Poland constitutes one of Sweden's biggest export markets; goods and services worth significant sums of money are being exported to Poland each year. However, polish law remains unexplored in Swedish literature and very frugally explored in English literature. The aim of this essay is to compare Swedish and Polish law regarding conclusion of contracts. From the account, presented in this essay, the conclusion can be drawn that the two legal systems actually correspond in many instances. The polish law of contract is located in the civil code, which dates back to 1964. The provisions on the conclusion of a contract are mainly located in article 66-72 of the Civil Code. There are three main forms of conclusion of contracts presented in the civil code: offer and acceptance, negotiations and auction or tender. The Swedish Contracts Act dates back to 1915, governing solely the conclusion of contracts using the so-called anbud-acceptmodellen (meaning a model for concluding a contract using an offer and an acceptance). Rules on the conclusion of contracts are located in chapter 1, in 1-9§§. Different ways to conclude a contract are not governed within the legislation, instead they are declared in established practise and doctrine. The parties are at liberty to choose a way of conclusion of contract to their liking, meaning that the forms of conclusion of contracts as presented in the Polish and Swedish legislation respectively are not exhaustive.

Many interesting conclusions can be drawn based on the presented material. Regarding the offer and its legal character, in Swedish law it's clearly stated that it's necessary to determine an addressee. Polish law allows an offer to be aimed at the general public, creating brand new problems that don't exist at all in the Swedish legal system. Regarding the term of acceptance, certain issues also arise on determining whether an offer should be considered to have been given in the other part's presence or not, and hence whether it has to be accepted immediately. This may result in many Polish offers coming with a much shorter term of acceptance than their Swedish counterparts.

A delayed acceptance constitutes a new offer. However the polish legislator introduced a more objective prerequisite than her Swedish colleague, regarding a situation when such an offer may constitute a binding agreement. An acceptance with stipulations is regarded as a rejection of the offer alongside a new offer. Yet again the Polish legislator adopted an exception that's more practically adequate than the corresponding Swedish provision. Inaction doesn't generally cause conclusion of a contract, unlike implied acceptance. There are however exceptions, as the contents of these laws vary widely between the two legal systems and hence make them hard to compare in a meaningful way. One conclusion may perhaps be drawn: though the Polish exceptions regarding inactivity seem more limited, they may in practice be more useful than the Swedish exceptions. Apart from the general freedom of form, there is a special exception in article 69 in the Civil Code regarding implied acceptance. Although Swedish law lacks a corresponding provision, the same result could probably occur in accordance with general legal principles.

Regarding negotiations, there's one major difference: whereas there are Polish statutory regulations on the matter in the Civil Code, the Swedish legal system leaves the matter out of the Contracts Act and only settles it in the established practice and doctrine. Otherwise the two national regulations are strikingly similar. A big reason for this similarity is the impact of globalization and the international character of negotiations, since they are commonly used between parties of different nationalities. Also, the provisions regarding culpa in contrahendo are very similar, which is hardly surprising considering the international character of culpa in contrahendo. Futher, the protection of trade secrets is very much alike., however, allowing the injured Polish party the possibility to claim damages or for the other party to hand over any benefit caused by the disclosure whereas the Swedish provision only allows for damages. Polish companies typically have a rather strict hierarchy with the boss as the absolute head of the company. In the capacity of a business partner, the Pole is usually very enthusiastic and polite, however some patience may come in handy in order to reach a final agreement. Once a contract is signed, the Polish counterpart respects the agreement. Much depends on whether she represents the old generation of Poles who would get their ideas and overall attitude during the communist time, or the new generation, which represents wider horizons and a bigger appetite for success.

The overall conclusion stemming from this essay is to encourage Swedish contractors to enter into contracts on the exponentially growing Polish market., however, caution is required especially regarding the term of acceptance, the legal character of an offer and the clarity of the content. The author considers the polish statutory law to be more modern and accessible. The author finds it to be more objective, straightforward and practically applicable. The Contracts Act serves its purpose, despite its age, but it could use some dusting and some touch ups.


Good control performance requires that the overall control loop execute 4 to 10 times faster than the process time constant plus deadtime. When calculating the overall control performance the amount of time required to read input signals, execute control, and drive outputs must be taken into consideration. These times are referred to as latency. The variation in input, output, and control execution is referred to as jitter. Too much latency or jitter can severely degrade overall control performance. Managing the latency and jitter in the input and output operations is challenging in wireless networks. Wireless signal strength varies in time; wireless nodes come and go arbitrarily; data is routed dynamically on different paths. Oversampling burns batteries out. Missing or delay of the process data by the network degrades control performance. In this paper we present an approach to meet the control performance requirements using a wireless mesh network. We utilize a time synchronized mesh network with short time slots. We argue that device and network operation must be synchronized. We discuss the technical challenges in this approach and show how these challenges can be overcome. We base this approach on the emerging WirelessHARTtrade standard.


The availability of natural materials for the construction of roads is becoming a challenge in the present days. In order to provide a good alternative material for road construction in place of natural soils like sands, gravels as a sub-grade and fill material. Industrial wastes like bottom ash has been gaining importance which is obtained by burning of coal from natural thermal power plants about 50 million tonnes annually. In this connection effective utilization of bottom ash in geo-technical constructions as a replacement to conventional earth materials needs special attention. The present study aims at evaluating the geo-technical properties of compacted bottom ash-sand mixes for compaction, strength and seepage characteristics are evaluated through a series of CBR, angle of shearing resistance, coefficient of permeability, etc.., by varying the percentage of sand. Based on the experimental results it has been observed that bottom ash-sand mixes attained high strength values i.e. CBR-10-12% and angle of shearing resistance of 3839Ocan be used as sub-grade and fill materialwith addition of 30-50% ofsand.


The Al(Ga)InAs metamorphic buffers grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on GaAs substrates with miscut angles toward (111)A exhibit anisotropic properties in the two <110> directions. The dislocation distributions of samples were examined using X-ray rocking curve along two orthogonal <110> directions and the measurement results suggested that Ga incorporation can reduce the density of α dislocation. There is an inflection point of substrate miscut above which the type of higher dislocation density switched from α to β types, while Ga incorporation can change the location of the inflection point.


Color transfer algorithms alter the color appearance in the target image by introducing colors from the source images. Considering that the information provided by a single source image is limited, a weighted multi-source color transfer algorithm based on saliency filters is proposed in the paper. To obtain the highly related source images, we utilize the image retrieval based on scale-invariant feature transform in the database. Then, the simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) superpixels are applied to accelerate the procedure of segmenting the input images into foreground and background.


Many quasi-simultaneous optical observations in U、B、V、R、I band of 8 BL Lac objects are collected from the literatures.We study the relationship between the optical spectral index and the flux density of BL Lac objects.Our results show: The results indicate that the optical spectral index of BL Lac has variability character.The spectra tend to be steepen when the source becomes brighter for S5 0716+714、OJ287,and the spectra tend to be flatten when the source becomes brighter for 3C66A、H 0323+022、PKS 0422+004、PKS 0735+178、BL Lac、ON231.Possible explanations are briefly discussed for this phenomenon.


Management of airway is the most important concern in critically injured patient with life-threatening injuries for an anesthesiologist as well as primary caregiver as it may distort airway anatomy as well as destabilize the cervical spine. These patients are potentially difficult candidates for mask ventilation and endotracheal intubation. Additionally, these patients are prone to regurgitation as they may have full stomach condition. The requirement of maxillofacial surgery is free access to the oral cavity; thus, securing alternate methods to maintain a safe airway is the primary priority. To improve the clinical outcome of these patients, there should be mutual cooperation between the anesthesiologist, maxillofacial surgeon, and ENT surgeon (for emergency tracheostomy, if needed). In this review, we are discussing primary management in emergency, relevant anatomy, difficulty in securing patent airway, and possible approach for airway management in maxillofacial trauma patients.


Current government Universal Coverage (UC) initiative is a public scheme financed bygeneral tax revenue. Policy makers adopt capitation payment for purchasing ambulatory careand global budget and Diagnostic Relative Group relative weight to purchase inpatient carefrom public and private providers. The objective of this paper was to demonstrate how 1,202Baht per capita per year was calculated and how age-adjusted capitation for ambulatory carewas estimated. The study, carried out between January and March 2001, relied on two sets ofparameter, cost and morbidity including choice of care sought. Unit cost for outpatient visit andadmission was retrieved from the most recent studies, expenditure per capita for emergency andaccident and high cost care provision was referred from the most recent data from socialinsurance scheme. Morbidity rate (acute illness and hospitalization) and choices refered to the1996b National Statistical Office Health and Welfare Survey. Age adjusted capitation for ambulatoryand admission was based on the two sets of parameter: morbidity weight by age groupand charge weight from various surveys of several hospitals. The total annual resource requirementfor a person was 1,202 Baht for the fiscal year 2001. This included, 574 Baht for ambulatorycare, 303 Baht for hospitalization, 175 Baht for personal preventive and promotive care,32 Baht for high cost care (in addition to ambulatory capitation), 25 Baht for accident andemergency and 93 Baht for capital investment.A significant age gradient of morbidity and cost of services was observed. This prompts usto estimate age-adjusted capitation for ambulatory care, all age group average was 574 Baht.Based on the morbidity weight (from 1996 Health and Welfare Survey) and the charge weightsurvey (no cost weight is available) of several sample hospitals at different levels; we estimatedcapitation for the following age groups: 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-24, 25-44, 45-59, 60-69and 70+ years, resulting in the capitation of 529, 327, 257, 182, 340, 922, 1,781 and 2,132 Bahtper person per year respectively. This sends a signal of an ethical conduct by not excluding theelderly from the primary care network registries. The primary care will be adequately financedaccording to registry risks which we use age groups as a proxy at this juncture. Key words Universal Health Care Coverage, 30 Baht Policy, capitation 1,202 Baht per person per year.


The present invention relates to the model mixture comprising cyanamide and urea derivatives, for the LCM of cure polymer resin especially epoxy resin, and for the preparation of the epoxy resin-composition comprising LCM of fibre composite.


As transistors are scaled down to nanometers, the theory and structure of nanometers devices such as carbon nanotubes field effect transistors (CNTFET) are being extensively studied. Self consistent solution of the Poisson and Schrödinger equations is performed using the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism to investigate the impact of nanotube diameter, gate oxide thickness and high-k gate dielectric permittivity parameters on the coaxially gate, n-type CNTFET. Our results show that the nanotube diameter and gate oxide thickness influences the ION/IOFF current ratio, the drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL), the subthreshold slop as well as transconductance and drain conductance. Furthermore, in this work we focus on the impact of high-k gate dielectric permittivity on the performance of CNTFETs. Using high-k dielectric is caused by the enhancement in device characteristics. A good agreement with numerical simulation results is obtained.


This paper studies the impact of the portfolio constraint imposed by the consumption demand for housing (the 'housing constraint') on the household's optimal holdings of financial assets. Since the ratio of housing to net worth declines as the household accumulates wealth, the housing constraint induces a life-cycle pattern in the portfolio shares of stocks and bonds. For reasonable degrees of risk aversion, the changes in portfolio composition over the life-cycle can be dramatic. For example, for a coefficient of relative risk aversion of 3, the ratio of stocks to net worth in the optimal portfolio is .09 for the youngest households (ages 18-30) and .60 for the oldest (age 70 and over). Using data from the PSID on home values to construct household level panel data on the real after-tax return to owner-occupied housing, as well as data on the returns to financial assets, the paper estimates the vector of expected returns and the covariance matrix for the set of assets consisting of housing, mortgages, stocks, Treasury bonds, and T-bills. Numerical methods are used to calculate the mean-variance efficient frontier, conditional on different values of the housing constraint, and the optimal portfolios associated with different levels of relative risk aversion.


The scientific and public-political activities of a famous Ukrainian historian Ivan Krypiakevych in times of the Soviet occupation of Western Ukrainian lands (1939–1941) are considered. The main directions of his public and political activities are shown, and the scientist's participation in election campaigns and propaganda of communist ideology is emphasized. As the head of the History of Ukraine Department at the Lviv State University and the director of the branch of the Institute of History of Ukraine of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, I. Krypiakevych was actively involved by local authorities in public work to establish Soviet power in the region. Stated that the cooperation of I. Krypiakevych with the communists in Lviv happened under the pressure of the punitive and repressive system, but it allowed him to continue his scientific work and opened up prospects for career growth.

The scholar's scientific interests were focused on the history of Ukraine in the medieval period with an emphasis on the western lands, as well as on the issues of Russian-Ukrainian relations («connections of Western Ukraine with Naddniprianshchyna», «connections of Halychyna with Russia»). It is noted that, together with other historians, he also worked on a four-volume textbook on the history of Ukraine, which had been published by the Kyiv Institute of the History of Ukraine. I. Krypiakevych's achievements in the scientific and organizational field are emphasized, in particular, his participation in the session of the social sciences department of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, the theoretical conference on Marxism-Leninism and other events organized by Soviet authorities, and the scientific community of Lviv, are illustrated.


The fish sector is a very important in the alimentary production scenario, both for the economic and nutritional aspect.
Lately it has been noticed a growth in the consumption due to the offer of new fish species on the market and to the innovation in the production and distribution.
This improvement led to an increase of the fraud for species substitution problem and to the necessity of new analytical tools to improve the product traceability and authentication.
The Barcoding method, proposed in this PhD work as the gold standard reference method, was used for the creation of a biological and sequence local database, now filled with 40 species with over 400 sequences, resulting in a useful tool for the labs working on the fish species identification.
The database applicability and the Barcoding method reproducibility have then been tested through a ring-trial. The agreement among the labs pointed out the high usability of the method underlining some issues on the interpretation or on the expression of the final result.
While working on the project a surveillance activity on the national market pointed out a greater fraud percentage in some commercial groups (cephalopods, grouper and gadiformes), than other common products as the flat fish.
It was not possible to analyze the frauds referred to the Thunnus genus since they were part of groups genetically alike. The study was thus oriented to the high resolution melt analysis (HRMA).
In silico analysis and the previous in vitro studies showed how this technology permits to obtain the characterization of the three commercially more important species on the national market (T. thynnus, T, alalunga e T. albacares).
Another case study led to develop rapid alternative diagnostic methods to the Barcoding in order to recognize the Octopus vulgaris specie. In particular, the Real-Time PCR method allowed to distinguish rapidly the Octopus vulgaris from the other cephalopods species, with a particular attention on the species that are morphologically alike or that are the most involved in the specie substitution fraud. The method was even tested on a set of 77 samples coming from some supermarkets located in 4 provinces in the triveneto territory. This study pointed out a high fraud percentage referring to the Octopus vulgaris (51.2%). The Barcoding also brought up the presence of a strong percentage of mislabeling. Some other factors linked to the fraud are the capture area and the specie declared on the label.
The approach suggested gives a valid methodological system to face the fraud issue, through an accurate market analysis and a surveillance activity aimed to the products that are subject to substitution. Moreover, a rigid validation approach is necessary for the biomolecular methods, in order to have the possibility to suggest strong and reliable tools for the species identification to the supervisory authority.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide aging services professional insights into older adult responses to brain fitness programs that may not appear on quantitative program evaluations.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative data obtained via observations, instructor interviews and feedback, open-ended responses on course evaluations and participant focus groups.

Findings

Participants come to brain fitness programs with a variety of expectations and preferences about program content. Some are looking for educational content, some wanted to learn memory strategies, and others are looking for drilling or brain games. Participants responded very positively to descriptions of brain fitness research and scientific details. However, presenting such content posed a challenge to non-expert instructors, and efforts should be made to reduce this burden. Instructors can play a valuable role in goal setting, but instructors and participants felt that small rewards for meeting goals were unnecessary. Both instructors and participants felt that peer-to-peer interaction is a particularly valuable component of such courses. Overburdening participants should also be avoided. Organizations offering the program were also found to be adapting the course to better fit the organization's capacities and the desires of participants.

Research limitations/implications

The participant population is largely Caucasian, well-educated and middle to high socioeconomic status.

Practical implications

Due to the characteristics of the participant population, it is not known which, if any, of the findings apply to a less well-educated, lower income populations, or populations from other racial/ethnic groups.

Originality/value

These insights can assist senior living professionals in successfully creating, adopting or adapting brain fitness programs in order to best meet the needs of the populations that they serve.


We tested five course designs over two quarters of instruction in an attempt to lower the traditionally high failure rate in a gateway course for Biology majors. Prescribed active learning strategies included daily multiple‐choice questions which were answered with clickers or cards and weekly written exercises of exam‐type questions done alone or in a study group. We found a significant increase in the pass‐rate of students in this class when daily practice via prescribed (graded) active learning exercises were instituted.


Dynamic interaction between an integrated induced strain actuator and its host structure depends on the driving point mechanical impedance of the host structure and the mechanical impedance of the actuator. For the case of several actuators, the individual actuator/structure impedance will not only depend on the driving point host structural impedance, but also on the electromechanical coupling with the other actuators. In this paper, a general dynamic model of a structure driven by multiple actuators is presented, as based on an impedance modeling approach developed for a single actuator. The basic formulation is provided in terms of structural admittance of an arbitrary structure and dynamic transduction relations of transducers. It can be easily applied to any form of structure and actuators, even an electromagnetic shaker, provided their dynamic transduction relations can be developed. The developed theoretical model has been used to predict the dynamic response of a simply- supported beam with several bonded piezoelectric actuators activated simultaneously. Experiments have also been conducted which validate the theoretical model.


FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to medicine. Inhaler for powder-like mass, in particular, medications, placed in blister package, whose dome-shaped cavities, located on film base, by step-by step movement are installed in inhaler case into position for removal of powder-like mass, where they are opened by means of needle, and by means of suction air flow, supplied by mouthpiece, are emptied. Needle passes through wall of dome-shaped protrusion envelope. Punched after needle return open hole is located in canal of suction air flow, leading to mouthpiece. Needle passes in transverse direction through both walls of dome-shaped protrusion envelope. Punched holes are located in canal of suction air flow. EFFECT: ensuring removal of powder-like mass. 20 cl, 20 dwg


There exist a multitude of therapeutic options for the treatment of both benign and malignant tumors, where several of these options induce temperature changes in the tissue from several degrees centigrade to temperatures that ablate the region of interest (ROI). Recent advances in optical imaging technologies, namely optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG), may provide the necessary hardware/software components to both monitor and quantify the direct biological response to temperature-mediated cancer therapies. Preliminary research has been conducted to identify and analyze the trends in temperature measurements from FBG's placed within phantoms that mimic the optical characteristics of human tissue. Shifts of the Bragg wavelength at selected temperature intervals depict the temperature of the phantom relative to room temperature. The scattering properties of tissue were achieved in the phantom by using 0.665 g of titanium dioxide (TiO2 - Titanium (IV) oxide, anatase) nanopowder, with a particle size smaller than 25 nm, which was mixed into 475 mL of Penecro's Versagel (hydrocarbon material). This mixture imitates the tissue's index of refraction of ~1.4. Shifts in the Bragg wavelength were measured using a spectrum analyzer at temperature intervals at approximately 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C and 60°C. The results show that the relative Bragg wavelength is directly proportional to any increase or decrease of temperature in the phantom. In the case of these experiments, it was observed that the change in the bragg wavelength shift increased the phantom's temperature was also increased with respect to the temperature set by the hot plate. The FBG regions that monitored temperature variations within the tissue-mimicking phantoms were also imaged, via OCT, to investigate temperature induced changes in the OCT images including investigation of changes in the OCT envelope statistics. This data may provide the base line to detect changes in the biological response to temperature variations, based solely on OCT images, and ultimately provide suitable imaging metric(s) to predict therapeutic outcome.


The island of Saint Martin in the Leeward Island chain of the Lesser Antilles has not been thoroughly explored by malacologists. The author had a brief opportunity to visit the island and conduct a cursory survey of the marine molluscan fauna. This paper details that experience and provides an accounting of 91 taxa of marine mollusks found on shore among the floatsam and jetsum of Great Bay, Phillipsburg, Sint Maarten, as well as some intriguing specific findings.


Suppose φ is an analytic map of the unit disk D into itself.Bμ is a Banach space of analytic functions on D,the composition operator Cφ on Bμ is defined by Cφ f= f °φ,for all f∈Bμ.In this paper,the boundedness of composition operators from Bμ(Bμ,0) to QK(p,q) is discussed by using K-Carleson measure,and the boundedness and compactness of composition operators from Bμ to QK,0(p,q) is discussed by using K-Carleson measure.


Background: There is some evidence of antinociceptive effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Apium graveolens fruits in some recent studies. In present study, the possible mechanism of this effect of extract has been evaluated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male mice were examined. To evaluate the antinociceptive effect of extract, formalin test was used. The possible mechanism of extract was investigated with interaction of 3 drugs [Naloxone (2mg/kg), Dextromethorphan (20 mg/kg), L-NAME (20 mg/kg)] and Hydroalcoholic extract of apium graveolens fruits.(400 mg/kg) Results: Administration of Naloxone had no effect on antinociception of Hydroalcoholic extract of apium graveolens fruits. There was no significant difference between Dextromethorphan Plus extract and extract group in first phase. Pretreatment with L-NAME, decreased antinociceptive effect of extract in second phase of formalin test(p<0.05) Conclusion: Dextromethorphan has analgesic effect in acute phase and its interaction with hydroalcoholic extract of apium graveolens fruits shows at least, part of antinoceceptive effect of extract is via NMDA receptors in acute phase. On the other hand, it seems part of antinoceceptive effect of extract is via inhibition of NO syntheses in chronic phase. Extract of Apium graveolens may be effect via other neural pathways such as dopamine, noradrenalin or serotonin that need more research.


Mutations in more than 100 genes have been reported to cause X-linked intellectual disability (XLID), mainly in males. By contrast, the identified X-linked genes in which de novo mutations specifically cause ID in females are still limited so far.1 Next-generation sequencing has nowadays enabled the screening for a causative mutation in XLID using targeted panel, X-exome, and whole-exome sequencing methods.2 Mutations in the X-linked cell division cycle 42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-9 gene (ARHGEF9) have been recently associated with a wide phenotypic spectrum, including ID, behavior disorders, autism spectrum disorder, hyperekplexia, and infantile epileptic encephalopathy.3–5 A number of patients with ARHGEF9 mutations, encompassing missense and nonsense mutations, deletions, and complex rearrangements, have been reported. However, so far, the clinical features of ARHGEF9 disease are nonspecific, with extreme phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity.


The British National Union of Journalists has launched its campaign called Stand Up For Journalism. It seeks to remind us that the core functions of journalism matter more than ever in a digital age.


ABSTRACT: This paper argues that teacher learning is not reducible to lists of 'performative' standards. Funded by the Society for Educational Studies, we used 'lesson study' as a vehicle to develop new teacher expertise, following which we concluded that conceptualising 'learning to teach' as acquisition of standards is insufficient for understanding the process of teacher growth. We propose an alternative holistic vision.


A theory is presented describing the electron cyclotron interaction at frequencies near cutoff, followed by a Cerenkov interaction region. In such a case, the cyclotron interaction withdraws only the orbital component of electron momentum, while in the Cerenkov interaction the electrons lose their axial momentum. It is shown that the addition of the Cerenkov interaction significantly enhances the total electronic efficiency. Since both kinds of operation are relatively insensitive to electron velocity spread, the efficiency of the combined interaction is also rather tolerant to velocity spread. Thus, rather efficient sources of electromagnetic radiation based on poor quality electron beams may be developed.


When a physician sees a patient with lymphedema he must determine whether the lymphedema is idiopathic or secondary to an obstructive or inflammatory process. In the majority of the 131 cases of idiopathic lymphedema in the series studied, swelling began before the age of 39 years. Onset later, therefore, should alert the physician to the possibility of an underlying malignant lesion. Idiopathic lymphedema of congenital type was present in 8 cases, and the praecox type was present in 123 in the series. Medical management, including use of an adequate support when the patient was ambulatory, was employed in the majority of cases. Results of surgical treatment were good in 8 of the 9 surgically treated patients who responded to follow-up. Lymphangiosarcoma had developed in 1 case of lymphedema of 40 years' duration.


The disassembly line of remanufacturing has significance economic and social value for dealing with the massive increasing number of disposal products. As the typical multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem, the disassembly line balancing problem (DLBP) is one of typical NP-hard problem which has the characteristic of high computational complexity. There has no summarize of MOO algorithms for the remanufacturing DLBP. Therefore, this paper main reviewed three main categories of the optimization algorithms for remanufacturing DLBP and comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various algorithms. Additionally, identify the challenges and future research directions of remanufacturing DLBP.


226 Persistence of DNMT 3A R882 mutations during remission does not adversely affect outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia B. Bhatnagar, A.-K. Eisfeld, D. Nicolet, K. Mrózek, J. S. Blachly, S. Orwick, D. M. Lucas, J. Kohlschmidt, W. Blum, J. E. Kolitz, R. M. Stone, C. D. Bloomfi eld and J. C. Byrd 237 Substance P is increased in patients with sickle cell disease and associated with haemolysis and hydroxycarbamide use A. M. Brandow, N. J. Wandersee, M. Dasgupta, R. G. Hoffmann, C. A. Hillery, C. L. Stucky and J. A. Panepinto 246 Hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (HMT): an immune-mediated bone marrow failure characterized by an increased number of PNH-phenotype cells and high plasma thrombopoietin levels C. Saito, K. Ishiyama, H. Yamazaki, Y. Zaimoku and S. Nakao 252 Multiple myeloma: patient outcomes in real-world practice K. Yong, M. Delforge, C. Driessen, L. Fink, A. Flinois, S. Gonzalez-McQuire, R. Safaei, L. Karlin, M.-V. Mateos, M. S. Raab, P. Schoen and M. Cavo 265 Haplo-identical transplantation for acquired severe aplastic anaemia in a multicentre prospective study L.-P. Xu, S.-Q. Wang, D.-P. Wu, J.-M. Wang, S.-J. Gao, M. Jiang, C.-B. Wang, X. Zhang, Q.-F. Liu, L.-H. Xia, X. Wang and X.-J. Huang Cover image taken from Dytfeld, D., Rosebeck, S., Kandarpa, M., Mayampurath, A., Mellacheruvu, D., Alonge, M. M., Ngoka, L., Jasielec, J., Richardson, P. G., Volchenboum, S., Nesvizhskii, A. I., Sreekumar, A. and Jakubowiak, A. J. (2015), Proteomic profi ling of naïve multiple myeloma patient plasma cells identifi es pathways associated with favourable response to bortezomib-based treatment regimens. British Journal of Haematology, 170: 66


Technology has always fascinated human being towards itself. The modern period is seeing a tremendous change in technology. Education is one of the fields that has always been tempted towards revolutionary technologies. Continuing enthusiasm for new and emerging technologies is unlikely to diminish as innovative technologies offer new teaching and learning opportunities ( Chan et al. 2006).To make technology an agent of education change, the field needs to understand the kinds of learning outcomes that technology can enhance and the circumstances under which that enhancement will be realized in practice. (Barbara Means, 2010). Technology enabled learning is one of the ways that can change the dimensions of learning. Previously so much research had been done over the emphasis of technology on learning. So, in this research, we have tried to show how a supportive environment together with aid of technology can bring a positive effect on learning and studying pattern. In modern time our emphasis is moreover self -learning, cognitivelearning, collaborative learning. But providing a sustainable environment to promote all these factors is important. Our project takes a step towards providing a sustainable environment for programming language learners and keeping them motivated in the learning field.


The basic aspects of necessity of a deciding choice of strategic direction (purpose) of forest using - by the nature protection or the industrial direction are considered. It is defined, that for the first, there are much more foundations within the framework of existing system of socio-economic coordinates. The opportunities of choosing an appropriate set of subjects of forest using are analysed, and on its basis, the entire system of economic and organizational mechanisms in this sector of activity will be logically constructed in the future. It is emphasized on necessity of the complex approach when solving forestry problems as a specific kind of activity in specific territories, which have the ecological importance for development of village communities in a context of maintenance of opportunities to increase the ecological standards of the local population life according to the European standards.


Provided are peptides MC-JJ6 and MC-JJ6222 from Momordica charantia with hypoglycemic activity and a microwave promoted solid phase synthesis method thereof. The peptides MC-JJ6 and MC-JJ6222 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 115, respectively.


This work was borne out due to the fact that little or no research has been done on the outdoor
condition of Nigeria workers most especially the mason activities during blocklaying. Author AIM made
substantial contribution researching into the potential energy which is the exergy needed to perform a
physical job of blocklaying in outdoor environment. Author AIM equally developed a model which is a
modification of Fanger (1970) which has been in existence over 40 years ago. The co-authors
contributed by initiating the project research, verifying every step of the research and monitoring the
field work in a view to collect a very accurate environmental and physiological response data. The coauthors
also developed part of the draft, proof read the complete draft and issued an approval for the
submission. This work was carried out between author AIM and co-authors. Author and co-authors
read and approved the final manuscript.


Oil formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride was used for the control of grasshoppers in the mountain grassland, Xinjing. Cage test showed that mortality of grasshoppers infected with the fungus began at the third day after application and the majority of grasshoppers was killed on 6th day (1 h sample) or on 7th (48 h sample). There was no significant difference in mortality among the grasshopper species. Field population decreased steadily from 6th day after application and reached 60.9% at 15th day and 73.7% at 18th day.


To develop an improved T2 prepared (T2prep) balanced steady‐state free‐precession (bSSFP) sequence and signal relaxation curve fitting method for myocardial T2 mapping.


The high-level water tank for controlled cooling in plate rolling at SISG is a large-volumed and overweighted vessel installed at a complex site.The overall fabrication,overall transportation and overall installation of the tank are detailed in the present paper.


Let F is an arbitrary field,L is a lie algebra over F,literature[1] has been given the theorem of PBW and its proof about L. In this paper,we give another proof of PBW Theorem for sl(2,F).


Maqoshid index is one of the alternatives in measuring the performance of Islamicbanking, Islamic banking which assessed aspects attainment of goals sharia. In thisresearch the author tried to assess the performance of Islamic banking in Indonesiawith maqoshid index approach. This research uses descriptive quantitativemethodology to the entire study population of Islamic banking in Indonesia, while thesample is that Islamic banking has published an annual report 3 year. This researchusing purposive sampling method. From the results of the research with maqoshidindex approach, in 2009 and 2010 BMI become Islamic bank which the bestperformance with best ratio value are 13.67% and 13,64 whereas in 2011 BSMbecame the best performance Islamic Bank with the best value ratio of 13.85%.


The above article from Journal of Viral Hepatitis, published online on 7 December 2022 in Wiley Online Library (http://wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been withdrawn by agreement among the authors, the Journal Editor‐in‐Chief Dr. Graham Foster, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


The hazards of the use of English as a default language in analytic philosophy are obvious to everyone except mainstream analytical philosophers.2 The uncanny conceptual resemblance between what one is told about Jerry Fodor's universal Language of Thought and current globalese basic academic English calls for reflection.3 One might suggest, by way of an historical explanation, that after all Latin was used as the unquestioned default language in medieval analytic philosophy just as globalese koinē American English is used today. But as we shall see presently below, such an explanation would commit a grave injustice against Danish medieval philosophical thoughtfulness and methodological stringency.


In sheet metal forming, rapid cooling of austenitized steel and CRP (cushion-ram pulsation) results in an optimized formability. An analysis is conducted regarding the influence of a stepwise deep drawing process of manganese-boron steel 22MnB5, using an oscillating ram-cushion motion at simultaneous cooling. The stops occurring in stepwise forming provide sufficient time for softening and recovery of forming properties. The microstructure can be adjusted by controlled cooling. In order to examine the newly developed process in more detail, FE simulation is applied. Thus, relevant process and material parameters can be determined. The considered values are required for profound experiments using the forming simulator BAEHR DIL 805 A/D. The softening behavior at defined forming temperatures due to CRP are examined. The experimental results of softening at distinctive temperatures provide a basis for the combined processes of stepwise hot sheet metal forming and simultaneous cooling.


This article explores a number of key issues that emerged during the panel discussion that followed the General Language Proficiency Symposium at the Language Testing Forum (LTF) 2010, celebrating the 30th anniversary of the LTF. The key issues that emerged during the discussion should be of interest to a wider audience, as they express current issues and concerns in the testing community in light of 30 years of research and development. These issues were whether language proficiency can be seen as unitary or divisible; the role and use of the Common European Framework (CEF) proficiency scales and levels when it comes to reporting test scores; the issue of test equivalence between high-stakes tests, also in relation to the CEF; and a general demand for developing assessment literacy among test users and stakeholders. Based on a summary of the LTF discussion, the article provides a state-of-the art review of relevant research that addresses the aforementioned listed key issues, followed by a future agenda for researching the reviewed areas.


To improve the surface characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V dental implants and the binding between the bone and implant surface, biocompatible oxide films were formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The PEO treatment was performed using electrolyte solutions containing Ca (calcium acetate monohydrate), P(calcium glycerophosphate), Mn (manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate), and Si (sodium metasilicate nonahydrate), which are the major constituents of bone, for 3 min at 280 V. The morphology and crystalline phase of the PEO-treated surfaces were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All the obtained PEO-treated samples exhibited a morphology comprising porous structures. Oval and irregular pore structures were observed as the Mn content increased. As the Si content increased, the areas occupied by the pores increased. When both, Si and Mn were used for the PEO treatment, the number of nano- to micro-sized pores gradually decreased with the increasing ratios of the constituents.


Abstract The effects of dietary fiber inclusion on biscuit texture, cooking properties, and sugar release after in vitro degradation were investigated. Inulin, β-glucan enriched fraction (BGEF), potato fiber, and a resistant starch were used. Effects of the dietary fibers on the pasting properties of flour based mixtures were investigated using a rapid visco analyzer. Results showed a reduction in visco-pasting properties (peak viscosity and final viscosity) of the flour–dietary fiber systems with increasing fiber content. Addition of dietary fiber into the biscuits affected biscuit shrinkage and height development during cooking, as well as generally reducing the resistance of biscuits to snapping during texture analysis tests. Sugar release during in vitro degradation studies showed a highly significant decline when comparing dietary fiber enriched biscuits to the control samples. This would have a beneficial effect in potentially reducing the glycaemic index and subsequent glycaemic loading of such foods.


We describe a method for producing high power, coherent x-ray pulses from a free electron laser with femtosecond scale periodic temporal modulation of the polarization vector. This approach relies on the generation of a temporal intensity modulation after self seeding either by modulating the seed intensity or the beam current. After generating a coherent temporally modulated $s$-polarization pulse, the electron beam is delayed by half a modulation period and sent into a short orthogonally oriented undulator, serving as a $p$-polarization afterburner. We provide simulations of three configurations for realizing this polarization switching, namely, enhanced self seeding with an intensity modulation generated by 2 color self seeding, enhanced self seeding of a current modulated bunch, and regular self seeding of a current modulated bunch. Start to end simulations for the Linac Coherent Light Source-II are provided for the latter.


Important changes in the ozone vertical profile over South Pole, Antarctica have occurred both during the recent period of measurements, 1986-1991, and since an earlier set of soundings was carried out from 1967-1971. From the onset of the 'ozone hole' over Antarctica in the early 1980s, there has been a tendency for years with lower spring ozone amounts to alternate with years with somewhat higher (although still depleted) ozone amounts. Beginning in 1989 there have been three consecutive years of strong depletion although the timing of the breakdown of the vortex has varied from year to year. Comparison of the vertical profiles between the two periods of study reveals the dramatic decreases in the ozone amounts in the stratosphere between 15-21 km during the spring. In addition, it appears that summer values are also now much lower in this altitude region.


The task is to find the technique for empiric study which could allow identifying how a number of factors, including a technology of planning, can impact the long-term efficiency and effectiveness of municipal strategic plans. We present the results of our study where reliability of municipal strategic plans was a criterion of such assessment.


A polymer sheeting die design methodology is presented which integrates the simulation of polymer melt flow and die cavity deformation with numerical optimization to compute a die cavity geometry capable of giving a near-uniform exit flow rate. In this paper, both polymer melt flow and sheeting die deformation are analyzed with a general purpose finite element program. The approach includes a user element to evaluate the purely viscous nonNewtonian flow in a die that is evaluated with the Hele-Shaw flow approximation. The flow analysis is coupled with a 3-D finite element simulation for die deformation. In addition, shape optimization of a polymer sheeting die is performed by incorporating the coupled analyses in a constrained optimization algorithm. An example problem is given to illustrate the die design methodology. Nomenclature f = objective function in P = die inlet pressure P = pressure field over the die cavity in two-dimensions 2 1 , g g = constraints in the optimization problem e = tolerance for constraint 1 g exit l , L = die exit region with total exit length L φ = vector of design variable q = computed exit flow rate per unit width in half of the die cavity p q = desired exit flow rate per unit width in half of the die cavity x = coordinate in the plane of the die cavity z = coordinate direction normal to the plane of flow ∇ = spatial gradient operator in the plane of flow h = die cavity half-height S = flow conductance Q = total flow rate in die exit η = polymer melt viscosity γ& = strain rate magnitude 0 , η η∞ = Carreau-Yasuda viscosity parameters a n, , λ = Carreau-Yasuda material parameters


In accordance with high hardness TC4 bars which clients requested,the trial-manufacture technics,forging and solution-aging,was constituted.The hardness of titanium alloy TC4 bar after forging was analyzed.The results show that the required high hardness can't be achieved after forging and solution-aging treatment.


Purpose: This study aims to explore how teachers experience organizational cultures of childcare centers through interviews, focusing on Freire's view. Method: For two months in the fall of 2019, interviews were conducted with 7 teachers with experiences in childcare centers and concerns about their organizational cultures. Data analysis was conducted by coding and categorizing interview transcripts, by reading the categorized data repeatedly, and then by deriving the final themes and interpreting the meaning. Results: Teachers lived in the organizational culture of daycare centers where oppression and autonomy coexisted, with the moments of silence and resistance. They also tried to become active agents in the organizational culture of daycare centers, reflecting their past experiences into the present lives. Conclusion: We discussed the possibility of subjective life in which the childcare teacher can make a voice through critical thinking and reflection, in order to change the silent culture of daycare centers, which are settled by oppression and domestication. This study provided implications for the direction of the organizational culture of daycare centers, as a community in which the agents can solidify and change together.


Titel: British, American or Mid-Atlantic English: What accent do Swedish learners use and where do they get their influences from?Forfattare: Jessica PetterssonEngelska C, terminsuppsats 2008Antal ...


all the three positions were located at 0.3 times the radius of the trochlea anterior to the posterior edge of the ulna. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were assigned with 200GPa and 0.3 for the K-wires, 50GPa and 0.3 for the TBW and 0–30GPa and 0.4 for bones based on the value of Hounsfield Unit of each pixel on CT images. A tight tension force driven by Triceps Brachii was simulated by applying 1000N of drawing force running from the proximal coronoid process to the origin of Triceps Brachii. The tension applied to the TBWs was 100N. The maximum fracture opening displacements between fracture planes were 0.38, 0.34 and 0.39mm for TBW holes at a distance of 3, 4 and 5 times the radius of the trochlea, respectively. Fracture twisting angles were 0.801, 0.691 and 0.831 for TBW holes at a distance of 3, 4 and 5 times the radius of the trochlea, respectively. The current study assessed the optimal location of the TBW hole for stability of an oblique olecranon osteotomy that had a 151 inclination angle with respect to the transverse plane, using the posture of a tight elbow at 901 of elbow flexion. Compared to the experimental tests, the finite element analysis has an advantage of applying a fair TBW tension for various compared models with different TBW whole positions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on computer analysis of an olecranon fracture model. Fracture opening displacement and twisting angle decreased as the TBW hole was moved distally from 3 to 4 times the radius of the trochlea, and then increased as the TBW hole was moved further distally. The radius of the trochlea notch circle in the current study is 10.5mm, and the optimal position of the TBW hole is located distally at 42mm from the trochlea notch center. Neat et al. (2006) reported that the TBW hole should be 45mm from the proximal end line of the oblique osteotomy plane, showing a higher resistant force than at 32 cm. It is not possible to directly compare our results with Neat et al.'s results (2006), because they used rectangular plastic bar models whose geometric characteristics are different from ulna's anatomy. Additionally, they did not evaluate models with a TBW hole located more distally than 45mm. The current study revealed that the optimal position for the TBW hole should be located 4 times the radius of the trochlea from the center of the trochlea notch and 0.3 times the radius of the trochlea notch from the dorsal edge of the ulna (Fig 1).


Sweden is one of the best examples that do well in sustainable development in the World. The thesis analyzes its background, historical course and its development tendencies, and inquires into its successful experience in sustainable development. This provides some references to the sustainable development of China. In the course of sustainable development in Sweden, aiming at different problems during different periods, the countermeasures are adopted from diluting the waste, end of pipe solution to recycling, clean production and sustainable cyclic society. Participators ranges from scientists, NGOs, environmental experts and engineers to common citizens and consumers. At present, the government of Sweden promotes actively green consumption and ecological society, develops vigorously sustainable energy and transport, emphasizes public participation, and advances actively local agenda 21.


The effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), given in early gestation, on reproductive traits, foetal development and pre-weaning growth of piglets from two breeds were studied. Large White (LW, n = 26) and Genex-Meishan (GM, containing 50% Meishan genes, n = 37) pregnant gilts were divided in two groups: (1) saline injections (n = 33) and, (2) injections of 6.66 µg kg-1 of a GRF analogue (n = 30), given thrice daily from days 18 to 33 of gestation. Jugular blood samples were collected on days 17, 34 and 109 of gestation and were assayed for various hormones and metabolites. Thirty-six gilts were slaughtered on day 110 of gestation and uterine, foetal and placental measurements were obtained. The other 27 gilts farrowed. There was a day × treatment interaction (P < 0.001) for glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFA) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), with values being greater on day 34 in gilts receiving GRF. The increase in insulin concentration was greater in LW- than in GM-treated gilts...


This paper presents a miniaturized power supply of the pulse semiconductor laser. A double- tact transistorized voltage converter is used for charging the storage capacity in the system of laser diode supply. Its parameters and construction ensure a safe and efficient working of lasers used in medical devices.


Several 10-substituted anthralins were readily prepared. Their oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone gave the corresponding novel heteroatomic systems. All derivatives were fully characterized by IR, Mass and 1HNMR spectroscopy.


In this work, we statistically analyze publicly available data on the health-related absenteeism of German professional football players and, outgoing from this, develop a machine-learning model for a prognosis of the probability that a player will have a longer health problem during the current season. That prognosis is essential for German insurance companies, since a short illness or injury is covered by the health insurance, whereas a longer absenteeism (over six weeks) is covered by a special insurance. Insurance companies have to calculate the risk for that special case in order offer an appropriate insurance rate. Our model gives an assessment of the risk, and thus plays a vital role in the calculation of the insurance rate that can be offered to a professional football player.


The increased demand for wind power is related to changes in the sizes of wind turbines and the development of flow control devices, such as vortex generators (VGs). In the present study, an analysis of the vortices generated by a vane-type VG is performed. To that end, the aerodynamic performance of a DU97W300 airfoil with and without VG is evaluated. The jBAY source term model was implemented for simulation of a triangular-shaped VG and the resolution of the fully meshed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) based simulations were used to calculate the effect of VGs in steady state, and the detached eddy simulation (DES) method was used for angles of attack (AoAs) around the stall situation. All jBAY based numerical simulations were carried out with a Reynolds number of Re = 2 × 106 to analyze the influence of VGs with AoAs between 0 and 20° and were validated versus experimental wind tunnel results. The results show that setting up a VG device on an airfoil benefits its aerodynamic performance and that the use of the jBAY model for simulation is accurate and efficient.


Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel chemically defined as the
mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable
oils or animal fat. It is becoming more attractive as an alternative
fuel due to the depleting fossil fuel resources. A mathematical
model for the synthesis of biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal
fats is presented in this study. Numerical solutions of the model
are found using a spectral relaxation method. The method, originally
developed for boundary value problems, is an iterative scheme based
on the Chebyshev spectral collocation method developed by decoupling
systems of equations using Gauss-Seidel type of techniques. The
effects of the reaction rate constants and initial concentrations of
the reactants on the amount of the final product are being
investigated. The accuracy of the numerical results is validated by
comparison with known analytical results and numerical results
obtained using ode45 , an efficient explicit 4th and
5th order Runge-Kutta method used to integrate both linear and
nonlinear differential equations.


School performance is more likely to be below average in children who have migraine than in those who do not have headaches.


The translocation (9;22) (q34;q11), known as the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome and bcr‐abl fusion gene, is the common cytogenetic abnormality and an unfavourable prognosis in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Although chemotherapeutic treatment produced high rates of complete response in approximately 70%–80% of newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL, the onset of resistance and clinical relapse is rapid. Therefore, the efficacy of treatment in Ph+ ALL is still to be determined. In this study, we aimed to assess the antileukemic activity of rapamycin (RAPA) (Sigma‐Aldrich Corporation, MO, USA), a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, alone and in combination with daunorubicin (DNR) (Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, Germany) in a Ph+ acute lymphoblastic cell line SUP‐B15 and a primary Ph+ ALL sample in vitro. Here, we demonstrated that 50 nmol/L of RAPA significantly intensified the inhibition induced by DNR on both Ph+ ALL cell line and a primary Ph+ ALL sample. Notably, we reported that the consequence of DNR treatment induced the over expression of the componets of mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathway, whereas RAPA effectively eliminated this deleterious side effect of DNR, which might enhance DNR's ability to kill drug‐resistant cancer. The synergistic effect was also associated with the increase in autophagy, blockage of cell cycle progression in the G1 phase. Altogether, our results suggest that DNR in combination with RAPA is more effective in the treatment of Ph+ ALL compared with DNR alone. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Whether all of these changes take place in turn depends not just on the new personnel in government and the new party. Their commitment is likely to be shaped by the extent of popular pressure for such changes. Thankfully, the last ten years of mainly extra-parliamentary struggle has generated a remarkable range of civil society organisations in Kenya. They are already showing they will assiduously monitor the new government. Their efforts and stamina, together with trade unions and peasant bodies, will be crucial.


The invention relates to a base pit dewatering and water saving device and a construction method thereof. The middle part of the base pit of a baseboard structure is provided with a well pit; the well pit is internally and vertically provided with a no-sand tube; pebbly sand is filled between the bottom and periphery of the no-sand tube; the top of the no-sand tube is higher than the top surface of the well pit; a water pump is arranged in the no-sand tube; blinding layer concrete is poured at the top surface of the well pit which is at the periphery of the no-sand tube and the side wall of the base pit of the baseboard structure; and the top elevation of the no-sand tube is flush with the elevation of a blinding layer; a dewatering conduit is pre-buried in a base pit baseboard right above the no-sand tube, a waterproof layer is paved on the blinding layer concrete, a layer of waterproof and protective concrete is poured on the waterproof layer, and the base pit baseboards are poured above the waterproof and protective concrete and at the periphery of the dewatering conduit. The method of the invention has lower investment, saved cost and less amount of dewatering amount, thereby reducing the loss of underground water and protecting water resource; and the method can be adopted for a project in which the well point dewatering method is not ideal for dewatering or a project in which the underground water is near the base pit elevation.


This chapter intends to explore some implications of rice evolution from the viewpoints of genetics and ecology. Core issues are (1) what genetic changes are associated with differentiation among and within species of cultivated rice and their wild relatives and (2) what factors are responsible for the domestication process. First, genetic diversity among and within AA genome species is summarized. Second, four directions of differentiation within the Asian AA genome gene pool are clarified: differentiation from wild to cultivated type (domestication), ecotype differentiation from perennials to annuals in wild races, geographical variation in wild races, and indica-japonica differentiation in cultivars. Third, the genetic basis of the domestication syndrome is discussed. Our recent study demonstrated that mapped genomic locations of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) tended to cluster, reflecting the domestication syndrome as well as the indica-japonica syndrome. This phenomenon was explained by "multifactorial linkages."Domestication might be a process driven by conscious and unconscious selection of adaptive gene blocks distributed over the genome. In the past decade, a wealth of data provided by molecular markers, together with phenotypic, ecological, and archaeological data, significantly increased our evolutionary understanding of the genus Oryza. The target species dealt with in this chapter are diploid AA genome species—cultivated rice and its wild relatives. Several important problems such as the genetic basis of reproductive isolation are not included, but some new information obtained from our recent studies is discussed.


Abstract: In order to inspecting of planting date on yeild and percentage of canola varieties (Brassica .napus . L) accomplished a experiment in the mold of factoriel and random compelet blocks plan with four replication in agronomy year 91-92 in Selsele township. Planting dates on three level were 23.06.91, 20.07.91, 12.07.91 and varieties on three level were: Opera, Okapi, Licord that in this experiment were measured seed oil persentage and seed oil yeild attributes. Obtained results was shown that planting date effect on seed oil percentage on level 0.01 was significant, and reciprocal effect between planting date and variety was not significant and Licord variety on three level of planting date: had the most oil percentage and also planting date effect and reciprocal effect between planting date and variety and also variety effect on seed oil yield was not significant.


The ϕ-charmonium dissociation reactions in hadronic matter are studied. Unpolarised cross sections for , or , , , or , , or and are calculated in the Born approximation, in the quark-interchange mechanism and with a temperature-dependent quark potential. The potential leads to remarkable temperature dependence of the cross sections. With the cross sections and the ϕ distribution function we calculate the dissociation rates of the charmonia in interactions with the ϕ meson in hadronic matter. The dependence of the rates on temperature and charmonium momentum is relevant to the influence of ϕ mesons on charmonium suppression.


It may seem to be an obvious, instinctive distinction, the one between (natural) near earth objects and (manmade) space objects. However, the very recent proposal tabled by the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China for a treaty on the de-weaponisation of space apparently makes reference in this context to a prohibition to use or threaten the use of force against "outer space objects". Such varying use of terminology may raise appropriate concerns about the applicability of any such agreement, or indeed other present or future rules of space law, to the specific case of NED's and any possible future actions to protect the earth against their potentially devastating impact. The present paper represents an effort to clearly outline the definitional issues involved, in the hope of precluding any potentially stifling confusion about the applicability or non-applicability of relevant rules of international space law. Thus, the issue of the definition of 'space object' will be revisited and discussed in juxtaposition with such definitions as those of 'celestial bodies' and 'near earth objects', with reference to the applicability of relevant rules of international space law. 293 1. The definitional issue in perspective Incoming asteroids that threaten human civilisation have been subjects not only of Hollywood movies (Deep Impact, Armageddon) but also of serious scientific research. As a consequence, it is now generally assumed that the extinction of the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago was at least partially caused by a giant asteroid (presumed magnitude: in the range of 10 kilometres across) principally hitting in the area of what is now the Yucatan peninsula. 1 More recently an originally mysterious blast over the Siberian Tunguska area in 1908 turned out to have been caused by an asteroid of perhaps 40 meters across, exploding in the air at a few kilometres altitude. 2 Barring fantasy, however, little attention was paid to possibilities to actually do something about incoming asteroids. It is only since fairly recently, that developments in space science and space technology have made it possible both to predict with some accuracy (and sometimes decades in advance) whether an asteroid will come too close for comfort, and to undertake serious efforts to minimise the chance of actual collision with the earth. In this context, the Association of Space Explorers (ASE) has taken the initiative, by means principally of establishment of a NEO Committee von der Dunk in Proceedings of the International Istitute of Space Law, IISL 2008. Copyright 2008, Frans von der Dunk. Used by permission.


In this paper, we explore the hierarchical mixture of experts (HME) architecture for a substantial problem, that of text-dependent speaker identification. For a specific multiway classification, we propose a generalized Bernolli density instead of the multinomial logit density. Time-delay technique is also introduced to HME for spatio-temporal processing. Using the proposed density and the time-delay HME along with the EM algorithm, we show that the system has a satisfactory performance and yields significantly fast training.


The aim of this study is to investigate the hydrogen embrittlement of Zr-2.5Nb CANDU pressure tube at room temperature. The transverse tensile and fracture toughness tests were performed at various hydrogen concentrations using transverse tensile specimens and CCT (curved compact tension) specimens. These specimens were directly machined from the pressure tube retaining original curvatures. Based on the results of these tests. the hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon was clearly observed and fracture toughness parameters of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube materials such as, ..dJ/da, were dramatically decreased with the increasement of the hydrogen concentration. From microscopic observation by SEM and TEM, it was also revealed that various shapes dimples, fissures and quasi-cleavage were found at the hydrogen-absorbed materials with hydrides while traditional shape dimples were generally located at the as-received materials Through the comparison of the hydride and fissure lengths with the hydrogen concentration the new evaluation method of hydrogen embrittlement was suggested.


ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the effect of mutating the consensus pentapeptide on the enzymatic properties and structural characteristics of Bacillus licheniformis lipase. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct mutants and then expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. After purification and enzyme activity analysis, only A75C and A75G retained activity. Compared to the wild-type lipase and A75G, the A75C showed higher thermostability at 40°C and better alkali resistance in pH 9.0–10.0 after incubation for 1 h. The kinetic parameters, structural characteristics and surface hydrophobicity of the lipases were determined. The results indicated that the secondary structure was hardly changed, while mutants exhibited higher activity, thermostability and hydrophobicity. Finally, the reasons for the increased enzyme activity were conducted through molecular dynamics simulation. The strategy of mutating the first residue of the lipase consensus pentapeptide may provide new insights into the enzyme engineering for industrial applications.


This paper reports the synthesis, crystal structure and electrical properties of CeO2-doped ZnO powders. X-ray diffraction shows that majority of the samples are monophase and have the cubic structure. The solubility limit of Ce ions in ZnO lattice was found to be 3 mol% (after heating at 1000◦C), whereby the impurity phase was determined to be the cubic-CeO2. For monophase CeO2-doped ZnO samples synthesized at 1000◦C, the lattice parameters a and c increased with increasing CeO2 concentration. The electrical conductivity of undoped ZnO and all monophase samples was measured using the four-probe method. The electrical conductivity was increased with both temperature and CeO2 doping. Also, the activation energy of all the monophase samples was calculated. Type of the activation energy of all the monophase samples is thermal. The values were found to be in the range from 0.458 to 0.302 eV for the low-temperature region and from 0.989 to 1.132 eV for the high-temperature region. K e y w o r d s: zinc oxide, doping zinc oxide, electrical conductivity, solid state method


The design and testing of a versatile, implantable eight-channel urinary prothesis developed to restore a normal bladder function for patients with spinal-cord injuries are described. The main application of the device is the stimulation of particular nerves in the sacral roots. The intensity, the format and the timing of the current pulses available at the channel outputs are easily programmable. Those parameters are received transdermally by the implanted device in 13-bit blocks. The information is either loaded into internal registers for immediate processing or stored in an external implantable memory for a deferred processing. A miniaturized (4.51 mm*4.51 mm) implant has been implemented in 3- mu m CMOS full-custom technology, using a total of 12753 transistors. Tests have confirmed the functionality of the chip.<<ETX>>


Testosterone,which is one of the important hormones in human,plays important roles in many physiologic and pathophysiologic process.It was found that testosterone was associateded with many stroke risk factors.For example,testosterone accelerates the developing of hypertension and hypertensive renal injure;it participates in the developing of atherosclerosis via affecting lipide metabolism;it involves in mechanism of insulin resistance and promotes the brain injury in stroke;and it might be related with pathophysiology of lung injury.In this article,the study progress between testosterone and stroke pathophysiology was reviewed.


As the Surface Acoustic Wave(SAW) devices evolved,their complexity grew many fold with the requirement for better performance and prediction models.By comparing the surface acoustic wave devices modeling and simulation based on ANSYS with testing outcome,a satisfied result has been gotten.


Astrosociology Research Institute, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647 [Abstract]. One of the key areas within the emerging subfield of medical astrosociology involves research concerning the ethical dilemmas that space travelers and settlers will face as humanity spreads itself out into the solar system. Those that touch on the medical domain can be especially difficult to reconcile, and they often result in disagreement and conflict. While it may seem premature to many to consider such ethical issues while human spaceflight still focuses on low Earth orbit, we must seriously initiate this dialog now so that humans will be better equipped to face difficult decisions in the future. These dilemmas occur on Earth, so they are sure to play out in space environments. Historical and contemporary lessons derived from analogous situations involving humans living and working in isolation on our own planet can serve as extremely valuable guides. Examples include polar and other types of expeditions, long-term residence at permanent polar stations, submarine and warship duty, and the voyages of explorers from the past. Humanity's experiences aboard space stations that include Skylab, Mir, and the ISS orbital stations have provided valuable data, though some aspects of the experiences of professional astronauts and cosmonauts more closely resemble military living arrangements than the typical social life experienced by civilians. Thus, it is important to distinguish between the two in settlements that establish themselves farther out in the solar system. Once again, however, we must remain cognizant of the medical ethics developed on Earth in "ordinary" situations as well as the special circumstances added for those living in isolated space environments. In a sense, all experiences on Earth involving medical decisions represent analogies for space environments. The bioethical issues that transcend beyond space medicine in terms of strictly involving biomedical matters require input from social scientists working together with physicians and others concerned with the multiple dimensions of health and safety. Medical astrosociology allows for a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the ethics related to space medicine that requires investigation before these issues exhibit life-and-death consequences for patients, family members, friends, and even entire populations living in space. The time has come to take advantage of existing knowledge regarding analogous situations, and the rich traditions of the social sciences, so we may institute humane and safe procedures involving bioethical situations in space.


While immunity is frequently suppressed when birds engage in strenuous migratory flights, whether and how immunity changes during the rapid accumulation of energy stores in preparation for migration remains largely unknown. Here, we induced pre-migratory fattening through controlled changes of daylight in common quails Coturnix coturnix and regularly assessed changes in a marker of constitutive innate immunity (Leukocyte Coping Capacity or LCC) and measures of body composition (lean and fat mass). LCC responses were highest in the mid-fattening phase and lowest when fattening was completed. At mid-fattening, we also found that the birds that kept a higher proportion of lean mass (i.e. accumulated less fat) had the highest LCC peaks. Our results indicate that migratory birds undergo rapid immunological changes as they accumulate energy stores for migration and propose that this could be due to competing or trade-off processes between metabolic remodelling and innate immune system function. Summary statement Immunity is vital when migrating to new environments. It is costly and competivite to other physiological processes. Here we bring new evidence on this process in migratory birds.


Electrostatic discharges of bodies loaded with static electricity are accompanied by the emergence of tension and transient currents, which can cause damage to electronic devices and the ignition of electrically initiated devices. In electromagnetic compatibility a great importance (from the point of view of electrostatic discharge) has the discharge of human body.


France, world leader in innovation in the organisation of craft and technical apprenticeship, has taken another bold step forward in this field. This new model needs to be carefully and seriously studied in Britain as a possible means of overcoming the weaknesses which have now become apparent in the present system.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the risks associated with outsourcing production to emerging countries with lower labour costs, namely China, and study actions and plans used to reduce the influence of factors/drivers that induce these risks.

Design/methodology/approach

This research uses a multiple case-study methodology, involving seven Canadian manufacturing firms that have chosen an outsourcing strategy in China. It is based on a particular approach of classifying factors/drivers that may generate risks related to this strategy and on interviews with two managers per firm to reduce personal bias.

Findings

In each of the seven cases studied, outsourcing was chosen to take advantage of lower labour costs in China, but in reality, costs were higher than expected due to unforeseen factors inherent to the risks involved. This study reveals that risks generated by factors/drivers such as lack of experience, reduced control over foreign operations and cultural differences are of major concern for managers outsourcing part of their production to China. However, according to some executives that were interviewed, certain actions can be taken by firms to overcome the negative influence of these factors/drivers. Furthermore, some risks may have multiple causes or be induced by other risks.

Research limitations/implications

The sample of this study was composed of firms from different industrial sectors, and the authors were therefore unable to analyse sector-specific risks. As the industrial sector has an impact on the technical complexity of the products and their components, it would be appropriate to reconduct our research using samples drawn from similar sectors.

Practical implications

These findings can help guide the decisions of managers wishing to outsource some of their activities to China and other emerging countries. They will contribute to the success of outsourcing strategies to these countries, as they reveal the risks associated with these strategies and the ways to deal with factors/drivers that can induce them. For example, building long-term relationships with Chinese partners based on collaboration, trust and mutual benefit as well as conducting a rigorous prospecting phase and taking time to select the right subcontractor can have a major impact on reducing risks.

Originality/value

The main contribution of this work is the analysis of risks associated with outsourcing to China, based on a categorisation of factors/drivers that can generate these risks, and the study of how firms manage these factors/drivers and control their negative effects. The nature of the practices and actions used to manage important risks depends on the characteristics of the companies, their size, resources and the products they outsource.


Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites or symbionts and depend on cells for their replication. Nowhere is this dependency seen more clearly than in the translation system, as viruses—unlike cells and their endosymbiotic organelles, chloroplasts and mitochondria—lack a translational apparatus. Consequently, viruses must use the cellular apparatus for the synthesis of one of their principal components. Because they can be manipulated with relative ease, the study of viruses has been a pre-eminent source of information on the mechanism and regulation of the protein synthetic machinery (Table 1). Viruses do more than simply co-opt the cellular machinery to produce viral proteins, however. Under extreme selection pressure, many viruses have evolved ways to gain a translational advantage for their mRNAs and to contend with potent host defense systems that affect protein synthesis. Here we consider the interactions between viruses and the translation system of the cell under three headings: Translational mechanisms. Viruses exploit a range of unorthodox mechanisms, most of which were discovered in viral systems. Many of them have proven to be used in the uninfected cell, albeit seemingly less frequently or in special circumstances such as during apoptosis or in response to environmental stress. Modifications of the translation system. Many viruses impose sweeping changes upon the cellular translation machinery and the signaling network that regulates it, modifying these systems to favor the synthesis of viral proteins at the cells' expense. Host defenses and viral countermeasures. Host defenses impinge on translation at many levels, from direct effects...


At Eastport, Me., and Grand Menan during several years past, I have made many observations on this subject, but mostly relating to fishes of which the habits are better known, like the cod, hake, haddock, etc. The Wolf-fish (Anarrhicas vomerinus) is not at all particular as to its food. At Eastport I took from the stomach of a large one at least four quarts of the common round sea-urchin (Euryechinus Dribachiensis V.), most of them withthe spines on, and many of them quite entire. From another, I took an equal quantity of a mixture of the same sea-urchin and the large whelk (Buccinurm undulatum). Many of the latter were entire or but slightly cracked. The Sculpins not unfrequently swallow entire large specimens of several crabs (Cancer irroratus, Hyas coarctatus, etc.). The Haddock is addicted to the same habit, but is a very general feeder, swallowing all sorts of mollusca, worms, fishes, etc. The Herring (Clupea elongata) in the Bay of Fundy feeds very extensively, at least during all the months when I have observed them (June to November), upon several species of Mysis and Thysanopoda, called " shrimp" by the fishermen. These swim free at and near the surface in extensive " schools " and are persistently pursued by the Herring. The commonest species, apparently a Thysanopoda, is about an inch and a half long, of a pale reddish color. The species of Mysis are smaller and paler. The two genera often occur together. Young Pollock or Coal-fish, four to ten inches long, pursue the same species in large schools, often coming around the wharves of Eastport in great numbers in eager pursuit of their prey, and by leaping out after them produce a great commotion in the water. When thus pursued the Thysanopoda will leap out of the water to the height of a foot or more. The common Sebastes, or " Red Perch" at Eastport, feeds upon the same species when they come around the wharves, but probably does not pursue them to the same extent as the herring and pollock.


Objective To investigate the subtype distribution and sequence characteristics of HIV-1 strains in southwestern area of Henan province.Methods HIV-1 env gene was amplified by PCR from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 420 HIV-1 seropositive individuals in Shangcai and Weishi county of Henan province in 2005.The C2-V3 region was sequenced. Results The innergroup gene divergence of 420 sample was 8.37%,compare to the international A-E subtype reference strains and partial area subtype B' representative strains,the epidemic of 420 strains from Shangcai and Weishi county and Dehong of Yunnan、Sichuan closer to each other.The gene divergence was 6.94%.Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that 420 Henan B' strains clustered closely to Thailand B' and were far from other international subtypes.The analysis of V3 loop amino sequence of 420 B' strains revealed that motif of 300 samples was GPGQ of Thailand B' subtype gene,of 70 samples was GPGR of Europe and America B' subtype gene. Conclusion These findings suggest the epidemic of subtype B' of HIV-1 in Henan province and it is closely related to those identified in Yunnan province.The data showed that these viruses close related to HIV-1 strains of Thailand B' subtype gene.But according to the gene divergence and phylogenetic tree,the HIV-1 suptype of former paid blood group has trence variating to other subtype.We should pay more attention to these changes and characteritics.


The most effective results are obtained with vacuum degassing and ladle purging with argon and nitrogen. Vacuum treatment reduces the content of oxide phase and oxide stronger length and lowers the hydrogen content to levels at which there is no danger of hairline cracking. Vacuum treatment also lowers the ductile-brittle transition point by 20 deg, reduces anisotropy of ductile and impact properties, and increases design strength. Argon purging reduces the length of oxide stringer inclusions and improves mechanical properties.


The 2010 production figures for the Japanese PM industry recently released by JPMA, the Japan Powder Metallurgy Association, report strong recovery relative to 2009, although activity has still to return to 2008 levels. Iron powder shipments were 206 kt, up almost 30% on 2009 but still y10% below the 2008 figure of 226 kt. Of this total, 111 kt was iron powders for PM, 65 kt powders for other applications and 30 kt powders for exports. Copper powder shipments were 8194 t, up over 40% from 2009 and 5% below the 2008 figure of 8575 t. This consisted of 5791 t for PM applications, 1219 t for other applications and 1185 t for exports. Final 2010 data for stainless steel and MIM powders have yet to be released. Total production of PM parts was reported to be 104 kt, 37% higher than 2009 but 9% below the 2008 figure of 114 kt and still y20% below 2007. Of this, structural parts production was 96 kt (reported as equating to sales of ¥118bn), bearings production 6629 t (¥13.7bn), friction materials 578 t and electric contacts 73 t. Automotive production accounted for over 90% of structural parts production and y60% of bearings production, with y50% of parts being for engine applications and y25% for drive train applications. Average usage of PM parts per car was 8.6 kg in 2009. Figures released by APMA, the Asian Powder Metallurgy Association, show total iron powder shipments of 356 kt, up 34% on 2009 and total copper shipments of 30 kt, up 28%. The continuing strong growth of China and Korea in particular means these figures were 16% and 25% higher than 2008 shipments respectively. Chinese shipments in 2010 were 128 kt for iron powders and 9 kt for copper powders, Korean shipments were 58 kt for iron powders and 1.8 kt for copper powders, Indian shipments 31 kt for iron powders and 14 kt for copper powders and Taiwanese shipments 24 kt for iron powders and 2 kt for copper powders. Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand also showed strong growth from lower bases: 2010 iron powder shipments were 6, 1.5 and 15 kt and copper powder shipments 130, 640 and 29 t respectively. Production for automotive applications makes up y90% of the parts output of the Korean and Thai industry, 77% of the Indian industry and 62% of the Chinese industry. Production in Taiwan and Singapore is much more evenly distributed among automotive, business and leisure machine and electrical motor applications, whereas the Malaysian output is split between automotive and electrical machine applications. Further information from JPMA (www.jpma.gr.jp) and APMA(www. apma.asia).


History of Indian Buddhism. E. Lamotte, translated from the French by Sara Boin-Webb. Institut Orientaliste, Louvain-la-Neuve 1988. XXVI, 870 pp, plus 30 plates (No. XXIII on p.420), 5 maps and 7 plans. B.Fr 2175 (distrib. by Peeters Press, P.O. Box 41, 3000 Leuven, Belgium).


A model is presented for erosion-corrosion of steel piping under feedwater conditions. The reaction between water and iron to produce magnetite also produces hydrogen. At steady state the flux of hydrogen through the steel must equal the rate at which Fe ions go into solution. From the equilibrium between these two reactions one can calculate the corrosion rate for steady state conditions using known thermodynamic and diffusion parameters. The calculated rates are in reasonable agreement with published values. However, a period of low corrosion rates is sometimes observed prior to the steady state. In order to explain this transient behavior, we have considered the problem of trapping of hydrogen in special sites in the steel such as carbide matrix interfaces. This creates a transient period of low corrosion rates that can extend for several months or even years. The trapping effect has been modeled by solving the McNabb and Foster equations by a finite difference method.


A technique for the quantitative investigation of vibrational energy transfer efficiencies at very high levels of excitation is described. In this method chemical activation by nuclear recoil reaction is utilized and the competitive stabilization-decomposition characteristics of the resulting unimolecular system are probed as a function both of pressure and bath gas composition. The relative energy transfer efficiencies for collisions between excited cyclobutane-t and He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N$sub 2$, CF$sub 4$, c-C$sub 4$H$sub 8$ are reported. The hot atom reaction between nuclear recoil chlorine atoms and hydrogen gas to produce translationally excited hydrogen chloride is reported. A sizable hydrogen isotope effect was observed in this system between H$sub 2$ and D$sub 2$ reactant and there appears to be a cross over from normal to inverse isotope effect as the relative laboratory collision energy is increased above the thermal threshold region. Evidence for electronically excited S($sup 1$D) reactions of nuclear recoil produced sulfur atoms is reported on the basis of relative product yields as a function of electronic energy quenching additives. (auth)


Background:  We compared the efficacy of remifentanil, alfentanil and fentanyl in reducing withdrawal movement associated with the injection of rocuronium in children.


The service system of tourism products based on embedded technologies contributes to improve quality and optimize structure of the products.On the base of literature review,we analyze the functional structure and technology requirements of service system of tourism products,and put forward a functional structure figure and a structure menu of technical requirement and discuss the principles and paths of embedding technologies in development of service system of tourism products.


Existing studies find that young people have the lowest levels of financial literacy when compared to other ages. I argue that this low financial literacy is driven by a lack of experience with financial decision making. I designed and administered a survey that measures students' financial literacy and financial experience. I find that students know more about the products they use. For example, students with loans know more about loans than students without them. These results suggest that knowledge is driven by need and experience. The implication is to increase financial literacy among students by involving them in financial decisions.


SUBTITLE: REGIONAL JET MANUFACTURERS ARE CONTINUING TO TARGET ASIA, BUT THEY ADMIT THAT IT MAY BE A WHILE BEFORE THEY GET REAL REWARDS.


Summary In late 2000, five sanctuaries were established on the mainland of New Zealand for the express purpose of protecting populations of five kiwi Apteryx spp. taxa belonging to three species. Conservation management was undertaken at a landscape scale (10,000–20,000 ha) in each sanctuary to improve recruitment of kiwi. This was done by controlling introduced mammalian predators (especially stoats Mustela erminea), and/or by removing eggs and chicks from predation risk, and returning subadults when they were big enough to cope with stoats. Population modelling of the first five years of the sanctuary programme indicated that kiwi numbers in all five sanctuaries would increase as a result of the management. Calculated population increases varied from 0.6% per year at Okarito to 11.3% per year at Moehau, even though predator trapping was more intense at Okarito. The variation from site to site was explained by the widely different inherent productivity of the various kiwi taxa; widely different rates of adult mortality due to the presence or absence of dogs Canis familiaris and ferrets M. furo, the main predators of long-lived adult kiwi; and, local forest conditions affecting predator-prey cycles, and the density of stoats. As a result of this analysis, the management in four of the five sanctuaries has since been modified to try to achieve better overall gains for kiwi within the same operating budget.


This is a report on a research project concerning migration behavior in the Neckar-Alb region of the Federal Republic of Germany. The project was designed to investigate the reasons behind and context of shifts in the populations of rural areas and to provide information for regional development planning. (ANNOTATION)


In this paper, we study the notion of ISS with respect to two measurement functions for discrete-time systems. An example in previous work shows that, in the two measurement function case, the existence of an implication-form ISS-Lyapunov function does not imply ISS. Here, we define a "strong" ISS-Lyapunov function and demonstrate that its existence is equivalent to ISS with respect to two measurement functions.


We consider the distributions of the lengths of the longest weakly increasing and strongly decreasing subsequences in words of length N from an alphabet of k letters. (In the limit as k → ∞ these become the corresponding distributions for permutations on N letters.) We find Toeplitz determinant representations for the exponential generating functions (on N) of these distribution functions and show that they are expressible in terms of solutions of Painlevé V equations. We show further that in the weakly increasing case the generating function gives the distribution of the smallest eigenvalue in the k × k Laguerre random matrix ensemble and that the distribution itself has, after centering and normalizing, an N → ∞ limit which is equal to the distribution function for the largest eigenvalue in the k × k Gaussian Unitary Ensemble.


Ekaterine Bakhtadze
Email:firstname.lastname@example.com
Associated Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University
Batumi, Georgia
 https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4663-4134

Nargiz Phalavandishvili
Email:firstname.lastname@example.com
Assistant Professor Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University
Batumi, Georgia
 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5766-1815

Irine Tavadze
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Associated Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University
Batumi, Georgia
 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4652-4231
The tourism sector is a great contributor to the economy of Adjara region. The share of tourism is 14% in the gross domestic product (GDP) of the region, including accommodation, food, art, entertainment and recreation. After Covid-19 pandemic, the tourism started recovering since 2022, when more than 2 million foreign visits were recorded in the region. 58% of Adjara hotels are located in Batumi. Tourists, who are attracted by gambling business, namely by casinos, hold the quite large niche at the tourist market of Batumi. It is the gambling business that enables to load the international brand hotels during the off-season period. The given survey was aimed at analyzing of the gambling business role in the formation of revenues of Batumi city municipality and international brand hotels. Revenues received from fees paid for gambling business and income tax paid by casinos is important for the city budget. The casino has a special place in the additional income of the hotel. Hotel rooms, provided to casinos at a discount, become the guarantee for the stable occupancy. On average, casinos provide more than 50% of the annual occupancy index of hotels, which often gives the possibility to cover the hotel off-season operation charges. Regulation of the gambling business by the government enables to reduce its disadvantages. With a responsible approach to the gambling business, the role of casinos is huge in generating revenues for tourist destinations and businesses.


The lack of adequate energy services imposes heavy social and environmental costs on poor rural households. The rural energy‐environment interface, however, is prone to oversimplistic analyses, especially in the case of the 'fuelwood problem', and to a lack of research. International experience suggests that deforestation is not necessarily an 'energy problem' resulting from the cutting of trees for fuelwood ‐ and therefore that it may not have an energy solution, like planting more trees for firewood. Instead, wood scarcity must be understood under multiple use of wood resources, and policies need to be multifaceted if they are to succeed. South African studies show that wood is becoming increasingly scarce in many areas; here fuelwood collection may contribute to deforestation more than suggested by international experience. In addition to the environmental effects of increasing wood scarcity and its social costs, borne largely by women, another serious problem arises from indoor air pollution caused by...