This research work was directed to study the obstacle to the real and effective functioning of the Title value of farm output, which prevents promote an alternative financing different to the traditional that could be exploited by farmers of Pacasmayo, Guadalupe, Chepen-2012. The procedure used for the collection of information was not only bibliographic but that is appealed to the systematic sampling, to which was applied 93 surveys to farmers in the sample, getting information on the forms used to gain access to funding. Additionally, it is resorted to the hermeneutical method-that provided the legal interpretation of the regulations on the value of the agricultural product. Of the study of the notable information there is inferred that the principal obstacle for the royal and effective force of this modern title value constitutes the exigency of a requirement since is to possess the authorization of the Stock exchange of Products in order that it should approve and places the formats standardized for every product and this way to put them at the disposal of the public in his respective web pages or other media of massive communication, situation that cannot be fulfilled because the above mentioned institution closed his activities for patrimonial deficit.


The invention discloses an additive for boosting maillard reaction of recombined tobacco leaves and a method for preparing the tobacco leaves by using the additive. The additive comprises 0.5-10% of diammonium hydrogen phosphate, 0.5-10% of ammonium glycyrrhetate, 0.5-8% of L-Aspartic acid, 0.5-10% of ammonia water, 0.5-10% of L-glutamic acid, 0.5-15% of coffee extractives, 1-20% of xylose, 0.1-10% of black tea extractives, 0.5-15% of burley tobacco paste, 1-10% of cured tobacco extractives, 0.1-8% of chamomile extractives, 1-8% of succinic acid, 1-10% of water-soluble metal complex, 7-40% of propylene glycol and the balance of water. The speed of the maillard reaction in the stages of extracting and concentrating tobacco materials is accelerated by the additive, so as to increase the fragrance of the tobacco leaves, reduce the wood flavor and relieve irritation. When the additive is used for preparing the tobacco leaves, the production technology is not changed and equipment is not added; the usage method is simple; the raw materials of the additive are easily obtained; and the cost is low.


Heating gypsum below 100°c gives rise to limiting values of weight loss around that of the hemihydrate formation whatever is the time of heating. Calcination at 100°c and above, on the other hand, causes a continuous loss in weight as the time is prolonged, leading to γ-anhydrite when adequate time is given. In most of the examined samples a resistant state, with trace amounts of residual water, is reached towards the end of the dehydration process. Such residual water is driven off completely below the transformation temperature of γ- to β-CaSO4.


Abstract The belief that individuals should be given a voice in their governance appeals to our democratic ideals and in fact has long been identified internationally as one of the unique aspects of the United States. While there appears to be universal agreement that the involvement of citizens in the decision making process of government is a good idea, there is little agreement as to the best way to achieve meaningful involvement. There are many ways to consult with the public and get a sense of what they see as problems and opportunities; it is quite another thing to actively engage citizens in the decision-making process. This paper explores the challenges and dilemmas associated with direct citizen participation, reflects on the various models of citizen-government interactions and makes recommendations for moving beyond conventional participation. While the benefits of including citizens in the deliberative process are widely recognized, citizen participation is not routinely sought in the decision making process.


Part I: Cooper Pairing 1. Spin States of Pairs 2. Superfluid Helium-3 Phases 3. Superconducting States in Crystals 4. Energy Gap and Critical Temperature 5. Low Temperature Behaviour of Thermodynamical Values 6. Manifestations of Parity of ElectronsNumber 7. Spin Susceptibility and Knight Shift 8. Landau Expansion of Free Energy 9. Multicompoent Superconducting States 9. Ginzburg-Landau Equations and the Problem of Upper Critical Field 10. Boundary Conditions and Surface Superconductivity 11.Meissner and Mixed States in Nonconventional Superconductors 12. Magnetic Superconductors 13. Josephson EffectPart II: Gor'kov Equations 14. Ginzburg-Landau Functional 15. Upper Critical Field in p-wave Superconductors 16. Boundary Condtions for the Order Parameter 17. Influence of Impurities 18. Thermal Conductivity of Nonconventional Superconductors


The geometry and electronic structure in C62 and its four pyridinyl derivatives were calculated with DFT method at BP86/TZP level. With the time-dependent density functional theory(TD-DFT) method,we can assign the lowest excitation transitions and model absorption spectra. TDDFT results show that electronic transition in four isomers occurs both inside C62 intra-molecules and from pyridine substituent to C62. Different position of N atoms significantly affects the oscillator strength of 420 nm absorption band,especially in cis-form compounds,while the similar electronic absorption characteristics are shown in two trans-form derivatives.


phasizes that his intention is not, nor was it ever, such justification, but is and was a socio-historical hermeneutical study of the forms of ministry throughout church history in order to discover just what indeed might be possible within the community of Jesus Christ. Schillebeeckx argues that such criticism of his earlier book reveals the presence of a persistent dualism which separates theological affirmations—in this case about the shape of ministry—from the data of historical study and elevates those theological affirmations into a timeless realm. As a result of this dualism, one might conclude that the development which marked the long historical search for appropriate forms of ministry has ended before the present day. Schillebeeckx is, and I believe rightly, unwilling to accept such a conclusion, which implies that the Holy Spirit is no longer at work within the church's present experience. The fundamental norm throughout this careful hermeneutical study is theological: that the human face which the church presents in the faces of the men and women who identify with it reveals the human face of Jesus, the Christ. Just as in Jesus' life there was such complete integration of his message "of and about God" precisely in his dealings with his fellow human beings so that "his proclamation and way of life interpret each other reciprocally," so too the same kind of integration must necessarily be evident in all of the structures of the community which follows after Christ. This incarnational perspective on ministry counters the dualism which Schillebeeckx first identifies in his hermeneutical introduction and then traces through the history and practice of ministry up to and including the debates of the 1971 Synod of Bishops, the official ecclesiastical responses on women in ministry, the situation of married priests, and the present climate for ecumenical discussion of ministry. This book is recommended for college and university libraries and for professors and graduate students interested in ecclesiology, ministry and practical applications of hermeneutical research.


The field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm of Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal during the year of 2017-18. In this study the volumetric soil moisture contents were calculated by using tensiometer, soil moisture meter and gravimetric method. The variations of volumetric soil moisture contents obtained from tensiometer and soil moisture meter were examined with respect to gravimetric method which was considered as reference method. It was estimated that the coefficient of variation (CV) and standard deviation (STD) were 0.237, 6.78 and 0.247, 6.59 respectively for tensiometer and soil moisture meter. The volumetric soil moisture by tensiometer and soil moisture meter were estimated from the equations of the curves, y = 0.0091x + 0.7791x + 7.0596 and y = 0.024x + 2.3447x 9.9318 which were generated by plotting volumetric soil moisture content under tensiometer and soil moisture meter against volumetric soil moisture by gravimetric method (observed data). By using these developed equations the soil moisture data for tensiometer and soil moisture meter were estimated. The average of the observed soil moisture values by gravimetric method and estimated soil moisture under tensiometer and soil moisture meter were 29.48, 37.99 and 37.93 respectively. The difference of values was 8.51% and 5.45% higher in comparison to gravimetric method. Finally after statistical test the highest and lowest percentage deviation values calculated were 10.85, 8.02 and 12.86, 0.71 respectively for tensiometer and soil moisture meter.


he Java virtual machine (JVM) specification dictates that any JVM implementation must include a garbage collector (GC) to reclaim unused memory (i.e., unreachable objects) [JVMS2 1999] . However, the behavior and efficiency of a garbage collector can heavily influence the performance and responsiveness of any application that relies on it. This article gives an introduction to the garbage collection techniques that Sun Microsystems Inc. adopted in the Java HotSpot Virtual Machine, its production Java virtual machine. The aim is for the reader to gain a better understanding of how garbage collection in the Java HotSpot VM works and, as a result, be able to take full advantage of it when designing, developing, and deploying their applications.


Closure of post‐endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) duodenal artificial ulcer is not common in the clinical setting. We consider that post‐ESD ulcer closure by an over‐the‐scope‐clip (OTSC) method is one of the most effective ways to prevent delayed perforation. We report here two cases of mucosal duodenal cancer in a 65‐year‐old woman and in a 78‐year‐old man. Pathological examinations of the resected specimens revealed well‐differentiated adenocarcinomas. In these two clinical cases, we successfully carried out complete closures of post‐ESD duodenal ulcer using OTSC without any complications.


Objective To study the change and its significance of circulating high sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with acute coronary syndrome.Methods The serum levels of hs-CRP were detected in 31 acute myocardial infarction(AMI),30 unstable angina(UA),30 stable angina(SA) patients and 30 healthy cases.Results The hs-CRP levels of AMI group [((13.17±6.60))mIU/L]and UA group[(8.98±5.16)mIU/L] were significantly higher than those of SA group [(3.03(±1.60))mIU/L] and healthy group [(2.06±(1.63))mIU/L](P0.05),and the hs-CRP level in AMI group was much higher than that of UA group(P0.05),and the hs-CRP levels between SA group and healthy group had no significant difference.In patients with ACS,tie hs-CRP level of three branch vessel disease subgroup was higher than those of two branch vessel disease and single vessel disease subgroup(P0.05).Conclusions The increase of hs-CRP level has some value in the diagnosis of ACS and the differentiation of UA.


We propose a multilingual personality classifier that uses text data from social media and Youtube Vlog transcriptions, and maps them into Big Five personality traits using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). We first train unsupervised bilingual word embeddings from an English-Chinese parallel corpus, and use these trained word representations as input to our CNN. This enables our model to yield relatively high cross-lingual and multilingual performance on Chinese texts, after training on the English dataset for example. We also train monolingual Chinese embeddings from a large Chinese text corpus and then train our CNN model on a Chinese dataset consisting of conversational dialogue labeled with personality. We achieve an average F-score of 66.1 in our multilingual task compared to 63.3 F-score in cross-lingual, and 63.2 F-score in the monolingual performance.


Fullerenes are the third allotropic form of carbon, along with diamond and graphite, where carbon atoms are situated in vertices of the closed shells (cages) [1]. Since their discovery in 1985, fullerenes have attracted an attention of scientists not only because of their unique and beautiful structure but also as the materials for possible applications in engineering and medicine. Lots of fullerenes with hollow carbon cages were synthesized and chemically functionalized. Biomedical effects of such "empty" fullerenes are mostly defined by the chemical groups attached to the fullerene cage [1,2]. Besides, there are the so-called endohedral metallofullerenes (EMF) molecules of which contain one or more atoms, among them lanthanides or heavy elements like Pb or Bi trapped inside the carbon cage [3,4]. The goal of this editorial is to summarize the ideas of using fullerenes for biomedicine and express our opinion concerning the prospects of their application for therapeutic purposes.


Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia accompanied with the biochemical alterations in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Diabetics have been shown to be in procoagulant state due to abnormalities in several plasma proteins in blood coagulation.Measurement of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), bleeding time and clotting factor concentration are usually done in patients with a suspected abnormal coagulation. The present study was planned to assess and compare the coagulation tests in patients with T2DM and healthy individuals. Material and methods: In this prospective case control study 50 diabetic patients and 50 healthy non-diabetic individuals were were subjected to Prothrombin time(PT), Activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) and D-Dimer assay patients in the department of Pathology at Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda from 1st January 2016 to 30TH June 2017. Results: A stastically significant increase in Mean Prothrombin time (PT) levels of 17.48 in cases vs 14.52 in controls with a P value was 0.012. The Mean aPTT levels in cases was 48.12 and in controls was 30.56 with a P value was 0.001. However, in case of Mean D-Dimer levels, there was no significant difference between cases and controls with a P value of 1.000. Conclusion: The present study observed a significant association between Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and coagulation parameters. Increased plasma levels of PT and APTT were observed which are consistent with abnormal coagulation mechanisms and may be interpreted as a tendency for bleeding and cardiovascular disorders. It would also be helpful to incorporate coagulation screening as a routine investigations for the better management of diabetic patients.


Purpose:The identification of a molecular signature predicting the relapse of tamoxifen-treated primary breast cancers should help the therapeutic management of estrogen receptor ^ positive cancers. Experimental Design: A series of 132 primary tumors from patients who received adjuvant tamoxifen were analyzed for expression profiles at the whole-genome level by 70-mer oligonucleotide microarrays. A supervised analysis was done to identify an expression signature. Results:We defined a 36-gene signature that correctly classified 78% of patients with relapse and 80% of relapse-free patients (79% accuracy). Using 23 independent tumors, we confirmed the accuracy of the signature (78%) whose relevance was further shown by using published microarray data from 60 tamoxifen-treated patients (63% accuracy). Univariate analysis using the validation set of 83 tumors showed that the 36-gene classifier is more efficient in predicting disease-free survival than the traditional histopathologic prognostic factors and is as effective as the Nottingham Prognostic Index or the ''Adjuvant!'' software. Multivariate analysis showed that the molecular signature is the only independent prognostic factor. A comparison with several already published signatures demonstrated that the 36-gene signature is among the best to classify tumors from both training and validation sets. Kaplan-Meier analyses emphasized its prognostic power both on the whole cohort of patients and on a subgroup with an intermediate risk of recurrence as defined by the St. Gallen criteria. Conclusion: This study identifies a molecular signature specifying a subgroup of patients who do not gain benefits from tamoxifen treatment. These patients may therefore be eligible for alternative endocrine therapies and/or chemotherapy. Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the Western world and the leading cause of death by cancer among women. Although the mortality rate is now stabilized or decreasing, breast cancer incidence is still on the rise through all European countries (1). About two thirds of breast cancers are hormone (estrogen) dependent as they are positive for estrogen receptor (ER) and/ or progesterone receptor (PR). Because estrogen is a major activator of proliferation in these tumors, its receptor and downstream signaling are excellent targets for the hormonal therapy in patients with ER+ (and/or PR+) breast cancers. Over the past three decades, the antiestrogen tamoxifen, which prevents the binding of estrogen to its receptor, has been the golden standard for the endocrine treatment of all stages of these cancers. In particular, large-scale randomized trials have shown that, in early-stage ER+ breast cancers, a 5-year course of tamoxifen, started immediately after surgery, reduces recurrence by 51% and mortality by 28% (2). However, the success of tamoxifen therapy is limited by intrinsic or acquired tumor resistance. Approximately 40% of patients with ER+ breast cancers will not respond to tamoxifen. This is mostly because this selective ER modulator is not a pure antiestrogen and, indeed, shows some agonist activity. The balance between agonist and antagonist properties differs among cell types and seems to depend on several molecular events that can influence ER signaling. These include the level of coactivators and corepressors and the effect of cross-signaling in growth factor transduction pathways (3). Imaging, Diagnosis, Prognosis Authors'Affiliations: U868 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale,Tumoral Identity and Plasticity, Cancer Research Center of Montpellier, Universite¤ Montpellier 1, CRLC Val d'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque; Department of Informatics, UMR5160 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France; Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonie¤ , Bordeaux, France; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University ofTurin,Turin, Italy Received 7/26/07; revised11/30/07; accepted12/11/07. Grant support: Institut National de la Sante et de la RechercheMedicale, GEFLUC Montpellier-Languedoc-Roussillon, and the Canceropole Grand-Sud-Ouest, France. M. Chanrion was a recipient of a fellowship from the Ligue contre le Cancer-Comite¤ He¤ rault and V. Negre was a recipient of a fellowship from Institut National de la Sante et de la RechercheMedicale. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges.This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with18 U.S.C. Section1734 solely to indicate this fact. Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Clinical Cancer Research Online (http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/). Requests for reprints: Jean-Marie Darbon, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U868, Centre de Recherche en Cance¤ rologie de Montpellier, CRLC Val d'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, F-34298 Montpellier cedex 5, France. Phone: 33-467-612-556; Fax: 33-467-613-787; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. F2008 American Association for Cancer Research. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1833 www.aacrjournals.org Clin Cancer Res 2008;14(6)March15, 2008 1744 Research. on May 2, 2017. © 2008 American Association for Cancer clincancerres.aacrjournals.org Downloaded from Recently, third-generation aromatase inhibitors have been shown to be more effective than tamoxifen to treat both advanced and early hormone-sensitive breast cancers in menopausal women (4). However, the absolute reduction in relapse-free survival for adjuvant aromatase inhibitors over tamoxifen is modest, and the issue of long-term adverse effects, in particular in bone, remains to be addressed. Moreover, aromatase inhibitors are also prone to develop resistance, although different mechanisms may be responsible for that. As a consequence, the ability to accurately predict the response to tamoxifen should facilitate the choice of the best endocrine treatment and improve the management of primary ER+ breast cancers. Attempts to identify individual predictive markers failed to do that thus far. Recent publications on largescale analysis of gene expression in breast cancers have underscored the considerable potential of DNA array technology. Hierarchical clustering of gene expression patterns has been successfully used to identify subtypes of breast tumors that exhibit distinct clinical behaviors (5–8). Supervised classifications of gene expression profiles have been done to identify poor prognostic signatures, predictive of recurrence in primary breast cancers (9–11). Such analysis has been used to identify genes that can help to discriminate between responders and nonresponders to chemotherapy agents in breast cancer (12, 13). Similar approaches have been tentatively used to define gene expression signatures that are predictive of recurrence in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen (14–16). However, the study by Jansen et al. concerned metastatic breast cancers (i.e., the response to a recurrent disease), whereas that of Ma et al. reported a twogene signature whose performance has been debated (17–19). Both studies used a limited cohort of tumors as a training set (46 and 60 tumors, respectively). Finally, the study by Paik et al. (15) defined a recurrence score predictor for lymph node–negative breast cancer that also predicted the magnitude of chemotherapy benefit (20). However, this classifier was constructed from 250 candidate genes that were previously selected from the published literature. Finally, several studies have also reported molecular prognostic signatures able to classify ER+ breast cancer whatever the patient treatment (21–25). To identify a gene expression signature that might predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated primary breast cancers, we did a genome-wide microarray analysis of ER+ and/or PR+ primary breast tumors from 132 patients who had been treated with adjuvant tamoxifen. This analysis led to the identification of a 36-gene molecular signature that is highly predictive of clinical outcome.


Lithium-ion batteries have attracted widespread interest due to their excellent cycling performance and high energy density. With long-term use, batteries inevitably age, and battery capacity estimation is crucial to the safe operation of batteries. Battery capacity degradation is characterized by capacity regeneration and calendar aging, and most of the existing work targets the calendar aging. This paper takes both characteristics into account, we proposes a CNN-LSTM neural network model for battery capacity estimation is applied to analyze the aging characteristics of batteries. CNN suppresses high volatility of prediction results by spatial transformation of data, and LSTM predicts calendar aging trend of battery capacity. The model is trained and validated using current, voltage, and temperature that can be directly measured in battery management system. The experimental results show that the model can effectively estimate the battery capacity. CNN-LSTM can solve the above problems simultaneously, and the experimental results show that the proposed method has more accurate estimation results by comparing with Conv1D, Conv2D and LSTM methods.


Much of what we do as clinical phannacolo gists is under the scrutiny of politicians. Through laws or regulations many procedures in the study of drugs are being increasingly controlled. For the most part, we who are most affected have the least to say about it. Let me briefly discuss some examples.


Scalable Video Coding (SVC) and DVB-S2 Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM) techniques form a good match for efficient TV broadcasting by satellite, in particular to avoid distributing the same content several times to different groups of users with different supported formats and quality of service (e.g. SDTV and HDTV) and for an efficient use of the satellite capacity. The deployment of such systems can however be challenging, especially when backward compatibility is required with existing services and legacy equipment. Starting from a summary of experimental results and after presenting a survey of different transmission schemes currently used for broadcasting TV channels by satellite, the paper investigates possible commercial deployment scenarios of SVC and VCM for satellite operators and suggests a possible technological roadmap. Services addressed range from enhanced broadcast services to integrated broadcast & interactive IPTV services. In the analysis, the potential evolutions of the video compression and broadcasting standards are also addressed.


Agriculture is a major source of livelihoods in developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region. On average, the sector accounts for 36 per cent of total employment but only 10 per cent of the GDP in these countries [1], indicating low productivity in the sector relative to other sectors of the economy. Low productivity and lack of infrastructure are constraints to agricultural production as well as trade. According to ESCAP estimates, up to 218 million people in the region could be pulled out of poverty by an improvement in agricultural productivity [2].


Class Abstract classes cannot be instantiated. It is used as base class, where it provides common members to all its derived classes. It is either overridden partially or not at all. It is also used to declare abstract methods (method without definition) that when it inherits, it must be overridden by its derived classes. Chapter 3 ■ GettinG Started with ObjeCt Oriented prOGramminG


A century ago, film star and comic genius Charles Chaplin, a British expatriate working in the American film industry, was in the midst of becoming the most famous person on the planet, the most richly compensated artist in the United States if not the world. From 1915–1917, he created indelible and hilarious films for the Essanay and Mutual companies that, on one level, could be enjoyed purely as entertainment by people of all ages. But one of the main reasons these films continue to delight new generations of viewers as well as commentators and biographers is that, like the best and most lasting comedic efforts, there are nuggets of human truth, reality, and even pain residing in the work underneath the surface. It was during this period that Chaplin discovered the singular artistic voice that carried him through his four-decade-plus career. He confronted and subtly commented upon important controversial historic and political issues of the day within his comedy. He found his muse and connected with his audience most effectively when connecting his comedy with real life concerns that gave voice and respect to the immigrant and working class audiences that made up the majority of the American film audience in this period. Such views were not often represented in the mass media, then and now, and this paper argues that this phenomenon represented one of the reasons audiences identified with his films and his Little Tramp character in such unprecedented ways. Chaplin never makes obvious didactic political points in his films of this period, he never preaches about how people or society should behave, but his best films deal with the situations and consequences of American life during the era, wrestling with the same questions and disparities that politicians of the Progressive persuasion were trying to tackle at the same time. Instead of standing upon a soapbox and making a speech, Chaplin touches people's feelings in a way that no politician or op-ed columnist ever could. This article explores how he accomplished this in the context of the time. Chaplin, probably the best business mind among the movie stars of the 1910s other than his eventual business partner Mary Pickford, knew whom his audience consisted of in this period and played to them. He made his films to satisfy that audience, but this quality also aligned well with his own upbringing and experiences.


Aim:to study the effect of sandostain in treating bleeding of esophageal varicosis rapture,and contrasting the traditional therapy of pitaitrin.Method:Applied natural SS,such as sandostain in treating bleeding of esophageal varicosis rapture and contrasting with pituitrin.Result:Hemostasis rate of sandostain was 85.7%,The average peroid of hemostasis was clearly longer than pituitrin .Conclusion:Sandostain is effective ,safe in treating bleeding of esophageal varicosis rapture.


Under the treated cleaning composition root canal and cleaning method. The composition is ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, chlorhexidine or orally acceptable addition salts and N- cetyl -N,, N, aqueous compositions of N- trimethylammonium bromide, simultaneously removal and sterilization of the smear layer it is effective in. .FIELD 5


Abstract The millipede family Xystodesmidae includes 486 species distributed primarily in temperate deciduous forests in North America and East Asia. Species diversity of the family is greatest in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, with 188 species. Although the group includes notable taxa such as those that are bioluminescent and others that display Müllerian mimicry, producing up to 600 mg of cyanide, basic alpha-taxonomy of the group is woefully incomplete and more than 50 species remain undescribed in the Appalachian Mountains alone. In order to establish a robust phylogenetic foundation for addressing compelling evolutionary questions and describing species diversity, we assembled the largest species phylogeny (in terms of species sampling) to date in the Diplopoda. We sampled 49 genera (out of 57) and 247 of the species in the family Xystodesmidae, recollecting fresh material from historical type localities and discovering new species in unexplored regions. Here, we present a phylogeny of the family using six genes (four mitochondrial and two nuclear) and include pivotal taxa omitted from previous studies including Nannaria, Erdelyia, taxa from East Asia, and 10 new species. We show that 6 of the 11 tribes are monophyletic, and that the family is paraphyletic with respect to the Euryuridae and Eurymerodesmidae. Prior supraspecific classification is in part inconsistent with the phylogeny and convergent evolution has caused artificial genera to be proposed. Subspecific classification is likewise incongruent with phylogeny and subspecies are consistently not sister to conspecifics. The phylogeny is used as a basis to update the classification of the family, diagnose monophyletic groups, and to inform species hypotheses.


RECENT communications report a high proportion of electroencephalographic abnormalities among persons with behavior disorders (Hill and Watterson,1Silverman,2Knott and Gottlieb3and Silverman and Rosanoff4). Their findings suggest that organic factors should be weighed more heavily in considering the etiology of psychopathic states. The chief psychiatric connotations of psychopathy are widely understood. Cleckley,5Darling6and others have suggested that the condition arises from a defective development of the superego, and constitutional factors have been emphasized by Henderson7and others. For our purpose, it appeared unwise to deviate from the view that the diagnosis "constitutional psychopathic state" should be made only when the longitudinal study of the patient's personality presents sufficient evidence for the formulation of a valid psychodynamic interpretation of that entity. However, partial manifestations of the psychopathic character, often considered as identical with the condition per se, may occur in post-traumatic conditions


Anomaly detection has been a hot topic in recent years due to its capability of detecting zero day attacks. In this paper, we propose a new metric called Entropy-Ratio. We validate that the Entropy-Ratio is stationary. Making use of this observation, we combine the Least Mean Square algorithm and the Forward Linear Predictor to propose a new on-line detector called LMS-FLP detector. Using the two synthetic data sets - CEGI-6IX synthetic data and CERNET2 synthetic data, we validate that the LMS-FLP detector is very effective in detecting both anomalies involving many small IP flows and anomalies involving a few large IP flows.


The static nature of cyber systems gives attackers a valuable and asymmetric advantage time. To eliminate this asymmetric advantage, a new approach, called Moving Target Defense (MTD) has emerged as a potential solution. MTD system seeks to proactively change system configurations to invalidate the knowledge learned by the attacker and force them to spend more effort locating and re-locating vulnerabilities. While it sounds promising, the approach is so new that there is no standard definition of what an MTD is, what is meant by diversification and randomization, or what metrics to define the effectiveness of such systems. Moreover, the changing nature of MTD violates two basic assumptions about the conventional attack surface notion. One is that the attack surface remains unchanged during an attack and the second is that it is always reachable. Therefore, a new attack surface definition is needed. To address these issues, I propose that a theoretical framework for MTD be defined. The framework should clarify the most basic questions such as what an MTD system is and its properties such as adaptation, diversification and randomization. The framework should reveal what is meant by gaining and losing knowledge, and what are different attack types. To reason over the interactions between attacker and MTD system, the framework should define key concepts such as attack surface, adaptation surface and engagement surface. Based on that, this framework should allow MTD system designers to decide how to use existing configuration choices and functionality diversification to increase security. It should allow them to analyze the effectiveness of adapting various combinations of different configuration aspects to thwart different types of attacks. To support analysis, the framework should include an analytical model that can be used by designers to determine how different parameter settings will impact system security. A THEORY FOR UNDERSTANDING AND QUANTIFYING MOVING TARGET DEFENSE


Farmyard manure (FYM) is bulky and humic acid (HA) is compact organic source of plant nutrition. The objective of this study was to investigate the notion that 1 Mg FYM is equal to that of 1 kg HA and to develop an optimized integrated fertilization program. The study was conducted at the research station of Agricultural University Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtoonkwa, Pakistan, in a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements. FYM (18 Mg ha-1) and HA (18 kg ha-1) were in the main plots, whereas different nitrogen (N) levels (0, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 kg ha-1) were in sub-plots. The results indicated a better performance of FYM than HA with significant (p < 0.05) differences in many parameters including plant height, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, biological yield, grain yield, and N content of grains. Of the different N levels, the best performance was observed for 100 kg N ha-1. Our present results show that 18 Mg FYM with 100 kg N ha-1 may be recommended as good sources for wheat fertilization. However, more research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of HA as an organic fertilizer and to compare higher HA rates with FYM.


We examine the link between national ethical attitude and transaction cost economics (TCE) in the context of multinational corporations' (MNCs') subsidiary ownership research. By theoretically distinguishing the TCE assumptions of opportunism and bounded rationality and by linking bounded rationality to learning after its conceptual separation from opportunism, we develop and test hypotheses on how MNCs learn to reduce their bounded rationality in coping with opportunism and thus manage their dynamic firm boundaries. In so doing, this study further sheds light on the debate between the TCE and organizational capability perspectives. Our results showed that both TCE and organizational capability perspectives are necessary to complement each other to fully define the dynamic boundaries of MNCs.


In the past decade, social media has emerged as a popular tool for promoting volunteerism, giving, and community engagement. Public and nonprofit managers often feel pressure to use social media platforms to engage with the public and frequently seek advice on how to increase reach. However, as with many things, quantity does not always equal quality. Using data from interviews with 40 community leaders in the Upper Midwest, this research seeks to expand the existing literature on the role of social media and community engagement behaviors by providing a critical analysis of its usefulness and limitations.


In cultivating different ways should be possible, one of which is utilizing the aquaculture strategy. Lettuce is remembered for plants that can be developed utilizing this strategy. Produce great lettuce, it deals with and great plant the executives. Direct observing requires a ton of energy and takes a great deal of time since you need to really look at the state of the plants individually. With these issues, a framework was intended to distinguish the state of the lettuce leaves involving a camera as a picture catch instrument. This exploration planned to make a work area based framework for recognizing the state of lettuce utilizing the Backpropagation characterization strategy. The states of lettuce plants are separated into two classes in view of lettuce leaves with sound green tips, and lettuce leaves with less great leaf tips with yellow tone and earthy colored spots. Identification of lettuce plant conditions utilizing pictures taken with a Raspberry-pi camera. The consequence of this exploration is the framework can identify sound leaf condition class and leaf condition class with yellow tone and earthy colored spots. The result of the framework is as class names and likelihood values from the order results. With a parameter in the form of a training data partition of 90% and 10% test data, the accuracy rate is 98%.


Human capital has become the key elements for each industry and business to obtain competitive advantages and sustainable development. To gather better human capital from other countries, many countries provide supportive policies to encourage migration of the highly skilled or the talented people. Besides the talented people have such characteristics which appeal to stick with higher efficiencies, the pulling forces from high-tech companies and multi-national corporations may cause the phenomenon of human mobility among the world.Statistics shows that the growing trend of Taiwan students studying abroad is getting overwhelmed by neighborhood countries such as Mainland China, Korea, and India. This thesis discusses about the migration situation of Chinese people from the selected countries, factors that may affect the human circulation, and the statistics containing the balance shifting among selected countries. Finally, a sketch map demonstrates a full view of human migration was created and may be used as a reference of such policies which are set to attract talented people from other countries.


Sediment cores were carried out from Kuala Selangor river to marine sea water via coastal and b rackish water ambient. Sample size fraction with saiz less than 125 µm was spiked with tracer 209 Po (Polonium -209) and leached with mix concentrated nitric acid (HNO3), perchloric acid (HClO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and mineralized with 50 ml of 0.5M HCl. The sample solution was used for spontaneously deposit polonium on a silver disk at 80 – 85 oC and measured with the Alpha Spectrometry. The distribution of two radionuclides especially 210 Po, 210 Pb and 210 Po/ 210 Pb were useful in identifying the origin of 210 Po. Ratio values of 210 Po/ 210 Pb in the freshwater, brackish water and saline water were 3.3459, 5.8385 2.9831, respectively. From the high ratio of 210 Po/ 210 Pb, the widespread occurrence of excess 210 Po in Kuala Selangor river water may came from the atmosphere sources such as stratospheric aerosols, sea spray of the surface micro layer and bio-volatile 210 Po organism from productive species.


In order to predict the axial force of pumps as turbines,computational fluid dynamics software CFX is adopted in the whole flow field numerical simulation of pumps as turbines.The pressure distribution is acquired in all the impellers cover plate and the blades surface.While the angular velocity distribution of liquid is achieved in the cavity.Results show that the axial force of each impellers is not equal at the best efficiency.The value of axial force on first-stage impeller is larger than the next.With the increase in water heads,the axial force of impellers goes up.The average of the liquid angular velocity of all cavities are higher than the traditional calculation value 0.5ω.It ranges from 0.42ωto 0.7ω.


In this paper, we give a description of the skew-symmetrizable matrices and their mutation classes which are determined by the generalized Cartan matrices of affine type.


The biological reference material TORT-1, lobster hepatopancreas, was analyzed for aluminum by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). After correction of the INAA results for interferences from 28Al produced by 31P(n,α)28Al and 28Si(n,p)28Al reactions, and use of HNO3 plus HF for sample dissolution for the GFAAS analyses, the methods gave similar results of 43 ± 3 and 42 ± 2 μg/g respectively for 200 to 300-mg test portions. Analysis of six portions from each of six bottles of TORT-1 showed no statistical difference at the 95% confidence level for the between and within bottle variances. Therefore, the material can be considered homogeneous for aluminum if 200- to 300-mg test portions are taken. The variance was greater and the average lower when 30-mg test portions were analyzed for aluminum by GFAAS. The pattern of the results, together with the need for HF in the dissolution procedure, suggests the presence of aluminum-containing mic...


The story about the "Good Samaritan" in the gospel of Luke appears in the midst of a halakhic discussion between Jesus and a Judaean "lawyer" over who constitutes a "neighbor" (Luke 10:25-37). While scholars have often interpreted this pericope as a call for social inclusivity, the ways that Luke relies on and perpetuates prejudicial Judaean stereotypes about Samaritans have seldom been analyzed. This study draws on social-scientific and critical theory on ethnicity and the plethora of recent scholarship on Samaritan-Judaean interactions in order to explore the ways in which Luke's text conveys prevalent ethnic stereotypes about Samaritans. It argues that Luke, like earlier and contemporaneous Judaean sources, appropriates an ethnographic representation of Samaritans as "proximate others" as part of a process of identity formation.


Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was licensed as a three-dose series more than a decade ago; however, based on the vaccine's efficacy at 36 months,


ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS in the past fifteen years, my colleagues and I have tried to explain disparities among alternative measures of capacity utilization and to justify our own approach to the measurement problem.1 George Perry, in his contribution to this issue of Brookings Papers, has indicated many of the important issues, and I would like to amplify his points or restate them from another viewpoint in the interests of clarification. Briefly, the Federal Reserve index estimates that as of mid-October 1973, a fair amount of spare capacity existed in the American economy. The estimated operating rate was only 83.4 percent for 1973:3. By contrast, the Wharton index for manufacturing was as high as 96.7 in the same period, and was rising faster than the Federal Reserve index. The McGraw-Hill index was at an intermediate level of 86.5 percent in September. Similar divergences among the indexes had been apparent for several months. These messages are so different that they suggest the need for a close look into the whole subject. For some years the Wharton and Federal Reserve indexes of utilization followed similar paths. They began to diverge in 1965, when the Wharton index rose sharply, as if signaling the onset of the


Abstract A computing procedure for intraherd best linear unbiased predictions of additive genetic and permanent environmental values for cows has been developed and tested. The average herd had 170 genetic equations and required about 20 s of computing time on an IBM 370 Model 135 with 260K of available storage. This time could be reduced in later runs where previous solutions can speed convergence to updated solutions. This appears to be a rapid procedure for evaluations of cows within herds.


Along with the highly speedy urbanization and industrialization in the developed area in China, the sprawl of land use has led to the development disorder and difficulties in natural ecology and agricultural land protection, which will threaten the regional sustainability. However, the regionalization based on ecological-economic approach amphasizes that regions with low development cost, high carrying capacity of resources and environment as well as great development ability should undertake social and economic activities with great intensity; whereas those regions having high ecological values but are difficult to be developed should maintain factions of agriculture and ecology, so as to promote the harmonious interrelations among economy, population, resources and environment with spatial order. Referred to the existing regionalization, this paper discusses how to divide the assessed units, choose and manage the assessed elements etc. on the basis of traditional regionalization. The classification matrix has been applied for integrating the ecological significant value and economic significant value. As a case study, Suzhou city is divided into four types, i.e., preferential development area, feasible development area, moderate conservation area and prohibited exploiting area. Finally, this paper analyses the main function regionalization method and the policy guarantee of management at different areas.


This paper deals with the characteristics of multilayer neural networks and radial basis function networks, and provides their hybridization by considering their advantages and disadvantages. The hybrid networks show their effectiveness in system identification as well as alleviate problems of error backpropagation algorithm such as local minima, slow speed, and size of structure by adopting other networks effectively. Potential performance improvement is demonstrated by computer simulation for two general problems of identification: static and dynamical system identification.


Buses and bicycles are at opposite ends of the spectra of size, mass and manoeuvrability but frequently operate in the same road space, adjacent to the kerb and at intersections. Both are effective alternatives to private cars for travel in urban areas and are promoted on this basis, but can come into conflict as well as working together. A reasonable presumption for the 'green' modes of transport (walking, cycling and public transport), therefore, is that one should not be given priority at the expense of another, and that where a project may have this effect it should be redefined to ameliorate the adverse impact or provide an appropriate alternative. At the strategic level, interaction of bicycles and buses is often seen in terms of the bicycle, as a feeder mode, expanding the catchments for public transport, although the emphasis has most often been on train stations rather than bus stops. This paper presents the results of a study sponsored by the Australian Bicycle Council and Austroads to identify means of enhancing synergies and minimising conflicts between buses and bicycles within the road network. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E211825.


The morphology of polypropylene films in electrostatic field has been investigated by using a Leitz optical microscope. The experiment results show that the micro-crystal morphology of polymer films is strongly dependent on electrostatic field. Melting polymer is liable to be effected by electrostatic field to form dipoles, and has different structure compared to absence of electrostatic field. The polymer spherulites are stretched out by electrostatic field, and tended to aligned in the field direction. Polarization makes the micro-crystal growth from twist to untwist, thus the characteristic loop pattern disappears gradually. Electrostatic field promotes micro-crystal growth along electrostatic field so that the grain size is bigger.


Abstract Aggregation state significantly influences the size, density, and transport characteristics of fine sediment. Understanding sediment transport and deposition processes in the nation's navi...


Recent works in the field of space modulation hardware have demonstrated the ability to realize different implementations using the RF-switch. The existing family of implementations, referred to at space modulation techniques (SMTs), offers a variety of realizations that can fit different application needs. Generally, higher spectral efficiency is attained while power consumption, cost, and receiver computational complexity are traded off for variant configurations. As well, all SMTs introduced to-date achieve realizations through a single spatial dimension, where implementations transmitting only spatial symbols do not require an RF-chain. A recently introduced new technique called signed quadrature spatial modulation (SQSM) adds a second spatial dimension that increases the spectral efficiency without the need for nonspatial symbols. In this article, novel hardware design models based on SQSM are introduced adding more techniques to the family of SMTs. The introduced models are compared in terms of cost, power, and computational complexity against quadrature space shift keying that has shown the most favorable traits in past comparisons against other SMTs.


Introduction: The role of physician and nurse in the therapeutic team depends on the prevailing medical model of health: biomedical or holistic and functional.
Purpose: The theoretical basis of the therapeutic role of doctor - nurse - patient contact from a psychological perspective is the Functional Model of Health created by Helena Wrona-Polanska.
Material and Methods: 141 people after bone marrow transplantation were examined at the Hematology Clinic of Jagiellonian University. To examination were used the questionnaires of stress, coping strategies, personal resources, and grading scales of health and anxiety.
Results: Analysis of the results revealed predictors of subjective health and difference between subjective and objective health.
Conclusions: Author's Functional Model of Health used in the analysis of nurses work shows the complexity of the physician - nurse - patient contact: instrumental function, cognitive function, emotional function as a basis of innovative educational program for physicians and nurses.


Impression management is a concept that has been developed in the field of social psychology and has initially been used in individual behaviour analysis. With time the concept broadened and has found its usage in the field of economics, especially in the financial reporting domain. Generally, impression management can be described as usage of certain reporting techniques with the specific aim of improving image of the company among public. This topic is rather appealing and relevant in the time period following the global financial crisis and in time of increased global competition among companies. In this paper the authors will present a literature review of existing research on the topic of impression management. Various impression management techniques used by companies in financial reporting will be explored. Special accentuation will be made on presentation of distinctions found by research studies on impression management techniques usage in companies of various samples (for example different countries, company size and company orientation). Expected contribution of the paper is twofold: firstly, the authors will present a literature review and synthetize the results of available research on the topic of impression management techniques in financial reporting and secondly, a critical review will be made on potential gaps present in available research.


Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor sensors have been used successfully for sensing and measurement of gas flow through a tube. Tuned detection technique using an ac signal is found to be a more efficient measuring circuit than the conventional dc Wheatstone bridge. Any particular sensor can be used to measure a wide range of flow rates using sensing heads of varying geometries. For a specific geometry, the plot of electrical voltage output against flow rate produces an "S" shaped curve which follows from the basic principles of heat transfer by both conduction and convection mechanisms.


Summary In this paper we propose a search method for finding a simple Nash Equilibrium in a 2-player game and execute it on 24 classes of games. The result shows that our algorithm performs better


Relaxation and medular neurostimulation in the chronic low back pain. The study analyses the influence that the method of progressive relaxation by Jacobson possesses, as the aid of medular neurostimulation in pain reduction in patients, whom, after being surgically intervined for herniation of the lumbar disc, continue post-operatively with chronic pain due to epidural fibrosis. The sample (N=20) is made up of 14 men an 6 women taken from the "Group of Pain" of the Hospital Central of Asturias, divided at random into two groups the (N=10) experimental group and the control group (N=10). The duration of the treatment has been 6 weeks, with a follow-up three months. The results are proof that progressive training in relaxation provoke a reduction in the intensity of pain (50%) and the Lattinen Index (50%) with an increase in estimation of improvement (60%) and activities of distraction (75%). The number of horas of sleep which not are modified.


ABSTRACT The three voyages to Baffin Island under the command of Martin Frobisher (1576, 1577, and 1578) constituted the first recorded European expeditions to the area. Their original aim—the discovery of a northwest route to 'Cathay,' the ill-understood far east—was one manifestation of a broader English attempt to challenge the commercial ascendancy of Spain and Portugal whilst avoiding political confrontation with those powers. This latter imperative made it necessary for the search to be conducted in relatively high latitudes, corollaries of which were the growth of English experience of Arctic and sub-Arctic conditions, and the development of a body of literature, both technical and popular, to record the lessons of these endeavours. Utilising the relative abundance of contemporary evidence on the events of Frobisher's 1578 voyage—the largest expedition to Baffin Island prior to the present century—this paper notes and examines the responses of English mariners to these climatic conditions.


AIM: To construct a bait vector with Bit1 gene in yeast two-hybrid system GAL4, and assay whether Bit1 gene expression product affects the growth of host yeast cells and activates the reporter genes in the yeast two-hybrid system. METHODS: The Bit1 gene fragments were amplified by RT-PCR from ovarian cell Caov-3, and cloned into pUC19 for DNA sequencing. After verified by DNA sequencing, they were subcloned into the bait vector pGBKT7 of yeast two-hybrid system GAL4, and the recombinant plasmids were subsequently transferred into yeast cell AH109, and its expression product was tested whether it could activate the reporter genes in the yeast two-hybrid system. RESULTS: The Bit1 gene fragments were successfully amplified, and their expression product showed to be nontoxic to AH109 cells, and did not activate the reporter genes of the GAL4 system. CONCLUSION: Yeast two-hybrid GAL4 system can be utilized to study Bit1-interacting protein.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by worsening cognitive impairment with amyloid and tau deposition spreading throughout the brain in a "prion‐like" manner. Mounting evidence suggests extracellular vesicles (EVs) can act as vectors to propagate these pathogenic proteins along connectivity pathways. Several studies have demonstrated that inhibiting neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) reduces the level of tau and amyloid in the brain. Despite these promising findings, current nSMase2 inhibitors are not suitable for clinical development given their lack of potency, solubility, and/or limited brain penetration. We recently discovered phenyl (R)‐(1‐(3‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐2,6‐dimethylimidazo[1,2‐b] pyridazin‐8‐yl) pyrrolidin‐3‐yl) carbamate (PDDC), the first selective, potent nSMase2 inhibitor (IC50 = 300nM), with excellent oral bioavailability (%F = 88) and brain penetration (AUCbrain/AUCplasma = 0.60). We demonstrated that PDDC was able to inhibit EV release both in vitro and in vivo.


A high ratio of soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1) to placental growth factor (PlGF) has been linked to pre‐eclampsia (PE). We evaluated the sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio as a predictive marker for early‐onset PE in women at risk of PE.


The purpose of clinical teaching for 8-year program medical students in our school is to train medical doctors possessing adequate clinical abilities and research capabilities.Thyroid surgery is a surgical discipline with professionalism,innovation and complexity.This study tries to discuss individualized teaching applied in thyroid surgery for 8-year program medical students.


The dynamic reliability model of k-out-of-n system is developed with the load-strength interference model,the order statistic theory and the probability differential equation.Without the assumption of failure independence,the reliability model of k-out-of-n system with dependent failure is built with the system-level load-strength interference model.Further,the cumulative distribution function and the probability density function of strength for k-out-of-n system are built.From the statistic meaning of random load action,the reliability model of k-out-of-n system under repeated random load is derived.The loading process described with Poisson stochastic process,the dynamic reliability model of k-out-of-n system when strength doesn't degenerate and that when strength degenerates are developed respectively.Finally,the relationship between reliability and time and that between failure rate and time are studied.The result shows that the reliability of k-out-of-n system decreases with time,and the larger k is the lower the reliability of k-out-of-n system will be.When strength doesn't degenerate,the failure rate of k-out-of-n system decreases gradually with time and the failure rate in the initial period is higher.When strength degenerates,the failure rate of k-out-of-n system has the feature of bathtub curve.


Passengers have to conduct the activity of evacuation as a large disaster takes place in a MRT Underground Station. How to escape effectively and safely for occupants evacuating from platform to ground, and the planning of escape routes are the key issues in the processes of evacuation. In order to ensure the variety of safety factors in the processes of evacuation, it would brook no delay to conduct the survey and research on the planning evacuation in MRT Underground Station. In this paper, it discusses the relationship between evacuation behavior and egress facilities design from the accident of Daegu Korea subway fire in February 18, 2003, and studies Taipei, Kaohsiung and several country city MRT system evacuation design rules, and compares those with NFPA130 evacuation design rule. Finally the conclusions and suggestion of evacuation safety for MRT system would be presented.


This discussion will not attempt to give a final answer to the question whether the teaching of literature can be correlated with the developing emotional life of high-school students. Until we have more reliable data concerning the nature and function of human emotions so that we can plot the curve of emotional development from infancy through adolescence to adulthood, perhaps it will be impossible to state exactly what specific types of literature should be taught to pupils during the high-school age. That teachers of literature are not ready to state definitely what particular novels, essays, poems, stories, etc., should be taught becomes obvious when we study carefully the section dealing with literature in the Experience Curriculum in English published by the National Council of Teachers of English for guidance in planning a curriculum in English literature for grades seven through twelve.l Though many titles are given, no special attempt is made to designate in what particular grade a certain title should be taught. The authors simply state that certain "types of experience rather than specific titles should furnish the outline of the curriculum,"2 and those types of experience are headed "Enjoying Action," "Exploring the Physical World," "Exploring the Social World," "Studying Human Nature," "Sharing Lyric Emotion," "Giving Fancy Rein," "Solving Puzzles," "Listening to Radio Broadcasts," and "Enjoying Photoplays." They do not specify whether any particular type of experience is better suited for teaching in the seventh grade than in the twelfth, or vice versa. Granting that all of these types of experience should be taught in each grade, no light is thrown upon the problem as to whether the many numerous titles given under each head should be taught in one grade in preference to another or why.


Chitinase gene was cloned from the effective isolate of T. harzianum for target spot resistant induction of tomato. The chitinase gene was amplified by the PCR technique. The PCR product obtained was approximately 1,200 bp. PCR product was cloned using pGEM- T vector. Results showed nucleotide sequence of that the cloned gene of T. harzianum was similar to that of T. harzianum chit-HAR2 gene for endochitinase-HAR2 ( AB041752) with 99% identity and for amino acid sequence 98% was similar to that of endochitinase-HAR2 from the teleomorph of T. harzianum ( Hypocrea lixii ), (BAB40590) based on the GenBank database. The cloned chitinase gene obtained from this study could be constructed and transferred to tomato plants for improving disease resistance.


Exfoliation and adhesion are a daily ordinary phenomenon. However, these exhibit irregular behaviors on the atomicand molecular-scale. In this article, we introduce that a carbon nanotube exhibits atomic-scale movements on a graphite substrate, in which stick-slip sliding occurs at the atomic scale while maintaining AB-stacking registry with the graphite substrate. It is expected that the study on exfoliation and adhesion provides control of friction, a stronger adhesion and an easier exfoliation than those of a gecko foot and applications for nanomachine and biomolecular motor.


What is Property Law? Ownership Possession, Occupation and Usage Special Interests in Property Management and Control of Property Use and Enjoyment The Acquisition and Alienation of Rights Protection of Property Rights Remedies in Property Law Forums for Resolving Property Right Disputes.


A new IMS Health report forecasts the growth of global spending by a 4% to 7% compound annual rate over the next five years.


A fast method is proposed for DTI neural tract extraction and visualization. Existing efficient tract extraction approaches are based on localizing fibers from a pre-computed whole brain tractography. However, the tracking parameters of precomputed fibers cannot be easily adjusted quickly. Moreover, high noise in the estimated orientation around crossing and neighboring tracts often diverts fibers away from desired pathways. Therefore, insufficient numbers of localized fibers decreases the quality of the tract visualization and also makes surface reconstruction difficult. Our method constructs a tract surface by considering tensor orientation along and around a single or double-seeded streamline and quickly expands it to a parametric surface. A noise reduction surface filter is applied to the parametric surface to provide a smooth surface rendering. Our method is particularly useful in areas of dense tracts such as the brainstem.


The negatron decay of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{175}$ (4.2 day) and orbital electron capture decay of ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{175}$ (70 day) to ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ have been investigated in detail using a magnetic lens spectrometer, 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} permanent magnet spectrographs, scintillation spectrometers, and coincidence techniques. Eleven gamma transitions in ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ of the following energies and indicated multipolarities have been observed: 89.3 ($M1+E2$), 113.6 ($M1+E2$), 137.6, 144,229.3 ($E2$), 251, 282.4 ($E1+M2$), 318.6, 342.9 ($M1+E2$), 396.0 ($E1+M2$), and 432.2 kev. On the basis of these measurements, consistent decay schemes for ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{175}$ and ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{175}$ are proposed. Observed nuclear levels in ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ excited by the radioactive decay of these two nuclides occur at 113.6, 251.2, 342.9, 396.0, and 432.2 kev and are assigned spin and parity values $\frac{9}{2}+$, $\frac{11}{2}+$, $\frac{5}{2}+$, $\frac{9}{2}\ensuremath{-}$, and $\frac{5}{2}+$, respectively. The levels at 113.6 kev and 251.2 kev constitute a rotational band whose base state occurs at stable ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}(\frac{7}{2}+)$.


In the present study annual rings were distinctly observed on the sections of the spine and thefirst ptery8iophore of the dorsal fin and on the scale,the otolith and the vertebrate of the earp.Theopercular and the pectoral fin didn't seem to be appropriate materials for age determination. Theauthors'opinion about the formation of annual bands in the inaterials studied is presented.


Objective To establish the model of intervention effects of calpain inhibitor(MDL-28170) on neural stem cells(NSCs)injury induced by acrylamide.Methods The dorsal root ganglion of postnatal Wistar rats were collected for primary cellular culture.Specific protein nestin,neuron specific enolase(NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) in cells were identified by immunocytochemistry staining.The NSCs in logarithmic phase were divided into control group(culture),ACR-infected groups(140,350,560,700 μmol/L) and intervention groups(700 μmol/L ACR+65,130,195,260 μmol/L MDL-28170).The cells were cultured for 48 h in 5% CO2 and at 37 ℃.MTT method was used to determine the cell survival rate.Results Compared with the control group,the cell survival rate in 700 μmol/L ACR group and intervention group were significantly lower(P0.05).With the increase of ACR exposure doses,the survival rate of NSCs showed a declining curve.Compared with 700 μmol/L ACR group,the cell survival rates of 65,130 μmol/L intervention groups were significantly higher(P0.05),and the cell survival rate of 260 μmol/L intervention group was significantly lower(P0.05).Conclusion The model of the intervention effects of calpain inhibitor on NSCs injury induced by acrylamide is established successfully in the study.


We have proposed a new multi-cut Fresnel-field to far-field transformation in the cylindrical scanning to overcome the error of an absolute gain pattern in a single-cut plane by using a single-cut near-field to far-field transformation. Because the multi-cut method requires the measurements on a several parallel cut-plates, we can obtain the 3D absolute gain pattern in a strip region between the several-cut planes. Therefore, the multi-cut method makes it possible to obtain the absolute gain patterns for any type of antennas and the peak absolute gain if the peak exists between the multi-cut planes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the multi-cut method by simulations and the preliminary results using a EO probe at 76.2 GHz.


Taking Squid Game and Hellbound as examples, this paper analyzes the extent to which Chinese and Western audiences have received and decoded international media works. Through the evaluations on IMDb and Douban, this paper aims to explore the dimensions of the evaluation of cross-cultural films by Chinese and Western audiences and study the dominant values and aesthetics of movie-watching in different cultures, so as to provide a critical reference for the study of how international film and television works to cater to audiences with different cultural backgrounds. On this basis, this paper also introduces the theory of film analysis and cultural studies to explore the possible cultural, social, and historical reasons behind the different audiences receptions to Squid Game and Hellbound. As mentioned above, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures at different levels are discussed, and some suggestions for future cross-cultural communication strategies are put forward.


This monograph presents the issue of the collective memory of contemporary inhabitants of Rzeszow of the Jews living in the city until 1945. Before the outbreak of the war in 1939 the Jews constituted approximately 1/3 of the 40 thousands of residents of Rzeszow. More than 95% of them were killed in the Holocaust. The survivors left the city soon after the war and today there is not even a small community of that nationality. Almost all the places connected with the Jews (synagogues and cemeteries) were devastated and destroyed. Even though some of them were rebuilt, they have never returned to their functions. After the war, Rzeszow experienced huge socio-spatial changes. This prewar county town was transformed into one of the largest cities in the country, the capital of the province and the regional metropolis with 200 thousands residents in 2022. Postwar socio-demographic processes influenced the creation of a new urban organism where the awareness of the city inhabitants of the unique history is very low. The main objective of the research presented in this work is to diagnose the level of knowledge of the inhabitants of Rzeszow on the history of Jews in the local perspective. Another important goal is practical support for all activities that aim to build the memory of the city's past and its former inhabitants. The history of the Jews is an integral part of the history of Rzeszow. Including this knowledge in the local collective memory can only help foster proactive attitude and involvement in the dynamically developing city.


Eight isomorphous 2-naphthalenesulfonato complexes of lanthanoids(III) (Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, and Yb) were synthesized, and the structures of five of them were determined by the single-crystal X-ray-diffraction method. They are monoclinic, with the space group of P21; the cell constants of the PrIII complex, for example, were a=18.228(8), b=7.498(4), c=14.177(9) A, β=107.75(4)°, Z=2, and its final R value was 0.043. The unit-cell size of the complex decreases with the increase in the atomic number of the metal atom. The central metal atom is in a square-antiprism geometry and is octa-coordinated with two unidentate 2-naphthalenesulfonato ligands and six water–oxygen atoms. Nonligated oxygen atoms of the sulfonato ions form hydrogen-bonds with the coordinated and lattice water molecules to form a double-layered network along the ab-plane. All the naphthalene rings stand together to form hydrophobic sheets between the hydrogen-bonding networks.


A novel highly miniaturized triple band antenna for WiMAX and WLAN applications is presented in this letter. The proposed design has an active patch area of only 108 mm2 (9 × 12 mm2), and operates at 2.5 (lower WiMAX), 3.47 (middle WiMAX) and 5.75 GHz (WLAN), respectively. Miniaturization in the proposed design is accomplished by etching 2 novel cascaded E‐type unit cell defected ground structure in conjunction with the F‐shaped slot, and multiband operations are achieved by etching U and H‐type slots in the radiating monopole. The miniaturization process leads to the reduction of about 82.4% and 73.5% in the active patch area and volume of the proposed antenna respectively, as compared with the conventional designed triple band antenna. The antenna has a compact volume of 0.15 λ0 × 0.15 λ0 × 0.01 λ0 at a lower resonance of 2.6 GHz. The proposed structure has S11<–10 dB bandwidth of about 6.45% (2.55–2.72 GHz), 3.03% (3.25–3.35 GHz) and 5.9% (5.75–6.1 GHz) in simulation, and about 4.2% (2.51–2.62 GHz), 2.31% (3.42–3.50 GHz), and 4.81% (5.68–5.96 GHz) under measurement, respectively. Stable radiation characteristics and good impedance matching are observed across the operational bandwidth of the proposed design.


The key to understanding how the relationship between Argentina and Great Britain changed during the decade after 1930 lies in the evolution of the British economy and the shifting configuration of political forces within the British Commonwealth of nations after World War I that made it impossible for Great Britain to maintain the old imperial relationship with Argentina. The purpose of Argentine foreign policy during the 1930s was to buy time to alter the internal structure of dependence and allow Argentina greater flexibility in world affairs. Until the structure of the economy could be Changed, primary product exports were vital to the national interest. First the Argentines tried to salvage some portion of their relationship with Great Britain and the market stability they needed in the Roca‐Runciman Pact (1933). Next, they turned to the U.S. for help, but with no success. By 1943, the British and Argentine economies were no longer structurally compatible and the U.S. had declined to accommodate Arge...


INTRODUCTION: Leprosy is known as Hansen's disease, a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It can be seen in all ages, from early infancy to old age. It is a significant cause of preventable disability. The impairments give rise to disabilities, such as limitations in performing activities involving using hands, feet, and eyes and restrictions in social participation. Functional movements are most important to fulfill one's activities of daily living. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to identify the functional limitations using the Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness (SALSA) Scale in the leprosy population of Mysore district. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 92 participants diagnosed with leprosy and collected socioeconomic and clinical data. Each participant was evaluated for functional limitations using the SALSA Scale. RESULTS: The participants were mainly male (58) and fewer female (34) with a minimum of one impairment. The result is written based on the five primary domains of the SALSA Scale. The study showed that 39.65% of participants did not present significant functional limitations and 24.36% of participants reported mild functional limitations. In comparison, 12.35% were moderately functionally limited, 14.32% had severe functional limitations, and 9.32% showed extremely severe limitations which described the most difficult activity were fine motor activity. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that difficult functional activity reported by participants with leprosy was fine motor activity and hand sensation to carry the hot objects according to the profiling by SALSA Scale which intern leads to difficulty in quality of life.


This research is devoted to the development of complex multi-level control system for robotic vehicle Niva. This system implements computer vision algorithms for road lane recognition and algorithms of low-level vehicle control for real-time lane keeping. This paper describes architecture of the system, main algorithms, results of the experiments and plans for future research.


This paper examines structural, micro and macroeconomic dimensions of the Asian productive integration in the last decades and explores some lessons for Mercosur. We argue that despite some asymmetries on value chain the conjunction of these dimensions had generated a dynamic and pro- growth integration. The contrast with the Mercosur is the composition of exports, the external vulnerability of each country and the absence of a net importer country. These factors are obstacles for an articulated expansion of regional trade and economic growth.


A system and a method for discharging an inverter DC link voltage of an HEV(Hybrid Electric Vehicle) are provided to reduce a material cost and a weight by removing components in an MCU(Motor Control Unit) such as a cement resistor and a cement resistor heat discharging plate. A system for discharging an inverter DC link voltage of an HEV includes a high voltage battery(10), an inverter(20), an LDC(Line Drop Compensator)(50), and an MCU(40). The inverter switches and converts a DC voltage of the high voltage battery into a three phase alternating-current power. The LDC converts a voltage to supply power of the high voltage battery to an electric field load by being connected between the high voltage battery and the inverter. The MCU controls the inverter by PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) and drives phase conversion. For a set time at key-off of a vehicle, the MCU transmits LDC PWM enable continuous signals to achieve LDC PWM switching, and at the same time a DC link voltage is discharged to a 12 V auxiliary battery.


A new Fornberg-like method is presented for computing conformal maps from the interior of the unit disk with m−1 circular holes to the interior of a smooth closed curve with m−1 holes bounded by smooth curves. The method is a Newton-like method for computing the boundary correspondences and the conformal moduli (centers and radii of the circles). The inner linear systems are derived from conditions for analytic extension of functions defined on the circles to the interior domain. These systems are N -point trigonometric discretizations of the identity plus a compact operator and are solved efficiently with the conjugate gradient method at a cost of O(N) per step. Two formulations of the map are given: the first uses a disk with circular holes, and the second uses an annulus with circular holes. Some numerical examples are given.


Millimeter-wave radar with large signal bandwidth characteristic can get more information about the target which means the target contains multiple scattering points, in this condition can better achieve accurate tracking of targets. The increase in data volume also poses challenges to data processing. Therefore, based on the agglomerated hierarchical clustering, a two-stage clustering algorithm is proposed in this paper to achieve adaptive points aggregation and optimize data processing of millimeter-wave radar system in complex environments. On the basis of points aggregation, the track initiation is completed using the modified logic method. Real radar data processing results show that the two-stage method can get better performance than the simple hierarchical clustering in terms of clustering accuracy. Also the two-stage method can effectively reduce the number of false tracks in the course of track initiation.


This paper draws the attention of the Nigerian government to take vibrant steps towards addressing the problems of utilizing ICT in managing SMSEs in Nigeria. Fifty-seven (57) SMSEs were surveyed to identify the internally and externally-oriented problems of ICT usage. Two research questions and a hypothesis were analysed to determine whether or not the types of problems are correlated. The findings revealed that lack of finance and poor facilities seemed to be the major obstacles to the effective usage of ICT. Although, the problems were more external in nature than internal but, the inefficient utilization of ICT is not contingent upon the types of problems as was revealed by the calculated value of the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (R). The findings also revealed that there is a weak association between the types of ICT utilization problems. This research is relevant to government officials that are responsible in developing policies regarding SMSEs by equipping them with a better understanding of how to revive SMSEs in Nigeria. The management of SMSEs and SMEDAN could gain useful insights from this study which can help them in formulating viable objectives that are worthy of pursuance.


Many varied professional skills have gone into the development of this rapid-transit control system to obtain a balance between economy and passenger convenience. Modern methods are used for despatching trains, for recording train movements, and for direct communication to operating personnel and passengers.


Pyrolysis is considered as a possible thermal technique to convert biomass into value added chemicals and energy. Knowledge of the chemical composition, the thermal behavior and the reactivity of the biomass is very important for the effective design and operation of the thermochemical conversion units. Thermoanalytical techniques, in particular thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), allow this information to be obtained in a simple and straight forward manner. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is one of the commonly used techniques to study thermal events during the pyrolysis process of fuel. The current research studied the thermal behavior of walnut shell (WS) by dynamic TGA under inert atmosphere at two different heating rates (5 and 15 C/min). Three devolatilization stages for WS degradation were determined as removal of water, decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose (active pyrolysis zone), and decomposition of lignin (passive pyrolysis zone). The use of these dynamic results to define the reaction kinetics necessitates the selection of an appropriate reaction mechanism, and 21 models have been proposed by Coats Redfern method in literature considering the rate limiting step being diffusion, nucleation or the reaction itself. According to the model assessment, the concepts of diffusion model kinetics provide the most suitable design approach. Activation energies were determined as 192 and 180 kJ mol from Zhrualev-Lesokin-Tampelmen function of diffusion (3D) model for the heating rates of 5 and 15 C min, respectively.


Drowsy driving was a factor in 3,600 deaths and 160,000 injuries between 2011 and 2015 (National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 2017). Shift workers, and nurses in particular, are at high risk of drowsy driving crashes due to long working hours, interrupted circadian rhythm and extended periods of wakefulness (National Sleep Foundation, 2009). With as many as 79% of nurses reporting driving drowsy at least once and 95% of nurse crashes attributed to drowsy driving, there is an urgent need to implement drowsy driving interventions (Gold et al., 1992; Scott, et al., 2007). Previous studies have investigated drowsy driving interventions but only naps, caffeine and bright light have strong evidence supporting their effectiveness (Geiger-Brown et al., 2016; Hartley et al., 2013; Horne & Reyner, 2001; Horne & Reyner, 1996). However, these interventions may require significant alterations to hospital policy or nurse's lifestyles. An interview study with night shift nurses suggests an alternate approach including an in-vehicle technological interface or a drowsy driving educational program may be a viable alternative (Smith et al., 2020). The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an in-vehicle drowsiness detection technology and education to reduce drowsy driving crashes or near-crashes in a naturalistic study. Eighty-three nurses from a large Texas hospital were recruited through emails and flyers placed throughout the hospital and placed into three groups upon consent: Control, Education, and Technology. The Education group received training on drowsy driving (NIOSH et al., 2015) and the Technology group received the same training program and a camera-based off-the-shelf detection device in their vehicle. The device (an IVUE RVS 335) was placed on the dashboard of participants' vehicles and monitored facial features and head movements to detect drowsiness. The interventions were introduced to the participants after one month of driving. Following each drive, the participants completed a survey concerning their sleep quality and driving behavior. The median sleep hours for all three groups was around 6 hours with a t-test showing no significant difference between pre and post intervention among the groups. The sleep quality, ranked on a scale of 1-10 and evaluated with a t-test, significantly increased for the Education group from a mean of 6.17 to 6.53 while the Technology group significantly decreased from a mean of 6.35 to 5.56. All groups reported a mean of approximately 1 interruption to their sleep during the night. There were no changes to the number of voluntary consecutive or total weekly shifts between pre and post intervention among the groups. Poisson regressions suggested that the Education group reported a significant decrease in drowsiness during the drive (z=-11.398, p<0.001) while the Technology group reported a significant increase (z=19.8, p<0.001). An ANCOVA comparing interventions on how participants felt on the drive home, controlling for hours slept and hours in bed, revealed that the Education group felt significantly better while the Technology group experienced no changes. Participants in the Technology group were also asked to report any actions they took after being alerted of their drowsiness. The most common actions included: redirecting their attention, turning the air conditioning on to a cold setting, turning on the music, opening their eyes, waking up, making a phone call and taking a nap. The results show that interventions did not significantly affect the hours participants slept or the number of shifts they worked during the week. However, the Education group reported feeling significantly more rested and the Technology group reported feeling significantly less rested following the intervention. A similar trend was observed with participant's subjective rating of the percentage of their post-work commute that they felt drowsy and their overall feelings during the drive. Across both of these measures, the Education group felt less drowsy following the intervention. The Technology group reported higher levels of drowsiness on the post-work commute and no significant difference in overall feeling during the drive. One possible interpretation of these results is that the alerts from the Technology group impacted participant's perception of their own drowsiness, causing them to report higher levels of drowsiness. This interpretation is aligned with other research on drowsy driving feedback that has shown that drivers improve subjective assessments after receiving feedback on their drowsiness (Aidman et al., 2015). This finding is also partially supported by driver's reported response to alerts from the device, which suggested that drivers acknowledged most of the alerts from the device by either waking up or redirecting their attention. Future work should continue to investigate this trend from the perspectives of risk appraisal and belief changes and focus on behavior modification following device alerts.


Acknowledgements. List of Maps and Figures. Translatora s Note. Preface to the English Edition. List of Abbreviations. Part I: The State of Knowledge: General Characteristics of Medieval Military History:. 1. The Barbarians from the Fifth to the Ninth Century. 2. The Feudal Age from the Beginning of the Tenth to the Middle of the Ninth Century. 3. Medieval Society in its Prime from the Mid--Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century. 4. Free Companions, Gunpowder and Permanent Armies from the Beginning of the Fourteenth to the end of the Fifteenth Century. Part II: Themes and Perspectives:. 5. Arms and Armour. 6. Artillery. 7. The Art of War. 8. War, Government and Society. 9. Towards a History of Courage. 10. Juridical, Ethical and Religious Aspects of War. Conclusion. Part III: Bibliography: . 11. General. 12. The Art of War: Conflicts, Campaigns, Sieges and Battles. 13. Institutions, Societies and Military Attitudes. 14. Arms, Armour and War Engines. 15. Cannons and Gunpowder Artillery. 16. Castles and Fortifications. 17. War Economy and Taxation. 18. War and Peace: Laws, Ethics and Christianity. Bibliography. Index.


While GEM data related researches have been increasing over the last decade, the investigation of the established businesses is mainly lacking from the palette. By using 40 469 established business data over the 2005-2008 time period, we derive the Global Intrapreneurship Index (GII) for 55 countries. GII is the average of the Individual Intrapreneurship Index (3Is) for all the established businesses in a particular country. The 3Is involves twelve individual variables, originated from GEM research, that measure the opportunity orientation, the individual capabilities, the innovativeness and the proactiveness of the business. These individual variables are combined together (practically multiplied) with the proper institutional variables. The institutional variables represent the favorability of the environment for entrepreneurship. The GII is very similar to the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index(GEDI) (Acs and Szerb 2010) that is not a surprise since both indices use the same institutional variables. However, the individual variables for GEDI are based on the country level aggregated data of nascent and young businesses and the GII is built from individual level established business data. The examination of the individual components of the GEDI and GII reveals that the variation of the average individual GII is higher in terms of development, but the differences are lower between the developing and developed countries as compared to the average individual GII. It means that new businesses are more entrepreneurial in the developed countries as compared to developing countries. Established businesses are more similar over the development. Finally we derived a Total Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship Index(TEI) that is the average of the GEDI and GII. All three indices show a mild "S" shape relationship with development measured by the per capita GDP.


The March-May 2010 volcanic eruption in southern Iceland brought volcanoes to the attention of the general public, as north-westerly winds carried a cloud of volcanic ash across Europe and caused major disruption to air travel. This article describes that eruption, looks at the historical background, and asks what whether we can expect to see more such disruption in the future.


Summary A density logging instrument with three gamma detectors has been developed to improve the vertical resolution. The numerical simulation models of the instrument were built with MCNP code to further increase its performance. K.A. Eyl(1994) and C. Stoller(1997) have proposed a high resolution density logging device using a three detector. In this paper, we built the numerical simulation model of logging instrument based on the logging results in the experimental material, and then, calculated the zero source spacing of the instrument. On basis of these results, it was optimized that the short spacing of the density logging instrument. The vertical resolution was studied with numerical simulation and experiment in calibration well. The comparison results between old logging device and the optimized one show that the improvements are effective.


In the title compound, C13H16N4OS3, a thienopyridinederivative, the tetrahydropyridine ring exhibits a half-chair conformation, and the folded conformation of the molecule is defined by the N—C—C—N torsion angle of −78.85 (16)°. The crystal packing features intermolecular C—H⋯N, N—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.


Biochar influences soil fertility, N2O emissions, and atmospheric CO2 budgets, and because of its quinone and aromatic structures, it is redox-active. Here we demonstrate that biochar concentrations of 5 and 10 g L–1 stimulate both the rate and the extent of microbial reduction of the Fe(III) oxyhydroxide mineral ferrihydrite (15 mM) by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, while lower biochar concentrations (0.5 and 1 g L–1) have a negative effect on ferrihydrite reduction. Control experiments showed that biochar particles and not biochar-derived water-soluble organic compounds are responsible for the stimulating and inhibiting effect. We also found that biochar changed the mineral product of ferrihydrite reduction from magnetite (Fe3O4) to siderite (FeCO3). Our study suggests that biochar can influence soil biogeochemistry not only indirectly by changing the soil structure and chemistry but also by directly mediating electron transfer processes, i.e., by functioning as an electron shuttle.


The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global public health crisis with respect to its effects on economic, physical and mental health. While early lockdown guidelines may have been effective for reducing viral transmission, prolonged quarantine and physical distancing measures may have augmented the disparities underlying the determinants of health. The aggregate effects of rapid and significant economic downturn, as well as physical and mental morbidity and mortality, are reported to increase the risk of suicide. Furthermore, students, females and individuals with pre-existing mental health illness(es) are at an increased risk for poor mental health outcomes as a result of decreased social support and gaps in healthcare access. Individuals with a mood disorder are at a greater risk for COVID-19 hospitalisation. Additionally, international collaboration addressing underlying social and economic inequities across high-, middle-and low-income countries is critical for managing infection rates. Taken together, public health policies should target upstream factors that affect the determinants of ill health.Copyright © ERS 2021.


Abstract 909 Background: Internal tandem duplications of FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) occur in approximately one third of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and are associated with poor outcome. It has been suggested that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) from a matched related donor (MRD) can overcome the negative impact of FLT3-ITD. However, for those patients without MRD it is unclear, whether the adverse impact can be abrogated by allo-HSCT from a matched unrelated donor (MUD). Aims: To assess clinical outcome in AML with FLT3-ITD after allo-HSCT from MRD and MUD. Methods: The study included 437 adult patients (median age, 47 years; range, 16–60 years) with newly diagnosed, FLT3-ITD positive AML enrolled on five prospective treatment trials of the German-Austrian AML Study Group (AMLSG) between 1993 and 2008. Patients with acute promyelocytic and core binding factor leukemia were excluded. FLT3-ITD was diagnosed by genomic DNA PCR and Genescan analysis. Mutant to wild-type FLT3-ITD ratio (allelic ratio) was available in 78%, and FLT3-ITD insertion site was determined by direct sequencing in 59% of the patients. The strategy of allo-HSCT changed in November 2006. Before the amendment, only patients with MRD were intended to receive allo-HSCT in first complete remission (CR), whereas thereafter, the spectrum of donors was extended to MUD. To account for the time dependency of allo-HSCT, landmark analyses for univariable analyses and Andersen Gill models for multivariable analyses were used. Results: CR rates before and after the amendment were 72% and 68%, respectively (p=0.63). Before amendment, 71 of 234 (30%) patients received allo-HSCT (48 MRD, 23 MUD), after amendment, 58 of 77 (74%) patients (16 MRD, 42 MUD). After amendment, the cohort was characterized by a significantly higher white blood count (WBC) (p=0.002), higher allelic ratio (p=0.04) and a higher frequency of FLT3-ITD insertion site in the beta-1-sheet (p=0.05). Comparing the two cohorts before and after amendment, there was no significant difference in relapse-free survival (RFS) (p=0.51) and overall survival (OS) (p=0.45). To account for the differences in the frequencies of unfavorable prognostic markers, we performed multivariable analyses in the whole population including the following variables: age, log(WBC), allo-HSCT from MRD or MUD, NPM1 mutation and median dichotomized allelic ratio. This model revealed allo-HSCT from MRD (HR 0.64, p=0.03) and age (difference of ten years) (HR 1.19, p=0.02) as significant prognostic parameters, whereas allo-HSCT from MUD was not significant (HR 0.82, p=0.31). In subset analysis, based on the availability of FLT3-ITD insertion site, the beneficial impact of allo-HSCT from MRD (HR 0.48, p=0.02) was even more pronounced, and FLT3-ITD insertion site in the beta-1-sheet appeared as a significant variable (HR 1.67, p=0.01). Landmark analyses for RFS at five months revealed a beneficial impact of allo-HSCT from both MRD and MUD, whereas at later time points the beneficial impact of allo-HSCT from MUD disappeared. There was no significant difference in cumulative incidence of relapse (p=0.25) and death (p=0.50) between allo-HSCT from MRD and MUD. Of 167 patients who relapsed, four received allo-HSCT from a haplo-identical family donor (HID), 54 from MUD and 12 from MRD. Overall survival for relapsed patients without transplantation and those with allo-HSCT from MRD was below 10% after one year and was significantly inferior compared to patients receiving allo-HSCT from MUD or HID with 49% after one year (p Conclusions: Allo-HSCT from MRD and also from MUD, if performed early during first CR, improves survival of younger adult patients with FLT3-ITD positive AML. Outcome after relapse was generally very poor, with allo-HSCT from MUD or HID having a beneficial effect. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.