This paper summarizes three years of observations of the resonant optical backscatter of laser, used to produce a mesospheric sodium-layer laser guide star for an adaptive optics system. Observations were obtained from a neighboring telescope. The aim of this work was two-fold: to study the Na plume (altitude and profile variations) and to study the Rayleigh cone in order to achieve scattering measurements relevant to the light pollution created by a sodium laser guide star. We report on the short-term characteristics of the sodium layer and stress the consequences of these variations for Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics System operations. From the measurements of the background intensity measured while observing the laser guide star and the top of the Rayleigh cone, we can derive information on the light pollution produced by the laser as well as the resulting implications for an observatory laser management policy. Information on the laser intensity, size and shape along the Rayleigh cone are also presented.


Apoptosis occurs rapidly in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) after exposure to 1 mM cycloheximide (CHX). We examined whether this form of stimulated apoptosis altered either resting cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations ([free Ca]) or membrane potential (Ψ) in PMN and found no significant effects. However, manipulation of either PMN intracellular Ca2+ stores or Ψ was found to delay CHX‐induced apoptosis. Depletion of PMN intracellular Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin caused membrane depolarization and significantly delayed CHX‐induced apoptosis based on both morphological and annexin‐V‐fluorescein isothiocyanate binding criteria. Short‐term suspension (4 h) of PMN in Ca2+‐free buffer depleted internal Ca2+ stores, induced membrane depolarization at 2.5 h, and delayed spontaneous (24 h) apoptosis but had no effect on CHX‐induced apoptosis. Rapid membrane depolarization with 150 mM KCl buffer significantly delayed CHX‐induced apoptosis, suggesting that depolarization rather than Ca2+ stores depletion was the crucial event. Timing experiments revealed that depolarization within 12 min of CHX exposure significantly delayed apoptosis. Collectively, these observations suggest an early Ψ‐sensitive step in the apoptosis pathway initiated by CHX. CHX exposure alone does not alter either resting PMN [free Ca] or Ψ; accompanying depolarization of plasma membrane (either electrochemically or via depletion of internal Ca2+ stores) delays CHX‐induced apoptosis in a time‐dependent manner. J. Leukoc. Biol. 64: 759–766; 1998.


The present invention relates to a method of communicating performed by a wireless communication system, a first terminal and a second terminal apparatus to the device (D2D), the method comprising the steps of: receiving a first frequency band used for D2D communication from a base station receiving scheduling information; based on the received scheduling information at a second frequency band D2D communication data received from a second terminal; and in response to receiving data for D2D communication, and transmits to the base station in a second frequency band feedback information, wherein the frame received from the receiving scheduling information comprises receiving scheduling sub-frame and transmitting scheduling information associated with a different promoter, may receive scheduling information indicative of a receiving means of the first terminal from the second terminal resource data, and transmits the scheduling information may indicate resources used by the second terminal transmits the data to the first terminal.


agrees with the finding of Kates (2), who. suggests that egg productiorx reduces vigor and makes the females u'nable to retain their position in the intestine. Once again the cycle through the grubs of P. anxia was comrpleted in the laboratory, the only important difference in technique being in tihe fact that the shelled embryos were not washed, 'the "egg"-laden body fluid of the worm being injected directly into the sprouted wheat grains. Three months later infective acanthellas from the grubs were fed to two more healthy hogs, but hog cholera was not transmitted. This second trial appeared to eliminate the possibility that the virus had been leached from the shelled embryos by the washing in the first experiment, and as 20 grubs were given to each of the pigs it was felt that the trial had been fair. Even though the peculiar set of circumstances surrounding the EssexKent outbreaks was so strongly suggestive, and even though the physiological processes of the female worm within the intestine of the hog is ideally suited for the inclusion of the virus within the shelled embryo, the experimental evidence failed to substantiate the hypothesis that a combination of the thorny-headed worm and the white grub might constitute a reservoir of hog cholera virus.


A dual-mode and dual-band flat high-gain antenna based on anisotropic focusing metasurface (MS) is proposed in this communication. The elements of the MS can steer the reflected phases of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-polarized waves around 10 GHz and the transmitted phases of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${x}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-polarized waves around 14 GHz independently. The function of the anisotropic MS is to focus the incident plane waves around 10 and 14 GHz on spots with different focal lengths and spaces. To reduce the block effect of the reflection mode, an extra phase gradient is introduced to the initial phase distribution of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-polarization to deflect the reflection mode main-beam to an angle of 30°. Finally, the new high-gain antenna obtains a deflecting reflection beam with peak gain of 17.2 dB and a normal transmission beam with peak gain of 19.5 dB. Besides single-band working, the antenna can also operate at 10 and 14 GHz simultaneously with gains of 14.7 and 16.7 dB, respectively. Measured results make a good agreement with the simulated results.


A general investigation was made of the thermal expansion of various silicate fluxes The fluxes considered in the crystalline (anisotropic) and glassy (isotropic) states. were ten feldspars, two nepheline syenites, anorthosite, aplite, and lepidolite.


We report the evolution of superconducting properties as a function of disorder in epitaxial NbN thin films grown on 100 MgO substrates. The effective disorder in these films encompasses a large range, with kFl 1.38‐8.77. Tunneling measurements reveal that for films with large disorder the superconducting transition temperature is not associated with a vanishing of the superconducting energy gap but with a large broadening of the superconducting density of states. Our results provide strong evidence of the loss of superconductivity via phase fluctuations in a homogeneously disordered s-wave superconductor.


The development of insulin resistance (IR) through the activation of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1) by angiotensin II results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by NADPH oxidases. The activation of Nox4 however has potential benefits through the production of hydrogen peroxide that activates nuclear factor erythriod‐2‐ related factor 2 (nrf2), a transcription factor responsible for the expression of antioxidant genes. It is hypothesized that nrf2 activation and eventual antioxidant expression occurs through the production of hydrogen peroxide by nox4 and is increased in distressed cellular environments. To address this hypothesis, an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) was performed in three groups (n = 6‐8/group) of rats: 1) LETO (lean strain‐control), 2) untreated, IR obese OLETF, and 3) OLETF + angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB; 10 mg olmesartan/kg/d). Activation of nrf2 increased at 60 min post‐oGTT in ARB compared to OLETF. This increase in nrf2 activation was associated with 45 and 106% increases in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, respectively, in ARB at 60 min. Nox4 mRNA expression increased 145% from OLETF to OLETF ARB. However treatment with ARB did not alter Nox2 mRNA expression. Our data suggests that activation of AT1 induces a hermetic effect mediated by Nox4 characterized by an increase in antioxidant expression, reducing excessive production of ROS.


Effective Space Asset Management is one key to addressing the ever-growing issue of space congestion. It is imperative that agencies around the world have access to data regarding the numerous active assets and pieces of space junk currently tracked in orbit around the Earth. At the center of this issues is the effective management of data of many types related to orbiting objects. As the population of tracked objects grows, so too should the data management structure used to catalog technical specifications, orbital information, and metadata related to those populations. Marshall Space Flight Center's Space Asset Management Database (SAM-D) was implemented in order to effectively catalog a broad set of data related to known objects in space by ingesting information from a variety of database and processing that data into useful technical information. Using the universal NORAD number as a unique identifier, the SAM-D processes two-line element data into orbital characteristics and cross-references this technical data with metadata related to functional status, country of ownership, and application category. The SAM-D began as an Excel spreadsheet and was later upgraded to an Access database. While SAM-D performs its task very well, it is limited by its current platform and is not available outside of the local user base. Further, while modeling and simulation can be powerful tools to exploit the information contained in SAM-D, the current system does not allow proper integration options for combining the data with both legacy and new M&S tools. This paper provides a summary of SAM-D development efforts to date and outlines a proposed data management infrastructure that extends SAM-D to support the larger data sets to be generated. A service-oriented architecture model using an information sharing platform named SIMON will allow it to easily expand to incorporate new capabilities, including advanced analytics, M&S tools, fusion techniques and user interface for visualizations. In addition, tight control of information sharing policy will increase confidence in the system, which would encourage industry partners to provide commercial data. Combined with the integration of new and legacy M&S tools, a SIMON-based architecture will provide a robust environment that can be extended and expanded indefinitely.


Besides the well-known spectral data, investigations of the time profiles of spikes also indicate that the spikes are generated by electron streams (the excitation of plasma waves and the subsequent transformation into electromagnetic radiation). In order to explain the brief duration and narrow-bandedness of spikes we assume that the electron streams exciting the spikes are created instantly near the emission region and have a small size (approx.0.5x10/sup 8/ cm) and a small velocity dispersion (..delta..V/V< or approx. =0.1). The predominant reverse drift of the spikes comprising groups (''rain'' events) is explained by the group delay of the radio emission from an extended source. The total duration of a burst is determined by the total time of establishment of a plateau in the velocity distribution function of the particles. Allowance only for collisional damping of plasma waves gives understated values for the temperature of the coronal plasma (approx.0.5x10/sup 6/ /sup 0/K). It is shown that this is connected with the important role of Landau damping on fast particles of the stream, which becomes especially efficient in streams which are nonmonotonic in velocity, in the absorption of the plasma waves. A model is proposed for calculating the time profiles of spikes. Amore » satisfactory agreement between the theoretical and observed profiles allows one to determine the linear sizes of the streams, the velocity dispersion, and the damping constant. The strong polarization of spikes is explained by the conditions of escape of the radio emission from the source, where the magnetic field strength is approx.3--4 G.« less


System theory methods are developed and applied within the two-port modeling approach to the problem of thermo-acoustic instability in a combustion appliance. An analogy between thermo-acoustics of combustion and small-signal operation of microwave amplifier is utilized. Notions of unconditional and conditional stabilities of an (active) two-port, representing a burner with flame, are introduced and analyzed. Unconditional stability of two-port means the absence of autonomous oscillation at any embedding of the given two-port by any passive network at the system's upstream (source) and downstream (load) sides. It has been shown that for velocity-sensitive compact burner in the limit of zero Mach number the condition of unconditional stability cannot be fulfilled. The analysis is performed in the spirit of a known criterion in microwave network theory, the so-called Edwards- Sinsky's criterion. Therefore, two methods have been applied to originate the necessary and sufficient conditions of a linear active two-port system to be conditionally stable. The first method is a new algebraic technique to prove and derive the conditional and unconditional stability criteria, and the second method is based on certain properties of Mobius (bilinear) transformations for combinations of reflection coefficients and scattering matrix of (active) two-ports. The developed framework allows formulating design requirements for the stabilization of operation of a combustion appliance via purposeful modifications of either the burner properties or/and of its acoustic embeddings.


Summary (1) The rate of release of fatty acids from milk by porcine pancreatic lipase was studied as a model system for the development of lipase taint. The rate was low initially but then increased logarithmically and later declined. Addition of milk which had been subjected to the action of lipase and then boiled to inactivate the enzyme enhanced fatty acid release. An extract containing monoglycerides from lipolysed milk had a similar action whereas an extract of free fatty acids had an effect mainly in the early stages, increasing the initial rate. Addition of Ca2+, which accelerated lipolysis of fresh milk, enhanced the action of fatty acids and depressed that of monoglycerides. (2) In the early stages of lipolysis there was a preferential release of short-chain fatty acids and a high proportion of these passed into the aqueous phase. These effects were more pronounced at low temperature and at acid to neutral pH. At alkaline pH a greater proportion of the short-chain acids was present in the aqueous phase but the total release of these acids was less. (3) Fresh milks differed in their response to 'aeration' and storage at 4°C. In those in which taint was induced there was a considerable release of fatty acids in response to aeration, and a further release and also a redistribution between the aqueous and fat phases during storage. No relationship was apparent between the amount of fatty acids released and the initial fatty acid content. (4) The findings are discussed in relation to the development of lipase taint in commercial milks.


Objective: Our aim was to investigate the effect and mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on brains of rats after persistent focal cerebral ischemia. Methods: Rat models of persistent focal cerebral ischemia were induced by intraluminal filament occlusion to the middle cerebral artery. Rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, ischemic group, ischemia+HBO group, and ischemia+hyperbaric air (HA) group. Each group was further divided into five small groups (n=4), in which rats were killed at 6, 24, 48, 72 hours, and 7 days after ischemia onset and the brain tissues were taken out for histological analysis of infarct volume. Results: Seven days after ischemia onset, there is remarked difference on the infarct volume between the HBO group\[(180.3±15.5)mm 3\] and the control group \[(221.3±17.1) mm 3\] (P0.01); but no difference was found between the HA group and the control group. Conclusion: Early use of HBO may be beneficial to focal cerebral ischemia.


Due to the shift in paradigm from passive control to adaptive control, smart tuned mass dampers (STMDs) have received considerable attention for vibration control in tall buildings and bridges. STMDs are superior to tuned mass dampers (TMDs) in reducing the response of the primary structure. Unlike TMDs, STMDs are capable of accommodating the changes in primary structure properties, due to damage or deterioration, by tuning in real time based on a local feedback. In this paper, a novel adaptive-length
pendulum (ALP) damper is developed and experimentally verified. Length of the pendulum is adjusted in real time using a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuator. This can be achieved in two ways i) by changing the amount of current in the SMA wire actuator or ii) by changing the effective length of current carrying SMA wire. Using an instantaneous frequency tracking algorithm, the dominant frequency of the structure can be tracked from a local feedback signal, then the length of pendulum is adjusted to match the dominant
frequency. Effectiveness of the proposed ALP-STMD mechanism, combined with the STFT frequency tracking control algorithm, is verified experimentally on a prototype two-storey shear frame. It has been observed through experimental studies that the ALP-STMD absorbs most of the input energy associated in the vicinity of tuned frequency of the pendulum damper. The reduction of storey displacements up to 80 % when subjected to forced excitation (harmonic and chirp-signal) and a faster decay rate during free vibration is observed in the experiments.


Spanish researchers have uncovered evidence that may be indicative of solid biomarkers for osteoarthritis. Researchers reported their findings at the OARSI 2016 World Congress held in Amsterdam this month.


The Shallow Water Equations (SWE) are widely used in the hydraulic science and engineering. The time dependency and nonlinearity causes difficulties in numerical simulation of the SWE. To address these problems, a Time-Centered Split-Implicit (TCSI) method is proposed to solve depth-averaged SWE. To verify the TCSI method, a progressive wave in an open channel is simulated. An artificial damping layer (or sponge layer) is applied in the outlet boundary. Results from the numerical experiments show the validity of TCSI in simulating depth-averaged SWE and the success of sponge layer in preventing the reflection from the boundary.


We consider a Master-Worker distributed system where a master processor assigns, over the Internet, tasks to a collection of n workers, which are untrusted and might act maliciously. In addition, a worker may not reply to the master, or its reply may not reach the master, due to unavailabilities or failures of the worker or the network. Each task returns a value, and the goal is for the master to accept only correct values with high probability. Furthermore, we assume that the service provided by the workers is not free; for each task that a worker is assigned, the master is charged with a work-unit. Therefore, considering a single task assigned to several workers, our objective is to have the master processor to accept the correct value of the task with high probability, with the smallest possible amount of work (number of workers the master assigns the task). We probabilistically bound the number of faulty processors by assuming a known probability p < 1/2 of any processor to be faulty. Our work demonstrates that it is possible to obtain, with provable analytical guarantees, high probability of correct acceptance with low work. In particular, we first show lower bounds on the minimum amount of (expected) work required, so that any algorithm accepts the correct value with probability of success 1 - e, where e ≪ 1 (e.g., 1/n). Then we develop and analyze two algorithms, each using a different decision strategy, and show that both algorithms obtain the same probability of success 1 - e, and in doing so, they require similar upper bounds on the (expected) work. Furthermore, under certain conditions, these upper bounds are asymptotically optimal with respect to our lower bounds.


Mainstream computable general equilibrium analysis developed out of Lief Johansen's regional economic analysis based on the simultaneous settlement of commodity markets in quantity and price. The work of John von Neumann, Paul Samuelson, Wassily Leontief, Anne Carter, Michael Farrell and Thijs ten Raa has combined in an alternative bottom-up Integrated Assessment Model, which embodies Johansen attributes while exploiting the unique property of models having regions that trade and adjust to evolving natural advantages and environmental constraints through regional industry specialization. Such specialization has recently become a major focus in many nations seeking competitive niche business models in intermediate products and capital goods, which today comprise 70 per cent of the global supply chain. This research demonstrates a non-monetary or policy application of the Doctrine of Balanced Growth operates to equalize consumption growth at the policy nexus of international free-trade agreements and specialization of regional industry segments. Our knowledge of domestic industry policy and international trade policy is advanced by this demonstration that model results conform with a non-monetary Doctrine of Balanced Growth. This study is based on 2007 year data from the Global Trade Analysis Project.


We report the X-ray structure of the L·Sr(Picrate)2(L =tert-butyl-calix [4] arene-tetrakis(diethylamide) and MD simulations on the L·M2+ complexes in vacuo, in water and in acetonitrile solutions (M2+= Mg 2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+), with a comparison of 'converging' Lc and 'diverging' LD conformers, In the simulated and solid-state structures of the L·Sr2+ complex, the cation is completely encapsulated within the polar pseudo-cavity of L, without coordination to its counterion in the crystal, or to solvent molecules in solution. Computations show that the L·M2+ complexes are of converging type in water and in acetonitrile. This contrasts with the L·M+ alkali cation complexes, which display conformational flexibility in solution. Subtle structural changes from Mg2+ to Ba2+ are compared in the gas phase and in solution. In the L·UO22+ hypothetical complex, simulated for comparison, the UO22 + cation is calculated to be less bound by L than the alkaline earth cations. The solvent content of the cone is shown to depend on the size of the complexed cation and modulated by the top–bottom mechanical coupling in the calixarene. Based on free energy perturbation calculations, we calculate a binding sequence of alkaline earth cations (Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+ > Mg2+) in agreement with experiment.


After the seminal work of R. Landauer in 1957 relating the electrical resistance of a conductor to its scattering properties, much progress has been made in our ability to predict the performance of electron devices in the DC (stationary) regime. Computational tools to describe their dynamical behavior (including the AC, transient and noise performance), however, are far from being as trustworthy as would be desired by the electronic industry. While there is no fundamental limitation to correctly modeling the high-frequency quantum transport and its fluctuations, certainly more careful attention must be paid to delicate issues such as overall charge neutrality, total current conservation, or the back action of the measuring apparatus. In this review, we will show how the core ideas behind the Bohmian formulation of quantum mechanics can be exploited to design an efficient Monte Carlo algorithm that provides a quantitative description of electron transport in open quantum systems. By making the most of trajectory-based and wave function methods, the BITLLES simulator, a free software developed by the authors, extends the capabilities that the semi-classical Monte Carlo simulation technique has offered for decades (DC, AC, noise, transients) to the quantum regime.


In an image forming apparatus to which a finisher is connected, a power source control unit shifts the image forming apparatus to a power saving state. The image forming apparatus is inhibited from being shifted to the power saving state when it is detected that a sheet for which a binding process is to be performed is set in the finisher. The image forming apparatus may be permitted to be shifted to the power saving state when it is not detected that the sheet is set in the finisher.


Graded ferroelectric (GF) structures were obtained by successive deposition of Pb1−3y/2Lay(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3 films with different La contents on Pt/TiO2Si substrates. The method used for deposition was sol gel. The final structure consists of four layers, starting from the Pt electrode to the top gold electrode: (1) no La; (2) 4% La; (3) 8% La; and (4) 12% La. Ferroelectric properties of the GF structure were investigated, and an anomalous shift of the hysteresis loop along the polarization axis was found. The sense of this shift depends on the initial direction of the ferroelectric polarization. The presence of hysteresis displacement "up" or "down" can be explained if the presence of a built-in charge in the GF structure is admitted. The built-in potential produced by this charge is computed using a simple theoretical model.


The quality of pineapple guava fruits during post-harvest storage depends directly on their quality at harvest and is influenced by climatic conditions during growth. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of climatic conditions on certain parameters of fruit quality during post-harvest storage. Twenty trees were tagged in two locations within the department of Cundinamarca (Colombia), recording the climatic conditions during fruit growth until harvest. The fruits were differentiated by place of origin and stored at 18 ± 1oC (76 ± 5% relative humidity, RH) for 11 d or 5 ± 1oC (87 ± 5% RH) for 31 d, evaluating several quality attributes every two d. The places of origin were San Francisco de Sales (1,800 m a.s.l., 20.6oC, 63-97% RH, with an average annual precipitation of 1,493 mm) and Tenjo (2,580 m a.s.l., 12.5oC, 74-86% RH, with an average annual precipitation of 765 mm). The results indicated that the fruits stored at the highest temperature were sweeter and had reduced weight and firmness, lower acidity, and faster postharvest senescence (lower post-harvest durability). The postharvestN fruit characteristics were determined by considering the fruit quality during growth and the influence of climatic conditions during cultivation in each location. At the higher altitudes, the total soluble solid content in the fruits was higher and firmness decreased, and the total titratable acidity and weight loss were lower. For fruit color, significant differences were not observed that would demonstrate the effect of climatic conditions during the post-harvest period.


Renewed interest in ballistic missile defense (BMD) must be seen against the background of technical, strategic, and political uncertainties. Technically a shift in emphasis from traditional to exotic technologies involves many uncertainties. While these may be resolved in the future, any such system will have to be extremely leakproof to offer an attractive defense of cities. Strategically BMD can have destabilizing consequences if not coupled with severe constraints on offensive forces; in particular, unbridled BMD competition could provide incentives for either superpower to strike the other first in a crisis. Politically the most salient consideration is the ABM Treaty of 1972; any move by the United States that seems to call its commitment to the treaty into question will raise political opposition domestically and among U.S. allies, and suspicions in the USSR. Future prospects may be enhanced if the United States makes clear that it has no intention of revising the treaty; moves ahead with offensive arms limitations; and reorients its BMD focus to the marginal role of defending retaliatory forces that remain after a period of offensive arms limitations.


ABSTRACT The choice of appropriate interaction style for children's application has been a divisive subject of debate. For example, drag-and-drop is often said to perform worse than point-and-click in educational applications – and vice versa. In this article, we argue for the need to choose the interaction style in context, considering a range of factors. We compare drag-and-drop, point-and-touch, and simple touch for selecting letters to form words in a spelling line as part of an educational spelling game. We evaluate the perceived workload, user experience, preference, and writing times of twenty-five children (8–11 years), eight of whom were dyslexic. We found that touch received better ratings and was ranked highest most often on all subscales compared to drag-and-drop and point-and-touch. Children needed less time using touch and 68% chose it as their favorite interaction style. We also found small advantages for drag-and-drop over point-and-touch, which runs counter to some recent recommendations. This becomes particularly clear when using ranking responses, which support a particularly fine-grained picture.


Runup of irregular waves on smooth slopes of 1:3, 1:2, 1:1½\N, and 1:1 was investigated. The waves were generated by superposition of component waves and simulated the spectra defined by Bretschneider and Scott. A few narrow frequency band spectra were also generated. Since the waves were nonbreaking for the most part, the reflection process affected the results and thus was investigated in detail. Subsequently runup distributions were related to wave height distributions with special emphasis on average runup and 2% runup. A number of secondary observations with respect to superelevation of mean water level, spectrum bandwidth, runup period and position of the leading edge of the runup were also made.


During 1977 and again in 1978 the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics (formerly Geophysics Laboratory, Marine Science Institute) collected multifold seismic reflection data off the west coast of Costa Rica. The purpose of this report is to 1) present the seismic data, 2) describe briefly the main structural and geologic features observed on the lines, and 3) discuss briefly how these observations fit into the overall geologic and tectonic setting and evolution of the Costa Rica-Middle America Trench forearc area.


New coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) acute respiratory failure is the cause of the rapidly spreading coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019), affecting thousands of people around the world. Due to the limited information on heart dysfunction in patients with COVID-19, a synthetic summary of current knowledge is needed to help clinicians who care for patients with cardiovascular disease, especially heart failure (HF) patients. We present the expert opinion of the Polish Cardiac Society - Working Group of Heart Failure (PCS - HF).


(pp. 53–57) Atmospheric concentrations of ammonia were monitored for one year in an intensive dairy farming area and its environs in the Kanto region in central Japan. Passive samplers were used to collect gaseous ammonia in the atmosphere. A clear difference in concentrations was observed: they were high in the central farming area (3.2–36.2 µg N m−3) and low in its surrounding area (0.2–0.4 µg N m−3). Seasonal changes in concentrations were also witnessed · concentration reached a peak in April and May. A negative correlation was found between the annual mean of ammonia concentrations and the distance from the manure facilities of dairy farmers. Ammonia volatilization from manure was considered to be the primary factor that controlled the atmospheric concentrations of ammonia within 1 km of the manure facilities. The annual mean concentrations of ammonia positively correlated with the nitrogen concentrations in open-bulk precipitation. It was, therefore, suggested that ammonia emissions from dairy farming affected the wet deposition of nitrogen. On the other hand, both seasonal changes in precipitation and manure management performed by dairy farmers were considered to be the primary factors that induced seasonal changes in atmospheric ammonia concentrations.


Abstract The micro-ice-lens model is outlined. It is based on the stability criteria for the triple-phase condition of unfrozen water, ice, and vapor in porous solids far below the bulk freezing point as described in Ref. (1). Due to these stability criteria a negative pressure is generated in the unfrozen gel–water, increasing with falling temperature. The temperature change acts like a piston, squeezing water out of the not infinitely rigid gel-matrix during cooling: frost shrinkage. The water is trapped at the macroscopically behaving micro-ice-lenses. They act as a valve since they hinder the trapped water from flowing back to the expanding gel during heating. If external water is available it is sucked in. A cyclic freeze thaw attack works like a pump—called therefore the micro-ice-lens pump—increasing the degree of saturation with every cycle far above isothermal saturation level. Only if a critical degree of saturation is reached by this pumping does damage set in due to the expansion of ice. The model is supported by the results of frost testing, like the CDF/CIF test. Frost-heaving phenomena are based on the same triple-phase conditions and transport.


Yue blue porcelain of 9th century has influenced to the green pottery(綠釉陶器) of Japan and Middle East on the same century. And in result. the east Asia and Middle East had esterblished the area of culture of the blue porcelain in 9th century. In the Yue Porcelains(越州??靑磁) excavated the East Asia and Middle East, Yue Porcelain excavated in Miruksaji(彌勒寺址. about the year of 858) and Chunghejin(淸海鎭, about the year of 828-851) remains of Korea has a important meanings in studying the Yue Porcelain and these Yue Porcelain has influenced to the birth of the early blue porcelain in Korea. In fact, being a similar to the Form(器形) of Yue Porcelain, it suggests that the early blue porcelain in Korea(韓國 初期靑磁)has been begun the late of 9th century by the influence of Yue Porcelain. It can be suggested by the fact that the structure of the blue porcelain klin sites of Bansadong(芳山洞) and Wonsanri(圓山里) have a similarity to those of Hahwasim klin site(荷花芯??址, about the year of 842) of Chelgang region(浙江省) in China. In addition, we can feel the influence of Yue Porcelain in the middle of 9th century in Form of bowl, tea cup, ewer and so on of the early blue porcelain in Korea. But Yue Porcelain of 10th century excavated in Korea has few. From this fact, we can suggest that Korea already could product blue porcelain in some amount in 10th century and had no any necessity to import Yue Porcelain of 10th century had been bad quality(粗質). And this background of Yue porcelain of 10th century is considered as a important element to deside a period of product in the early blue porcelain in Korea. Considing these facts, it can suggest that the early blue porcelain of Korea(韓國 初期靑磁) has been begun the product on the late of 9th century by modelling the Yue Porcelain of the middle of 9th century having relations to the early blue porcelain in Korea.


The present study was carried out to evaluate the antitussive potential of methanol extract of Ionidium suffruticosam Ging. (Violaceae) which was investigated for its effect on a cough model induced by sulfur dioxide gas in albino mice. It exhibited signi.cant dose‐dependent antitussive activity when compared with the control, 250 and 500 mg/kg (p.o.) of the extract showing 28.37% and 54.16% inhibition of the cough with respect to control group. The antitussive activity of the extract was comparable to that of codeine phosphate, a prototype antitussive agent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This 12-page 2007 article is titled "Obtaining Confessions: From Arrest to Court Commissioner." It was published in The Trooper magazine. The article assumes that, in a given case, both Miranda v. Arizona and general Fifth Amendment voluntariness standards have been satisfied. The article then analyzes the federal and state constitutional and statutory requirements for "prompt presentment" before a judicial officer as a predicate to the admissibility of a statement that otherwise complies with Miranda and voluntariness.


s: Contributed Talks Natural Models of Homotopy Type Theory Steven Awodey, Carnegie Mellon University Homotopy type theory is an interpretation of constructive Martin-Löf type theory into abstract homotopy theory. It allows type theory to be used as a formal calculus for reasoning about homotopy theory, as well as more general mathematics such as can be formulated in category theory or set theory, under this new homotopical interpretation. Because constructive type theory has been implemented in computational proof assistants like Coq, it also facilitates the use of those tools in homotopy theory, category theory, set theory, and other fields of mathematics. This is the idea behind the new Univalent Foundations Program, which has recently been the object of quite intense investigation. One thing missing from homotopy type theory, however, has been a notion of model that is both faithful to the precise formalism of type theory and yet general and flexible enough to be a practical tool. Past attempts have relied either on highly structured categories corresponding closely to the syntax of type theory, such as the categories with families of Dybjer, which are, however, somewhat impractical to work with semantically, or more natural and flexible categorical models based on homotopical algebra, which however must be equipped with unnatural coherence conditions. In this talk, I will present a new approach which combines some of the good features of each of these two strategies. It is based on the observation that a category with families is the same thing as a representable natural transformation in the sense of Grothendieck. Ideas from Voevodsky and Lumsdaine-Warren are also used. The limit closure of metric spaces in uniform spaces Michael Barr, Mcgill University Say that a net xi in a uniform space is strongly Cauchy if for every pseudometric d, the net d(xi, xj) is eventually 0. James Cooper conjectured and we (John Kennison, Bob Raphael, and I) proved that a separated uniform space is a limit of metric spaces iff every strongly Cauchy net converges. Lax monads and generalized multicategory theory Dimitri Chikhladze, University of Coimbra Generalized multicategories, also called T -monoids are well known class of mathematical structures, which include diverse set of examples. In this talk we will construct a generalization of the adjunction between monoidal categories and multicategories, where the former are replaced by T -monoids. To do this we introduce lax monads in a tricategory, and establish their relationship with equipments, which are bicategory like structures appropriate for the generalized multicategory theory. Tangent categories are locally Cartesian differential categories Robin Cockett, University of Calgary Recently Geoff Cruttwell and I, following Rosicky's original idea, introduced tangent categories as a setting for abstract differential geometry. We showed how this notion not only captured standard differential geometry settings, but also synthetic differential settings (SDG), and Cartesian differential setting. Recently, while considering differential bundles, we realized that there is an even deeper connection to Cartesian differential categories. Given any tangent category one can consider the differential bundles of that tangent category. These themselves form a tangent category which is a fibration over the original category. Each fibre, for very general reasons, inherits the structure of being a tangent category. Furthermore, one can then show that each fibre is actually a Cartesian differential category: hence the title. Connections in tangent categories Geoff Cruttwell, Mount Allison University


Menopause and subsequent estrogen deficiency have been implicated in the etiology of overactive bladder (OAB) in elderly females. Recently, attention has focused on ischemia of the bladder as a common pathophysiological mechanism for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including OAB. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ovariectomy (OVX) and estrogen replacement on bladder blood flow (BBF) as well as on bladder function in female rats.


We report two isothermal nucleic acid amplification assays for detection of monkeypox virus (MPXV) clades 2 and 3 that include the strains responsible for the current global outbreak of monkeypox. The assays use loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to amplify two distinct sequences in the MPXV genome. Readout specificity is ensured by oligonucleotide strand displacement (OSD) probes integrated in one-pot LAMP-OSD reactions. OSD probes undergo toehold-mediated strand displacement hybridization to LAMP amplicon loop sequences derived from MPXV clades 2 and 3 resulting in fluorescence readable both in real-time and visually at endpoint. We also perform both assays on two different portable devices, the GeneTiger and the miniPCR, to exemplify compatibility with minimum infrastructure point-of-care (POC) testing in clinical and at-home settings. Both assays could readily detect single digit copies of MPXV synthetic double stranded DNA templates within 30 min.


Purpose
The paper considers if house price movements in the United Kingdom (UK) can be linked to the political cycle as governments realise homeowners represent a large portion of the voter base and their voting decisions could be influenced by the magnitude and direction of house price changes. Specifically, this paper aims to investigate whether house prices behave differently before and after elections and under different political regimes.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper analyses quarterly house price data from 1960 to 2018 together with data on UK parliamentary elections for the same period. Descriptive statistics and significance tests are used to analyse the impact of the political cycle on house price movements in the UK.

Findings
While there is no evidence that house prices in the UK performed significantly differently under different political parties, the authors observed that house prices performed much better in the last year before an election compared to the first year after an election. On average, house prices increased by 5.3% per annum in the last year before an election compared to 1.3% per annum in the first year following an election.

Research limitations/implications
The study highlights significant variations in the performance of UK house prices around election times.

Practical implications
It is imperative that the political cycle is given adequate consideration when making residential property investment decisions.

Social implications
House buyers and investors in the residential property market could include the election timings as part of their decision-making process.

Originality/value
This paper represents a unique systematic examination of the influence of the political cycle on residential houses prices in the UK.


The coordination and supramolecular assemblies of potassium/lanthanide cations to perhydroxycucurbit[5]uril in the presence of [PMo12O40]3− anions show significant differences, which could be used for the isolation of light lanthanides from their heavier counterparts.


Abstract. Sulfur (S) solubility is determined in silicate melts, in particular with low‐FeO content coexisting with graphite. In a high FeO range (>10 mol %), the S solubility is strongly dependent on the FeO content in silicate melt, which is in good agreement with previous works. In an intermediate FeO range (1∼10 mol %), the S solubility in melts with a multi‐component system is higher than that in melts with a simple system. The SKα shift of the electron microprobe shows the dissolve sulfur is all sulfide. A positive dependence is observed between CaO and S content in the melt undoped with FeO, but the dissolved sulfur is sulfate. The relationship between melt composition, S content, and S oxidation state is discussed.


OBJECTIVE
To determine eosinophil and mast cell populations in gastric and duodenal mucosal biopsies of adults with nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD) as compared to non-dyspeptic adults.

STUDY DESIGN
A case control study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY
Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran, from January 2010 to June 2011.

METHODOLOGY
A total of 52 (25 non-ulcer dyspeptic patients as case and 27 non-dyspeptic patients as control) patients underwent endoscopy. All patients had a minimum of 2 forceps biopsies obtained from stomach and duodenum. Routine histological evaluation was performed and additionally evaluated to determine eosinophil and mast cell counts. The statistical analysis was performed on SPSS version 17.0, using Mann-Whitney test with significance at p < 0.05.

RESULTS
The mean age in the case and control groups was 31.72 ± 12.17 and 35.74 ± 12.42 years respectively. The median eosinophil density in gastric mucosa in case group was 5.0 (ranging from 1 to 20) and 4.0 in control group (ranging from 0 to 16; p = 0.140). The median eosinophil density in duodenal mucosa in case group was 16.0 (ranging from 2 to 24) and 13 in control group (ranging from 2 to 45; p = 0.147). The median mast cell density in gastric mucosa in case group was 4.0 (ranging from 0 to 33) and 4.0 in control group (ranging from 0 to 26; p = 0.827). The median mast cell density in duodenal mucosa in case group was 4.0 (ranging from 0 to 31) and 3.0 in control group (ranging from 1 to 23; p = 0.704). The frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in both the groups was similar.

CONCLUSION
Although there were not statistically significant differences in eosinophil and mast cell densities between case and control groups, there was a trend toward mild eosinophilia in gastric and duodenal mucosa. The specific role of eosinophils and mast cells in NUD is yet to be completely defined.


In software testing, one of the most important issue is to validate the consistency of program and design. Usually, this kind of design information is expressed by software related documents, such as software requirements, software design, etc. Therefore, how to effectively extract the design information based on these documents is very important. In this paper, it proposes a novel method to test the program based on comparion of different models.


5′‐O‐Phosphonomethyl‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (PMdA) proved to be a good substrate of the Therminator polymerase. In this article, we investigated whether the A, C, T and U analogues of this phosphonate nucleoside (PMdN) series can function as substrates of natural DNA polymerases. PMdT and PMdU could only be polymerized enzymatically to a limited extent. Nevertheless, PMdA and PMdC could be incorporated into a DNA duplex with complete chain elongation by all the DNA polymerases tested. A mixed sequence of four nucleotides containing modified C, T and A residues could be obtained with the Vent(exo−) and Therminator polymerases. The kinetic values for the incorporation of PMdA by Vent(exo−) polymerase were determined; a reduced KM value was found for the incorporation of PMdA compared to the natural substrate. Future polymerase directed evolution studies will allow us to select an enzyme with a heightened capacity to process these modified DNA building blocks into modified strands.


Background. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in most developed countries (and in urban areas of many less developed countries) has been increasing markedly over the past two decades. Sixty four percent of US population is overweight, and 31% are obese. Overweight and obesity are signifficantly associated with diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis, and poor health status. Migrants to the United States usually adopt the eating and exercise patterns of the US population. Migration is also associated with improvement in standard of living and increases in psychosocial stress, weight, salt intake, alcohol intake, blood pressure, lipids, and more diabetes and coronary artery disease. The migration of 10,000 Somalis to the Minneapolis area since 1993 offers the opportunity to assess the prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity, and associated diseases after an average of 5 years living in the United States. Methods. We used the Centers for Disease Control rapid epidemiologic survey to assess cardiovascular risk factors in Somali immigrants in Minneapolis. We sampled 36 clusters with at least 7 subjects per cluster $18 years who were home at the time of the sample. Height, weight and three seated blood pressures (BP) were taken by trained observers (Shared Care Method), and blood was sampled for HbA1c, cholesterol (TC), and HDL. Results. The average age was 38.5 (SD 16.3), and the mean BMI was 24 (CI 23–25) in men and 29 (CI 28–30) in women. One hundred-fifty (61%) were overweight or obese, and 67 (27%) were obese. Of obese subjects, 54 (67%) were women; only 2 were men. Twenty-two subjects (20 women and 2 men) had morbid obesity (BMI$35). Most morbidly obese women (60%) were aged 40–65 years. The prevalence of HTN (SBP$140 and/or DPB$90 or on HTN medication) in overweight and obese subjects was only 4%. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (HbA1c$7.0 or on diabetes medication) was 6%. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia (TC : HDL ratio .5 : 1) was 5%. Conclusions. Somali immigrants in Minneapolis not only adopted the eating habits of the US population but also reached the same epidemic rate of overweight and obesity. Fortunately the obesity in Somalis even among women age 40–65 was not associated with diabetes, HTN, or hypercholesterolemia. A follow-up study will tell if this trend holds. At this time in the epidemiologic transition major focus should be health education in the areas of exercise and balanced diet.


This work was supported by MCYT and MEC of Spain (Grants MAT2002-04499-C02-01 and MAT2005-06544-C03-01), and by Junta de Castilla y Leon (Grant VA039A05).J.I.M. acknowledges support from the MEC under the F.P.I. graduate fellowship program and the hospitality of the Institut fur Theoretische
Physik (Freie Universitat Berlin). J.A.A. and J.I.M. acknowledge the hospitality and support of the Donostia International Physics Center (DICP).A.C.ackno wledges
support from the Sonderforschungsbereich 450 and the European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF).We were partially supported by the EC 6th Framework Network of Excellence NANOQUANTA (NMP4-CT-2004-500198).AR acknowledges the 2005 Bessel research award of the Humboldt Foundation.


BTSVM is an effective approach for solving multi-class problems.However,the classification performance of the classifier is closely related to the tree structure.In order to get better performance and higher efficiency,it is necessary to make the two sub-classes more separable and make binary tree less hierarchicals.Distance measure is common used as a separability measure between classes,but it does not reflect the distribution of the classes.In consideration of distribution,a new separability measure and a new similarity measure are defined to measure the separability and similarity between classes.Moreover,a novel geometric-distribution-based BTSVM is proposed to make the two sub-classes more separable and binary tree less hierarchicals.Experiments made on three data sets prove the high efficiency and good performance of the proposed algorithm.


This paper characterizes the structure of a procedure that converts (transduces) Hungarian orthographic texts into phonetic (broad phonetic) notation, using IPA symbols. The end goal of the project is a longer procedure that uses input from an optical text scanner to produce tape recordings of synthesized speech as output. The procedure characterized here has been implemented on an IBM 360/75 Snobol4 interpreter, and similarly on a CDC 6400; it consists of an ordered series of contextfree and context-sensitive rewrite rules operating on a string of characters (the text). A few truly idiosynchratic cases aside (lesz —> [lsss]), the program that implements the procedure contains no ad hoc rules. It is free from manual processing. Thus, it is a perfectly explicit algorithm that follows the general phonological processes expressed by the order-dependent rewrite rules. The input is punched manually onto cards, and three Hungarian diacritical marks not found on the 29 keypunch are replaced by three arbitrary vowel-following symbols (—., <, >). Since processing proceeds card by card, there is no limit to the length of the text string. The string on each card is parsed into substrings (words), and these are then processed sequentially. Word processing may be grossly described as follows: each graphemic symbol is changed to its corresponding IPA symbol (through an alphanumeric code), and the resulting new string is then filtered through a series of phonological rules. The output of the text can be formatted in IPA symbols (using an IPA typeball on a 2741 terminal), or in Hungarian characters that correspond one-to-one to the appropriate IPA representation; this is illustrated by the processing of the word kezdték (a form of the verb for 'begin'):


The in vivo biocompatibility of dextrin hydrogels obtained by polymerization of dextrin-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (dextrin-HEMA) and dextrin-vinyl acrylate (dextrin-VA) are reported in this work. The histological analysis of subcutaneous implants of these hydrogels, featuring inflammatory and reabsorption events, were carried out over a 16-week period in mice. The dextrin-HEMA hydrogel was quickly and completely degraded and reabsorbed, whereas the dextrin-VA degradation occurred slowly and a thin fibrous capsule surrounded the nondegradable hydrogel. The dextrin-HEMA was degraded after 16 weeks with only mild inflammation and a few detectable foamy macrophages around the implant. These events were followed by complete resorption and no sign of capsule formation or fibrosis associated to the implants. The results indicate that the dextrin hydrogels are biocompatible because no toxicity on the tissues surrounding the implants was found. It may be speculated that a controlled degradation rate of the hydrogels may be obtained by grafting dextrin to HEMA and VA in different proportions.


Reference [1] proposed the conjecture: every tree is edgemagic. in this paper, we proof three path trees are edge magic when i) n,t are oven and equal, ii) t=n+1, iii ) n is odd and t=n+2.


By using the method of GIS spatial analysis, taking the total pollution amount and pollution intensity of SO2, NOx, COD and NH3-N in the Second China Pollution Source Census (The Second CPSC) as the measurement index, the geographical aggregation characteristics of the pollutant emissions and emission intensity at the county level in Yunnan Province were analyzed. The results show that: (1) The spatial difference of total amount and intensity of SO2 and NOX emission from waste gas is obvious, while the regional difference of total amount and intensity of COD and NH3-N emission from waste water is not obvious. (2) According to the Moran index analysis results, the spatial correlation of pollutant emission in Yunnan province is significant, the spatial aggregation significance of the total emission of various pollutants is SO2 > COD > NH3-N > NOX, and the aggregation significance characteristic of the emission intensity is SO2 >NOX > COD > NH3-N. (3) The hot-spot and cold-spot areas of the total emission of SO2 and NOX are generally consistent with the distribution of emission intensity, but most areas of Kunming, Yuxi and Honghe are changed from hot-spot areas to cold-spot areas. The total amount and intensity of wastewater COD and NH3-N emissions have formed multiple hot-spot areas, and the spatial distribution pattern of total discharge and intensity has obviously inverted, and most of the hot-spot areas in Kunming, Qujing, Yuxi, and Honghe have become cold-spot areas. Pu'er, Lincang and Dehong changed from cold-spots to hot-spots. (4) The total amount and intensity of the four types of pollutants are mainly in the low-low aggregation state, and the high-high state areas have great absolute differences in pollutant emissions, and there is a certain proportion of low-high, high-low areas.


On the basis of the aggregation of the information on felling licenses and use of the computer programming language (DELPHI), a visible client/server-based network management platform has been built up for monitoring and management of the information on felling licenses.


A formally unitary Lagrangian model gauging an internal supersymmetry is proposed. The even subalgebra is gauged as a Yang-Mills theory, while the odd generators are gauged-according to Freedman's method-by skew tensor fields, equivalent dynamically to scalar Higgs fields. Chiral fermions are incorporated by following Townsend's construction and form irreducible supermultiplets graded by their helicity. The application to quantum asthenodynamics is discussed.


The time required to compute radiation patterns of linear arrays, given in a form of a Fourier sum, depends on the number of array elements. In this communication, a new fast algorithm for com- puting Fourier sums is presented. The radiation pattern, given by this sum, can he replaced by an infinite series whose terms depend on the envelop of the excitation function, w( x), and its derivatives at the edges of the linear array. In cases when w(x) has a few nonzero derivatives, this infinite series can be replaced by a finite sum which can he evaluated faster than the original Fourier sum. This makes this new method more suitable for real-time applications. The effect of critical point is also investigated. Some sample case studies are included.


Pursuant to the decision of the Twenty-second Session of the Council of Ministers and at the invitation of His Majesty's Government of Nepal, the Ministers of Agriculture from the SAARC countries met at the SAARC Secretariat, Kathmandu on 15 May 2002 to evolve a common SAARC position before the World Food Summit: five years later to be held in Rome from 10 to 13 June 2002. 2. All member states participated in the meeting. The list of participants is in Annexure I.


In underdeveloped countries, public health departments have initiated programs for the reduction of child and maternal morbidity. In order to uncover the critical points of the action and to evaluate the impact of these programs, information on the demographic characteristics of the population under study and on the way to collect data on programs accomplishments is necessary. 3 major elements to be surveyed include effects, events and time. The Lexis diagram is used to represent events in time. Different types of surveys include 1) unique punctual survey with retrospective questions; 2) several punctual surveys without retrospective questions; 3) unique punctual surveys with retrospective questions; and 4) several punctual surveys with retrospective questions. For a prolonged registration of the effects, a personal record should be established, containing a history following the initial event. The combined approaches are a melting pot of all the different ways of collecting data. Applications related to health include evaluating demographic characteristics (punctual observation on hygiene and nutrition); child development (prospective study); and health of the pregnant woman (continual observation). Monitoring of the state of health of a population needs an infracture of observation relatively developed. An integrated system of collecting is more convenient for obtaining detailed data concerning variables of changes difficult to observe by classical means.


At present, global environmental changes characterized by developing Internet information and network technology. Rapid development of Internet information technology makes a number of companies recognize Internet information as a major Internet marketing means for advertising and publicizing company products. In this study, the company success case by using the search engine marketing and strategies for promoting Marketing of Travel agencies with the case study of search engine marketing are offered. The objective of search engine optimization and registration is to increase web visitor counts by ranking very high in the results of searches using the most appropriate keywords describing the content of company web sites. Search engine optimisation is the process of optimising a website or web page to increase its visibility within the search engine results. Search engines are used over 70% of the time by people looking for company web sites and information on products and services. It is the very foundation of any Internet marketing strategy. Therefore, not only Travel agencies try to extend their branding and marketing efforts onto the Internet by building a web site or a mini site for short term promotions but also The web page of Travel agencies require to be registered and optimised.


Integration of sensors and electronics on the same substrates becomes more and more important. CMOS circuit design seems to be the most important technique for the monolithic approach. Compared to bipolar circuits power consumption is much lower, compared to BICMOS the process is much less complex therefore having a much lower number of masks. This is very important because inmost cases monolithic integration means additional process steps and by this a higher process complexity. This paper wants to give a few examples for the monolithic approach in the field of physical sensors based on CMOS-technologies for automotive and for medical applications.


This paper is concerned with the control of a class of chaotic systems with uncertainties via a novel sliding mode control scheme. The controlled Rossler system with uncertainties was used as an illustrative example. Simulation results indicated the proposed novel sliding mode control scheme can help improve the tracking performance.


We present a Tm3+-doped tellurite glass microsphere laser operating in the S band via a cascade process. The microsphere is fabricated by melting the end of a tellurite glass wire, and the microsphere laser is pumped at 800nm using a tapered optical fiber. Laser oscillation is observed simultaneously in the S band and the 1.9μm band. The threshold of lasing in the 1.9μm band is lower than in the S band, and the quantum efficiency in the 1.9μm band increases with pump power above the lasing threshold of the S band.


Sinkholes are one of the major causes of damage to roads, buildings, and other infrastructure throughout the US. Sinkholes near or on roads are especially costly and occasionally deadly. Knox County and much of East Tennessee are located within karst areas (comprised of porous and soluble limestone and dolomite), deeming it at risk for sinkholes. Currently, Knox County uses contour maps to manually identify sinkholes. Supported by a geographic information system (GIS), we developed a streamlined model to identify the locations and extents of potential sinkholes using 1-m resolution LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data and applied it to the Dutchtown area of Knox County. This model consists of creating a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), filling the depressions in the DEM, extracting the depressions with a DEM difference, converting the depressions to a polygon shapefile, and analyzing the shape characteristics of the depressions. This work provides a pilot study for Knox County Stormwater Management in identifying potential sinkholes and has the potential to be used in other similar


We present below in the table of fig. 4 some results concerning some multipliers generated with such as these constants: The quantities are obtained using the standard library ECPD10 (1 µm) of the ES2 company.


Fixed-term contracts are becoming more used instead of the traditional model of open-ended employment. The authors examine the influence of institutional and organizational factors on the use of fixed-term contracts in Russia, with data from a survey covering 3 313 enterprises for the years 2009 to 2011. Probit and Tobit regressions are used to test several hypotheses derived from the literature. The results indicate that state-owned and unionised enterprises are more likely to use fixed-term contracts, and a high level of perceived dismissal protection for permanent workers is positively associated with the use of fixed-term contracts. Both the incidence and the intensity of fixed-term contracts are lower at enterprises with flexible wages. Among the organizational factors, the presence of workers with a tenure of 5-10 years and high job complexity are negatively related with the use fixed-term contracts.


Questions concerning constitutional influence on perceptual style were answered in the affirmative by a comparative study of the field-dependency of identical and fraternal twins as measured by Witkin's Embedded Figures Test, Short Form. The results also contradicted previous findings that there is a significant sex difference in dependence upon the perceptual field.


The structure,work principle and performance of centring system,which is used in strip finishing line,is introduced.The production processing is stable and the product quality is good after using the system.


Objective To study the first-aid training status quo of patients and their accompanists,and to analyze their difference demands of first-aid knowledge to find the factors affecting their study intention.Methods Field survey was carried out,by stratified random sampling method,among samples randomly selected from 5 first-class hospitals in Beijing.Results Eighty point five percent of all investigated targets had never participated in any first-aid training,and few grasp first-aid techniques.Patients were significantly different from their accompanists in grasp of such first-aid techniques as correct patient transportation,foreign body removal and cardio pulmonary resuscitation(P0.01).The wishes to learn first-aid knowledge and techniques were negatively correlated with ages,but positively with educational backgrounds.Conclusion A comparatively low proportion is demonstrated in participation of first-aid training and in grasp of basic first-aid techniques among patients and their accompanists.Appropriate policies and measures should be made on the basis of their characteristics to improve their first-aid knowledge and techniques.


Compounds of Formula I, and such pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds, are disclosed by summary of the present disclosure. The process of preparing such compounds, the use of such compounds in the treatment of intermediates, and inflammatory skin diseases that are used in the preparation of such compounds are also disclosed. [Of 14]


The COVID-19 pandemic has created the need and need to maintain social distance in social interactions (social distancing), quarantine, and isolation so that every vulnerable individual will not be exposed to the virus. The use of technology with online meetings for students and educators is very important, especially in the development of civic education, in order to love the Republic of Indonesia. This paper will discuss the concept and direction of civic education and the urgency of strengthening the concept and direction of progressive citizenship education online in the midst of the covid-19 virus pandemic. The method used in this research is descriptive analytical with a qualitative approach. The results show, First, the concept of Citizenship Education supports the objectives of civic education, which can be interpreted as a subject that focuses on the formation of citizens who have intellectual skills, skills to participate in every civic activity and have a strong civic character so as to make citizens who are intelligent and have character. . Second, the urgency of strengthening the concept and direction of progressive citizenship education online in the midst of the covid-19 virus pandemic prepares students to become good citizens who master knowledge derived from multidisciplinary concepts and theories, practice values, and apply the skills they need to participate. in online education.


The utility model relates to a motor dragging platform for testing a motor and a composite power supply system thereof, The motor dragging platform for testing the motor comprises a monitoring system and a test stand rack. The test stand rack is provided with a tested motor, a tested motor controller, a load motor and a load motor controller. The motor dragging platform comprises a composite power supply system which includes a first bus and a second bus. The tested motor controller is connected with the first bus. The load motor is connected with the second bus. The composite power supply system provided by the utility model simulates an integral-vehicle high-voltage power supply system voltage platform on condition that the power supply is ensured. Through controlling by an upper computer, controllable energy flow for charging a super-capacitor by battery voltage increase is realized, thereby allowing a capacitor end output voltage platform of the test stand rack in a wide change range. The composite power supply system is more similar to the power supply system of a real vehicle.


Association of Scheuermann's disease with a thoracic herniated disc compressing the spinal cord is rare but is clearly demonstrated in the case reported here. This confirms the non-fortuitous nature of this association also suggested by the analysis of published cases. The interest of spinal cord angiography and of surgery through a postero-lateral approach are emphasized.


Traditional electromagnetic (EM)-based design optimizations typically treat the EM simulation as a black-box and use optimization algorithms to externally drive EM simulations iteratively. Recently, a novel EM-based design optimization technique, named as simulation-inserted optimization (SIO) in this article, has been developed by opening the black-box and inserting the optimization algorithm into the internal of EM simulation to achieve EM field solutions and the optimal values of design variables simultaneously. This article proposes an advanced SIO algorithm using combined quasi-Newton method with Lagrangian method. In the proposed algorithm, the finite element method (FEM) is used as the EM simulation method, and the Lagrangian method is incorporated to internally integrate EM simulation with design optimization. New formulations based on quasi-Newton method are derived to approximate the computationally intensive lower upper (LU) decomposition of the FEM system matrix in the current optimization iteration by that in the previous optimization iteration to significantly reduce the number of LU decompositions. The proposed SIO technique further derives novel optimization update formulations by introducing the line search algorithm to increase the robustness of optimization. Using the proposed SIO algorithm, only a few initial LU decompositions of FEM system matrices need to be calculated instead of repetitively calculating a large number of LU decompositions of FEM system matrices during optimization, consequently speeding up the overall optimization process. The proposed technique is demonstrated by two application examples of EM-based design optimization of microwave components.


General-purpose microprocessors are the devices that have fueled the personal computer and internet revolution we have experienced over the past couple of decades. A processor is at the heart of every computer system in use today, from tiny autonomous embedded control systems to large scale, powerful, networked supercomputers. The Compaq Alpha microprocessor line fits into the highperformance end of this spectrum, powering high-end workstations, servers, and supercomputers. Over the years, processor architecture and design always had to respond to and move in lock-step with technological advances in processor implementation and integrated circuit technology, as well as programming paradigms and instructions sets. In this paper I review some of the trends that have driven the Compaq Alpha processor architecture in the past decade and give an outlook at current and future trends that will have an impact on the architecture of future Alpha processors. Introduction A processor is at the heart of every computer system that we build today. Around this processor, you find several other components that make up a computer. Memory for instruction and data storage and input-output devices to communicate with the rest of the world, like disk controllers, graphics cards, keyboard interfaces, network adapters, etc. The purpose of the processor is to execute machine instructions. Thus, the logical operation of a processor is defined by the instruction set architecture (ISA) that it executes. Multiple different processors can implement the same ISA. What differentiates such processors is their processor architecture, which is the way that each processor is organized internally in order to achieve the goal of implementing its ISA. By changing the processor architecture, a processor designer can influence the performance characteristics and efficiency with which instructions are executed. Processor architecture also has to respond to implementation constraints imposed on it by the target circuit technology of the chip, in order to achieve a set performance goal. In the rest of this section I will give a short crash course in advanced computer architecture an overview of the state of the art in processor architecture for general-purpose high-performance microprocessors. Early Architectures In early computer architectures, processor operation was very simple and strictly sequential. In the first step, for each instruction the program counter (PC) would be used to send the next instruction address to memory. Potentially several clock cycles later, the instruction is returned from memory. Then the instruction would be decoded. Decoding produces a list of source and destination operands that the instruction operates on, and a specific operation that is to be performed. In the next step, source operands would be accessed and delivered to the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). The ALU eventually performs the operation that was specified in the instruction and delivers a result. The result is then written back to the destination that was decoded. Finally, the PC would be updated to advance to the next instruction that is to be executed, after which the whole process starts from the beginning for the next instruction. It is easy to see that in this type of design, many operations of the processor are unnecessarily serialized and large portions of the processor sit idle for a majority of time. For example, the ALU is only busy during the period where the operation is performed on the source operands, but sits idle during the rest of the time it takes to execute an instruction. It is not uncommon for an instruction to consume on the order of 10 clock cycles to execute. Processor architects often quote processor performance in instructions executed per clock cycle (IPC). Therefore, this simple processor architecture would achieve a performance of 0.1 IPC [4]. A driving force for this design were sparse resources. The number of transistors that was available on a processor chip was low (tens of thousands). Much emphasis of the design had to be placed on limiting the number of transistors to implement each function of the processor. Efficiency could only be addressed when functionality was satisfied, which left little freedom. Pipelining To achieve higher performance, the various operations involved in executing a single instruction can be separated into different stages of a pipeline and performed in parallel for multiple instructions. Since the pipeline can only advance at the rate of its slowest stage, it is advantageous for all instructions to have approximately the same amount of work to do in each pipeline stage. The architectural shift to a pipelined design goes hand in hand with a shift in predominant ISAs of the time from complex instruction sets (CISC) to simpler, reduced instruction sets (RISC). In RISC instruction sets, each instruction only performs a simple operation that can be executed in a short pipeline stage. All instructions have a similar amount of work to perform, supporting a shift to pipelined architectures. Artur Klauser TU Graz, Telematik, Dipl.-Ing. 1994 Univ. of Colorado at Boulder, Computer


In this research, a hardness and tensile strength tested. A test using medium carbon steel with methods quenching, and tempering variying at 30, 60, and 90 minutes, as well as original material. A Testing Machine Type MR - 20 - CT no. 6592 is used for the tensile strength test and Vickers Hardness Tester using the Matsuzawa Seiki no 7104 brand, is used  for the hardness test. First, the original material is heated  at 850 °C which  then is processed in water by quenching. After the quenching process is done, the material is heated again heated again at 400 °C, and a Time Holding process is applied to the heated material variying at 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes, and then cooled at room temperature. A result of this research is obtained, the highest reading for  the tensile strength of carbon steel test is the quenching process, which is at 632.98 x 10 6 N/m 2 , where as for the hardness of carbon steel is also at the quenching process, which is at 1972.94 x 10 6 N/m 2 . Keywords : Hardness, Medium Carbon Steel, Quenching, Tempering, Tensile strength


This paper systematically studies the influencing factors of teachers' curriculum teaching happiness in higher vocational colleges, and provides a theoretical model and implementation path for the government education department and higher vocational colleges to improve curriculum teaching level and teachers' happiness. Three dimensions and eight influencing factors of the improvement of teachers' curriculum teaching happiness in higher vocational colleges were established respectively. Eight influential factors were analyzed and evaluated by fuzzy AHP, and the weights of the influencing factors were sorted to design the model of teachers' curriculum teaching happiness improvement system. According to the weight of each influencing factor in the evaluation of curriculum teaching happiness, from the three dimensions of teaching environment, teaching subject and influence of teaching, the methods and measures for improving the happiness of curriculum teaching are proposed, which provides a useful reference for the construction of curriculums teaching quality and the improvement of teachers' happiness in government education departments and higher vocational colleges.


It is now clear that some pathological conditions described in astronauts - such as motion sickness, muscular atrophy, bone demineralization, cardiovascular deconditioning — represent the adaptative response to the absence of gravity and are due, at least in part, to the effects exerted by microgravity at the cellular level. Indeed, a number of studies have indicated that gravity affects mammalian cell growth and differentiation through the modulation of gene expression. We have shown that human macrovascular endothelial cells cultured in the NASA-developed bioreactor Rotating Well Vessel (RWV) grow faster than controls because they downregulate interleukin 1 ?, an inhibitor of endothelial growth. In addition, the cells rapidly remodel their cytoskeleton. The same results were obtained when we utilized the ESA-developed bioreactor denominated Random Positioning Machine (RPM) to simulate microgravity. All the effects we observed are promptly reversible upon return to normal culture conditions.

We also compared the growth of the human monocytic cell line U937 in the RWV and in the RPM and found a reversible inhibition of cell growth. Under both conditions, U937 cells maintain their capability to differentiate in response to the phorbol ester PMA.

We conclude that culture in the RWV and RPM exert similar effects on cell behaviour and represent a good tool to characterize cell behaviour in simulated microgravity.


Discloses a program can be more accurately retrieved program search apparatus, a program video processing apparatus and a program. A control interface portion receiving the electronic program guide via the tuner or network. When a sequence of characters selected by the electronic program guide as a key operating section, this keyword registered in the memory unit. Upon receiving the updated electronic program guide, the control section is registered in the memory unit using the keywords and search program to find those programs that keyword matching in an electronic program guide. When detected, a program matched, the control section displays a list of all matching programs in the output section.


Background  Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) results from decreased hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) activity. In the majority of patients, the disease is sporadic (S‐PCT or type I) and the enzyme deficiency is limited to the liver. Familial PCT (F‐PCT or type II) is observed in 20–30% of patients in whom mutations on one allele of the UROD gene reduce UROD activity by approximately 50% in all tissues. Another variant of PCT (type III) is characterized by family history of the disease although it is biochemically indistinguishable from S‐PCT.


A new series of 2-hepta-O-benzoyl-�-D-lactosylimino-3-aryl-4-S-benzyl-6-phenylimino-2, 3-dihydro-1, 3, 5thiadiazines (Hydrochlorides) have been prepared by the interaction of 1-aryl-5-phenyl-2-S-benzyl-2, 4isodithiobiurets and hepta-O-benzoyl-�-D-lactosyl isocynodichloride. The structures of this new N-lactosylated -1, 3, 5-thiadiazines have been established on the basis of usual chemical transformations and IR, 1 HNMR and Mass spectral analysis. Keyword: 2, 4-isodithiobiurets, hepta-O-benzoyl-�-D-lactosyl-isocynodichloride, 1, 3, 5-thiadiazines.


Photodegradation causes a steady loss of the useful physical, mechanical and optical properties of materials, necessitating their replacement over time. Because UV (Ultraviolet) light is most harmful in this regard, many materials now contain UV-protective additives. However, these additives are not always effective and durable, can be expensive, and their natural extraction or synthetic production can be harmful to the environment. Here, we investigated the use of unprocessed chicken eggshells in providing UV protection to two commonly used synthetic polymers: polystyrene and nylon. We show that unprocessed chicken eggshells provide a durable and effective UV protection. Our data sets the stage for future research to find a practical way to use the large amounts of unprocessed chicken eggshell waste as novel, economically appealing and environmentally friendly UV-protective additives.


Abatract. Co-sedimentation is one of the most promising ways to fabricate large-scale functionally graded materials (FGMs) with continuous variations in composition and microstructure. A kind of W-Mo-Ti FGMs with density gradient, which can be applied in dynamic high-pressure technology, has been fabricated by co-sedimentation method. The composition and microstructures of the WMo-Ti FGMs were mainly analyzed by EPMA and X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), a series of factors affecting the microstructure and compositions were also discussed.


Fuel handling systems at power plants face new pressures. Those forces already mentioned in this article include the latest clean coal technologies, future compliance to the 1990 Clean Air Act (CAA) amendments, and adjustments in fuel for economic reasons. Western and eastern coals of various types have their own unique handling characteristics. In addition, Round IV of the Department of Energy's (DOE) Clean Coal technology Program offers examples of what utility fuels engineers are studying. Some, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), have taken on a complete basic review of their overall situation before venturing into new choices.


The fifth chapter in Xi Ci (Attached Commentary) (Ⅰ) is the most important chapter in Yi zhuan, the interpretations to which are ingenious but there isn't a final hermeneutic unanimity, in that this chapter possesses an ample interpretable capacity. Taking some of the Song-Ming neo-Confucian scholars' exegesis to the first paragraph of the chapter, this paper divides their interpretations into three distinctive systems including five kinds of assertion, Generally speaking, they explicated the Dao (Way) by the dynamics caused by Yin-yang alternation. The specialty lies in that they not only directly discourse the Dao of Heaven, but also relate the Dao to the dynamics of Yin-yang. This explication can be classified as the mode of "revealing substance by its functioning". The goodness (than) referred to in Xi Ci was argued either by the ceaseless creativity resulting from the interaction between Yin and Yang, or by humans' self-consciousness of succeeding the Dao of heaven. As far as human nature (xing) is concerned, it was argued either from the specific life completed from the interaction of Yin and Yang, or from its returning to the Dao of Heaven after the completion of the myriad things, or by the theory of that self-completion of human or the myriad things was based on the inherence vouchsafed by the Dao of Heaven. This paper is not only to exhibit the abundance of the implications in this paragraph, but also to stress the metaphysical character marked in this chapter, and also to expose different hermeneutic approaches adopted by the neo-Confucian scholars.


IN THE VIEW OF ERNST CASSIRER, Enlightenment thought is inhabited, even obsessed, by a paradox: the question of the origins of humanity. Haunted by its origins, the Enlightenment is condemned to a process of continual regression with respect to itself. Fundamentally, the question of origins runs counter to the central project of the Enlightenment, that is, the development of rationalism with a view to progress. More precisely, Cassirer writes that "A fundamental feature of the philosophy of the Enlightenment appears in the fact that, despite its passionate desire for progress, despite its endeavors to break the old tables of the law and to arrive at a new outlook on life, it nevertheless returns again and again to the original problems of humanity."' The spectre of origins is the skeleton in the closet of Enlightenment political philosophy, the evil spirit that haunts it, the ever-present threat of incompletion. As we shall see, what is at stake in this problem of foundations is no less than the very fundament of eighteenth-century law. Ranging somewhat further afield, we might consider this problem in the light of Jacques Derrida's more recent general exploration of


Urban growth and agricultural change - England and the Continent in the early modern period, E.A.Wrigley country, county, and town - patterns of regional evolution in England, A.M.Everitt urban improvement and the English economy in the 17th and 18th centuries, E.L.Jones and M.E.Falkus the English urban renaissance - the development of provincial urban culture 1680-1760, P.Borsay the London mob in the early 18th century, R.B.Shoemaker Bath - ideology and utopia 1700-1760, R.S.Neale science, provincial culture, and public opinion in enlightenment England, R.Porter money, land, and lineage - the big bourgeoisie of Hanoverian London, N.Rogers Birmingham and the West Midlands 1760-1793 - politics and regional identity in the English provinces in the later 18th century, J.Money social class and social geography - the middle classes in London at the end of the 18th century, L.D.Schwartz voluntary societies and British urban elites 1780-1850 - an analysis.


This article aims to highlight the major historical and geopolitical characteristics of Central Asia, a region that led authors like Brzezinski 1 to state that "whoever controls that space, will rule the planet", linking, on the other hand, the durability of American hegemony to Washington policy in the region. Why is Central Asia important in the international system? The central argument is that this is a region of major importance in the current economic arena as a result of its history, geography and strategic position as a link between East and West, a space of competition and reinforcement of the great powers.


Abstract Two-dimensional zero-field nutation NQR spectroscopy enables one to determine the quadrupole coupling constant and the asymmetry parameter in a single experiment on powder samples. The method has been originally developed for the conditions which apply to narrow-line solids so that the nutation frequency is much larger than the NQR linewidth. The irradiation must also be on-resonance. In broad-line solids, these conditions are not fulfilled, and consequently the nutation frequency changes over the NQR lineshape with the irradiation offset. The nutation lineshape varies with offset over the NQR spectrum in a complicated way. The rather simple nutation lineshapes, which can be used for the asymmetry parameter η determination, are obtained only in the on-resonance irradiated parts of the NQR spectrum. Even there, the presence of a finite homogeneous linewidth smears and obscures the characteristic nutation lineshapes, which for narrow homogeneous linewidths exhibit singularities and shoulders. In this paper the theoretical description of the off-resonance effects in the 2D nutation NQR spectroscopy is given and the results are compared to the experiment for a broad-line proton glass Rb 0.98 (NH 4 ) 0.02 H 2 AsO 4 at T = 77 K.


Climate change is contributing to extreme weather conditions, which transform the scale and degree of flood events. Therefore, it is important for relevant government agencies to effectively respond to both extreme climate conditions and their impacts by providing more efficient asset management strategies. Although international research projects on water-sensitive urban design and rural drainage design have provided partial solutions to this problem, road networks commonly serve unique combinations of urban-rural residential and undeveloped areas; these areas often have diverse hydrology, geology, and climates. Resultantly, applying a one-size-fits-all solution to asset management is ineffective. This paper focuses on data-driven flood modelling that can be used to mitigate or prevent floodwater-related damage in Western Australia. In particular, a holistic and coherent view of data-driven asset management is presented and multi-criteria analysis (MCA) is used to define the high-risk hotspots for asset damage in Western Australia. These state-wide hotspots are validated using road closure data obtained from the relevant government agency. The proposed approach offers important insights with regard to factors influencing the risk of damage in the stormwater management system.


We show the feasibility of using quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) to compute benchmark energies for configuration samples of thermal-equilibrium water clusters and the bulk liquid containing up to 64 molecules. Evidence that the accuracy of these benchmarks approaches that of basis-set converged coupled-cluster calculations is noted. We illustrate the usefulness of the benchmarks by using them to analyze the errors of the popular BLYP approximation of density functional theory (DFT). The results indicate the possibility of using QMC as a routine tool for analyzing DFT errors for non-covalent bonding in many types of condensed-phase molecular system.


This numerical control device (1) controls a machine tool (900) provided with the following: a workpiece support unit (907) that has a C-axis about which a workpiece is rotated; a turret (906), to which the workpiece support unit (907) is mounted, that rotates about an H-axis parallel to the C-axis and moves along an X-axis perpendicular to said H-axis; and a tool (908) that machines the workpiece. Said machine tool (900) does not have a Y-axis perpendicular to the aforementioned X-axis. This numerical control device (1) is characterized in that movement commands in terms of virtual coordinates determined by a machining program (53) are converted to movement commands in terms of the X-, H-, and C-axes and said axes are driven in a coordinated manner in accordance with the converted commands so as to machine the workpiece in the direction of the aforementioned Y-axis while maintaining the orientation of the workpiece.


Objective:To investigate the application of PET/CT with advance of 18FFDG in the clinical stages of NSCLC.Methods:18F-FDG PET/CT was performed in 120 patients with NSCLC envidenced by pathological findings.Analysing the maxium standard uptake value(SUVmax) of the metastasis from head to foot based on that 18F-FDG was high uptaked by malignant metastasis.Accurately Staging,the NSCLC according to the TNM Staging criterion of pulmonary carcinoma set down in 2002 by AJCC and UICC.Results:The accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in staging NSCLC was higher than the other instruments.Conclusions:The image patterns and characteristics of 18F-FDG PET/CT is recommended for staging the NSCLC and estimating the curative effect and prognosis.


The creation and assessment of buccoadhesive tablets of verapamil hydrochloride were the study's primary goals. Blood pushing excessively hard against the arterial wall is referred to as hypertension. Typically, hypertension is characterized by blood pressure readings over 140/90; readings over 180/120 are regarded as severe hypertension. Verapamil is used to manage angina (chest pain) and treat excessive blood pressure. Verapamil belongs to the category of drugs known as calcium channel blockers. In order to save the heart from having to pump as hard, it relaxes the blood artery. Additionally, it enhances the heart's blood and oxygen flow while decreasing electrical activity to regulate heart rate. Five formulations that demonstrated satisfactory physicochemical characteristics and drug release were chosen for the investigation. Physical examination, weight fluctuation, uniformity of content, thickness, friability, hardness, and in vitro drug release were used to characterize the formulation. In terms of physical examination, weight variation, uniformity of content, thickness, friability, hardness, and in vitro drug release, all formulations produce satisfactory results. The buccoadhesive tablet formulation (F2 Batch) had the best in vitro drug release of 87% in 8 hours. Verapamil hydrochloride's UV spectrum was examined, and it was discovered that the drug's highest absorbance occurs at 227nm, increasing its bioavailability.
Keywords: Verapamil Hydrochloride, Hypertension, Bioavailability, Buccoadhesive Tablet, Calcium channel blocker.


Nilsson, R. , 1979: A boring through the Ordovician-Silurian boundary in western Scania, South Sweden. SGU C 766. The biostratigraphy of the Tommarp Stage (the Seanian Dalmanitina Beds) and the Lo w er Llandovery, the Glyptograptus persuilptus Zon e, the A kidograptus acuminat11s Zone and the lower part of the Rhaphidograptus extenuatus Zone, is reviewed . lt is questioned, whether Dalmanitina mucronata should be used as a zone fossil of the l"ommarpian, becau,..: the species is found al read y in the Staurocephalu.1 clal'(ji·ons Zone . The Tommarp Stage is considered to be included in the S. clcll'ifi·ons Zone and ought to be obmitted as a unit of its own . The Ordovician-Silurian boundary is drawn at the base of the G. persmlpttts Zone .


Salinity is the amount of salt contained or dissolved in water or soil. Salinity can cause the change of physical characteristics of soil, especially in coastal area, that affects human daily activities, including agriculture. Baitussalam District (Kecamatan Baitussalam) is one of the districts that was hit most devastatingly by the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 as well as has large population with potential agricultural prospect in Aceh Besar Region (Kabupaten Aceh Besar). This research aims to identify the soil salinity level in the Baitussalam District. The sampling technique uses descriptive methodology with scalable quantitative approach in the chosen sampling areas. 26 sampling spots have been chosen according to mathematical calculation. Quantitative method is used to analyze the result in this research. Furthermore, conductivity measurement is done through induction electromagnetic method, using Geonics EM38 and to identify the soil salinity level, analysis of soil texture is conducted in the laboratory. As the result, the electrical conductivity measurement shows varying values. The minimum conductivity value is 0,004 dS/m, taken at spot T 004 in Lam Ujong Village (Desa Lam Ujong). Whereas the maximum conductivity value reaches 10,31 dS/m, taken at spot T 003 in Labuy Village. The soil salinity in the 26 sampling spots in Baitussalam District demonstrates an average level, with a value of ECa 2-4 dS/m. The result of this research is expected to be a parameter to control and develop the activities, especially for agricultural activities, in the coastal area in Aceh Besar Region, and in Baitussalam district in particular.