The purpose of this research was to find out the Effect of Transition Action Details strategy toward Students' writing ability of recount text to the first Grade at SMAN 6 Pariaman. The kind of This researches in the form of experiment, especially pretest and posttest control group design. The research population was all students in class X IPS SMAN 6 Pariaman school year 2018/2019 that consist of 100 students. The samples were X IPS1 class as the experimental class that consist of 25 students and X IPS2 class as the control class that consist of 25 students. This research used cluster random sampling technique.Experimental class was taught by using transition action details, and control class was taught by using conventional strategy. The instrument of collecting the data that used by the researcher was writing test. The technique of analyzing data was the hypothesis test was t-test formula, which was used test the difference in mean and standard deviation of  the two samples.Based on the analysis of data obtained, tcalculate=3,33 and ttable=1.67 .Because tcalculate (3,33) > ttable (1.67), then H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted, it can be concluded that the application of Transition Action Details strategy provides a significant effect on students' writing ability of class X rather than conventional strategy at SMAN 6 Pariaman.
Key words: transition action details, wrriting, recount text


This paper presents development of a Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation (HILS) system for the purpose of testing performance, stability, and reliability of an electronic power steering system (EPS). In order to realistically test an EPS by the proposed HILS apparatus, a simulated uniaxial dynamic rack force is applied physically to the EPS hardware by a pneumatic actuator. An EPS hardware is composed of a steering wheel & column, a rack & pinion mechanism, and a motor-driven power steering system. A command signal for a pneumatic rack-force actuator is generated from the vehicle handling lumped parameter dynamic model (software) that is simulated in real time by using a very fast digital signal processor. The inputs to the real-time vehicle dynamic simulation model are a constant vehicle forward speed and front wheel steering angles driven through a steering system by a driver. The output from a real-time simulation model is an electric signal that is proportional to the uniaxial rack force. The vehicle handling lumped parameter dynamic model is validated by a fully nonlinear constrained multibody vehicle dynamic model. The HILS system simulation results show that the proposed HILS system may be used to realistically test the performance, stability, and reliability of an electronic power steering system in a repeated way.


Field experiments were conducted at the experimental area of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif seasons of 2000 and 2001 in order to study the competitive ability of maize with weeds as influenced by nitrogen levels and plant densities on loamy sand soils. Higher plant population of 90000 plants ha−1 significantly reduced dry matter accumulation by weeds during 2000 as compared to the recommended plant density (75,000 plants ha−1) but these differences were non-significant during 2001. Higher level of nitrogen (175 kg ha−1) resulted in significant increase in grain yield than the recommended dose i. e. 125 kg ha−1, whereas higher plant population (90,000 ha−1) resulted in significant reduction in grain yield than 75,000 plants per hectare during both the years. On an average of two years, pre-emergence application of atrazine at 1 kg ha−1, atrazine 0.75 kg ha−1+straw mulch and two hand weeding treatments increased grain yield by 39.4, 38.2 and 36% than unweeded control.


An exchange energy functional is proposed and tested for obtaining a class of excited-state energies using density functional formalism. The functional is the excited-state counterpart of the local-density approximation functional for the ground state. It takes care of the state dependence of the energy functional and leads to highly accurate excitation energies.


Objective:To explore the relationship between the plasmid spectrum of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its drug resistance. Methods: 95 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae plasmid were detected with alkali cracking-gelose gel electrophoresis. Its correlation with drug resistance was analyzed according to above method with drug resistance spectrum and PPNG(penicillinase-producing neisseria gonorhhoeae). Results: The plasmid detecting rate of 95 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was 89.5%. Four types of the plasmid with 4.2 kb,7.4 kb. 39.5 kb. 42.5 kb molecular weight were found. And their detecting rates were 83.2%, 64.2%, 37.9% and 5.3% respectively. There were total 11 kinds of Neisseria gonorrhoeae plasmid, and the dominant types were 4.2 kb+7.4 kb type (30.5%) and 4.2 kb+7.4 kb+39.5 kb type (26.3%). Among the 61 strains with 7.4 kb plasmid, 21 of them were PPNG positive. Diversity of drug tolerance could be seen at the same plasmid. Conclusion: Neisseria gonorrhoeae plasmid spectrums showed different characteristics in different areas and at different time, with this understanding, it was helpful to distinguish what types of strains were spreading and to follow up strains with drug resistance, and to provide information for its epidemiological analysis at molecular level.[


Rate Integrating Gyroscopes (RIGs) excel at measuring high rates of rotation, however for rotation rates less than the drift due to frequency or damping mismatch the measured angle will not track the rotation angle and the gyro will effectively fail to operate. Here we show that by applying large virtual rotation using the gyroscope's control electrodes, the drift due to damping mismatching is averaged out, which reduces the error due to damping mismatch and also allows the RIG to measure rates smaller than the damping mismatch. An explicit solution for the angle drift is also derived for the first time in this work.


This study examines changes in 12 midline soft‐tissue thicknesses from the forehead, nose, lip, and chin regions in girls and boys from 10 to 16 years of age. The soft‐tissue changes are compared to changes in two hard‐tissue distances (sella–nasion and nasion–menton). The subjects are from a mixed‐longitudinal sample studied at the Montreal Human Growth Research Center in the 1960s and 1970s. Total sample size is 242 (from lateral cephalographs of 124 males and 118 females), with numbers varying by age and measurement. For hard‐tissues, boys show clearly defined adolescent spurts, while girls display small velocity increases indicative of only very minor spurts. Forehead tissue thicknesses for both sexes change little and show no demonstrable growth spurts. For the nose and philtrum region, which have the greatest absolute soft‐tissue growth changes, both boys and girls show adolescent spurts. Peak velocities are attained between 13 and 14 years in boys and between 11.9 and 12.5 years in girls. Boys appear to have small adolescent spurts for upper (13.7 years) and perhaps lower lip thicknesses. Neither sex displays clear evidence for adolescent spurts in the chin region. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:457–467, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


It's getting hard to remember that there was a time, not too long ago, when urban community studies, and urban ethnography in general, were on the margins of U.S. sociology. Streetwise multimethod studies of the urban communities were one of the founding traditions of U.S. social science, yet by the time I entered graduate school at the end of the 1970s, this sort of work was decidedly on the outs. Of course, we all read the classic urban community studies. And the leading practitioners of the fieldworker's craft were much honored as elder statesmen and states women. Yet few ambitious young scholars were encouraged to follow in their footsteps. Ethnography was at the height of its postmodern crisis of confidence, and what had begun as admirable reflexivity was fast turning into the paralysis of autoethnographic self-absorption. Cutting-edge urban social theory assured us that the very notion of community was a "myth," and insisted our focus should be on global processes of production, accu mulation, and consumption. And for sociology's then increasingly quanti tative "mainstream," community-based field work seemed as quaint as the counter-sorter. Not bad for its day, perhaps, but a prescientific blend of insight, hunches, and slow-paced journalism that, in light of advances in quantitative technique, was decidedly outmoded. Things have changed. Starting in the mid 1980s, mainstream sociol ogy began to pay renewed attention to poverty and the role urban neigh borhoods played in it. Shortly thereafter, the growth of immigrant communities burst onto the agenda. Many of the researchers engaging these topics had backgrounds in quantitative or policy-oriented research, yet they were frustrated that the questions they were asking about "neigh borhood effects" and other local processes could not really be addressed using quantitative techniques alone. Soon we were hearing calls for a


Mainstream values of contemporary college students is positive, but also showing some negative tendencies.While learning the fine traditional Chinese culture helps to overcome negative tendencies value of college students. This paper from the perspective of ideological and political workers digs reference excellent Chinese traditional culture nurtured by the core values of college students.


3 ps pulses are amplified to >;10 GW peak power in a TEA CO2 laser using ac Stark broadening. Demonstration of such broadband amplification opens opportunities for a powerful mid-IR source at a high-repetition rate.


Organizational communications transcend and integrate various internal and external stakeholder views or position using strategies and tactics designed ultimately to assure success in the market.
Periodic audits of communication allow us to determine the extent and organization´s internal communication aligns, or does not align, its philosophy and culture with the organization´s stated purpose. Consistent alignment organization´s internal messaging works to eliminate the potential for external communications problems.
Once internal alignment is achieved, and organization can better focus public communication identifying the stakeholder and immediately developing communication strategies for each of them.
Communication connect public perception with positive images of the organization, that will endure over time and position it as successful based on both the profits it generates and ability to transcend into a recognized brand loved by consumers while responsibly sustaining the planet and its most vulnerable people.
Communications do best over time when they are strategic, planned and measurable using a quantifiable process.


Point-to-multipoint (P2MP) labeled switched paths (LSPs) are used for services such as video broadcast (IPTV), IP and Ethernet VPNs. Benefits of deploying P2MP LSPs are reduced bandwidth usage, improved performance and enhanced scalability. TOTEM (Toolbox for Traffic Engineering Methods) is an open source Traffic Engineering (TE) toolbox containing tools and algorithms for optimizing IP and (G)MPLS networks. In this work we have extended TOTEM to support constrained P2MP LSPs' setup. With these extensions TOTEM can be used as a basis for implementing and comparing different optimization algorithms for establishing and protecting P2MP LSPs in MPLS based networks.


We measure the quadratic nonlinear optical properties, namely second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), of nanocrystals of different derivatives of pyrazoline. The derivatives of pirazoline, like for example DCNP are supposed to have high second order nonlinear susceptibility. We use a nonlinear optical microscopy setup, samples were excited with a femtosecond laser operating at 800 nm wavelength, both signals (SHG and TPEF) were measured simultaneously using a dichroic mirror and for SHG a narrow spectral bandwidth filter centered at 400 nm, respectively. The details of the used nonlinear polarimetric microscopy technique can be found in reference. We have produced the nano-size crystals using the precipitation method and estimated the average size of these nanocrystals to be 300 × 600 nm using atomic force microscopy (AFM).


Envisat will carry an all-weather, day-and-night high resolution radar imaging instrument: the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR). ASAR builds on the success of the ERS-1 and ERS-2 SARs, which have contributed to major scientific achievements and initiated pre-operational and commercial applications of radar data. The ASAR system has therefore been designed to provide continuity with the ERS instrument and to extend the range of measurement capabilities. Three new modes of operation, improved performances and new algorithms allow the generation of novel data products, including near-real-time and off-line precision image products, to be provided to scientific, institutional and commercial users, for land, ocean and ice applications.


Whether they agree that we are now in a period of postmodernity, late modernity or high modernity (Kirk 1997), social commentators do agree that we live in times characterised by profound social and cultural changes which are recognisable globally but reach into the everyday lives of individual. The nature of these changes is in large part attributed to enormous advances in technology which have allowed for the rapid processing and transmission of information within and across countries and cultures. On one hand, the greater accessibility of information from a larger range of sources has exposed different points of view and thus provided more spaces for the challenging of taken-for-granted truths. At the same time, however, the ubiquitous presence of television and other forms of electronic media have provided a context in which populations can be persuaded to particular points of view, which include ways of understanding health and the values and meanings associated with physical activity and sport. For individuals the information explosion, rapid changes in values across and between generations and social groups, and exposure to a wide range of values, produces a world in which knowledge is less certain and in which identities are no longer experienced as fixed and constant (Fernandez-Balboa 1997). These uncertainties extend to work, health, livelihoods, relationships and so. Living in such times has effects on how young people think about and do schooling. In Britain, Furlong and Cartmel (1997) have linked these changes to the concept of the risk society (Beck 1992), in which traditional and institutional forms of social and economic relationships have become fragmented and individuals bear the responsibility and cost of shaping their lives. Rather than follow a predetermined linear trajectory, young people are now called on to balance their multiple involvements in study, employment, relationships and leisure; they are active in constructing their own lives. Wyn and Dwyer (1999) and others (Du Bois-Reymond 1998) call this a 'choice biography', emphasising the extent to which


An electronic system is described for the generation of the t-2 voltage pulse used for ion separation in a particular form of time-of-flight ion energy analyser. The pulse is synthesised with an RC-network and the theory for the design of this special network is given in detail. A technique for making measurements on the pulse waveform is included and such measurements show that the t-2 pulse produced experimentally had an accuracy of better than 3% over a voltage dynamic range of greater than 30 dB. Other applications of the work, which could involve voltage pulses different from the t-2 shape considered in detail, are suggested and the possibility of generating specially shaped pulses at a high voltage level is discussed.


Data demoes that found 30 million voluminous age group that experiences nutrient problem less energy kronik or kek. Many watchfulness have been done to show adolescent groups suffer/experiences many nutrient problems. Nutrient problem among others imt (body time index) less than normal limit or thin. Prevalensi adolescent with imt thin range from 30%-40%. Many factors that causes this problem. given the cause factors that influence nutrient problem help the tackling efforts and more influenced and focus. This watchfulness aims to detect connection between nutrient status with education level and Department of Health well-being Polytechnic new student university parents income Gorontalo year 2009. This watchfulness uses analytic design observasional with watchfulness kind cross sectional, to detect to what there connection between nutrient status with education level and department of health well-being polytechnic new student university parents income Gorontalo school year 2009/2010. Sample Department of Health well-being Polytechnic new student university Gorontalo Shool Year. 2009/2010 as much as 289 person. Data analysis is done according to univariat and bivariate. To test connection between watchfulness variable is used test chi square. Statistics test result shows that found connection between nutrient status with parents education especially in woman parents (mother). While in statistics test result man parents is got x2 count > x2 this matter table shows that not found connection between student university nutrient status with father education. Towards student university nutrient status and parents income, statistics test result is got x2 count < x2 table, this matter demoes that found connection between nutrient status with Department of Health well-being Polytechnic new student university parents income Gorontalo.


Certain types of rules, dubbed by Emonds root transformations (RTs), apply in subordinate clauses only under highly restricted conditions in English. Emonds' analysis of this phenomenon, which has come in for a good deal of criticism recently, is here modified so that only so-called commainducing and inversion rules represent true RTs. The remaining RTs are redefined as belonging to a new class o/base substitution operations. These seemingly occur relatively freely in embedded clauses, being constrained primarily by pragmatic factors. In addition to accounting for much of the data used to undermine the concept of formally-motivated root transformations, this reformulation further strengthens the constraints on the class of permissible syntactic rules, thereby making some progress towards the goal of achieving an explanatorily adequate linguistic theory. It has been known for over a decade now that there exists a class of transformational rules, known generally as ROOT TRANSFORMATIONS (RTs), that do not occur freely in embedded clauses. A number of hypotheses have been advanced which attempt to specify the precise constraints on these rules. Emonds (1970), to whom the initial insight is due, argued that the scope of RTs could be stated in purely formal terms, viz. that they apply only in sentences which are dominated by no node other than S (i.e. ROOT Ss). However, a considerable amount of evidence has subsequently accumulated (Hooper and Thompson (H&T), 1973; Ogle, 1974; Green, 1974,1976) which appears to demonstrate that RTs do in fact occur in non-root Ss. H & T and Green both conclude that Emonds' formal approach is nworkable, but differ over what they would put in its place. H & T hypothesize that the appropriate constraint is a semantic one; Green, on the other hand, stresses the role played by pragmatic factors, though she allows that syntactic and semantic conditions are also probably involved. Unlike Emonds and H&T, Green is Linguistics 19 (1981), 119-146. 0024-3949/81/0019-0119 $2.00 © Mouton Publishers, The Hague


A 49-year-old Korean male patient with dementia was diagnosed with probable early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). He presented with memory problems, personality changes, and disorientation. His family history of dementia was probably negative, since no family member with dementia was found or mentioned. Mild cortical atrophy was observed upon magnetic resonance imaging analyses of his brain, and the single-photon emission computed tomography analysis revealed hypoperfusion in the frontal, temporal, and limbic lobes. The patient was tested for mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, PGRN, MAPT, and PRNP genes. Genetic analysis revealed R62C mutation in PSEN2 gene. PSEN2 R62C mutation was previously reported in European populations, including Dutch and Belgian families with AD. Herein, we present the first case report of PSEN2 R62C mutation in Asia. PolyPhen-2 and SIFT software analyses predicted this mutation as "possibly damaging", suggesting its potential involvement with AD. In silico protein structural prediction analyses of PSEN2 R62 and C62 revealed two divergent structures, suggesting that large perturbations of R62C mutation might cause dysfunctions of PSEN2, which may alter the normal amyloid production.


Is the Positivismusstreit still worth our time? Fifty years after a controversy that contemporary observers have already marked as rather disappointing, the contemporary scholar might have a hard t...


By rethinking the development situation of domestic and foreign intelligent household,it is designed the indoor environment monitoring system based on the Internet of Things.Various sensors(current transformer,the temperature sensor,light sensor) are carefully selected in this design,and ZigBee agreement is choosed to form wireless sensor network,embedded Linux operating system is introduced,and the S3C2440A micro-processor is used.Also the hardware,bottom device drivers,GUI visual interface and the Web server of intelligent household remote monitoring system are designed.This system combined local monitoring and remote Web access technology and will be widely used with low power consumption,high performance,convenient and flexible characteristics.


Trichomoniasis vaginalis is one of the common parasitic infection in females. The present results showed that infertile women with T. vaginalis with or without pathogenic microorganisms have decreased C3 & C4, increased IgA level in vaginal discharge and increased serum prolactin. So. T. vaginalis is incriminated as one of the causes of their infertility.


Objective To discuss the diagnostic value between plasma lipoprotein( a) [LP( a) ]and coronary heard disease ( CHD) and hypertention. Methods LP( a) concentration was determined. Confirmd by coronary arteriography,49 cases of coronary heart disease were selected( CHD group) ; 50 cases of hypertentions were selected ( hypertention group). 47cases of normal persons were selected as normal control group ( normal group). Results The concentration of LP( a) in CHD group was higher apparently than that in normal group( P 0. 01). The concentration of LP( a) in branch 2 and branch 3 were higher obviously than that in branch 1( P 0. 05,P 0. 01). The concentration of LP( a) in hypertention group was higher apparently than that in normal group( P 0. 01). Conclusion The increase of LP( a) concentration is one risk factor of CHD and hypertention. It is necessary to provide monitoring and intervention on it.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) has recently been approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in children and adolescents. However, the exact efficacy and safety remains to be confirmed. Objectives: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of PEG-IFN for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in children and adolescents. Methods: Databases including MEDLINE/PubMed, Ovid-EMbase, the Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Internet were searched to collect clinical trials examining the efficacy and safety of PEG-IFN in children and adolescents with confirmed hepatitis B virus infection. Data for treatment response, relapse, treatment discontinuations and adverse events were extracted and summarized. Results: A total of 10 clinical trials involving 658 patients were identified. Results indicate that 43% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25%–61%) of the subjects treated with PEG-IFN achieved HBeAg serologic response, 18% (95% CI: 6%–35%) achieved HBsAg serologic response, 68% (95% CI: 55%–79%) achieved virologic response after the end of treatment and 60% (95% CI: 30%–87%) achieved sustained virologic response. Conclusion: Current evidence indicates that PEG-IFN is effective in children and adolescents with hepatitis B virus and that treatment discontinuation due to serious adverse events is infrequent.


Nowadays the computer cluster infrastructures are very common not only in research centers, but also in the business environment. These computer infrastructures were traditionally used to perform complex mathematic calculations using parallel programs, but currently it is extended the use of them as virtualization platforms and shared by means of grid middlewares. Anyway, this kind of infrastructures usually has many idle periods due to different issues such as the lack of intensive calculations, holydays, weekends, etc. Even having reduced the power consumption of different components, and accomplishing energy saving initiatives, it would be better to not to waste energy when it is not needed. This paper shows that green computing techniques can be applied in these infrastructures, powering-off the nodes which are not being used and switching them on when needed, to enable reducing power consumption considerably. These techniques must be applied trying to cause a minimum impact to the user who is using the infrastructure, and without interference in running applications.


In general, textiles are perceived as soft materials and structures and textile fibres can be organised into fabrics of different complexities to form new materials and structures. Textiles are widely used in many applications, ranging from clothing to advanced technical applications such as textile composites for the aerospace and other industries. Accurate understanding the relationships between the construction and technical behaviour of textiles is the key in engineering textile materials for the intended applications. This keynote paper introduces the modelling techniques for different textile materials and structures and reports on the latest progress in modelling textiles for ballistic protection. In this area of work, it is shown that the modelling results agreed with the experimental work well and modelling tool can be used to guide the ballistic materials effectively.


Objective To study the effectiveness of left atrial circumferential ablation of pulmonary veins for atrial fibrillation(AF) guided by EnSite NavX mapping system,and circle mapping catheter(Lasso).Methods Seventeen patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF were included.Real time 3-dimensional left artial(LA) and pulmonary veins(PVs) maps were constructed through EnSite-NavX mapping system,and Lasso.Isolation of pulmonary veins was performed by encircle the left and right side PVs at a distance of 1 to 2 cm away from the ostium of PVs.Results Seventeen patients all reached the endpoint of ablation completely.The mean procedure time and fluoroscopy time were(226.1±36.2) minutes and (41.3±12.8) minutes,respectively.Mean radiofrequency energy delivery time was(61.9±15.4) minutes.After 60 days,recurrence of AF occurred in two patients,of whom one received a repeat ablation successfully.During 4~30 months of follow-up,fourteen patients(82.3%) were free of AF without any antiarrhythmic drugs.Recurrence of AF occurred in three(17.7%) patients with less times and duration of attack and effectively controlled by amiodarone.No complications occurred during the procedure and the follow-up period.Conclusion Pulmonary veins circumferential linear ablation of atrial fibrillation guided by EnSite-NavX mapping system and Lasso is effective and safe.


The sensitivity of stiffened conical shells to imperfection is considered, via the initial postbuckling analysis. Unlike stiffened cylindrical shells, in the case of generally stiffened conical shells the stiffeners inclination and the distance between the stiffeners vary with the shell coordinates, which complicates the problem considerably. The main objective of the study is to investigate the influence of the stiffeners on the buckling load and on the imperfection sensitivity. Thus, by finding the parameters that influence the shell's imperfection sensitivity, it is possible to improve the behavior of the whole structure. I. Introduction HELL structures are widely used in aeronautic, marine and civil engineering structures, they belong to the thinwall structure family, which are very sensitive to imperfection, and their sensitivity depends on the geometry of the shell and its mechanical properties. One of the main goals, in this field, is to find the various parameters that influence the shell's sensitivity, thus to improve the behavior of the whole structure. One of the ways to increase the buckling load and to decrease the sensitivity to imperfection as well is to add stiffeners to the shell structure. However, adding stiffeners to the shell structures must be done with strict attention, because adding stiffeners incorrectly would, in some cases, not change the behavior of the shell at all. Conical shells are usually used as a connection between two cylindrical shells with different diameters. Unlike stiffened cylindrical shells, in the case of conical shells with stiffeners in a general position the distance between the stiffeners and the angle of inclination of the stiffeners vary with the shell coordinates, which ultimately results in coordinate dependence of the contribution to the stiffness coefficients of the A, B and D matrices. This effect complicates the problem considerably. The first level of complexity is attributed to the need to find an analytical representation of those functions. An exhaustive study of the stiffness functions and their dependence on these factors has been performed in Ref. 1. The second level of complexity is associated with the introduction of coordinate dependent stiffeness matrices into the mathematical model and the solution of the system of nonlinear governing partial differential equations with variable coefficients. In earlier investigations 2-4 the stiffeners were considered only as stringers (positioned in the axial direction, the distance between the stringers vary linearly) or as rings (positioned in circumferential direction, equally distributed). Other investigators 5-6 used finite elements commercial computer code to calculate the buckling and post-buckling states of stringer-stiffened conical shells. As far as the author knows, the buckling and the initial post-buckling behavior and the imperfection sensitivity of generally stiffened conical shells taking into account the variation of the material properties with the shell's coordinates has not been investigated, as yet. This work presents a quantitative study of the imperfection-sensitivity of eccentrically stiffened conical shells in a general direction, by consideration of the variation of the stiffness coefficients and their dependence on the shell's coordinate. Investigation is made within the framework of Koiter's 7 general theory of post-buckling behavior. The calculations provide a measure of the extent to which the shells are sensitive or insensitive to imperfections in their shape and thus indicate to what extent the classical buckling results can be reliable. The non-linear equilibrium differential equations are derived from the basis of their kinematic approach, using the displacement components (axial (u), circumferential (v) and normal (w)) as the unknown dependent variables. The asymptotic technique is used to convert the non-linear equations into three linear sets. These equations are solved through expansion of the dependent variables in Fourier series in the circumferential direction and in finite differences in the axial direction. Afterwards the Galerkin procedure is used to minimize the error due to the truncated form of the series. A special computer code was developed and used for a wide range of parametric study of buckling and sensitivity behavior of generally stiffened conical shells. * Senior lecture, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering. S


The advancement of wireless communication framework requires smaller wireless gadgets that allow more space to incorporate different electronic components. Advancement in innovation creates the difficulties that are encountered in selecting antenna for multiple RF band with a wide range of frequencies. With the innovation in optimization technique and improvements in antenna configuration, this research analyzes and then, break down the current research and studies in order to arrange and integrate them in a meaningful way. This research shows development trends in developing suitable antenna algorithm bearing in mind the algorithm's performance. Also, a mathematical model is used to show the antenna performance of 5G taking note of its effect on Quality of Experience and Capacity. And, in order to sustain quality User's experience, antenna selection algorithm is developed.


Emerging markets usually have weaker legal and governance environment. The weaker enforcement of investor protection laws leads to a poor information environment. Using data of all the listed non-financial firms from Pakistan stock exchange (PSX), we document the relationship between corporate governance variables and stock price informativeness. The results from two-stage least squares (2SLS) reveal that controlling shareholders in the form of block holding plays an effective role in improving informativeness. Due to the presence of these block ownership, the institutional investors remain largely short term investors and act passively. This behavior of institutional investors encourages managers to extract more cash flows leading to higher synchronicity. These findings suggest market regulators develop such a corporate governance mechanism that not only ensures investor protection but also advise firms to reduce information asymmetry by better disclosure and transparency. More specifically, in the Pakistani context, traditional corporate governance mechanisms through board room regulations may not improve informativeness, and regulators need to regulate the ownership regulations, including family ownership and controlling shareholders.


We investigate the gain properties in a three-level system with an incoherent pump applied on the two lower levels by using hoth density-matrix and quantum-jump approaches. In this system, probe amplification can be achieved without restrictions on the decay rates other than those required by a resonantly driven three-level system and the frequency of the probe field can be much higher than that of the coupling field. This characteristic makes it favorable in the frequency up-conversion regime.


The corporation - visible and invisible mechanisms of accumulation (1) - the visible, oil seeds and corns mechanism of accumulation (2) - the invisible, financial markets a brief history of globalisation according to Cargill - 1965 to 1993, trading the formation of capital Cargill to 1945, centralisation and the planned economy - 1945-1990 transportation and storage policy oil seeds feeds and meat beef poultry - North America, South America, Europe subsidies and charities animal feeds - North America, Europe and Pacific Rim fruits and juices - the global orange the Pacific Rim region and Taiwan the Pacific Rim, Japan and Hong Kong peanuts and cotton fertilisers seeds - India salt - US, India whose commons, whose future counter strategy.


Bucking of a high field solenoid with a torus is proposed as a method to increase the field capabilities of multiple pulse magnets. The purpose of the toroidal magnet is to apply radial loads to the solenoidal magnet. Because of the relatively low value of the out-of-plane loads, the toroidal magnet needs to be only in the bucking configuration. The region inside the toroidal magnet may be filled with structure to help support the relatively low out-of-plane loads. In order to obtain the most benefit from this approach, the toroidal and the solenoidal field magnet are energized by the same current. In this paper, numerical calculations of the performance of such a magnet will be presented. Designs for the toroidal magnet will be described. Calculations of the maximum fields achievable with this configuration will be presented. >


The design of software engineering courses in tertiary education usually involves some compromise over what material is included, and what is left out. The discipline of software engineering has become so comprehensive that there is only room for selected aspects in all but the specialised degree. In this paper we consider the design of software engineering subjects to be included within a computer science major. The need for a balanced treatment of computer science topics restricts the amount of time that can be devoted to software engineering. We look: at the detailed syllabi of three software engineering subjects, their relation to each other, and their place in the overall degree. We discuss how the subject objectives may be seen in the context of the degree course objectives.<<ETX>>


Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a crucial role in liver fibrosis, following inflammatory processes within the parenchyma. Their activation pathways give way to a cascade of phenomena which are potentially dangerous for the liver metabolism at a cellular level. The changes towards fibrosis pave the way for the evolution of hepatitis into cirrhosis, the most important etiological entity of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we try to cover a few of the basic aspects of the intricate mechanisms that govern the complex activation of HSCs, their involvement in carcinogenesis and how these molecular targets may become valuable in the future therapeutic approaches for primary liver carcinomas.


The monograph, based on the identification of trends and problems of changes in the demand and supply of skills, as well as the study of modern mechanisms of their formation and actualization, substantiates the priority areas of human resources development in the Russian Federation that meet the strategic challenges of the period of digital transformation of the labor sphere.
The authors identify and systematize current and future trends related to changes in the demand for professions and skills in the Russian and global labor markets. The directions of transformation of the demand for skills and professions in the conditions of digitalization of the economy, skills and professions of the future are determined. Quantitative and qualitative imbalances and trends in labor supply and demand in the Russian labor market are identified (based on statistical analysis of data from 2009-2019). The features and problems of supply and demand of professions/skills in the segments of the Russian labor market covered by Internet recruitment are identified (based on data from resume parsing and vacancies of Internet recruitment portals in 2018 and 2020). Methodological approaches to identifying widely-and poorly-demanded skills are proposed and tested during the competence analysis of labor supply and demand using Big Data technologies.the competence profile of the vacancies of the professional core and extra - skills. An innovative author's approach to assessing the potential of skills capitalization — a possible increase in the salary of an applicant due to the expansion of the set of skills that he has-is proposed and tested. The current policy directions of formation and improvement of skills of the population in the Russian Federation are identified and systematized. The strategic challenges of the period of digital transformation of the labor sphere facing the Russian Federation and the priority areas of human resources development that meet these challenges are identified.
The conclusions and recommendations can be used in the work of the Ministry of Labor of Russia, Rostrud, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the Ministry of Education of Russia, government authorities, employment services of the Russian regions, as well as organizations of the professional education system.


The aim of the present study is to analyze the synergy of antimicrobial elements, such as Ga, Ag and Cl by incorporating them in ZnO nanorods and measuring their antimicrobial and photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation for water treatment. AgGa-doped ZnO nanorods and AgGaCl-doped ZnO nanorods on polyethylene substrate were prepared by a simple and fast microwave assisted synthesis. HCl was used in order to lower the pH of the precursor solution and favor Ga and Cl incorporation in the ZnO nanorods. The synthesized undoped and doped ZnO nanorods were analyzed with SEM, EDX, XRD and CL. The photocatalytic properties of the nanorods were evaluated via methylene blue degradation under visible light irradiation. Antimicrobial activity of the nanorods was measured via growth kinetics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. It was found that AgGaCl-doped ZnO nanorods improve the methylene blue photo-degradation and above all, the antimicrobial activity of the AgGaCl tri-doped ZnO nanorods showed a lethal effect on the bacteria's growth. This work shows that AgGaCl NRs are an excellent alternative for the development of sustainable water treatment devices and antimicrobial applications.


Stattic offers a unique inhibitory effect on the STAT3 signaling pathway, a crucial mechanism in the progression of metastatic cancer. However, the development of Stattic has been impeded by its hydrophobicity and lack of specificity. To overcome these limitations, encapsulation of Stattic with polymeric micelles was previously attempted, which led to a significant increase in the potency of Stattic on breast cancer cell lines. The presence of albumin was believed to contribute to such enhancement, as the protein corona layer formation helps to retain the micellar structure before eventual uptake by the cells. Moreover, a previous study had reported the unique affinity of Stattic towards albumin molecule.

This study aimed to explore the integration of Stattic in albumin-based nanoparticles and to assess the in vitro effects.

Albumin/Stattic nanoparticles were prepared by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde.

The yielded nanoparticles were 150.0 ± 6.6 nm in size, with ~53% entrapment efficiency. The cumulative release of Stattic in a tumoric acidic environment (pH 5.3; 59%) was 2.6-fold more than neutral environment (pH 7.4; 23%). In blood plasma, 7% cumulative release was observed. The mathematical modeling of the release kinetics revealed that the albumin/Stattic nanoparticles in phosphate buffer saline and plasma followed Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi model, respectively. Among the two cell lines tested, metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells were more sensitive to entrapment of Stattic with albumin nanoparticles, as the IC50 value decreased by 2.5-fold compared to free Stattic.

This study reports the formation of low immunogenic and cost-efficient albumin nanoparticles to improve the delivery of Stattic.


ABSTRACT A novel optimization method based on Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) for simulating endurance time (ET) excitations was proposed. The ET excitations are monotonically intensifying acceleration time histories that are used as dynamic loading. Simulation of ET excitations by using evolutionary algorithms has been challenging due to the presence of a large number of decision variables that are highly correlated due to the dynamic nature of the problem. Optimal parameter values of the ICA algorithm for simulating ETEFs were evaluated and were used to simulate ET excitations. In order to increase the capability of the ICA and provide further search in the optimization space, this algorithm was combined with simulated annealing (SA). The new excitation results were compared with the current practice for simulation of ET excitations. It was shown that the proposed ICA-SA method leads to more accurate ET excitations than the classical optimization methods.


Effective leaders must possess a sophisticated understanding of their multifaceted organizations. This includes an understanding of the organization from several perspectives. The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of reframing, the perspective that organizations can be viewed from more than one angle (Bolman & Deal, 2003). Included in this paper are descriptions of the four perspectives along with short case studies intended to illustrate the four frames from the standpoint of assessment and intervention. This paper is intended as a resource to persons responsible for leadership at the middle level ranks in their respective organizations. Prior to reading this paper the authors suggest you complete and score the survey (see Appendix A for survey).


Electron multi-beam mask writers play a key role to expand EUV lithography usage in device mass production. It was in May 2021 when the MBMTM-2000 was released by NuFlare Technology, Inc. Since then, it has been installed at sites of mask manufactures. Accordingly, it supports their mask development and production. On top of reliable inherited mask writing technologies, newly developed technologies, which have achieved objectives, enable the multi-beam writer to make many contributions. In June 2022, the MBMTM-2000PLUS for the 2 nm node device development eventually debuted. The increased beam current density, 3.2 A/cm2 allows this latest mask writer to print a mask with productive writing time even using lower sensitivity resists. A charge effect reduction (CER) is a hardware solution to reduce amount of the resist surface charge. Thanks to adapting CER2.0, which is upgrade version of CER1.0, the image placement error caused by the resist surface charge effect in the MBMTM-2000PLUS is reduced by 50% as compared with the MBMTM-2000 with optics CER1.0. This successor also takes over essential functions including pixel level dose correction (PLDC), charge effect correction (CEC), and glass thermal expansion correction (GTEC) from the MBM-2000. In this paper, the current performance of MBM series mask writers and the key architectures above-mentioned have been discussed. We also explain our strategies to keep continuous throughput improvement by optimizing items such as beam size, data transfer speed, beam current density and so on. Our roadmap indicates that NuFlare Technology, Inc. makes contribution to the high-NA EUV ecosystem.


STUDmS on the luminescence exhibited by diamond under ultra-violet irradiation were commenced at Bangalore some ten years ago. Their scope enlarged as the collection of high-grade material available for the investigations grew and became more fully representative in character. The results of the researches of the first few years were reviewed in two papers 1, 2 published together in these Proceeding~ in the year 1944. The conclusions reached in those papers may be stated briefly as follows:--


Received: 1 June 2019 Accepted: 17 September 2019 The motion control of robot manipulator is inseparable from the manipulator dynamics. However, the relevant literature often discusses dynamics model and control method separately. This paper attempts to design a good and feasible dynamics model to enhance the motion control of manipulator. Firstly, a dynamics model of the flexible manipulator was proposed through finite matrix analysis, based on the Lagrange's dynamics equations under different control conditions. Based on the flexible dynamics model, two adaptive control systems were designed based on whether the interaction force is known. In the control stage, a separated controller was developed by applying the adaptive model and sliding mode principle. The stability and robustness of our control strategy were proved through Lyapunov's method. Finally, several numerical tests were carried out the verify the feasibility and superiority of our control strategy. The research results provide new insights into the dynamic control of robots with varied load constraints and any degree of freedom (DOF).


The micelle of an ABC triblock copolymer having a core−shell−corona architecture was used as a template for the fabrication of a hollow silica nanosphere. Silica was deposited on a poly(styrene-b-2-vinyl pyridine-b-ethylene oxide) (PS−PVP−PEO) micelle by the sol−gel method. At pH 4, the PVP block of the PS−PVP−PEO acts as an acid catalyst site for the hydrolysis of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), while the PEO block of the micelle shows a weak interaction with the silanol groups of the inorganic polymer. Therefore, silica networks were mostly grown on the PVP block of the PS−PVP−PEO micelle in comparison to the PEO block. Hollow silica has almost the same diameter as that of the PS core of the PS−PVP−PEO neat micelle, and the thickness of the silica shell wall can be controlled by changing the relative concentration of TMOS with respect to the PVP block length of the micelle.


In recent years, there has been a rise in global interest in environmental issues, and people working to improve environmental performance in development projects and raise environmental awareness, with the aim of integrating environmental concerns with social and economic concerns in development sectors. Therefore, strategic environmental assessment thought was directed as a basis for development plans strategy and adaptation to environmental changes This has led to an increased interest in increasing environmental awareness among decision makers and a growing interest in sustainability assessments, and strategic environmental impact assessments are emerging to identify the expected environmental, social and economic impacts of projects that need to be strengthened. Strategic environmental impact assessment arose, particularly at a level beyond the project, giving rise to the concept of post-project. This helps decision makers better understand how environmental, social and economic factors factor into strategic decisions. The research aims to use and activate the concept of strategic environmental assessment tools and methods in the methodologies of strategic plans for new Egyptian cities in order to comply with development goals and sustainable development goals. In new cities, especially new ones.


This study aimed to know and explore the Parent-Teacher Partnership of Grade 11 GAS Students of Marigondon Senior High School in the implementation of modular distance learning print to provide an action plan as the Covid-19 pandemic brought causes to the educational system. The study employed a descriptive-evaluative research design to ascertain the level of involvement of teachers and parents, as well as the issues and challenges they had encountered while using the Modular Distribution System. The study employed both Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in data collection and interpretation by anchoring Katz's Model wherein it implied that the teacher's role is specific to education, whereas the parents' role is universal in all aspects of the child's life. In addition, the Likert Scale was used in this section of the survey questionnaire – checklist, and the researchers provided open-ended questions in the interview guide to answer the research objectives that were answered by 20 (twenty) parents and 20 (twenty) teachers from GAS 11 in Marigondon Senior High School. The result of the study indicated that in terms of providing communication and instruction to the learners, both teachers and parents are cooperative but in terms of struggles and challenges, teachers did more struggle than the parents. Furthermore, the study found a positive relationship between parents and teachers because they both participated in modular-print setup. With this, parents were advised to reduce the act of tolerating their children by shouldering all responsibilities in terms of complying with such academic requirements. Finally, the effectiveness of modular-print setup was possible with proper engagement and contribution from both parents and teachers.


Abstract : This final report briefly describes research results on a theory of gain scheduling for flight control applications that were obtained by the Principal Investigator and his students over the two year period of support. Results reported include the development of a solution to an input-output pseudolinearization problem for nonlinear systems, characterization of the impact of linear controller configuration on the gain scheduling process, and formulation of an approach to gain scheduling in the face of rapidly varying scheduling signals. Publications describing the results in detail are listed.


Various biologically inspired approaches like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Cultural Algorithms have been employed to solve problems in optimization and design. Cultural Algorithms employ a basic set of knowledge sources, each related to knowledge observed in various social species. These knowledge sources are combined to direct the individual agents in solving problems. Here we develop a knowledge integration algorithm based upon an analogy to the Marginal Value Theorem (MVI) in foraging theory to guide the integration of the knowledge sources. A simulation environment was developed in Java to examine the computational behavior of Cultural Algorithms. In particular we were interested in what structures would emerge at the individual, population, and belief levels during the problem solving process. Two basic categories of environments were tested, a Cones World Environment that was inspired by the Sugar Scape and ACO approaches, and a coil design problem from engineering that was tested with PSO.
We show that use of the Marginal Value approach to knowledge integration produced the following emergent structures and behaviors in both problem environments: (1) The emergence of certain problem solving phases in terms of the relative performance of different knowledge sources over time. We label these phases as coarse-grained, fine-grained, and backtracking phases. Each phase is characterized by the dominance of a suite or subset of the knowledge sources that are most successful in generating new solutions in that phase. It appears that one type of knowledge produces new solutions that are consequently exploited by another knowledge source. Transitions between phases occur when the solutions produced by one phase can be better exploited by knowledge sources associated with the next phase. (2) The emergence of swarms of individuals moving within the problem space as a result of the interaction of the cultural knowledge. We called these "Population Swarms". (3) We then observed the "swarming of knowledge" at the metalevel. These were called "knowledge swarms". Thus, the swarming of knowledge sources at the meta-level was produced by the interaction of knowledge sources via the marginal value theorem and this induces a swarming at the population level.


Photovoltaic (PV) system integration in the electric grid has been increasing over the past decades. However, the impact of PV penetration on the electric grid, especially during the periods of higher and lower generation for the solar system at the middle of the day and during cloudy weather or at night respectively, limit the high penetration of solar PV system. In this research, a Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) with Thermal Energy Storage (TES) has been aggregated with PV system in order to accommodate the required electrical power during the higher and lower solar energy at all timescales. This paper analyzes the impacts of CSP on the grid-connected PV considering high penetration of PV system, particularly when no energy storages in the form of batteries are used. Two cases have been studied, the first when only PV system is integrated into the electric grid and the second when two types of solar energy (PV and CSP) are integrated. The System Advisor Model (SAM) software is used to simulate the output power of renewable energy. Simulation results show that the performance of CSP has a great impact on the penetration level of PV system and on the flexibility of the electric grid. The overall grid flexibility increases due to the ability of CSP to store and dispatch the generated power. In addition, CSP/TES itself has inherent flexibility. Therefore, CSP reduces the minimum generation constraint of the conventional generators that allows more penetration of the PV system.Photovoltaic (PV) system integration in the electric grid has been increasing over the past decades. However, the impact of PV penetration on the electric grid, especially during the periods of higher and lower generation for the solar system at the middle of the day and during cloudy weather or at night respectively, limit the high penetration of solar PV system. In this research, a Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) with Thermal Energy Storage (TES) has been aggregated with PV system in order to accommodate the required electrical power during the higher and lower solar energy at all timescales. This paper analyzes the impacts of CSP on the grid-connected PV considering high penetration of PV system, particularly when no energy storages in the form of batteries are used. Two cases have been studied, the first when only PV system is integrated into the electric grid and the second when two types of solar energy (PV and CSP) are integrated. The System Advisor Model (SAM) software is used to simulate the outpu...


The rapidly expanding technology of microelectronics has brought with it a new vocabulary. This book presents a coherent and detailed explanation of this new terminology, providing definitions and expressions in common use by workers in the field and descriptions of new electronic devices, systems and programming techniques. In this way the book is more than simply a glossary of terms - it presents a detailed explanation of the new technology. Terms are presented alphabetically, with cross-referencing where necessary, and illustrations are included when a diagrammatic approach assists the definition. All recent circuits, systems and applications are described.


We investigate the thermal and curvature effects to dynamical symmetry breaking in a four-fermion model. The effective potential is evaluated in the leading order of the 1/N expansion at finite temperature on positive curvature space R{circle_times}S{sup D{minus}1} or on negative curvature space R{circle_times}H{sup D{minus}1} with varying temperature and curvature. We argue the combined effects of the temperature and curvature to the phase structure. The broken chiral symmetry is restored for a sufficiently high temperature and/or large positive curvature. The negative curvature enhances the chiral symmetry breaking. It is found that the thermal effect restores the symmetry at high temperature even in negative curvature spacetime. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}


Purpose: Alcohol use in South Korean women, particularly college students, is increasing. Women are more vulnerable than men to alcohol use, which puts them at greater risk of physical and psychosocial problems. Some studies have reported that on failing to find meaning in life, many South Korean college students experience depression, subsequently using alcohol as a coping mechanism. This study aimed to develop a logotherapeutic program and identify its effects on meaning in life, depression, and problem drinking among female college students. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental trial. The participants were female college students who scored over 8 in the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Twenty-four students were assigned to the experimental group and twenty-three to the control group. Three scales were used in this study: the Purpose in Life test, Beck Depression Inventory, and AUDIT. The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test in SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: After the conclusion of the logotherapeutic program, the level of meaning in life and depression were more greatly improved in the experimental group than the control group. Conclusion: The logotherapeutic program is an effective method to help female college students find meaning in life and reduce depression in this population.


Given the availability of intelligent sensors performing internal diagnostics, and digital communications systems such as Fieldbus to communicate the results, in what form should sensor fault data be communicated? This paper outlines the SEVA approach to instrument validation (Henry and Clarke 1993), which advocates exploiting the manufacturer's knowledge of an instrument to detect faults internally while describing the impact on each measurement in generic, device-independent terms (including the dynamic uncertainty). It is asserted that standard metrics for measurement data validity must be agreed ideally as a supplement to the current Fieldbus standardisation effort. >


The invention discloses a method for making stable plastic plating colloid palladium activating solution. The method comprises the following steps of: adding 0.5 to 0.6 gram of palladium chloride into 50 to 55 grams of 80 percent hydrochloric acid, then adding 50 to 55 grams of distilled water, and continuously stirring the solution till the palladium chloride is totally dissolved; adding 1.5 to 5 grams of stannous chloride, stirring and dissolving, and obtaining solution A; dissolving 75 to 80 grams of sodium chloride into 300 to 350 grams of distilled water, adding 3.5 to 4 grams of sodium stannate and 25 to 30 grams of stannous chloride, and stirring the solution uniformly to obtain solution B; mixing the solution A and the solution B, adding 2 to 20 grams of urea and 2 to 20 grams of resorcinol with stirring, performing heat preservation for 2 to 4 hours at the temperature of between 45 and 60 DEG C, and thus obtaining the colloid palladium activating solution. Because volatile hydrochloric acid is substituted by using the sodium chloride in the method for making the stable plastic plating colloid palladium activating solution, acid mist is not easily generated, and the operating environment of a production line is improved.


As stated in my previous article, the content and layout of a library's annual report depends on the kind of readers it is expected to reach. The examples that follow, except where otherwise noted, are from publications aimed at the general public or a wide selection of officials, club leaders and individuals thought to be interested and influential. If you should want to see any of the reports mentioned it is likely that the institution will send you one in response to a card requesting it.


In today's highly competitive global economy, it is critical for high-tech firms to develop effective technological entrepreneurship. Drawing on the concept of technological entrepreneurship and a fuzzy logic approach, this paper introduces a fuzzy logic-based method to assess technological entrepreneurship capabilities. The effort involve in identifying a set of concepts and dimensions of technological entrepreneurship capabilities to develop the inference system, specifying the fuzzy relationships among these concepts, and assessing the technological entrepreneurship capabilities of cases through proposed fuzzy logic model. Based on the results of this study, strengths and gaps of technological entrepreneurship capabilities for each studied firms determined. Cases also categorized into four distinct levels. The results also indicated that the presence of a company in a science and technology park and its activity in high-tech fields are not sufficient to prove that company's technological entrepreneurship capabilities.


Carotenoids are gaining growing interest in food industries due to their nutritional and colorant properties. The objectives of this study were to extract carotenoids from carrots with supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the crude carrot oil extract and color of the carrot residue. Crude carrot oil was extracted from freeze-dried carrots with SC-CO2 at different temperature (40, 55, and 70 °C) and pressure (27.6, 41.3, and 55.1 MPa) conditions for 4 h. Carotenoids in the crude carrot oil were identified and quantified by HPLC analysis. The antioxidant activity of the crude oil was determined using the ferric thiocyanate method. The color parameters ('L', 'a', and 'b') of the carrot residue were determined by HunterLab spectrocolorimeter. Hue, chroma, and the overall color change ∆E between feed material and residue were calculated. The main carotenoids in the crude carrot oil extract were α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein. The extraction yield of α-carotene was 137.8-330.3 μg/g feed material, β-carotene was 171.7-386.6 μg/g, lutein was 23.5-37.5 μg/g, and total carotenoids was 339.3-745.5 μg/g. The antioxidant activity of the SC-CO2 extracted carrot crude oil ranged from 24.98 to 43.14, which was approximately half of that of butylated hydroxytoluene BHT (75.04) measured at equal concentrations of crude oil and BHT, which is a commonly used synthetic antioxidant. The intensities of redness 'a' and yellowness 'b' of the carrot particles decreased and the brightness 'L' increased after extraction. Supercritical CO2 extraction is an efficient technique to obtain natural food colorant with high antioxidant activity.


This article explains the establishment and challenges of the Global Labour University. The authour explains this initiative is directed to "facilitate discourse, stimulate research, and provide university-level qualification programs on the political, economic and social dimensions of globalization for labour and trade union experts." This initiative is the only one of its kind in breadth and scope in the world today aimed primarily in unifying forces among the workers and academics on how to confront eroding workers rights by global capital. In a time of globalization and a seemingly paralysis in constructing alternative economic models such an initiative is of the most critical importance.


In this study, a neural network is applied to optimization problems of material compositions for a nonhomogeneous hollow circular cylinder with arbitrarily distributed and continuously varied material properties such as those of a functionally graded material. Using the analytical procedure of a laminated hollow circular cylinder model, the analytical temperature solution for the cylinder is derived approximately. Further more, the thermal stress components are formulated under the mechanical condition as being traction-free and making use of the Airy's stress function method. As a numerical example, the hollow circular cylinder composed of zirconium oxide and titanium alloy is considered. In addition, for the optimization problem of minimizing the thermal stress distribution, the numerical calculations are made using a neural network and the optimum material composition is determined taking into account the effect of the temperature dependency of material properties. Furthermore, the results obtained by ...


The study was conducted to assess the mothers stress and coping patterns whose children are suffering with leukaemia in selected hospitals of Maharashtra. The conceptual framework of the study was based on Roy's Adaptation theory (1989). For the present study exploratory approach was considered appropriate. Independent variable included in the study was leukaemia, extraneous variables included were: age, education, occupation, age of child, gender of the child, duration of illness, monthly family income, religion, type of family, number of hospitalization and birth order of child Dependent variables were stress and coping patterns. The tool used had three part: Part I was to obtain personal data, Part II structured Stress Scale which had 30 items and Part III was coping patters checklist (Modified standardized tool by Kiran Rao) and it was further modified by the investigator. A tryout of the tool was done on 6 mothers. Pilot study was done on 6 mothers at Christian Medical Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. Final data from sample of 60 mothers was collected from two hospitals from Maharashtra. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data, bar diagrams were used to depict the findings and to interpret the data. The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the study i. e. majority of mothers (65%) had moderate level of stress, majority of mothers whose children are suffering leukaemia had adaptive coping patterns, there is a moderate negative correlation between stress and coping patterns of the mothers and there was no significant association of stress and coping patterns with selected variables such as age, education, occupation, age of child, gender of the child, duration of illness, monthly family income, religion, type of family, number of hospitalization and birth order of child.


Most of the modern society's conveniences depend on electrical energy. The power supplied by the system can be considered as raw power and often it must be conditioned according to the application. The conditioning process is done by power electronic converters using semiconductor switches. This work involves the operation of pulse width modulated inverters. Because of the high switching rate of the semiconductor switches harmonics are generated in the output voltage and current of the inverter. These harmonics result in propagation of electromagnetic noise in the power electronic system. This work explains how the harmonic pollution can be mitigated by randomizing the switching period of the pulse width modulated inverter. In particular, an advanced spectral shaping technique is presented, which produces spectral nulls at selected frequencies. The spectral nulls can then be used as communication channels in power line communication systems.


Self-healing, using applied ac or dc stresses, is a technique effectively used in metalized polymer film capacitors to eliminate defects in the polymer film and achieve increased breakdown stresses and higher commercial operating stresses and energy densities. Novel approaches for achieving self-healing in nano dielectrics, by modification of the chemical structure of spherical nanoparticles, is described and supported by preliminary experimental results. Avenues for further enhancement of self-healing using sacrificial nano capsules is presented.


Brazing process uses vapor-deposited titanium and an aluminum-zirconium-silicon alloy to prevent formation of brittle intermetallic compounds in stainless steel and aluminum bonding. Joints formed by this process maintain their high strength, corrosion resistance, and hermetic sealing properties.


ABSTRACT We present an iterative method based on the Hermitian and skew-Hermitian splitting (HSS) for solving the continuous Sylvester equation. By using the HSS of the coefficient matrices A and B, we establish a method which is practically inner/outer iterations, by employing a conjugate gradient on the normal equations (CGNR)-like method as inner iteration to approximate each outer iterate, while each outer iteration is induced by a convergent splitting of the coefficient matrices. Via this method, a Sylvester equation with coefficient matrices and (which are the skew-Hermitian part of A and B, respectively) is solved iteratively by a CGNR-like method. Convergence conditions of this method are studied and numerical examples show the efficiency of this method. In addition, we show that the quasi-Hermitian splitting can induce accurate, robust and effective preconditioned Krylov subspace methods.


Abstract. Coseismic landslides can destroy buildings, dislocate roads, sever pipelines, and cause heavy casualties. It is thus important but challenging to accurately map the hazards posed by coseismic landslides. Newmark's method is widely applied to assess the permanent displacement along a potential slide surface and model the coseismic response of slopes. This paper proposes an improved Newmark analysis for mapping the hazards of coseismic landslides by considering the roughness and effect of the size of the potential slide surfaces. This method is verified by data from a case study on the 2014 Mw 6.1 (the United States Geological Survey) Ludian earthquake in Yunnan Province, China. Permanent displacements due to the earthquake ranged from 0 to 122 cm. The predicted displacements were compared with a comprehensive inventory of landslides triggered by the Ludian earthquake to map the spatial variation in the hazards of coseismic landslides using the certainty factor model. The confidence levels of coseismic landslides indicated by the certainty factors ranged from −1 to 0.95. A hazard map of the coseismic landslide was generated based on the spatial distribution of values of the certainty factor. A regression curve relating the predicted displacement and the certainty factor was drawn, and can be applied to predict the hazards of coseismic landslides for any seismic scenario of interest. The area under the curve was used to compare the improved and the conventional Newmark analyses, and revealed the improved performance of the former. This mapping procedure can be used to predict the hazards posed by coseismic landslides, and provide guidelines for decisions regarding the development of infrastructure and post-earthquake reconstruction.


We discuss the rule of inference called the entailment principle which plays a significant role in the possibilistic type reasoning used in the theory of approximate reasoning. We extend this principle to situations in which the knowledge is a type of combination of possibilistic and probabilistic information which we call Dempster—Shafer granules. We discuss the conjunction of these D—S granules and show that Dempster's rule of combination is a special application of conjunction followed by a particular implementation of the entailment principle.


Introduction Smoking prevalence in patients with mental illness ranges between two to 4 times higher than general population. This higher prevalence has a multifactorial origin, and some of the possible causes are still unknown. They have a higher prevalence of tobacco-associated diseases and higher mortality. Additionally, these patients have greater difficulty in treating and quitting smoking. A relationship has been found between severity of mental illness and smoking. Risk of suicide seems to be higher in patients with higher tobacco consumption. Schizophrenia is the mental illness that has been most closely related to smoking, with a prevalence close to 90%. Objectives The aim of this work is reviewing the current bibliography referring to smoking treatments for patients with mental illness Methods A literature search using electronic manuscripts available in PubMed database published during the last ten years and further description and discussion of a single-patient clinical case Results The treatment of tobacco dependence in patients with mental illnesses is sometimes waited until there is psychiatric stability, which can take a long time in those cases with more severe mental disorders, which can have negative physical and psychiatric consequences. The combined treatment of cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacological treatment is the most effective approach. Nicotine replacement therapy can be useful, while combined use of antidepressants or anxiolytics is also recommended. Bupropion has shown efficacy. In patients with schizophrenia it does not seem to worsen positive symptomatology, but improving the negative one. It should not be used in patients with bipolar disorder or bulimia. Varenicline has shown efficacy in the general population, but limitations were established in patients with mental illness, although it is the drug that has shown greater efficacy. However, is not currently available in our country. Cytisine is a drug with limited number of studies in the psychiatric population but it may be a reasonable treatment alternative. Conclusions The prevalence of tobacco use in patients with mental illness is higher than the general population, especially in paranoid schizophrenia. The consequences on physical health and the evolution of psychiatric illness are very relevant. Based on above, a multidisciplinary and coordinated management involving psychiatrists and other specialists in the treatment of these patients should be desirable. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


My interviews with Rita Dove and Bei Dao stem from a series I did for the Christian Science Monitor beginning in the early 1990s. As those were published in severely edited forms to accommodate the space requirements of a daily newspaper, I've gone back now to the ori ginal transcripts and restored to each interview all of what seemed most relevant. The complete collection of conversations will be published in autumn 2002 by the University of Massachusetts Press under the title Giving Their Word. Starting out, I had envisioned an open-ended series of conversa tions featuring both the prominent names in contemporary writing as well as emerging talents. My intention was to explore some of the en during themes within each poet's work and to make the connection between a poet's creation and the daily lives of all readers, not just the small percentage who were brave enough to visit the poetry section of their local book shop. I listed for my editor a host of such essential ex periences: family and the importance of relationships; the natural world and our sense of place; the province of memory and the recording of living history; the imagination and the power to name. These poetic concerns, I argued, were in fact human concerns and played a signifi cant role in shaping our daily lives. But to consider the two in one framework was to reopen, I later discovered, a perennial debate. In a recent essay entitled "Warning, Witness, Presence" (Poets & Wri ters, Nov./Dec. 2000), Irish poet Eavan Boland fleshed out this old di lemma: "Where does the poet belong; where should the poem be root ed? Within or without? In public or private worlds?" Her concern focused on the last few generations of inward-turning poets "crafting a language to reflect a reality rather than seeking a reality to inform a


Today, Ministry of Education in Thailand realizes a significance of one disability among the student called Learning Disabilities or LD which is not caused by physical or intellectual impairment or retardation but rather resulted from various factors adversely affecting the brain e.g. genetic or inheritable factor or impact on brain development during pregnancy or toxic substances which precludes the brain from normally functioning or interpreting data [1]. The number of LD student is increasing whereas the use of assistive technology is limit. Assistive technology will help increasing ability or adjusting proficiency of LD student to learn effectively. Therefore Thai Word Prediction Program is designed and developed in order to enhance LD student in their writing.


The research aimed to find out the effectiveness of remedial techniques on the performance of the students suffering from dyslexia. It was an experimental study which was conducted in institute for special children. The students were first tested for dyslexia through the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders of American psychiatric association (DSM-IV-TR). The identified students were pre-tested and then they were divided in control and experimental group. All the students were kept under same conditions. The students of control group were taught for ten weeks with normal teaching methods while the students of experimental group were taught with remedial techniques along with normal method. Remedial techniques were applied by the teachers having special training in one-to-one teaching, pair reading, and drill of work sheets and activities to improve their behavioral problems. After ten weeks both groups were post-tested twice. It was found that remedial techniques have positive effect on student's performance in the subject of English. The study recommended proper clinics for diagnosing dyslexia among students.


DETERMINATION OF THE ELECTRON TEMPERATURE IN JET BY A NOVEL THOMSON SCATTERING LIDAR APPROACH T. Dreischuh, L. Gurdev, D. Stoyanov , M. Beurskens , M. Walsh, A. Capel 2 and JET EFDA contributors JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, UK 1 Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and EURATOM-INRNE Fusion Association, 72 Tzarigradsko Shosse, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria 2 EURATOM-UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, UK *See the Appendix of F. Romanelli et al., Proceedings of the 22nd IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008


The Political Economy of Famine Relief in China, 1740–1820 Preindustrial agricultural economies often faced unpredictable and catastrophic risks from crop failures caused by erratic weather patterns, pests, and epidemics. In China, temporary tax exemptions (cancellation of all or a portion of taxes due from a county) and tax postponement had been used in most dynasties to help regions regain their economic equilibrium after a failed harvest. Moreover, during the last imperial dynasty (Qing Dynasty, 1644–1911), the Kangxi emperor (reigned, 1662–1722) signiacantly expanded upon the system of state granaries, permitting an additional means for the empire to forestall or partially curtail the impact of food crises. The granary system was to become one of the most important institutions of the Qing state and the focus of a substantial share of the state's resources. The call to develop and expand upon grain stocks required the involvement of ofacials at virtually all levels of the bureaucracy, across the counties and communities of the empire. As a result, there is an abundance of historical data and archival material from the Qing period on granaries and tax-relief policy. The aggregate amount of grain storage in the state-sponsored granaries was signiacant, but the per capita amount of grain stocks recorded in the eighteenth century was exceptional, even for the Qing period as a whole. Relatively little is known about how the application of the two types of relief evolved over time across provinces. This article examines the stocking patterns of the civilian granaries and data on tax relief from 1740 to 1820. The andings indicate that the two in-


This study is an evaluation of the Graduate Internship Program, a teacher preparation program at the University of California at Santa Cruz in the 1972-73 academic year. The study describes the need and rationale for "intellectual presence" in teachers. The concept was developed by Dr. Arthur Pearl, Chairman of the program being evaluated, as an analysis of societal problems, alternative solutions, and the need for education to prepare students to be able to make such analyses and pose solutions. The concept attempts to link the ends of society to the ends of education, and to analyze the extent of congruency between educational means and societal ends. The concept of "intellectual presence" became a major goal for the program in 1972-73, and this study was made during its first year of implementation. "Intellectual presence" is described in the first chapter, which attempts to focus on the curricular implications and applications of the concept. The specific purpose of the study is to determine whether the Fortune-Hutchinson evaluation methodology can be applied to the goals of a specific teacher preparation program. That methodology has at its goal the provision of data for decision-making. Linkage of means and ends is one of the most difficult problems educators face. The evaluation methodology being applied utilizes the operationalized goal statements of identified program decision-makers as the basis for generating data for decision-making. (Operationalized goal statements are general goals cast in terms of measurable behaviors.) In the chapter entitled, "Description of the Study," the means used to evaluate accomplishment of programs goals are described and limitations noted. The design of the study is limited by three central factors: first, the goals to be evaluated were new to the program. Second, the evaluation methodology itself was new. In contrast to the traditional research approach, the methodology does not necessarily posit cause-and-effect or correlational relationships. Rather, decisionmakers, in a program to be evaluated^ state goals in their ov;n terms and then proceed to state the data which they would them.seives find useful for making deci si onsT\ Third, while the evaluation methodology is designed to reach to criterion-referenced testing rather than standardized norms, the first round of operationalizations reaches possible criteria but does not quantify outcomes.


Genetic divergence of twenty seven genotypes of pigeon pea was studied for thirteen quantitative characters. Genetic divergence was estimated using Mahalanobis's statistics (D2) and principal component analysis. Cluster analysis revealed 27 genotypes were grouped into 6 clusters. The lines chosen from the same ecogeographic region were found scattered in different clusters which indicated that genetic diversity and geographic distribution were not necessarily related. The intercluster distances were higher than the intra-cluster distance reflecting wider genetic diversity among the genotypes of different groups. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster I &IV whereas the highest intra-cluster distance was found in the cluster II indicated that the highly divergent types existed in these clusters. Days to maturity was found to be the maximum contributors towards the total divergence. The genotypes from these clusters may be used as potential donors for future hybridization programme to develop early pigeon pea variety with good grain yield.


Photoacoustic method to detect hidden dental caries is proposed. It was found that high frequency ultrasonic waves are generated from hidden carious part when radiating laser light to occlusal surface of model tooth. By making a map of intensity of these high frequency components, photoacoustic images of hidden caries were successfully obtained. A photoacoustic imaging system using a bundle of hollow optical fiber was fabricated for using clinical application, and clear photoacoustic image of hidden caries was also obtained by this system.


C. Supporting Statement For comparison and completeness of this proposal Latimeria chalumnae is also discussed. Coelacanths (Latimeria spp.) are the sole survivors of an ancient Devonian lineage of crossopterygian fish, which played a pivotal role in the evolution of land-living tetrapods. The species with the extremely slow evolutionary rate and an enormous evolutionary age represents the classic example of a "living fossil". (FRICKE 1997).


Bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BROJ) is a serious oral complication of bisphosphonate (BP) treatment involving the exposure of necrotic maxillary or mandibular bone. Our purpose is to describe the clinical presentation of 34 cases of BROJ and to identify potential risk factors.


A Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) approach for automatically computing exogenous insulin dosage in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is proposed. The NMPC law, regulates blood-glucose level to a desired predefined zone by enforcing control signal constraint and output constraints to be satisfied in a nonlinear optimization framework. The major innovation is utilizing quadratic cost function and discrete control signal constraints in the NMPC problem formulation. The proposed approach improves blood glucose regulation by solving a nonlinear programming problem with practical constraints in order to apply insulin during special periods of time and avoid the hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia conditions. The proposed controller can compute exogenous insulin dosages for each patient, based on the patients' condition such as exercise, fatigue and stress. The suggested NMPC merits are evaluated by in-silico studies for several scenarios for different patient's condition.


Robust low-cost silica based aerogels can be obtained by choosing appropriate silane precursors and chemical conditions. In this paper, we synthesized two kinds of bridged siloxane precursors, bridged silsesquioxane (BSQ) from (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) and m-phthalaldehyde (MPA), and bridged methylsiloxane (BMSQ) from (3-aminopropyl)-diethoxymethylsilane (APDEMS) and m-phthalaldehyde (MPA) to prepare robust aerogels. Methanol and ethanol were used individually as solvents in the experiment and all the products were dried directly at ambient pressure without any solvent exchange process. All the products show low densities (about 0.15 g cm−3) and large porosities (larger than 80%). The influence of the precursor and solvent was investigated. The BSQ aerogels have larger specific surface areas, smaller pore sizes and more stable mechanical performances. Aerogels prepared using methanol as the solvent gel faster and have larger pore sizes. The solvent has greater impacts on the BSQ aerogels, the BSQ aerogels prepared using ethanol as the solvent can withstand 60% deformation in repeated compression tests, exhibiting good mechanical performance.


The understanding of the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics has rapidly increased. Recent progress is highlighted in this short review. For brevity, citations are representative, rather than exhaustive, and emphasize first examples.


Who addresses the missing blueshift even though the Milky Way is contracting? This phenomenon is the actual reason for the observable redshift when looking beyond the borders of our galaxy. The expansion of the universe derived from the redshift, as well as the back-calculated Big Bang, never really happened. The real reason for the error is ignorance of the cosmic blueshif


Spatial-temporal changes of land use and landscape pattern dynamic of Four Seasons Flower Valley in Beijing mountainous area were analyzed from 2007 to 2013. The results showed that: Regional structure of ecosystems in FSFV was forest-farmland-grassland. Farmland was the dominant artificial type mainly located in the relative low altitude areas and along the major road, while orchard land was mainly surrounding farmland and construction land. During 2007-2013, all acreage of ecosystem types increased except forest and wetland. Farmland had the lowest increment of 14.85 hm2 and was mainly converted into construction land, grassland and orchard land. Construction land had fastest annual growth rate of 2.37% followed orchard land of 1.93%. Land use and land cover change was mainly occurred in cultivated land and shrubland which mostly were converted into orchard land and construction land. Ecological environment became slightly worse and landscape showed a trend of fragmentation interrupted by human activities. Adjustment of agricultural structure, land resources utilization, leisure tourism economy development and the building area occupation were the main driving forces.


A single-site travel cost recreation demand model for a representative agent visiting a beach is employed that uses an indirect utility function. Alternative specifications of the expected demand function are estimated with aggregate time-series data from a local beach park. The estimated parameters are used to compute the value of the consumer surplus. The recreational value of the park is expectedly sensitive to the functional form used. Also, own-price and income elasticities for various functional forms vary. The results from the Box–Cox procedure suggest that the semi-log function is the most appropriate for the data used in this study. Confidence intervals are calculated to deal with the reliability problem of the consumer surplus estimates. An alternative algorithm, which assumes omitted variable as the source of the error in the demand function, is also presented.


Yields of rice can be substantially increased by the use of nitrogenous fertilizers, but the return to the producer depends very much on the mode of application. This article reviews the factors affecting the uptake of nitrogen by wetland rice, in terms of grain production, and the means by which experimentally achieved results can be translated into everyday farming practice.


During endurance exercise, terrestrial mammals rely on erythrocytic oxygen to fuel aerobic metabolism in working muscle. Physiological changes associated with endurance training elicit responses that increase muscular blood flow and subsequent oxygen delivery . Intramuscular oxygen stores, alternatively, appear to bear little significance in sustaining aerobic metabolism during endurance exercise, evident by the inability to appreciably release intra‐muscular stored oxygen during normoxic exercise; yet, terrestrial endurance athletes have more myoglobin (Mb) than their sedentary counterparts. Accordingly, Mb's traditional functional paradigm pertaining to oxygen storage and transport does not appear to be fully applicable to terrestrial mammals in vivo. Here, we provide data offering alternative paradigm, where increases in Mb expression were associated with increases in lipid supplementation. C2C12 cells were cultured in normoxic or hypoxic conditions with glucose or 5% lipid. Mb assays and western blots revealed lipid hypoxic cells had higher Mb than glucose hypoxic cells and both lines of normoxic cells. Normoxic cells were also compared to soleus tissue from normoxic rats fed a high fat diet; both normoxic high fat conditions showed no change in carbon monoxide (CO)‐binding Mb, but increased total Mb protein, suggesting an increase in non‐CO‐binding Mb. Moreover, Mb increases did not parallel CN increases, but did, however, parallel increases in lipid supplementation and oxidative stress markers, suggesting an alternative pathway for Mb regulation associated with lipid and independent of CN. In light of these novel data, and in conjunction with the inability of terrestrial mammals to appreciably utilize Mb oxygen stores, we propose an alternative paradigm, whereby in the context of lipid metabolism, Mb as an oxygen store appears less relevant than Mb as scavenger of reactive oxygen species or potential transporter.


Recent empirical evidence has suggested that the Japanese mutual fund industry has under-performed dramatically over the past two decades. Conjectured reasons for underperformance range from tax-dilution effects to high fees, high turnover and poor asset management. In this paper, we show that this underperformance is largely due to tax-dilution effects, and not necessarily to poor management. Using a broad database of funds which includes investment trusts closed to new investment, we show that once an instrument for the time-varying tax dilution exposure is included in a factor model, there is little evidence of poor risk-adjusted performance. A style analysis of the industry demonstrates that managers appear to pursue tax-driven dynamic strategies.


We derive linear inequality characterizations for sets of the form $\mathop{\rm conv}\{ (x, q) \in \mathbb{R}^d \times \mathbb{R}:q \ge Q(x), \ x \in \mathbb{R}^d - \mathop{\rm int}(P) \}$, where $Q$ is convex and differentiable and $P \subset \mathbb{R}^d$. We show that in several cases our characterization leads to polynomial-time separation algorithms that operate in the original space of variables, in particular when $Q$ is a positive-definite quadratic and $P$ is a polyhedron or an ellipsoid.


Objective To research the diagnostic characteristic of the cystic dilatation of the common bile duct and to have more knowledge about this disease.Methods Summarizing and analyzing the clinical and ultrasonic data of the 65 patients with cystic dilatation of the common bile duct.Results There are 65 cases of cystic dilatation of the common bile duct(18 males,47 females) whose average age is 8.9 years.The 65 cases are divided to the minor group(2 months~14 years age,55 cases) and the adult group(15—45 years age,10 cases).The incident rate of the abdominal pain、jaundice and vomiting are the most high in the 65 cases.The ratio of "the triad sign"(abdominal pain、jaundice and abdominal mass)is 20% in the minor group and is 40% in the adult group.The ratio of "the couple sign"(two symptoms or sign from abdominal pain、jaundice and abdominal mass)is 1/3 or so.The sonograms of the 65 cases have been classified to 5 types:A and B types are lighter degrees of the cystic dilatation of the common bile duct,and the ratio is 56.9%;C and D types are serious degrees of the cystic dilatation of the common bile duct,and the ratio is 43.1%;E type,choledochus cystic dilatation combine with intrahepatic bile duct cystic dilatation,the ratio is 15.4%.The ratio of C and D types is higher in the adult group.The incident rate of jaundice is higher in the C and D types.Conclusion The abdominal pain、jaundice and vomit are the most common symptoms in the patients with the cystic dilatation of the common bile duct.The ratio of "the triad signs" is lower in the patients although it has diagnosis signification.The ratio of serious dilatation of the common bile duct is higher in the adult patients."The couple signs" has the important hinting effect for the diagnosis.The degree of dilatation of the common bile duct increases with the increase of patient's age.The more serious the degree of dilatation of the common bile duct is,the more the jaundice appears.The ultrasound is the most important image method for diagnosing this disease,and the ultrasound classifying has the clinical signification for diagnosing and treating.There are some difficulty in ultrasound diagnosis for C and D types because identification diagnosis for the two types from other diseases having the expression of abdominal cyst is needed.


Analysis of spray pattern images has been utilized to characterize fuel sprays in various environments. One of the technical challenges in the analysis is to acquire low noise and consistent quality images of particles for accurate measurement. Especially, difficult is the fuel droplet image formation and acquisition in an engine chamber because of the harsh environment and asynchronous nature between an engine and a recording device. This paper describes a system which forms snapshot images of a fuel spray, captures them using a TV camera and records them on a video disk recorder for automatic analysis. The hardware and control software aspects of the imaging system are discussed in this paper.