Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital anomalies of the blood vessels. Three traditional methods of AVMs therapy have evolved to treat AVMs: microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery and transarterial embolization. The principle of treatment involves eliminating the nidus, which is the source of hemorrhage, without compromising normal arterial and drainage venous of the brain. More recently, The transvenous approach in treating AVMs was popularized by successful treatment models for dural arteriovenous fistulas and peripheral vascular malformations. Although this novel technique has its challenges and perils, successful treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations has been reported in several centers. In this artical, we reviewed the literature of AVMs treated by transvenous endovascular approaches, and summarized the progress of this method in the treatment of AVMs.

Key words:
Intracranial arteriovenous malformations; Transvenous approach; Intracranial hemorrhages; Drainage venous


Florescence images of Er:YAG fibers have been used to map dopant ions over their cross sections. Evidence is presented of controlled melting of rod-in-tube preforms with residual high index cores at high growth rates.


AbstractThe breakdown of allylthiourea, adsorbed on the surface of a silver-bromide sol in less than a monomolecular layer, has been studied, in particular its dependence on pH, pAg and initial concentration of allylthiourea, in order to establish the quantitative correlation between the amounts of breakdown product with the degree of photographic sensitization obtained.It is shown that breakdown occurs when a sol is exposed in the presence of allylthiourea, that no breakdown occurs if the allylthiourea is added after the exposure unless the sol is chemically reduced in a developer which by itself does not cause breakdown.


Abstract— The continuous exposure of newborn rats to 70–80 per cent oxygen at atmospheric pressure throughout the iirst 9 days of life significantly inhibited the growth of the brain which normally occurs during this period of life. The accumulations of DNA, RNA, total protein, and proteolipid protein which accompany brain growth during this period were all approximately proportionately depressed by the oxygen‐enriched atmosphere. RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios were unaffected. The increase in brain mass in the first week of life reflects mainly cell proliferation, and since the decreased DNA accumulation occurred with no changes in RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios, we conclude that the effect of oxygen was to inhibit cellular division. We estimate that the oxygen exposure caused an approximately 7 per cent deficit in the cell population of the brain. These results indicate that the use of elevated concentrations of oxygen may have serious deleterious effects on the growth and development of the brain.


Critical overview of the responses by regulators and courts when confronted with issues around disclosures of essential patents and attempts to put policy and litigation developments into a broader perspective; focusing specifically on the US, the EC and the Netherlands.


the contrast variant or the no-contrast variant of any stimulus set. An additional ten trials contained displays that were like those in the contrast condition except that a modified noun was used to refer to the competitor item. These counterbalancing trials were intended to ensure that individuals would not be cued to expect a modified noun to refer to a member of the contrasting pair. Stimuli and counterbalancing trials were pseudoran-domly ordered with 26 filler trials.


Traumatic spinal cord injury is devastating, leading to lifelong paralysis with little hope of recovery based on current treatments. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) offer the potential to promote regeneration after injury, providing a permissive environment to host cells. We have been particularly interested in sub‐acute injury models where both NSPC survival and regenerative potential are greatest. In our preliminary studies, we compared stem cells derived from the brain vs. those from the spinal cord in a transection injury model, where the stem cells were delivered in biocompatible hydrogel tubes of chitosan. Here we observed greater brain‐derived cell numbers and larger tissue bridges than spinal cord‐derived cells. In on‐going studies, we have refined our tube design to include microspheres for sustained, localized release of relevant factors. We have screened a number of factors in vitro to yield an enriched population of one cell type, either neuronal or glial. These factors are being explored for incorporation into the tubes and their impact measured on stem cell survival and differentiation in vitro and in an in vivo rat transection injury model.


We present results of molecular dynamic (MD) simulations for the thermodynamic and structural properties of liquid n-alkanes, from n-butane to n-heptadecane, using three different models Ⅰ-Ⅲ. Two of the three classes of models are collapsed atomic models while the third class is an atomistically detailed model. Model Ⅰ is the original Ryckaert and Bellemans' collapsed atomic model [Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1978, 66, 95] and model Ⅱ is the expanded collapsed model which includes C-C bond stretching and C-C-C bond angle bending potentials in addition to Lennard-Jones and torsional potentials of model Ⅰ. In model Ⅲ all the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the monomeric units are represented explicitly for the alkane molecules. Excellent agreement of the results of our MD simulations of model Ⅰ for n-butane with those of Edberg et al.[J. Chem. Phys. 1986, 84, 6933], who used a different algorithm confirms the validity of our algorithms for MD simulations of model Ⅱ for 14 liquid n-alkanes and of models Ⅰ and Ⅲ for liquid n-butane, n-decane, and n-heptadecane. The thermodynamic and structural properties of models Ⅰ and Ⅱ are very similar to each other and the thermodynamic properties of model Ⅲ for the three n-alkanes are not much different from those of models Ⅰ and Ⅱ. However, the structural properties of model Ⅲ are very different from those of models Ⅰ and Ⅱ as observed by comparing the radial distribution functions, the average end-to-end distances and the root-mean-squared radii of gyrations.


Introduction: Telemedicine for patients with acute stroke represents a method to extend neurologic expertise to hospitals without established Stroke Teams. The Michigan Stroke Network (MSN) is a comprehensive telestroke service providing emergency stroke consultations at 34 spoke hospitals throughout Michigan since 2007. Several non-member health systems also contribute patients to the hub, St. Joseph Mercy Oakland Hospital (SJMO) in Pontiac, MI. Maintaining a large telestroke network is a demanding practice due to the geographic coverage, multidisciplinary communication, need for precision in remote neurological examination and PACS viewing, and rapid and complex decision making. Objective: To evaluate the sustainability of a statewide telemedicine stroke network. Results: Telestroke utilization data from 2008-2011 were prospectively collected from MSN member hospitals and are provided in the attached table. Patients were more likely to be transferred if endovascular intervention was planned. Although the percentage of transferred patients for intervention decreased somewhat over time, this likely reflects improved efficiency of triaging appropriate revascularization candidates. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the feasibility of maintaining a large statewide telemedicine network. The steady call volumes demonstrate the value of facilitated acute stroke decision making at hospitals without established Acute Stroke Teams. The turnaround time for the consultant and time for robot activation remained stable. Consult duration was slightly increased in 2011 as compared to prior years. A substantial number of patients were candidates for acute stroke intervention each year. On average, patients receiving IV-tPA through MSN experienced a >7-point reduction in NIHSS by the end of their hospital stay. 30-day follow-up NIHSS/mRS were not available at the time of this analysis.


The organocatalytic α-hydrazination of β-keto esters using a bifunctional urea as catalyst and azodicarboxylates as electrophiles has been investigated and is shown to proceed in high yields and with good enantioselectivity. The scope of the reaction is demonstrated for various substrates and the urea catalyst 1b was revealed to be superior to thiourea la. Furthermore, transformation of the obtained product 4aa into optically active amino acid derivative 10 is also presented.


Generation of PM-16QAM Nyquist-WDM signals in the digital domain is analyzed, by optimizing DSP and DAC parameters at different channel spacings. We show that ArcSin operation performed in DSP for compensating MZM non-linearity gives limited OSNR advantages and increases DSP complexity, but may give up to 3 dB gain in terms of launch power. Introduction Roadmap for the evolution of optical communications is clearly addressed towards the extensive use of multilevel modulation formats based on polarization multiplexing (PM). The breakthrough technology enabling such an evolution is the fast digital signal processing (DSP) in coherent receivers 1 . At the transmitter side, signal constellations are formed properly driving a couple (one for each polarization) of I/Q modulators made of integrated nested MachZehnder modulators (MZM). In order to push the fiber capacity up to the theoretical limits 2 the use of Nyquist-WDM with channel spacing f close to the symbol-rate Rs is a promising solution 3 . Approaching such a configuration requires a transmitter (Tx) setup that properly forms the pulse shape and channel spectrum in order to limit the crosstalk among adjacent channels. For low-cardinality modulation formats with information coded on orthogonal phases and polarizations only, such as PM-BPSK and PMQPSK, the MZMs are always driven at the maximum transmissivity in order to maximize the power at the output of the modulators, and spectral shaping can be efficiently performed using optical filtering at the transmitter (Tx). For higher-cardinality mixed amplitude-phase modulation formats, as for PM-16QAM, that are more sensitive to inter-channels cross-talk and thus require a tighter spectral shaping, an efficient solution is the use of fast DSP and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the Tx setup 4,5 . Since the MZMs are driven with multilevel signals, the sinusoidal electro-optical transcharacteristics of MZMs can alter the shape of the modulation constellation, significantly degrading system performance. On the other hand, this effect can be compensated for implementing an ArcSin operation in the Tx DSP algorithm and properly tuning the MZM modulation-depth (MD). In this work, we propose an accurate analysis of the digital PM-16QAM Tx characteristics, optimizing both DSP and DAC parameters. Transmitter setup for PM-16QAM The considered Tx structure is pictorially described in Fig. 1a. After the 8 binary data sources, 4-PAM signals with squared pulses (a)


The definitions and functions of bifidus yogurt and bifidus promoter yogurt are given, and the problems and solutions to them explained.


The application of a triple GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) for neutron detection was tested at the n_TOF facility at CERN. n_TOF allows the neutron energy distribution to be measured via a ~185 m time of flight path. A 20 GeV/c proton beam hits a lead target generating a neutron spectrum ranging from thermal energies to the GeV region. Due to their long flight path and short proton pulse, the neutron arrival times at the experimental area define their energy [1]. A triple GEM detector with a 60 11m Polyethylene (PE) neutron converter and 40 11m of Aluminium, filled with an Ar-CO2 70-30% mixture, was installed a few meters downstream of the experimental area, just in front of the beam dump. The measurements were purely "parasitic"; they were conducted in parallel and without interfering with the official n_TOF scientific program. Using the n_TOF trigger it is possible to synchronize the GEM data acquisition in order to select a given neutron energy window and measure the detector efficiency as a function of neutron energy. Changing the detector gain, it is possible to perform these measurements with a low γ-background level. Thanks to the pixelated read-out the neutron beam spot and the efficiency of the detector have been measured.


Within a subclass of monoids (with zero) a structural characterization is given of those that are associated to topologically transitive subshifts with Property (A).


In this paper, the SCGE technique, its principle and noticeable details in the technique were described and disscussed; and effects of DNA damage of human blood lymphocytes induced by gamma-rays radiation were studied using this technique. It was shown that gamma-rays caused the increase of DNA migration length in the lymphocytes in the dose-dependent manner.


Solutions for low-energy pi -meson scattering were previously found using A/sub o-/ and A/sub 1/-wave resonances (with I = S = 0 and I = S = 1 respectively). The p-wave resonance is specified by a large A/sub o/ wave. Without the A/sub o/ wave resonance the p-wave solution does not satisfy the threshold condition (A/sub 1/( nu )/ nu = 0! = 0. The upper boundary for presonance width is at 50 Mev and is related to the A/sub o/ wave saturation. The Chew and Mandelstam equations for s and p waves in pi pi -scattering were resolved previouslv. In order to obtain the p-wave resonance, the left non- physical pole is either ignored ( LAMBDA = 10/sup 8/) or replaced by remote pole nu = --10/sup 3/. Resonance solutions were found only in the p wave specified by the bootstrap'' mechanism. It was shown that the resonance is determined by the contributions of the left pole remote singularities. (R.V.J.)


Objective
To explore the medical coping strategies and impact factors of patients with coronary heart disease in Wuhan.

Methods
Both medical coping strategies and impact factors of 90 patients with coronary heart disease in Wuhan were analyzed by using Spearman coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis, and compared with the norm of 701 cases.

Results
Compared with the norm, patients with coronary heart disease in Wuhan preferred less facing coping strategies and more avoidance coping strategies:(17.89±2.67) points vs.(19.48±3.81) points, (16.95±2.54) points vs.(14.44±2.97) points,and there were significant differences (t=2.146,P=0.035;t=1.994,P=0.048). The yielding coping strategies was indicated insignificant differences (t=1.758,P=0.173). The facing coping strategies were correlated with age(r=-0.212,P=0.036), education levels (r=0.190,P=0.041) ,family monthly income (r=-0.106,P=0.049) and disease course (r=0.327,P=0.017). The avoidance coping strategies were correlated with marital status(r=-0.304,P=0.013). The yielding coping strategies were correlated with length of disease(r=0.294,P=0.023) and therapy methods (r=0.308,P=0.017).

Conclusions
Based on patients' characteristics and impact factors, nursing staff should guide and encourage patients to use positive medical coping styles.

Key words:
Coronary artery disease; Coping style; Impact factors


ot and cucumber at a dose of 2 kG ot and cucumber at a dose of 2 kG ot and cucumber at a dose of 2 kG ot and cucumber at a dose of 2 kGy was carried out. The effect of this treatment on different quality parameters such as vitamin C content, total caro- was carried out. The effect of this treatment on different quality parameters such as vitamin C content, total caro- was carried out. The effect of this treatment on different quality parameters such as vitamin C content, total caro- was carried out. The effect of this treatment on different quality parameters such as vitamin C content, total caro- was carried out. The effect of this treatment on different quality parameters such as vitamin C content, total caro- tenoids content, sensor tenoids content, sensor tenoids content, sensor tenoids content, sensor tenoids content, sensory quality, texture, and color was deter wed no significant change in the total vitamin ed no significant change in the total vitamin ed no significant change in the total vitamin ed no significant change in the total vitamin ed no significant change in the total vitamin C content of either the control or the irradiated samples. In the case of carrots, a 2-kGy dose had no significant effect C content of either the control or the irradiated samples. In the case of carrots, a 2-kGy dose had no significant effect C content of either the control or the irradiated samples. In the case of carrots, a 2-kGy dose had no significant effect C content of either the control or the irradiated samples. In the case of carrots, a 2-kGy dose had no significant effect C content of either the control or the irradiated samples. In the case of carrots, a 2-kGy dose had no significant effect ( ( ( ( (P < 0.05) on total vitamin C content of the samples < 0.05) on total vitamin C content of the samples < 0.05) on total vitamin C content of the samples < 0.05) on total vitamin C content of the samples < 0.05) on total vitamin C content of the samples. However, during stor ing stor ing stor ing stor ing storage, both contr , both contr , both contr , both contr , both control as w ol as w ol as w ol as w ol as well as irr ell as irr ell as irr ell as irr ell as irradiated samples sho samples sho samples sho samples sho samples showed significant decr ed significant decr ed significant decr ed significant decr ed significant decrease ( ease ( ease ( ease ( ease (P < 0.05) in vitamin C content. < 0.05) in vitamin C content. < 0.05) in vitamin C content. < 0.05) in vitamin C content. < 0.05) in vitamin C content. Total car otal car otal car otal car otal carotenoids content in carr otenoids content in carr otenoids content in carr otenoids content in carr otenoids content in carrot r ot r ot r ot remained almost unchanged after irradiation as well as during storage. Sensory evaluation results showed that irradiation had almost unchanged after irradiation as well as during storage. Sensory evaluation results showed that irradiation had almost unchanged after irradiation as well as during storage. Sensory evaluation results showed that irradiation had almost unchanged after irradiation as well as during storage. Sensory evaluation results showed that irradiation had almost unchanged after irradiation as well as during storage. Sensory evaluation results showed that irradiation had no significant ( no significant ( no significant ( no significant ( no significant (P < 0.05) effect on the ratings of any of the sensory attributes in carrot. Radiation processing of < 0.05) effect on the ratings of any of the sensory attributes in carrot. Radiation processing of < 0.05) effect on the ratings of any of the sensory attributes in carrot. Radiation processing of < 0.05) effect on the ratings of any of the sensory attributes in carrot. Radiation processing of < 0.05) effect on the ratings of any of the sensory attributes in carrot. Radiation processing of cucumber affected the flav cucumber affected the flav cucumber affected the flav cucumber affected the flav cucumber affected the flavor significantly. However mness of mness of mness of mness of the central region after irradiation, whereas the peripheral region in carrot showed significant reduction in firmness. the central region after irradiation, whereas the peripheral region in carrot showed significant reduction in firmness. the central region after irradiation, whereas the peripheral region in carrot showed significant reduction in firmness. the central region after irradiation, whereas the peripheral region in carrot showed significant reduction in firmness. the central region after irradiation, whereas the peripheral region in carrot showed significant reduction in firmness. I I I I In the case of cucumber n the case of cucumber n the case of cucumber n the case of cucumber n the case of cucumber, there was no significant change ( e was no significant change ( e was no significant change ( e was no significant change ( e was no significant change (P < 0.05) in the textur < 0.05) in the textur < 0.05) in the textur < 0.05) in the textur < 0.05) in the texture of both per e of both per e of both per e of both per e of both peripheral regions egions egions egions egions. H . H. H . However, during storage, the peripheral regions of carrot and cucumber showed significant increase in firmness. Color mea- during storage, the peripheral regions of carrot and cucumber showed significant increase in firmness. Color mea- during storage, the peripheral regions of carrot and cucumber showed significant increase in firmness. Color mea- during storage, the peripheral regions of carrot and cucumber showed significant increase in firmness. Color mea- during storage, the peripheral regions of carrot and cucumber showed significant increase in firmness. Color mea- surement results indicated no drastic change in color coordinates of carrot samples. Thus, the nutritional as well as surement results indicated no drastic change in color coordinates of carrot samples. Thus, the nutritional as well as surement results indicated no drastic change in color coordinates of carrot samples. Thus, the nutritional as well as surement results indicated no drastic change in color coordinates of carrot samples. Thus, the nutritional as well as surement results indicated no drastic change in color coordinates of carrot samples. Thus, the nutritional as well as sensory quality of minimally processed foods did not alter significantly after gamma irradiation. sensory quality of minimally processed foods did not alter significantly after gamma irradiation. sensory quality of minimally processed foods did not alter significantly after gamma irradiation. sensory quality of minimally processed foods did not alter significantly after gamma irradiation. sensory quality of minimally processed foods did not alter significantly after gamma irradiation. K K K


The approach of uncertainty derivation from expert systems is applied to make a comprehensive fuzzy discrimination on the rock mass in the West of the Nickel Mining Area in Jinchuan, and the failure mechanism and criterion of different types of rock mass is studied. Rock mechanics model has been established for different types of rock structure to offer a reliable basis for a comparative analysis of host rock stability while mining in a broad area.


This document discusses the high-level digital hardware design issues for the nextgeneration CARMA correlator that directly impact science return value. As prototyping of the revised hardware is in its initial phase, we consider only the most fundamental, design-neutral trade-offs. Our intent is to introduce and promote awareness of these design options, not (at this time) to provide a definitive list of actionable alternatives.


undamental work relies on studying 40 normal human livers. Macro-microscopic morphologic methods have been used to reveal presence of porta-caval fibrotic connections and its characteristics in single hepatic segment. In hepatic segments major branches of portal complexes and hepatic veins in the area of intersection touch each other and give rise to porta-caval fibrotic connections. It has been demonstrated in all livers. In a single organ, number of porta-caval fibrotic connections ranged from 1 to 9, which depended on a density of portal and caval venous branching. Left lobular segments are remarkable for the constant presence of porta-caval fibrotic connections, where there is an abundance of fan-shaped (I segment) and overlying (II and III segments) connection types. In terms of porta-caval fibrotic connections, bile ducts are in contact with wall of hepatic veins and inferior vena cava, which determines high likelihood of extension of inflammatory process of biliary pathways to the caval veins.


In this paper we consider continuous-time stochastic linear control systems and study the notion of stochastic external behaviour equivalence. Starting from our earlier work on equivalences given for discrete-time stochastic control systems, we first extend the notion of stochastic external behaviour equivalence and the corresponding geometric conditions to the continuous-time framework. We then address model reduction and we show that the system with minimal dimension in the state space which has equivalent stochastic external behavior of a system, can be easily obtained by factoring out the unobservable dynamics from the given system. Connections with equivalence notions given for nondeterministic linear control systems and with stochastic linear realization theory are also formally discussed.


Taylor and Francis Ltd CIEY_A_335036.sgm 10.1080/096697 0802348690 International Journal of Early Years Education 0966-9760 (pri t)/1469-8463 (online) Book Reviews 2 08 & Francis 6 3 000October 2 08 Su Rog rs .Rogers@io .a .uk Children, families and communities: developing integrated services, by Pat Broadhead, Chrissy Meleady, and Marco Delgado, Maidenhead, Open University Press, 2007, 200 pp., £18.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-335-22093-9


First of all, 'GOR' should be distinguished from 'GOR disease' or 'pathological GOR'. 'GOR' usually refers to an episode of reflux of the gastric contents into the oesophagus. This is a normal phenomenon at all ages. Classifying it as pathological GOR or GOR disease is dependent on the severity as defined by various objective criteria. I infer from the article that the authors implicitly refer to 'GOR disease' when using their term, 'GOR', as all these subjects needed surgery for it.


To solve inverse problems for parabolic equations we used the method of finite-difference regularization of second order integro differential equations. We developed an algorithm of finite-difference regularization of the inverse problem. We demonstrated results of computer simulations for test examples.


In advanced globalization, the digital code, computer, and Internet become tools of cultural change. 2-3-4.0 generation media produce images, artificial events, objects, as well as methods of vision prevailing in design, design processes, and communication. The number of visibility types offered to users, results in media matrices becoming regimes of (for) the eye, of (for) a bodily experience. It also shapes a sense of reality by means of media space (TV stream, cyberspace) and spaces inscribed in media forms (simulations, hybrids, onto-ontological topias). Two issues seem of particular relevance here. Questions about access to reality offered by 'images' (satellites, HDMI helmets, combat glasses, etc.) and possibilities of seeing the world from behind the visual media matrices. Media, multi-media communication platforms distribute not only schemes of viewing, but also the right to look (extranet, friends lists, access to archives and libraries, consumer profiles collected by Google, MS, etc.). The excess of artificial forms and spaces, on the other hand, directs attention to participation and participants of culture: individuals and communities (real, imagined, virtual). Their activities in cyberspace, including identity and identity practices, should be the focus of interest. The author of the text reflects upon identity practices of the Praktykować media/Praktykować siebie individual, that is the individual's participation in culture through the prism of immaterial materiality, self-care, and the need for bonds and integration with the Others. She discusses techniques of advanced audio-vision (their matrices and spatiality), as well as creation of subjective coherence negotiated with others in terms of individual – group (conventional) – universal content (e.g. humanity). Identity practices are located within the framework of data flows and transmissions, information bubbles, heterotopia, and identities of legitimization, resistance, and design implemented there. The author of the text also perceives identity from the perspective of a person and a mask, of users' tactics articulating their presence in cyber-virtual communities (e.g. avatars, nicks, multiple identities), as well as in the perspective of data visualization: user profiles, metric identifiers, files, selection algorithms, search history, archives of published photos…, in other words – institutional (cyber)surveillance strategies.


Allowable PI and PD controller gains for a class of unstable MIMO systems with input/output delays have been investigated in [5, 12]. Using the results of these studies, we propose a new method for tuning the parameters of PI and PID controllers for integrating processes with time delays. As an application of this method, we design PI and PID controllers for Active Queue Management of TCP flows and illustrate performance of these controllers by packet level simulations in ns-2.


Reform Structures of the Government: Motion report on the Magdalene Laundries -- Issuing Apology KildareStreet.Com
Full Title: Pages 1498 - 1503
Series: Parliamentary Debates


The present invention relates to a composition for the protection and regeneration functions. The composition comprises a mixture (association) of the dried vine myojo (vine shoot) containing the extract and effective first component a cosmetically and, Ectoin containing (ectoine) flow component and the effective second component cosmetically. The composition exerts an anti-aging (anti-ageing) beauty care and skin effect reactivation (revitalization) effect. Vine myojo, Ectoin, Heathrow Inn, cosmetic compositions, anti-aging and reactivation


Energy harvesting sensor systems typically incorporate energy buffers (e.g., rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors) to accommodate fluctuations in supply. However, the presence of these elements limits the miniaturization of devices. In recent years, researchers have proposed a new paradigm, transient computing, where systems operate directly from the energy harvesting source and allow computation to span across power cycles, without adding energy buffers. Various transient computing approaches have addressed the challenge of power intermittency by retaining the processor's state using non-volatile memory. However, no generic approach has yet been proposed to retain the state of peripherals external to the processing element. This paper proposes RESTOP, flexible middleware which retains the state of multiple external peripherals that are connected to a computing element (i.e., a microcontroller) through protocols such as SPI or I2C. RESTOP acts as an interface between the main application and the peripheral, which keeps a record, at run-time, of the transmitted data in order to restore peripheral configuration after a power interruption. RESTOP is practically implemented and validated using three digitally interfaced peripherals, successfully restoring their configuration after power interruptions, imposing a maximum time overhead of 15% when configuring a peripheral. However, this represents an overhead of only 0.82% during complete execution of our typical sensing application, which is substantially lower than existing approaches.


Negative bias temperature instabilities in p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors are modeled by taking into account the generation of Pb0 centers at the (100)Si∕SiO2 interface, followed by the dispersive transport of protons away from the interface. It is shown that the characteristic time, oxide electric field, and temperature dependence of the threshold voltage shifts observed in these devices can be very well reproduced by the model. The general belief that the transport of positively charged species cannot explain negative bias temperature instabilities thus appears to be incorrect.


As resulted from long-time cultivation and fertilization,a high fertile soil has been developed from loessial materials on high terrace of Wei-ho basin,Shensi.The soil pos- sesses a dark,friable and porous upper horizon up to 50 cm.in thickness.The main rotation system consisting 4 crops within 3 years is illustrated as follows: Alfalfa→sesame(or cotton)→wheat→wheat→wheat+millet(or maize)→pea→wheat→wheat+millet(or maize) (continueing 7—8 years). Detailed observations on the effect of legume plants to soll moisture,humus content and physical properties have been recorded.The writers come to the conclusions that in order to obtain an efficient land utilization,continuous cropping of alfalfa should not be exceeded for more than 2-3 years.Phosphate fertilizers are recommanded to apply on pea.


Annona squamosa L. is an important medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Different parts of A. squamosa L. have various therapeutic effects; however, the anticancer activity of the leaves has not yet been identified. In vitro, MTT, nuclear staining, and LDH assays were used to evaluate cell survival and proliferation in cells exposed to the extracts. The effect of the extracts on cell migration was investigated using a monolayer wound repair assay, and the apoptotic effects were evaluated using flow cytometry. A breast cancer model was used to study the effect of the extract on the tumor size, and the expression of different proliferative and apoptotic markers was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL, A. squamosa leaf extracts exerted strong antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects against various cell lines. The extracts reduced wound closure and strongly induced apoptosis. In vivo study, rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection, and tumor size, as well as the expression of proliferative and apoptotic markers, were observed to be greatly affected by treatment with the extracts. Therefore, A. squamosa leaf extract may be developed as a potential novel drug to treat breast cancer in the future.


In this paper, based on the work (Kimura K et al 2002 Phys. Lett. B 537 86) we present the simple derivation of an exact and analytic formula for neutrino oscillation probability. We consider three flavour neutrino oscillations in matter with constant density.


Oxidative stress or excessive antioxidant levels‐caused redox imbalance can alter apoptotic responses, and N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) was able to inhibit H2O2‐mediated cell death, but unable to prevent apoptosis induced by other chemicals such as etoposide. We now demonstrate that 10 and 20 mM NAC, non‐toxic concentrations, can enhance fisetin (FIS)‐mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells COLO205. Compared to treatment with FIS alone, combination treatment with NAC increased the expression of cleaved caspase‐3 and PAPR protein, and produced greater density of DNA ladders. NAC reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential of FIS‐treated COLO205 cells with induction of caspase 9 protein cleavage. DNA ladders induced by FIS + NAC were diminished by adding the caspase 3 inhibitor, DEVD‐FMK, and the caspase 9 inhibitor, YVAD‐FMK. Combinatorial treatment COLO205 cells with NAC and FIS showed potent inhibition on ERK protein phosphorylation, compared with those from FIS or NAC‐treated groups by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Addition of the chemical ERK inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, significantly inhibited ERK protein phosphorylation, accompanied by induced DNA ladder formation, cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP protein in COLO205 cells. Furthermore, NAC showed an enhancement on a FIS‐related chemical chrysin‐induced apoptosis of COLO205 cells, and NAC sensitization of colon cancer cells to FIS‐induced apoptosis was also identify in colonic cancer cells HCT‐116, HT‐29, and HCT‐15 cells. The evidence to support NAC sensitizing human colon cancer cells to FIS‐induced apoptosis was provided, and application of NAC and FIS as a strategy to treat colonic cancer deserved for further in vivo study. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Ventilator-induced lung injury is a severe complication mainly caused from mechanical ventilation (MV), associated with the upregulation of inflammation response. The mechanism still remains unclear. This study aims to explore the effects of pathological damage, neutrophil infiltration, expression of P2X7 receptor, and activation of Caspase-1 in lung tissue using a rat model. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham group, conventional MV group, and high-tidal-volume ventilation group and fed with clean water and rat food. The sham group received tracheotomy without MV; conventional MV group was given 7 mL/kg tidal volume ventilation, and high-tidal-volume MV group was given 28 mL/kg tidal volume ventilation. All the rats were sacrificed after 4 h of ventilation or spontaneous breath. Lung wet/dry ratio was measured, and paraffin sections were prepared for pathological injury assessment and immunohistochemistry of P2X7 and myeloperoxidase levels. Lung homogenate was used for Western blot analysis of P2X7 receptor and Caspase-1 levels and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of P2X7 gene expression level. Compared to sham group and conventional MV group, high-tidal-volume MV led to an increase in lung wet/dry ratio and histology score. High-tidal-volume ventilation also led to chemotaxis of neutrophils. The expression levels of protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) of P2X7 receptor were significantly upregulated. Cleaved-caspase-1 expression was also upregulated. All data provide the evidence that high-tidal-volume MV can lead to lung injury, neutrophils infiltration, and upregulation of cleaved-Caspase-1 level. This result may be related to the upregulation of P2X7 receptor expression.


A stereoselective total synthesis of (±)-dihydronepetalactone and (±)-isodihydronepetalactone has been accomplished by utilising a novel cyclisation procedure; a reaction of octadiene-2,6-dioic acid esters with lithium N-benzyltrimethylsilylamide (LSA) induces 5-exo-Trig ring-closure via tandem conjugate additions.


Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a first investigation of how new ways of working (NWW) and their various facets relate to employee informal learning at work, while accounting for a range of known antecedents of informal learning. Design/methodology/approach The job demand–control model and the job demands–resources model underpin our hypotheses on how NWW would relate to informal learning. The hypotheses are tested using the Preacher and Hayes (2008) bootstrap method for mediation analysis, accounting for the potential mediating effect of the frequency with which employees receive feedback. Findings The analyses show that NWW positively relate to informal learning at work. This relation is mediated by the frequency with which employees receive feedback. Further analysis shows that one particular NWW facet – access to organizational knowledge – is an independent driver of informal learning, hardly mediated by receiving feedback. Practical implications The results suggest that managers who seek new ways to stimulate informal learning can do so by giving their employees more access to organizational knowledge, for instance, by leveraging the potential of modern ICT. Originality/value This empirical paper is the first study on the impact of NWW on informal learning at work. Using data on the Dutch working population, it provides novel insights for several strands of literature as well as for practitioners.


This dissertation project developed out of the researcher's own spiritual pilgrimage in a search for greater intimacy with God. An introduction to the ancient spiritual disciplines provided the means for that intimacy to develop and, subsequently, created a desire to share the disciplines in ministry with members of his congregation. A model was envisaged which could become a life-changing event in the life of the individual member. The development and use of this model was the subject of the project. The model includes an introduction to four basic disciplines: prayer, the devotional use of Scripture, meditation, and journaling. For each discipline, there is also a careful outline presented as to how the discipline may be practiced successfully. A retreat setting, which proved to be very successful, was selected for using the model for the first time. This entire process is carefully described and evaluated in the report with a recommendation that further retreats include more time and that a follow-up plan be in place well in advance. Included in the project was research into the spiritual formation process— with emphasis on the disciplines, its historical development, its place in Seventh-day Adventist theology, and how it was viewed by Ellen White, one of Adventism's founders. The results from this research were included in the model to provide a background legitimacy for the disciplines as they were introduced. It was discovered that Adventist theologians have had much to say about the holiness God requires from those who are saved, but little practical advice as to how it occurs. In fact, there has been a debate over the years about faith and works with no apparent conclusion. There was convincing evidence, however, that Ellen White understood the spiritual formation process and knew the importance of the spiritual disciplines. Her extensive writing on the subject provided valuable affirmation for the model. Survey and evaluation instruments were created to determine the need for using the model and for its effectiveness. The survey results which are reported in the dissertation, confirm the need for assistance in developing intimacy with God among those who responded. Those who participated in the first use of the model gave a high effectiveness rating, although it was apparent that some adjustments would be helpful in order to reinforce the changes which would be required to develop the desired intimacy with God.


High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) is an emerging approach in plant science, but thus far only a few applications have been made in horticultural crop breeding. Remote sensing of leaf or canopy spectral reflectance can help breeders rapidly measure traits, increase selection accuracy, and thereby improve response to selection. In the present study, we evaluated the integration of spectral analysis of canopy reflectance and genomic information for the prediction of strawberry powdery mildew disease (PM). Two multi-parental breeding populations comprised of a total of 340 and 464 pedigree-connected seedlings were evaluated in two separate seasons. A single-trait Bayesian prediction method using 1,001 spectral wavebands in the UV-VIS-NIR region (350-1,350 nm wavelength) combined with 8,552 SNP markers showed up to 2-fold increase in predictive ability (PA) over models using markers alone. The integration of HTP was further validated independently across years/trials with improved response to selection of up to 90%. We also conducted Bayesian multi-trait (MT) analysis using the estimated vegetative indices (VI) as secondary traits. Three VIs (Datt3, REP_Li and Vogelmann2) had high genetic correlations (rA) with PM visual ratings with average rA values of 0.76, 0.71 and 0.71, respectively. Increasing training population sizes by incorporating individuals with only VI information yielded substantial increases in PAs. These results strongly indicate the use of VIs as secondary traits for indirect selection. Overall, combining spectrometry and genome-wide prediction improved selection accuracy and response to selection for powdery mildew resistance, demonstrating the power of an integrated phenomics-genomics approach in strawberry breeding.


1. Introduction. A few nonlinear differential equations have known exact solutions, but many which are important in applications do not. Sometimes these equations may be linearized by an expansion process in which nonlinear terms are discarded. When nonlinear terms make vital contributions to the solution this cannot be done, but sometimes it is enough to retain a few "small" ones. Then a perturbation theory may be used to obtain the solution. A differential equation may sometimes be approximated by an equation with "small" nonlinearities in more than one way, giving rise to different solutions valid over different ranges of its parameters. There are two types of small nonlinearity problems. In the first type the nonlinearities occur in the most highly differentiated terms. These are very important in several physical theories. Carrier refers to them as "boundary layer problems" [l; 2] in recognition of the application in which they had their first important development. They include many important nonlinear partial differential equations problems, as well as some ordinary nonlinear differential equations in which such phenomena as relaxation oscillations occur. Boundary layer problems are usually closely tied in with applications. Their theories have not yet received very general or exhaustive development , and much art and ingenuity has been called for in the work that has been done ([l]-[3]). The second type of nonlinearity problem is that in which non-linearities do not occur in the most highly differentiated terms. In this case the theory has been developed farther, and something more nearly resembling a general method of attack is possible. Actually several such methods have been developed. Each has its own special merits and limitations. I will discuss one such method. This particular method has the advantage of wide scope and practicality of application , but is limited to a class of differential equations which is associated with nonconservative physical systems. This method offers nothing new in the case of ordinary nonlinear differential equations of the second order, but has a practical advantage in the case of systems of equations (or, what comes to the same


Three interacting, unlinked, nuclear genes are reported to control the inheritance of male-female sterility in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). In a cross between US-10 cultivar (genotype S(1)S(1)s(2)s(2)s(3)s(3)) and a geographically distant Indian line 57-147 (genotype s(1)s(1)S(2)S(2)S(3)S(3)), F-2 plants segregated 57 fertile:7 sterile. Sterile genotypes set no seed under natural conditions. This study reports the effects of sterility genes on the inflorescence and pollen grains. Floret elongation was limited in sterile plants at bloom. Lengths of florets in the sterile individuals showed a 17% and a 40% reduction one day before and on the day of anthesis, respectively. This resulted in a conspicuous pinched appearance of the capitula. Lack of seed development in sterile plants hindered the expansion of capitula and prevented the dried florets from lying against the imbricate bracts as in normal fertile plants. The percentage pollen stainability was 96.1 in US-10, 87.5 in 57-147, 91.3 in the F-1, 90.5 in fertile F-2, and 1.4 in sterile F-2 plants. However, none of the stainable pollen grains of the sterile F-2 plants was viable. The mean pollen diameter was 53.2 in US-10, 56.3 in 57-147, 53.9 in the F-1, 58.1 in fertile F-2, and 35.8 mu m in sterile F-2 plants. Sterile plants exhibited a greater variation in pollen diameter than the fertile plants. Light and scanning electron microscopy observations revealed the absence of normally sculptured and tricolpate pollen from the sterile plants. The results suggest that the sterility genes have their effects primarily on reproductive organs, but do not hinder vegetative development and growth of sterile plants before they bloom.


: Though we celebrate Independence Day every year, there are people across the world who remain as slaves till date confined by our own citizenry. Marginalisation is a serious topic that comes in many shapes in which certain members of the society are treated as inferior and often forbidden from equality, and are imposed severe restriction to do even basic day-to-day actions. This paper aims to highlight the discrimination and exclusion of people that occurs in the name of social order. The caste system in India is an invisible leading factor that strongly foothold even today. Though this system originated in ancient times, it still perpetuates resulting in one-half of the people"s sufferings caused primarily by prejudice resulting in class violence. Despite having laws that chiefly secure people from violent behaviour, it is lugubrious to withstand that they endure the hardest combat. Meena Kandasamy is a contemporary Indian poet, whose writing principally focuses on the sufferings of downtrodden people and the welfare of women. Her works primarily involve in nurturing the lives of individuals who denied even the vital rights and privileges within the name of caste. Brimmed with rage, she portrays the real scenario of people harassed by the upper-class regime. Accordingly, her book of poetry collection assortment Touch covers up most of the aspects of coercion and excruciating tragedies of lower caste people. This paper attempts to forecast the anguished lives of secluded people, their firmness in achieving their purpose and the liberation achieved through unity concerning the poem "We will Rebuild Worlds."


Is public administration a profession? Richard Green, Lawrence Keller, and Gary Wamsley approach this long lasting debate from a new perspective. They argue that the field assumes an impoverished definition of 'profession" and thus has neglected important dimensions of the practice that need examination in a more constructive debate. By returning to the classical roots of the word 'profession, " the authors attempt to illuminate the roles that public administrators have played, and must play, if they are to govern effectively and 'professionally. " Drawing upon several works that develop the political roles ofpublic administrators, they tie a conception ofprofessionalism to constitutional politics rather than specialized managerial knowledge, perceiving public administration as a calling centered on democratic governance rather than techniques ofpolicy implemen-


The aim of the present paper is to compare experimentally the existing methods of quantitative Auger analysis based on several approaches: published sensitivity factors, our own sensitivity factors, matrix correction, first principles calculation. Various methods were used to measure the intensity of Auger lines and to calculated the parameters of Auger emission. The results obtained enabled the most accurate algorithm for quantitative analysis of refractory metal silicides to be selected. The measuring error was reduced to <3%, which is much lower than the error usually obtained in quantitative AES.


The Serarang ritual is an annual ritual that must be performed by the Melanau Likow community in preparation for the new year. Tama Kaul is the main leader in the implementation of this ritual with the use of symbols in the form of objects. Each object used contains a specific meaning, interpreted and agreed upon by its practicing community. The local wisdom possessed by this community of practitioners is inherited from one generation to another. Till this day, the practicing community still clings to the beliefs they inherited even although some of them have converted from their original religion. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the meaning of object symbols in the implementation of Serarang rituals. This study used an ethnographic approach through participatory observation, recording and photographic methods as well as a series of interviews with Tama Kaul and the ritual practitioners. The study location was located in Kampung Medong, Dalat Sarawak. Data analysis found that there were five object ritual symbols used to accompany the Serarang ritual namely kubo beliseng, beliseng, dian, the blood of rooster's feet and percak cloth. Among the meanings of symbols supported by these object symbols are the meanings of respect, purity, prayer and hope, peace between the two worlds and love. The results of this study also found that this ritual is still practiced by the Melanau Likow community until this day and becomes the identity of their existence in Sarawak.


The defect in structures is the major risk to the structural integrity, thus to perform the defect detections and evaluations efficiently is critical in assuring the structural safety. Magnetic flux leakage testing (MFLT) is an important non-destructive testing (NDT) method. Due to its high testing sensitivity and simple operating procedure, it has been widely used in detecting surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic components. To improve the accuracy of defect detection, it is necessary to find a suitable source magnetization distribution around a defect, and furthermore, to correlate the defect with the magnetic leakage signals. In this study, a magnetic charge model is proposed, in which both volume- and surface- densities of magnetic charges around a defect are considered. Then, this model is used for the calculation of the magnetic leakage signals caused by a known complex V-shape defect for the verification purpose. The results from the simulation match very well with that from the experiment. It indicates potentials that the magnetic charge model and the associated approach can be applied in MFLT with improved accuracy.


The present study was carried out to investigate the adsorption and leaching behavior of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ by sediments collected from the western banks of three different sectors along River Nile at Aswan governorate, Egypt. The feasibility of sediments for the removal of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions was tested under the effect of three conditions (pH, initial metal concentration and contact time). By increasing pH, the adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by sediments decreased while that of Zn2+ increased. The optimum pH values for Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ removal were determined as 5, 8.5 and 5, respectively. The adsorption capacities of sediments for metal ions were in the order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+. The maximum uptake for Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ by sediments occurred at contact times of 48 h, 24 h and 72 h, respectively. Adsorption data were fitted well by Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin isotherms. The experimental results obtained were analyzed using two adsorption kinetic models, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order, in which pseudo-second-order equation described the data more than pseudo-first-order one. The average leaching percentages of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ from sediments were 0.77%, 2.72% and 0.38%, respectively, with respect to pH, 0.83%, 2.49% and 0.38%, respectively , with respect to temperature, and also 0.79%, 2.34% and 0.38%, respectively with respect to contact time. The leaching percentages of metal ions from sediments were in the order of Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Pb2+.


Background : For sick child who admitted at hospital, the child will experience the stress and generally parent also experience of anxiety because their child's health condition, so that parent has not motivation in USAge educative playing toys (APE= Alat Permainan Edukatif). Influence factor parent's motivation in USAge educative playing toys is age, education and knowledge. The objective of this research is to analyze the influence factor parent's motivation in USAge educative playing toys in Pediatric Ward Kediri Baptist Hospital. Method : This research was analytic descriptive. Samples were 48 respondents using purposive sampling. Independent variable was influence factor parent's motivation and dependent variable was motivation. Then analyzed using the linear logarithm test with significant level 0,05. The value for factor of age p = 0,335, factor of education p = 0,094 and factor of knowledge p = 0,138. Conclusion : The Conclusion of this research was most dominant factor influenced the parent's motivation in USAge educative playing toys in Pediatric Ward Kediri Baptist Hospital.


Six critical thinking lessons learned from students of a family and consumer sciences class on family social issues are shared here. They are: 1. It is more difficult than both students and instructors thought. 2. Students perceived the environment in which they practiced critical thinking as non-ideal. 3. Class members helping each other were an essential part of the learning process. 4. Personalizing issues had both positive and negative affects on learning. 5. Role play was a particularly important activity for expanding students' viewpoints. 6. Individual self-assessment of their own criteria for learning frustrated many students. As an overall assessment, students reported that the skills they had polished were going to be useful for them outside of class. Reflection on these lessons can expand the critical thinking process as educators endorse helping students use critical thinking in deciding what to believe and how to act.


Direct enantiomeric separations of 17 chiral amidotetralins by means of high performance liquid chromatography were performed on stationary phases composed of tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) derivatives of cellulose and amylose, coated on silica gel. The enantiomers of 15 out of 17 amidotetralins were resolved with a resolution of more than 1.5 by at least one of the chiral stationary phases. The stationary phases showed complementary results with regard to the separation of the amidotetralins, that is, pairs that did not separate on the cellulose-type column were well separated on the amylose-type column, and vice versa. There was no significant correlation between the chromatographic properties of the chiral stationary phases. (C) 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


Abstract: IgM xenoreactive natural antibodies (XNA) and the activation of complement are thought to be the main components involved in the hyperacute rejection (HAR) of discordant xenografts. Nevertheless few studies have focused on the B cell population responsible for the production of XNA. Using the guinea pig to rat discordant xenograft model we have developed a xenoreactive ELISA‐spot technique allowing the specific detection of XNA secreting cells in rats. In order to detect rat XNA‐secreting cells, guinea pig platelet membrane extracts, which have been shown to share major xenoantigens as recognized by XNA, with endothelial cells, were used as targets for rat XNA. Adult LOU/C rats lymphocytes from spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, bone marrow, and the peritoneal cavity were used as source of XNA secreting cells. The number of IgM, IgG2a, Ig k light chain XNA, and IgM XNA secreting cells was measured using standard and xenoreactive ELISA‐spot techniques respectively. Data presented here show that IgM XNA secreting cells are almost exclusively located in the spleen. Moreover, IgM XNA secreting cells represent around 0.0001% of spleen lymphocytes corresponding to 0.1% of the IgM secreting cells in the spleen. Although circulating IgG2a XNA are detectable, by cellular ELISA, in normal LOU/C rats, IgG2a secreting cells were not found in any of the cell suspensions analyzed. In contrast, Ig k light chain XNA were found in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and the bone marrow but not in the peritoneal cavity. Taken together these results suggest that extremely low numbers of secreting cells producing isotypes other than IgM and IgG2a might exist in different rat organs but are not detectable using the xenoreactive ELISA‐spot technique. In conclusion, our data show that only 0.0001% of spleen lymphocytes were found to be IgM XNA secreting cells. Moreover this IgM XNA secreting cells population is located almost exclusively in the spleen further illustrating the role of the spleen in the production of XNA.


The invention provides an aerial carrier flight control method and an aerial carrier flight control system, wherein the method comprises the steps of acquiring first obstacle information and a preset flight path which are determined according to a landform elevation map; performing real-time detection on obstacles in the flight process, and obtaining second obstacle information; performing real-time comparison on the first obstacle information and the second obstacle information; if the first obstacle information is same with the second obstacle information, making the aerial carrier fly according to the preset flight path; and if the first obstacle information does not accord with the second obstacle information, correcting the preset flight path according to the second obstacle information, and making the aerial carrier fly according to the corrected flight path. The aerial carrier flight control method and the aerial carrier flight control system effectively prevent collision between the aerial carrier and the obstacles and furthermore ensure high flight safety of the aerial carrier.


In this paper,roof gardens' effect on structural safety of buildings is studied.With the help of ANSYS(a finite element software) and three-dimensional finite element static analysis,calculating the vertical dead weight of the buildings,it finds that if the roof garden load is no more than 6.30 kN/m2,the roof garden has small impact on the building structure,and won't affect the structural safety of the whole building.


As transistors become more radiation tolerant, renewed importance must be attached to the degradation of diode performance in a radiation environment. The dominant effect in most rectifiers is the increase in series resistance due to the removal of majority carriers from the conduction process in the base material. The initial conductivity of the base material and recent experimental data on carrier removal rates are used to predict the amount of degradation in the electrical characteristics of a rectifier exposed to a neutron environment; the initial conductivity of the base material may be obtained from diode design information or it may be estimated from the value of the avalanche breakdown voltage. Experimental data are presented which, in general, substantiate the predictions. In particular, diodes with a breakdown voltage of less than 100 volts appear to be usable to neutron fluxes in excess of 1014 n/cm2. Gold doping seems to increase radiation tolerance.


During its first observing run (O1), the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO) detected gravitational waves (GWs) emitted by the coalescence of two binary black holes (BBHs), GW150914 and GW151226 [1, 2]. A third candidate event, LVT151012, was also recorded [3], but with not high enough statistical significance to claim a detection. These discoveries opened the possibility of observing and probing the most extreme astrophysical objects in the Universe. These first detections and their detailed characterization represent the culmination of more than a decade of synergy between analytical relativity, numerical relativity (NR) and data analysis. The problem of describing the GW signal generated by a pair of BHs that (quasicircularly) orbit each other and eventually merge into a single BH is challenging because of the different dynamical regimes that this process spans. When the binary is wide —say, as compared to the BH horizons— the component objects move at orbital speeds (in the center-of-mass frame) that are small with respect to the speed of light. During this phase of the coalescence, the post-Newtonian (PN) (i.e., slow-motion and weak-field) approximation to general relativity can be employed to model the orbital dynamics and the associated GW emission (see, e.g., ref. [4] for an extensive review of the current status of PN theory applied to the two-body problem). As the BHs spiral in, plunge and eventually merge, their orbital motion becomes more relativistic and the GW energy flux is stronger. NR techniques are required to obtain highly-accurate waveforms during this stage of the process. State-of-the-art codes can now accurately evolve BBHs for several tens of orbits (∼ 40–60) in large regions of the parameter space [5-11]: i) at large


Two studies were conducted in a subtropical environment to examine the effects on milk production and nutrient intake of Holstein-Friesian cows of offering a daily pasture allowance as various numbers of allocations within a day. In Study 1, 24 multiparous cows [half early lactation (mean ± s.e. of 57 ± 16.2 d postpartum), half mid–late lactation (204 ± 32.9 d post-partum)] were allocated to 2 groups based on genetic merit, milk production, liveweight (LW) and days post-partum. These groups were offered a daily herbage allowance (HA) of approximately 19 kg dry matter (DM) of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) cv. Common pasture (above 5 cm from ground level). One group (KB2) received 75% of their HA at 16.30 h and the remaining 25% at 07.30 h the following morning. The other group (KB4) were offered 41.6% of their HA at 16.30 h, 16.7% at 19.00 h, 16.7% at 24.00 h and 25% at 07.30 h. Cows were allowed to regraze allocations given within 24 h (i.e. 16.30 h–16.30 h). In Study 2, 32 cows (8 primiparous, 24 multiparous) in early lactation (133 ± 23.3 d postpartum) were allocated to 4 groups based on lactation number and criteria used in Study 1. All cows were offered a daily HA of approximately 40 kg DM of biennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cv. Concord or prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii) cv. Matua pasture. One group (RB1) received 100% of their daily HA at 07.30 h, a second group (RB2) was offered 66% at 07.30 h with the remainder at 17.00 h. A third group (RB3) was offered 44% at 07.30 h, 22% at 12.00 h and 34% at 17.00 h, while the fourth group (RB4) was offered 22% at 07.30 h, 22% at 12.00 h, 22% at 14.00 h and 34% at 17.00 h. Cows were allowed to regraze allocations given within 24 h (07.30 h–07.30 h). Frequency of pasture allocation had no effect (P>0.05) on pasture intake, yields of milk, fat or protein, milk concentrations of fat or protein, or LW change in either study. Milk lactose concentrations of cows in KB4 were (P<0.05) higher than those of cows in KB2. In Study 1, milk fat levels of cows in early lactation (3.04 vs 3.38% for KB2 and KB4, respectively), milk yields (18.1 ± 0.30 vs 17.1 ± 0.30 L/d) and milk lactose concentrations of cows in late lactation (5.10 ± 0.013 vs 5.13 ± 0.13%) were different but not significantly so. In Study 1, frequency of pasture allocation had no effect (P>0.05) on grazing behaviour, with an average time spent grazing of 424 min/d. Seventy percent of grazing occurred between 07.00 h and 19.00 h. In Study 2, cows in RB1 and RB2 spent more time grazing (P<0.05) between 07.30 h and 12.00 h than cows in RB3 and RB4. Between 12.00 h and 14.00 h, cows in RB4 spent more time grazing and less time idle (P<0.05) than the other treatment groups. These studies indicate that the diurnal frequency of allocating pasture has little effect on the milk production, pasture intake and grazing behaviour of dairy cows grazing pastures in the subtropics.


What is the head of a Chinese V-R compound is a longstanding hot topic in Chinese study. In the last 20 or 30 years, the research on this topic has been done either from the perspective of semantic head or from morphosyntactic features. This paper holds that a head should have the feature of determining the whole construction in which it is in and that a head should be morphosyntactic. Following the view that Chinese V-R compounds can be divided into two types, namely homo-referential and hetero-referential, this paper aims to fix the head of a Chinese V-R compound through the functional head v within the framework of Minimalist Program and to provide the syntactic representations for these two types of Chinese V-R com- pounds.


Presents an essay on Asia Pacific Economic Co‐operation (APEC), an innovative and flexible form of co‐operation designed to accommodate the diversity of the economies on the Pacific Rim. The main challenge for the APEC process is finding a workable compromise between different approaches to economic co‐operation. Points out that the structure of APEC will need great flexibility to accommodate the declining influence of the USA in the Asia Pacific and the increasing strength of the Chinese and South East Asian economies compared to both Japan and the USA. Appendix contains an executive summary of the targets which were agreed by APEC governments, at Bogor, Indonesia, in 1994, in order to realize their vision of free and open trade and investment.


We present a methodology for modeling the statistics of image features and associated text in large datasets. The models used also serve to cluster the images, as images are modeled as being produced by sampling from a limited number of combinations of mixing components. Furthermore, because our approach models the joint occurrence image features and associated text, it can be used to predict the occurrence of either, based on observations or queries. This supports an attractive approach to image search as well as novel applications such a suggesting illustrations for blocks of text (auto-illustrate) and generating words for images outside the training set (auto-annotate). In this paper we illustrate the approach on 10,000 images of work from the Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco. The images include line drawings, paintings, and pictures of sculpture and ceramics. Many of the images have associated free text whose nature varies greatly, from physical description to interpretation and mood. We incorporate statistical natural language processing in order to deal with free text. We use WordNet to provide semantic grouping information and to help disambiguate word senses, as well as emphasize the hierarchical nature of semantic relationships.


The Salar who lives in Qinghai Hehuang areas is China's one of the minority Muslims.Religious Ethics played a tremendous role in unite and standardized groups when the Salar in the process of development and multiply.Its not only as a belief throughout the national spirit,but also penetrate into Salar's all aspects of life,and formed their unique cultural identity of ethnic groups.


An annular slot-coupled dielectric resonator antenna is investigated experimentally. As compared with the previous rectangular-slot version, the new configuration offers a much wider bandwidth of 18%. The return loss, radiation patterns, and antenna gain of the configuration have been measured and are discussed.


The aliveness of a person can be related with the heart beat rhythm. So the heart beat rhythm can be signalized into an ECG. Nowadays for the biometric authentication purpose we normally use the finger print, face &iris recognition etc. Among that ECG is more against forgeries and it is advanced technique than finger print &face recognition. This paper describes different methods used in identifying a person using Electrocardiogram signals. The same signal used for the classification of emotions also. User identification is the common method for identify a user in the business field and other organizations. User ID is one of the most common authentication system used within computing systems, networks, applications and over the Internet. Commonly used authentications are fingerprint, face recognition, iris recognition & RFID etc. Among ECG is universal, continuous& difficult to falsify. So the user identification using ECG is the new trend in biometric authentication. ECG is a periodical signal creates P,QRS,T through depolarization of atrium, repolarization &depolarization of ventricle. ECG is a bio signal & is unique because the variation in amplitude of R wave and the time duration of each wave is different for each individual. There are many different types of emotions that have an influence on how we live on earth and how we behave to others. The emotions are identified were happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, surprise, and anger. This paper describes the different method used to identify the person &classifies the emotion using ECG.


It reviews the evidence for short-lived radionuclides in the early solar system and evaluates models for their origins. The stellar model requires that some freshly-nucleosynthesized radionuclides were injected into the protosolar cloud shortly before it began to collapse. The spallation model suggests that these isotopes were the products of interaction between energetic particles and gases/dusts in the protosolar cloud or solar nebula. A brief discussion was given to the new theory for the solar system formation-X-wind model.


Objectives: The study aimed to investigate possible mediating factors that contribute to poor sleep quality in carers for those with brain injury (BI). More specifically, whether fatigue, anxiety, depression and perceived burden were associated with and/or predicted poor sleep in carers of those with brain injury. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational design was utilised. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Zarit Buren Interview Short (ZBI-12) were completed by 237 carers of people with BI to assess sleep quality, psychological wellbeing and fatigue. Results: Carers demonstrated elevated levels of poor sleep quality, fatigue and poor psychological wellbeing. The results indicated there was a significant relationship between anxiety, depression, perceived burden, fatigue severity and sleep quality. Multiple regression analysis revealed that anxiety, depression, fatigue and burden explained 31.8% of variance in sleep quality. Depression and fatigue were significant predictors of sleep quality with fatigue symptomology being the strongest predictor of poor sleep amongst carers. Conclusion: Psychological wellbeing, perceived burden and fatigue are associated with sleep disturbances in carers with fatigue and depression predicting poor sleep quality. These results provide insight into an under-researched area and emphasise the necessity for support provisions which aim to improve sleep hygiene practices, improve psychological wellbeing and fatigue symptomology.


For neural networks we propose stochastic, non-parametric activation functions that are fully learnable and individual to each neuron.
Overfitting is prevented by placing a Gaussian process prior over these functions.
The model can handle uncertainties in its inputs and self-estimate the confidence of its predictions.
Using variational inference and the central limit theorem, a deterministic objective is derived, allowing it to be trained as efficiently as a conventional neural network using gradient descent.


This research study explored moral experiences using personal interviews and oral history narratives gathered from adult participants. The purpose of the research study was to seek a deep understanding of students' moral development in Roman Catholic schooling and the sustainability over time. The study focused on former parochial school students' perspectives of their moral experiences as children in Catholic parochial schools of the 1950s and 1960s. The participants responded to open-ended questions about their memories of childhood events, such as how the moral experience affected them when it initially happened, and how they feel it has shaped them as adults. Data collection utilized interviews, which were coded for evidence of specific cardinal virtues(prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance). These virtues provided an organizational tool from which to understand moral beliefs and actions over time. One key result of this study demonstrated that the majority of participants learned to think independently and critically about the meaning of many tenets from the Catholic Church doctrine in relation to their own moral growth.


The mineral apatite and apatite-like compounds are a class of promising inorganic materials, reported to have a wide range of applications including, but not limited to, oxide fuel cells, phosphors, catalysis, and biomaterials. The mineral could be easily tuned via ionic substitutions for enhancement of various optoelectronic properties. In this study we report characterization of natural apatite crystals from different sources using optical spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. We also note roles of external factors such as high pressure and doping with rareearth elements on the optoelectronic properties of the mineral to explore alternate pathways for material synthesis and potential new applications.


Self-assembly block copolymers have drawn a lot of attention for its great potential on critical dimension (CD) control and line-edge roughness (LER) reduction, which become more and more crucial as the CD of transistors is only tens of nanometers nowadays. In this study, lamellar-forming poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) copolymer which fabricates line patterns was chosen for its ability to provide higher aspect ratio and vertical sidewall profile in template stage, thus more suitable for the following etching process to substrate. A dry plasma etching process using pure oxygen and pure argon plasma as example chemical etching gas and physical etching gas, respectively, was studied. Etching selectivity and lateral etch rate, which are responsible for the final template height and CD loss, had been characterized on a capacitive reactive ion etching tool. The templates formed by the proposed process had high aspect ratios, excellent pattern fidelity, and low LER values. The PS lateral etch rate was small...


The performance of mechanical products is closely related to their key feature errors. It is essential to predict the final assembly variation by assembly variation analysis to ensure product performance. Rigid–flexible hybrid construction is a common type of mechanical product. Existing methods of variation analysis in which rigid and flexible parts are calculated separately are difficult to meet the requirements of these complicated mechanical products. Another methodology is a result of linear superposition with rigid and flexible errors, which cannot reveal the quantitative relationship between product assembly variation and part manufacturing error. Therefore, a kind of complicated products' assembly variation analysis method based on rigid–flexible vector loop is proposed in this article. First, shapes of part surfaces and sidelines are estimated according to different tolerance types. Probability density distributions of discrete feature points on the surface are calculated based on the tolerance field size with statistical methods. Second, flexible parts surface is discretized into a set of multi-segment vectors to build vector-loop model. Each vector can be orthogonally decomposed into the components representing position information and error size. Combining the multi-segment vector set of flexible part with traditional rigid part vector, a uniform vector-loop model is constructed to represent rigid and flexible complicated products. Probability density distributions of discrete feature points on part surface are regarded as inputs to calculate assembly variation values of products' key features. Compared with the existing methods, this method applies to the assembly variation prediction of complicated products that consist of both rigid and flexible parts. Impact of each rigid and flexible part's manufacturing error on product assembly variation can be determined, and it provides the foundation of parts tolerance optimization design. Finally, an assembly example of phased array antenna verifies effectiveness of the proposed method in this article.


A new VIA-2 contact programming ROM architecture for quad level metal (QLM) process was developed, fabricated and tested with 100 MIPS 16 bit fixed point digital signal processor (DSP). The new ROM cell achieved nearly the same density as conventional diffusion programming ROM (only 4% bigger in area), high speed (106 MHz@VDD=1.66 V, 149 MHz@VDD=2.13 V), shorter (1/5) Turn Around Time (TAT), more immunity to process deviations, and confirmed 100 MIPS, 100 MHz operation with DSP (4.5 M Transistors) using 0.35 /spl mu/m 2.5 V/3.3 V dual gates CMOS QLM process technology.


Abstract A significant connection between certain second-order differential subordination and subordination of f′(z) is obtained. This fundamental result is next applied to investigate the convexity of analytic functions defined in the open unit disk. As a consequence, criteria for convexity of functions defined by integral operators are determined. Connections are also made to earlier known results.


Background: The myocardial performance index (Tei index) is an echocardiographic index of combined systolic and diastolic functions. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its biologically inactive fragment N‐terminal pro‐BNP (NT‐pro‐BNP) are secreted by the heart in response to myocardial stretch. In this study, we investigated Tei index and NT‐pro‐BNP levels in patients with Wolff‐Parkinson‐White (WPW) syndrome before and after radiofrequency catheter ablation therapy (RFCA).


An apparatus and a method of detecting errors in supplying a polishing agent of a chemical mechanical polishing apparatus are provided to improve a production yield of a semiconductor apparatus by automatically inspecting the quality and supply amount of polishing agent. An apparatus of detecting errors in supplying a polishing agent of a chemical mechanical polishing apparatus includes a detecting unit, and an error detection controlling unit(40). The detecting unit detects the change of friction force between a semiconductor wafer and a polishing pad. The error detection controlling unit compares the detection result of the detecting unit with upper and lower limits of a pre-set reference value, and determines as the errors in case that the detection result is over the upper limit of the reference value or under the lower limit of the reference value. The detecting unit includes a current detecting unit(20) for detecting current of a driving motor(10) of which supply current is changed according to the friction force between the semiconductor wafer and the polishing pad, and a signal converting unit(30) for converting the detection result of the current detecting unit to a signal recognizable in the error detection controlling unit.


Classical Sāmkhya, as represented by Īśvarakrsna's Sāmkhya-kārikā, is well known for its attempt to prove not only the reality but the plurality of selves (purusa-bahutva). The Sāmkhya argument, since it proceeds from the reality of the manyness of the bodies as its basic premise, approximates, even if not in every detail, the 'argument from analogy' in its traditional form (which the essay tries to explicate). One distinguished modern interpreter, K. C. Bhattacharyya, however, not satisfied with this account, attempts to interpret and expound Sāmkhya pluralism in terms of a radically different strategy consisting of showing that the self is known in buddhi in its pure asmita function as an infinite I and so as necessarily involving all Is or selves. This solution, which in the process offers reflections on such issues as infinity, universals, the role of 'I', the individuality (of self), et cetera, is examined and criticized at length with respect to some of its basic assumptions, with a brief focus on the idea of 'self-consciousness', which according to some (Western) philosophers presupposes 'other'-consciousness and which in certain respects seems to inform Bhattacharyya's thoughts on the main issue.


The present invention relates to a device for filtering with the aid of at least one membrane, the device is used for water treatment plant (13) is immersible into filterable the medium, it said membrane (single / double) comprising means for injecting a gaseous fluid in the form of bubbles in order to clean, the filtration medium comprises a reverse flow means for preventing contact with the injection means.


Socio-economic factors are perceived as barriers to equity in health. This study examines the annual procedure volume of 1000 MRI sites in 120 counties of metropolitan areas in the USA. The results indicate that socio-economic factors have statistically significant associations with the observed rate of utilisation of MRI. Policy implications are discussed.


In the northern part of the Kaiparowits Plateau of southern Utah, excellent outcrops allow the detailed examination of Upper Cretaceous offshore, shoreface, estuarine, and coastal plain strata within an established sequence- stratigraphic framework. A lower sequence boundary, referred to as the Calico sequence boundary, is overlain by a 25- to 60-m-thick succession of strata interpreted as a transgressive systems tract. These strata consist of amalgamated braided river sandstones that pass upward into heterolithic estuarine strata and, in turn, into distal shoreface sandstones capped by a widespread fossiliferous horizon. Separating the heterolithic estuarine deposits from the overlying shoreface sandstone is a widespread erosion surface covered by a conglomerate of sub- o well-rounded pebbles. This surface is a ravinement surface or transgressive surface of erosion within the transgressive systems tract. The transgressive systems tract is overlain by up to 80 m of progradationally stacked parasequences, consisting of offshore and shoreface strata interpreted as the deposits of a highstand systems tract. In a landward direction the shoreface strata pinch out and highstand deposits are represented by coal-bearing coastal plain strata. A second sequence boundary, referred to as the A-sequence boundary, erosionally overlies these shoreface strata and, in turn, is overlain by an estuarine unit up to 38 m thick. These estuarine strata comprise a second transgressive systems tract that is capped by an erosion surface overlain by offshore strata. This study pro ides a useful analog for the interpretation and correlation of strata in less well exposed areas and particularly in the subsurface. This paper also provides facies dimensions of shoreface parasequences that may allow for better modeling of variations in reservoir compartmentalization within a sequence-stratigraphic framework. End_Page 235------------------------


The purpose of the study is to outline the artistic and communicative transformations of the Ukrainian book, which reflect the modern visual paradigm, as well as to highlight their influence on the further development of domestic book design. Research methods include theoretical, source-scientific, comparative, chronological and analytical. Scientific novelty. It was found that transformations of artistic and communicative possibilities in domestic book design were actively manifested, primarily due to the development of innovative alternative book forms, as well as the reaction of the artistic and visual system of classical publications to the demands of the times. The main influencing factors were the visual turn in culture with the subsequent formation of a visual artistic paradigm, technological progress in design and the development of various directions of visual communications. It has been proven that the visual communication of modern domestic book editions has significantly increased compared to the book of the 20th century, as the design and projection of the book has acquired an innovative toolkit, which allowed to attract additional channels of perception. In addition, in the process of research, the mutual influence of the communicative capabilities of the book and its design development is outlined, as well as the systematization of the artistic and communicative levels of modern Ukrainian book publishing is proposed. Conclusions. The artistic characteristics of a modern book form a single harmonious field among themselves, which effectively implement communicative tasks. In particular, the visual communication of the book takes place on several levels: illustrative, compositional, spatial, provided that they are equivalent within the ensemble of each edition. However, with the strengthening of certain separate levels of communication, which occurs due to the popularization of new alternative book forms that demonstrate the advantages of separate visual-communicative channels, it is possible to state the presence of an appropriate artistic-communicative classification among the latest book products. Thus, in a classic paper book the compositional level of visual communication dominates, in a graphic novel (comics, sketches) the illustrative level of visual communication prevails, in interactive book products, on the other hand, the main visual and communicative level is the artistic space organized by the designer-developer using immersive technologies and structural layout design techniques.


Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem worldwide as well as in developing countries. With the cancer incidence further rising, it poses a huge public health and economic challenge. Although widespread research for management of cancer has been going on and present treatment causes so many adverse effects with enormous financial implication, a huge unconsummated need of better intervention is to be explored that has no or less side effects, easily available and above all cost effective in cancer treatment. Unani physicians have not only described the concept of Sartan which literally mean cancer but also cited its management through different regimen which remains unexplored. Linkage of cancer to erratic life style and hereditary factors had been quoted by Unani scholar's way back in 12 century itself. The recent studies in the field of herbal cancer therapy indirectly support and validate the Unani theory of humors particularly Sauda (black bile). Many single drugs, used in Unani system for the disease, have been evaluated for anticancer activity and found to be very effective. However, no attention has been paid to elucidate the efficacy of compound formulations which needs to be scientifically validated. It is defined as Warm Salabat (hard inflammation) with lesion and their tributaries filled by Madda Saudavia (morbid melancholic humour). The main cause of Sartan (cancer) is stated to be morbid Sauda which is formed by Sauda-e-Ahtraqia (combustion of sauda) after Ahtraq( combustion) of Sauda. The principles of its management include Ilaj-bid-Dawa (drug therapy), Ilaj-bilGhiza (dietotherapy), Ilaj-bit-Tadbeer (regimenal therapy) and Ilaj-bil-Yad (surgery). The future strategies for research in Unani medicine are to validate these therapies by undertaking in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies as adjuvant or in palliative care.


Three different lithotypes of Longyan (LY) anthracite with different particle size were separated by means of flotation technique. Experiments of the particle fragmentation during pyrolysis and combustion were conducted in a TGA system and a pilot scale fluidized bed furnace, respectively. It is shown that for clarain and culm many new fine particles are generated during pyrolysis, most of which has a size smaller than 0.8mm. The primary fragmentation reaction of clarain and clum becomes severely with the increase of heating rate and the sample particle size. For durain particle, no obvious fragmentation is found under the same experimental condition. Factors, such as particle properties, particle size, furnace′s bed temperature and combustion time, have an important effect on the fragmentation of LY anthracite during its combustion in fluidized bed. Clarain and culm occur tremendous fragmentation in fluidized bed due to their compact structure, few large pores in inner particle, high microscope-hardness (H_ m,v ) and low ash content. The fragmentation of clarain and culm tends to be severely with the increase of particle size, bed temperature and combustion time. Durain doesn′t have obvious fragmentation during combustion in fluidized bed. Both clarain and culm undergo the secondary fragmentation during combustion, but the secondary fragmentation of clarain is severely in the late stage of combustion. The particle size of clarain declines more rapidly than that of culm. In the early stage of combustion, the mean particle size of clarain decreases promptly as a result of primary fragmentation, but with the time going it falls to a stable size. The combustion model of clarain in fluidized bed is equidensity shrinking core model, while that of durain is equidiameter one, and that of culm is a mixed model.


Abstract Atmospheric corrosion of Al–1Si–0·5Cu has been studied during the thinning of the electrolyte layer. It was shown that the electrolyte layer behaves as a thin film when it is less than about 1 mm thick. Under an electrolyte containing chloride, the galvanic current passed through a peak as the film thickness diminished and the peak height increased with chlorideion concentration. A decrease in galvanic current with the thinning of the electrolyte layer is characteristic of distilled water films. The change in the galvanic current during thinning revealed that anodic dissolution from the aluminium alloy took place up to the current peak, after which the alloy was passivated by the precipitation of corrosion products in chloride solutions and by the formation of a passivating oxide film in distilled water. The anodic dissolution rate up to the current peak is determined by diffusion controlled oxygen reduction on a palladium counter electrode.


Let $S$ be a set of points in $\mathbb{R}^2$ contained in a circle and $P$ an unrestricted point set in $\mathbb{R}^2$. We prove the number of distinct distances between points in $S$ and points in $P$ is at least $\min(|S||P|^{1/4-\varepsilon},|S|^{2/3}|P|^{2/3},|S|^2,|P|^2)$.
This builds on work of Pach and De Zeeuw, Bruner and Sharir, McLaughlin and Omar and Mathialagan on distances between pairs of sets.


Extraction of dye from dry fruit of Rothmannia whitfieldii was carried out using four different extraction methods. Solvent and acid extraction methods gave a colourless supernatant solution after extraction time of 45 minutes at 60°C. The alkali method gave a deep brown coloured supernatant solution while the aqueous method gave a dark coloured supernatant solution after extraction under the same conditions. From the result of the FTIR spectroscopy characterization of the coloured solutions and the dry powder of Rothmannia whitfieldii fruit, it was observed that only the alkali method extracted what can be called a dye with likely presence of tannins. The result also showed that the possible functional groups present in the supernatant solution after aqueous extraction are same with the functional groups present in the dry pulverized Rothmannia whitfieldii fruit. Hence, aqueous method did not extract any dye. Similarly, a mixture of the solution after aqueous extraction with drops of alkali solution produced a deep brown coloured solution indicating solubility of the dye component in alkali media.


Self-assembled monolayers of para-substituted phenylphosphonic acids were used to modify the surface of nickel oxide layer, which served as the hole-transport layer in the fabrication of inverted perovskite solar cells. The monolayer was installed to modulate the work function of NiO x based on their electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituent, while the perovskite film morphology and quality were not significantly altered due to analogous hydrophilic nature of the modified surfaces. The modification impacted the device performance such that the best-performing device was observed with electron-withdrawing cyano-substituted phosphonic acid modification, with a maximum power conversion efficiency of 18.45% obtained. The effect of modification on parameters such as open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and field factor are discussed.


The concepts of space and time have dramatically changed with the development of modern sciences, such as geometry, physics, and astronomy. This radical shift also changes every aspect of our perspectives, including those on urban space and urban planning. With a brief introduction to the evolution of geometry, this article discusses the development of the way we think about and evaluate urban space. Such development is divided into two phases: homogeneous urban space and generalized non-Euclidean urban space, each with corresponding patterns of urban planning. Some key issues in the non-Euclidean pattern of planning are then explored intensively, such as varied measurements of urban land, geodesics in the city, and urban planning in spacetime. While emphasizing the way of thinking in urban planning process, this article provides some proposals that differ from those related to absolute space.


It was due to high-tech, complex structures , high fault rates and the bad working conditions, difficult to check and repair the air-conditioned generating car. Based on the knowledge of the Fault Diagnosis Expert System and the working principles of air-conditioned generating car different parts, it was discussed that how to set up the Fault Diagnosis Expert System for Air -conditioned Generating Car ,and was indicated through the example of combustion engine faults.


This article aims to describe and analyze related to land ownership rights, viewed from the perspective of Islamic law from the point of view of Imam Syafi'i and Imam Hambali which is then related to what happened in Ex. Bara-barayya, Kec. Makassar, Makassar City. In answering the problems above, the author uses a type of research that is classified as qualitative with the research approaches used are: theological-normative, pedagogical, psychological, and sociological. The sources of data for this research are local residents of Bara-barayya and community leaders. Furthermore, the data collection methods used were observation, interviews, documentation, and reference tracing. Then, data processing and analysis techniques were carried out through three stages, namely: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate the history of the birth of land disputes in the Bara-barayya Village, Makassar District, Makassar City and also discuss the process of resolving land disputes, with this thesis it is hoped that this thesis can be a contribution to people who want to know more details about the history of disputes and the existing dispute resolution process. in Bara-barayya Village, Makassar District, Makassar City.