The theory of Anstee & O'Mara is extended to the line broadening of transitions of singly ionized atoms by collisions with neutral hydrogen atoms. The theory is used to calculate broadening cross-sections for strong lines of singly ionized calcium, magnesium and barium. The broadening cross-sections calculated are compared with both theoretical and empirical results of other workers.


In recent months, a method for the removal of myelographic contrast agent has been utilized in our department which has proved safe, rapid, and effective. Method After completion of the myelographic examination, a sterile plastic tubing2 is attached between the hub of the spinal needle and the syringe used to withdraw the contrast agent (Fig. 1). This allows the operator's hands to be well outside the field of radiation. Under fluoroscopic control, the recollection can then be facilitated by using the effect of gravity upon the hyperbaric solution, the patient and/or table being moved accordingly. We have found this technic satisfactory both in reducing the time of withdrawal of contrast agent and in the removal of all the opaque media (Fig. 2). Discussion Kubik and Hampton presented a method for the removal of the potentially irritating contrast agent from the subarachnoid space by aspiration of the column with a syringe attached directly to the spinal needle (3). This has remained the time-honored and g...


The concept of construction of multifunctional lasers- robots, which are carrying out the wide nomenclature of the basic and auxiliary technological operations of laser processing, is offered. Manipulator systems of lasers-robots are considered as objects of control.


The current Swedish Foreign Minister, Margot Wallstrom, has in her foreign policy statement claimed that a feminist foreign policy will be an integral part of activities throughout the Swedish Foreign Service. Even though an explicit 'feminist foreign policy' is a rather recent and 'Swedish' phenomenon, foreign policies in line with such a general 'feminist' agenda may have been implemented throughout history, by various foreign policy leaders. The question is, does the gender of leaders matter for foreign policy? The previous literature on women in foreign policy making has mainly been based on case studies of individual women in power, or on gender equality as key to explaining sustainable peace. We contribute to the literature on gender and foreign policy by systematically evaluating a claim that female foreign policy leaders make a difference, that is, having a female foreign policy leader in a country is likely to lead to certain policy outputs in the area of foreign policy. We evaluate this claim by analyzing the changes in policy rhetoric and suggested policy measures of Swedish foreign policy leaders, male and female, in their domestic foreign policy declarations during the post-world war II period. (Less)


Introduction In today's competitive environment it is important for organizations to innovate, improve and adapt itself with the changing environment. This can be realized if the potential of the human resource is fully optimized and they are in a trajectory of growth and dynamism. Human resource development plays an imperative role in developing a learning environment where the knowledge and intellect can grow. The HR subsystems like performance appraisal, training, feedback and other planned developmental activities coupled with enabling climate helps an employee to gain competencies and realize their potential. The term HRD was first coined by Leonard Nadler who defined it as a series of organized activities which are conducted within a specified time and designed to produce behavioral change. The HRD Climate of an organization plays an important role in ensuring competency, motivation and development of its employees (Patel, 2005). HRD Climate was found to be positively correlated with organizational effectiveness and productivity (Jain, Singhal & Singh, 1997). The study by Rohmetra in 1998, found that job satisfaction was positively associated with HRD Climate. Kumar & Patnaik (2002) found that a positive relationship exists between HRD Climate and job satisfaction, attitude and role efficacy. Krishnaveni & Ramkumar in their study (2006) titled "Impact of developmental climate on individual's behavior in organizations" found that HRD Climate is positively associated with the level of role satisfaction of individuals in the organization. Purang in her paper (2006) titled "HRD Climate: Comparative Analysis of Public, Private and Multinational Organizations" reported HRD Climate perception of employees in private and multinational organizations to be significantly better than in public sector organizations. Venkateswaran (1997) made a study in a public sector undertaking in India and found that, to a large extent, a favorable HRD climate was prevalent in the organization understudy. M. Srimannarayana (2001) identified below average level of HRD climate in a software organization in India. However, Agarwala (2002) found that the HRD climate was significantly more developmental in the IT industry when compared to the automobile industry. Mishra & Bhardwaj (2002) carried out a HRD climate survey in a private sector undertaking in India and concluded that the HRD climate in that organization was good. Lewlyn (2004) conducted a study in the engineering institutes in India and found the HRD climate to be highly satisfactory. In this study we will do a comparative analysis of HRD Climate in the public and private sector banks in India Human Resource Development HRD has been defined by various authors and lay stress how it develops the human resource. It is an organized learning experience provided by employees within a specified period to bring about the possibility of performance improvement and/or personal growth (Nadler & Nadler, 1989). It is the integrated use of training and development, organization development, and career development to improve individual, group, and organizational effectiveness (McLagan, 1989). Rao (1985) says that it is a process by which the employees of an organization are helped in a continuous, planned way to acquire or sharpen capabilities required to perform various functions associated with their present or expected future roles, develop their general capabilities as individuals and discover and exploit their own potentials for their own and/or organizational development purposes and develop an organizational culture in which supervisor --subordinate relationships, teamwork, and collaboration among subunits are strong and contribute to the professional well-being, motivation, and pride of employees. HRD provides a platform for an employee to grow and play a vital role in the growth of an organization. Guest & Davey (1996) suggest, for example, that for organizations to attract and retain high quality employees in an employability or transactional contract environment, they must provide "challenge, autonomy, impressive extrinsic rewards and, above all, opportunities to learn and thereby become more marketable and more able to move on to the next job. …


Introduction: Renal transplantation is the best method of treatment for renal failure and anesthetic management during this procedure is of great importance. Proper dosage of the anesthetic drug for maintaining the respective depth is crucial as well. Arterial unclamping following anastomosis between the donor and recipient's kidney vessels, during which the functional kidney is inserted in the recipient's circulation, is a critical step in transplantation. Objective: To investigate the changes in Bispectral number and pupil dilatation as confirmed and probable markers of anesthesia depth have been investigated. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 25 patients undergoing renal transplantation in Razi hospital. Alteration in the depth of anesthesia was analyzed using BIS (Bispectral) index (at unclamping moment and its highest value within five minutes following unclamping) as well as pupil dilatation (5 minutes after unclamping). All the patients underwent identical method of general anesthesia. Data were analyzed using SPSS version16, paired ttest and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Mean and SD value of the maximum BIS number within 5 minutes after arterial unclamping (68/32±9/13) and its value at unclamping moment (59/48±10/65) were significantly different (P<0.0001).The pupil became wider in 84% of the patients immediately after unclamping. No significant relationship was found between the pupil size and BIS change. Conclusion: Considering the present findings, it seems that the depth of anesthesia declines after arterial unclamping following vascular anastomosis of the transplanted kidney. We also found a new sign in kidney transplantation anesthesia, introduced as "PUPIL SIGN", that happens prior to urination from the transplanted kidney, which could have clinical implications for early prognosis of transplantation success.


SUMMARY Cyclic data occur relatively frequently in manufacturing processes. Traditional approaches to detecting cyclic behaviour are mostly statistics-based, such as spectral analysis and time series analysis. In this paper, a special-purpose cyclic pattern recognition system applying neural networks is proposed. The system consists of multiple multilayer perceptrons with each perceptron dealing with cycles of a certain period. Thus, it incapable of identifying cycles of various periods. Multiple perceptrons may work concurrently, but a final decision is made through a unified decision rule. This type of special-purpose system is recommended when certain behaviour is known to exhibit more frequently in a given manufacturing process. Under the circumstances, an automatic assignable-cause interpretation system, which contains a special-purpose pattern recognition system as a core component, may be tuned to be more sensitive to this particular type of behaviour. Simulation indicates that a Special-purpose cy...


Abstract The article describes cluster policy in the Russian Federation regarding industrial clusters. In the first part, the authors explain the definitions of basic concepts related to clusters that are used in Russia, the features of cluster policy in the light of European experiences, and bring closer the Russian literature on the subject. In the second part, they distinguish and describe five stages of cluster policy in Russia. In the third part, they present basic quantitative data describing clusters in Russia, including their spatial diversification, the number of entities creating clusters, employment, etc. A particular role of the state in creating clusters and subsequent cluster policy programs is described, paying attention to their low efficiency.


Unlike wired networks or other wireless networks, where the nodes communicate with each other via an access point or a base station, wireless Mobile ad hoc network is an infrastructure less network where the network is formed out of randomly moving nodes. The nodes in a Mobile ad hoc network work as a host as well as a router. Since there is no centralized management and the network is formed only by the participating node's cooperation, Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) faces numerous security challenges. Out of many security attacks Blackhole attack is one of the severe one. A Blackhole attack is a Denial-of-service attack. In a request response based route discovery method, a Blackhole node advertises itself as a node that has the shortest route to the destination. It can drop all the packets that it is supposed to relay to the destination. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of one reactive protocol (AODV), one proactive protocol (OLSR) and a hybrid protocol (ZRP). In order to find out the intensity of Blackhole attack on MANET, we take these three routing protocols and check the performance of these protocols with and without attack. We compare the resultto see which class of protocol is more challenged by the attack. We used OPNET 15.0 simulator to measure the performance of these routing protocols in different performance metrics. After the simulation was run, we found that the performance of these protocols get worse under Blackhole attack and the performance of AODV outweigh both OLSR and ZRP.


Proper regulation of the cell cycle is essential for genetic stability and function. Mutations resulting in deregulation of the cell cycle are attributable to the development of diseases such as cancer. A large portion of the proteins responsible for regulating the cell cycle are found at DNA replication origins making replication origins an attractive target of research. Our lab has previously characterized a replication origin found in the promoter region of the human DBF4 locus which contains two zones at which two Origin Recognition Complexes bind and initiate replication in opposite directions in a specific manner termed Asymmetrical Bidirectional Replication. Within these same zones, our lab has also discovered the presence of transcription start sites for long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts. We've found that these non-coding transcripts are differentially transcribed from their neighboring genes and are resistant to RNA polymerase I, II and III inhibition. Results from these studies unexpectedly indicate the possibility of the mitochondrial RNA polymerase acting in the nucleus to transcribe the lncRNAs at the DBF4 locus. These transcripts are also cyclically more stably expressed than the DBF4 gene while retaining a relatively short half-life.
In an attempt to achieve a broader understanding of the replication process, the work in this thesis presents an effort to characterize and identify these lncRNAs initiating in the DBF4 promoter region and provide new insights into their behavior.


The rapid adoption of Industry 4.0 principles in the manufacturing sector during the last couple of years has created numerous possibilities for development. One key area related to manufacturing in which Industry 4.0 solutions can have a significant impact is the field of materials handling. However, today the majority of manufacturing companies still overly rely on the utilization of standard forklift material handling systems for supporting their operations. In this paper, our goal is to present a novel process improvement method utilizing Industry 4.0 principles which could significantly aid in the design of efficient forklift material handling systems. We believe that by utilizing the opportunities inherent in Industry 4.0 (in this case mainly sensor systems, big data analysis, digitalization and real-time data transfer), forklift based material handling can be elevated to an entirely new level in terms of efficiency, which could greatly improve the overall performance of the vast majority of manufacturing systems.


Interpersonal complementarity has emerged as a key principle to structure and regulate everyday interactions. This begs the question whether interpersonal complementarity also influences ratings in...


The yield of the Li/sup 7/(p,n')Be/sup 7/ reaction leading to the 430kev state of Be/sup 7/ was investigated near threshold with a time-of-flight system using a Li/sup 6/ glass scintillator. Total cross sections and angular distributions were determined for proton energies between 2.4 and 3.0 Mev. It is shown that the shape of the total cross section near threshold can be accounted for by assigning a spin and parity J/sup pi / = 1- to the level in BeB at 20.35 Mev (corresponding to a proton energy of 3.55 Mev). (auth)


ObjectiveTo study the safety and efficacy of ketamine anesthesia for laparoscopic of pediatric indirect inguinal hernia comparing with that of general anestesia.MethodsForty pediatric patients wiht ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ scheduled for laparoscopic indirect inguinal hernioplasty were randomly devided into two groups.Group A and group B(20 cases in each group) received ketamine anesthesia and general anesthesia respectively.HR,MAP,SpO2,PETCO2,the amount of medicine,as well as the complications and side effects were recorded.Anesthetic effect was assessed.ResultsIn group A HR,MAP after insufflation were not significantly different as compared with that of preinsufflation,as they significantly increased in group B.In the two groups PETCO2 after insufflation were upper comparing with that of preinsufflation,and it was more significant in group B(P0.05).And in the two groups,SpO2 of insufflation were not significantly different from that of desufflation.The PETCO2 during CO2 insufflation was increasing gradually and reached its maximum at 30 min after insufflation,and in group B after desufflation the time of PETCO2 getting down to the preinsufflating value was slightly shorter than that of group A.There was no serious complicaition or side effect such as allergic reaction or vomitting.ConclusionKetamine anesthesia is not only enough for the requirement of laparoscopic indirect inguinal hernioplasty of young children but also more economical for them.


A packaging system, comprising: a housing structure; ceramic panel attached to the housing structure; and means receiving member inside the housing structure.


One of the main protective measures to be adopted in case of fires in road/rail tunnels is represented by suitable longitudinal ventilation systems being able to avoid fire and smoke exposure of humans, and to create a safe route upstream for evacuation. The key design parameter is the so-called critical ventilation velocity, i.e. the minimum speed of the longitudinal ventilation avoiding the spread of the smoke produced by fire in the upstream direction, known as 'backlayering'. In several studies, the critical velocity was correlated to the fire heat release rate on the basis of semi-empirical models, already adopted in describing nonconfined fires. However, experimental runs both on a laboratory scale and on a real scale, evidenced that such correlations are valid only in connection with fires of limited extent, while at high rates of heat release and when the flame height reaches the tunnel ceiling, the critical velocity can tend asymptotically to a maximum value vca. In this study, reference was made to the worst scenario of hydrocarbon pool fire extended to the whole tunnel section. The main hypotheses the model is based upon are uniform distribution of chemico-physical properties of fire and smoke along the considered transverse section of the tunnel. The evaluation of the critical velocity is performed by solving mass, momentum and energy balances obtained considering possible dynamic interactions among the different fluxes (backlayering, air, flame/smoke column). In particular, the inertial action exerted by fresh air on backlayering was determined on the basis of the experimental results. The asymptotic value of the critical velocity resulting by mathematical modelling is in good agreement with those proposed by other authors, for example by means of complex CFD (computational fluid dynamics) studies. Moreover, the developed model is easily adaptable to the evaluation of vca, when dealing with geometrical conditions different from the ones studied here e.g., tunnel of different geometry, fire not extended to the whole section of the tunnel, obstacle presence in the tunnel, sloping tunnels.


The present invention relates to a side member of the snap button can be freely exchanged, comprising mutually engaging or separate male and female snap fastener, the male snap fitted on the outside of the skirt, the female snap fitted on the inside of skirts; the male an outer end surface fastener member is removably mounted surface, an outer surface of the end face of the fixing member is provided with the garnish. Snap fastener according to the invention not only functions as the engaging function, but also to meet the needs of the wearer with a flexible, better decoration clothing, decorate their own; Meanwhile, snap button garment of the present invention is easy to take in washing below member, which not only greatly to avoid scratching the surface of the washing process and the trim member, the occurrence of wear or damage, etc., can be avoided and the washing liquid of the reacted surface member becomes old happens, the better protective face parts and trim, extending its life, and always as new.


In cancer cells, hypoxia can lead to resistance to both radiation and chemotherapy. The ability to measure cellular hypoxia is an useful tool in therapeutic planning. [18F]Fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO) is a specific tracer used for the detection of hypoxic tissues by positron emission tomography (PET). In this research, the [18F]FMISO radiosynthesis has been modified to reduce costs to support clinical studies of patients with hypoxia by using an automated module instead of the disposable cassette-based synthesizer. The Synthra RNplus module, a remote-controlled synthesizer, was used for nucleophilic substitution of NITTP (1-(2'-nitro-1'-imidazolyl)-2-O-tetrahydropyranyl-3-O-toluenesulfonyl-propanediol) with [18F]fluoride anion. Labeling of the 5 mg of NITTP precursor in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was performed at 100 ℃ for 10 min and hydrolyzed with 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) at 100 ℃ for 5 min. Finally, the purified product was obtained by using solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge instead of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total [18F]FMISO yield was approximately 29.11 ± 5.00 % (n = 7), the total synthesis time was less than 35 min, and the radiochemical purity was greater than 95 %. These results are very useful for supporting hypoxia diagnosis in cancer patients in Thailand.
HIGHLIGHTS

Rapid and simplified [18F]FMISO radiosynthesis are very useful for supporting hypoxia diagnosis in cancer patients in Thailand
[18F]FMISO radiosynthesis using Synthra RNplus with SPE purification takes less than 35 min
[18F]FMISO yield is approximately 29.11 ± 5.00 % (n = 7, non-decay corrected) and the radiochemical purity is greater than 95 %

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


• tank • crack • integrity Kljucne reci • zavareni spojevi • rezervoar • prslina • integritet Abstract During the exploitation of tanks used for storing liquid carbon dioxide there was a need to install two new connec- tors on one of the lids. The tank is made of micro-alloyed steel and its connectors are made of high-alloyed austenite steel. The same welding technology and added materials are used for both the tank and connectors. Non-destructive testing methods of welded joints in new connectors revealed microcracks in the heat-affected zone of micro-alloyed steel. By applying the procedure given in standard BSI PD 6493 "Manual for assessment of acceptability of flaws in welded structures", it is possible to estimate the effect of these microcracks on the integrity of welded joints in new connectors, and therefore their effect on the integrity of the tank. Rezime


The purpose of this article is to compare and contrast the different types of endodontic access cavity designs based on the current available evidence. Four types of access cavity designs, namely, traditional endodontic access cavity design (TEC), contracted/conservative endodontic access cavity design (CEC), ultra-conservative or ninja endodontic access cavity design (NEC) and truss endodontic access cavity design (TREC) have been suggested, and the latter three are currently in the limelight. Studies in vitro have been performed comparing the TECs, CECs, TRECs and NECs; except for the TECs, the other three types have not undergone clinical trials on patients. The choice of endodontic access cavity design affects fracture strength of the tooth, but remnants of pulpal tissue, due to ineffective instrumentation, can cause root canal treatment failure. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Root canal treatment with new access cavity designs has been proposed. However, there is lack of evidence to support such practices. It is important to consider the potential deleterious effects of such access cavity designs rather than emphasizing the preservation of tooth structure alone.


Summary form only given, as follows. Artificial neural network topologies which use both self-organization and supervised learning are discussed. Aberrations in counterpropagation are shown. A hybrid-network is developed and shown to be more efficient than backward error propagation alone for the tactical target recognition problem considered. The hybrid network is demonstrated as an effective tool for solving pattern recognition problems involving ambiguous decision regions. Tactical target data sets are classified using hybrid propagation and the results are compared to conventional backpropagation networks.<<ETX>>


In conventional binaural rendering a pair of head-related impulse responses (HRIR), measured from source direction to left and right ears, is convolved with a source signal to create the impression of a virtual 3D sound source when played on headphones. It is well known that using HRIRs measured in a real room, which includes a natural reverberant decay, increases the externalization and realism of the simulation. However, the HRIR filter length in even a small room can be many thousands of taps leading to computational complexity issues in real world implementations. We propose a new method, partitioned truncated singular value decomposition (PTSVD) filtering, for approximating the convolution by partitioning the HRIR filters in time, performing a singular value decomposition on the matrix of filter partitions, and choosing the M singular-vectors corresponding to the M largest singular values to reconstruct the HRIR filters. We will show how this can be implemented in an efficient filter-bank type structure with M tapped delay lines for real-time application. We also show how improvements to the method, such as modeling the direct path HRIR separately can lead to improved rendering at minimal computational load.


In this paper, we investigate a software resource allocation problem. We incorporate generalized modified weibull testing effort function in software reliability growth model to get a better description of the software debugging process. The main purpose is to minimize the cost of software development when the number of remaining faults and a desired reliability objective are given. A real software failure project is demonstrated the effectiveness of proposed models.


Measuring the time is something essential to humans: all our activities are marked by atomic clocks found in research laboratories, in companies and in many satellites above us. In this context, a common International Time scale has been necessary for several centuries. With the advent of new frequency standards, the accuracy obtainable has increased, reaching values of about 2 × 10−16. To achieve this kind of accuracy, it is necessary to make some corrections, including one for the relativistic effect caused by the altitude at which the clocks are found. Therefore, the importance of having correct and precise measurements of geodetic heights becomes fundamental in increasing the accuracy in time determination. Today, the precision of geodetic and metrological measurements are becoming comparable, making the measurement of time for the determination of height differences interesting: this involves the use of atomic optical clocks for the futuristic "relativistic geodesy". The measure of the geodetic height becomes, therefore, an element whose importance increases as much as the desired accuracy in time determination. Today, the precision of geodetic and metrological measurements are becoming comparable, making the measuring of time for the determination of height differences interesting: this involves the use of atomic optical clocks for the futuristic "relativistic geodesy". This work aims to demonstrate how it is possible to couple geodetic and atomic measurements, by addressing and solving problems due to heights determinations of some metrological sites and considering different geoid models.


A building speaks for what it is, and for what it stands for. It has a function/purpose, it can represent an idea thought how it looks and works; and it can represent its function. The correlation between these can make buildings very special or… gimmicky - particularly when their purpose prompts existential questions, like in a case of medical facilities...


tag=1 data=Administrative law : the state of play. by Tom Sherman

tag=2 data=Sherman, Tom

tag=3 data=Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration,

tag=5 data=66

tag=6 data=October 1991

tag=7 data=63-68.

tag=8 data=LAW

tag=10 data=The Electoral and Administrative Review Commission is heavily engaged in the process of reform in Queensland following the Fitzgerald report.

tag=11 data=1992/4/6

tag=12 data=92/0365

tag=13 data=CAB


It is increasingly documented that cells deliberately generate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to function as signaling intermediates in the control cell proliferation. These comprise of regulatory networks that regulate progenitor cell differentiation in the murine intestine. However, how ROS mediates these responses remain to be fully defined. Recent reports have shown that the ROS‐generating enzyme NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) is highly expressed by colon epithelia. Indeed, a recent report identified Nox1 as a novel IBD susceptibility gene where mutations in Nox1 was discovered in patients presenting with severe pancolitis. Here, we report that ROS generation by Nox1 in the murine colon is necessary for normal intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Gut epithelial‐specific Nox1‐null mice exhibited increased gut permeability, skewed differentiation, and slowed recovery rates following gut injury. Together, these results implicate Nox1 as an essential protein in epithelial cell homeostasis and response to injury, and reveal a novel mechanism for the maintenance of intestinal tissue structure.


This paper aims to discuss the various types of housing systems in Pune that is traditional, planned and unplanned in a way the city evolved. Further going to details of traditional system that includes the Wadas and chawls of Pune followed by planned unit development including residential bungalows or detached housing, town housing or row housing, apartments and mixed use housing. It also discusses how the typologies are somehow interconnected and also deals with slums or the informal housing types. This paper looks at the choice and appropriateness of different housing typologies[1], considerations given to the availability, cost of land, socio-economic profile of end-users and thus, enhancing their general wellbeing.


Lentil ( Lens culinaris Medikus) is an important grain legume crop. Among all the biotic factors, weed infestation is being an adverse impact on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economics due to lentil short stature, low branching, lack of protective canopy and it's unable to smother the weeds. Although, applying pre emergence herbicides, in many situation early weed control herbicides are not that much efficient for attaining higher yields due to lentil is long duration crop and critical weed competition upto 40-60 DAS. Sequence use of pre and post-emergence herbicides and application of early post-emergence herbicides may help in controlling the weeds at later stages of crop growth period. To understand resources distribution in lentil a field experiment was laid out at BAU research farm, Sabour during Rabi of 2019-20 in RCBD replicated thrice with 13 treatments to assess the effect of various pre and post-emergence herbicides in lentil. Out of 13 treatments, weed free treatment produced significantly higher grain yield and haum yield and new generation herbicides application of pendimethalin fb quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr and oxyflurofen fb quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr were statistically at par with weed free treatment. Weed control efficiency, Weed index, Nutrients uptake and Economics by different weeds treatments were recorded significantly higher in pendimethalin fb quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr, oxyflurofen fb quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazomox at 60 DAS and at harvest. Ultimately, it can be concluded that, application of pendimethalin fb quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr and oxyflurofen fb quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr in lentil brings in enhancing grain yield and achieving more net returns, B:C ratio apart from suppressing the weeds through higher weed control efficiency and lower weed index.


Abstract : Major Christopher S. Allen, Lieutenant Colonel Todd D. Hess, Major Jim H. Burden, Lieutenant Colonel Richard H. Birdsong, Department of Ophthalmology, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Germany Objective: To test the efficacy and efficiency of transmitting digital nerve fiber layer analysis (Gdx) results via e-mail for teleconsultation.


Subsurface-temperature observations, made by gas-producing companies in south Louisiana during the course of bottom-hole pressure determinations, were compiled on a magnetic tape by the Federal Power Commission. The measurements were taken long after the wells were completed, and they are therefore more nearly true than those taken during electric-logging operations. Reliable temperature versus depth plots could be made for 132 gas fields. The temperature End_Page 724------------------------------ gradients range from 1 to 2°F and most are between 1.2 and 1.3°F per 100 ft of depth. At a depth of 10,000 ft the temperature ranges between 190 and 230°F. The most prominent features of the temperature distribution at 10,000 ft is a belt of high temperature about 30 mi wide close to the present coastline. The location of this "hot belt" is puzzling because it is located approximately where the greatest thickness of Cenozoic sediments is believed to occur. Extrapolating the temperature and pressure downward, it seems possible that conditions necessary for regional metamorphism are present in the lower part of the sedimentary column at depths below 40,000 ft. Possibly the recrystallization of the sediments accounts for the high temperature values. End_of_Article - Last_Page 725------------


Some n +-on-p photovoltaic detectors of Hg 1-x Cd xTe semiconductor material were fabricated with B + implantation to create n +-type region. The implanted diodes with an area of 400μm×400μm and a cutoff wavelength of around 1.7μm operated at ambient temperature (300k).The specific detectivities of these detectors are above 3.0×10 11 cmHz 1/2 W -1 in the range 1.58 ̄1.64μm with a quantum efficiency as high as 70%. The dark current of the photodiodes is mainly limited by diffusion mechanism outside the depletion region and generation recombination within it. Furthermore, after a series of experiments, the detectors were proved to get along well with the space borne application.


IMS(IP Multimedia Subsystem) is proposed by 3GPP to provide real-time multimedia services.In the future,the multimedia services will give priority to video,audio and mixture of video and audio,so they need high quality on real-time and delay.The traditional QOS(Quality of Service) mechanism based on policy is analyzed,and a new QOS mechanism based on policy is proposed.The new mechanism improves the function of PDF(Policy Decision Function) and does some extension to the SIP,so implements the cooperation between each layer.The simulation result indicates that the new mechanism proposed in this paper can shorter the session setup delay in IMS effectively.


The simplified multireflection interference theory is proposed to analyze the physical insight quantitatively of the ultra-broadband metamaterial absorber (MMA) loading lumped resisters in which the resonant layer, including lumped resisters and the substrate, are equivalent to a homogeneous and isotropic effective medium. The simulated full width at half maximum (FWHM) absorption bandwidths is approximately 11.2 GHz with relative FWHM absorption bandwidths of 116.7% for a normal incidence electromagnetic wave. Microwave experiments are performed and measured results are in good agreement with the numerical results. The absorbance of the proposed MMA calculated by the simplified multi-reflection interference theory coincides well with simulated and measured results.


New Zealand?s tectonic setting, astride an obliquely convergent tectonic boundary, means that it has experienced many large earthquakes in its 200-year written historical records. The task of identifying and studying the largest early instrumental and pre-instrumental earthquakes, as well as identifying the smaller events, is being actively pursued in order to reduce gaps in knowledge and to ensure as complete and comprehensive a catalogue as is possible. The task of quantifying historical earthquake locations and magnitudes is made difficult by several factors. These include the range of possible earthquake focal depths, and the sparse, temporally- and spatially-variable historical population distribution which affects the availability of felt intensity information, and hence, the completeness levels of the catalogue. This paper overviews the procedures and tools used in the analysis, parameterisation, and recording of historical New Zealand earthquakes, with examples from recently studied historical
events. In particular, the 1855 M 8+ Wairarapa earthquake is discussed, as well as its importance for the eminent 19th century British geologist, Sir Charles Lyell, and for future global understanding of the connection between large earthquakes and sudden uplift, tilting and faulting on a regional scale.


Acorus calamus L. rhizome was trusted having antibacterial activity. This study aimed to identify the compounds in the Acorus Calamus L. rhizomes essential oils and to recognize the antifungal activity of the oils against Candida albicans. The extraction of essential oils from rhizome was carried out by steam distillation technique. Identification of compounds in the oils was conducted by Gas ChromatographyMass Spectroscopy (GCMS), while the antifungal test against Candida albicans was done by well diffusion method. Extraction of 10 kg of rhizomes produced 16.53 mL essential oil with a yield of 0.1653% ( = 1.066), the oil was brownish yellow and very flavorful. GC-MS analysis showed that the essential oil contained 11 compounds, they are (E)-3,7 dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene (trans--Ocimene) (3,73%), linalool (1,07%), -elemene (1,15%), trans methyl isoeugenol (7,68%), shyobunon (15,74%), bicyclogermakren (0,93%), dehidroxy-isocalamendiol (2,61%), -calacorene (3,34%), euasarone (26,84), cis-asarone (18,62%); dan transasarone (18,29%). Antifungal activity test showed that the growth and biomass inhibition of C. albicans increased with the increase of the oil concentration. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of essential oil toward C. albicans was 1% with the inhibition of 7.83 mm.


Using a world multi-sectoral, multi-regional trade model, this paper has investigated the economic and environmental implications of climate control coalitions cooperating on R&D investment that triggers low cost environmentally friendly technologies. We start with the Kyoto scenario where all Annex B industrialized countries (including the US) are assumed to individually meet their mandatory Kyoto greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets. Next, we consider industrialized country's cooperating on climate control and R&D-induced technological innovations. We then expand climate control coalition to include developing countries. Finally, we investigate the implications of additional R&D investment from industrialized countries to developing countries. Our results clearly demonstrate that cooperation on climate control and R&D among industrialized countries induces technological innovations, lowers their compliance costs and thus places less strong economic burden on these countries. But without developing countries getting involved in climate control and R&D investment, such a cooperation alone is unable to completely offset negative economic effects of the emissions reduction commitments on both industrialized countries themselves and developing countries. Recognizing the importance of developing countries' participation and their legitimate demand for adequate technology transfer and financing, the paper concludes that linking developing country's cooperation on climate control with industrialized country's R&D and technology transfer would produce win-win-win outcomes for both developing countries and industrialized countries and for the global environment.


The cavitatin flow in a Francis turbine runner is simulated by a two phase turbulent flow mode,namely k-e-k p model.According to the theory of two phase flow,the governing equations of the cavity liquid turbulent flow are deduced.The cavitation flow in a Venturi tube is calculated as an example to verify the validity of the model.On this basis,the simulation of the flow in a Francis turbine runner is carried out.The calculated results including the flow characteristics both for liquid phase and cavity are presented.


The segmented planar imaging method is a new imaging concept based on Van Cittert-Zernike theory that offers significantly reduced size, weight, and power consumption compared to a traditional imaging system and aims to realize high resolution imaging. In this paper, the segmented planar imaging detector (SPID) imaging process has been accurately modeled and quantitatively analyzed to image quality enhancement. The influences of the longest interferometer baseline and the spectral channel number of array wave-guide grating(AWG) on the imaging quality of the SPID have been analyzed. It is verified that the cut off spatial frequency and the resolution of the SPID system is determined by the longest interferometer baseline Bmax. The imaging process of different Bmax have been numerical simulated to evaluate the impact of longest interferometer baseline on the SPID system, and the reconstruction image shows that the imaging quality can be improved by increasing the longest interferometer baseline. Also, the numerical simulations of different number of spectral channels of AWG have been operated, and the results showed that the visibility of interference fringes and spatial frequency coverage points are increased with the increasing number of spectral channels. Therefore, the imaging quality improved with the increasing number of spectral channel of AWG. In conclusions, the research results will provide theoretical and technical supports for segmented planar integral optical imaging system development.


CREATIVITY AND LIBERATION: A STUDY OF WOMEN WRITERS AND ARTISTS FEBRUARY 1992 MARY CLARE POWELL, B.S. TOWSON STATE UNIVERSITY M.L.A. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY ED.D. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Doris J. Shallcross The dissertation proposes a new model of the artist in society--the artist-educator. This model is explored by investigating the lives and work of ten women artists and writers, who are accomplished and innovative creators as well as facilitators of the creativity of others, especially individuals and groups considered marginal by our society. These artists represent a new model of the artisteducator because of (1) how they view the creative process, (2) their social/political vision, (3) their approaches to teaching, and (4) the force of their impact on others. First, they view the creative process as one which calls for boundary breaking; i.e., taking down distinctions between one's art and one's life, between the uses and functions of various art media, between themselves and other artists, between artists and their audiences. These artists have a social vision: they see themselves as part of a larger whole, a diverse society, and at the


This article analyzes the process of deployment of telephony in Belem in the years1881-1889. At the same time, it shows the context saving the rubber which was essential for this process. Belem became the spill way port rubber production, it had an increased tax revenue to state coffers. What enabled investments in major public works such as urban reforms in education, health, public transport, attracting the so-called "progress and modernity."One of the signs of that modernity was the telephone, which boosted the market for goods and services in the city, bringing air of modernity to the local elite of the time.


Operator functions generalities on difference equations Norlund Sum, part 1 Norland Sum, part II the first order difference equation the linear equation with constant coefficients linear difference equations with polynomial coefficients.


Spinal evoked potentials (SEPs) were monitored during scoliosis surgery in 11 patients. Epidural bipolar stimulating and recording electrodes were placed caudal and rostral to the site of surgery, respectively. In one case of scoliosis, with overdistraction of the vertebral axis, monitoring SEPs were reduced in amplitude with the delay of latency. These findings were correlated postoperatively with neurological deficits. Continuous recording of SEPs are stable and reproducible monitoring techniqu and make it possible to predict the neurological prognosis intraoperatively.


The integration and innovation of eco-civilization construction and urbanization is an important research topic in the current stage of economic and social development.This paper proposes the ecological incentive mechanism, a new environmental economy policy and resource management mode, and explores the framework and methodology of establishing this mechanism from the perspective of theoretical basis, essential connotation, operation principle and process, implementation path, etc.By emphasizing the endogenous compensation of ecological "self-motivation," the ecological protection strategies with resources as the core are implemented to guide the economic development in ecological mode.The paper explores ecological incentive mechanism both theoretically and practically through the "three-step" program, i.e., economy repaying ecology, ecological resource utilization, resource economization, in the hope of guiding the new urbanization path that is based on the mutual motivation, favorable interaction, and co-existence between ecological environment and economic development.


We report the results of the rapid follow-up observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the Fermi satellite to search for associated fast radio bursts. The observations were conducted with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder at frequencies from 1.2-1.4 GHz. A set of 20 bursts, of which four were short GRBs, were followed up with a typical latency of about one minute, for a duration of up to 11 hours after the burst. The data was searched using 4096 dispersion measure trials up to a maximum dispersion measure of 3763 pc cm$^{-3}$, and for pulse widths $w$ over a range of duration from 1.256 to 40.48 ms. No associated pulsed radio emission was observed above $26 {\rm Jy ms} (w/1 {\rm ms})^{-1/2}$ for any of the 20 GRBs.


The researches on saliency detection for common images have been thoroughly explored in recent years, but little attention has been paid to hyperspectral images. However, salient region detection can contribute to finding significant targets in hyperspectral images. In this paper, spectral saliency is introduced to the spectral domain for detecting targets in hyperspectral images, which are computed by expanding the Itti's visual attention model. Firstly, spatial and spectral features are extracted from hyperspectral image. The conspicuity feature of the first three principal components, orientations, spectral angle and visible spectral band opponent are computed to sum into a saliency map. Finally, salient targets are detected by winner-take-all strategy finding the region with the highest value in the saliency map. Experimental results show that the proposed method have better effectiveness of target detection compared with the method based on RGB image and visible spectrum.


ABSTRACT Increasingly turbulent forms of mobilities are emerging in Europe as diverse groups of migrants arrive, settle and move on. This paper explores this phenomenon of onward migration arguing that this is underpinned by various forms of feminized precarity. Challenging existing work on the feminization of precarity and migration that usually focuses on specific workers in situ, this paper explores the experiences of onward Latin American migrants (OLAs) who have moved to London from Southern Europe in a holistic manner. It develops the notion of "feminized onward precarity" to capture how female and male migrants experience precarious living and working conditions that reflect devaluation and exploitation in intersectional ways. In highlighting the interdependence of in/mobility and feminized precarity enacted through the relational lens of onward migration, the paper provides important insights into the increasingly complex and feminized lives of migrants as they move (or not) across diverse spatio-temporal contexts.


The invention discloses an engineering rotor-type unmanned aircraft which comprises a main frame, an engine, a rotor, a tail transmission, an undercarriage and a spinner, wherein the main frame comprises a main shaft and upper side plates arranged on both sides of the main shaft in opposite; at least two fuselage columns connected with the upper side plates are arranged between the two upper side plates; two lower side plates are connected with a back equipment plate. The rotor is connected with the main shaft, and comprises a rotor head, an aileron frame and a pair of main rotors; the main rotors are fixedly connected to both sides of the rotor head; a pair of auxiliary rotors are sheathed on the aileron frame; the lower part of the rotor head is connected with a cross disk; a phaser is connected between the rotor head and the cross disk. The real load of the aircraft with the structure can reach 10KG; the aircraft can implement vertical takeoff and landing, and the flight speed and flight altitude can be controlled freely; the aircraft has the advantages of low manufacturing cost, high flexibility, high personnel operation safety and high universality.


Background and Purpose: Formal learning in schools generally does not provide enough engagement for students to grasp the science concepts and skills taught to them. Therefore, the structured informal learning activities such as STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) integrated project-based learning is vital for students to partake in the more meaningful science learning process as it involves interdisciplinary activities. Hence, this paper discusses the study that underlies the structured informal learning activity, the STEM project-based approach, in enhancing conceptual understanding and inventive thinking skills among secondary school students.

Methodology: A quasi-experimental research design concerning treatment and control groups with pre-test as the covariate was employed in this project. The sample was selected based on the purposive sampling approach. Seventy Form Four students (33 male students and 37 female students) from a secondary school in Kedah, Malaysia were divided into 35 students of a controlled group (received conventional approach) and 35 students of the treatment group (followed STEM project-based approach). Data collected via the Newtonian Conceptual Understanding Test (NCUT) and Inventive Thinking Skills Test (ITST) were then analysed descriptively and inferentially.

Findings: The structured informal learning activity, the STEM project-based approach, was found effective in enhancing conceptual understanding and inventive thinking skills among secondary school students.  Further analysis showed that the elements of thinking skills (management and adaptation to complexity, self-regulation, curiosity, creativity, risk-readiness, and high-order thinking skills and sound reasoning) were also improved among students who followed STEM project-based approach.

Contributions: The study highlighted the importance of a structured informal learning activity, such as the STEM project-based approach in assisting students to grasp the science concepts and develop the required 21st-century learning skills besides formal learning in schools.

Keywords: Conceptual understanding, inventive thinking skills, Newtonian physics, physics education, secondary school students.

Cite as: Saleh, S., Muhammad, A., & Syed Abdullah, S. M. (2019). STEM project-based approach in enhancing conceptual understanding and inventive thinking skills among secondary school students.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 234-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp234-254


The extent to which preferences correlate or diverge among spouses is important when a couple makes joint decisions. Diverging preferences make decision-making more challenging, as the couple needs to decide how to aggregate the spouses' preferences. Previous studies have shown that when the relative bargaining power between spouses change, the household's allocation decisions also change. In this paper, we analyze differences in time preferences within couples in rural Tanzania. This paper provides three main findings. First, we show that, even though, on average men and women appear to have similar time preferences, there is substantial heterogeneity within couples. Second, by correlating differences in time preferences with domestic violence and the wife's decision-making power, we find that a larger difference in time preferences is associated with more domestic violence and less decision-making power for the wife. Third, we do not find any evidence of matching. Rather we see that the difference in time preferences decreases with the duration


Periodicals are a very important source of peer-reviewed information in medical sciences. Currently there are more than 150 dermatology-related journals being published. This represents 50% more than the number recorded in the last detailed survey, which was completed 2 decades ago. There are 41 dermatology-related journals included in Index Medicus. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology (CED) was the official journal of the St John's Dermatological Society. A phased transition to the British Association of Dermatologists was agreed in 2001, which will conclude at the end of 2005. This marks another landmark in the history of the journal, which dates back to 1912 in its origins, and we believe that readers will be interested in a brief summary of its history to the present time. CED started as Transactions of the London Dermatological Society. There followed a period of continuous publication as Transactions of the St John's Hospital Dermatological Society from 1927 to 1975 with the exception of the War years, from 1939 to 1952. It has been published under its present name since 1976 (Table 1). There have been eight editors since then, only two of whom have not been primarily based at St John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin, Leicester Square, and more recently at the St John's Institute of Dermatology (Table 2).


Association between the factorVII haplotype containing the –402A allele and myocardial infarction in a population of elderly men at high risk for coronary heart disease -


Subtitle: The cost of on-the-job crashes to employers is jaw-dropping. Companies can significantly reduce their rates of preventable accidents with proactive, comprehensive safety programs to positively impact the bottom line.


Effective control of alcoholism by chemotherapy dates from 1943, when Asmussen and co-workers 1 and Jacobsen and Martensen-Larsen 2 first described the reaction of patients receiving disulfiram and alcohol. In 1951, Graham 3 demonstrated that disulfiram interferes with the metabolism of alcohol by inhibiting it at the acetaldehyde stage. Physical symptoms of the alcohol-disulfiram reaction (flushing, headache, tachycardia, and dyspnea) are believed to be due to the accumulation of acetaldehyde, and these symptoms are sufficiently unpleasant to serve as deterrents to further drinking. The value of disulfiram has been generally recognized, but its application has been limited by certain unpleasant side-effects, the most common of which are gastrointestinal disturbance, impaired taste, unpleasant breath and perspiration odors, lassitude, drowsiness, and diminished sexual potency. In 1953, Fergusen 4 reported that citrated calcium carbimide (Temposil) in the presence of ingested alcohol produced an acetaldehyde reaction similar to that of disulfiram and alcohol. Either


readers the regular appearance of these well-known and much valued retrospects of the medical sciences. We are pleased to observe in Dr. Stone's abstract a fair sprinkling of extracts from foreign authorities, a feature that renders it of wider interest and a more fitting representative of what is passing in the medical world than the rival publication by Dr. Braithwaite, which is a reflex of British medicine almost alone. In general, however, the latter presents what will be considered in the eyes of very many practitioners somewhat more detailed abstracts, and a selection of papers distinguished by more attention to practical questions and to matters of treatment. In


The Approximate universality of the fractional charge-transfer cross section in high-energy hadronic collisions, as well as its magnitude and shape as function of the shifted charge-transfer variable, is satisfactorily explained in a neutral-cluster model.


In SU Tong's novels,there is an implied theme: escape.All the escapees under his pen,who are either out of homelessness and the instinct of life,or out of fear of the reality,choose escape and finally all corrupt and collapse.SU's choice of such theme is related to his personal factors as well as the change of times.


Currently, short-term car rental services (car-sharing) are a solution that is an alternative to individual motorization, which can be used in cities. With the level of sophistication of the relevant systems, there are more and more problems with their proper functioning. However, to understand the essence of some of the problems or properly introduce a new system to the market, it is important to understand how the systems work and the main relationships between the factors affecting car-sharing. This work aims to comprehensively present the most important aspects related to the functioning of car-sharing in light of the current research, as a form of compendium of knowledge about car-sharing. A review of the literature indicates that the leading areas of research in the field of car-sharing are seven topics related to the origin and history of services, the analysis of the functioning of the services market and criteria affecting the development of the relevant systems, the management of vehicle systems and location, issues related to the sustainable development of transport, IT systems, electromobility in car-sharing, and service optimization and modeling. A detailed analysis of the work carried out in this area allowed for the identification of 15 leading factors influencing car-sharing. This article supports the implementation and improvement of car-sharing services. In addition, it supports researchers during literature reviews and the search for a coherent list of the factors influencing car-sharing.


The present work is concerned with the study of the characteristics of plain woven fabric produced with cotton-acrylic high-bulk yarns from different spinning technologies. The effects of different factors, namely spinning technologies (ring, rotor and DREF-II, i.e. Group A fabrics), position of shrinkable acrylic feed sliver in DREF-II friction spinning system (Group B fabrics) and proportion of shrinkable acrylic core fibre in core-sheath type DREF-III friction spun yarns (Group C fabrics) on various properties of cotton-acrylic blended bulked yarn fabrics have been reported. The influence of these three variables on the mechanical, handle and comfort properties of fabrics have been studied. The properties of fabrics made of bulked yarns from different spinning technologies are found to be different from the normal 100% cotton yarn fabrics in all respect. Even though the bulked yarns were used only in weft direction, the fabrics with modified yarn structures show appreciable improvement in thermal resistance, moisture vapour transmission, wicking and air permeability. The bending rigidity of the fabrics in weft direction also reduced with improvement in crease recovery in weft direction.


Objective: The research established the effect of the international trade freedom index on the level of trade integration in some countries that currently make up the Pacific Alliance (AP) and the Andean Community (CAN) during the period 1970-2015. Method: The study approach is quantitative because statistical procedures were used, in strict correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Results: One of the main results is that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the freedom of international trade index and the degree of commercial integration among the member countries of the PA and the CAN. This relation is differentiated among these countries and within each group. However, at the aggregate level, the effect of the index of freedom of international trade on the degree of commercial integration is greater in the countries of the PA than in those of the CAN. Conclusions: It was concluded that the freedom of international trade influenced the level of commercial integration in the member countries of the PA and the CAN. However, this effect is not sufficient to determine the degree of commercial integration in the PA and CAN.


With saline water as the continuous medium, a two-component McMillan-Mayer equation of state is used to describe liquid–liquid phase equilibria in a two-protein system. The equation of state is based on a hard-sphere reference with perturbations introduced through a potential of mean force to account for electrostatic forces and for attraction between protein particles. To illustrate the thermodynamic framework, one parameter each is fitted to experimental precipitation data for aqueous saline one-protein systems containing either lysozyme or ovalbumin. A lysozyme–ovalbumin interaction parameter is then introduced to calculate phase behavior in the aqueous two-protein system. These calculations are remarkably similar to classic vapor–liquid equilibrium calculations using an equation of state. For the aqueous two-protein system, calculations give the light-phase composition as well as the lysozyme and ovalbumin partition coefficients for a given dense-phase composition. Agreement with sparse experimental data is reasonable over a range of pH and high ionic strength provided by the common precipitant ammonium sulfate.


Protodrilida ('first' or 'original' 'worms') is a clade that currently comprises around 65 accepted species that are known historically for being members of the now defunct taxon Archiannelida.


Background—In the COREA-TAXUS trial ("Effect of Celecoxib On REstenosis after coronary Angioplasty with a TAXUS stent"), celecoxib reduced late luminal loss and adverse cardiac events at follow-up around 6 months. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term outcome of short-term adjunctive celecoxib treatment after paclitaxel-eluting stent implantation. Methods and Results—This is a 2-year clinical follow-up of the COREA-TAXUS trial, an open-label randomized controlled study. A total 274 patients were randomized to receive or not receive celecoxib (400 mg before the intervention and 200 mg twice daily for 6 months after the procedure), and 271 underwent successful paclitaxel-eluting stent implantation. All patients were given aspirin (100 mg daily indefinitely) and clopidogrel (75 mg daily for at least 6 months). Among the 271 patients, 267 (98.5%) completed the 2-year clinical follow-up. From the previous follow-up to 2 years, there was no difference in the rate of adverse cardiac events betw...


Abstract : In-situ ellipsometry is used to analyze silicon surfaces in an aqueous ammonium hydroxide ambient. The ellipsometric data indicate that a surface which is optically quite similar to bare silicon is obtained when the native silicon dioxide film is etched from a Si substrate by aqueous NH4OH. In contrast, the surface obtained by etching the native oxide in aqueous buffered hydrogen fluoride leads to formation of a residual film on the Si substrate. Roughening of sample surfaces treated with either aqueous NH4OH or BHF is observed by microscopy. The high degree of roughness obtained following NH4OH treatment appears to influence ellipsometric measurements on samples, but this influence is not observed following BHF exposure where less roughness is noted.


The population density of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, disease index of cotton fusarium wilt along with the relation of the wilt disease and pathogen density in long-term cotton plantations were studied by the methods of dilution plating and field investigation. Microsclerotium densities of Verticillium dahliae and disease index of verticillium wilt were also studied. The results showed that both pathogen densities were first increased and reached their maximum at the 10th continuous cropping year and then, gradually decreased. Very similarly, the disease indexes of fusarium and verticillium wilts exhibited the same variation trend, thereby, indicating that disease-suppressive soil may be formed in long-term cotton plantations that need to be further studied.

 Key words: Long-term cotton plantations, continuous cropping, fusarium and verticillium wilt diseases, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Verticillium dahliae, microsclerotia, population density, disease-suppressive soil.


I was only ten years old in 1950 when I first became aware of Giorgio (everyone always called him Giorgio; I didn't even learn his last name until later). He had moved into a large (cavernous to a ten-year-old) adobe building next door to my family's home and just behind the house where Gwyn and Juan Xavier lived. My understanding at the time was that Gwyn was a lady anthropologist and Juan was an associate of Ted DeGrazia and a tribal official with the Tohono O'odham Nation. One of my neighborhood friends, Dickie, told me that he (Dickie) had been born in the building where Giorgio was living. For some reason I remember being greatly intrigued by the thought that Dickie, who was


In order to cape with counter the smallpox epidemics that frequently occured the vast Ottoman geography, the Vaccine Administration was established in 1840 in the Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane (currently Istanbul Faculty of Medicine), and smallpox vaccine production took start (1840). The vaccine strains were imported from Paris, propagated through human passages and provided free of charge to the public and army in the Payitaht (royal capital) Istanbul. The material was contained in glass tubes or vaccination pens and sent to all provinces free of charge Towards the end of the 19th century, smallpox vaccine production took start in smallpox vaccine stations in France, and the Ottoman government switched from importing smallpox strains to smallpox vaccine production in the official Imperial Vaccination Center (1892). However, vaccine tubes and vaccines were sent to the Balkans, remote provinces in Anatolia and especially to the Arab Peninsula through postal service. Delivery by the means of transport of that period took a lot of time, and the vaccines spoiled on the way and would not hold. In order to solve this problem, it was decided to open filigree branches in remote provinces at the beginning of the 1900s, but the planned branches could not be activated due to lack of financial means, and a few opened branches


In the present transmission systems, it has become mandatory to utilize the available resources and also to substitute it with the renewable energy sources at the earliest. The optimal utilization of the resources provides an added advantage of reduction of its cost to the end consumers of electrical energy. In this paper, a multi- objective optimal power flow (OPF) in the existence of FACTS devices has been proposed for an integrated transmission system. The uniqueness of this paper is the choice of the multi-objective function. The objective function includes minimization of voltage deviation, power loss and negative social welfare (NSW). The reduction of loss and NSW ensures the reduction of per-unit charge of electricity at the customer-end leading to a greater customer satisfaction. The FACTS device used for the problem is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The hypothesis has been applied on an IEEE 30 bus system. The Mouth Flame Optimization Algorithm has been used for the optimization of objective function. The results obtained have been presented, compared and analysed in detail.


The Canary Islands lie off the north-west coast of Africa. The archipelago consists of seven islands with a common volcanic origin. The aboriginal islanders very probably came from migrations from the mainland ofproto-Berber groups, at various intervals starting before the time of Christ. The beginning of the end ofthe aboriginal culture was marked by the conquest ofthe archipelago by Castille in the fifteenth century. The island of Gran Canaria witnessed the most evolved pre-Hispanic culture of the archipelago. Its hierarchical social structure is clearly demonstrated by their use of land irrigation, the products of which were stored in communal granaries, and by their numerous tumular tombs, which we find, sometimes in small groups and sometimes in large necropolises. The people lived mostly in drystone dwellings or in artificial caves, which were sometimes painted and decorated, as was their pottery. The numerous petroglyphs and (probable) religious images have no parallels elsewhere in the archipelago. The magical and religious world of the aboriginals of Gran Canaria (the canarios) was closely bound up with natural phenomena and especially with the vegetative cycle. Early ethnological sources from the period of the Castilian conquest tell of the importance ofastral cults and divinities. The sun, the moon, and probably other celestial bodies, were worshipped as principal deities.' There are also numerous but, unfortunately, rather vague ethnological references about the existence of a calendar and the use ofthe positions of the sun and moon for the measurement of'time.' Ofparticular interest are the mentions ofsacred places or almogarenes located on the tops of certain mountains of Gran Canaria that were of special significance. At the almogarenes, rituals involving the pouring of goat's milk over the soil took place at precise moments of the year. Among these accounts of the pre-Hispanic calendar is one written in 1505 by a soldier called Sedefio, who took part in the conquest of the island. He tells us:


ç 2007 by The University of Chicago Press. All rights reserved. 0018-2710/2007/470203-0005$10.00 As descriptive and analytical categories, both "cult" and "new religious movement" are inherently comparative. "Cult" is currently the dominant category for popular discussion of certain religious groups, and any new group so classified is frequently compared to a standard array of examples presumed to exemplify the category. Some psychologists and a very few scholars of religion also use this rubric, with only a slight modulation of its popular usage. "New religious movement," on the other hand, is a classification preferred by most academics, who see "cult" as a pejorative term and intend to replace it with a more neutral label.1 Although those scholars have become more conscious of bringing terminological order to their field of study, precisely what constitutes a "new religious movement" remains not entirely clear.2 But, however imprecise the category may be, it is clear that each of its constituent terms—new, religious, and


Kernel clustering is investigated in mechanical fault detection,and a semi-supervised kernel-based fuzzy clustering method is presented for gear fault early detection. The difficulty in early detection of mechanical incipient fault is to extract the weak fault information in noises. The semi-supervised kernel clustering method utilizes a few of known samples,combined with a larger amount of unknown samples to perform semi-supervised learning,and obtains good efficiency. The experiments are conducted on a gearbox,where a surface defect of tooth pitting is introduced.The result of semi-supervised kernel clustering is compared with that of unsupervised kernel clustering,which demonstrates the superiority of the semi-supervised method for gear failure detection.


As an important aspect in video content analysis, event detection is still an open problem. In particular, the study on detecting interactive events in crowd scenes is still limited. In this paper, we investigate detecting interactive events between persons, e.g. PeopleMeet, PeopleSplitUp and Embrace in complex scenes using a sequence learning based approach. By sequence learning, the spatial-temporal context information is introduced in the learning stage. Experiments have been performed over TRECVid Event Detection 2010 dataset, which contains totally 144 hours surveillance video of London Gatwick airport. According to the TRECVid-ED 2010 formal evaluation, our approach obtains promising results, with the top performance (NDCR) for PeopleMeet and PeopleSplit-Up, and second-best performance (NDCR) for Embrace.


It gives me great pleasure to be the discussant of the paper by Emby and Finley. My comments are divided into three parts. First, I shall briefly summarize the paper and its key findings. Then I shall review the context of the paper and raise questions about the authors' interpretation of their study and findings. Finally, I shall conclude with a brief summary of my comments.Summary of Emby and Finley's paper: The authors gave auditors materials summarizing internal control strengths and weaknesses. The background information provided in both scenarios was identical. They asked the subjects to plan substantive tests to be carried out in connection with the inventory audit. Then, they gave subjects one of two version of a set of additional information about seven internal control cues and asked them to make a revised decision about the extent of substantive testing required. When they asked the subjects to base their decision on internal control strengths, they obtained one result. When they asked the subjects to make the same decision based on internal control risks, they obtained another result. The differences in extent of substantive tests proposed were significant. The authors interpret this finding to be an instance of a framing effect.Furthermore, the authors found that when they asked a subset of the subjects to consider all the control related information cues one by one and to rate the direction and relevance of the evidence, the framing effect disappeared. The authors interpret this finding as an example of an effective debiasing technique for eliminating the effects of the "framing bias" induced by using the word risks in one version of the task and the word strengths in another version of the task.The paper is deceptively simple. It is well written, clear, and uncluttered. The design appears to be straightforward, and the findings are significant and noteworthy. I like the use of the initial judgment as a covariate in the analysis, which is competently carried our and clearly described. Although the paper appears to be simple, I believe that it provides us with an opportunity to consider a number of very subtle issues.


The paper investigates the stress state at the bi-material interface crack-tip by the Photoelastic and Isopachic methods and the Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The principal stresses at the bi-material interface crack-tip are theoretically determined using the combination photoelastic and isopachic fringes. The size and the shape of crack-tip isochro-matic and isopachic fringes, at a bi-material interface under static load, are studied. When the crack-tip, which is perpendicular to interface, is placed at the interface of the bi-material, the isochromatic and the isopachic fringes depend on the properties of the two materials. Thus, the isochromatic and the isopachic fringes are divided into two branches, which present a jump of values at the interface. The size of the two branches mainly depends on the elastic modulus and the Poisson's ratio of the two materials. From the combination of the isochromatic and the isopachic fringes, the principal stresses σ1 and σ2 can be estimated and the contour curves around the crack-tip can be plotted. For the FEA analysis, the program ANSYS 11.0 was used. The bi-material cracked plates were made from Lexan (BCBA) and Plexiglas (PMMA).


Three-dimensional (3D) elastic reverse-time migration (ERTM) can image the subsurface 3D seismic structures, and it is an important tool for the Earth's interior imaging. A common simulation kernel used in 3D ERTM is the current staggered-grid finite-difference (SGFD) method of the first-order elastic wave equation. However, the mere second-order accuracy in time of the current SGFD method can bring non-negligible time dispersion, which reduces the simulation accuracy and further leads to the distortion of the imaging results. This paper proposes a vector-based 3D ERTM using the high-order accuracy SGFD method in time to obtain high-accuracy images. This approach is a new high-resolution ERTM workflow that improves the imaging accuracy of conventional ERTM from numerical simulation. The proposed ERTM workflow is established on a quasi-stress–velocity wave equation and its vector wavefield decomposition form. Advanced SGFD schemes and their corresponding coefficients with fourth-order temporal accuracy solve the quasi-linear wave equation system. The normalized dot product imaging condition produces high-quality images using high-accuracy vector wavefields solved using the SGFD method. Through the numerical examples, we test the simulation efficiency and analyze how temporal accuracy in numerical simulations affects migration imaging quality. We include that the proposed method obtains highly accurate images.


Electricity generation from renewables has become a hot topic of research in the last couple of decades since renewable energy sources are visualized as one of the powerful means to fight global warming and climate change. Electrical power generation from wind energy has seen considerable growth in the last twenty years. Both off-shore and on-shore wind energy conversion system (WECS) configurations have gained equal importance. The major electrical components involved with WECS, such as generators and power converters, have gone through several important transformations in their structural and control aspects. Conventionally doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) have been in use for generating hundreds of kilowatts of power from wind due to their lower cost, which can be attributed to their capability to function with partial rated power converters. However, DFIGs are not as rugged as the squirrel cage induction generators. In this regard, permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) with full-rated converters could work extremely efficiently and reliably as wind power generators, especially at MWs of power levels. But, the presence of a permanent magnet in the rotor makes PMSGs really expensive and heavy. For WECS like the ones on the roof-top, some of the special electrical machines such as switched reluctance machines (SRMs) and permanent magnet brushless DC machines (PMBLDCMs) can be employed. This thesis explores the possibility of using an SRM for a small-scale wind power generating system.


The size distribution of inclusions between 1 to 100 μm in diameter was obtained by middle size sample electrolysis combined with laser grain size analyzer,which provided a method to measure the size of inclusions ranging from 20 to 80 μm.It′s observed that the major inclusions,of which size is from 1 to 100 μm,are SiO2-type in IF steel.The content of inclusions larger than 30 μm is up to 4.25%,which would be a significant potential threat to the surface quality of cold-rolled steel products.


The crystal structures of the four title compounds, C 14 H 20 O 3 , (I), C 16 H 24 O 3 , (II), C 14 H 20 O 3 .H 2 O, (III), and C 16 H 22 O 2 , (IV), which were obtained during studies of the preparation of C 5 -C 8 -C 5 fused-ring compounds, have been determined by X-ray diffraction.


We investigate properties of molecules that are synthesized on a torus. It is known that all polyhedral toroidal molecules contain a nontrivial knot or a nonsplit link [1], [2]. Building on this, we prove the chirality of those molecules. In the case that the graph embedding which describes the molecule contains a nontrivial knot, we give an alternative proof to Hyde et al [3]. The outline is similar but the method is different using minors instead of the Euler characteristic. We complete their proof in the case that the graph embedding contains a nonsplit link by generalising a theorem of Simon [4].


1. The present paper reports the results of an exploratory investigation of the degree of lability of differentiation of a physiologically specialized, apparently late-determined, ubiquitous plant cell type, the guard cell. 2. To determine whether guard cells could be stimulated to divide, mature foliage leaves of Begonia aridicaulis Zies. were subjected to three types of wounds: (a) a 5-7 mm. razor-blade incision through the leaf, which was allowed to remain on the plant (non-excised), (b) the same type and position of incision, but with the leaf excised at juncture of petiole and lamina and placed abaxial side down on moist vermiculite in a partially covered glass dish (excised), and (c) leaves cut in half perpendicular to their long axis and the apical half inserted vertically, cut edge down, into moist vermiculite in a partially covered glass dish (leaf fragments). 3. Comparing the three wound methods, uniform results were as follows: (a) Guard-cell division was not observed; (b) the wound-induced division walls in epidermal cells were oriented parallel to the long axis of the wound; (c) the wound-induced division walls proceeded as a wave away from the wound; (d) guard cells degenerated at variable distances from the wound, and this degeneration involved shrinkage of the guard cells parallel to their long axis as well as unequal, and often extensive, deposition of additional wall material and "fragmentation" of the chloroplasts, resulting in their numerical increase, assumption of irregular form, and reduced size; and (e) guard-cell degeneration in both the excised leaves and leaf fragments occurred within approximately the same distance distal from the outermost extent of the wound-induced divisions in the same time interval following wounding. 4. Individually unique results were as follows. In non-excised leaves guard-cell degeneration was conspicuous and occurred at relatively great distances from the wound region. Apparently normal stomata, however, occurred within the region of active division. Although the three subsidiary cells adjacent to the guard cells eventually divided, they did so noticeably later than did regular epidermal cells. In excised leaves guard-cell degeneration was relatively infrequent. The three subsidiary cells next to the guard cells did not divide. In leaf fragments guard-cell degeneration occurred outside the wound-induced division region with intermediate frequency. The three subsidiary cells adjacent to the guard cells divided as actively as surrounding cells with no time lag. 5. It is stressed that (a) the potency of the guard cell and any derivative cells probably can be only elucidated if the guard cell itself can be released from the physical and chemical correlations serving to keep cells in a normal plant morphogenetically stable at functional maturity and that (b) such a problem is simply one facet of a much larger one dealing with potency of idioblastic cells in general.


Adipocyte lipid binding protein (ALBP) is a small 131 residue protein with a simple architecture that consists of two orthogonal planes of β-sheet secondary structure. This protein binds a variety of fatty acids in a large cavity formed between the two sheets such that the bound ligands are completely enclosed within the protein. In this paper, the synthesis of an ALBP conjugate (ALBP-PX) containing a pyridoxamine cofactor attached to a thiol within the protein interior is described. The conjugate was characterized by mass spectrometry, UV/vis spectroscopy, and gel filtration chromatography. ALBP-PX reductively aminates a number of alkyl, aryl, and side chain functionalized α-keto acids to α-amino acids with enantioselectivities as high as 94% ee.


In this paper we study the problem of risk indif- ference pricing of interest rate claims which are functionals of a bond yield surface under partial information. Our approach to solve this problem relies on a maximum principle for par- tial information control of stochastic dierential games based on generalized bond portfolios. The latter method enables us to establish an explicit representation of the risk indierence price of such claims.


Servers, Sites, and Organizations Exchange Site Design Message Routing and the Message Transfer Agent X.400 Messaging: The Basics Understanding the Exchange X.400 Connector Understanding SMTP and DNS Understanding the Exchange Internet Mail Service Connecting Exchange to Corporate Backbones Synchronizing with the Exchange Directory Appendixes: X.400 Recommendations Currently in Force IANA Registered MIME Types X.400 Content Definitions Sample Script to Generate Unique SMTP Addresses Sample Script to Generate PMDF Database Files Script to Update MS Mail Custom Recipients Script to Transfer Directory Changes with Locking


When generating a mesh for the initial conditions for a computer simulation, you want the mesh to be as smooth as possible. A common practice is to use equipotential mesh relaxation to smooth out a distorted computational mesh. Typically a Laplace-like equation is set up for the mesh coordinates and then one or more Jacobi iterations are performed to relax the mesh. As the zone count gets really large, the Jacobi iteration becomes less and less effective and we are stuck with our original unrelaxed mesh. This type of iteration can only damp high frequency errors and the smooth errors remain. When the zone count is large, almost everything looks smooth so relaxation cannot solve the problem. In this paper we examine a multigrid technique which effectively smooths out the mesh, independent of the number of zones.


Polis is pleased to launch the report As it Happens: How live news blogs work and their future by Journalistfonden Fellow Karin O'Mahony. The report is available to download here.

Post by Charlie Beckett


In a paper "On the Commissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres of the Marsupialia," &c., of which an ' Abstract ' appears in the last published Part of the Proceedings of the Royal Society (No. 72), the author quotes the definitions of those structures given as zoological characters by me in a brief summary of the primary divisions of the class Mammalia, communicated to the Linnean Society in 1857. The remarks on the signification and homology of those structures in my anatomical publications are not given, I am consequently misrepresented. Errors are imputed to me which the author deems it important to rectify before the Royal Society; and as the Proceedings of the Society will carry this imputation far and wide through the world of science, I venture to hope that the present defence will not be deemed uncalled for, but may be permitted to have place in the Serial which has diffused the attack.


COURSE DESCRIPTION This Java-based, introductory college-level course is geared toward a more object-oriented style of programming. The course meets the requirements set forth in the syllabus of the College Board. Topics include computer systems, object-oriented program design concepts and implementation, classes, strings, arrays, recursion, data structures and analysis of algorithms. Standard Java classes and methods will be used.


This paper discuses the findings of a research study that compared 191 families of children with spina bifida and 145 families of children with mental retardation. Findings include: (1) mothers of children with developmental disabilities (DD) perceived that they experienced more poor health/mood problems than the mothers of children with Spina Bifida; (2) mothers of children with DD perceived that they worried more about their children than the mothers of children with spina bifida; (3) mothers of children with DD perceived that they experienced more problems due to low integration of the child with the disability into the family; (4) mothers of children with DD perceived that their sons and daughters have more personality and behavior problems than the mothers of children with spina bifida; and (5) mothers of children with spina bifida perceived that their children have more problems in the area of self-care than the mothers of children with DD. The paper identifies the following strategies for collaborating with families: maintain confidentiality, provide emotional support in a non-judgmental way, recognize that parenting is a specialized discipline, provide open and accurate information about normal development and necessary services, and make meaningful attempts to involve parents. (CR) Families of Children with Mental Retardation: Effective Collaboration Delar K. Singh, Ph.D. Faculty, Department of Education Niagara University Niagara University, NY 14109 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office ot Educaeonal Reseamh and impronemer EDVCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. ° Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


The essay explores issues pertaining to genetics vs. culture in understandings of kinship, hybridity as a disruptor of essentialist conceptions of race, the fetishization of ethnicity and culture, racist misuses of genetic science, processes of racialization, and counter-hegemonic resistance. Thirty- and sixty-second television advertisements airing in the U.S. from the 23andMe and AncestryDNA genetic genealogy testing services are analyzed in this context. The investigation demonstrates that genetic ancestry testing providers are well aware that their enterprise is premised on belief in the superiority of biological kinship and that hybridity is mobilized primarily as a marketing opportunity with ethnic components signified in shorthand by fetishized objects. Moreover, the categories of race and ethnicity presented in the ads give cover to racist abusers of genetic science, as the ads are consistent with socially constructed racial classifications. While maintaining this consistency, the categories are subject to adjustment based on the expectations of consumers. Resistance is possible in the use of genetic ancestry by descendants of African slaves to make localized connections to Africa, something that conventional genealogy seldom provides.


Abstract : This paper provides information on site-associated phenomena that affect the proper operation of a DABS sensor and therefore warrant serious consideration when siting a sensor. The DABS-related discussion is intended to be a supplement to the ATCRBS siting criteria presented in the FAA Primary/Secondary Terminal Radar Siting Handbook. The paper discusses siting criteria as they relate tot he DABS sensor antenna system, as opposed to the ATCRBS hogtrough antenna, and importantly, addresses those characteristics of the surrounding environment that are crucial to proper DABS/ATARS surveillance. (Author)


This work provides a new method to prepare crosslinkable multi\|hollow micro\|spheres of epoxy resin dispersible in water by incomplete phase inversion emulsification in the presence of a catalytic curing agent.The key is to add the curing agent in the vicinity of the phase inversion point at low temperature so as to control the emulsifier capability of the pre\|curing oligomers at a low level,which ensures the achievement of incomplete phase inversion emulsification.Scanning electron micrographs of the spheres reveal that the particles size is mainly in the range of 1~10 μm with sub\|micron cavities within the spheres.DSC is used to measure the curing behavior of the spheres.Two broad exothermic peaks around 120 and 162℃ are found in the as\|prepared particles,while the first peak shifts to higher temperature 135℃ and the onset temperature exceeds 100℃ in the thermally treated sample at 95℃ for 1 5?h.This indicates that the initial step curing process under the post\|treatment conditions is nearly completed.After further treated at high temperature for example 200℃,a glass transition temperature about 130℃ is found,and the two peaks disappear due to a full achievement of the curing process.Extraction results show that after treated at 95℃ for 1 5?h in water,the micro\|sized spheres become insoluble.It is concluded that the entitled waterborne microspheres are crosslinkable and multiporous.A preliminary result demonstrates a potential application of the entitled multi\|hollow spheres as opacifiers due to their intensive light scattering within the hollows.


1. The extent to which ecologically divergent selection acts to maintain species boundaries in the presence of hybridisation and gene flow is not well understood. Two parapatric taxa, Carbula humerigera (Uhler) and Carbula putoni (Jakovlev), were used to test the extent to which niche differentiation might sustain divergence of related taxa despite ongoing gene flow.


The present essay focuses on one of the two other texts read by basically every English school boy of the Renaissance, namely the anonymous collection of sayings entitled Dicta Catonis, which probably dates back to the third century ad and used as a primary reader from the Carolingian Renaissance until the eighteenth century. the present study, namely the English versions of the Dicta Catonis printed before 1641, which are listed in appendix. Moreover, the translations in the strictest sense of the word still show much variation, depending on the intended reading public and whether the translator wanted to stress linguistic instruction, moral instruction, or both.A further complication arises from the fact that English translations of the Dicta Catonis are frequently published in books which also contain translations of other collections of sayings from the ancients. Keywords:Dicta Catonis; England; English version; latin sayings; linguistic instruction


FIELD: weapons and ammunition. SUBSTANCE: bullet 1 is place on holder. Note here that comprises body 2 and head 3 with inner cavity 4 with size sufficient to accommodate, at least, a part of tip 5. Then, tip 5 is formed of top part 5a terminating with, at least, one vertex and bottom part 5b, both said part being jointed by their bases. Bottom part 5b is directed inside head inner cavity 4. At third step, tip 5 is made fall inside cavity 4 to strike by its bottom part 5b on cavity inner part 4 and be fitted there inside. At fourth step, head 3 is squeezed and secured to tip 5. EFFECT: higher accuracy of hits. 12 cl, 6 dwg


A feedback mechanism which involves sensing of change in phloem N concentration has been proposed to control nodulation and dinitrogen fixation in the presence of external combined N. Whether this control is in response to a change in total N or in some specific signal compound(s) is not known. In the present study we reevaluated the hypothesis that control of nodulation and N2 fixation involves sensing of change in tissue N composition and attempted to identify potential signal molecule(s) involved. Two soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) genotypes (Williams 82 and NOD1-3) differing in nodule number and tolerance to nitrate were germinated in sand trays. Seven-day-old seedlings were inoculated with a solution of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and grown for 28 days in growth chambers, using a hydroponic system with limited N supply to promote nodulation. Half of 28-day-old plants were treated with 15 mM NO 3 - , then control and treated plants were sampled at the onset of nitrogenase inhibition (24 h following NO 3 - treatment) for evaluation of nitrogenase activity and tissue concentration of total N and of each individual free amino acid. Phenylisothiocyanate- (PITC) amino acid derivatives were separated and quantified using HPLC. The decline in nitrogenase activity following the short-term nitrate treatment was associated with a dramatic asparagine concentration increase in the shoot and an increase in nodule aspartate and glutamate in both genotypes. Asparagine concentration in the shoot increased 35 times from a barely detectable level of 95 to 3 327 nmol g -1 fresh weight in Williams 82, and more than tripled from 509 to 1 753 nmol g -1 fresh weight in NOD1-3. Increase in levels of free Asn and in total free amino acids in the shoot following the short-term nitrate treatment was more pronounced in Williams 82 than in its partially nitrate-tolerant mutant NOD1-3. These results indicate that the feedback control of nodule activity may involve sensing changes in shoot asparagine levels and/or products of its metabolism (aspartate and glutamate) in the nodule. These results also indicate that partial-nitrate tolerance of nodulation in the hypernodulated NOD1-3 mutant is associated with a lesser change in tissue N following nitrate treatment.


AbstractWe investigated the term "openness" for its applicability and usefulness in the development, recognition, challenge, promotion and education of giftedness, talents, and high abilities; we describe and discuss conditions and implications of "openness" on various levels concerning the nurturing of giftedness.