DOI: 10.1002/admt.201600014 chemically synthesized silver nanowires can be suitable materials for probes in both tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) microscopy [ 11 ] and SERS microscopy of living cells. [ 12 ] Despite this, effectively establishing these kinds of nanowire-based nanodevices and nanoscopies is made problematic by diffi culties in handling/processing with complete control. Improvements in this area are thus of tremendous importance. The manipulation of nanowires is necessary to allow for controlled movement to a desired position. In the case of nanowires grown vertically away from a substrate, a metal probe (such as tungsten) enables controlled transfer to a particular position due to the attractive Van der Waals force. [ 13 ] Even nanowires in solution can be trapped/rotated in a 2D manner using structured illumination of light, demonstrated by Maragò et al. [ 14 ] After the manipulation, nanowire junctions are often treated, in order to increase the electric conductivity or make the structure more robust (welding). This treatment is very important because any surfactant situated around the chemically synthesized nanowires can disturb current fl ow, limiting conductivity. [ 9 ] Welding at junctions has been realized in several ways, for example by using automatic diffusion of metal (cold welding), [ 15,16 ] high intensity light, [ 9 ] or joule heating induced by current fl ow. [ 17 ] So far junction resistances below 10 Ω sq −1 with more than 80% transparency have been reported. [ 15,18 ]


We describe the properties of diffractive gratings induced in nematicliquid crystal thin films by fringing electrostatic fields induced by interdigitated ITO electrodes. The index of refraction variation produced by fringing fields gives rise to strong diffraction with resolution constrained only by the available lithography.


Low cycle fatigue (LCF) induces damage accumulation in structural components used in various applications. LCF typically describes conditions for which plastic strains are larger than elastic strains. In order to certify and qualify a structural component, manufactured from a given material, that requires high reliability for operation and safety, fundamental material properties should be experimentally investigated and validated. The traditional strain–life approach serves as the underlying experimental method for most LCF investigations. Building upon that background, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the statistical variability and appropriately model that variability for life in LCF. Specifically, the variability associated with the median behavior in a strain–life graph for data is examined. The ensuing analyses are based on data for a cold-rolled, low carbon, extra deep drawing steel; ASTM A969 which is appropriate for applications where extremely severe drawing or forming is envisioned. It is frequently used in the automotive industry for components such as inner door components and side body components. For substantiation of the proposed modeling techniques, data for 9Cr-1Mo steel is also investigated. Such steel is frequently used in the construction of power plants and other structures that experience operating temperatures in excess of 500°C. The commonly used universal slopes approach for fatigue life modeling for which the strain–life computation employs the standard Coffin–Manson relationship is compared to a statistical methodology using a distribution function frequently used in structural reliability. The proposed distribution function for characterizing the fatigue life is a generalized Weibull distribution function that empirically incorporates load history and damage accumulation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


The development of concise, sustainable and cost-effective synthesis of aryltetralin lignans bearing a fused lactone or cyclic ether is of significant medicinal importance. We found that in the presence of Fukuzumi's acridinium salt under blue LEDs irradiation, functionalized dicinnamyl ether derivatives are converted to aryltetralin cyclic ether lignans with concurrent generation of three stereocenters in good to high yields with up to 20:1 diastereoselectivity. Oxidation of alkene to radical cation is key to the success of this formal Diels-Alder reaction of electronically mis-matched diene and dienophile. Applying this methodology, six natural products, viz , aglacin B, aglacin C, sulabiroin A, sulabiroin B, gaultherin C and isoshonanin, are synthesized in only 2 to 3 steps from readily available biomass-derived monolignols. A revised structure is proposed for gaultherin C.


Global interest in environmental issues is increasing. Especially, the unusual climate phenomena and pollution problems on Earth, which are becoming serious in recent years, have gone beyond mere concerns. Accordingly, the Korean government has introduced various policies that take into account the environment, and many changes are taking place in consumer behavior and consciousness. However, the environmental issues are not a problem that can be solved in one country, but a problem that the world must overcome. This study was conducted on consumers in Korea and China who have environmental connections in the vicinity of the region, considering that academic research on the antecedents affecting consumers' eco-friendly behavior is necessary. For this purpose, the study examined the effects of environmental knowledge, environmental attitude, and cultural background variables on eco-friendly behavior of 210 Korean consumers living in Seoul and 198 Chinese consumers living in Shanghai, looking at differences in environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes and cultural background variables affecting eco-friendly behavior. The results of this study can be used as basic data on environmental policies in each country. It is also expected that the direction of the company's eco-friendly marketing strategy will have a positive effect.


I show that in the large-N c limit the ground state baryons with helic-ity λ fall into an ((N c − 2λ)/4, (N c + 2λ)/4) irreducible representation of SU (2) × SU (2). This representation determines the absolute normalization of the ground state baryon axial vector couplings at large-N c. Results map precisely to (spin-flavor) SU (4) results. For instance, I find g A = (N c +2)/3. As a consequence of this multiplet structure, chiral symmetry forbids pion transitions between the ground state baryons and other baryon towers in the large-N c limit.


Naloxegol is a polyethylene glycol derivative of naloxone approved in the US as a once‐daily oral treatment for opioid‐induced constipation (OIC) in adults with chronic noncancer pain. Population exposure–response models were constructed based on data from two phase III studies comprising 1,331 adults with noncancer pain and OIC. In order to characterize the protocol‐defined naloxegol responder rate, the number of daily spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) was characterized by a longitudinal ordinal nonlinear mixed‐effects logistic regression dose–response model, and the incidence of diary entry discontinuation was described by a time‐to‐event model. The mean number of SBMs per week increased with increasing naloxegol dose. The predicted placebo‐adjusted responder rates (90% confidence interval) were 10.4% (4.6–13.4%) and 11.1% (4.8–14.4%) for naloxegol 12.5 and 25 mg/day, respectively. Model‐predicted response to naloxegol was influenced by the baseline SBM frequency and characteristics of the opioid treatment.


We present here the first data collected on the AN.ANA.S. Multilingual Treebank (AN.ANA.S._MT), consisting of Italian, English and Spanish task-oriented dialogues and spontaneous speech for a total of about 21300 words. AN.ANA.S. (Annotazione e Analisi Sintattica) is a system freely downloadable at the portal www.parlaritaliano. it, developed within a treebank project for the syntactic annotation of both spoken and written texts (Voghera and Cutugno in press). The system is constituent-based and allows the organization of syntactic units within a hierarchical structure, according to XML standards. Constituent relations are coded directly using elements nesting XML properties. Our research focuses on the treatment of 'non-canonical' syntactic structures, such as verbless sentences, which are usually marginal in the annotation schemes of treebanks. In this paper we will take into account both methodological and quantitative aspects. Firstly, we will compare how verbless sentences are treated in the main annotation systems in the investigated languages. Secondly, we present data on the typology and frequency of such structures in AN.ANA.S._MT.


#### Notable in Neurology this week

This issue features an article that explores whether the effects of blood pressure and blood pressure lowering through different antihypertensive drug classes on stroke risk vary by stroke etiology; another quantifies the impact of a healthy lifestyle on the risk of Alzheimer dementia. A featured Contemporary Issues article proposes the nomenclature "delirium disorder" to provide a unifying framework for clinical utility and interdisciplinary appeal.

### Association of prestroke metformin use, stroke severity, and thrombolysis outcome

Stroke patients with type 2 diabetes …


Few persons who look at the world thoughtfully are complacent. It is difficult to believe that the balance of power will become more stable. Quite the contrary! A degree of bi-polarity in world politics has been reached which compels each of the opposing groups to bend its efforts to bring the remaining neutrals into its orbit and to augment its power. If the war which each regards as a possibility should come, each wants to be sure that it will not be the loser. The race in atomic weapons and armaments of all kinds is on and experience suggests, as in the rivalries between sections before the American Civil War and the rivalries between alliances before the first World War, that such a race will eventuate in war. There is no balancer in a bi-polar world, nor are there uncommitted powers which may cast their lot on one side or the other in a crisis. The process of nucleation about the two poles makes prediction of the power potential of each more and more feasible. It becomes increasingly clear to one side that time is with it and to the other that time is against it. Under such circumstances each expects war and it can be anticipated that the side which becomes convinced that time is against it will start the war. Fortunately there are still many unknown variables in the present situation. No precise calculation is yet possible, though it may be in the course of a few years. However, if war comes, there are few who doubt that atomic weapons would be used and that the human race would face disaster.


Subtitle: Port waste reception facilities and associated costs vary greatly from port to port and region to region. Steve Valentine reports.


Announced in the council's budget plans on 6 February and approved on 26 February, the council intends to stop collecting rubbish from private lanes, alleyways and long rural driveways, collecting instead from the edge of the pavement or kerbside – the normal collection point for most households in Rugby.


The authors present an overview of a therapeutic perspective for school therapists (counselors, psychologists, social workers) based on humanistic and social justice principles called Advocating Student-within-Environment (ASE). An ASE-influenced school therapist is directed by the assumption that the student has to be a participant in any social change that is proffered on that student's behalf. To operate on this assumption, an ASE school therapist is concerned with maximizing student agency by supporting the development of the student's regulatory and connectedness skills, while advocating for that student with stakeholders and through relevant social structures. In this article, the philosophic bases will be introduced, in addition to recommendations for incorporating this approach into practice in schools.


With Lentinus edodes fruiting body as research material,fruiting body lentinan yield were compared in different batches,different parts and different maturity. The results showed that: the lentinan yield of first batches was lowest,and there was a significant difference between the first batches and the second or third batches,the correlation coefficient was lower(which was 0. 177 7 and 0. 075 9),and there was no difference between the second and third batches of lentinan,and the correlation coefficient between them was 0. 775 0; there was no significant difference between different parts of lentinan yield,and the correlation coefficient between two different parts of lentinan yield is 0. 986 6,indicating that the stipe and cap of lentinan yield is significant correlation; different maturity lentinan yield were: there was no difference between different maturity of lentinan yield,and the correlation coefficient were higher(respectively 0. 926 9,0. 974 3,0. 963 9). Namely,the polysaccharide content of fruiting bodies at different growth stages was insignificant,and the accumulation of lentinan has a certain relevance.Considering the cost of production,the second tide and maturity Lentinus edodes fruiting body should be used as raw material.


In this paper, we investigate the use of the learned digital back-propagation (LDBP) for equalizing dual-polarization fiber-optic transmission in dispersion-managed (DM) links. LDBP is a deep neural network that optimizes the parameters of DBP using the stochastic gradient descent. We evaluate DBP and LDBP in a simulated WDM dual-polarization fiber transmission system operating at the bitrate of 256 Gbit/s per channel, with a dispersion map designed for a 2016 km link with 15% residual dispersion. Our results show that in single-channel transmission, LDBP achieves an effective signal-to-noise ratio improvement of 6.3 dB and 2.5 dB, respectively, over linear equalization and DBP. In WDM transmission, the corresponding $Q$-factor gains are 1.1 dB and 0.4 dB, respectively. Additionally, we conduct a complexity analysis, which reveals that a frequency-domain implementation of LDBP and DBP is more favorable in terms of complexity than the time-domain implementation. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of LDBP in mitigating the nonlinear effects in DM fiber-optic transmission systems.


Abstract The frequency distributions of thunderstorm durations were analyzed for 30 years at 36 stations in the United States in order to develop an appropriate summarizing statistic for durations. The incomplete gamma function provides a close fit to the observations for all stations and can be used to specify for any station the probability of encountering storms with any selected range of durations. Preliminary analyses of the spatial and seasonal distribution of the coefficients suggest that regional clusters occur, indicating the potential for the development of a nationwide thunderstorm duration climatology. Storms lasting 3 h or longer are infrequent but display a spatial pattern differing from that of short duration storms.


We report a rare case of a patient with bilateral uveal melanoma (the first eye surgically treated 6 years before the occurrence of melanoma in the contralateral eye), who developed an acute myeloid leukaemia.


Accidents can occur anytime and anywhere such as accidents that occur at work at height. This study aims to identify and analyze potential hazards in the install and dismantle scaffolding work using TRA (Task Risk Assessment) method. The results of the risk assessment using TRA on this work obtained four job description with 2 jobs at low risk, namely initial risk of 4 and after controlling for residual risk of 2. For install and dismantle scaffolding show that medium risk was obtained with an initial risk of 12 and after controlling, the residual risk becomes 9.


The classical overlapping Schwarz algorithm is here extended to the triangular/tetrahedral spectral element (TSEM) discretization of elliptic problems. This discretization, based on Fekete nodes, is a generalization to nontensorial elements of the tensorial Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre quadrilateral spectral elements (QSEM). The overlapping Schwarz preconditioners are based on partitioning the domain of the problem into overlapping subdomains, solving local problems on these subdomains, and solving an additional coarse problem associated with either the subdomain mesh or the spectral element mesh. The overlap size is generous, i.e., one element wide, in the TSEM case, while it is minimal or variable in the QSEM case. The results of several numerical experiments show that the convergence rate of the proposed preconditioning algorithm is independent of the number of subdomains $N$ and the spectral degree $p$ in case of generous overlap; otherwise it depends inversely on the overlap size. The proposed preconditioners are also robust with respect to arbitrary jumps of the coefficients of the elliptic operator across subdomains.


This work was done in order to investigate the previously reported antinuclear property of lysozyme (LZM). Addition of human or hen egg white lysozyme (LLZM or eLZM) to normal serum and to 11 sera with different types of antinuclear factors (ANF) produced no consistent changes in ANF titre or type. Likewise, absorp- tion of LZM from the sera with bentonite failed to influence ANF titre and, finally, hLZM and eLZM were incapable of binding native DNA (nDNA). Elevated serum lysozyme levels in rheumatic diseases are therefore unlikely to pro- duce false-positive results in tests for antinuclear antibodies.


The productive interval at Bluebell Field consists of thousands of feet of highly fractured, interbedded clastic and carbonate rocks, which were deposited within a fluvial-dominated, lacustrine-deltaic environment. Typically, operators perforate and acidize hundreds of feet of section in each well. By concentrating on a few select zones, completions can be more effective, and production can be increased. Because of extensive fracturing, and low porosity and permeability within these reservoirs, horizontal drilling technology is an excellent option for improving recoverable resources in these zones. A detailed study within the Roosevelt Unit at Bluebell Field was performed to aid in reservoir characterization of the lower Green River and Wasatch Formations. Through the use of well drilling and completion histories, stratigraphic cross-sections, and subsurface mapping, zones with horizontal drilling potential have been identified in the lower Green River Formation at depths of approximately 9,000 to 10,000 feet, and in the deeper, overpressured Wasatch Formation at depths exceeding 13,000 feet.


An algorithm for automatic preprocessing of multiple data sequences in real-time is proposed. Based on a fixed-lag Kalman filter approach, it models the signal using a state vector that consists of the signal, its first three differences, and a special variable used to implement data editing functions. The smoothed output lessens some of the noise problems encountered in practice, and the method provides mechanisms for identification and removal of spikes, identification and measurement of steps, and filling of data gaps. Two versions of the algorithm are developed, one based on the conventional form of the Kalman filter, and one using a sequential processing technique. The computational requirements of each are analyzed and compared. An alternate approach for fixed-lag smoothing based on a one-step forward predictor and an L-step backward sweep, with L being the fixed lag, is also considered. It is shown that despite the greater complexity of the model used in the algorithms proposed, for L>30 the computational requirements are very similar to those of the alternate method. >


One of the major substantive components of "big government conservatism" was a decided predisposition against public employee unions, toward privileging managerial discretion, and yet still maintaining equal opportunity in the workplace. However, could this predisposition be resolved in practice without harming federal employees' rights, benefits, and morale in the workplace? To address this question, this article examines whether the attitudes of federal employees toward variants of subjective discrimination in the workplace changed significantly during the George W. Bush presidency. We find that trends related to perceptions of retaliation and discrimination have improved in recent years. However, perceptions of retaliation and discrimination are found to exist among minority and female employees and managers in the federal workplace that require vigilance. These results suggest that big government conservatism's predisposition to pursue equal opportunity as opposed to affirmative action—while diminishing the power of public employee unions and enhancing managerial prerogatives—either succeeded on its own merits or that the earlier momentum could not be stopped.


In this paper,some multiple positive solutions theorems of a class of operator equation are established by using fixed point index and the spectral radius of the relative linear operator.Multiple positive solutions of some singular boundary value problems are obtained by using the above-mentioned results for operators.


. Uncovering the predation habits of small arthropods such as mites can be a major challenge, as direct observations are not always feasible in natura. Therefore, PCR-based analyses of gut content, or body content when gut dissection is not applicable, are being increasingly used to detect remains of prey items. Here, we present an integrative approach to investigate predation of eggs of the viburnum leaf beetle Pyrrhalta viburni , an invasive pest in North America, by the oribatid mite species Trichoribates trimaculatus , to assess the potential of this mite as a biological control agent. We combined (1) manipulative laboratory experiments exposing beetle eggs to mites under controlled conditions and (2) body content molecular analyses using quantitative PCR (qPCR) to detect traces of consumed P. viburni egg DNA in mites. To account for risks of false-negative and false-positive results, mainly due to detectability problems, body surface contamination, and non-speci fi c DNA ampli fi cation, we developed a stepwise procedure to analyze qPCR results. Egg integrity and survivorship were unaffected by mites in all experiments. However, traces of P. viburni DNA were detected in the body of mites exposed to P. viburni eggs, suggesting that they consumed either fragments of the chorion or fragments of the egg cap secreted by P. viburni females to protect the eggs, which was shown to contain P. viburni DNA. In conclusion, T. trimaculatus does not directly impact P. viburni eggs and should therefore not be considered as a biocontrol agent. The fact that mites did not directly predate eggs but contained traces of P. viburni DNA shows that detection of an organism's DNA within a presumed predator does not necessarily equal predation and that results of molecular analyses should be interpreted with caution in studies attempting to reconstruct trophic interactions. 2, experiment 3, There were no signi fi cant differences among the relative proportions of the different cate-gories of eggs (intact, damaged, and pierced, or viable and non-viable) between the two treatments (Control and Mites) any


Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the soils and terroirs of the vineyards of the Napa Valley, CA. Following an overview of the geological history of the state and its effect on soil formation, a summary of the physical environment of the Napa Valley is given. This is followed by a survey of the different viticultural environments found in the Napa Valley, divided into four geographical regions. The paper argues that the natural physical environment exerts important controls on viticulture and that subtle soil differences can be reflected in the wines of the region.


T ecplot 8.0 is a technical graphing software program for creating high-quality, two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) graphical representations of complex data. Like many technical programs, Tecplot requires time and effort to master. But the effort is worthwhile because the quality of the


This report discusses a pilot study of a research project into the changing patterns in the financing of road safety and in road safety policy. The study is intended to provide insight into the financing of and policy decisions about road safety, and particularly into the changes that have occurred since the introduction in the Netherlands of the broad goal-oriented grant for traffic and transport (BDU). The BDU replaced the earlier compiled goal-oriented grant (GDU). The introduction of the BDU increased the spending freedom of regional governments in relation with traffic and transport. The termination of specific subsidies for investments in Sustainable Safety has also increased the spending freedom. The study addresses two questions: (1) How do regional governments make considerations between investments in different areas and have there been changes since the introduction of the BDU? (2) How much do lower governments spend on road safety and what changes have occurred as a result of the introduction of the BDU? This report may be accessed by Internet users at: http://www.swov.nl/rapport/R-2010-33.pdf


The effect of leaf crude extract of Azadirachta indica on the germination and growth of Amaranthus spinosus and Amaranthus hybridus was studied. The aim was to use crude water extract from the leaves of Azadirachta indica to germinate, nurture and compare the growth of A. hybridus and A. spinosus. The plants' seeds selected were planted in polyethylene bags filled with loamy soil, and different extract concentrations of 0ml, 5ml 10ml, and 15ml dilutions were used to water the plants. The plants were well watered with extracts of three different concentrations and allowed to grow under natural environmental conditions. Parameters measured include germination percentage, the height of plants, the number of leaves, and the leaf area of the plant. It was observed that there was delayed germination of Amaranthus hybrids and Amaranthus spinosus seeds as the concentration of A. indica increased. The study showed that the extract of A. indica had a negative effect on the growth of A. spinosus and A. hybridus. The effect was significantly higher at higher concentrations of the extracts. Azadirachta indica extract significantly reduced the leaf area, number of leaves, and stem height in A. spinosus and A. hybridus compared to the control. The study further showed that the sensitivity of A. spinosus and A. hybridus to the plant extract differed. From the study, A. indica had a more negative effect on A. spinosus, revealing more inhibitory activity on the growth of A. spinosusthan on A. hybridus.


Objective Intercelluar washing fluid(IWF-260)of leaf rust-infected wheat leaves(Lovrin 10) was used to stimulate the suspension cell of Lovrin 10 in order to study the H2O2 burst and its productive mechanism.Method The changes of H2O2 were detected by chemiluminescence method and fluorescent probe DCFHDA staining.The activity of NADPH oxidase was studied by HE staining.Pharmacological experiments were carried out to study the relation between Ca2+ and H2O2。Result IWF-260 could cause the outbreak of H2O2 in wheat suspension cultured cells.It played an important role in the programmed death of wheat suspension cells induced by IWF-260.NADPH oxidase might be involved in the production of H2O2.The influx of extracellular Ca2 + could regulate the production of H2O2.Conclusion IWF can induce H2O2 burst of wheat suspension cells and this process is involved with the activation of NADPH oxidase and the influxing of intercelluar Ca2+.


The magneto-optical rotatory dispersion in the absorptionless region has been investigated with liquid benzene, and the related magnetic moment has been discussed theoretically. It has been concluded that the main contribution to the magneto-optical rotatory dispersion consists of an A term through the 1A1g→1E1u transition and that the contribution from σ -electrons is never negligible. The magnetic moment in the excited state, 1E1u, of benzene has been obtained as −1.72 β (Bohr magneton), which is about 2 or 4 times greater than the value of −1.0 β calculated with the FEN-model or the value of −0.396 β calculated by the LCAO-MO method.


Description Models suggest rising immunity in a small group of people, not vaccination, is key Models suggest rising immunity in a small group of people, not vaccination, is key


Disordering of the crystal lattice of polymers with axial texture, which consists in longitudinal displacement of the macrochain segments incorporated into crystallites with respect to their regular positions, was studied within the framework of the kinematic theory of X-ray diffraction. It was established that the disorder is manifested by broadening (smearing) of the nonequatorial reflections having Okl indices and a decrease in their integral intensity. The smearing of the reflections is most pronounced in the first stage of disordering, where the longitudinal shifts of the chain segments possess a correlated character and lead to deviations of the (Okl) planes. The second stage of disordering, related to the loss of correlation in the longitudinal motions of neighboring chains, is accompanied predominantly by a loss of the reflection intensity. An expression is obtained for the Fourier coefficients of the 001 type reflection intensity distribution along the layer planes in the reciprocal space, which allows the mutual displacements of the neighboring chains in the longitudinal direction to be determined in the first stage of disordering. In addition, a relation is derived that determines the magnitude of independent chain displacements in the second stage of disordering, A method, called the ω-28 scanning, is proposed for recording the X-ray diffraction intensity distribution along the layer planes, which provides convenient experimental intensity profiles for the Fourier analysis. The experimental results reported previously for the longitudinal disorder in PTFE and polycarbonate crystallites during a transition to the mesomorphous state are analyzed from the standpoint of new concepts. The structural methods proposed are applied to the study of disordering in crystallites of an equimolar copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene. It is demonstrated that similar to the case of PTFE and polycarbonate, the passage from the first to second stage of longitudinal disordering in the copolymer crystallites is observed in the region of a high-temperature α 0 transition featuring a sharp decrease in the strength of interchain interactions.


The manikin, wearing garments with various sizes and various material mechanical properties, was scanned using 3D body scanner. Based on the clouds data of the body and garments, the program was compiled to extract the distance eases between the body and garment from different cross sections. The changing rule of the distance eases with the changes of the body angles was analyzed. It was found that the distance eases were changed irregularly with the increase of garment sizes and the uniform changing of material mechanical properties or the body angles. The distance eases were influenced by the ease allowance and the material mechanical properties. There was an internal relation between the distance eases and material mechanical properties. This research is useful in a further investigating the fit of the garments and it provides testing standard for 3D simulation of fashion design.


With the development of economic globalization, the rapid development of industries in various fields, big data technology has attracted more and more attention. Network data is constantly being generated at an unprecedented rate, and it is necessary to intelligently process huge data, and then to make full use of the value in the data, you need to use machine learning methods. This paper describes the related theory of machine learning in detail. Based on data mining, it discusses the flow chart of neural network training algorithm in detail and studies the application and prospect of machine learning in big data.


In this note we study modules with $(W{C_{11}}^{+})$ property. We prove thatif $M$ satisfies $(W{C_{11}}^{+})$ and $M/(Soc M)$ has finite uniform dimensionthen $M=M_{1}\oplus M_{2}$ where $M_1$ is semisimple and $M_2$ with finiteuniform dimension. In particular, if $M$ satisfies $(W{C_{11}}^{+})$ andascending chain (respectively, descending chain) condition on essentialsubmodules then $M=M_{1}\oplus M_2$ for some semisimple submodule $M_1$and Noetherian (respectively, Artinian) submodule $M_2$.


A general new method of description of thermal waves for the case of samples placed on a different backing material is presented and discussed. New functions of the R-hyperbolic type useful for the proper description of the periodical temperature fields and periodical photoacoustic and piezoelectric signals are proposed and described. They were applied for a description of several cases most frequently met in photoacoustic and photothermal methods. The paper comprises among others general equations for the ratio of the magnitudes and the phase-lag between the front and rear photoacoustic signals, instantaneous temperature spatial distributions in a sample and the equations describing the piezoelectric signal. All these formula are expressed in a domain of R-hyperbolic functions. This paper presents in general a strong influence of the backing material on photothermal characteristics.


We present a method to handle the standard data normalization process, which is often used in neural network applications. Normalization is studied in the case of wavelet networks, and we derive a dynamic interpretation of its influence, which can be extended to several neural models. We show that data normalization may be simulated and parameterized to avoid data preprocessing, so that the normalization process becomes either tunable or dynamically adaptable. Both cases are illustrated with benchmark applications. The main benefit of the proposed methods is a big reduction of the time of convergence on a satisfactory classification rate.


It is thought that the activities prepared with Web 2.0 technologies will contribute significantly to the achievements of music lessons, increase the learning speed by embodying abstract concepts; the activities prepared by considering the interests and wishes of today's generation z students will positively affect their attitudes and motivations towards the lesson. In this research, it is aimed to evaluate the contribution of the activities prepared with Web 2.0 technologies for the sound formation unit within the scope of the music lesson to the learning levels of the students. The study group consists of 220 students in the 9th grade of Trabzon Affan Kitapçıoğlu Anatolian High School. A 9-question knowledge test was applied as a measurement tool to make determinations regarding the realization of the achievements in the unit of "formation of sound". In the study, interviews were conducted with a randomly selected 8 student group in the study group. Content analysis technique was used to analyze the data obtained as a result of the interviews. In line with the findings obtained from this study, it was determined that the activities prepared with Web 2.0 technologies contributed to the students' self-knowledge, self-confidence, protection of voice, voice change, and field expert knowledge, also provided ease of learning theoretical knowledge.
Key Words: Technology, web 2.0 tools, music education


Today's visual communication systems are based on primary image features like color, brightness and contrast; these systems are unaware of the actual message that is to be conveyed by an image. The information that is perceived depends not only on the primary image features, but also on the way an observer looks at the image. This "way of looking", the scan path, is an image attribute that is just as important for the reception of the image's message as are the primary image features. To enhance tomorrow's visual communication systems, we want to transfer a given scan path onto another person. In order to be able to do this, we will need to better understand the mechanisms involved in choosing a gaze target, with the goal of being able to record, process and display a scan path along with the more common image attributes. As a step in this process, this thesis presents an algorithm capable of predicting eye movements of an observer viewing a dynamic scene based on a history of locations attended to in the past and also salient features of the current image. Salient features are computed based on the intrinsic dimension of the displayed video sequences. A mechanism to dynamically adapt this algorithm to an individual observer is presented. This thesis is part of the Itap efforts at the Institute of Neuroand Bioinformatics of the University of Lubeck, which is again part of the interdisciplinary project "ModKog", supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Prediction Of Saccadic Eye Movements With Dynamic Scenes 0


"9Wurtzite9 from Llallagua, Bolivia, is a mixture of polytypes but a 2H structure is present which is shown by syntheses and x-ray diffraction to have the composition (Zn (sub 0.43) Mn (sub 0.31) Fe (sub 0.26) )S within about 5 percent uncertainty. This is much lower in zinc than any recorded analyses of wurtzite, but it might be considered to be a ferroan variety of erythrozincite. There are some data which suggest that the ideal composition of erythrozincite is ZnMnS 2 ."


The purposes of this study were to extensively review the gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and exercise literature and to provide recommendations for future research. We found (1) that exercise improved glucose utilization, decreased the need for insulin, or increased cardiorespiratory fitness in 62% of the intervention/treatment studies; (2) that pre-pregnancy exercise was associated with GDM risk reduction in 45% of the correlational studies; (3) a greater risk reduction for overweight women in 27% of the correlational studies; and (4) a lack of consistency in reporting study characteristics and outcomes across all study types. Findings illustrate the positive effect of exercise on GDM outcomes, and the need for more consistency in data reporting across studies to systematically determine the protective mechanism and causal pathway of exercise for preventing GDM.


The lack of effective conventional therapies against dengue has created an interest in herbal preparations as alternative therapies. In the present study, in vitroeffects of Cordia curassavicaessential oil (EO) on both dengue virus replication and cytokine production were examined. Predictions ofmolecular interactions between EO compounds and virus and cell proteins were performed with AutoDock Vina. The EO inhibited replication of dengue virus serotypes at IC50< 30 μg/mL, and it reduced 87% TNF-α, 67% IL-8 and 46% IFN-α in LPS-stimulated PBMCs.The main EO compounds were trans-β-caryophyllene (21.4%), germacrene D (17.8%), α-copaene (16.5%), trans-β-guaiene (8.2%), and α-pinene (6.0%). The first two compounds, δ-cadinene, α-muurolene, α-cubebene and β-burbonene were coupled to proteins involved in the TLR-4 cytokine effector pathway. 3,7-Guaiadiene was coupled to the viral E and C proteins. This study demonstrates the potential of C. curassavicaEO as a starting point for discovering novel therapeutic for dengue.


Background: While increasing coverage of effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emergent variants raise concerns about breakthrough infections. Data are limited, however, whether breakthrough infection during the epidemic of the variant is ascribed to insufficient vaccine-induced immunogenicity. Methods: We described incident COVID-19 in relation to the vaccination program among workers of a referral hospital in Tokyo. During the predominantly Delta epidemic, we followed 2,473 fully vaccinated staff (BNT162b2) for breakthrough infection and selected three matched controls. We measured pre-infection neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type, Alpha (B.1.1.7), and Delta (B.1.617.2) strains using live viruses and anti-spike antibodies using quantitative assays, and compared them using the generalized estimating equation model between the two groups. Results: No COVID-19 cases occurred 1-2 months after the vaccination program during the fourth epidemic wave in Japan, dominated by the Alpha variant, while 22 cases emerged 2-4 months after the vaccination program during the fifth wave, dominated by the Delta variant. In the vaccinated cohort, all 17 cases of breakthrough infection were mild or asymptomatic and had returned to work early. There was no measurable difference between cases and controls in pre-infection neutralizing antibody titers against the wild-type, Alpha, and Delta, and anti-spike antibody titers, while neutralizing titers against the variants were considerably lower than those against the wild-type. Conclusions: Pre-infection neutralizing antibody titers were not decreased among patients with breakthrough infection under the Delta variant rampage. The result points to the importance of infection control measures in the post-vaccination era, irrespective of immunogenicity profile.


The author describes the historical demographic data bases developed in Umea, Sweden, and elsewhere in the Scandinavian countries and their use for the purposes of demographic research and social history. The possibility of developing similar projects in Belgium, which has numerous population registers, is also explored. (summary in ENG)


Findings of a literature review highlight the need for more studies to compare SMILE and WFG LASIK for treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism.


A number of precision form factor experiments at high momentum transfer will be performed with the 11 GeV electron beam of CEBAF. We review the approved proposals and the conceptual schemes of several new suggestions. Form factor data will serve as a major input for the construction of a tomographic image of the nucleon.


PURPOSE: Hydroponic ginseng cultivation method and system are provided to improve the planting rate of ginseng using ginseng seedlings planted on planting holes on a permanent planting bed. CONSTITUTION: A hydroponic ginseng cultivation method comprises the following steps: preparing ginseng seedlings grown for 1 year(S100); testing for remaining agricultural medicines of the ginseng seedlings(S200); inserting the ginseng seedlings into a coconut peat medium soaked in distilled water, and storing the ginseng seedlings at 1-2 deg C for 1-10 months(S300); discharging the ginseng seedlings at room temperature in the sterilized state(S400); planting the ginseng seedlings in a light-shielded planting bed filled with coconut peat with the interval 2 by 2 cm, and germinating the ginseng seedlings for 10-15 days(S500); planting the ginseng seedlings in a cultivation tub, and growing the ginseng seedlings for 3-4 months before harvesting leaves, stems, and roots(S600, S700). [Reference numerals] (AA) Start; (BB) Finish; (S100) Preparing ginseng seedlings; (S200) Testing for remaining agricultural medicines; (S300) Pre-cooling; (S400) Discharging the ginseng seedlings; (S500) Germinating the ginseng seedlings; (S600) Growing the ginseng seedlings; (S700) Harvesting the ginseng seedlings


Objective Musculoskeletal problems like hip and knee osteoarthritis and low-back pain are preference sensitive conditions. Patient engagement strategies (PES), such as shared decision-making and motivational interviewing, can help align patients' preferences with treatment options and potentially reduce spending. We assess the association of physician practice-level adoption of PES with utilisation and spending. Design Cross-sectional study in which patients were matched across low, moderate and high levels of PES via coarsened exact matching. Setting Primary and secondary care in 2190 physician practices. Participants 39 336 hip, 48 362 knee and 67 940 low-back patients who were Medicare beneficiaries were matched to the 2017–2018 National Survey of Healthcare Organizations and Systems. Primary and secondary outcome measures Total hip replacement (THR), total knee replacement (TKR), 1–2 level posterior lumbar fusion (LF), total annual spending, components of total annual spending. Results Total annual spending for patients with musculoskeletal problems did not differ for practices with low versus moderate PES, low versus high PES or moderate versus high PES, but spending was significantly lower in some categories for practices with relatively higher PES adoption. For hospital-owned and health system-owned practices, the ORs of receiving LF were 0.632 (95% CI 0.396 to 1.009) for patients attributed to practices with high PES compared with patients attributed to practices with moderate PES. For independent practices, the odds of receiving THR were 1.403 (95% CI 1.035 to 1.902) for patients attributed to practices with moderate PES compared with patients attributed to practices with low PES. Conclusions Practice-level adoption of PES for patients with musculoskeletal problems was generally not associated with total spending. PES, however, may steer patients toward evidence-based treatments. Opportunities for overall spending reduction exist as indicated by the variation in the subcomponents of total spending by PES adoption.


A series of N , N -disubstituted 4-aminophenylazobenzaldehydes (azo dyes) were synthesized by the reaction of phenylpiperazine derivatives with 4-formylbenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate. The salt was easily prepared by reacting poly(aminobenzaldehyde) with sodium nitrite in the presence of tetrafluoroboric acid. A representative sample was studied by crystallography, and the charge distribution of the molecule was calculated with the aim of understanding the form of molecular stacking on the basis of crystal data. The mesogenic behaviour of the azo dyes was also studied.


A list of 32 species of thrips recorded from crops or plants in Peninsular Malaysia is presented. Most of the specimens came from a recent survey of cultivated plants, many of which were from the genus Thrips. The specimens were collected by beating vegetation (that is, either the flowers or leaves) over a plastic tray, subjected to a standard dehydration and clearing process before being slide mounted. Slide mounted specimens were then identified using taxonomic keys. This study also recorded two further species from Malaysia: Frankliniella schultzei, a polyphagous tospovirus vector and Stenchaetothrips biformis, the rice thrips. The study reveals thirty-two species recorded as associated with cultivated plants in Malaysia; of these, 17 were found on more than one species of plant.


Polyacrylonitrile‐based carbon fibers (CFs) have demonstrated unparalleled physical and mechanical properties and are considered a promising material for aerospace, transportation, medical devices, and other applications. However, the current understanding of the heterogeneous structure of carbon fiber is still vague, and the relationship between the heterogeneous structure and the mechanical properties of carbon fiber is also unclear. In this review, the literature on the radial heterogeneous structure of CFs is summarized from four points of view: morphological structure, physical properties and chemical structures, mechanical properties, and structural models by combining different characterization tools such as nanoindentation, nanoscale infrared spectroscopy, and synchrotron wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. First, the size and orientation of graphite microcrystalline, the degree of graphitization, density distribution, modulus distribution, chemical functional group distribution, and other physical and chemical properties of carbon fiber cross‐sectional structures are discussed. Afterward, the relationship between the mechanical properties of carbon fiber and the heterogeneous structure is analyzed. Finally, the currently accepted models of the heterogeneous structure of carbon fibers are summarized and made some suggestions for research on the heterogeneous structure of carbon fibers.


A vacuum tube for the acceleration of charged particles is described. The total acceleration of the ions takes place in a distance of 18 inches although the total height of the tube is about 14 feet. It has been used at one million volts peak a.c. with target currents of 5 ma of electrons and 0.2 ma of positive ions.


Objective:To understand the mental health status of female students at Beijing Medical University and offer rational proposals for health education and psychological consultation.Method:Using 7 items including 66 questions of SCL-90,138 females at the third grade were surveyed at Bejing Medical University and were compared with the norm for young people,army medical students and Shanxi provincial female college students.Results:The average soores for 7 items were between 1. 38~1.70,the percentage of students with slight psychological problems was 5.8% ~27.7%,the percentage of students with moderate psychological problems was 0.7% ~ 2.9%.The surveyed students had higher scores in anxiety as compared with the norm for young people.The scores in interpersonal sensitivety,hostility and paranoid ideation were lower while the score in depression was higher for surveyed students than for army medical students.Psychological status of surveyed students was better than that of Shanxi students.Conclusion:Female students of Beijing Medical University had higher mental health levels than Shanxi females,eren though they had higher scores in anxiety than the norm for young people.Thus,increased emphasis should focus on mental health education for female medical students.


In a previous communication I have described the measurements I have made of the viscosity of bromine vapour. The method used for this purpose involved the distillation of bromine from one vessel to another through a capillary tube. The pressure difference between the two ends of the capilllary was established by maintaining the two vessels at suitable different temperatures, and the rate of transpiration of the bromine vapour was estimated by observing the volume of the liquid bromine which evaporated in a given time. It was hoped that the same method could be applied to iodine by adjusting the temperatures of evaporation and condensation of values above the melting point of iodine (113° C.), and measuring the transpiration rate by means of the disappearance of liquid from the evaporation vessel. Preliminary experiments, however, soon revealed the fact that the liquid iodine was not sufficiently mobile, and its surface was too indefinite and variable in shape to allow small changes of volume to be observed. It was, therefore, found necessary to modify in several respects the method used with bromine.


Graph filters (GFs) have attracted great interest since they can be directly implemented in a diffused way. Thus it is interesting to investigate GFs to implement signal processing operations in a distributed manner. However, in most GF models, the input signals are assumed to be time-invariant, static, or change at a very low rate. In addition to that, the GF coefficients are usually set to be node-invariant, i.e. the same for all the nodes. Yet, in general, the input signals may evolve with time and the underlying GF may have parameters dependent on the nodes. Therefore, in this paper, we consider dynamic input signals and both types of GF coefficients, node-variant, i.e. vary on different nodes, and node-invariant. Then, we apply LMS and RLS algorithms for GF design, along with two others called adapt-then-combine (ATC) and combined RLS (CRLS) to estimate the GF coefficients. We study and compare the performance of the algorithms and show that in the case of node-invariant GF coefficients, CRLS gives the best performance with lowest mean-square-displacement (MSD), whereas, for node-variant case, RLS represents the best results. The effect of bias in the input signal has also been examined.


In article the features of flexible document circulation systems building, based on XML, are considered. The problems of architecture construction of documental systems, using agent approach are investigated. Principles of using of ontologies and intelligence program systems in corporative systems configuration process are described


Dash A, Jain N, Pandey H, Cost Effective, Efficient and Stability indicating Method Development and Validation for determination of related substances for Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2021; 11(2):153-163 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i2.4581 Abstract ______________________________________________________________________________________________________


Abstract Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic in Wuhan, China has remained under the international spotlight. Despite hostile sentiments toward the country that are still prevalent in many parts of the world, it is clear that China has managed to contain this unprecedented public health crisis reasonably swiftly since the lockdown of Wuhan. What accounts for this "success"? What are the experience and lessons that can be learnt by the international community and policy practitioners? This study seeks to reveal China's highly distinctive style of crisis governance behind its pandemic containment outcome since February 2020. We analyze how the Chinese government was able to mobilize the entire state machinery and all possible resources in this battle. Focus is given to the distinctive features at institutional, strategic, and operational levels, illustrating the country's style of crisis governance while also drawing necessary caveats.


Objective The explore of effects of compound methoxyphenamine on cough following acute upper respiratory tract infections.Methods A total of 112 patients with cough subsequent to acute upper respiratory tract infections were assigned to group A and group B at random.The 60 cases in group A receieved compound methoxyphenamine as ambulatory treatment,while the 52 cases in group B received dextrome thorphan as ambulatory treatment,both for 7 days.Both groups were observed for symptom scores of cough,curative effects,and adverse reactions.Results Compared with group B,group A showed significant differences in clinical efficacy(P0.01).Varied degrees of adverse reactions were noted in both groups and disappeared once stop taking the drugs.The incidence rates of adverse reactions were not statistically different between the two groups(P0.05)Conclusion Compound methoxyphenamine displays better effects,lower rate of adverse reactions,and better safety in the treatment of cough following acute upper respiratory tract infection.


Objective To investigate the expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in pancreatic carcinoma and evaluate its prognostic implications mirrored by the ratio of the PEDF/VEGF. Methods The expression of PEDF and VEGF in pancreaticcarcinoma was detected immunohistochemically by SP method, and prognostic factors of clinical stage, microvessel density (MVD) , infiltration depth, lymph node metastasis, metastasis were analyzed by multivariate factors analysis of COX regression model. Results The expression rate of PEDF and VEGF was 16% and 96% respectively. The ratio of PEDF/VEGF ranged from 0. 25 to 3 and the mean ratio was 0. 514;The ratio was significantly relate with clinical stage (P < 0. 01) , MVD (P < 0.01) , lymph node metastasis (P<0. 01). Univariate factor analysis revealed a significantly short survival, in patients with low PEDF/VEGF ratio (P<0. 01). By multivariate COX regression analysis, PEDF/VEGF ratio (risk factor=0. 390,P<0. 05) was an independent poor risk prognostic factor. Conclusion The high ratio of PEDF/VEGF is a predictor of advanced stage and poor survival in patients with pancreatic carcinoma.

Key words:
Pancreatic carcinoma; Pigment epithelium-derived factor; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Prognosis


SEARCH STRATEGY Medline and Embase using National library of health interface Medline: [(exp nose AND exp foreign bodies) OR 'nasal foreign bod*'.ti,ab OR nasal obstruction/ th (th1⁄4therapy)] AND ['parent's kiss'.ti, ab OR pressure OR 'positive pressure'.ti, ab] LIMIT to children and English language. EMBASE: [(exp nose AND exp foreign bodies) OR 'nasal foreign bod*'.ti,ab OR nasal obstruction/th (th1⁄4therapy) AND ['parent's kiss'.ti,ab OR pressure OR 'positive pressure'.ti,ab] LIMIT to children and English language. Medline and EMBASE duplicates filtered.


This article discusses solutions to the care gap. The alternatives of on-site and employer-funded, inclusive and mixed-type, and universal childcare are discussed.


The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) has at last announced that it plans to introduce a special tier of professional registration for clinical nurse specialists and other higher-level practitioners such as nurse practitioners. This will mean that the titles for specialist roles will be protected in law and therefore nurses will not be entitled to call themselves, for example, clinical nurse specialist unless they are appropriately qualified to do so and have been assessed and recorded as such by the NMC.


Spectrometry of the soft x-ray emitted by the growing film or its substrate during sputtering is used to monitor the film synthesis: determination of native oxide on the substrates, film stoichiometry versus experimental conditions, control of oxygen content during nitride synthesis, etc. Quantitative data can be obtained by using a simple exponential profile for the ionization function.


A very important component of biodiversity in tropical forests is the vast variation in leaf morphology among different plant species. Leaf morphology is often a result of adaptations to the specific environmental conditions of a particular ecosystem or habitat. The Monstera genus of tropical plants in the Araceae family has very unique morphological leaf characteristics; it has large, deeply incised leaves with holes along the primary veins. There are many hypothesized adaptive functions of these holes, but no direct experimental studies have been completed to determine the functions they actually serve. This study directly tests the functional significance of the holes in Monstera deliciosa leaves in Monteverde, Costa Rica for three of the most generally accepted hypotheses: water uptake, wind damage reduction, and herbivory deterrence. The difference between normal Monstera leaves and control leaves with no holes were measured in three different treatments, one for each of the hypothesized important factors. Monstera leaves with holes were found to have a significantly higher amount of water capture by the roots of the plant than the leaves without holes. Holes in Monstera leaves were not found to have a very large impact on the degree of wind damage that a plant endures, and the presence of holes was found to actually increase the level of herbivory on a given leaf. These findings confirm that the holes in Monstera leaves are an adaptive function for increasing water uptake efficiency, but contradict the general consensus that the leaves are also adapted to decrease damage from water and herbivory pressures.


This paper addresses two major components of the Kennedy Expressway reconstruction (Chicago) with significant safety impacts: construction staging and constructed roadway safety elements. Construction staging was critical to provide safe travel through the work area. The constructed roadway safety elements include features which upgraded the original Expressway design to current standards and specifications. Design parameters included: (1) No addition of lanes; (2) Constrained right-of-way; (3) Maintenance of high traffic volume and congestion.


To improve the operation economy of the microgrid in a complex environment, a low-carbon operation strategy of microgrid with distributed compressed air energy storage is proposed. Firstly, considering the complex environment of regional microgrids, the coupling structure of distributed compressed air energy storage systems and microgrids is proposed. The new energy output and compressed air energy storage system model are established. On this basis, considering the consumption of new energy, a low-carbon operation strategy of the microgrid is constructed to improve the consumption level of new energy in the microgrid. Finally, the feasibility and competitiveness of the proposed low-carbon operation scheme are verified by simulation. The results show that the operation strategy of a low-carbon microgrid with distributed compressed air energy storage can reduce the operation cost by 57.3 %, and the new energy consumption rate can reach 97.2 %. The research results provide a theoretical basis and decision-making reference for applying distributed compressed air energy storage systems in complex environments.


Mathematical techniques such as Linear Programming, Non-Linear Programming, Dynamic Programming are being used for simple and ideal models to find the global optimum solution. But these techniques are not sufficient methods for real world problems. This problem causes to be developed of heuristic optimization techniques. One of these techniques is Harmony Search (HS) algorithm, developed to find better solution with decreased number of iterations against the existing optimization techniques. The algorithm has parameters such as Harmony Memory Considering Rate (HMCR), Pitch Adjustment Rate (PAR), whose values have to be predetermined before conducting the experiments. Values of these parameters play a critical role by generating solutions. To reveal this assumption, Bridge and Torch (BT) problem is solved with HS algorithm. BT is a combinatoric problem and it's optimal solution is known for several parameters. Adapted HS algorithm is run for several n, PAR and HMCR values. Experimental results show that if the best values for parameters aren't selected, the global solution may not be reached in acceptable time.


Various kinds of procedures (rhizotomy, tractotomy, chordotomy, thalamotomy, intrathecal injection of alcohol, etc.) have been attempted to treat intractable pain. These methods, however, were of limited indications, because they sometimes resulted in great lesions or serious complications. In 1955 Maher got success to inject a phenol solution into the intrathecal space in order to relieve intractable pain without any nervous destructions. We tried also to inject a phenol-myodil solution into the intrathecal space in patients who had complained of intractable pains caused by malignant tumors in the pelvic cavity, tabes dorsalis and Buerger's disease, etc., then investigated the ideal concentration of phenol-myodil solution, its effects and side actions. We used 0.5-.-1.2 cc of 3 -7 go phenol-myodil solution, which was injected into the spinal canal at the defined level in the lateral posion. According to circumstances, we controlled the level under the fluoroscopic examination. On the occasion of success, pains usually disappeared in 30 seconds after the intrathecal injection. The effects continued permanently without abnormal sensations of touch, pinprick and muscular weakness. Complications were mostly transient.


Patients with widespread unilateral chronic pain associated with recurrent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections show functional and/or structural changes in the insula, anterior cingulate cortex, frontal and prefrontal cortices, as well as the thalamus, suggesting central dysfunction of the pain system in these patients. Central pain has been associated with attenuated laser‐evoked cortical responses. We aimed to clarify whether the observed deficient activation of these areas to acute nociceptive stimuli is due to a lesion at a lower level of pain processing pathways.


Abstract In this work we present the design of a PV plant comprising storage for the transition of the fossil fuelled power plant of a non-interconnected Greek Island to a hybrid one with high RES penetration. Simulations are performed using the OpenDSS software. The proposed design offers 58.1% reduction in both fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for the first year of operation, which reduces to 44.2% and 42.2% after 20 years.


The thermodynamic properties of a multicomponent blend containing nearly equal volume fractions of two homopolymers, a saturated polybutadiene with 89% 1,2-addition (component A) and polyisobutylene (component B), and 1 vol % of a diblock copolymer was studied by a combination of ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) and optical microscopy. The A−C diblock copolymer, which serves as a surfactant, has an A block that is chemically identical to the A homopolymer and a C block that is a saturated polybutadiene with 62% 1,2-addition. The C block exhibits attractive interactions with component B and repulsive interactions with component A. At temperatures between room temperature and 45 °C, USANS results indicated that this blend self-assembles into a microemulsion with periodic length scales in the 0.2−4 μm range. The USANS data were in excellent agreement with the Teubner−Strey equation for scattering from microemulsions. Optical microscopy studies revealed the presence of bicontinuous microemulsions ...


and Ephraim Okoro document the results of an extensive study, conducted at two universities in the United States, concerning student attitudes toward formal and casual business attire. Their conclusion lists specific recommendations for human resources managers and other corporate executives. Terri Grant and Gaontebale Nodoba explore the powerful political, historical, and cultural influences that shape the understanding of appropriate attire within a specific environment; their study focuses upon the evolution of workplace wardrobes in South Africa. Barbara Burgess-Wilkerson and Jane Boyd Thomas, commencing with an interpretive analysis of the Ugly Betty television series, maintain that many "Generation Y" students hold seemingly contradictory attitudes concerning the meaning of attire as, simultaneously, a statement of conformity with corporate culture and also an assertion of individuality. Sabine Tan and Monica Owyong explicitly maintain that attire serves a semiotic function; their study of the clothing associated with male and female television business newscasters provides an example of the manner in which this function operates.


The actuality of the article is defined by the rapid development of information technology in our country and in the whole world. Society uses computer technologies in various fields of human activities including education. However, there are many barriers to information and improvement of the educational process. The solutions of many of them are cloud services.


van de Graaf, Stan F. J., Joost G. J. Hoenderop, and René J. M. Bindels. Regulation of TRPV5 and TRPV6 by associated proteins. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290: F1295–F1302, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00443.2005.—The epithelial Ca channels TRPV5 and TRPV6 are the most Ca -selective members of the TRP channel superfamily. These channels are the prime target for hormonal control of the active Ca flux from the urine space or intestinal lumen to the blood compartment. Insight into their regulation is, therefore, pivotal in our understanding of the (patho)physiology of Ca homeostasis. The recent elucidation of TRPV5/ 6-associated proteins has provided new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of these channels. In this review, we describe the various means of TRPV5/6 regulation, the role of channel-associated proteins herein, and the relationship between both processes.


we demonstrate a technology "Release and bond-back of layers (REBOLA)" that exploits the deterministic wrinkling of a semiconductor layer to create well-defined and versatile nanochannel networks. In linear networks, the periodicity of branch channels as a function of etch-width was analyzed and compared with theoretical calculations. A self-similar folding phenomenon of wrinkles near a fixed boundary was revealed by autocorrelation analysis. The formation of branch channels within circular networks was studied on different length scales and was controlled by the size of the etched circular network and the shape of the initial pattern. To elucidate the usefulness of REBOLA, we exemplified nanofluidic transport as well as femto-litre filling and emptying of individual wrinkles on a standard semiconductor substrate, in which corner flow played an important role.


Behaviour resulting from work group normative processes can be examined and changed to increase the productivity of an organisation. A model for exploring the process of work group norm diagnosis that can be used by organisational consultants is developed. Examples of its use are also presented.


Responding to Michael Luntley's article, 'Learning, Empowerment and Judgement', the author shows he cannot successfully make the following three moves: (1) dissolve the analytic distinction between learning by training and learning by reasoning, while advocating the latter; (2) diminish the role of training in Wittgenstein's philosophy, nor attribute to him a rationalist model of learning; and (3) turn to empirical research as a way of solving the philosophical problems he addresses through Wittgenstein. Drawing on José Medina's analysis of the fundamental role of training in Wittgenstein's later philosophy, the paper offers a tour of key passages in the Investigations and other works to develop an understanding of what Wittgenstein meant by 'mastery of techniques'. In opposition to Luntley's liberal‐individual, or his subject as rational agent, the author explores Wittgenstein's non‐foundationalist, forms of life approach to how we act with agreement. More effort must be given to differentiating Wittgenstein's view from that of the analytic school, which Luntley appears to echo despite his criticism of the analytic divide.


Summary The survival of a honey bee colony depends, in part, on the reproductive success of the queen, which in turn depends on the viability of sperm produced by drones with which the queen mates. Colony success also depends on management of the ectoparasitic bee mite, Varroa destructor, which has historically been achieved using miticides that may also impact honey bee health. Previous work has demonstrated that the exposure of drone honey bees to miticidal Checkmite+TM strips (coumaphos) can result in decreased sperm viability. In this study we applied a range of sublethal doses of six miticides (tau-fluvalinate, coumaphos, fenpyroximate, amitraz, thymol and oxalic acid) to 1–4 day old adult drones. We returned drones to their home colony and re-collected them two to three weeks later to assess sperm viability using SYBR14 and propidium iodide stains. Counts of live and dead sperm were automated using the EBImage library in the R statistical environment. Sperm viability was not affected by any of the six miticide treatments, which suggests that acute miticide exposure in adult drones has little effect on drones' reproductive potential. However, two of the six miticides tested had an effect on drone recapture rate: fenpyroximate reduced and thymol increased the likelihood of drone recapture. These results suggest that future research on the effect of pesticides to drone sperm viability should focus on exposure in the immature stages and that beekeepers concerned with drone reproductive health may be able to safely apply miticides when only adult drones are present.


The COVID-19 pandemic, as a multi-dimensional crisis, is having profound impacts on the field of work. Despite a proliferation of claims that it will usher in a new and better normal in workplaces,...


Based on the systematic investigation of Pine community,we conducted quantitative classification of Pine community with the TWINSPAN and DCA methods.The vegetation survey on a natural forest of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) in Qinling Mountains indicated that there were 375 species of vascular plants in 189 genera of 89 families in 39 plots including 85 families of Angiosperm,1 families of Gymnospermae and 3 families of Pteridophyta in the survey.The results also show that the vertical structure of the community was obvious,which composed of tree layer,sub-tree layer,bush layer and grass layer.Total 13 associations were classified by TWINSPAN.Ecological distance of each association analyzed by DCA explained the ecological conditions for the evolution of different association and genetic relationship.The results show that the altitude of distribution of pine community varied greatly,scarce species was well protected and species capacity was large at low altitude and high altitude and even in droughty ridge.It is better for species biodiversity to protect the original and secondary characteristics of Chinese pine.


We have measured the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity lambda of lead single crystals with different sample dimensions in the superconducting state between 0.05 and 1.2 K. Experimental data reveal that apart from boundary scattering of phonons, an additional scattering mechanism, interpreted as scattering of phonons at dislocations, becomes increasingly important with decreasing temperature. By considering both scattering mechanisms, we demonstrate that the boundary scattering length is indeed limited by sample dimension. Additional lambda measurements in the intermediate state indicate that an as-yet-unidentified heat transport across the boundaries between normal and superconducting regions may be the reason for the considerable discrepancy between experiment and theoretical calculations.


The invention of "BiT Coin (BTC)", by Satashi Nagamoto circa 2008, remains as a formidable task. There is a plenty of benefits to motivate a further development of BTC without the rare metal material as the token, as the early Digital Crypto Currency (DCC), e.g. (1) Utilized the recently advance in secure codec technology in few more order of magnitude beyond classical hashing and antihashing scramble data, in terms of public and private large prime number factorial codec key invented by Rivest, Shamir, Adleman and Cocks (RASC) circa WWII, re-written now for digital Smart Phone or PC that are easy for anyone to do a smart contract in template an essential promissory notes, e.g. "I owe you such under this reneging condition." The major difference in secured feature is taking the available World Wide Web broadcasting one-way to all memberships in the Cloud. However, only the (1) involved trading partners can read with their private keys, (2) no third party banking or broker fee, (3) no International currency exchange fee, and (4) no one can rob the digital bank, etc. These benefits have been endorsed by Small Business Innovative Research.


Abstract This article reviews methods that apply in data and information analysis on flight safety and also was made a review of the features and examples of system resources of proactive management of flight safety. It proposes a general methodology for IT support of proactive flight safety management in the form of an algorithm, whose individual elements been described. Was presented an example of the application of the algorithm, selected methods and tools for data analysis and identification of corrective and/or preventive actions, as part of flight safety management and the monitoring of their effectiveness and efficiency through continuous analysis and assessment of data and information from the system, as an element of flight safety management. This article presents a methodological approach to the analysis and assessment of the risks to flight safety with regard to proactive processes


The author explores "the social and economic history of Minas Gerais [Brazil] in the late 18th and early 19th centuries....This article will consider the process of demographic readjustment occurring in Mineiro society in the aftermath of the 18th-century gold mining boom....The immigration of free people seeking economic opportunity virtually ceased between 1786 and 1808 when the annual rate of population growth in the capitania declined precipitously....The slave population declined by over 20% between 1786 and 1808....By the early 19th century free peoples of color had replaced slaves as the most numerous population sector and their annual rates of demographic growth would assure population predominance in Minas Gerais from then on." (EXCERPT)


Various oestrogen responsive reporter genes and vectors expressing truncated or chimeric human oestrogen receptors (hER) containing either of the two independent hER transcriptional activation functions (TAF‐1 and TAF‐2) have been transfected into HeLa cells, chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) or yeast cells to investigate the agonistic activity of the anti‐oestrogen 4‐hydroxytamoxifen (OHT). We demonstrate that the agonistic effect of OHT on the whole hER is due to the cell‐type and promoter‐context dependent activity of TAF‐1. In similar experiments, we show that the anti‐oestrogen, ICI 164,384, does not exhibit any oestrogenic activity and, therefore, acts always as a pure antagonist, even though it does not inhibit the activity of the isolated TAF‐1. We also confirm that the wild type human oestrogen receptor has no ligand independent transcriptional activity. The implications of our results for the variable antagonist/agonist activity of anti‐oestrogens in vivo are discussed.


Many scholars read Othello, written during England's entrance onto the global stage as a colonial power, as Shakespeare's reflection upon the increasingly diverse population of England and the rise of a modern conception of race and racism. While conceptions of race and racism shift with culture, Othello is positioned at the inception of racism and systems of oppression that are still at work today. Similarly, subtle racial slights towards Othello mirror what Professor Chester Pierce first termed as microaggressions. Drawing on Kevin Nadal's clinical research and the poetry of Claudia Rankine that details the bodily experience of microaggressions, I argue that the barrage of subtle and explicit racism that Othello experiences provides context for what at first appears to be an unbelievably quick turn against Desdemona. Othello's tragic demise, rather than resulting from an individual character flaw, demonstrates the devastating and accumulated impact of microaggressions on racialized bodies and their collective function within a system of oppression.


Visual methods are flourishing across the social sciences, and the draw-and-write technique is an increasingly popular research design. This paper contributes to the methodological conversation on the draw-and-write technique by addressing the differing impacts of participant-generated drawings made in black and white, or color. As background for the topic, we first comment upon the history of color in media and the arts, the physiological mechanisms of color perception, and the sociocultural construction of color. Then, we analyze three significant draw-and-write studies of teachers (Weber & Mitchell, 1995), information (Hartel, 2014a), and energy (Bowden, Lockton, Gheerawo, & Brass, 2015), with analytical attention upon the matter of color in the research design and outcome. Subsequently, the factor of color is discussed in relation to a research project's practicality, paradigm, topic, participants, and dissemination formats. Attention is given to the chromatic problem of depicting human beings in drawings, as well as the feasibility of releasing control of color entirely. By the conclusion of the paper, enthusiasts of the draw-and-write technique will be able to more strategically align the spectrum of their drawing instruments with their research constraints and objectives.


In recent years, the need for networked and safe transport systems (vehicles, ships, trains, aircrafts) has increased. In inland waterway transport, remote-controlled operation controlled by a person at the same station on land, allows to increase the safety of traffic, might solve especially the problem of shortage of qualified nautical personnel, and reduces costs. Furthermore, the illustration of the decision behavior and the development of strategies for supervision of the captain-vessel-interaction are important for the realization of a work flowmanagement allowing the evaluation of the captain's actions, the detection and classification of errors, the suggestion of desired situation-related actions, and if necessary the take over of the driving functionality in case of critical situations. The contribution of this work is to propose a concept for super-vision of the captain-vessel-interaction. The captain's behavior is mapped into a Situation-Operator-Modeling approach-based description to describe the real world actions as a graph-based-model allows to generate a net of upcoming actions depending on each other denoted as action space. A new kind of action space-based supervision is developed and the core of a work ftowmanagement for the remotely operating human driving inland vessels. The main result of this contribution is related to the possibility and the illustration of the captain's interaction and decision behavior in specific maneuver situations.


Increasing visitation rates within Bathurst Harbour and Bathurst Channel in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area have led to concerns that the unique and fragile marine invertebrate communities found there during recent studies may be irreversibly damaged unless the nature and location of threats were identified and managed. An important component of the management process is the establishment of a monitoring program to quantify the biological assemblages present and to detect any human impacts to these assemblages if they occur.
This study has successfully established a quantitative baseline dataset on the horizontal and vertical distribution of invertebrate and algal assemblages within Bathurst Channel for use in on-going monitoring of change in the system. Robust estimates of the abundance of most conspicuous species have been obtained at selected sensitive sites (usually on hard substrates), allowing future changes and impacts to be detected and quantified. By utilising a combination of comprehensive quantitative surveys throughout the system and detailed habitat mapping, our understanding of the biological zonation within the system has been enhanced, along with our understanding of the limited extent of habitat available to many of the unique invertebrate assemblages.
Specific recommendations arising from this study include:
1. ensuring baseline monitoring continues at an appropriate time-frame (perhaps every five years)
2. gaining a more detailed understanding of the faunal assemblages that occur within the soft sediment habitats that form the vast majority of cover within Bathurst Channel.
3. completing a biological census of the marine species of this area initiated in 1993, to ensure that where possible the distribution and abundance of unique, rare and endemic species can be adequately identified and mapped in subsequent surveys.


This article discuss about library effectiveness service in different ability school of Wacana Asih Padang West Sumatera Indonesia. The conclusion based on analysis data is First the library service by librarian in different ability school of Wacana Asih Padang not yet to do, because many student a little get and not use a service library. Second still find a trouble in service library activities in different ability school of Wacana Asih Padang, like us less attention and miss understanding from the librarian about library service, less facility and estimate fund. And then less amount of service in the library it make not effective for service. Third the effort that can be doing to solve the problem is the librarian must get a special training and suggestion to more care about library service. To improve the facility and estimate fund, to get a better library effectiveness service for student. Keyword: effectiveness, service, different ability school


Reduced-reference stereoscopic image quality assessment (RRSIQA) models evaluate stereoscopic image quality degradation with partial information about the "ideal-quality" reference stereopair. On one hand, sparse representation in recent theoretical studies of visual cognition has been proved to resemble the strategy used to represent natural images in the primary visual cortex. On the other hand, the joint statistics of gradient magnitude (GM) and Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG) features are popularly utilized to form image semantic structures. Motivated by these findings, we present a new RRSIQA metric using gradient sparse representation and structural degradation in this paper. Concretely, the proposed metric is based on two main tasks: the first task extracts the distribution statistics of visual primitives by gradient sparse representation, while the second task measures structural degradation of stereoscopic image due to the presence of distortion by extracting the joint statistics of GM and LOG features. The former, so-called the binocular perceptual visual information (PVI), aims to effectively integrates the gradient maps that are sparser than the image itself. Especially, the process of binocular fusion is simulated by using the mutual information of the gradient-based visual primitives between left and right view's images as binocular cue. Furthermore, the perceptual loss vectors are taken as the differences of binocular perceptual visual information and the structural degradation between reference and distorted stereopairs. Finally, the perceptual loss vector is utilized to calculate the quality score by a prediction function which is trained using kernel ridge regressing (KRR). The experiments are performed on the popular LIVE 3D IQA databases and Waterloo IVC 3D databases, and experimental results show highly competitive performance with the state-of-the-art algorithms. Moreover, in some challenging cases with particular asymmetric distortion types, the proposed metric can achieves the best quality prediction accuracy in LIVE 3D phase II and Waterloo IVC 3D Phase II.


We propose an efficient and accurate wavelet based noise estimation method for white Gaussian noise in video sequences. The proposed method analyzes the distribution of spatial and temporal gradients in the video sequence in order to estimate the noise variance. The estimate is derived from the most frequent gradient in the two distributions and is compensated for the errors due to the spatio-temporal image sequence content, by a novel correction function. The main application of the proposed algorithm is for the estimation of the stationary Gaussian noise in wavelet based video processing, for which we show that the proposed method is more accurate than other state-of-the-art noise estimation techniques and less sensitive to varying spatio-temporal content and noise level. Furthermore, we adapt the algorithm for local noise estimation and test its performance


Copper indium diselenide thin films of different thicknesses were prepared by the chemical bath deposition technique onto well-cleaned glass substrates at room temperature. The thickness of the deposited films has been determined by gravimetry. The structural characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic studies. These studies confirm the polycrystalline nature of the films with chalcopyrite structure. The structural parameters such as lattice constants, axial ratio, tetragonal distortion, crystallite size, dislocation density and number of crystallites per unit area have been evaluated. The composition of the various constituents in CuInSe 2 films has been determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The optical properties have been studied in detail in the wavelength range 4000-14500 A and the optical band gap has been found to be direct and allowed.


In article are considered and analysed main approaches to problem identity, which currently established in domestic and foreign psychology. It is entered new concept vocational identity as special type of social identity, which have unique structure of elements. It presents itself operational substructure of functional system of the process professionalization and correlate with the other mechanism of the professional development of personality professional self-determination. It is formulated the worker definition of vocational identity and is undertaken attempt to it's operationing. They are analysed results of the empirical studies, where main purpose is verification of the concept «vocational identity».


Malaria, which is caused by multiplication of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum in erythrocytes, is a major health problem in many southern countries.  There is an urgent need to discover new antimalarials, due to the spread of chloroquinine resistance and the limited number of available drugs. Among marine invertebrates, Porifera (sponges) are potential source of novel bioactive compounds to provide future drugs against malaria, cancer and a range of viral diseases. A number of sponge-derived antimalarials have been discovered during the last decade. The compounds are mostly nitrogen containing ones (proteins, pyridines, tyrosine-based metabolites, alkaloids, indoles and amides) and also non-nitrogenous compounds (terpenes, polyketides and polysaccharides).

 Key words:  Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, porifera, marine sponges, bioactive compounds, antimalarial compounds.


That teacher of literature who has not comprehended the significance of a work of Art, has never been endued with the spirit and power of his high calling. He stands unwittingly in the place of an apostle of "that external quality of bodies which may be shown to be in some sort typical of the Divine attributes." "Those qualities, or types," according to Ruskin, "on whose combination is dependent the power of mere material loveliness" are: "Infinity, or the type of Divine Incomprehensibility; Unity, or the type of the Divine Comprehensibility; Repose, or the type of the Divine Permanence; Symmetry, or the type of the Divine Justice; Purity, or the type of the Divine Energy; Moderation, or the type of Government by Law."


Abstract In this paper two disturbance decoupling problems without stability and with quadratic stability via state feedback for polytopic uncertain switched linear systems are investigated. Firstly, simultaneous invariant subspaces for a family of linear systems with two types of state feedback are investigated. Next, disturbance decoupling problems via state feedback for polytopic uncertain switched linear system are formulated and sufficient conditions for the problems to be solvable are presented. Further, the combined problems of disturbance decoupling and quadratic stabilizability are also investigated.


Community-based rural tourism is has received massive support as one of the ways through which the benefits of tourism can reach the local communities. It is generally believed that by involving the local communities in tourism through community-based initiatives, their livelihoods would be uplifted, both at individual and household levels. Furthermore, these community-based initiatives are said to carry the potential to diversify rural economies and therefore contribute to the process of rural development. In the southern African region, including Botswana, community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) has emerged as a popular approach to involve rural communities in tourism development and conservation. From the initial primary concern with wildlife, development of CBNRM in Botswana has begun to include other resources such as veldt products as well as culture and heritage. However, research on CBNRM development in Botswana has generally neglected these non-wildlife initiatives. Specific circumstances that determine their success or failure have not been given adequate attention, especially during the early stages of development.
This thesis draws attention to some important factors to consider when proposing community-based rural tourism as a tool for economic diversification among local communities in Botswana. Using the case of a non-wildlife-based initiative at Lekhubu Island, this thesis investigates; the community's levels of awareness and preparedness to participate in tourism development; the significance of power in the relationship between the state and the community in community-based tourism development process; the challenges facing this kind of community-based rural tourism development as well as implications for its use in rural development. Lekhubu Island is a rural heritage site in north central Botswana. The community of Mmatshumu village located to the south of this Island operates a culture and heritage tourism business at this Island. Activities include camping and guided walks while many others are still in the pipeline.
The study relied on a mix of qualitative methods for data collection. These included seven focus group discussions (FGDs) with members of Mmatshumu village community and seventeen long interviews with traditional and civic leaders, Trust members and employees as well as government officials who are members of the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). Several informal interviews were also conducted with villagers whenever an opportunity arose. In addition, the study utilized a number of secondary data sources both published and unpublished including official reports, government policy documents, dissertations, books and journal articles. The findings indicate that while members of Mmatshumu community participating in the FGDs were aware of the potential benefits of community-based rural tourism, they were not aware of either the potential trade-offs they may have to make when tourism continues to grow or even the constraints that militate against future growth of their initiative. They also show that while one of the stated principles of CBNRM is to devolve power to the local communities, the actual relationship on the ground between the state and Mmatshumu community challenges this notion. In practice, ultimate decision making power remains with the government, while the little devolved to the community rests with the community trust. Members of the community participating in this study felt that they have very limited power in terms of influencing the process of community tourism taking place at Lekhubu Island. Finally, the Lekhubu tourism initiative faces several challenges; inter alia; low income generation and employment creation; lack of capacity in the community trust and the TAC as well as poor accessibility.


Contemporary jurisprudence-character education that is open and creative,positive and mutual dynamic and taking in everything,in essence is a kind of education idea running through the jurisprudence education but not a certain fixed of education mode at all.Its aim is to make the students own the law spirit and form the law character:Ⅰ,independent personality,which is the premise of independent judgment.Ⅱ,consciousness of criticism,which is mainly to the social sloth.Ⅲ,the lofty occupation ethics pursue,namely judicial ethics,pursuit of justice.


This user's guide for EPRI's Residential Energy Analysis Program (REAP) is the result of one of the tasks of Research Project 1364-1 (RP1364-1) entitled Analysis of Field Test Data on Residential Heating and Cooling. The objectives of the task were to provide documentation which describes how to use the program and also to provide sufficient background on the individual routines which would aid researchers in modifying the program to suit their needs. The approach taken was to address each objective in a separate volume of a two-part set. The first part deals solely with the data-input requirements of the REAP program. The input variables are described; the input format is presented; sources for data are cited; procedures are suggested which have been found to speed the data preparation tasks; Data Input Forms are provided which could be used when preparing the input data; and sample program inputs and outputs are also provided. The second part deals with the program structure. The user's guide therefore represents a consolidated document which describes the use and workings of REAP, a valuable research tool for determining residential space conditioning requirements.


3R&D Center, Amore Pacific Corporation, Yongin, 446-729. S. Korea. The sprouts, microgreens and leafy greens of common and tartary buckwheat of Nepalese strain were compared for the phenolic contents and biological activity. The tartary buckwheat samples expressed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the common buckwheat. The sprouts had the highest total phenolic contents (9333.48 ± 150.23 and 6976.21 ± 213.65 mgGAE/100g dw in tartary and common buckwheat, respectively) whereas, the highest total flavonoid content was present in the leafy greens (7635.39 ± 141.40 and 4414.61 ± 70.85 mgRE/100g dw in tartary and common buckwheat respectively). The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results revealed that the tartary buckwheat vegetables had higher rutin, (3800.28 ± 434.41 mg/100g in leafy greens), quercetin (159.75 ± 9.04 mg/100g in sprouts) and chlorogenic acid (293.47 ± 65.06 mg/100g in microgreens) contents than those of common buckwheat. However, other phenolics like vitexin, isovitexin, orientin and isoorientin contents were more abundant in common buckwheat. In biochemical assay, all three types of vegetable of common and tartary buckwheat showed higher antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition effect in dose dependent manner. Based on these results, it can be conformed that all the vegetables (microgreens, sprouts and leafy greens) of both varieties of buckwheat of Nepalese strains can be regarded as a potent sour ce of functional food.