This book is part of a series of volumes covering all aspects of dermatology. The focus of this volume is specifically on protective gloves for a series of hazardous environments and tasks. It covers all aspects from the manufacture, selection and performance of gloves, particularly concentrating on the in vitro testing and performance of handwear. The authors start by taking an ergonomics approach to the use of protective gloves, recommending risk assessment as a starting point for the evaluation of the requirements and selection of the appropriate protection. It moves on through various manufacturing techniques and materials, predominately focusing on moulded gloves. Brief reviews of the legal requirements and standards for Europe, USA and Japan provide a framework within which gloves need to be selected and used. Several chapters deal with reactions suffered by wearers of the gloves, providing detail on the diagnosis, evaluation and management of skin conditions arising from contact with the protective material of the glove. The detail given to the review of the tests is in depth and suitable for those wishing to gain more information about the processes. The explanations of these tests are particularly useful to the practitioner, providing a good understanding of the expected requirements of the gloves. As could be expected from a book that is part of a clinical series, it does concentrate on the medical issues that can arise from using different types of gloves. One noticeable factor was that the focus was very much on the protection offered by the gloves against chemicals and micro-bacterial infection and the prevention of contamination from the glove materials. The book only briefly deals with the issues of fit and the loss of performance that the gloves afford to the tasks being done. Further discussion of these physical ergonomics issues would have been useful, particularly those related to protective gloves used in the reduction of vibration-related injuries. The title of the book gives the impression that it is inclusive of all issues related to protective gloves. This is not the case. The lack of consideration of the end use performance of the glove means that it is not a complete reference book for protective handwear. The text is written in an easy flowing style and comprehensive manner that enables the practising occupational hygienist to gain a good understanding of the related issues. This book is clearly aimed at the occupational hygienist and ergonomics practitioner dealing with health and safety issues specific to the skin. The specialist reader may find some sections are not covered in the depth they would like. Overall, this publication provides a considered review of the factors involved with the selection, use and ongoing management of protective gloves for medical and chemical applications.


In the Bayesian view of decisionmaking, there are two essential ingredients to any decision problem: a probability distribution over the unknown states and a utility function for the possible consequences of any action envisaged. The form of the probability specification has been extensively discussed, especially in the statistical literature. Only slightly less attention has been given to the study of utilities. Primary references are papers or books by Mosteller and Nogee (1951), McDaniel, Halter, and Hartford (1961), Pratt, Raiffa, and Schlaifer (1965), Schlaifer (1969, 1971), Becker, DeGroot, and Marschak (1963), Luce (1959), Luce and Krantz (1971), Krantz, Luce, Suppes, and Tversky (1971), Tversky (1972a, 1972b), DeGroot (1963), Cyert and DeGroot (1975), Arrow (1952), Fishburn (1970), Brown, Kahr, and Peterson (1974), and Hull, Moore, and Thomas (1973). Papers by Block and Marschak (1960), Luce and Suppes (1963), and Indow (1975) provide surveys of the contributions that have been made to utility theory by persons identified with a variety of academic disciplines. It is common in some statistical work to specify a quadratic, zero-one, or threshold utility without giving much attention to whether these are realistic descriptions of the consequences that might ensue. Most notable exceptions to this are the paper by Pratt (1964), which most carefully discusses the form utility might take when the unknown is entirely monetary, and the work of Schlaifer (1971) and of Keeney and Raiffa (1976). Gross and Su (1975), Novick and Petersen (1976), Petersen (1976), and Petersen and Novick (1976) have used a threshold utility function in which the utility is at a constant low level up to some threshold point and then at a constant high level above that point. For example, in the case of grade-point average in the interval 0 to 4, a threshold utility function would specify a utility of zero for the interval 0 to 00 and one on the interval 80 to 4. In the present paper we discuss more realistic forms that utility functions might take in selected educational applications and how they can be used. These functions take utility to be a nonlinearly increasing function of 0. The emphasis in this paper is on applications; the underlying theory is treated in a companion paper (Novick and Lindley, 1979).


This review provides an overview of heterogeneous bimetallic Pd-Fe catalysts in the C–C and C–O cleavage of platform molecules such as C2–C6 polyols, furfural, phenol derivatives and aromatic ethers that are all easily obtainable from renewable cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (the major components of lignocellulosic biomasses). The interaction between palladium and iron affords bimetallic Pd-Fe sites (ensemble or alloy) that were found to be very active in several sustainable reactions including hydrogenolysis, catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis (CTH) and aqueous phase reforming (APR) that will be highlighted. This contribution concentrates also on the different synthetic strategies (incipient wetness impregnation, deposition-precipitaion, co-precipitaion) adopted for the preparation of heterogeneous Pd-Fe systems as well as on the main characterization techniques used (XRD, TEM, H2-TPR, XPS and EXAFS) in order to elucidate the key factors that influence the unique catalytic performances observed.


INVENTION FOR EQUIPMENT USED TO THE BOTTOM OF DRILLING. GENERATOR HAS DEEP DRILLING HOLE INCLUDES TURBINE RING 30, MOUNTED ON A HOUSING CYLINDER 10 AND PREPARED IN ORDER TO BE DRIVEN BY CURRENT MUD IN PASSING TRAIN OF rODS AND STATOR RING CASE 32 FIXED 10 UPSTREAM TURBINE. THE STATOR INCLUDES 34 FINS INCLINED IN DIRECTION RELATIVE TO THE AXIS OF CURRENT MUD 28, WHILE THE TURBINE BLADES OF 36 PARALLEL TO THIS LINE OR INCLINED IN THE SAME WAY AS THOSE STATOR LOW BUT MORE. FINS 34 STATOR CURRENT LEADS THE MUD A HIT FINS 36 TURBINE IN A CORNER AS FOLLOWS AN AXIAL THRUST ZERO OR LOW LEVELS ON TURBINE 56, 58 AND THEREFORE IT IS POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN A LONG LIFE FOR THESE LEVELS. APPLICATION TO DRILLING.


Motivated by recent experimental studies of Bodenschatz et al. [E. Bodenschatz, J.R. de Bruyn, G. Ahlers and D.S. Cannell, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 67}, 3078 (1991) ], we present a numerical study of a generalized two dimensional Swift-Hohenberg equation to model pattern formation in Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in a non-Boussinesq fluid. It is shown that many of the features observed in these experiments can be reproduced by this generalized model that explicitly includes non-Boussinesq and mean flow effects. The spontaneous formation of hexagons, rolls, and a rotating spiral pattern is studied, as well as the transitions and competition among them. Mean flow, non-Boussinesq effects, the geometric shape of the lateral wall, and sidewall forcing are all shown to be crucial in the formation of the rotating spirals. We also study nucleation and growth of hexagonal patterns and find that the front velocity in this two dimensional model is consistent with the prediction of marginal stability theory for one dimensional fronts.


A precast concrete stair unit structure having an inverse triangular cross-sectional shape is provided to manufacture lightweight precast stairs without a slab easily, to use high strength concrete and general concrete, to reduce weight, to absorb noise and to increase allowable deformation by using lightweight coarse aggregate having a diameter of 5mm and below, to manufacture a form for production easily having a simple shape and to make mass production possible with low expenses, and precast concrete stairs are provided to have load carrying capacity to bear dead weight or load of stairs and to reduce walking noise by using a precast concrete stair unit structure, to make installation possible without form work or timbering work, to reduce the cost of construction by reducing labor costs and shortening a period of construction, to have excellent constructability, and to reduce the cost of manufacture and conveyance. A precast concrete stair unit structure(10) having an inverse triangular cross-sectional shape includes a stepping surface(11), a rise(12), an inclined base(14), two inverse triangular side faces(13) formed to be thinner rearward from the rise, and at least two reinforcing bars buried under the lower part of the stepping surface in the longitudinal direction. Precast concrete stairs are formed by coupling many precast concrete stair unit structures having an inverse triangular cross-sectional shape to two metallic side plates, fixing nut members(16) exposed to the inverse triangular side faces of the precast concrete stair unit structure with the side plate spaced out from a wall using bolts and the side plate inserted to a wall using bolt head bars to make the bolt head bars extended toward the outside of the side plates and located in a wall to be formed.


A conductive polymer gel which comprises water as a main component, a conductive conjugated polymer and a surfactant and / or an alcohol. It also contains electrolytes. Conjugated conductive polymer may also be doped with a dopant. Conductive polymer gel is obtained by the following method: the conductive co-polymer colloidal dispersion and / or solution of the conductive yoke conjugated polymer added surfactant and / or an alcohol, placing the mixture, thereby it gelled.


The Bumiaji area is an upstream river basin that has undergone land changes from an undeveloped to a developed area, which may cause a disturbance in the river basin. This research investigates the river basin using secondary data covering land use, land slope, rainfall, and soil types. The quality indicator of a river basin is measured from the quantity of surface runoff. The bigger the scale of the surface runoff is, the lower the quality of the river basin. This research aims to examine the effect of land use changes on the river basin condition, using surface runoff as the indicator. The result shows that the change of land use at Bumiaji affects the surface runoff coefficient and river discharge increment in the Bumiaji river basin. It is concluded that the runoff coefficient (C) increased in sub-river basins one to four, while it decreased in sub-river basin five.


Context: M'sila city occupies a privileged position in the central part of northern Algeria. The climate of this area is continental, subject in part to the Saharan influences of which vegetation is steppic. Aims: Highlight traditional usage of plants despite environmental characteristics. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey in the city of M'sila was conducted during the period 2011-2012 in collaboration with traditional practitioners, herbalists and healers. A total of 85 adults were able to determine the species and answer questions about the traditional use of plants in artisanal processing, nutritional and medicinal domains. Results: Medicinal plants recorded in the city of M'sila were 36 divided into 16 families and 31 genera. Lamiaceae family predominates (27.8%), followed by Asteraceae (13.9%). Leaves are the most frequently used (27.4%), the aerial parts (18.5%) and thus the seeds (16.3%). It appears that the population is highly dependent on these plants that allow them to treat different pathologies (digestive, stomach, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting) with a percentage (18.6%), carminative (5.7%) and antidiabetic (12.2%). In general, the remedies are administered orally. Indeed, therapeutic use forms are: the tisane or decoction (44.7%), infusion (27.1%) and powder (12.2%). Conclusions: The ethnobotanical survey conducted among traditional healers, herbalists and healers in the M'sila city has created an inventory of 36 species and a database that collected all the information on local and traditional therapeutic applications as well as all the diseases treated.


Fixed dose drug combination (FDC) of amlodipine and atenolol are being prescribed extensively for the management of hypertension and chronic stable angina. The poisoning of calcium channel blocker along with a beta blocker is a nightmare in clinical settings due to potentially life threatening complications, especially, profound refractory bradycardia and persistent hypotension. Lack of treatment guidelines further adds to already challenging clinical scenario. Treatment can be done with fluid, calcium, and beta adrenoceptor agonists or with hyperinsulinemia and euglycemic as adjunctive therapy. The literature available on management of Amlodipine plus atenolol overdose is scarce. The authors present a case of 50 year old female patient who was presented in the emergency department after she had allegedly consumed a bottle of FDC tablets of amlodipine and atenolol. The authors reviews the literature and discusses treatment options available for the management.


This paper summarizes our recent studies on a gas breakdown in microgaps with a surface protrusion on the electrode with more detailed information. The breakdown voltages are quantified when the discharge enters into the subnormal glow region with negative differential resistance, using a 2-D fluid model. The breakdown characteristics are evaluated with the effects of the protrusion geometries, such as protrusion size and aspect ratio, as well as the discharge polarity. It is found that in an atmospheric-pressure microgap, the protrusion size has a more profound effect on the breakdown voltage than its aspect ratio, which is due to the competition between the current density enhancement and the effective cathode emission area. As gas pressure varies, the surface protrusion on the electrode results in a combined Paschen's curve, which transits from long-gap behavior at low pressure to short-gap behavior at high pressure. The key parameters on the breakdown characteristics with the surface protrusion are elucidated.


Introduction We previously reported the outcome of a retrospective evaluation of asthma care for patients attending three emergency departments (ED) in England. 1 We demonstrated that components of the BTS Asthma Care Bundle were completed in less than a third of patients attending the ED with an acute exacerbation. We now report prospective data from two of the participating trusts following implementation of interventions designed to improve asthma care for patients attending the ED. Methods Setting: Two NHS hospital trusts in England over a six-month period. Design: Prospective evaluation of asthma care for patients attending the ED with asthma exacerbation. Intervention: Both trusts implemented electronic systems to identify asthma patients attending ED. All patients were contacted by an asthma nurse by telephone following their attendance. In Trust 1, contacted patients were invited to attend a specialist nurse-led clinic within 2 working days of ED attendance. In Trust 2, a specialist nurse-led telephone consultation was undertaken and patients were triaged for follow-up using a standard protocol. Data collection: A standard dataset was collected for each patient event, including demographics and delivery of asthma care with reference to the BTS asthma Care Bundle. Data analysis: Data are presented descriptively. Results This study includes 120 patient events (26% male, 17–81 years). Significant improvements in asthma care were observed in both trusts. Attendance in nurse-led clinics in Trust 1 led to completion of care elements set-out in the BTS asthma bundle in almost all patients. Follow-up arrangements improved in both Trusts. Data are presented in Table 1. Conclusion Electronic systems can be used to identify patients attending ED with asthma exacerbations for review by specialist asthma services. Elements of asthma care described in the BTS bundle are infrequently performed in the ED. Early specialist nurse-led clinic review can address this. Identifying patients and arranging review in specialist nurse-led clinics offer a way of providing optimal asthma care for patients discharged from ED.Abstract P159 Table 1 Descriptor Retrospective study1 Prospective study Trust 1 and 2 (n= 207) Trust 1 (n= 68) Trust 2 (n= 52) Combined (n= 120) Inhaler technique assessment, n (%)* - Yes- No- Not documented 6 (2.8)114 (55.1)87 (42.1) 67 (98.5)0 (0)1 (1.5) 3 (5.8)1 (1.9)48 (92.3) 70 (58.3)1 (0.8)49 (40.8) Medication adherence assessed, n (%) - Yes- No- Not recorded Trust 1 only 0 (0)0(0)117 (100) 56 (82.3)4 (5.9)8 (11.8) 43 (82.7)2 (3.8)7 (13.5) 99 (82.5)6 (5.0)15 (12.5) Asthma action plan provided, n (%) - Yes- No- Unknown 0 (0)117 (56.5)90 (43.5) 67 (98.5)0 (0)1 (1.5) 8 (17.3)21 (40.4)22 (42.3) 75 (63.3)21 (17.5)23 (19.2) Follow-up arranged, n (%) Community- Yes- No- Not recorded Specialist- Yes- No 36 (17.4)164 (79.2)7 (3.4)2 (1.0)205 (99.0) 0 (0)0 (0)68 (100) 68 (100)0 (0) 31 (59.6)9 (17.3)12 (23.1) 34 (65.3)18 (34.6) 31 (25.8)9 (7.5)80 (66.7) 102 (85)18 (15) Smoking status documented, n (%) - Yes- No- Current smoker Trust 1 Only 18 (15.4)99 (84.6) 6 (6) 63 (92.6)5 (7.4)18 (26.4) 38 (73.1)14 (26.9)9 (17.3) 101 (84.2)19 (15.8)27 (22.5) * All assessed in the ED in the retrospective study; Trust 1 completed assessment during the nurse-led clinic in the prospective study, whereas in Trust 2 this was still actioned in the ED


A direct analysis technique was used to study properties of a class of second order neutral differential inequalities with distributed delay and minimum.Some sufficient conditions are obtained for non-existence of eventually positive solutions of the second order neutral differential inequalities with continuous distributed delay and minimum.


Conventional acquisition and processing of seismic data from thrust-fold belt tectonic settings (e.g., the Canadian Foothills) is often inadequate in producing a reliable velocity model and corresponding sub-surface image. Near-surface geology and data qu


Due to the fact that the real millimeter-wave (MMW) images of imaging scene are unknown, it is difficult to judge that which reconstructed image is more close to real MMW image. In this paper, we propose a novel blind restoration method (BRM) for synthetic aperture imaging radiometer (SAIR) to reconstruct the MMW image more close to the real MMW images. According to different parameter sensitivity of SAIR's imaging models, BRM first to find the matching parameters by comparing the error between different imaging methods to improve the accuracy of imaging model. Then, the optimal images (close to real MMW image) will be reconstructed by the improved imaging model with matching parameters. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can find the real images for SAIR effectively.


A-proper total coloring of graph is called the star total coloring of,if the vertices and edges of any path of the length of two receive distinct colors,the minimum number of spanning over all-star-total-colorings of is called the star total chromatic number of.The star total chromatic number of some join of graphs is studied in this paper.


The continuous striving to secure a competitive advantage in a dynamic and changing global space is increasingly shifting towards the labor market. To attract potential and retain qualified staff, tourism and hospitality organizations allocate significantly more funds and time to the task than previously. In this context, the use of social networks is viewed from two diametrically opposed platforms: ever more employers visit social networks to obtain additional information on candidates; while viewed from the perspective of potential candidates, their intention to get to know the employer, its image and reputation corresponds with their decision on whether or not they will be applying for a vacancy. The aim of the research is to determine the connection between the methods of the human resources recruitment process for managerial positions, technical/professional jobs and for interns, and the social networks where they advertise those vacancies. Five social networks were taken into account: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and Instagram. The research was conducted within the Republic of Serbia from May 1 to June 30, 2021, and the sample included 133 respondents.


The following interview with Professors Sabino Cassese and Daria de Pretis, Emeritus Justice and Justice, respectively, of the Italian Constitutional Court, took place on 12.11.2015 as part of Dialoghi Italiani, a discussion group of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law (MPIL) in Heidelberg which is dedicated to examining significant developments in the Italian political and institutional world. The meeting – held in Italian and addressed to both Italian and international academics – followed the format of a double interview. Focusing on the most relevant issues that affect the functionality and working methods of the Italian Constitutional Court, it touched on the protection of acquired rights, the introduction of the dissenting opinion, internal decision-making dynamics and the role of comparison and informal networks of justices. The result was a lively exchange of ideas and opinions – at times convergent, at


A system and method provide an earphone device which provides a full dynamic range of sound, including bass, to a user. The earphone device includes a transducer coupled to a nozzle, and ear fittings. The earphone device further includes an audio aperture. The aperture in the audio aperture or diaphragm cover provides a means for the acoustical energy to be fine-tuned to the nozzle.


Background : Fear of childbirth is associated with many negative consequences during delivery and the postpartum period, especially regarding maternal and infant health. It is important to identify the fear of childbirth in nursing students before they become health professionals. Aim : This study aimed to examine the effect of an obstetrics and gynecology nursing lesson on the pre-pregnancy fear of childbirth (FOC) in nursing students. Methodology : This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out with 332 undergraduate nursing students. The study data was collected using, a ''Student Information Form'', and the the Turkish version of the Childbirth Fear - Prior to Pregnancy Scale (WCF-PPS/MCF-PPS). Results : The mean total WCF-PPS score of the female students included in the study was 41.63±9.49 and the mean total MCF-PPS total score of the male students was 37.17±8.99. There was no significant difference between the total WCF-PPS and MCF-PPS scores of students who took or did not take obstetrics and gynecology nursing lesson (p=0.696; p=0.133, respectively). However, the total WCF -PPS score was significantly higher (44.59±8.47) in female students who had difficulty during the clinical practice phase of obstetrics and gynecology nursing lesson (p=0.016). Conclusions : Turkish nursing students had an above-average fear of childbirth. Negative experiences during the clinical practice could be triggered the fear of childbirthConsidering these results, interventions that provide emotional support and promote collaborative clinical practices should be planned and students should be supported in the clinical environment.


GeoSeism is a GIS-based application software which is intended to provide more automated seismic microzonation studies by utilizing the interoperable GIS technology. Proving the applicability of the LCIM (Levels of Conceptual Interoperability Model), it portrays an implemented combination of technical along with semantic and conceptual interoperability maturity, in which the modelling level of interoperability consists of more than one data end-users. Based on the experiences distilled from an extensive case study, this case faces problems of data inconsistency related to semantics. Inconsistency restricts the capability to derive geotechnical meanings from the employed geospatial data. The role of the semantic interoperability level is to appropriately process the meanings of the exchanged data so that the end-users can efficiently use these data. Otherwise, data are not fully applicable on geotechnical methodologies. The interoperation with the expert knowledge algorithm Semantic Interpreter Pythia (SI) proved especially helpful to undertake the role to improve the semantic interoperability in an automated manner. It modeled the semantics of data prior to data exchange. This innovative type of semantic interpretation is not related to the conventional search processes but to the spatial data process and the overcoming of a variety of many semantic-related data inconsistency. Distributed systems could evolve into geotechnical interoperable GIS combining typical application software with an SI. GeoSeism implemented a first concept of interoperable GIS which can model geotechnical semantics to ensure semantic interoperability, as well as allows for current or future interchange of geotechnical operations and applicable data for the benefit of engineers and GIS.


Objective To investigate the influence of music on growth and development in mice.Method 30 ICR mice which were fed 27 days in music environment of 50 dB and 60 dB of Guzheng and Hulu hereby,were weighed once per 3 days,and were measured digestibility of various nutrients of feed once per 9 days.Result The body weights of female mice in different music environment were all higher than control group(P 0.05),and 50 dB groups were higher than 60 dB groups in all music environment(P 0.05).The body weights of male mice in Guzheng music environment were higher than that of control group(P 0.05).However the body weights of male mice in Hulu hereby music environment were lower than control group.The digestibility of various nutrients of mice had no significant difference in different music environment(P 0.05).Conclusion Different music environment have a significant effect on the body weight of mice,and have no effect on the digestibility of various nutrients.


This study suggests a precision flow control system that enables fluid injection of a few grams at a time in a few ms time duration. The fluid injection system suggested here consists of a high pressure fluid pump, a 3 way 3 position directional control valve, an injector and an orifice. The orifice is located between the directional control valve and the injector. By supplying current signal to the directional control valve, the prescribed small amount of fluid can be supplied to a plant through the injector. The control robustness of the suggested system against the disturbances like the pressure change in a plant and the viscosity variation of the injected fluid is secured easily by using an orifice with very small inside diameter and setting the supply pressure with comparatively high value. The control performances of the suggested system are verified by numerical simulations and experiments. The outcomes of this research could be applied to the common rail injection control of lubrication oil for large size marine diesel engines, and other industrial plants.


We have studied the spatial and temporal varia- tion of the surface longwave radiation (downwelling and net) over a 21-year period in the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean (40 S-40 N, 90 E-75 W). The fluxes were computed using a deterministic model for atmospheric radiation trans- fer, along with satellite data from the ISCCP-D2 database and reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR (acronyms explained in main text), for the key atmospheric and surface input pa- rameters. An excellent correlation was found between the downwelling longwave radiation (DLR) anomaly and the Ni˜ no-3.4 index time-series, over the Niregion located in the central Pacific. A high anti-correlation was also found over the western Pacific (15-0 S, 105-130 E). There is con- vincing evidence that the time series of the mean down- welling longwave radiation anomaly in the western Pacific precedes that in the Ni ˜ no-3.4 region by 3-4 months. Thus, the downwelling longwave radiation anomaly is a comple- mentary index to the SST anomaly for the study of ENSO events and can be used to asses whether or not El Ni˜ no or La Ni˜


The NAIRU is the rate of unemployment consistent with stable inflation... An important challenge in setting economic policy is to identify the rate of capacity utilisation that is sustainable, in the sense that it is associated with reasonably stable inflation. There are different ways of measuring capacity utilisation. Looking at perhaps the most common measure, unemployment, this idea of sustainable resource utilisation has been made operational in the concept of the NAIRU – the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment, i.e. the unemployment rate consistent with stable inflation.1


This article is concerned with International methodology of assessment of employment protection. The main problem that is raised in this article is the follow  ing one – what indicator and criteria should be used in order to determine the degree of employment protection in a particular country? Author outlines and comprises the basic indicators that were created by the leading institutions: the OECD, the World Bank and Cambridge Center for Business research. The positive as well as negative consequences and also an influence of having a stringent degree of employment protection on the areas like productivity, labor market, labor market flows, etc. are described and discussed. Author also suggests different steps that should be taken in order to reform the current situation and solve problems in the labor area. Three possible ways of how to reform and enhance employment protection are analyzed and characterized.


There is growing interest in using ceramics for structural applications, many of which require the fabrication of components with complicated shapes. Normal ceramic processing methods restrict the shapes into which these materials can be produced, but ceramic joining technology can be used to overcome many of these limitations, and also offers the possibility for improving the reliability of ceramic components. One method of joining ceramics is by brazing. The metallic alloys used for bonding must wet and adhere to the ceramic surfaces without excessive reaction. Alumina, partially stabilized zirconia, and silicon nitride have high ionic character to their chemical bonds and are difficult to wet. Alloys for brazing these materials must be formulated to overcome this problem. Silicon carbide, which has some metallic characteristics, reacts excessively with many alloys, and forms joints of low mechanical strength. The brazing characteristics of these three types of ceramics, and residual stresses in ceramic-to-metal joints are briefly discussed.


Indomethacin is a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor and has been used in the treatment of premature labor since the mid1970s. Experimental data indicates that maternal ingestion of indomethacin and other cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors can cause constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). 1,2 Although an association between prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors and PPHN 3 or cardiac failure 4 has been described in case reports, studies of large series of neonates exposed in the antenatal period to indomethacin have failed to reveal severe cardiopulmonary effects. 5,6 It has been shown that ductal constriction induced by administration of indomethacin can cause right ventricular concentric hypertrophy and left ventricular dilatation in fetal rats. 7 Ductal constriction is assumed to cause pulmonary and right ventricular hypertension, decreased right ventricular output, rise in right atrial pressure, increased blood flow through the foramen ovale and increased volume load to the left ventricle. A patient, whose mother had been treated with indomethacin for premature labor from 26 to 34 weeks' gestation, had severe congestive heart failure at birth. We consider that maternal administration of indomethacin caused ductal constriction and subsequently congestive failure occurred in the patient.


In this paper we study derivations in subalgebras of $L_{0}^{wo}(\nu ;% \mathcal{L}(X)) $, the algebra of all weak operator measurable funtions $f:S\to \mathcal{L}(X) $, where $% \mathcal{L}(X) $ is the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators on a Banach space $X$. It is shown, in particular, that all derivations on $L_{0}^{wo}(\nu ;\mathcal{L}(X)) $ are inner whenever $X$ is separable and infinite dimensional. This contrasts strongly with the fact that $L_{0}^{wo}(\nu ;\mathcal{L}(X)) $ admits non-trivial non-inner derivations whenever $X$ is finite dimensional and the measure $\nu $ is non-atomic. As an application of our approach, we study derivations in various algebras of measurable operators affiliated with von Neumann algebras.


This lemma shows that the distributional perturbation measured by W∞-distance is equivalent to input perturbation. Hence we can study Winf -distributional robustness through `inf -input-robustness. The basic tool for our proof is the covering number, which is defined as follows. Definition 2. (Wainwright, 2019) A r-cover of (X , ‖ · ‖p) is any point set {ui} ⊆ X such that for any u ∈ X , there exists ui satisfies ‖u− ui‖p ≤ r. The covering number N (r,X , ‖ · ‖p) is the cardinality of the smallest r-cover.


Most of the methods for ontology merging need participation of domain experts and provide only partial automation with low efficiency. It is time-consuming and laborious especially when large amount of data are to be merged. In this paper, a method based on semantic is designed for ontology merging according to the case of ontologies to be merged. In this method, first the ontologies to be merged are conversed into a unified format. Then a secondary file is generated. After that semantic analysis is applied to secondary file and a dynamic SQL statements is generated automatically. At last the SQL statements are executed to finish ontology merging. It has been proved by the experiment that using this method would get good precision and high efficiency. Using this method, two ontologies Chinese Agricultural Thesaurus and AGROVOC of the Food and Agriculture Organization are merged successfully.


The aim of this thesis is to discuss the security and economic aspects of electronic commerce. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical.In the theoretical section, we discuss about e-commerce as such, the risks associated therewith, and about modern trends in this business sector. The practical part is aimed at the concrete steps in creating a model of internet commerce. Its output is the economic and security assessment.


The East Longhai Industrial Belt lies at the converging point of the east coastal economic belt and the new Eurasian Continental Bridge Economic Belt.It boasts good geographical and resource advantages.However,economic development along it has lagged far behind.As an essential part and a motive factor for the economic development in Northsern Jiangsu Province,the Belt is of great significance for the overall economic development of the province as a whole.We divide the Belt into two spatial levels to analyze the evolution of the industrial structure along it.We conclude that the evolution of the industrial structure along the Belt is characterized by the following four points: its 3rdlelve industrial structure is developing towards the advanced stage,the agricultural structure is obviously developing towards diversification,the internal industrial structure is developing coordinately,and obvious changes in the structure of tertiary industry have taken place.


A tether system is a large flexible structure connecting two or more satellites. Libration control methods of a tether system in elliptic orbits have been studied. For electrodynamic tether systems, these have included control of the tether length and the electric current. In previous studies, these two control methods were considered independently. However, by combining them, it is expected that the periodic motion of an electrodynamic tether system can be stabilised using a smaller electric current. The tether satellite system considered in the present study consists of two subsatellites and a mother satellite connected together in series via massless tethers. To stabilise the periodic motion using only a small electric current, two different tethers are used. The first is a non-electrodynamic tether whose length acceleration is varied using bang-bang control, and the other is an electrodynamic tether subject to proportional-derivative or delayed feedback control. The results of numerical simulations show that the proposed control scheme exhibits good performance for stabilising librational motion of the tether system to periodic motion, combining non-electrodynamic and electrodynamic tethers.


The invention describes a Mogul process for preparing a rubber-like confectionery based on starch, in particular gum drops, which are with respect to the texture with gumdrops based on starch similar, wherein at least a portion of the strength after the casting of the shape of the confectionery article is completely dissolved.


Abstract Objective: Obstetrics is one of the most sued subspecialties in the US. This study aimed to examine clinicians' medical-legal experience and its association with recommending cesarean delivery. Design: Cross-sectional convenience survey. Population or sample: This is a survey study of clinicians in the US. Methods: Survey included eight common obstetric clinical vignettes and 27 questions regarding clinicians' practice environment. Chi-square test, multivariable logistic regression models were used for statistical comparisons. Main outcome measures: Likelihood of recommending cesarean delivery. Results: There were 1486 clinicians who completed the survey. Clinicians were categorized based on answers to clinical vignettes. Having had lawsuits and daily worry of suits were associated with higher likelihood of recommending cesarean, compared to those without lawsuits (17.2 versus 11.3%, respectively; p = 0.008) as was frequent worry of lawsuits (every day, 20.3% more likely; every week/month, 12.3%; few times a year/never, 11.4%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Obstetric malpractice lawsuit and frequent worry about lawsuit are associated with higher propensity of recommending cesarean delivery in common obstetric settings.


In this work, an overview of the state-of-the-art of the design techniques of power harvesting (rectifying) circuits is presented. The evolution of each circuit, the advantages and design constraints, are investigated and compared. Furthermore, a novel 2.45GHz power-harvesting circuit is implemented in 90nm CMOS. Using voltage and power conversion efficiency as a FOM, the optimum rectifier topology is determined. When input power is −19.73dBm, the proposed rectifier allows improving the Power and the Voltage Conversion Efficiency, achieving a PCE of 14.68% (for RL=1MΩ) and a VCE of 29.21%.


In view of earlier investigations which had revealed that Ticlopidin interferes with fatty acids, the authors decided to study the adsorption and penetration of the molecule on the platelet membrane, as well as its influence on the "membrane microviscosity" of the platelet membrane. The study was carried out using two different techniques: - study of the adsorption-penetration and/or desorption kinetic by means of a molecule labeled 14C - study of membrane microviscosity by fluoresence polarization measurement (anisotropy of light emission) after incorporating a fluorescent molecule (1.6 diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene - DHP) The measurements were carried out on normal platelet suspensions in a physiological salt medium (I = 0.145 M). The results reveal: - very rapid fixation of the molecule, whatever the quantities involved (<10mins) - absence of saturation of the adsorption sites, even at very high concentrations (> 400γ/ml). - a very low reversibility of the fixation bond (approx. 25 %) estimated by elution and by elution competition. - a decrease (15 %) in membrane microviscosity for concentrations superior to 200 γ/ml (membrane microviscosity usually increases during platelet activation due to aggregating agents). On the basis of these results the authors suggest that a physico-chemical mechanism of adsorption-penetration both in an on the platelet membrane might explain some of the biochemical and pharmacological effects observed


The presence of somatic stem cells, which have high proliferative capacity, multipotency (capacity to differentiate into multiple mature cells with different functions) and self-renewal capacity (capacity to maintain the stem cells as themselves by asymmetric division) has been gradually revealed in various digestive organs such as intestines and liver. Although researchers used to be interested in somatic stem cells from the perspective of their application in regenerative medicine, they have recently been attracting much attention in cancer research because their association with carcinogenesis process was elucidated. A number of genes that are involved in self-renewal capacity, namely, "stemness genes", have been identified through characterization of hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells. These genes were found to be involved in the self-renewal of somatic stem cells also in the liver. On the other hand, because these "stemness genes" turned out to be cancer-associated genes, efforts have been made to understand the carcinogenesis and the mechanisms of cancer recurrence and metastasis from the perspective of hierarchy of stem cell system. The hypothesis that the stem/progenitor cells in tissue are the source of cancer development have started to be verified by prospective analysis for tumor initiation using isolated normal stem/progenitor cells. In other words, the concept that, as is the case with the presence of stem cells in normal tissues, cancer stem cells are also present in tumor tissues. Cancer stem cells initiate tumors forming a hierarchy of heterogeneous cancer cells. Here, I will describe the newest findings on hepatic stem/progenitor cells that are attracting attention as a source of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinioma and discuss the association between the self-renewal of hepatic stem cells and the process of malignant transformation.


The development process of web-based systems has received little attention in the academic literature. It is not clear whether the traditional roles, methods and techniques currently used in traditional systems analysis and design are still relevant in the development of web-based systems.
This research represents a case study of a health care organization which developed two web-based systems projects with different purposes, different development processes and different roles for IS personnel. Within this single organizational system the development of these two systems is explored and rationale for the differing roles of the IS personnel are suggested. Although both systems discussed are web-based systems, the role of the IS personnel, the impact on the IS department responsibilities and the participation of users are different.


I n Ayurveda infectious diseases and their epidemics have been discussed under the heading of Aupsargic Vyadhi and Janpadodhvan s re spectively. Abundant of herbal, mineral a nd herbomineral preparations have been fo und in Ayurveda which have been continuously used for infectious disease by Ayurvedic practi ti on e r . Anand Bhairav Ras is one of them. Anand Bhairav Ras ( ABR ) contains pure Hi ngula, pure Vatsnabh, Tankan, Marich and Pipali in equal part. Most of the ingredient are having Katu, Tikt Ras, Ushna Virya in property which is helpful to inhibit the growth of microorganism within living system b y reducing the Kleda (wetness). Review of index Journal s for antimicrobial properties of ingredient s of ABR show that they are more sensitive to bacteria e specially enterogenic pathogen. Hence ABR can be used in infectious disease especially caused by enterogenic pathogen in therapeutic dose. In t his article we tried to highlight, evaluate and discussed the antimicrobial properties and sensitivity of ABR and its ingredients.


With a vast territory, the space time distribution of water resources is uneven in China. There is a great dif ference in natural conditions and farmland management of agricultural production in different regions. The areal dif ferentiation of agricultural products virtual water is obvious. Comparison with the agricultural products virtual water from 1995 to 2007 in China shows an increase in the first ten years and a little decrease in recent years. There has been a tendency of increase all the time in Northeast and Northwest, but a decrease after an increase firstly in other regions. The virtual water of food crops is the maximum which accounts for more than 70% in China, and that of veg etables is in a fast growth. The proportion of agricultural products virtual water to the total water resources in each region has a large difference, showing the imbalance of agricultural water in different regions, which accounts for 50% 90% in Northeast, and 125% 185% in North China. Under the guidance of virtual water strategy, based on the differences of resource endowment, each region should adjust agricultural structure, decide production by water, and select water suitable crops. In water rich region, agricultural products of high water consumption should be planted appropriately, which will make full use of the abundant local water resources. In water shortage region the crop pro duction of high water consumption and low efficiency should be depressed, and that of low water consumption and high efficiency should be supported and increased. It will achieve reasonable disposition of water resources, promote ecological restoration and environmental protection, as well as ensure food security.


TramStore 21 is a European cooperation project that aims to improve transport efficiency and the urban integration of tram depots (parking and maintenance infrastructures). Its main areas of study are: the urban integration of depots, technical cooperation between operators and contribution to the public transport community. New tram depots are planned in Brussels, Rotterdam, Blackpool and Dijon and features under investigation include integration with a bus depot or with a car park for park + ride, specific measures to deter rust, sustainable designs, and peer reviews at the planning stage. The project has led to innovative practices such as local authorities working in an open manner in an international setting, accepting peer reviews in the planning process, overcoming language barriers and confidentiality clauses in contracts. In some cases including a peer review is cheaper than hiring in expert consultants.


Infrared search and track(IRST)system is an electro optical s ystem,its objective is to detect,classify and locate infrared threats and give warning Requirements of airborne IRST system are introduced,development and equipment information of alrborne IRST in America and Europe and other countrie s are presented.The development trend of airborne IRST is also described \;


As the 1980s draw to a close, apathy and indifference about energy policy are once again vanishing after a prolonged reign - but not for any of the usual reasons. Fuel supplies generally are ample and priced to sell; suppliers are numerous and shrilly competitive. The Strait of Hormuz seems increasingly hard to distinguish from any other place that American high school students cannot find on a map. The new urgency that is building has little in common with the fears evoked by the energy crises of the 1970s, although the deep vulnerabilities exposed at that time remain very much with us. Instead, energy issues now dominate an environmental protection agenda of unprecedented scope and significance, both in the United States and abroad. The fevered speculation that once preceded meetings of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has given way to concern about potentially catastrophic increases in global temperatures. Acid rain has proved a more enduring and intractable problem than gasoline lines. Nuclear power proponents have substituted arguments about their industry's contribution to pollution control for dishonorably retired claims that their product might one day be too cheap to meter. After thermonuclear weapons, the burning of fossil fuels is emerging as the greatest threat to the habitability of the planet. Global warming is for now the preeminent, although by no means the only, manifestation of that threat; fossil fuel combustion is primarily responsible for the escalating carbon-dioxide emissions that account for at least one-half of the projected atmospheric warming.1 No responsible national policymaker Ralph Cavanagh, Chris Calwell, David Goldstein, and Robert Watson are on the staff of the Energy Program of the Natural Resources Defense Council. They gratefully acknowledge the encouragement and financial support of the Florence and John Schumann Foundation.


A compilation of surveys on why abortions are performed has shown that about one-third of 1% of abortions are done to preserve the mother's mental or physical health and about the same number are done for rape, incest and birth defects. The total proportion of abortions done in the United States for social or convenience reasons, including for "psychological stress" or out of "financial concerns," is 99.3%.


This paper proposes new tools for steganalysis of queue-based stegocodes over covert timing channels. We study a universal estimator for the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence rate between the covertext process and the stegotext process. We empirically illustrate the performance of our estimator on some simple queue-based stegocodes and study its convergence properties.


In the digital information era, such information technologies (ITs) as the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and virtual reality (VR) are changing people's production and lifestyle. Moreover, ITs have exerted significant influences on the thinking modes and learning styles of people. On the bases of such characteristics as sensory immersion, roaming, and manipulation, immersive VR (IVR) can support learners to pursue contextualized learning, promote their embodied cognition, improve their emotional experience, and solve problems of traditional classrooms, such as poor interaction, poor contextualization, and unreal immersion. This study used existing associated research as basis in analyzing the influences of IVR factors on degree of concentration, sense of traversing, emotional engagement, and sense of enjoyment on online learning outcome. Moreover, differences in learning outcomes under different contact periods IVR technology were analyzed. Research results are as follows. The overall Cronbach's α, KMO value, and P value of the questionnaire are 0.905, 0.870, and 0.01, respectively. Degree of concentration, emotional engagement, and sense of enjoyment of IVR technology can promote online learning outcome significantly. Contact period with IVR technology has significant influences on learning outcome at the 0.01 level (F=3.895, p=0.009). Lastly, research conclusions provide important references in exploring the complicated relationship between sense of immersion and learning outcome in IVR environment, and in improving emotional experience and knowledge transfer based on IVR technology.


at BOAC was the carrier's view that "under the [British] prices and incomes policy, international comparisons of pilots' pay could not be taken into account." On the other hand, at BEA, a carrier with shorter hops and many smaller aircraft than BOAC, much emphasis has been placed on the development of a "points system" that utilizes operating work load and environmental factors as constraints in the design of crew schedules. Blain traces carefully the impact of economic and technological factors on the formation of union and employer attitudes and objectives, but his conclusions emphasize "status factors" as the most important cause of recent "deterioration" in pilot-carrier relationships: the pilots' awareness that their counterparts in North America and Europe receive substantially higher compensation and "their stronglyheld view that management no longer treated them as a special group. Finally, Blain identifies as a "major gap in the theoretical framework" the failure of the "systems" approach to allow for personality factors. In his view, "Personality factors have been critical determinants of both management and pilot behaviour." Blain is referring to specific airline heads (e.g., "The aggressive personality of a top official was an underlying cause of the Air Holdings strike of 1968.") and union leaders. ("During the period ]946-1962, BALPA's General Secretary exercised a stabilizing influence....") This reviewer does not accept Blain's emphasis on "status" and "personality" factors. A changing self-image is itself the result of changes in other variables; it is not an independent variable. As for "personality," I maintain that the British airlines' experience, as described by Blain, is consistent with a finding that the "environmental context" will outweigh over time any aberrations caused by the idiosyncrasies of individuals in positions of authority. Although a pedantic style challenges the reader's endurance, this is a valuable book for the industrial relations scholar and for anyone involved in airline industrial relations at the policy level. Mark L. Kahn Professor of Economics Wayne State University


The title of this article isnot mine. It is from the book, Students Mllst Write , by Robert Barrass. The title of his book and this commentary not only have the same title, they have the same purpose: to convince students of the necessity to write—and write often.


Background and Aims Body composition is more important than body weight and body fat is a good guideline used to evaluate health Status better than sole weight. The aim of this study was to compare BIA and BMI to evaluate body weight status in autistic children and adolescents males in Iran. Methods Eighty-one children and adolescents aged 7–13 years old were selected randomly from 4 autism-specific schools in Tehran in 2011. Body composition of children was measured using BIA. Results The findings revealed that on the basis of body mass index(BMI), 41.9% of children were normal weight (5th< BMI< 85 th), but 16% were overweight (85th< BMI< 95 th), 27.1% obese (BMI>95 th) and 14.8% underweight (BMI< 5 th), respectively. Based on percent body fat (PBF), 76.5% of children were normal body fat (5th< PBF < 85 th), 3.7% of children were under the 5th percentile, 12.3% were overweight (85th< PBF< 95 th), and 7.4% were above the 95 percentiles. Conclusions Although using BMI is simple and easy method for evaluating body weight status, measuring body fat by BIA is another alternative which give better picture of body composition in different health settings.


Creating CDISC ADaM standard analysis datasets is a challenge. How do we make sure of the compliance for ADaM datasets before submitting it to client or regulatory agencies? Usually a lot of time is spent in performing QC of analysis datasets. Is there an efficient way to handle QC? OpenCDISC is an open source community which provides tools to check compliance of CDISC standards such as SDTM, ADaM and define.xml. The recent addition is ADaM compliance rules. The rules included in OpenCDISC are very helpful in understanding ADaM standards. This paper will focus on ADaM validation using OpenCDISC. Understanding OpenCDISC messages is not straight forward at times. The overview of error/warning messages will be included in the paper. Examples from real life studies will be used to explain possible resolutions for the validation messages. INTRODUCTION CDISC ADaM standards have evolved over the years and are being adapted by the clinical research industry rapidly. Validation checks for ADaM have been updated very recently. Adapting ADaM is challenging inspite of the guidelines. Ensuring the compliance to guidelines is difficult in situations for programmers where they are pressurized for time before submission or they are new to the industry and standards. Additionally, novelties to standard and stringent timelines impede QC activities to ensure compliance to standard. OpenCDISC Validator is a popular tool with people in the workflow since it is readily available, easy to use and educational at the same time. The tool was initially developed for SDTM implementation checks. ADaM checks were added in version v1.2.1 in 2011. The latest version OpenCDISC Validator v1.3 has been released in March 2012. The Validator has 130 rules to check the compliance of datasets with ADaM standards. These are stratified further by category (Consistency, Format, Limit, Metadata, Presence, System and Terminology) and severity (Error, Warning and Notice). The results of the checks performed are compiled in an excel file which has four excel sheets namely Dataset Summary, Issue Summary, Details and Rules Although the results of OpenCDISC Validator are very useful most of times, in some cases these may not be applicable to the study you are working on. Since the OpenCDISC Validator current version was released before latest validation checks, currently the tool is not in complete sync with the latest checks. So it is better to be careful and decide which errors are applicable to any particular study. In this paper we will discuss some cases that can be seen during regulatory data submissions that are focused on the highlighted portion of the ADaM workflow.


Objective: To determine the status of the epidemiologic transition in Peru during 1990 and 2006.Methods: Ecological study. After correcting the misconception...


Objective The objective was to evaluate the association between age-related comorbidities (ARCs) and 5-year HIV-related excess mortality in people living with HIV aged ≥60 years. Design Cohort study using relative survival analysis (Estève's model). Setting The French multicentre prospective Dat'AIDS cohort that involves 12 French hospitals. Participants Inclusion of 1415 HIV-1 infected patients actively followed aged ≥60 years on January 2008, with a 5-year follow-up period in the late combination antiretroviral therapy era. Results Among 1415 patients included, 154 died. By multivariable analysis, factors predictive of 5-year HIV-related excess mortality were non-AIDS-related cancer (adjusted excess HR (aEHR)=2.94; 95% CI 1.32 to 6.57), cardiovascular disease (aEHR=6.00; 95% CI 2.45 to 14.65), chronic renal disease (aEHR=4.86; 95% CI 2.24 to 10.53), cirrhosis (aEHR=3.58; 95% CI 1.25 to 10.28), hepatitis C co-infection (aEHR=3.63; 95% CI 1.44 to 9.12), body mass index<18.5 kg/m² (aEHR=4.10; 95% CI 1.61 to 10.48) and having a CD4 cell count ≤200/mm3 (aEHR=5.79; 95% CI 2.28 to 14.69). Conclusions ARCs, particularly cardiovascular disease and chronic renal disease, are predictive of HIV-related excess mortality, with an increase in hazard similar to that of CD4 cell count. Trial registration number NCT02898987.


which a single man, a group, a minority or a complete people asserts that it will no longer obey and risks its life before a power which is considered unjust. There is no power which is capable of making such a movement impossible. Warsaw will always have the ghetto which revolted and those insurgents who filled its sewers. In the end, there is no explanation for the man who revolts. His action is necessarily a tearing that breaks the thread of history and its long chains of reasons so that a man can genuinely give preference to the risk of death over the cer-


The goal of this research was to see how the scramble-type cooperative learning model based on video media affected student learning outcomes in management accounting courses. The respondents in this study were undergraduate students at Palembang University, consisting of 36 students for the experimental class and 34 students for the control class. The experimental technique is employed. The test is the data-collecting instrument. According to the study's findings, 61.12 percent of students met good criteria, 19.44 percent met very good criteria, and 19.44 percent met sufficient criteria during the teaching and learning process employing a scramble-type cooperative learning model based on video media. And the experimental class's average learning results are 80.42. In traditional learning models, 73.52 percent of the criteria are sufficient, 17.65 percent are less criteria, 5.89 percent are good criteria, and 2.94 percent are less criteria. The scramble-based cooperative learning model using video media was effective for student learning outcomes


We show how to construct the category of games and innocent strategies from a more primitive category of games. On that category we define a comonad and monad with the former distributing over the latter. Innocent strategies are the maps in the induced two-sided Kleisli category. Thus the problematic composition of innocent strategies reflects the use of the distributive law. The composition of simple strategies, and the combinatorics of pointers used to give the comonad and monad are themselves described in categorical terms. The notions of view and of legal play arise naturally in the explanation of the distributivity. The category-theoretic perspective provides a clear discipline for the necessary combinatorics.


Although National Board certification is highly regarded in education, the organization behind it needs to reshape and refocus itself so it can be a meaningful player in Washington.


A review of the various promoters and sorbents examined for the removal of mercury from flue gas is presented. Commercial sorbent processes are described along with the chemistry of the various sorbent-mercury interactions. Novel sorbents for removing mercury from flue gas are suggested. Since activated carbons are expensive, alternate sorbents and/or improved activated carbons are needed. Because of their lower cost, sorbent development work can focus on base metal oxides and halides. Additionally, the long-term sequestration of the mercury on the sorbent needs to be addressed. Contacting methods between the flue gas and the sorbent also merit investigation.


This paper analyses the breakdown of PLC module "SF system for No.2 billet caster and puts forward the preventing measure.


Vehicle detection is a challenging task in computer vision. Since the differences among different vehicle shapes are small and not easy to recognize, the common object detection models usually do not work well for vehicle recognition. To select positive samples, the existing anchor-based detection methods usually use high-quality anchor boxes which are very close to the shapes of the vehicles. Such methods often make the prediction strongly dependent on high-quality anchor boxes. At present, the ATSS (Adaptive Training Sample Selection) method has also been used to select high-quality anchor boxes. The main purpose of this method is to automatically set the shapes of the anchor boxes according to the training datasets. However, for vehicle detection, the shapes of the vehicles are usually similar while the scales of the vehicles are quite different, which may influence the performance of the ATSS based vehicle detection. To solve the above problems, we propose a vehicle detection model PSLTNet (Positives Selection with Low Threshold Network). To reduce the prediction instability due to relying on high-quality anchor boxes, PSLTNet applies the positive samples selection with low threshold to enhance the prediction ability for different quality anchor boxes. To improve the identification ability of different vehicle types, PSLTNet adopts a pyramid structure and cascades dilated convolutions at each level. In addition, in order to make the bounding box regression loss be independent of scales, PSLTNet uses GIOU (Generalized Intersection Over Union) to supervise the position regression task of candidate bounding boxes. Finally, to reduce the loss of a large number of simple negatives, PSLTNet uses Focal Loss to supervise the classification task of the background candidate bounding boxes. The Experimental results upon the BIT-Vehicle dataset show that the proposed method can obtain better performance than that of the existing methods.


Different species of orange peels were evaluated as carbon source in comparison to Locust Bean Gum for mannanase production by Penicillium italicum, Trichosporonoides oedocephalis and co-culture of P. italicum and T. oedocephalis. Mannanase activity was determined by dinitrosalicylic acid method. The protein concentration was however determined by the Lowry method. Of all the substrates screened, the highest mannanase activity (573.89 U/ml) was achieved with P. italicum cultured on sweet orange peels. The highest mannanase activity for mixed substrate fermentation in ratio 1:1:1:1 and 1:1:1:2 (Lime, Grape, Tangerine and Sweet orange peels) was obtained in a medium inoculated with P. italicum while mixed culture of P. italicum and T. oedocephalis gave maximum mannanase activity in mixed substrate ratio 2:1:1:1. The mixed substrate fermentation gave appreciable enzyme activity and thus, they can be used as low-cost substrate for mannanase production by these organisms.


The peninsula is divided into two distinctive northern and southern regions by the NW-SEto WNW-ESEtrending Trollfjorden-Komagelva Fault Zone (TKFZ) (Siedlecka & Siedlecki 1967) (Fig. 1). The southern, Tanafjorden-Varangerfjorden Region (TVR) comprises what is mostly an autochthonous/parautochthonous, pericratonic/platformal, diagenetic to mid-anchizone, sedimentary succession ranging in age from Late Riphean (Tonian-Cryogenian) to Early Cambrian (Banks et al. 1971, Siedlecka et al. 1995a) (Fig. 2). Close to Tanafjorden, however, these same rocks occur in allochthonous position, as part of the anchizone Gaissa Nappe Complex (Lower Allochthon), and the succession reaches up to Early Tremadoc on the nearby Digermul Peninsula (Reading 1965, Nikolaisen & Henningsmoen 1985). In innermost Varangerfjorden the diagenesisgrade succession lies unconformably upon a Neoarchaean crystalline basement (Føyn 1937, Siedlecki 1980, Rice et al. 2001), and is disrupted by several internal unconformities. In contrast, the northern Barents Sea Region (BSR) – also called the Northern Varanger Region by some authors Introduction


Simulation and computer based experimentation in general, are activities that can rapidly generate large amounts of data. The usefulness of this data depends very much on the convenience with which it can be examined, summa rized and/or tabulated. In this paper, we outline the design of a generalized Numerical Experiments Management System (NEMS) that provides a framework for managing the large amount of relevant data that are typically associated with numerical studies. This includes the management of both the parameter values that are used in the experiments and the results that are produced. The work is based on a model of the problem solving envi ronment which consists of three types of entities called solution engines, problem instances and ex periments. The system environ ment for NEMS consists of a personal computer which runs NEMS and provides the database function, and a mainframe computer which carries out the ex periments. The necessary intercon necting mechanism is assumed to be available. The organization of NEMS and its functional capabili ties are described.


This study e valuates the dimensional changes of steam-ironed plain knitted wool fabrics after conditioning in air and then washing with an IWS 7A wash cycle. During steam ironing, different extensions are given to the fabrics by using larger sized ironing boards. Part of the expansion of the fabrics is recovered during conditioning in air and residual expansion depends mainly on the extensions given to the fabrics during steam ironing. After undergoing the IWS 7A wash cycle, the dimensional changes of the steam-ironed fabrics are identified as depending on yarn linear density, fabric tightness, anti-felting treatment of wool yarn, and the degree of extension imparted to the fabrics during steam ironing. Further analysis also shows that whether or not the fabrics are treated with steam ironing and regardless of the extensions imparted during steam ironing, all fabrics with the same yam and knitting parameters approach similar dimensions and shapes after IWS 7A washing.


This study was designed to measure hyperreactivity of bronchi in patients aged from 7-8 to 13-14 years presenting with allergic rhinitis. The efficiency of the bronchoprovocative test with physical exercises was shown to be higher than the study of external respiratory function at rest.


Carousels have been developed in an attempt to approach the in situ hydrodynamic conditions and to obtain arealistic simulation of the erosion and deposition processes of cohesive sediments. The main advantage of a carousel over straight flumes is that effects of inflow and outflow are absent and no circulation pumps are needed which would break up sediment flocs. Figure 1.1 represents the flume, of the carousel type, in the Laboratory of Hydromechanics Delft University of Technology. The purpose of this guide is to contribute to carousel experiments on natural cohesive sediment in the Laboratory of Hydromechanics. The use of standardised international accepted methodologies is advocated herein, thereby following the ECMAST-I programme (1993), in order to make comparisons possible between present results and the results obtained at other institutes. Chapter 2 of this guide presents a short description of the characteristic properties of mud and their role in the erodibility of the mud. Some differences between the soil mechanical approach and the hydromechanical approach are explained. Chapter 3 briefly describes the carousel and the most important properties of flow structure in it. An operating strategy is provided, which minimizes undesirable secondary flow cells (Booij, 1994) and the minimum measuring frequency needed for calculating the Reynolds shear stress and the turbulence intensities. A Measuring Programme is presented in Chapter 4 which follows the main lines of the Delft Hydraulics measuring programme, which reflects many years of experience with carousel experiments on natural mud (Winterwerp, 1992). Chapter 5 presents a proposal for a data processing procedure, and a set up of a simple database. The database contains the data sets obtained during the carousel experiments and additional (rheological) experiments.


ABSTRACT Re-reading Kazuo Ishiguro's Booker-Prize winning novel The Remains of the Day (1989) through the lens of the fantasy genre enables us to recognize the true monstrosity of his narrator, the English butler Stevens, and to realize by the end of the novel how deeply he has embraced antisemitism and fascism throughout his career. Stevens's definition of being a good butler is predicated upon a racialized foundation, and his perverse definition of his vocation, coupled with his acceptance of Lord Darling's fascism in the 1930s and beyond in a series of incidents, including his firing of the two Jewish maids, together suggest how he has occluded his own role in promoting fascism at Darlington Hall.


Two cryogenic radiometers (electrical substitution radiometers cooled to liquid helium temperatures) have been developed at NPL. The first was used to realise thermodynamic temperature and to determine the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. The latter measurement confirmed the calculation that the radiometer is an absolute instrument with an uncertainty of 0.02%. The second radiometer was dedicated to optical radiation measurements with a calculated uncertainty of 0.005%. This paper describes and presents results of the intercomparison of the two radiometers by comparing the spectral responsivity of silicon photodiodes as independently determined by the radiometers.


Introduction Microemulsions consisting of the ionic liquid (IL), surfactant and water have been intensively investigated by Gao et al [1-3]. For example, the ternary system consisting of Tween20/water/1-butyl-3methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) was prepared, and three regions of the microemulsions, i.e., water-in-[bmim][PF6], bicontinuous, and [bmim][PF6]-in-water, were identified. Tween20/water /[bmim][PF6] microemulsions was found to solubilize salt species into the microemulsion droplets [3]. In this study we have synthesized Ag particles by the photoreduction of silver perchlorate (AgClO4) in the microemulsions, Tween20/water/1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([omim][BF4])/CO2 system, and have investigated the electronic structure of Ag particles by insitu EXAFS measurements. Here we have applied the high pressure CO2 to the ternary system in order to improve the mobility of ions and particles.


I hesitate to conclude, as it occurred to me I might, that Eckhart's theology is 'all rhetoric'. But if it is possible to be mi~led about his purposes, as not only some of his contemporaries were, into suspecting' a certain, paradoxical, "hypostatisation" of the negative, it is at least partly his own fault. And .what I will say is this: if you want to be an Eckhartian, and say, as he does, that "you should love God as he is nonGod", then you had better be a Thomist frrst, if you do not want to to hear it being said of you with justice, as Scotus said of others: negationes .. IWn summe amamus.


SUMMARY The paper discusses a psychologist's experience of being diagnosed with prostate cancer and recounts what it is like for a gay man negotiating the heterosexually assumptive medical world. The paper goes on to relate the author's transition from self-help group participant to facilitator of a gay men's prostate cancer support group. The dynamics and concerns of gay men with prostate cancer within the context of a self-help group are described. Among the topics covered in such groups are gay identities, sexual behaviors and attitudes, feelings of helplessness, anger and loss, HIV/AIDS considerations, partner issues and adaptation.


We have developed a system that can irradiate the same position on a target with two laser beams from two laser heads at various specified time intervals in order to generate a double-pulse plasma with a controlled interpulse delay. The horizontally polarized component of one laser beam and the vertically polarized component of the other are collinearly merged using a dielectric polarizer. The direction of polarization of each laser beam is adjusted by means of the rotation angle of a half-wave plate placed after the exit from each laser head. The interpulse delay between the two laser beams is controlled by supplying trigger pulses to drive the flash lamp and the Pockels cell of each laser oscillator. By adjusting the timings of the trigger and the rotation angles of the half-wave plates, the energy and pulse width of each laser beam was adjusted to be the same. Plasma-generation experiments showed that, by controlling the interpulse delay between two laser beams having same energy and pulse width, the system can control the time intervals between the generations of two nearly identical plasma pulses, and the second plasma pulse became unstable from shot to shot in short interpulse delay.


Decentralized security function deployment (activation) is an important solution to achieve reliable and secure operations of wireless networks. In this paper, we consider the joint problem of security function activation and traffic routing in a wireless multihop network with the aim of minimizing total energy consumption of all nodes in the network while meeting the security requirements of the users. Firstly, we analyze the tradeoff of energy consumption between preventing security damages with protection functions and remedying it with recovery functions. The analysis takes the uncertainty of attacks and network capacity availability into account. Secondly, if the protection function is to be activated, the activation has to be performed along the route of traffic flows, which means that the traffic routing should also be jointly optimized. Therefore, we formulate this problem as a stochastic optimization model. To obtain the optimal solution, we apply a distributed algorithm, i.e., accelerated distributed augmented Lagrangian algorithm which is ensured to converge. Furthermore, we analytically demonstrate that the solution obtained by the accelerated distributed augmented Lagrangian algorithm is optimal to our stochastic optimization model. Based on the setting from real experiments, the performance evaluation reveals that the optimal solution depends largely on the energy budget and energy consumption of the nodes for transferring traffic and running security functions.


Space weather forecasting is a challenging and nontrivial activity. The most straightforward approach to space weather prediction is to study the whole complex chain of physical processes involved in magnetospheric dynamics and conjugate them in a global model of the evolution of the magnetosphere under the influence of the solar wind. Unfortunately, this is not yet possible due to our poor understanding of the physics of the interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. For this reason, different approaches should be tried. Today the optimal combination of virtues and vices is provided by the methods involving time series analysis and data mining [1]. They provide a moderate prediction time (up to several hours) with the highest available accuracy (> 80%). They are very effective and easy to use but strongly depend on satellite data availability. These are "black box" or "input-output" models, which seek only to reproduce the system's output in response to changes of its inputs. The model terms are usually physically interpretable and thus useful for construction of new phenomenological models. For this reason, this method can not only provide a space weather forecast per se, but also can improve our knowledge of the underlying physics and thus increase the efficiency of other methods. Multidimensional time series analysis can be performed using the methods of statistics, signal processing, informatics, fuzzy logic, etc. The most widely used variations are artificial neural networks, optimization, and correlation analysis. Artificial neural networks [2–5] provide short-term predictions up to 4 hours with the correlation coefficient of 0.79 in the paper [4]. Earlier implementations of this approach experienced significant difficulties predicting strong geomagnetic storms with KP > 5, but this approach remains one of the most popular alongside the empirical methods. Optimization approach [6–12] seems to be more successful being able to provide 8-hour predictions in the paper [8]. However, in the papers based upon the optimization methods the volume of the dataset used usually does not exceed 1 year, which is insufficient to correctly describe the solar cycle. Correlation analysis [13–17] gives interesting results, but it was used solely for developing and constraining empirical models [16]. However, most of these methods have a common feature: they lead to a regression relation at some point, so it seems natural to skip all the preliminary steps and instantly use the regression analysis without unnecessary multiplication of entities. Regression analysis itself was attempted earlier by Srivastava [18], but it was used to estimate the probability of intense and super-intense storm occurrence depending on the solar and interplanetary parameters. She was able to predict 2 of 4 superintense and 5 of 5 intense CME-driven storms during the 1996–2002 period using another 46 CME-driven storms for training. Here we describe a new approach, named "regression modelling", which allows to achieve accurate short-term forecasts of geomagnetic indices, which we will use as quantitative characteristics of space weather. The proposed method is statistical, but has some features of empirical models. It is based upon the regression analysis and mathematical statistics. This approach involves the inductive construction of a regression relation between output and input values. It can provide accurate shortterm and, to a certain extent, medium-term forecasts and gives new information about the underlying physics, thus contributing to the solar-terrestrial physics. Some preliminary descriptions of different aspects of this method can also be found in the articles [19–23].


Defatted peanut flours with significantly reduced raw peanut taste and nitrogen solubility of 85+% were produced from field Runner peanuts that had been microwave-vacuum-dried to maximum temperatures of 80°C and 96°C. The flours were prepared from 4.54 kg of peanuts, dried from 25.5% to less than 10% moisture, at 375 Torr absolute pressure and at 1400 and 813 watts microwave power (2450 MHZ). Peanut temperature at end of drying significantly affected the intensity of the raw peanut flavor. Storage at 23.9°C for 14 months had no significant effects on intensity of the raw peanut flavor. Hexane extraction of blanched peanut kernels showed that mass velocity percolation rates increased with increase in final drying temperature of peanuts.


FIELD: information technology. SUBSTANCE: disclosed is a method of transmitting a frame through a base station in a mobile communication system. The frame includes at least one uplink advanced air interface (AAI) frame and at least one downlink AAI frame. The uplink AAI frame includes at least one uplink AAI sub-frame. The downlink AAI frame includes at least one downlink AAI sub-frame. The downlink AAI sub-frame includes resource allocation information, feedback information and data, and the uplink AAI sub-frame includes feedback information and data. EFFECT: probability of retransmission or retransmission delay must drop for a packet requiring short latency time. 12 cl, 8 dwg


In this paper we experimentally investigate the E×B drift of electrons in low temperature plasmas containing a magnetic field barrier; a plasma configuration commonly used in gridded negative ion sources. A planar Langmuir probe array is developed to quantify the E×B drift of electrons over the cross-section of the ion-extraction region of an ion–ion plasma source. The drift is studied as a function of pressure using both electropositive plasmas (Ar), as well electronegative plasmas (Ar and SF6 mixtures), and is demonstrated to result from an interaction of the applied magnetic field and the electric fields in the sheath and pre-sheath near the transverse boundaries. The drift enhances electron transport across the magnetic field by more than two orders of magnitude compared with simple collisional transport, and is found to be strongly dependant on pressure. The lowest pressure resulted in the highest influence of the drift across the extraction area and is found to be 30%.


Defect has become the bottleneck that limits the further increase of energy output in high-power laser devices, accurate defect detection is important for defect evaluation and optical component quality control. The bright-field methods have the problem that the illumination background light affects the measurement sensitivity. The dark-field measurement methods can remove the illumination background light, and the defect detection sensitivity is higher. However, the surface shape information is also removed out, thus the defect depth information is missing. In addition, the axial resolution of defect detection under regular illumination is rather low due to the influence of out-of-focus light. In this paper, a defect detection method based on bright-dark-field structured illumination microscopy (BDSIM) is proposed. This method takes the advantage of the high axial resolution of structured illumination, reconstructs the surface shape by bright-field configuration, and detects the surface and subsurface defect by dark-field configuration. Experiments prove that our method can effectively measure the surface and subsurface defects with accurate depth information.


In the present work, flat plate solar water heating system has been designed and fabricated accommodating 2 m area of solar collector and 0.12 m surface area of the heat exchanger using Al2O3/water nanofluid as the working fluid in order to evaluate the performance efficiency in the forced circulation mode. The instantaneous efficiency of solar collector is calculated by taking lower volume fraction of 0.01% with average particle size of 25 nm with and without Triton X-100 surfactant and varying the flow rate from 1 L per minute to 3 L per minute, as per ASHRAE standard. The experimental results show that utilizing Al2O3/water nanofluid with mass flow rate at 2 L per minute increases the collector efficiency by 14.3% when compared to distilled water as the working medium.


Findings of a study to evaluate the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ion chromatography Method 202 for chlorine dioxide are presented. The OSHA method was chosen for in-depth evaluation because it appeared to offer specificity and sensitivity in the presence of chlorine gas. This study critically evaluates the effects of chlorine, sulfur dioxide, and the pH of the collection solution as related to the recovery of chlorine dioxide as the chlorite ion. Results show that the buffer pH should be maintained above pH 9.5 and chlorine concentration below 20 µg.


Many guidelines for septic olecranon bursitis recommend aspiration of the bursa prior to initiation of antimicrobial therapy despite the absence of robust clinical data to support this practice and known risk of aspiration complications. Our objective was to describe outcomes associated with empiric antibiotic therapy without bursal aspiration among emergency department (ED) patients with suspected septic olecranon bursitis.


It is the principle that integration of the whole course management system for medical materials is in control of the whole process,Each link such as the purchase,warehousing,receiving and consuming of the materials are managed,the behavior of the purchase department and the use department are supervised and controlled,the management department utilizes the network system to find out about the stock status and location of the materials in real time,Source and destination of the material can b looked up.Through the use of scientific management of materials,resources can be used fairly and losses can be reduced.


Sapindus mukorossi seeds are commonly drilled and processed into Buddha beads and other craft products. To improve the machining qualities of the micro-drilling of S. mukorossi seeds, the effects of drilling parameters (feed rate, drilling speed, and drill diameter) on the drilling force, hole diameter and hole morphology were found. The mechanism behind these changes was further analyzed. The drilling parameters and machining process for the micro-drilling of S. mukorossi seeds were optimized. Results indicated that each drilling parameter influenced the drilling force and hole-machining quality by affecting the amount of cutting, the working conditions of the drill bit, chip formation, and the generation of drilling heat. Moreover, the feed rate and drill diameter were the main factors that influenced the drilling force, and the drilling speed played a leading role that influenced hole-machining quality. Interestingly, for the drilling of S. mukorossi seeds, a feed rate of 0.03 mm/r, a drilling speed of 6 m/min, and a drill-bit diameter of 0.9 or 1.5 mm resulted in a hole with high accuracy, good hole morphology, and minimal wear on the drill bit. This study facilitates the selection of suitable drilling parameters and processing technology for the micro-drilling of S. mukorossi seeds to improve processing accuracies and qualities, and provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of related drilling processing equipment.


The Recent Specialty Contractor in construction of the reduced quantity due to the recession, but competitive in order to increase the number of companies that are increasingly competitive. The field work of one person to perform the work of employees and multiple sites, workforce supply flow that occurs at each stage of information transfer is not made a late staffing. Therefore this research has proposed a new alternative that can overcome them and the entire industry in recent issue smart phone features that take advantage of GPS(Global Positioning System). This paper presents a Diligence and Indolence Management System using GPS of smart phone. offering the advantage of Web-based PMIS(Project Management Information System) through integration with real-time information transfer and smart phone applications for query by building a prototype of a professional construction company as their own on-site management measures are proposed to contribute time and attendance.


Supernumerary tooth often appears between the upper central incisors in permanent tooth,but they occur infrequency in both maxillary and mandible bone.Now,there is a case report of multiple and ambushed supernumerary teeth.Through the clinical examination and X-ray panoramic film examination,we hope that it will offer clinic proof for discussing the etiological cause of this disease.


TF O R T H O S E C O M M I T T E D to feminism, a central concern has always been how the media reflect and recast feminist issues. For those committed to feminist research, media studies offer a particularly useful perspective on the social construction of a political movement. Indeed, even formulating this topic as a research question yields unexpected insights. In the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, "feminism" traditionally has not been significant enough to warrant a separate entry. In the listings for the 1950s, the feminist heading has only a cross-reference to "Women, social and moral questions." This entry lists a handful of articles and a "see also" reference to alcoholism, divorce, harem, and prostitution. Over the next two decades, these cross-references expand and eventually come to include "Women, equal rights." But it is not until the early eighties that feminism becomes a topic heading in its own right. The following discussion chronicles this evolution and certain persistent limitations in media texts and subtexts. The basic story is one of partial progress. Over the last quarter century, much has improved in press portraits of feminism, feminists, and gender-related issues. Yet much still needs improvement. This article suggests what and why. At issue is what the media choose to present (or not to present) as news about women and how they characterize (or caricature) the women's movement. This issue deserves greater attention from those interested in social movements in general and the women's movement in particular. The press is increasingly responsible for supplying the information and images through which we understand our lives (Hall 1977, 340-42). For any social movement, the media play a crucial role in shaping public consciousness and public policy. Journalists' standard framing devices of selection, exclusion, emphasis, and tone can profoundly affect cultural perceptions (Gitlin 1980, 3-7; Goffman 1974, 10-11).


2 /g respectively. An adsorption characteristic of the Polyvinyl Alcohol Supported Activated Carbon (PVAC) was analyzed with the help of pseudo first order and second order kinetic models. Both the adsorbents show maximum adsorption at a pH of 8. The pseudo second order model describes the kinetics with very high correlation coefficient of > 0.995. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity was 49.42 and 50.45 mg/g for EAC and PVAC, respectively; further it increases with increase of temperature. Characteristics of PVAC and dye adsorption studies prove that PVA supported EAC is a promising adsorbent for the removal of colour from wastewater.


Discusses the effect that Byzantine work has had on our perception of ancient Greek language and literature (especially Homer and drama).


Abstract Several authors have investigated the question of whether canonical logic-based accounts of belief revision, and especially the theory of AGM revision operators, are compatible with the dynamics of Bayesian conditioning. Here we show that Leitgeb's stability rule for acceptance, which has been offered as a possible solution to the Lottery paradox, allows to bridge AGM revision and Bayesian update: using the stability rule, we prove that AGM revision operators emerge from Bayesian conditioning by an application of the principle of maximum entropy. In situations of information loss, or whenever the agent relies on a qualitative description of her information state—such as a plausibility ranking over hypotheses, or a belief set—the dynamics of AGM belief revision are compatible with Bayesian conditioning; indeed, through the maximum entropy principle, conditioning naturally generates AGM revision operators. This mitigates an impossibility theorem of Lin and Kelly for tracking Bayesian conditioning with AGM revision, and suggests an approach to the compatibility problem that highlights the information loss incurred by acceptance rules in passing from probabilistic to qualitative representations of belief.


Hikers in the wilderness areas of New York's Adirondack Park use a combination of physical and cognitive coping behaviors to maintain satisfaction with their wilderness experience. A total of 102 hikers in 16 Adirondack wilderness areas were interviewed and asked to complete a single-page survey. The in-depth interviews and surveys of hikers' importance and satisfaction ratings for a set of wilderness characteristics and conditions were used to measure and describe Adirondack wilderness hikers' employment of the four coping behaviors of spatial displacement, temporal displacement, product shift and rationalization. Results indicate users were employing coping behaviors across four wilderness area use intensity categories, often in combination and with few differences in their overall satisfaction.


Abstract Approximately 22% of the waters of the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, which encompasses the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, have been closed to public access and fishing since 1962. These closed areas offer an opportunity to test the effectiveness of "no-take" sanctuaries by analyzing two replicated estuarine areas. Areas open and closed to fishing were sampled from Nov 1986 to Jan 1990 with 653 random trammel-net sets, each enclosing 3,721 m2. Samples from no-fishing areas had significantly (P < 0.05) greater abundance and larger fishes than fished areas. Relative abundance (standardized catch per unit effort, CPUE) in protected areas (6.4 fish/set) was 2.6 times greater than in the fished areas (2.4 fish/set) for total game fish, 2.4 times greater for spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, 6.3 times greater for red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, 12.8 times greater for black drum Pogonias cromis, 5.3 times greater for common snook Centropomus undecimalis, and 2.6 times greater for striped mul...


The success of Habermasian Critical Theory can be measured by the degree to which scholars working within different traditions feel the need to situate themselves in relation to it. This is true of Foucault's postmodernism, Rawls's liberalism, and Gadamer's hermeneutics, to name three prominent examples. It seems even Habermas's detractors need to draw largely from his work, couching their own arguments in the now nearly ubiquitous vocabulary of 'communicative power', 'lifeworlds', and 'discourse'. But what is lost by this pull towards a single pole? Making claims to incorporate everything from Rawls to Foucault to Ricoeur, Critical Theory (or, presumably even the more general, lowercase 'critical theory') soon becomes an undifferentiated mass, unified not by a clearly delineated philosophical stance, but rather by a broad stroke political posture that claims to protect liberal autonomy of the self while reassuring us of its respect for difference. It begs the question: can diverse philosophical positions be easily consolidated under one large rubric, and if so, should they be? This is the question raised by both books dealt with here, each of which seeks to stretch Critical Theory but in different ways. Canadian philosopher Omar Payrow Shabani's concern is with returning Habermas to a more critical position, one found in his earlier writings. At its most fundamental, Payrow Shabani's point is that Habermas has moved from being a Marxian-inspired theorist centrally concerned with the critique of domination, to a liberally minded thinker whose focus is now on the problem of legitimizing and extending existing democratic political structures. After laying out the familiar story of Critical Theory's development— beginning with the Kant-Hegel debate, proceeding through Marx and onto the 'linguistic turn' in the twentieth century—Payrow Shabani outlines some important criticisms of Habermas. A chapter is devoted to contemporary


Objective: To estimate the prevalence of smoking among secondary school students in National Guard area of Riyadh, and explore the reasons for the smoking and the attitude of non-smoker toward smoking habit.


Levels of cell mediated immunity (CMI) were monitored in pregnant and non-pregnant control ewes to assess the impact of pregnancy on CM1 in sheep. Pregnant plasma caused a significant depression in lymphocyte culture reactivity with mitogens (PHA, Con A and PWM) or with antigen (BSA) in primed animals. No defect in transformation was evident in pregnant lymphocytes per se, which gave normal transformation when cultured in control plasma. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to specific antigens were significantly lower during pregnancy in response to lo (BSA) and 2' (clostridial) sensitisation. The induction of the primary reaction was significantly impaired. Secondary sensitisation induced normal levels of reactivity, with the function, as measured by DTH, significantly impaired throughout pregnancy but recovering post partum.