nearly tripled—an increase by about 27% per year.4 Additionally, overdoses involving psychostimulants such as methamphetamine claimed nearly 35 lives daily—up from only 2 deaths per day in 1999. From 2012 through 2018, the age-adjusted fatality rate increased nearly 5-fold—a spike of roughly 30% per year. At the same time, illegally manufactured fentanyl, an extremely potent synthetic opioid, and its analogs, such as carfentanil, are increasingly and without users' awareness being mixed into stimulants, predisposing a greater risk of overdose and death. Data from 2019 from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that more than 3 in 10 overdose deaths involved both opioids and stimulants, while more than 1 in 10 deaths involved stimulants alone.5 Lockdowns, job losses, social isolation and disruption in health care services associated with COVID-19 may be exacerbating these trends. Disaggregating the demographic differences of stimulant uptake statistics is critical to nuanced public health interventions. For example, significant racial/ethnic disparities persist in stimulantassociated fatalities. From 2009 to 2018, the cocaine-associated death rate among non-Hispanic Black individuals was nearly double that of non-Hispanic White individuals and 3 times that of Hispanic individuals. Geographic differences are also striking. Stimulants are involved in more overdose deaths in Southern and Western states than in Northeastern and Midwestern ones.5 Additionally, substance use disorders disproportionately affect lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals compared with their heterosexual counterparts because of discrimination, stigma, and abuse based on sexual orientation or gender identity. Some studies estimate that 20% to 30% of the LGBTQ community misuses substances, compared with 9% of the general population. Attending to these specific population needs will be critical for effective policy design. It is essential to raise awareness about stimulant misuse in the US and build a roadmap to plateau (and hopefully reverse) the rise in stimulant use-associated overdose deaths. Although only a subset of people who use stimulants will be diagnosed with stimulant use disorders, therapies are limited. Current treatment mainstays for those diagnosed are largely psychosocial—including motivational interviewing, contingency management, community reinforcement approach, and cognitive behavioral therapy. A recent systematic review found that contingency management and a community reinforcement approach synergistically held the most promise in achieving abstinence.6 Author affiliations and article information are listed at the end of this article.


The first step toward solving the problems caused by an invasive alien species is to know the distribution of the species. However, species in underwater environments are difficult to investigate. The recent development of environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has made it possible to investigate the distribution of a target species simply by analyzing the DNA in the water. To date, few investigators have used eDNA detection of aquatic plants. We established an eDNA detection method for Egeria densa, an invasive aquatic plant species in Japan; used eDNA detection to survey the species in aquaria; and applied this method to water samples from 23 outdoor ponds. We also used visual observations of the ponds. The aquarium experiments revealed that the eDNA concentration in the water increased rapidly and peaked 1 or 2 d after starting the experiment, after which it decreased rapidly, reaching its lowest point on the 5th day. In the field surveys, we visually observed E. densa at 5 ponds, and the eDNA of E. densa was detected from the same 5 ponds. Thus, the eDNA results perfectly matched the observational results. Our work confirms that detection of aquatic plants by eDNA analysis is feasible.


Author(s): Gottlieb, Emily | Abstract: Our changing climate demands changes in public education. Middle school science classrooms are on the precipice of a great transition as recently published national science education standards are calling for the integration of climate change into their curricula. These changes present great opportunities for innovations in the structure of middle school science lessons and equally great challenges for middle school teachers who will be faced with the task of disseminating the complex and nuanced topic of climate change in a way that will engage their students. I designed a professional development workshop for middle school teachers on the topic of ocean acidification. Ocean acidification, a clear and measurable change happening in the ocean, can be directly linked to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Teaching about changes, such as ocean acidification, that are happening to the ocean, may be an effective way to engage a young audience in the topic of climate change. The workshop was developed mindful of the current and emerging advances in science education and education research. The workshop was designed firstly to provide educators with the tools and resources to teach about ocean acidification and secondly to begin to answer questions about how to effectively educate teachers about teaching climate change. Furthermore, this project may serve as a model for potential future integration of climate science research and public education.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine best practices of worldwide country web sites, evaluated in 2003, 2005 and 2008 by the United Nations (UN).Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs statistical analysis to determine whether the electronic innovation (digitized government) exhibits linear (unitary) or curvilinear (S‐type) processes in relation to four theories of information technology (IT) and social change.Findings – The findings are bifurcated between 2003 and 2008. In the aggregate (highest scores), worldwide countries are responding to the value‐added qualities of digitized government, defined as the transactions of e‐government and the interactions of e‐governance. Yet, the disaggregate (first adopter) best practices data reveal significant downward trends between those survey years, especially, among Organization for Economic Cooperation (OECD) countries. The findings indicate that neither electronic dimension predicts the other's course. They also suggest that dual curvilinea...


Pneumopipe is a patented device for breath collection on cartridge. Its evolution towards a portable device for mobile breath analysis in points-of-care or at home, pass through the embedding of the device with sensors for the improvement of the collection process and for a 'preview' breath analysis. Here cyclic voltammetry has been designed and tested, with a specific low-power and low-size electronics, in order to monitor carbon dioxide and oxygen in exhaled breath during collection. The results are promising and the sensors will be integrated in the Pneumopipe, also allowing electrochemical breath analysis in liquids, as already demonstrated in a previous work.


The authors would like to acknowledge the research funding which was partly financially supported by Eliquo Hydrok UK Ltd, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the European Commission (grant number 308672), and STREAM Industrial Doctorate Centre (IDC). Technical support provided by the staff of Eliquo Hydrok UK Ltd, University of Exeter, and Cranfield University is gratefully acknowledged.


Mucopolysaccharide-protein containing material has been demonstrated histochemically in large globules of a gastrin-like activity producing Zollinger-Ellison tumour. Close contact of these globules to capillaries and smaller blood vessels suggests the presence of some endocrine material which may be related to the hormone of this tumour.


Control charts are used to control the process statistically and as the instruments that considered which the process is in control statistically or not. Shewhart control charts use only the information enclosed in the last plotted point and they ignore information given by the sequence of all points. This feature makes Shewhart control charts relatively insensitive to small changes in the process, in the order of 1,5σ. Cusum and EWMA control charts are ones of the control charts were recommended as the alternative of Shewhart control charts. This research presents a comparative study of the Cusum and EWMA control charts performance in detecting small changes in the process average. Starting from the data of a productive process, several series were simulated. Cusum and EWMA control charts were used to determine the average run length (ARL). ARL found by each chart which was then, compared. ARL is expected number of samples are necessary in the process until appearing the first out of control point. From the study and analyzed, it was observed that the Cusum control chart practically did not detect shift of the mean for the levels of variation less than 1σ. For these


High Resolution Range Profiles (HRRPs) are widely used in the field of Radar Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR). An exhaustive set of classification algorithms can be found in the scientific literature but it is not common to find the description of the architectures capable of generating range profiles. This work proposes a specific scheme of a 1-D high resolution imaging radar for maritime target recognition: it exploits pseudo-random radar waveforms which are well known for their properties in terms of Peak to Side Lobe Ratio (PSLR) and Auto-Correlation Function (ACF). Great emphasis is put on the high level system specifications. A description of the real time processing scheme is also introduced and the "proof of concept" is validated by a laboratory experiment.


The present research contributes new empirical research, theory, and prototyping toward developing implicit user-adaptive techniques for system engagement based exclusively on speech amplitude and pen pressure. The results reveal that people will spontaneously adapt their communicative energy level reliably, substantially, and in different modalities to designate and repair an intended interlocutor in a computer-mediated group setting. Furthermore, this sole behavior can be harnessed to achieve system engagement accuracies in the 75 - 86 % range. In short, there was a high level of correct system engagement based exclusively on implicit cues in users' energy level during communication.


aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago *Corresponding author: John M. Davis, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612 (firstname.lastname@example.com). J Clin Psychiatry 2016;77(5):e590 dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15com10367 © Copyright 2016 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc. I is very difficult to get information on uncommon side effects from clinical trials. Various electronic datasets, such as prescription or billing databases, offer opportunities to get some data. Wu and collaborators1 mined the National Health Insurance program in Taiwan in a sophisticated and methodologically sound analysis to measure the incidence of seizures associated with the use of antipsychotics. They eliminated seizures caused by known diseases, and while that cannot be accomplished perfectly, it offers assurance that the data were not massively driven by the underlying medical disease. The incidence of seizures is about 0.01 per personyear, so this event is uncommon but not rare. There was a trend (P = .06) for second-generation antipsychotics to be associated with a lower risk of seizures. Even with data on almost 300,000 patients or 60,000 person-years, some drugs caused only a few seizures, rendering estimates for many individual drugs unreliable. After the discovery of chlorpromazine, the pharmaceutical industry developed drugs that were more potent in animal models or at blocking dopamine receptors. Most of the drugs that had a slightly higher seizure incidence in the present study, such as chlorprothixene, thioridazine, clozapine, zotepine, and chlorpromazine, were used in high-milligram doses (and were older drugs). This list roughly corresponds to the observational studies done in the 1950s and 1960s, when the older drugs were studied.2 The exception was haloperidol, though the authors suggest this finding may have resulted from a difference in haloperidol metabolism in the Han Chinese versus westerners, as this observation was not found in the WHO pharmacovigilance database. The lowest incidence of seizures was seen with aripiprazole and was based on just 7 cases. The limiting factor on statistical reliability of individual drugs was the number of seizure cases. Causation should not be inferred from observational data sets. A variety of known epidemiologic biases as well as unknown biases can limit the accuracy of inferences from observational data. The event may be due in a variable degree to predisposing factors of the individual receiving the drug, and that in part determines who may be prescribed the drug. In the study by Wu et al, disorders associated with seizures (mental retardation, autism, alcohol or substance abuse), the presence of chronic renal failure, and the administration of anticonvulsants were associated with a higher incidence of seizures. Individuals with schizophrenia also showed a higher incidence of seizures, possibly due to the larger doses of antipsychotics required. Another area of bias is cognitive bias. Cognitive biases have been carefully studied by psychologists and behavioral economists, and their existence is documented in a number of controlled studies.3 Indeed, the Nobel Prize in economics was awarded to the psychologist Daniel Kahneman because of the importance of this research to economics. Humans have difficulty evaluating uncommon and rare events. They dismiss such occurrences by assuming they will not occur, or, if such events do occur (and particularly if the event is dramatic), then humans expect such events to occur more commonly than is warranted by the data. Humans can dismiss a rare event, assuming it so rare that it will virtually never happen, but some events can be important, albeit uncommon. Pharmacovigilance then calls attention to events that are considered vanishingly rare but are simply uncommon. In Wu and colleagues' analysis, there were no surprises, but that is worth knowing. Having an approximate estimate of occurrence and knowing the modest differences between drugs provide perspective and help prevent dismissing the possibility of seizure or overemphasizing it.


Disclosed is a ball bonding coated copper wires to provide a ball bonding coated copper wire that can avoid a disadvantage due to the oxidation of Cu or Cu alloy core material during ball-up after tear. A copper - a core material consisting of phosphorus alloy, an intermediate layer made of palladium or platinum on a core material, to be a bonding wire having a skin layer made of gold or silver on the intermediate layer a coated copper wire, wherein. .BACKGROUND


To explore t he advantage of implanting stents in treati ng multiple biliary/pancreatic stenos is via endoscopic retrograde cholangiaopancr eatography. Methods: Patients underwent ERCP to precisely unde rstand the location, degree and exten t of the biliary pancreatic stenoses and t o implant the stents. Clinical improve ment change in blood amylase concentratio n, recession of jaundice, prolongation of ductal patency and mean survival time all attested to the efficacy of the pro cedure. Results: The s tents were shown to be patent for a mean duration of 7 months and the mean surv ival was 10 months after the procedure. Th ere were no severe procedure-related complications and mortality. Con clusions:The result s showed the superiority of implanting mult iple stents for relieving benign or malignant biliary/ pancreatic obstruction o ver the conventional single stent.


The porous titanium sheet of 0.5 mm thickness was developed by the method of doctor blade using the spherical titanium powder with high quality. In this study, material properties of the Ti sheet were investigated by various evaluation methods. The properties investigated are porosity, mean pore diameter, tensile strength, deflective strength, bubble point pore diameter and air flow rate characteristic. This sheet made from spherical powder can keep its original particle shape and point contact each other by selecting the optimum sintering temperature. When the sintering temperature goes up, its porosity becomes lower than 45%. Tensile strength and deflective strength increase linearly with reducing the porosity, and can reach more than 100 MPa. Bubble point pore diameter ranges from 32 to 44μm. Differential pressure of this sheet by air flow is lower than that of the filter made from the irregular shape powder, and it can be further decreased by reducing the thickness of the sheet. The results mentioned above suggest that this porous titanium sheet has the excellent characteristics as the sintered metal filter.


With the arrival of knowledge economy,the development of educ at ion industry becomes necessary and feasible.Currently there exists great investi ng potential in education as seller's market,hence the great developing potentia l.


In this paper the results of an experimental investigation on glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) centrifugated transmission utility poles are discussed. The study is principally aimed to analyze the effect of manufacturing process on the mechanical properties of the poles. The results of the experimental investigation are especially concerned with the analysis of some parameters that mostly affect the tensile behavior of the poles in terms of stiffness and strength; among these, physical parameters such as glass percentage and thickness, and mechanical parameters such as longitudinal modulus and tensile strength are considered. The analysis evidenced the high quality of the manufacturing process in providing a product that has low tolerances in the experimental values of dimensional and tensile properties of the poles. An effective stiffness is defined to model satisfactorily the experimental tensile response and to provide a design tool for the mechanical properties of the poles. This parameter, which directly includes the dependency on glass content and thickness values, appears an effective tool in the prediction of the poles' structural response.


Objective To detect the expression of Bcl-2 in human hepatoma cell line HepG2 treated with astragalus polysaccharides(APS) and/or SCA.Methods The expression levels of Bcl-2 were measured by Western blot in HepG2 treated with different concentration of APS and SCA.Results Treated with APS or SCA,the expression of Bcl-2 in HepG2 were decreased significantly compared to the con- trols.The expression of Bcl-2 was degraded significantly mostly treated with APS combine with SCA.Conclusions The expression levels of Bcl-2 is degraded in HepG2 treated with APS and SCA.


The research on the Juridical Analysis of A Default Suit of Plot Sale and Purchase Agreement against Pt. Sarwo Indah Granted by the Verdict of Sleman District Court No.96/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Slmn is aimed at identifying the factors serving as the basis of Judge�s consideration in granting the default suit of plot sale and purchase agreement against Pt. Sarwo Indah and the legal consequences of the default suit of plot sale and purchase agreement against PT. Sarwo Indah granted by the Verdict of Sleman District Court No.96/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Slmn.
This research belongs to a normative-juridical research, that is a research conducted through library and documentary research in order to obtain secondary data, consisting of primary law materials, secondary law materials and tertiary law materials. The obtained data were then analyzed qualitatively using descriptive method.
The results of research on the verdict of Sleman District Court No.96/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Slmn indicate that the default suit of plot sale and purchase agreement against PT. Sarwo Indah was granted because the Plaintiffs did not receive the certificate of ownership on land and building which had been bought by the Plaintiffs. The Judge�s consideration in granting the suit was because during the trial PT. Sarwo Indah did not fulfill its obligation by not processing the issuance of the certificate of ownership on land and building which had been bought by the Plaintiffs.
The legal consequence of the granted default suit is that the preliminary sale and purchase agreement made by the Plaintiffs and the Defendant is valid and pursuant to the prevailing law. Therefore, the content of the agreement must be fulfilled, particularly the Defendant must process the issuance of the certificate of ownership on land and building which had been bought by the Plaintiffs. However, the verdict has not been put into effect because the Defendant was declared bankrupt by the Semarang Commercial Court.


Previously, we reported that the yeast cytoplasmic thiol peroxidase type II isoform (cTPx II), a member of the TSA/AhpC family, showed a very low peroxidase activity when compared with other cytoplasmic yeast isoforms, and that cTPx II mutant (cTPx IIΔ) showed a severe growth retardation compared with that of the wild-type cells. To reveal the physiological function of cTPx II in yeast cell growth, we searched for proteins which react with cTPx II. In this study, we identified a novel interaction between cTPx II and CSR1p using the yeast two-hybrid system. CSR1p (SFH2p) has been known to be one member of Sec14 homologous (SFH2) proteins. SFH2p exhibits phosphatidylinositol transfer protein activity. Interestingly, we found that cTPx II selectively bound to SFH2p among the five types of SFH proteins and Sec14p. The interaction required the dimerization of cTPx II. In addition, SFH2p also specifically bound to cTPx II among the yeast thiol peroxidase isoforms. The selective interaction of the dimer form of cTPx II (the oxidized form) with SFH2p was also confirmed by glutathione S-transferase pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays. The growth retardation, clearly reflected by the length of the lag phase, of cTPx IIΔ was rescued by deleting SFH2p in the cTPx IIΔ strain. The SFH2Δ strain did not show any growth retardation. In addition, the double mutant showed a higher susceptibility to oxidative stress. This finding provides the first in vivo demonstration of the specific interaction of cTPx II with SFH2p in an oxidative stress-sensitive manner and a novel physiological function of the complex of cTPx II and SFH2p.


Criticality dosimeters were exposed to different degraded neutron and gamma-ray energy spectra from the Los Alamos Solution High Energy Burst Assembly (SHEBA). The liquid critical test assembly was operated in the continuous mode to provide a mixed source of neutron and gamma-ray radiation for the evaluation of Los Alamos criticality detector systems. Different neutron and gamma-ray spectra were generated by operating the reactor (a) shielded by 12 cm of Lucite, (b) unshielded, (c) shielded by 20 cm of concrete, and (d) shielded by 15 cm of steel. This report summarizes the dosimetry measurements conducted for these different configurations. In-air measurements were conducted with shielded and unshielded area and personnel dosimeters. Phantom measurements were made using personnel dosimeters. Combined blood-sodium and hair sulfur activation measurements of absorbed dose were also made. In addition, indium foils placed on phantoms were evaluated for the purpose of screening personnel for radiation exposure.


ZnSe and ZnSe:Mn nanocrystals were obtained by combustion synthesis (self-propagating high-temperature synthesis) using current pulses to initiate a reaction with amplitudes of ∼35 A and ∼40 A. The magnitude of the amplitude of the current pulse affects the size of the nanocrystals, their phase composition, the ratio of the cubic and hexagonal phases, the degree of microstresses and the density of dislocations. The inclusion of Mn dopants into ZnSe has little effect on the nanocrystal morphology and strongly influences the morphology of polycrystals. An EPR spectrum of Mn2+ ions with a hyperfine structure constant A = 6.55 mТ and a g-factor g = 2.0055, which is due to Mn2+ ions in a cubic environment, was found in self-activated and doped ZnSe and ZnSe: Mn nanocrystals. It was found that increasing the amplitude of the current pulse, which initiates the combustion synthesis reaction, increases the intensity of the diffusion processes and more effective isovalent substitution of Zn2+ ions by Mn2+ ions in the crystal lattice of ZnSe nanocrystals. The photoluminescence spectra of ZnSe and ZnSe:Mn nanocrystals were investigated, and individual emission bands were detected in the integral spectra. There were three such individual bands in the photoluminescence spectrum of ZnSe nanocrystals. Their maxima were characterized using the following parameters: λ max = 592 nm (E = 2.095 eV), λ max = 543 nm (E = 2.282 eV), and λ max = 505 nm (E = 2.455 eV). Six individual emission bands were detected in the photoluminescence spectra of ZnSe:Mn nanocrystals with the parameters: λ max = 675. 5 nm (E = 1.835 eV), λ max = 642.5 nm (E = 1.929 eV), λ max = 613 nm (E = 2.022 eV), λ max = 583.5 nm (E = 2.124 eV), λ max = 550 nm (E = 2.255 eV), λ max = 528.5 nm (E = 2.345 eV). This paper discusses the nature of the centers of radiative recombination of individual bands.


Two international severe accident benchmark problems have been performed recently by using several existing parametric severe accident codes: The Benchmark Study of the Accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (BSAF) and the Benchmark of the In-Vessel Melt Retention (IVMR) Analysis of a VVER-1000 Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). The BSAF project was organized by the Nuclear Power Engineering Center (NUPEC) of the Institute of Applied Energy (IAE) in Japan for the three Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) of the Fukushima NPP. The IVMR Project was organized by the Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European Commission (EC) in Holland (Europe) for a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). The obtained results of both projects have shown very large discrepancies between the used severe accident codes for both reactor types BWR and PWR. Consequently, the results for a real plant analysis by these integral codes, may not be correct after the beginning of core melt. Discrepancies of results of ex-vessel phenomena in the containment between the codes are in general larger. Therefore, there is a strong need for a reliable new generation mechanistic severe accident code which can simulate severe accident scenarios from an initiating event till containment failure with better accuracy not only for existing light water reactors but also for new generation IV reactor types. SAMPSON mechanistic ex-vessel modules coupled with SCDAPSIM and a new thermal-hydraulic module ASYST-ISA with particularly newly developed options for the reactor coolant system (RCS) and material properties applicable to new reactor deigns, is proposed as a best etimate new generation severe accident code for several reasons which are described in this paper.Keywords: Severe accident, SAMPSON, SCDAPSIM, ASYST-ISA, Steam explosion, Hydrogen detonation


Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) constitute important, promising, efficient, and environmental-friendly methods developed to principally remove persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from waters and wastewaters. Generally, AOPs are based on the in situ generation of a powerful oxidizing agent, such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH), obtained at a sufficient concentration to effectively decontaminate waters. This critical review presents a precise and overall description of the recent literature (period 1990–2012) concerning the main types of AOPs, based on chemical, photochemical, sonochemical, and electrochemical reactions. The principles, performances, advantages, drawbacks, and applications of these AOPs to the degradation and destruction of POPs in aquatic media and to the treatment of waters and waste waters have been reported and compared.


Objective To assess the value of MRI in diagnosis of bone contusion of knee joint.Methods A total of 42 patients with acute knee joint injuries from Juanury 2007 to December 2007 whose X-ray radiographs were negtive results received MRI examination.Among them,there were 29 case male and 13 female(ages 13-70,average 38.8 year old).All patients were examined by MRI within 5 days after injury.TOSHIBA Excel ART 1.5T MRI was performed for knee coil 10°-15° oblique sagittal scan and coronal scan with T2-weighted images(T2WI),T1-weighted images(T1WI)and T2WI with fat suppressed sequence.Results In 42 patients with bone contusion of knee joint injuries,22 cases were simple bone contusion,and 20 cases were multiple bone contusion.Among them,16 case complicated with ligament injury;39 cases complicated with hydrops of articular cavity;4 cases complicated with occult fracture.A total of 108 foci were revealed.The characteristics of MRI were to appear patchy geographic regeons of abnormal signal intensity.T1WI appeared low signal intensity and T2WI appeared higher signal intensity,and their margins were poorly defined.T2WI with fat suppressed sequence appeared high intensity,and the margin was well defined.Six cases appeared "Kissing" sigh.Four cases of occult fractures showed linear high signal intensity in T2WI with fat suppressed sequence extending to the inferior articular cartilage surface.Conclusions MRI is very important in the diagnosis of bone contusion of knee joint.


Content changes of chlorophyll in Momordica Charantia L. under different microwave processing conditions were studied by response surface analysis and the corresponding regression models were also set up too. The results showed that microwave power and microwave processing time had tremely significant influences on chlorophyll, but section thickness and sample load had no significant influences. The influencing level of every factors put in order from high to low was as follows: microwave power, microwave processing time, section thickness, sample load. The interactions between the factors were as follows: there was some interaction between microwave power and microwave processing time, microwave processing time and sample load; there was no obviously interaction between microwave power and section thickness, microwave power and sample load, microwave processing time and section thickness, section thickness and sample load.


The current stage of development of zonal farming systems in the Central Black Earth region involves the creation of balanced, highly productive, and sustainable agricultural landscapes, maximally adapted to the natural conditions of the region and ensuring the preservation and improvement of soil fertility. The solution to the problem of reproduction of soil fertility in traditional agriculture is associated with the use of a large number of energy-intensive resources and, first of all, irreplaceable ones. However, the level and direction of soil/biological processes are not sufficiently taken into account, whereas they to a certain extent ensure the reproduction of soil fertility. In this regard, the problem of the formation of the scientific foundations of the reproduction of soil fertility through the integrated use of methods of biologization of agriculture in the Central Black Earth Region and the activation on this basis of the soil/biological factor in the long-used chernozems acquires special importance. The purpose of the study is to review the changes in soil fertility indicators in conditions of biological agriculture. The paper presents the results of a study to determine changes in soil fertility indicators in typical chernozem of the Belgorod region (Russia) in a field experiment with various technologies of crop cultivation. The study demonstrates the regularities of the transformation of the fertility of chernozem. In terms of its fertilizing efficiency, compost in the applied norm turned out to be equivalent to a half dose of mineral fertilizers since both variants under consideration provided equivalent increases in the corn yield. The full dose of mineral fertilizers on the background of organic matter turned out to be excessive since its introduction did not contribute to a reliable increase in corn productivity.


Over the past few decades different Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) algorithms have been developed to effectively deal with the various types of backgrounds (noise/stationary clutter) that are encountered. However, any single algorithm is likely to be inadequate in a dynamically changing environment. A solution for this problem is presented in this paper which is to design partially reconfigurable hardware architecture for CFAR signal processor which can switch between multiple CFAR algorithms. Novel hardware architectures for the computationally extensive algorithms Cell Average (CA), Ordered Statistics (OS) and Trimmed Mean (TM) CFAR has been developed which are efficient and simple, with low developmental cost. The partially reconfigurable (PR) CFAR processor has been ported on a Virtex-6SX240t FPGA using the ML605 board. The processor was tested on moving target indicator (MTI) processed data from a ServiceableTA-10K radar.


Smartongue is a voltammetric electronic tongue, based on a non-specific sensors array and one special voltammetry, so called multi-frequency large amplitude pulse voltammetry (MLAPV), which made its responding signals have much overlapping information. Three non-linear multivariate data analysis methods, Kernel principal component analysis (Kernel PCA), Locally linear Embedding (LLE) and Sammon mapping, were used to dig the information from the collecting data of Smartongue. One linear data analysis method, normal principal component analysis (PCA) and the discrimination index (DI value) were applied as the reference method and as the quantitative indicator to evaluate the discrimination ability. The results indicated that three non-linear data processing methods exhibited much more feasible and efficient than PCA in Smartongue. Sammon mapping is the most suitable non-linear method to process data in Smartongue. It was able to extract the useful information from the raw data and to classify three bitter solutions, six artificial green tea products and five milk powder solutions by means of the storage time well. Sammon mapping will be a very promising data processing technique for voltammetry electronic tongue.


We use the theory of tunnel number 1 knots introduced in an earlier paper to strengthen the Tunnel Leveling Theorem of Goda, Scharlemann, and Thompson. This yields considerable information about bridge numbers of tunnel number 1 knots. In particular, we calculate the minimum bridge number of a knot as a function of the maximum depth invariant d of its tunnels. The growth of this value is on the order of (1 + 2) d , which improves known estimates of the rate of growth of bridge number as a function of the Hempel distance of the associated Heegaard splitting. We also find the maximum bridge number as a function of the number of cabling constructions needed to produce the tunnel, showing in particular that the maximum bridge number of a knot produced by n cabling constructions is the (n + 2) nd Fibonacci number. Finally, we examine the special case of the "middle" tunnels of torus knots.


The effect of cubane side chains on polymer properties is rarely explored. Here, the synthesis of a 2-oxazoline monomer having a cubane moiety in the 2-position is reported. Cationic ring-opening polymerization gives the corresponding poly(2-oxazoline). However, homopolymerization only yields oligomeric species that were found to be insoluble in a wide range of solvents. Soluble polymers are obtained by copolymerization of the cubane containing monomer with 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline. The resulting copolymers show thermoresponsive behaviour in aqueous solution with a cloud point temperature that varies with copolymer composition. The methyl ester functionality of the cubane containing monomer can be used for side-chain modifications via a direct amidation post-polymerization modification reaction.


The development of information and communication technology (ICT) brings change in all lines of life. 21st century Learners live in a digital environment full of information flows. Many negaries reform the objectives and practice of education due to the influence of ICT development and various forms of educational innovation. The greatest hope of educational innovation is the support and integration of ICT in the learning process, thus enhancing the quality of student learning experience. The characteristics of 21st century students are very different from previous era students. In the 21st century one must have four skills (communication, colaboration, critical Thinking and problem Sorving and Creativity and Innovation). This skill has always been reflected in the learning that will be implemented by a professional teacher, by having the competence of pedagogic, professional, personality, and social competence.


The generation of poloidal magnetic field in an inhomogeneous cold, collisionless plasma by an elliptically polarized Gaussian laser beam is discussed. A field in the range of megagauss is induced by the laser inhomogeneity effect even for a normal incident beam. This field scales as I 0 λ, where I 0 and λ are the intensity and wavelength of the laser beam, respectively, and is independent of the density profile structure. The small angular correction factor due to focal spot asymmetry scales as ∼ I 0 λ 3 and may be significant for a small-sized plasma with a steep density profile. The limitation of our model is discussed, with possible implications.


This paper presents the design of MPPT-current fed push-pull converter. Because of the high step-up transformer ratio and the transformer works at high frequencies, the converter is suitable for low voltage photovoltaic applications. Photovoltaic is a renewable energy that has several advantages, i.e., no pollution (no emissions), no noise, little maintenance and an abundant resource. The photovoltaic used in this study was 300Wp with a DC Bus of 400V. To optimize the working of photovoltaic used MPPT technique. The MPPT technique chosen is Perturbation and Observe. In the proposed converter, an inductor installed on the input side serves as a voltage boost so that the transformer ratio is not too high.


(1) y + a1xy + a3y = x 3 + a2x 2 + a4x + a6, where ai ∈ K, the cubic in (1) is nonsingular, and where O is the "point at infinity" of the cubic. The points of E defined over K form a group E(K), where A + B is calculated as follows: [The diagram explaining the addition of points on elliptic curves is not repreoduced here.] The theorem of Mordell-Weil states that if K is a number field, then E(K) is finitely generated. Thus we have


We present a detailed theory of a general formalism of a nonlinear JC-model. In particular we explicitly take into account forms of nonlinearities of both the field and the intensity-dependent atom-field coupling and study the properties of the fluorescence spectrum in this system. The exact solution for time-dependence of the atom-field system is obtained, by means of which we analyze the analytic form of the fluorescence spectrum produced by an atom in an ideal cavity using the transitions among the dressed states of the system. We investigate the influences of the nonlinearities on the fluorescence spectrum, for initial squeezed, thermal and coherent states. It is shown that features of the fluorescence spectrum are significantly influenced by the kinds of nonlinearities of the single-mode field.


ABSTRACT Just as accountability policies have led to increased levels of teacher data use, teachers have begun to increase the extent to which students track and analyse data about their own learning. Although some might argue that such "student-involved data use" (SIDU) might empower or motivate students to take charge of their own learning (e.g. planning or goal setting), others might see it as unduly pressuring youngsters. Because research about this practise is nascent, it is unknown how or why teachers might engage in this practise. Leveraging a sense-making lens, we employed qualitative methods to explore these issues with teachers in 11 elementary school classrooms in Texas. Findings describe teachers' strategies for engaging students with data, as well as their beliefs that SIDU was beneficial to student reflection, learning, motivation and teachers' instructional practises. We conclude by positing considerations for future research and leadership.


The use of correct data and information, on the basis of which financial and strategic decisions are made, is the basis for health care management, at government and local level. HZA research as well as later analyses have found that there are significant differences in health between Croatian regions. For strategic management of health and health methods the comparisons between regional, state and inter-state standardized indicators offer crucial information necessary for determining what is important, choosing priorities and establishing good "macro policies on micro level". The purpose of this work was to examine how the results of Croatian health survey are used in resource planning in health care institutes in the Counties. The results have shown that only 32% of respondents used the results of HZA in their planning. The conclusion is that it is difficult to have an efficient planning on the local level with only 32% of respondents, and even more difficult to save as planned by the budget.


A thin semiconducting NiO film is exposed to NO2 at room temperature. This exposure causes a work function change at the surface of the film due to adsorption of the NO2 molecules. It is found that there is a strong dependence of the adsorptivity, i.e., the amount of work function change per unit time, on the magnitude of an electrical field that is applied perpendicular to the film surface. This induced adsorptivity change is known as the electroadsorptive effect. In order to modulate the adsorptivity significantly, the electrical field strength must exceed 104 V/cm. This requirement can be achieved by using hybrid suspended gate field effect transistors with an air gap height below 1 μm.


The goal of a hatchery is a high hatchability and a good chick quality, resulting in a good performance in later life. To optimize embryo development during incubation and thereby chick quality, incubation conditions need to be controlled and adapted to the requirements of the embryo. Temperature has been shown to be of major importance for optimal embryo development and growth (French, 1994). A constant eggshell temperature (EST) of 37.8°C until day 18 of incubation has been shown to be the optimal temperature to gain the lowest embryo mortality, highest hatchability and optimal embryo development, expressed in a longer chick length, and higher yolk free body mass (YFBM) at day of hatch (Lourens et al., 2005). However, little is known about the effect of applying different eggshell temperatures, simultaneously with different CO 2-levels from day 18 till 21 of incubation on embryo physiology, development, and chick quality. Therefore, it can be speculated that when eggshell temperatures lower or higher than 37.8°C in combination with different CO 2-levels are applied during the last 4 days of incubation, an effect can be found on embryo physiology, development, and subsequent chick quality. The experiment was designed as a 3x2 experimental design with 3 EST (36.7, 37.8 or 38.9°C) and 2 CO 2-levels (2,000ppm or 10,000ppm) from day 18 till 21 of incubation. A total of 600 first grade hatching eggs (62-65 grams; Ross 308 prime flock), were used. Until day 18, eggs were incubated at an eggshell temperature of 37.8°C in a HT-combi incubator with the capacity of 4,800 eggs (HatchTech BV, Veenendaal, the Netherlands). From day 18 until day 21 of incubation, three EST and 2 CO 2-levels were applied.


Objective To investigate the application effects of path management in intravenous infusion on patients with blood diseases.Methods A total of 400 cases in the department of hematology in our hospital were enrolled from January to October 2009.They were randomly divided into the control group(n=200;49 patients with common blood diseases,and 151 patients with hematologic malignancies) and the intervention group(n=200;47 patients with common blood diseases,and 153 patients with hematologic malignancies).The patients in the control group were given conventional intravenous infusion,and the patients in the intervention group were given individualized intravenous therapy via path management.The complications after venipuncture and the patients′ satisfaction were observed.Results The incidence of complications after venipuncture in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P0.05).The patients′ satisfaction with intravenous infusion was also significantly promoted in the intervention group compared with that in the control group(P0.05).Conclusion Application of individualized intravenous therapy via path management can reduce the incidence of complications after venipuncture in the patients with blood diseases and improve their satisfaction.


Abstract: Compared with the analysis of Fully Contained Events andPartially Contained Events occurring inside the detector in Super-Kamiokande for the invest igation of the neutrino oscillation, the analysis of the Upward Stopping Muon Events andUpward Through Going Muon Events occurring outside the detector is much easier, although the quality of the experim ental data is inferior to the former. We analyze neutrino events occurring outside the detector by the compu ter numerical experiment. As the result of it, we find that our "experimental" data are neither agree with th e null oscillation nor agree with oscillation.


This thesis is on chronic neck pain after a rear impact car injury, so called whiplash associated disorder (WAD). Three empirical studies using positron emission tomography (PET) with different rad ...


A device for measuring water content of wood was developed. The measurement method is based on a vibration technique. The device consists of two piezoelectric elements: one for exciting a wood sample and another for receiving the resultant vibration. Use of piezoelectric elements allows the design of a smaller and more cost-effective device than the previously tested system using a laser Doppler vibrometer and a vibration shaker. Two cylindrical wood samples of Cercidiphyllum japonicum with different water contents were used for testing. Linear relationships were obtained between the water content of wood samples and the inverse of their resonance frequencies.


The theoretical global and local electrophilicity patterns of substituted and chelated 4-oxo-4H-benzopyran-3-carbaldehydes (formylchromones) have been evaluated using the electrophilicity index proposed by Parr et al [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1922]. The complexation of formylchromones with aluminum predicts a strong electrophilic character of these compounds against nucleophiles. Local response at the active sites may also be assessed in terms of a global contribution described by the global electrophilicity, and a local contribution described by the variations in electrophilic Fukui function at those sites. The highest local electrophilicity is found at the formyl group of the chelated formylchromones, in spite of that, the highest positive charge is located on the pyrone carbonyl group. This result is consistent with the experimental observed reactivity displayed by 4-oxo-4H-benzopyran-3-carbaldehydes in the presence of 2-propanol and alumina


Abstract This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism under the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and identify the potential biomarkers for predicting the risk of SAH. Differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs), microRNAs, and lncRNAs were screened. Protein–protein interaction (PPI), drug–gene, and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed to determine candidate RNAs. The optimized RNAs signature was established using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and recursive feature elimination algorithms. A total of 124 SAH-related DEGs were identified, and were enriched in inflammatory response, TNF signaling pathway, and others. PPI network revealed 118 hub genes such as TNF, MMP9, and TLR4. Drug–gene network revealed that chrysin targeted more genes, such as TNF and MMP9. JMJD1C-AS-hsa-miR-204-HDAC4/SIRT1 and LINC01144-hsa-miR-128-ADRB2/TGFBR3 regulatory axes were found from ceRNA network. From these networks, 125 candidate RNAs were obtained. Of which, an optimal 38 RNAs signatures (2 lncRNAs, 1 miRNA, and 35 genes) were identified to construct a Support Vector Machine classifier. The predictive value of 38 biomarkers had an AUC of 0.990. Similar predictive performance was found in external validation dataset (AUC of 0.845). Our findings provided the potential for 38 RNAs to serve as biomarkers for predicting the risk of SAH. However, their application values should be further validated in clinical.


Wildfire is a natural phenomenon with substantial economic consequences, and its management is complex, dynamic, and rife with incentive problems. This article reviews the contribution of economics to our understanding of wildfire and highlights remaining knowledge gaps. We first summarize economic impacts to illustrate scale and trends. We then focus on wildfire management in three phases: mitigation before fires occur, response during fires, and response after fires. The literature highlights economic interdependencies and spillover effects across fire-prone landscapes as the source of economic inefficiencies and motivation for public institutional response. The literature illustrates the complexity of this problem with its myriad threads, including the trade-offs of living in fire-prone environments, the prospects for using controlled fire and mechanical fuel removal for reducing wildfire severity, the decision-making environment that firefighters face, and the economic consequences of wildfire smoke on health. Economics provides valuable insights, but fundamental questions remain unanswered. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


Large single crystals of optical quality of monoclinic ethylenediammonium bis(hydrogensuccinate) were grown from aqueous solutions. An X-ray structure analysis yielded space group P2 1 /c, a 1 = 5.358(1), a 2 = 12.947(3), a 3 = 9.608(2) A, α 2 = 95.26(2)°, Z = 2, Q calc = 1.483(1); Q obs = 1.481(2) g cm −3 . This acid succinate salt can be classified as type B 2 salt. The structure contains short hydrogen bonds between adjacent succinate ions which form periodic bond chains along [201]. The length of the short hydrogen bond is 2.581(1) A. The chains are interconnected by hydrogen bonds via the ethylenediammonium cations forming a three-dimensional network. The thermal expansion was studied between 230 and 350 K


Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) causes a high number (more than 800,000) of deaths worldwide each year. Better methods for early diagnosis and the development of strategies to enhance the efficacy of the therapeutic approaches used to complement or substitute surgical removal of the tumor are urgently needed. Currently available pharmacological armamentarium provides very moderate benefits to patients due to the high resistance of tumor cells to respond to anticancer drugs. The present review summarizes and classifies into seven groups the cellular and molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance (MOC) accounting for the failure of CRC response to the pharmacological treatment. Abstract The unsatisfactory response of colorectal cancer (CRC) to pharmacological treatment contributes to the substantial global health burden caused by this disease. Over the last few decades, CRC has become the cause of more than 800,000 deaths per year. The reason is a combination of two factors: (i) the late cancer detection, which is being partially solved by the implementation of mass screening of adults over age 50, permitting earlier diagnosis and treatment; (ii) the inadequate response of advanced unresectable tumors (i.e., stages III and IV) to pharmacological therapy. The latter is due to the existence of complex mechanisms of chemoresistance (MOCs) that interact and synergize with each other, rendering CRC cells strongly refractory to the available pharmacological regimens based on conventional chemotherapy, such as pyrimidine analogs (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, trifluridine, and tipiracil), oxaliplatin, and irinotecan, as well as drugs targeted toward tyrosine kinase receptors (regorafenib, aflibercept, bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab, and ramucirumab), and, more recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab, ipilimumab, and pembrolizumab). In the present review, we have inventoried the genes involved in the lack of CRC response to pharmacological treatment, classifying them into seven groups (from MOC-1 to MOC-7) according to functional criteria to identify cancer cell weaknesses. This classification will be useful to pave the way for developing sensitizing tools consisting of (i) new agents to be co-administered with the active drug; (ii) pharmacological approaches, such as drug encapsulation (e.g., into labeled liposomes or exosomes); (iii) gene therapy interventions aimed at restoring the impaired function of some proteins (e.g., uptake transporters and tumor suppressors) or abolishing that of others (such as export pumps and oncogenes).


Abstract This article introduces a dialectic of pornographic enlightenment through a reading of diaries written by the German avant-garde poet R. D. Brinkmann, and unfolds this basic pattern of modernity both systematically and historically with reference to Adorno and Horkheimer and the history of pornography. The framing of societal negotiations of pornography as a ceaseless shifting between the promise of liberation of and through sexuality and the fear of desensitization and loss of intimacy results in some comments on everyday life in "on/scenity" (Williams) and young people's identity politics ("Generation Porno") in pornographied pop cultures.


The regression of previously acquired skills has been highlighted as a potential early indicator of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The aims of the study were to validate parental reports regarding the occurrence of word loss and to investigate the characteristics of the words and other skills in a child aged 42 months with ASD over a 10-month period. It is a longitudinal and exploratory case study using systematic observation. Ten home videos showing the child's behavior between 13 and 23 months of age were analyzed according to the home video observation protocol and PROTEA-R. A total of 171 episodes involving the investigated behaviors were identified, which included the use of 51 words (the majority being nouns). Word loss and loss of other skills (play and social abilities) were observed. Word loss was the first or primary motive for parental concern, reinforcing that this phenomenon constitutes a potential early indicator of ASD.


This essay considers the aesthetic and cultural importance of the slow, contemplative thriller in contemporary world cinema. While the thriller genre tends to be associated completely with the mainstream—and thus with action-oriented rhythms and Hitchcockian paradigms of suspense—there are alternative tendencies in global art cinema that relish more dilatory time schemes, more minimalist  mise en scène, and more meditative atmospheres. Surveying multiple national and transnational contexts, this essay explores how the slow thriller functions as key manifestation of global art cinema's evolving hybridity and impurity. Looking at films such as Bruno Dumont's  L'humanité (1999) and Lee Chang-dong's  Burning (2018), this essay shows how the slow arthouse thriller stages a dialogue with popular cinema while practicing suspense by other, more pensive means. The fate of the slow thriller in today's shifting media landscape, in which digital streaming has become the primary locus of film viewing, is also considered. David Lynch's television series Twin Peaks: The Return (2017) is discussed as a slow, contemplative thriller that renegotiates the place and function of the arthouse theater.


1Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza"a nd CNISM, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy 2Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, 806 26 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey 3Chem. Dep., Koç University Istanbul 34450 Turkey Abstract Variational MonteCarlo and Diffusion MonteCarlo calculat ions have been carried out for cations like Li , Na and K as dopants of small helium clusters over a range of cluster si z s up to about 12 solvent atoms. The interaction has been modelled through a sum-of-potenti al picture that disregards higher order effects beyond atom-atom and atom-ion contributions. The latter we re obtained from highly correlated ab-initio calculations over a broad range of interatomic distances. This study focuses on two of the most striking features of the microsolvation in a quantum solvent of a cationic dopant: electrostriction and snowball effects. T hey are here discussed in detail and in relation with the nanoscopic properties of the interaction forces at play within a fully quantum picture of the clusters features.


We report the first experimental demonstration of an entanglement-based secure communication system that is resilient to entanglement-breaking loss and noise on the communication channel.


Nowadays there is a lashing trend of doing fellowships. Residency and fellowship positions have become very competitive. From my experience, I found that the majority of candidates who aspire to apply for residency or fellowship positions don't have any significant research backgrounds. Being a medical student myself, I should not blame any other student for this deficiency, as most of the medical schools don't provide basic atmosphere, guidance and infrastructure for undergraduate research activities. By the time students graduate and apply for a residency spot or fellowship position after residency, they have no research credentials with them other than their degree requirements and a few certificates for extracurricular activities. One should realize that these accomplishments merely provide a skeleton for your Curriculum vitae (CV) in order to add depth to your CV you have to be able to include research experiences (that you have acquired during your undergraduate degree), as well as good recommendation letters and advanced clinical experience. 1  Research work in your CV will help set you apart. When you go for a job interview, having a strong research background and independent work gives you something to talk about that the interviewer will be interested in. As a student, any efforts in the field of research are highly appreciated. Above all, research training will make you a better-equipped physician with a sharper mind and stronger critical thinking skills.


The polarizations and triple scattering parameters of the nucleons elastically scattered from light nuclei are explained with the optical model potential by the use of the nucleon-nucleon scattering phase shifts. The set of the two-body scattering phase shifts meson-theoretically derived gives a small magnitude of the parameter of optical model potential V SR. The small value of V iW is mainly caused by the large positive 3Po state phase shift of the two-body scattering. The small value of V SN gives a small polarization and a small absolute value of the triple scattering parameter for the nucleon scattered from the potential. Furthermore the value of i:;i ChjjJ.c) 2 calculated by the use of the meson-theoretical phase shifts is smaller than the ones based on the Gammel-Thaler and Signell-Marshak phase shifts. This difference is mainly due to the difference of 3PO state phase shifts in the two-body scattering. polarizations of the high energy nucleons elastically scattered from light nuclei, using the impulse approximation with the nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude, for the impulse approximation is equivalent to the use of the optical model potential in the first Born approximation which may be justified for the small angle scatter ing from light nuclei. 4 ),5) The ordinary procedure is that, given several alternative sets of the nucleon-nucleon scattering phase shifts, the optical model potentials cor responding to the sets of the phase shifts are derived, and then the differential cross Sections and polarizations of the nucleons scattered in small angles are calcu lated. The comparison of the results with the observed differential cross sections and polarizations may distinguish the various sets of the nuclear phase shifts re jecting some of them. ,_ The best way of studying the nucleon-nucleon interactions by the use of these optical model potential is to investigate the polarizations and triple scattering pa rameters of the nucleons elastically scattered from light nuclei, because when one calculates the polarizations and triple scattering parameters of these nucleons through the optical model potentials, the final results are independent of the detailed structure of the target nucleus and to a certain extent free from the limitation of the Born approximation. That is, the expressions for the polarization and triple Bcattering parameter do not contain the nuclear form factors~ i.e. the Fourier trans


Demand response (DR) shaves peak energy consumption and drives energy conservation to ensure reliable operation of power grid. With the emergence of the smart power grid (SPG), DR has become increasingly popular and highly contributes to energy optimization. On this note, in this work, DR is adopted for scheduling home appliances to reduce utility bill payment, peak to average demand ratio (PADR), and discomfort. First, home appliances are classified into two categories according to time and power flexibility: time-flexible and power-flexible. Secondly, the demand-side users power usage scheduling problem is modelled as per the user priority and modes of operation considering demand and supply. Finally, the energy consumption scheduler (ECS) is developed to adjust the time and power of both types of appliances under different operation modes to acquire desired tradeoff between utility bills payment and discomfort, and PADR and discomfort. Simulation results depict that employing the proposed ECS benefits demand-side users by minimizing their utility bills payment, PADR, and achieving the desired tradeoff between utility bill payment and discomfort, and PADR and discomfort. Results illustrate that developed model reduced utility bill payment and alleviated PADR without compromising comfort by 28% and 21%, respectively, compared to without scheduling case.


F.M. Scherer has not effectively rebutted my subjectivist criticism of the standard microeconomic welfare model; Scherer's historical reference to what Congress (allegedly) believed is irrelevant to the theoretical concerns raised by subjectivism. Nor does my "principal" criticism of antitrust policy rests on "philosophical foundations"; my principal criticism rests on conventional economic analysis and a detailed economic history of the classic antitrust cases. My conclusion that the electrical equipment conspiracy of the late 1950s had no significant effect on market prices is supported by Ralph Sultan's findings; indeed, it is Scherer who brutally ignores the context and misrepresents the general thrust of Sultan's research. Scherer's comments on OPEC confuse the distinction that I made between private and governmental cartels. Finally, the economic welfare model that Scherer embraces so enthusiastically at the start of his review cannot be so suddenly discarded when I show something inconvenient: name...


States — British Commonwealth — Canada — Independence of Canada — Separation of the Crown in Canada from the Crown in the United Kingdom — Obligations of the Crown to the Indian peoples of Canada — Whether obligations of the United Kingdom Government or the Government of Canada — British North America Acts 1867 and 1930 — Statute of Westminster 1931 State succession — Treaties — Canada — Succession of Crown in right of Canada to treaty obligations of Crown in right of the United Kingdom — Whether a matter of international law or constitutional law — Date at which succession took place Treaties — Parties — Agreements between Crown and Indian tribes in Canada — Agreements concluded during eighteenth and nineteenth centuries — Whether agreements between States — Whether treaties in international law — The law of England


The invention discloses a recorder used in a recording device for recording information. The recoding device comprises a display, a photoconductor that is overlapped on the display and a pair of electrodes that are respectively arranged on the display and the photoconductor. The recorder comprises a plurality of feed-in elements, a first light source and a second source. Voltage is exerted on theelectrodes arranged in the recording device by the feed-in elements. The first light source is used for inputting the information in the recording device. The second light source is used for resetting the record in the recording device. The first light source gives out light in line.


A set of 15 step-by-step projects show how simple motifs can be used to create bold, graphic effects to transform furniture, walls and fabrics. Included are 16 pages of templates, as well as a section on tools, techniques and design principles.


The invention discloses a production process of toughened vacuum glass. The process is characterized by comprising the following process steps of: making a supporting point, namely making the supporting point on the surface of flat plate glass by a screen printing method; curing, namely airing naturally or drying so as to form the supporting point; manufacturing toughened glass with the supporting point; compounding and sealing; and vacuumizing and sealing an exhaust hole. The process has the advantages that: vacuum glass can be toughened or semi-toughened, so that the safety performance of a product is ensured and the application range of the product is expanded; the glass supporting point is processed in a screen printing mode, so that production efficiency is improved, automatic level is raised, the process can be applied to mass production and the thickness of a vacuum layer is convenient to adjust; due to the application of lead-free glass powder, an environmentally-friendly and nontoxic product is obtained and the low energy consumption and high efficiency of production are ensured by the low melting point of the lead-free glass powder; and due to the application of an evapotranspiration getter, the service life of the product is prolonged effectively and the transparency of glass is enhanced effectively.


We have initiated a research program designed to systematically examine the effects of environmental factors, cultural practices and plant growth regulators on herbicide translocation in leafy spurge. Our first goal was to reduce the variability associated with field-grown material. This was accomplished with the following techniques: 1) a stock of cloned plant material was derived from a single plant and was utilized in all experiments; and 2) rooted cuttings to be used for experimental analysis were obtained from the cloned stock. Utilizing this system we were able to eliminate genetic variability and were able to considerably reduce the variability associated with non-uniformity of plant size and root to shoot ratios.


NEURALGIA:ITS VARIOUs FORMS, PATHOLOGY, AND TREATMENr. Br C. T. DowNING, M.D. pp.375. London: 1851. NzURALGIC affections are probably much more common in the present day than they werein the times of our ancestors. To what this may be owing canonlyl matter of speculation; but if it be a fact, it explais the increas_ ing attetion which theyhave of late years received. Every observant traveller in paths which lead to the relief of human Misyis entitled to the thanks of mankind; and if judicious and unwonted efforts deserve a high meed of praise, this is justly due to the author of the Jacksonian Prize Essay for 1850, of which the work now under review is an extension. Practical knowledge and literary ability eminently distinguish this volume.


Wide-frequency measurement device for monitoring electrical signals in the range of 0 Hz to 2500 Hz has been researched and applied. A large number of unprocessed wide-frequency measurement data is directly transmitted to the master station, which brings difficulties to the master station interaction and storage. This paper draws on the edge computing ideas of calculation, storage, and preprocessing near the data source, and designs a wide-frequency measurement system structure based on the perception layer, edge layer, and application layer. The data flow and functional architecture of the wide-frequency measurement station domain storage and analysis device at the edge computing layer are explained in detail. The storage and query of wide-frequency real-time data, event recording files, continuous recording data, and alarm information are studied. Wide-frequency measurement data is pre-processed by the elastic period. Based on the harmonic and inter-harmonic time-division transmission model, real-time and offline data can be interacted with the multi-plane master station at the same time. Finally, a wide-frequency measurement station storage and analysis prototype based on edge computing is developed, which achieved engineering applications and achieved good results.


This systematic review aims to assess skeletal, dental and soft tissue treatment effects of the conventional Twin-block appliance compared to control in Class II malocclusion till date. The electronic databases of Medline, PubMed and Cochrane library were systematically searched until September 2019. The human studies that had used the conventional Twin block appliance with a control group evaluated by a Lateral Cephalogram were included. A total of 321 articles were examined. 10 articles were selected. Majority studies reported a significant improvement in the mandible and in the vertical height, maxillary restrictive effect was less consistently reported. A restrictive maxillary molar effect and an advancement in the mandibular molar has been suggested. Retroclination of the maxillary incisors and proclination of mandibular incisor inclination has been reported. There is some evidence to suggest a retrusive upper lip effect and a protrusive lower lip effect. Increase in Nasolabial angle and some decrease in the mentolabial sulcus to be expected. In conclusion the conventional Twin Block appliance have shown desirable skeletal, dental and soft tissue effects. However certain inevitable side effects are also seen mainly its effect on lower anterior proclination.


The following report examines the importance of industrial robotics as a driver of production and trade quality. In an attempt to peer below the aggregate surface of traditional industrial GVC indicators, the paper relies on 6 digit product level trade data to assess the extent to which industrial robotics influence the quality of exported and imported goods for developed and emerging economies over the last two decades. The results demonstrate that robotics contribute to increasing quality of exports however the effect is somewhat nuanced between high income and emerging economies. For high-income countries the diffusion of robots is linked with an increase in within product quality, however for emerging economies quality gains appear to be somewhat more pronounced between products. At the same time, robotics appear to have little or no effect on import quality or on the concentration of exports and products for either type of economy.


The Teutonic Order exercised a dominant impact on social and religious relations in late 14th-century Gdansk through taking initiatives in terms of new religious foundations. One such undertaking – St Elizabeth's Hospital – reveals the way in which the co-existence in the city and its monastic lords was eroding. The facts presented in the article demonstrate a crisis in the Order, which compromised itself in terms of its religious function. In the Gdansk community this might have been one of the stimuli to take a decision to seek liberation from the rule of the Order.


ISTUM is designed to predict the commercial market penetration of various energy technologies in the industrial sector out to the year 2000. It is a refinement and further development of Market Oriented Program Planning Study task force in 1977. ISTUM assesses the comparative economic competitiveness of each technology and competes over 100 energy technologies - conventionals, fossil/energy, conservation, cogeneration, solar, and geothermal. A broad overview of the model, the solution of the model, and an in-depth discussion of strength and limitations of the model are provided in Volume I. (MCW)


This article articulates a new theory on the ontology of knowledge transfer. This involves the work of 1) showing that the question "what happens to knowledge in transfer across divergent contexts?" can be made sense of within a situative approach, 2) providing a new conceptualization of situated knowledge, 3) articulating transfer in terms of knowledge transformation and attunement, and 4) putting the issue of learning to transfer knowledge across divergent contexts (back) on the research agenda. The article builds on a view of knowledge as a unity of know-that, know-how, and know-of; which unity forms a practical embodied perspective with which the agent meets the world in interaction. It is argued that knowledge is situatedly realized in attunement to the requirements, possibilities, and restrictions of the concrete situation, as they dynamically unfold. A framework of context levels for analyzing requirements, possibilities, and restrictions (termed "situational characteristics") is presented. The levels reflect that an activity will always engage with a domain, in a life-setting, taking place within a societal structure, making use of encompassing cultural practices. It is shown how differences in unities of situational characteristics necessitate the transformation of the knowledge perspective in attunement to the situational characteristics of the new context. Towards the end, it is pointed out how this conceptualization of knowledge transfer opens for research into designing and teaching for learning to transfer. Three recent projects are referenced as an illustration of the approach.


The catalytic wet air oxidation of p-coumaric acid, a representative substrate of biorecalcitrant phenolic compounds typically found in olive oil processing wastewater, was carried out under mild conditions (in air at T = 353 K and P = 2 MPa) with activated carbon (AC) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The influence of the CNT textural and surface chemistry modification, by oxidation with a nitric/sulfuric acid mixture, on the catalytic behavior was evaluated. AC and unoxidized CNTs showed the highest activity toward the degradation of p-coumaric acid and the highest efficiency toward total organic carbon (TOC) removal, which mainly occurs through mineralization to CO2. As a result of oxidation with an acid mixture, the stability of the CNTs was dramatically worsened. From a comparison with literature data, it was concluded that the most efficient AC and unoxidized CNTs catalysts are, so far, very promising systems for p-coumaric acid degradation under mild conditions.


Particleincell algorithms for computing current density and explosion electron emitting from cathode are briefly introduced. The current density algorithm which satisfies charge and current continuity equation, can avoid complex Poisson adjustment and can be used in simulation of physics problem with complex boundarys. Based on the algorithms of computing current density, a new model for explosion electron emission from conducting boundary surfaces is described. The new model is proved out by results of particle simulations of vacuum diode.


Three-hinge precast arch culverts have been constructed as laborsaving equipment mainly along the highways in Japan since the 1990s. However, many of them suffered damage in the Great East Japan earthquake (11 March 2011), including severe damage like the deformation of the wall at the culvert mouth and the displacement of hinges. This damage occurred near the mouth of culverts installed in embankments at an oblique angle with an asymmetrical overburden. In this study, dynamic centrifuge tests are conducted on a three-hinge type of arch culvert with asymmetrical overburden pressure, and the behavior is monitored in the longitudinal direction in order to observe the reported deformation at the mouth wall and at the hinge sections. According to the results, uneven overburden along the cross section of the arch causes uneven distributions of the axial forces and the bending moments in the culvert mouth. This unevenness indicates that the combination of the orientation of the culvert and the seismic wave direction is likely to cause torsion, aperture, and other damage to the culvert arch members.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of the uniform way of interpretation from the Swedish asylum officers at the Swedish Migration Board, of asylum investigations for asylum seekers who claim sexual orientation as reason of refuge. The interviews with the officers were analyzed in relation to the policy document with investigation- guidelines and methodology.The results of the study showed that there was a uniform way to conduct asylum investigations and interpret the policy document, this despite that the document was found to be ambiguous in certain aspects. The uniform interpretation of the asylum officers was explained by the knowledge and understanding that exists within institutional organizations. This because the asylum officers at the Swedish Migration Board might have similar experience, knowledge and also the demands related to asylum investigations.The uniform interpretation demonstrated a strong similar common understanding of investigative work within the agency. This suggests a certainty that the investigations are carried out in a similar way regardless of which asylum officer within the institution conducting the investigation which indicates a well-functioning "rule of law" for the asylum seekers.


I discuss the issue of uncertainties in parton distributions and in the physical quantities which are determined in terms of them. While there has been significant progress on the uncertainties associated with errors on experimental data, there are still outstanding questions. Also, I demonstrate that in many circumstances this source of errors may be less important than errors due to underlying assumptions in the fitting procedure and due to the incomplete nature of the theoretical calculations.


This article introduced three real estate bubble appraise method methods, including the income reducing process, the market correction method and the overall target appraisal method. First two methods existence certain deficiency, but the overall target appraisal method can consider each factor comprehensively to the real estate bubble influence, it also can more accurately forecast real estate bubble degree. And proposed in this foundation the real estate bubble early warning method, hope that it can perform forecast well and guard the real estate bubble.


This experiment produced six independent sets of observations, so the appropriate analysis was by ANOVA or equivalent. The assumptions of equal variances and Normality both are somewhat shaky but I think are acceptable, given the advantages of ANOVA for the follow-up analyses needed to answer the questions. The first question could be answered by either of two methods, depending on exactly how you chose to interpret the question. First, a pre-planned contrast of the control to the average of the mollusk treatments would answer the question in terms of the average mollusk. This contrast indicates that decomposition was greater on average in the mollusk treatments than the control (P = 0.0038). Alternatively, Dunnett's multiple comparisons could be used to compare each mollusk treatment to the control; these show (at overall α=0.05) that only the L. maximus and O. alliarius treatments were significantly different from the control. The second set of questions could be answered by unplanned multiple comparisons following the ANOVA, or by ANOVA or equivalent with the control treatment excluded; any of these produces the conclusion that there are no statistically significant differences among the species' effects. The conclusions, thus, are that yes, presence of mollusks increased litter decomposition, but the effects of the species were not significantly different from each other.


PSIM is a powerful circuit simulation tool which allows fast and easy power circuit design verification by simulation. It provides an intuitive developing environment and a vast library of common components for both digital and analog circuits. In addition it has a collection of different types of motor models which designers can use to test their driving circuit designs. For the case of switched reluctance motor drives, the library provides two motor models: the first one is a 3 phase SRM with a linear and non-saturable inductance profile, and the second one a 3 phase SRM with a non-linear and saturable inductance profile. Although these two models can provide a rough estimation on how the system will perform, they have a few shortcomings that will make more accurate analysis difficult. Although it's possible to use external programs such as simulink/matlab to aid in motor modeling and simulation[5], the switched reluctance motors have certain properties that make this capability quite unusable. This paper presents an alternative and more accurate motor model for use in the simulation of an SRM system. It utilizes the built-in components from PSIM, most importantly the C-block element, and some external parameter files generated by external C programs. In this way no other software is needed to design and simulate the complete system. Simulation results show that the new model can provide a more accurate simulation result for the complete drive and motor system.


Reinforcement corrosion is one of the main causes for the deterioration of reinforcement concrete structure. And it seriously affected mechanical properties of anchor structure system of underground engineering under complicated erosion environment. Based on elastic theory and assumption of maximum tensile-stress failure criterion, together with construction process of anchor structure and rust expansion critical process, reinforcement rust expansion mechanical model of anchor structure system was simplified. Elastic criterion of different initial cracking mode was rewarded under different stress ratios. According to analysis of critical cracking mode of different medium, cracking order of mortar and surrounding rock depended on their material parameters, in-situ stress and thickness of mortar cover. Critical cracking conditions of different medium without effect of in-situ stress was rewarded. The result provides a useful reference for analysis of mechanical deterioration mechanism of anchor structure and design of support structure of underground engineering.


The aeroacoustic sound generation process on a rod-airfoil configuration has been investigated by means of simultaneous particle image velocimetry in the near field and phased-microphone-array measurements in the far field. Up to 20,000 particle image velocimetry snapshots per field of view have been recorded. A coplanar multiplane particle image velocimetry system has been used, providing statistically independent samples of the temporal derivative of the velocity field. Both measurements were conducted in a synchronized manner so as to enable the calculation of the cross-correlation between the acoustic pressure and flow quantities derived from the measured velocity fluctuations. The main idea of the concept used in the study presented here was to use the coefficient matrix obtained from the aforementioned correlation to identify regularities in the near-field fluctuations that are related to the radiated sound field. Additionally, a technique to localize flow structures responsible for the far-field sound by means of the calculation of the near-field intensity has been tested.


Malcolm M. Feeley examined cases of criminal justice reform in the United States, where reforms can be conceived and initiated in a very open structure, but implementation of the introduced reforms can be handed over to highly fragmented implementers. The story of mandatory videotaping of interrogations and accompanying changes in Japan demonstrates the reform process at the other end of the scale, where the members of the criminal justice establishment can exert a strong influence even at the conception and initiation stages, and have even stronger control at the implementation and routinization stages. We believe that Feeley's theoretical framework can be expanded to be more generally applicable to court reforms outside the United States. This could be achieved by introducing the degree of openness of the policy-making process at the conceptualization and initiation stages, and by introducing a degree of fragmentation of the policy-making process at the implementation and routinization stages as central independent variables which determine the course of the reform.


Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan discusses his vision for spending $105 billion over the next five years for highways and mass transit. He foresees a new Federal transportation program based upon three principles: (1) Improving the efficiency of the system we now have; (2) Turning the initiative in transportation matters back to states and cities; and (3) Making transit an option for cities.


Laser driven shocks allow studying the dynamic behaviour of condensed matter over small spatial (∼μ m to mm-order) and temporal (∼ps to ns-order) scales, at extremely high strain rates (∼107  s−1 ). They can be used to test the predictive capability of constitutive models over wide ranges of loading pressures and pulse durations. We present experimental results in laser shock-loaded metals (iron, gold, tin), based on various, complementary techniques including time-resolved velocity measurements, transverse shadowgraphy and post-shock analyses of recovered samples. The data are used to investigate several shock wave processes such as yielding and polymorphic transformations, melting, spall fracture and dynamic fragmentation in both solid and melted states. On the basis of comparisons with numerical simulations, the abilities and limitations of several models are briefly discussed.


At the V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics the "Yakist-E1" – electric power quality measuring device, was developed. The device uses new method and structure of a quality determination, and is based on calculating the deviations from the nominal values of voltage and frequency values. The methodical error of level quantization for a 10-bit ADC is ± 0.1%. To achieve an approximation error of ± 0.1%, it is necessary to measure the voltage near the amplitude value after 170 μs. The channel for voltage measuring in the device consists of a voltage transformer, a high-precision resistive divider that scales and biases the input voltage, a reference voltage source (VREF) and an ADC, which built into the microcontroller. The device "Yakist-E1" uses an 8-bit microcontroller type C8051F320, which has a 10-bit ADC with an input signal range from 0 to 2.5 V.

The output voltage of the VREF from the chip to the controller chip can vary from 2.38 V to 2.5 V. In addition, different transformer sensors may have different transfer characteristics, which may be non-linear. Therefore, to indicate the values of the measured voltage on the alphanumeric indicator, a piecewise linear approximation of the results of measuring the ADC is used.

 The transfer and temperature characteristics of the voltage transformer were measured for forward and reverse passages, and, according to the results, was discovered that the temperature error is very small and practically does not affect the accuracy of the sensor and the sensor has hysteresis, the calculated errors do not exceed ± 1%. All this errors were corrected. To determine the deviation of the amplitude value from the nominal value, only 8 low-order bits of the ADC are used. This trick grants that ADC result can be processed by a single command of the microcontroller, which increases processing speed of the channel.


3 shows how in Nordic counties, prison officials provide significantly more resources, more competent administration, and higher-quality governance than is found in Latin American prisons. As a result, prisoners have few reasons to spend time, energy, and resources on providing these same goods and services. The chapter goes on to show that there are few prisoner-created organizations with relatively little influence on the everyday life of prisoners, and social norms are the predominant governance mechanism in place as small prison populations make gossip and ostracism powerful tools for punishing bad behavior. Even in the sphere of illegal drug use, prisoners do not use markets to coordinate the use of resources, relying instead on a system of sharing.


In recent years, the concern that the behaviour of subnational governments may hinder the achievement of national budgetary targets has been increasingly raised across the EU. In this paper the relationship between fiscal decentralisation and budgetary outcomes of the general government is analysed. Results suggest that fiscal decentralisation is not harmful per se for budgetary discipline, although it is likely to have an adverse effect if predominantly financed by transfers from the central government rather than by subnational taxes and fees. Moreover, borrowing rules applying to subnational governments appear to partly counteract the adverse effect of transfers on fiscal balances. Therefore, policy concerns should not focus on decentralisation as such but rather on a 'bad' design of decentralisation, i.e. one which is not accompanied by subnational financial responsibility.


Aim. Study of structural-mechanical nasal semisolid dosage forms on emulsion bases providing with optimal release active substance was done. Methods and results . Established vinpocetine nasal creams rheologic properties showed them as thixotropic systems. Restoration after stress removal is cuased by their structure coagulation bonds. Their consistent properties are completely situated within rheologic optimum of consistence limits. Conclusion. Analysis of rheograms of flow allowed to reveal compositions of vinpocetine nasal emulsion ointments with optimal consistent properties and selected for the next preclinical investigations.