The southern Asian country of Bangladesh, bordered by India and Myanmar, has a population of approximately 164 million people. The Bangladesh economy has grown an average of six percent a year over the last 6 years and almost 12% of Bangladeshi GDP in 2009 and 2010 and employs approximately four million people. The export-oriented Bangladeshi garment manufacturing industry has boomed into a $22 billion dollar a year. The Bangladeshi textile and garment manufacturing sector is fuelled by young, urbanizing, workers many of whom are women. With the majority of production destined for U.S. and European markets, Bangladesh's ready-made garment industry now accounts for approximately 78% of total exports, second only to China as the world's largest apparel exporter. ReadyMade Garment (RMG) industry has provided enormous opportunities to Bangladeshi women to work outside the home for wages. It is opined in the literature that this change has contributed and increased emphasis on poverty reduction through employment. The development of Garments Industry is considered as the priority area in the development policy in Bangladesh. The young entrepreneurs are engaged in varied form of small and medium scale garments industry which comprises of products. This study is conducted to analyze the contribution and prospects of Readymade Garments Industry in Bangladesh. The findings of this paper show that Bangladesh has a great opportunity to earn a great foreign currency through developing readymade garments industry and contribute economic development.


In this article we discuss the fixed point of extreme value in standard multivariate symmetric function and nonstandard multivariate symmetric function by logical inference and obtain a simple concise method to operate.


Received: 2 September 2018 Accepted: 13 October 2018 The present work deals with the theoretical investigation of the effect of Magnetic Field Dependent (MFD) viscosity of Soret-driven thermohaline convection of ferrofluid layer heated from below and salted from above saturating densely packed porous medium subject to a transverse uniform magnetic field. For a fluid layer contained between two free boundaries, an exact solution is obtained using a linear stability analysis. The normal mode method and Darcy model are used in the system. It has been observed that stationary mode is favorable for Darcy model. The critical magnetic thermal Rayleigh number NC for the onset of instability is also determined for sufficient large values of non-buoyancy magnetization parameter M1 and results are analyzed graphically. The MFD viscosity parameter is analyzed. The stabilizing behavior for various values of permeability of the porous medium, buoyancy magnetization parameter, ratio of mass transport to heat transport, thermal Rayleigh number and salinity Rayleigh number is studied. The salinity Rayleigh number has a destabilizing behavior for different values of non-buoyancy magnetization parameter, Soret parameter and MFD viscosity. It is also found that the MFD viscosity delays the onset of convection and MFD viscosity effect dominated the convective system.


The article considers that protecting students' interests is not only relate to stable development of every family,but also is a systematic project which is related to every step of life.College student NPC can be elected on the basis of their basic qualities.The focus is on the popular views of college student NPC from the perspective of NPC and LPC and on the analysis of such factors as political tradition,realistic basis and politics levels and,adequately points out that the important way to realize college students' representative system democracy is to be NPC representative and LPC representative.


The quantum Hall effect (QHE) provides an invariant reference for resistance linked to natural constants. It is used worldwide to maintain and compare the unit of resistance. The reproducibility reached today is almost two orders of magnitude better than the uncertainty of the determination of the ohm in the International System of Units. This article is a summary of a recently published review article which focuses mainly on the aspects of the QHE relevant for its metrological application.


Abstract The thermoactivated motion of 180°-domain walls in thin ferroelectric layers over the Peierls'periodic potential relief is considered. The numerical estimations are carried out for TGS crystal. The results obtained are in a good agreement with the experimental data.


Abstract Sebaceous nevus is a congenital hamartoma commonly associated with the development of secondary neoplasms. It has a predilection for the scalp and less commonly manifests on the face, the neck, and the trunk. The lesions presented in our cases are from the trunk of a 19-year old man, the forehead of a 25-year old man, the scalp of a 22-year old woman and from the face of a 45-year old man. Two of four cases were associated with secondary neoplasms, syringoma and basal cell carcinoma. Dermoscopy of nevus sebaceous demonstrated yellowish-brown globular structures, presenting either singly or in clusters and pink-brown-grey papillary appearance. The specific dermoscopic findings in our case associated with basal cell carcinoma were fine arborizing and serpiginous vessels at the periphery of the lesion and exophytic grey papillary structures. Dermoscopy can be a useful diagnostic tool for diagnosing and monitoring nevus sebaceous in order to detect different tumors associated with nevus sebaceous and avoid unnecessary excisions and scars in aesthetically sensitive locations.


The rapid propagation used in stem segments of Dendrobium devonianum was studied in this paper.The results showed that the best suitable medium for Dendrobium devonianum induction was MS + 6-BA 2.0 mg/L + NAA 0.05 mg/L,and MS + 6-BA 3.0 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L,MS + IBA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L were the mediums respectively for its bud proliferation and rooting.


In many decision-making settings, reward is acquired in response to some complex behaviour that an agent realizes over time. An autonomous taxi may receive reward for picking up a passenger and subsequently delivering them to their destination. An assistive robot may receive reward for ensuring a person in their care takes their medication once daily soon after eating. Such reward is acquired by an agent in response to following a path – a sequence of states that collectively capture the reward-worthy behaviour. Reward of this sort is referred to as non-Markovian reward because it is predicated on state history rather than current state. Our concern in this paper is with both the specification and effective exploitation of non-Markovian reward in the context of Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). State-of-the-art UCT-based planners struggle with non-Markovian rewards because of their weak guidance and relatively myopic lookahead. Here we specify non-Markovian reward-worthy behaviour in Linear Temporal Logic. We translate these behaviours to corresponding deterministic finite state automata whose accepting conditions signify satisfaction of the reward-worthy behaviour. These automata accepting conditions form the basis of Markovian rewards that can be solved by off-the-shelf MDP planners, while crucially preserving policy optimality guarantees. We then explore the use of reward shaping to automatically transform these automata-based rewards into reshaped rewards that better guide search. We augmented benchmark MDP domains with non-Markovian rewards and evaluated our technique using PROST, a state-of-the-art heuristic and UCT-based MDP planner. Our experiments demonstrate significantly improved performance achieved by the exploitation of our techniques. The work presented here reflects the use of Linear Temporal Logic to specify nonMarkovian reward, but our approach will work for any formal language for which there is a corresponding automata representation.


Instance based learning (IBL) algorithms attempt to classify a new unseen instance (test data) based on some "proximal neighbour" rule, i.e. by taking a majority vote among the class labels of its proximal instances in the training or reference dataset. The k nearest neighbours (k-NN) are commonly used as the proximal neighbours. We study the use of the state of the art approximate technique of k-NN search on the best known IBL algorithms. The results are impressive; substantial speed up in computation is achieved and on average the accuracy of classification is preserved. Geometric proximity graphs especially the Gabriel graph (a subgraph of the well known Delaunay triangulation) provides an elegant algorithmic alternative to k-NN based IBL algorithms. The main reason for this is that the Gabriel graph preserves the original nearest neighbour decision boundary between data points of different classes very well. However computing the Gabriel graph of a dataset in practice is prohibitively expensive. Extending the idea of approximate k-NN search to approximate Gabriel neighbours search, it becomes feasible to compute the latter. We thin (reduce) the original reference dataset by computing its approximate Gabriel graph and use it independently as a classifier as well as an input to the IBL algorithms. We achieve excellent empirical results; in terms of classification accuracy, reference set storage reduction and consequently, query response time. The Gabriel thinning algorithm coupled with the IBL algorithms consistently outperforms the IBL algorithms used alone, with respect to storage requirements and maintains similar accuracy levels.


An air-stable tetrazolate-containing framework, [Zn2L2]·2DMF (NENU-520, H2L = 4-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid), with uncoordinated N atoms on its internal surface was solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. This metal–organic framework (MOF) exhibited high CO2 uptake of 79.9 cm3 cm−3 at 298 K and 100 kPa, as well as excellent adsorption selectivity for CO2 over CH4 and N2. Particularly, its exceptionally high selectivity of CO2 over N2 at 298 K has ranked NENU-520 among the highest MOFs for selective CO2 separation. Furthermore, the potential application of NENU-520 for the fixed bed pressure swing adsorption (PSA) separation of CO2 from CH4 and N2 has been validated via simulated breakthrough experiments. The small channel with the size of 3.6 A, combined with CO2-accessible free nitrogen atoms directed toward the inner surface, is believed to contribute to its high CO2 uptake capacity and selectivity. Thus, this work represents a unique way to target MOF materials for highly selective CO2 separation by incorporating CO2-philic functional sites on pore surfaces, and at the same time optimizing pore sizes.


Kekusayi series of quartz syenite porphyries in Wusun mountain region,West Tianshan,Xinjiang,which produced as warty and dike type,is mainly intruded into the strata of early Carboniferous,Dahalajunshan formation.U-Pb isotope dating zircons from Kekusayi quartz syenite porphyry are determined by LA-ICP-MS and yield a zircon U-Pb age of 314.4 ± 3.7Ma(MSWD=0.51),which indicates that the formation age should be late Carboniferous.This paper provides a geochronology evidence for discussing the magmatism and tectonic-environment of this region.


Let $F$ be a finite field, let $f$ be a function from $F$ to $F$, and let $a$ be a nonzero element of $F$. The discrete derivative of $f$ in direction $a$ is $\Delta_a f \colon F \to F$ with $(\Delta_a f)(x)=f(x+a)-f(x)$. The differential spectrum of $f$ is the multiset of cardinalities of all the fibers of all the derivatives $\Delta_a f$ as $a$ runs through $F^*$. The function $f$ is almost perfect nonlinear (APN) if the largest cardinality in the differential spectrum is $2$. Almost perfect nonlinear functions are of interest as cryptographic primitives. If $d$ is a positive integer, the power function over $F$ with exponent $d$ is the function $f \colon F \to F$ with $f(x)=x^d$ for every $x \in F$. There is a small number of known infinite families of APN power functions. In this paper, we re-express the exponents for one such family in a more convenient form. This enables us to give the differential spectrum and, even more, to determine the sizes of individual fibers of derivatives.


The invention discloses a preparation method of a stable-thermal conduction performance medium for wax type thermostats. The method is characterized in that an improved sweating device is adopted, a constant high temperature stage is set after the temperature in the cooling process decreases to a proper temperature, the surface of a wax layer is uniformly carpeted with metal particles after the cooling process ends, and air forcedly flows through the wax layer in the heating and sweating process to take away liquid components. The method has the advantages of low device investment, simple production process, low operating cost and no solvent pollution; and the above product has the advantages of narrow temperature control range and stable heat conduction performance, can be used in wax temperature control valves, and especially can be used in thermostats as a wax type temperature-sensitive medium.


" Finding that all the ordinary means in use , to treat these patients' were either useless or harmful, I at length resolved to throw the fluid immediately into the circulation. Having no precedent to direct me I proceeded with caution ". Thus Thomas Latta (Lewin 1831) rescued patients dying of cholera and since then the massive volumes of fluid infused intravenously have indeed established that water can be good for you. But on the other hand despite experience and improved techniques, intravenous infusions still constitute a serious threat to many patients and a list of over 150 hazards has been compiled (Bergman et al. 1975). Many of these problems and the responsibility for their detection and control lie with the manufacturer for whom quality control in the preparation and delivery of fluids for intraven?us infusion presents special problems. The medIcal practitioner should understand that despite strigent manufacturers' controls, fluids available in the hospital may be contaminated with microbial, pyrogen, particulate or chemical matter without obvious change in the physical characteristics of the fluid. Sterility is relative and sampling schemes used by manufacturers in quality control may not detect low level contamination; cracks in bottles or punctures in plastic bag containers are ever present possibilities. In Australia there is no regulatory body to direct the quality of intravenous fluids; we depend entirely on the manufacturer to prepare, package, and deliver quality products.


A detailed history of the various electric traction techniques in Europe and America, showing clearly the different concepts and main periods in this method of traction. Volume 1 corresponds roughly to the period of the d.c. dynamo, then that of the a.c. transformer.


Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are progressive, neurodegenerative disorders generally associated with a variety of symptoms. The SCA12 is typically associated with action tremor of the upper extremity, and symptomatic treatment is challenging. Stereotactic neurosurgery is performed to treat severe, therapy-refractory tremor, mainly in essential tremor and Parkinson's tremor. In addition, transcranial high-intensity magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a new technique for interventional neuromodulation. Tremor reduction is achieved through targeted thermal lesion of the Nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM) of the thalamus or the cerebello-thalamo-cortical tract (CTT). Single case reports previously demonstrated the effective use of DBS for the treatment of tremor or dystonia in SCAs. However, to our knowledge, no patient with SCA12 has been treated with MRgFUS so far. Herein, we report on a patient suffering from SCA12 with severe, therapy-refractory tremor and favorable outcome after lesioning the CTT by MRgFUS. A 60-year-old man with severe action tremor of the upper extremity and positive family history (Supporting Information Fig. S1) was diagnosed with SCA12 in 2014 after genetic analysis, which demonstrated a CAG repeat expansion in the PPP2R2B gene of 15/58. After written informed consent, unilateral treatment with MRgFUS was performed targeting the CTT using 3-T diffusion tensor imaging as described previously (Supporting Information Fig. S2). A total of five ablative sonications (peak temperature > 56 C) at two locations (first: 1 mm superior to AC-PC plane, 14 mm lateral to midline, 25% of the AC-PC distance anterior to PC; second: 0.5 mm laterally and 0.5 mm anteriorly in relation to the first target) were performed. A near-total tremor reduction in the right arm was obtained. Within the first days after treatment, gait disturbances occurred but resolved completely within 3 months. The Supporting Information Videos S3–S6 show the tremor before and 3, 90, and 320 days after MRgFUS. On the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Scale, tremor score improved from 90/260 to 51/260 after 3 days and remained stable after 11 months (47/260). On the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia, no worsening of ataxia was apparent (21.5/40 at baseline, 20/40 after 11 months) (Fig. 1A, Supporting Information Fig. S7A–C). Using a triaxial accelerometer (SOMNOwatch plus; SOMNOmedics, Randersacker, Germany), tremor was recorded and Fourier transformed (Software DOMINO light; SOMNOmedics). After MRgFUS, a significant reduction of tremor power was observed in the right upper extremity (Supporting Information Table S8, Fig. 1B). The analysis of diffusion tensor imaging indicated a reduction of the fiber tract streamline count from 4039 before to 569 after MRgFUS. Unilateral thalamotomy using MRgFUS appears to provide a safe and efficient means for tremor reduction in SCA12. Comparably with stereotactic treatments in essential tremor, the VIM or CTT can serve as an appropriate target for tremor reduction in cerebellar degeneration; moreover, no persistent worsening of ataxia or disruption of microstructural integrity in other regions than the CTT-related regions was observed within 11 months of follow-up. This is consistent with previous reports in patients with SCA receiving deep brain stimulation of the VIM. In conclusion, we consider MRgFUS a promising, incisionless alternative to treat severe action tremor also in rare diseases, such as SCA12.


To prevent the spread of tuberculosis (TB) and limit the development of drug-resistant strains, the World Health Organization and the Canadian TB Standards recommend Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) for TB patients.1,2 In Toronto, DOT is conducted by Toronto Public Health (TPH) staff who visit patients with active TB 3 to 7 days/week over the course of their treatment (i.e., 6 to 24 months) to monitor their adherence and response to medications and to support the patient to complete treatment successfully. For medically stable and compliant patients with active TB, TPH has initiated the use of Videophone DOT (VDOT) as a supplement to Community DOT (CDOT). In VDOT, DOT visits are conducted using videophones, which are telephones with a small video screen streaming real-time video and audio. A secure virtual link is established over the internet with videophones located in both the patient's home and the public health office. To be eligible for VDOT, patients must meet stringent criteria, including medical stability, adherence to treatment, access to high-speed internet, and completion of at least four weeks of CDOT treatment. The VDOT program was developed to increase our capacity, flexibility, and efficiency of providing DOT. TPH conducted a VDOT pilot project with 13 patients in the fall of 2011. Time (for travel, visit, and documentation) and kilometrage requirements were tracked first for five weeks on CDOT (n=278 visits), then for five weeks on VDOT (n=266 visits) with the same patients. Nurses also recorded any technical issues. At the end of the trial, a patient telephone survey was administered by evaluators independent of the TB program. In-depth interviews were conducted with TPH nurses, information technology staff, and management involved in the project. Results demonstrated that VDOT is a patient-friendly, practical, flexible, and cost-effective method of delivering DOT to carefully selected patients with TB. In this highly selected group, treatment compliance rates were similar for both CDOT and VDOT (~ 98%). The time required to conduct a VDOT visit (including visit time, travel, and documentation) is 10 minutes, on average, which is significantly less than the 36 minutes for a CDOT visit (ratio = 3.60 VDOT visits: 1 CDOT visit). Both patients and health unit staff report high satisfaction with VDOT, in particular flexibility, privacy, and more efficient visits. A drawback of VDOT, reported by both patients and staff, was diminished interpersonal interaction. In addition, conducting a physical assessment over a videophone can be difficult, particularly if picture quality is poor. Most technical issues were concentrated among a few patients, indicating that the quality of an individual patient's internet connection plays a significant role in the quality of transmission. Based on these overall positive results, TPH has made technical improvements and expanded VDOT to approximately 35 patients (25% of total cases). In conclusion, for stable, adherent patients, we believe that VDOT is a very useful mode of service delivery that facilitates patient support throughout treatment while enhancing privacy and flexibility. In the upcoming year, we plan to investigate other possible solutions to keep pace with changing technology and facilitate increased access to VDOT for eligible patients.


Computation tree logic model checking is a formal verification technology that can ensure the correctness of systems. The vast storage density of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules and the massive parallelism of DNA computing offer new methods for computation tree logic model checking.
 In this study, we propose a computation tree logic model checking method based on DNA computing. First, a system to-be-checked and a computation tree logic formula are encoded by single-stranded DNA molecules. Second, these singlestranded DNA molecules are mixed to spontaneously hybridize
 and form partial or complete double-stranded molecules. Finally, a series of molecular manipulations are applied to detect the double-stranded molecules so that the result whether the system satisfies the computation tree logic formula is obtained. Biological simulations confirm the validity
 of the new method.


PRIM2, encoding a subunit of primase involved in DNA replication and transcription, is expressed in the placenta and is crucial for mammalian development and growth. Its role in placental function is not well understood. Recently, PRIM2 was reported as imprinted in human white blood cells (WBC). We report here our failure to confirm imprinting of the PRIM2 locus in human placenta or WBC. The discordance between our results and those of others are likely due to an incorrectly annotated PRIM2 pseudogene found in the human genome database.


Radio spectrum is a key input to today's information technology society and economy. In the United States today, some spectrum is shared between federal government users and users regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). However, the potential for such sharing is limited by traditional spectrum sharing techniques that require an extremely high confidence level of interference protection for Federal users. This unique bifurcated spectrum policy system in the U.S. has made only modest progress in this area. However, if future federal systems were designed to affirmatively facilitate sharing by letting private sector users have real-time information about spectrum use, then high-reliability sharing and efficient spectrum use would be enabled. This paper describes scenarios using radar systems and public mobile radio systems.


Based on evaluation principles making and index designing clue,this paper analyzes research action of evaluation index of regional industry cluster. Then evaluation index system of regional industry cluster is established through comparing existing research production.


The initial value problem for the two-dimensional dissipative quasi-geostrophic equation derived from geophysical fluid dynamics is studied. The dissipation of this equation is given by the fractional Laplacian. It is known that the half Laplacian is a critical dissipation for the quasi-geostrophic equation. The global existence of solutions upon the suitable condition is also well known, and that solutions of a fractional dissipative equation decay with a polynomial order as the spatial variable tends to infinity. In this paper, far field asymptotics of solutions to the quasi-geostrophic equation are given in the critical and the supercritical cases. Those estimates are derived from the energy methods for the difference between the solution and its asymptotic profile.


BACKGROUND
The nuclear-encoded mitochondrial complex I subunit gene, NDUFV2, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD) in Japanese by virtue of association of variants in its promoter with BD and decreased NDUFV2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in B lymphoblasts (BLCL) in BD patients compared to controls. We sought to determine if these same changes occur in non-Japanese populations and, if so, their relationship to altered basal intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](B)) in BLCL from BD patients.

METHODS
Bipolar disorder patients and healthy subjects included 298 subjects of European Caucasian descent. The 5'-nuclease allelic discrimination TaqMan assay was used to detect selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in promoter, introns and 3'UTR regions, spanning the NDUFV2 gene. NDUFV2 mRNA levels and [Ca(2+)](B) in BLCLs were determined.

RESULTS
The A allele of the NDUFV2 SNP rs1156044 was significantly associated (Bonferroni-corrected) with BD (p = 0.013) but differed in allele (rs1156044 G allele) from that previously reported as associated with BD. There was a trend for elevated BLCL [Ca(2+)](B) associated with SNP rs977581 in BD patients, but NDUFV2 mRNA levels in BLCLs did not differ between patients and controls, nor represented genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS
While genetic variants of NDUFV2 may increase risk for BD, the role of its altered expression and the link to intracellular Ca(2+) abnormalities in BD remains equivocal.


BACKGROUND
Endotoxin, a contaminant of cotton dust, is an experimental model for parkinsonism (PS).

METHODS
We investigated associations between exposures to endotoxin, solvents, magnetic fields, and night shift work, and neurologist-determined PS among Shanghai women textile workers, including 537 retired cotton factory workers ages ≥50 years and an age-matched reference group of 286 retired textile workers not exposed to cotton dust. Repeat exams were conducted 2.5 years after enrollment among 467 cotton workers and 229 reference workers.

RESULTS
We identified 39 prevalent PS cases and 784 non-cases. No consistent or statistically significant associations were observed for endotoxin, solvents, magnetic fields, or shift work with PS risk, severity, or progression.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite the null findings, additional studies of endotoxin exposure and risk of PS in other well-characterized occupational cohorts are warranted in view of toxicological evidence that endotoxin is a pathogenic agent and its widespread occurrence in multiple industries worldwide.


This study specifically concentrates on the dynamic impacts of fiscal policy on GDP growth rate by estimating and analysing the fiscal multipliers in the Indian context. A SVAR analysis is applied to estimate the budget multipliers for India. The negative values of multipliers for revenue and non-developmental expenditures clearly indicate the existence of dynamic fiscal feedback structure that can adversely affect the economic growth. Strong persistent fiscal adjustment in the favour of developmental and capital expenditures will augment the economic growth. This will also reinforce the idea of fiscal consolidation. The multiplier simulated for steady rate of growth suggests that the continuous and persistent increase in the rate of expenditures should be in line with those expenditures which have positive multiplier.


The aim of this study was to identify the effectiveness of the Intensive Workshop Activities towards students' understanding on educational and sociological theories. Respondents were participants that have been enrolled in the Intensive Postgraduate Workshop. The focus was on how the activities affect students' ability to comprehend educational and sociological theories. The study utilized a true experimental design where the participants were given the pre-test and post-test. The instrument was adapted and modified from past empirical studies and literature. Results showed that there was no significance difference between before and after the intensive workshop that has been run. However, there was an increasing mean score in the students' understanding. This indicates that participants who attended the workshop gained useful knowledge on educational and sociological theories. This informs the importance of intensive learning activities for enhancing students' understanding on theories.


In this paper, the model of transversely isotropic layered elastic media was used to simulate the soil ground on halfspace. Using thin element method and substructure method, the dynamic horizontal impedances of single pile, which was embedded in the ground and subjected to harmonic sway-rocking loading at the top of the pile, were derived. The effects of transversely isotropic property of soil on the impedances of pile were analyzed. When the transversely isotropic property is weak, its influence is so small that it can be neglected, but when it is strong, its influence is so big that it must be taken into consideration . It also should be noticed that whether there is restraint or not on top of the pile will have great influence on the impedance function.


Nanowire are the one-dimensional nanostructure with the diameter order of one to few hundred nanometre. These structure shows unique properties other than their bulk structures. In this article, a qualitative first principle discussion of TiC nanowire is reported, indicating the impact of DFT based GGA relativistic corrections on its electronic properties. Here, we analyse   the Titanium Carbide (TiC) nanowire of hexagonal structure periodic in Z-direction with the density functional theory (DFT). The GGA with RBBE Correlation analysis of this material shows the metallic characteristics in its bulk but the electronic density of  state shows that the hybridization state are different from their bulk when the material is analysed in nanostructure form. Three structures of hexagonal TiC nanowire directed in (1,1,1) plane were analysed to explore diameter (4-18) Å dependent comparative study of electronic, stabilizing and optical property which shows unique different result counterparts to its bulk. Hexagonal TiC nanowire were found to be semiconducting with narrow band gap (0.21-0.34) eV in small diameter while metallic in higher diameter. They are comparable stables as their bulk for higher structure. Similarly, for the same investigation, the structures are cross checked by surface atom passivation to verify the reliability of the result that we found.BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 7-14


CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES are, by definition, abnormalities present at birth and as such could properly be expected to include such conditions as asphyxia neonatorum, congenital syphilis, or haemolytic disease of the newborn. The term is usually, however, restricted to those abnormalities which are the result of disordered embryological development rather than the effect of disease or injury upon a fully formed organ, The term developmental abnormality is therefore to be preferred. The possible number and extent of developmental abnormalities seems unlimited; at one end of the scale they merge imperceptibly with the normal, and at the other, arc so severe as to be incompatible with even intra-uterine existence. Anatomically they vary from curious but unimportant deviations from the normal to the complete disorganization of monstrous stillbirths. To some extent, however, this variety is illusory. A study of the growing foetusand in particular of the various ages at which different systems undergo their crucial development, makes it clear how the form of developmental abnormality may depend not so much upon the nature of the noxious influence as upon the site of its action and, more especially, upon the time at which it exercises its effect in relation to the age of the foetus. While this is more obviously true of environmental influences it is probably not irrelevant to genetic factors also. The aetiology of developmental abnormalities has been the subject of considerable research and not a little controversy. The hereditary nature of some of them has been recognized for longer than the science of genetic~ has been in existence. Some striking examples of simple dominant inheritance can be traced in minor anatomical defects such as phalangeal synostosis. It has taken longer perhaps for science to recognize the influence of environmental factors within the intra-uterine microcosm although folklore and superstition are rich in beliefs in prenatal influence. Ancient Indian medicine, for example, taught that a mother addicted to alcohol would give birth to a child that was weakly and always thirsty while Zulus believed that a'newborn child who cried too much was witness that his parents committed the sin of


IN 1941 the Council of the Institution of Electrical Engineers set up a special committee to consider the problems arising from the increasing use of multiple earthing of the neutral conductor in factories and other buildings, and the report of the committee has now been published (J. Inst. Elec. Eng., 89, Pt. 1, No. 19 ; July, 1942). The report describes briefly the earthing protective methods generally employed in urban and rural areas and in cities, their advantages and disadvantages. Where underground cables are used, the sheathing and armouring of the cables are employed as the earth return path ; alternatively, where available, continuous water mains with metal-to-metal joints may serve the purpose. Where neither of these is available, a separate earth electrode can be used at the consumer's premises although often the cost 1of an efficient earth is disproportionate to that of the electrical installation itself. Another method utilizes the supply company's low-voltage insulated neutral conductor, connexion being made thereto of each consumer's earth-continuity conductor.


A systematic study of thermo-mechanical properties of high speed spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers was undertaken as part of a broad quantitative process—structure—property examination of semicrystalline polymers through appropriate composite models. Calorimetric experiments on a series of fibers spun at different speeds show that crystallinity increases with takeup speed rapidly below 4500 m/min but at a slower rate above that speed. The glass transition, cold crystallization, and melting temperatures were also found to increase with speed. A similar increase is exhibited by both the refractive index of these fibers along the fiber axis and the fiber birefringence. Comparison of birefringence measurements with those predicted from a composite two-phase optical model led to the conclusion that form birefringence may be a significant contributor to the overall birefringence and that it may not be ignored in calculations of orientation functions with this experimental technique.


The shortage of reservoir water is the main constraint in establishing stable water management programs in the Muda Irrigation Project, Malaysia. In this study, a water balance equation was derived to evaluate the performance of the project. The water balance components were modeled without calibration, and compared with measured data, whenever possible. The overall project efficiencies for the main and off seasons were also obtained. A reservoir simulation model was developed from which simulated storage capacities compared satisfactorily with the observed storage capacities. An optimization model was also developed to solve the water resources management of the project in a computationally satisfactory manner. The optimal reservoir storage, optimal irrigation demand, and optimal reservoir release (i.e., optimal reservoir operating policy) were computed. The mean (1987–1997) optimized total water requirements for the dry and wet seasons were also computed as were the optimal contributions by rainfall, re...


Introduction to the Theory of Water Memory and General Principles of Water Activation Molecular Resonance Effect Technology as the Basic Method for Activation of Liquid Substances Study of the Physical Properties of Activated Water Study of the Influence of Activated Water on Growth of Higher Plants The Effects of Activated Water on "One Line" Microbial Culture and on Natural Microbial Associations Examination of the Influence of Activated Water on Prophylaxis and Treatment of Oncology The Effect of Activated Water on Staphylococcal Infection In Vivo in Animal Model and In Vitro on the Culture of Staphylococcus Aureus Wood-46 The Possible Mechanisms of the Effects of Activated Water on Biological Systems Conclusions and Recommendations.


Purpose: The improvement of medical-social aid to MS patients. Material and Methods: A prospective epidemiological study (descriptive and ecological), analysis of the peculiarities of MS manifestation and types of clinical courses in the population (983 MS patients) of Rostov region. Results: An increase of MS prevalence, a considerable index variability in different areas of Rostov region and also an increase of MS mortality in Rostov-on-Don (from 0,452 in 1996 to 0,7 in 2006). In general, the clinical picture does not differ from the one in the population of the European part of Russia. Summary: There has been a link between MS incidence and ecological situation (dense population as the index of anthropogenic pressure on the environment, habitation in ecologically unfavourable industrial areas).


The feeding limb of the gastrostomy tube provides a simple method of providing fluid and electrolytes, and it is claimed that the intestinal mucosa acts as a natural barrier against overloading of the circulation (Gunstensen and Macpherson, 1966). In the patients in the present study, the feeding limb was used to supply a solution of Casilan in normal saline and to return gastric aspirates. Since abnormalities of electrolyte balance developed in an appreciable number of these patients, occasionally with disastrous results, the theoretical basis of this method and its practical implementation clearly require careful reexamination. The presence of a feeding gastrostomy tube dispenses with the need for intravenous infusions and permits increased mobility of the patient. However, an appreciable proportion of patients required intravenous fluids for replacement of lost blood and correction of severe fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. The advantages of increased mobility were not apparent in that deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occurred in patients with a gastrostomy tube hut not in those with a nasogastric tube. The most surprising finding was the significantly increased incidence of dysphagia in patients with the gastrostomy tube. We are quite unable to offer any reasonable explanation for this observation but its importance cannot be denied. It is difficult to sustain the claims made for the gastrostomy tube on the basis of these findings. However, we have been unable to quantify certain variables; for example, the incidence of thrombophlebitis caused by intravenous infusions and discomfort caused by the nasogastric tube. If gastric aspiration is necessary after vagotomy operations, we feel that the objective data we have collected and analysed impel a re-evaluation of the place of the gastrostomy tube in gastric surgery by means of a controlled prospective trial. Vol. 56, No. 4, APRIL


Comparisons of similarity or dissimilarity between systems of preferences over multiple attributes play important roles in interest matching, social networking, collaborative filtering, and personalization. We develop metrics over preferences represented compactly by conditional preference networks (CP-networks) and their variants. Our metrics exhibit intuitive properties and support efficient (polynomial-time) algorithms for computing similarities.


Fairness toward job applicants differing in gender and ethnicity in a video‐based assessment interview was explored. For this purpose, 103 female and 105 male participants, including 38 who declared to have a migration background of their own, rated a behavior anchored rating scale after having watched the videotaped answers of a potential applicant. The domains assessed were communication skills and the capacity to work in a team. The videos of the applicants were generated with the help of standardized scripts and semi‐professional actors. Eight videos were made operationalizing a two (Turkish migration background–native German) by two (male–female) by two (more positive applicant answers–moderately good applicant answers) experimental design. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed a small to moderate main effect only for migration background of the applicants. Subsequent ANOVAs found that in three of the four dependent variables this effect reached significance of p


Abstract Jasmonates (JAs) are known for their roles in plant defense and growth regulation. In recent years their roles in nutrient uptake and homeostasis have been explored. Regulation of nutrients uptake is crucial to maintain their optimum level in normal and deficient conditions. Under the deficiency of different nutrients, plants show unique responses like altered root growth, remodeling of root system architecture (RSA), induction of nutrient uptake-related genes, activation of nutrient transporters, and nutrient reallocation. JAs have been shown to regulate these responses in the variable availability of macro-and micronutrients. Emerging evidences revealed that in response to deficiency of macronutrients, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K+), JA biosynthesis pathway is activated. JA signaling pathway has been implicated in regulating nutrient deficiency-related transcription factors, transporters, and various facets of RSA for optimum plant development. In addition, JA pathway cross-talks with other phytohormones like auxin and ethylene for improving plant growth and adaptive response under nutrient deficiencies. In this review, emerging evidences and the latest developments on involvements of JAs in macro- and micronutrient uptakes, homeostasis, deficiency response, and plant development are discussed.


Gastric cancer occupies the 5th place in the structure of total cancer incidence worldwide. In 2015, Russia diagnosed about 35 thousand new cases of rye. Mortality from this disease and its complications remains high. Numerous studies conducted in different countries of the world have shown that the dominant role among all anatomical forms of gastric cancer is played by endophytic tumors (more than 65% of all detected cases), which are the most difficult to diagnose. Even with the latest diagnostic tools, it is often not possible to obtain enough information to clearly speak in favor of the existence of an intra-neoplastic process. Optimization of diagnosis of gastric cancer continues to be one of the important problems of Oncology. The absence of changes in the mucous membrane, usually makes it impossible to determine the boundaries of the standard endoscopic and radiological methods. The possibilities of standard ultrasound examination of the stomach wall, and especially the esophagus wall, are also limited. The most promising in terms of complex diagnosis of intramural and lymphogenic prevalence of tumor process is the use of endoscopic ultrasound.


Cu-montmorillonites were exposed to benzene vapours during cycles of de- hydration, adsorption desorption of the excess reagent and rehydration. The fixation of benzene and its changes in the interlayer spaces were studied by means of thermogravimetry and X-ray diffraction techniques and infrared spectrophotometry analysis. Two reactions were demonstrated, one corresponding to the adsorption of one benzene molecule on the Cu 2+ ion, and the other to the uptake of three benzene molecules. In the latter case, benzene polymerizes in the interlayer spaces, resulting in the formation of poly (p-phenylene) in the first stage and, finally, of a compound related to graphite.


The aim of this study was to explore the inhibitory effect and the underlying mechanism of inhibition by polypeptide from bay scallop(PBS) on H22 hepatocarcinoma transplanted in mice. A total of 50 Kunming(KM) mice were randomly divided into normal control group, H22 hepatocarcinoma model group, low-dose PBS(500 mg/kg·bw) group, medium-dose PBS(1000 mg/kg·bw) group, and high-dose PBS(1500 mg/kg·bw) group. An in vivo gavage experiment was performed. The results showed that the tumor inhibition rate in low-, medium-, and high-dose groups were 28.16%, 41.93%, and 84.00%, respectively, showing a dose-dependent effect. Compared to the model group, serum levels of mutant p53, survivin, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α), and malondialdehyde(MDA) in the three PBS groups showed a decrease, while that of interleukin-2, glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and tumor necrosis factor-α showed an increase. Additionally, the effect seen in the medium-dose group was more obvious than that in the other two groups. The same trend was found in the liver extracts from the three dose groups. Pathological evaluations also showed visible antitumor effects by PBS. Thus, this study indicated that PBS exerts obvious inhibitory effects on mouse H22 hepatocarcinoma cells.


PURPOSE: To obtain an optically transparent microfilm by incorporating specified repeating units so that a polymer backbone may contain phthalocyanine units. CONSTITUTION: (A) a phthalocyaninato-dichlorosilane and (B) an α-olefin type unsaturated primary alcohol are reacted at 80 to 130°C to obtain (C) phthalocyanatosiloxane having an α-ω-olefin terminal of the formula I wherein Pc s represents a phthalocyanine residue that is deprotonated doubly at the N directed to the center and has a circumferential substituent and R represents a straight-chain or branched 1-18C alkylene. The component (C) and (D) a difunctional silane are reacted at 30 to 70°C in the presence of a catalyst (e.g. divalent platinum) to obtain the title polymer made up of repeating units of formula II wherein Me represents Si or Me that is the center metal atom attached to the backbone of the polymer of the phthalocyanine ring system Pc s , R' and R" each represent a (cyclo)alkyl residue, an unsubstituted or alkyl- substituted phenyl residue, or an alkoxy residue, Z represents an Si-C- bond or one of formulae II to IV, and m is 1 or more. COPYRIGHT: (C)1990,JPO


The nature of gene action for yield and its component characters in tomato under moisture stress was studied in a six parent full diallel cross: Presence of additive gene action for days to flowering and number of fruits set per cluster and additive and non-additive genetic systems for number of fruits per plant, mean fruit weight and yield per plant was indicated. High heritability estimates were observed for days to flowering, mean fruit showed partial dominance. All the traits except number of fruits per plant showed partial dominance. Asymmetrical distribution of genes with positive and negative effects was noticed. The number of genes controlling inheritance of the traits was established


We present the first clear experimental evidence of the existence of an onset for the phenomenon of cation surface segregation at evolving metal-semiconductor interfaces. High-resolution soft-x-ray photoemission results for Co/InP(110) show that the total In $4d$ intensity decreases in the ultrathin Co overlayer region (\ensuremath{\le} 1.6 \AA{}), increases steadily until a nominal deposition of \ensuremath{\sim}7 \AA{}, and attenuates slightly thereafter. Detailed In $4d$ core-level line-shape analysis reveals that a chemically shifted peak appears in the earliest stage of interface formation and grows in relative intensity. Studies of In/InP(110) and In/Co interfaces show that this new feature corresponds to dispersed In atoms segregated on the surface and that three-dimensional In clusters do not form. Together, these results show that there is a critical coverage which triggers In surface segregation and also show how the atom distribution evolves as the overlayer thicknes.


Replication‐defective adenoviruses have been utilized as candidate vaccine vectors. However, clinical application of the best‐studied human adenovirus type‐5 (AdHu5) is limited by the high prevalence of preexisting neutralizing antibodies resulting from natural infection. Therefore, rare adenovirus serotypes, such as human adenovirus type‐26 (AdHu26) and chimpanzee adenovirus type‐68 (AdC68), have been employed as substitutes for AdHu5. However, few studies have described the epidemiology of pre‐existing immunity to these adenoviruses in China. Thus, 1,154 participants from six regions in China were examined to assess the presence of neutralizing antibodies against AdHu5, AdHu26, and AdC68. The seroprevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies were as follows: AdHu5, 73.1% (844/1,154) (95% confidence interval: 70.5–75.6%); AdHu26, 35.3% (407/1,154) (95% confidence interval: 32.6–38.1%); and AdC68, 12.7% (147/1,154) (95% confidence interval: 10.9–14.8%), respectively. The most frequently detected and highest titer antibodies were specific for AdHu5. The results indicate that AdHu26 and AdC68 serve as more suitable vaccine vectors than AdHu5. J. Med. Virol. 85: 1077–1084, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The nation constitutes itself from this moment as a republic; All citizens must remain armed and defend their barricades until they have obtained the enjoyment of their rights as citizens and as laborers; Every adult citizen is a national guard; Every citizen is an elector; Absolute liberty of thought and of the press; Right of political and industrial associaiton for all … Brothers, let us be calm and dignified like the law, like force, in the name of human liberty, equality and fraternity. POSTED IN THE STREETS OF PARIS as a declaration of "The Sovereign People" on February 24, a few hours before the Provisional Government officially proclaimed the Second Republic, this placard declared the continuity of the Revolution of 1848 with the French revolutionary tradition. The "Sovereign People" began by proclaiming the republic and closed with an invocation of liberty, equality, and fraternity; in between they demanded their "rights as citizens." The rights demanded were all commonplaces of republicanism - universal suffrage, universal participation in the National Guard, and freedom of thought, press, and association. How commonplace they were was soon demonstrated by the Provisional Government. Although it was totally unaware of this ephemeral placard, it nevertheless proclaimed within the first day of its existence every one of the rights the placard specified. When the sovereign people demanded their rights as citizens, whether by explicit statements or simply by taking control of the streets of the capital, everyone knew what they meant.


Although the causes of large intraplate earthquakes are still not fully understood, they pose certain hazard and risk to societies. Estimating hazard and risk in these regions is diffi cult because of lack of earthquake records. The New Madrid seismic zone is one such region where large and rare intraplate earthquakes (M = 7.0 or greater) pose signifi cant hazard and risk. Many different defi nitions of hazard and risk have been used, and the resulting estimates differ dramatically. In this paper, seismic hazard is defi ned as the natural phenomenon generated by earthquakes, such as ground motion, and is quantifi ed by two parameters: a level of hazard and its occurrence frequency or mean recurrence interval; seismic risk is defi ned as the probability of occurrence of a specifi c level of seismic hazard over a certain time and is quantifi ed by three parameters: probability, a level of hazard, and exposure time. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), a commonly used method for estimating seismic hazard and risk, derives a relationship between a ground motion parameter and its return period (hazard curve). The return period is not an independent temporal parameter but a mathematical extrapolation of the recurrence interval of earthquakes and the uncertainty of ground motion. Therefore, it is diffi cult to understand and use PSHA. A new method is proposed and applied here for estimating seismic hazard in the New Madrid seismic zone. This method provides hazard estimates that are consistent with the state of our knowledge and can be easily applied to other intraplate regions.


Objective
To investigate the prevalence and related factors of major depressive disorder (MDD) among rural-to-urban migrant workers in service industries of Shenzhen.

Methods
1 979 service industry migrant workers were recruited by respondent-driven sampling from communities in Shenzhen, administered with a socio-demographic questionnaire and perceived social support scale (PSSS), and interviewed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0.

Results
The current and lifetime weighted prevalence of MDD in service industry migrant workers were 2.5%(46/1 979) and 4.6%(89/1 979), respectively. The risk factors (OR) for lifetime MDD included being physically ill in the last two weeks (4.51), returning home less than once a year (1.83), feeling lonely often (2.76), having done more than 4 jobs(1.81) and total score of outside family support subscale of PSSS less than 38 (1.67).

Conclusions
Service industry migrant workers show similar prevalence of MDD compared to the Chinese general population. A comprehensive social and psychological intervention might be helpful in reducing the risk of MDD in migrant workers.

Key words:
Depressive disorder; Prevalence; Residential mobility


This paper demonstrates how changes in untied, lump-sum government grants or income from unrestricted endowments will affect the behavior of charities operated by managers with s trong philosophical or professional commitments. An increase in such funds will reduce the charity's accountability to private donors and lower its fund-raising activities. The grant will not be spent entire ly on raising the quantity of output. Instead, it will permit the cha rity manager to reduce his or her dependence on the costly solicitati on of donors who do not completely share the manager's preferences. Copyright 1987 by University of Chicago Press.


We studied the petrography, mineralogy, thermobarometry and whole rock chemistry of 120 peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths collected from the 156-138 Ma Chidliak kimberlite province (Southern Baffin Island). Xenoliths from pipes CH-1, -6, -7, and -44 are divided into two garnetbearing series, peridotites and wehrlites – olivine pyroxenites. The peridotites may contain spinel (3762 wt% Cr2O3), while wehrlites may contain picroilmenite. Peridotites and wehrlites show widely varying textures, from coarse to sheared. Xenoliths from the CH-6 pipe differ from xenoliths in other pipes in terms of their petrography and relative abundances of rock types. Textures indicating the late formation of garnet and clinopyroxene are present in all xenolith series, with the most common texture being garnet mantled by clinopyroxene. Pyroxenes are invariably rimmed by secondary calcic minerals, which appear as dark coronas. SEM observations identify these as 3-15 micron thick mantles of clinopyroxene (on orthopyroxene) and monticellite (on clinopyroxene).


In present work, we formulate a new generalized nonlinear KdV-type equation of fifth-order using the recursion operator. This equation generalizes the Sawada-Kotera equation and the Lax equation that study the vibrations in mechanical engineering, nonlinear waves in shallow water, and other sciences. To determine the integrability, we use Painlevé analysis and construct solutions for multiple solitons by employing the Hirota bilinear technique to the established equation. It produces a bilinear form for the driven equation and utilizes the Lagrange interpolation to create a dependent variable transformation. We construct the solutions for multiple solitons and show the graphics for these built solutions. The mathematical software program Mathematica employs symbolic computation to obtain the multiple solitons and various dynamical behavior of the solutions for newly generated equation The Sawada-Kotera equation and Lax equation have various applications in mechanical engineering, plasma physics, nonlinear water waves, soliton theory, mathematical physics, and other nonlinear fields.


Thirty-six F1 hybrids were generated from nine lines and four testers through line x tester mating design, these F1's along with 13 parents and 1 commercial check (Punjab-8) were evaluated to study the magnitude and direction of heterosis for growth and earliness over various characters in okra. Heterosis was studied to compare traits such as days to 50% flowering, days to picking, plant height, number of internodes, number of branches per plant, fruit length at commercial maturity and final maturity, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, 100 seed weight, fruit weight, and yield per plant. Significant heterosis was found over better parent (Heterobeltiosis), mid parent and commercial checks for all the traits studied in desirable direction. The present study showed that the crosses L3 x T2 (19.04, 15.41, 8.28), L5 x T2 (41.90, 14.55, 7.47), L8 x T3 (23.75, 6.48, 8.46) recorded significant positive heterosis for yield per plant over mid parent, better parent and over standard check. Same hybrid L3 x T2 exhibited negative and highly significant heterosis for days to 50% flowering and days to first picking (-11.65,-12.00, -8.33) and (-11.79, -12.12, -15.94) respectively that are earliness character over mid parent, better parent and standard check. These hybrids may further be tested over various locations before release for commercial cultivation. High estimates of heterosis obtained in hybrid combinations revealed considerable genetic    divergence among the parental lines and reveals good scope for commercial exploitation of heterosis in okra.


Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) is a frequent and severe complication in cirrhotic patients with ascites. It occurs in 10-30% of cases and assosiated mortality rate is 20-40%. Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis is diagnosed base on the presence of a Polymorphonuclear leucocyte count greater than 250/mm3 or positive monomicrobial ascitic fluid culture. The key to successful treatment of SBP is knowledge of appropriate antibiotic regimen and an understanding of the setting in wich infection develops, particularly those individuals at high risk of infection. This study was conducted to know prevalence of SBP and to evaluate possible risk faktors for this complication such as: severe cirrhosis (Child C), upper gastrointestinal bleeding, low protein ascites (<1g/dL) and low platelet count (<98.000/mm3). Sixty two consecutive hospitalized patients with cirrhotic and ascites were follow up for manifestations of SBP. Prevalence of SBP was 30.6%. Multivariate analysis and Logistic regression showed that only severe cirrhosis (Child C) is the risk faktor of SBP. (OR= 5.297; 95% CI=1.036-27.079).


During LATP (laser automated tape placement), the compaction roller contacts the prepreg and affects the pressure distribution directly. Moreover, the design parameters of the roller are optimized with the aim of improving pressure uniformity. This paper examines the impact of the contact line and surface that depends on the compaction force, the design of the roller, the angle of inclination and the angle of inclination of the strip. These factors significantly affect the expansion of the tape, and it is important to determine it to avoid side effects in the production of composites (formation of gaps or overlaps). Their presence increases the percentage of pores of the final material and thus reduces the mechanical properties. The results show that the pressure uniformity can be improved significantly by design optimization of the roller, which indicates that higher bond quality between layers is achieved. The lower the speed and higher the compact force in this technology give better intimate contact with a lower percentage of voids and good mechanical characteristics.


We study quasi-equilibrium sequences of binary neutron stars in the framework of Damour-Esposito-Farese-type scalar-tensor theory of gravity with a massive scalar field, paying particular attention to the case where neutron stars are already spontaneously scalarized at distant orbits, i.e., in the high coupling constant case. Although scalar effects are largely quenched when the separation $a$ is $\gtrsim 3$--$6$ times of the Compton length-scale that is defined by the scalar mass, we show that the interaction between the scalar fields of the two neutron stars generates a scalar cloud surrounding the binary at the price of orbital energy when $a \lesssim 3$--$6$ times of the Compton length-scale. This enables us to constrain the scalar mass $m_\phi$ from gravitational-wave observations of binary neutron star mergers by inspecting the dephasing due to such phenomenon. In particular, the event GW170817 is suggestive of a constraint of $m_\phi \gtrsim 10^{-11}$ eV and the coupling strength should be mild if the neutron stars in this system were spontaneously scalarized.


The purpose of this study was to understand how teachers implement an innovation cluster that included an online workspace and a framework for a problem-based learning environment. The researcher focused on three progressive research issues during data structuring: 1) What factors in a teacher's school environments influence the implementation of an innovation cluster? 2) How does a teacher's participation in collaborative professional development influence the implementation of an innovation cluster? 3) How does a teacher's belief about learning and technology influence the implementation of an innovation cluster? Using Activity Theory for apriori structuring of the data set and these three progressive issues for invivo analysis, the researcher found that the teachers implemented the innovation cluster in relation to their ability to identify and overcome contradictions in their work activity.


Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of fluoride varnish and a new generation of nanoapatite varnish containing both Casein PhosphoPeptide − Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) and fluoride, on the activity of the initial smooth surface caries lesions of primary teeth. Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on a total of 120 primary teeth with initial caries lesions in enamel, at children under the age of 24 months. Clinical evaluation of initial carious lesions and its evaluation during the research was carried out using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II). Results: There was a change of activity of the carious lesion in all three groups (CPP-ACPFG, FG and KG) during the time of treatment and follow-up, which was statistically significant. However, in the group of CPP-ACPFG, there was a better result compared to the FG and КG. Conclusion: Remineralizing treatment of new generation varnish containing both nanoapatite and fluоride gave a better result compared to conventional varnish with fluoride.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the differential impact each of the dominant theoretical explanations has on innovation persistence. The authors hereby differentiate the degree of novelty, distinguishing between innovation based on invention (new products for the international market) and those based on imitation or adoption processes (new products for the company or new products in the national market).

Design/methodology/approach
Placing this study in the context of a developing country, the authors apply an ordered probit model inflated in zeros (ZIOP). This methodology enables one to not only provide results not biased by the excess of zeros but also take into account the unobserved heterogeneity with respect to the sources of zeros (that is those firms which do not innovate). The empirical analysis is based on three Colombian innovation surveys carried out between 2003 and 2008 by the Colombian National Statistics Department.

Findings
The results provide empirical evidence that two elements are essential for both types of innovation persistence: accessing external financial resources and learning through interaction. Furthermore, the sunk R&D cost approach and technological learning explain persistence in innovation of new products for the international market.

Research limitations/implications
The limitations of this study are directly related to the methodological choice. The authors were unable to take into consideration two sources of heterogeneity: the one related to initial conditions and the one related to the source of the many non-innovators. They opted to focus on the latter due the research question and setting of this study. Additionally, macroeconomic instability did not allow to consider a long panel; instead the authors had to rely on a short panel.

Practical implications
The results provide important insights to managers. Continuous investments in innovation activities are important bot to become an innovative firm as well as to improve the odds of persistently innovating. Particularly, R&D investments are a pre-requisite for new-to-the-world innovations. Finally, it is not one specific set of capabilities which is a prerequisite for the generation of innovation; rather it is a strategic combination of various skills that increase the probability to (persistently) innovate.

Social implications
With innovation persistence being especially relevant for long-run dynamics behind economic growth, the results of this study provide insights into potential public policies. Governments are in a position to at least lower barriers, which might enable more firms to persistently innovate. Continuous access – less than the actual amount – to financial resources aimed at innovation activities and learning through interaction with external agents is fundamental for both kinds of innovation persistence. Both are market characteristics where governments can – at least indirectly – intervene.

Originality/value
Despite the existence of various theoretical approaches, the bulk of empirical research focuses on the verification of true state innovation persistence. Thus, while innovation persistency has been widely confirmed to exist to a certain degree, knowledge regarding which theoretical approach is likely to drive a firm to persistently innovation is still scarce. Additionally, this study is placed in the context of a developing country, which by most empirical research has been overlooked but is characterized by one element which is decisive for the empirical methodology: many firms do not innovate, let alone persistently innovate.


Recently the demand for hyperpolarized noble gases is arising to improve NMR spectroscopy resolution for imaging. Hyperpolarization of noble gases is achieved by spin- exchange with alkali metal. atoms that undergo optical pumping by circularly polarized radiation. Optical pumping is usually achieved by high power semiconductor lasers. These sources have a bandwidth very large when compared with the transition bandwidth of the optically active species. This has two serious consequences: (i) the request of high power lasers, (ii) the losses that the unemployed energy delivered to the Rb vapor can provide in the efficiency of the energy transfer. Object of our investigation will be the comparison of two experimental set ups for optical pumping of Rb vapor where pumping is given in one case by a dye laser pumped by a UV nitrogen laser built in our laboratory according to the Blumlein scheme and in the other case by a semiconductor laser. Major elements that will be discussed are (1) the role of stimulated emission of Rb vapor to increase the pumping efficiency, (2) the fate of resonant photons that are emitted during Rb decays, (3) the role of applied magnetic fields in the efficiency of pumping processes.


Study of plant microfossils and additional macrofossils collected from sediments in the vicinity of Sucker Creek along the Oregon-Idaho boundary has provided additional data on the composition of this fossil flora. A total of seven taxa new to the flora have been recognized. These include colonies of Botryococcus; pollen of Podocarpus, Pachysandra, and the Onagraceae; and leaves of Cephalotaxus californica and Vaccinium sophoroides. The occurrence of Podocarpus in this mid-Miocene flora is particularly significant in view of the limited number of records of this genus in the Tertiary of North America. In addition to these new records, the presence of three additional taxa-Castanea, Nyssa, and Ilex-previously recognized on the basis of leaf remains, is further substantiated by the occurrence of fossil pollen


The purpose is to study the clinical effect of Rusuning Capsules curing proliferation of mammany gland. The method is to give treatment to 23 patients with proliferation of mammany gland. The result is that the effective rate amouts to 95 6%. The conclusion is Rusuning Capsules have a high effective rate and a stable curative effect.


Folk customs are of living culture that people create in life. Their bright formal structure carries with man's pursuit for goodness and truth, which expresses features of beauty. The transcendence of living in and believing in folk customs, in particular, offers a psychological basis of uniform transcendence for aesthetic activity. The unity of "content" and form manifests a "meaningful form"——life activity is not only the essence for primitive, simple folk customs but also the basis of critical aesthetics in modern variations of folk customs. Arts of folk customs show their aesthetic values in: rich local flavor, unique created atmosphere, and constructed national culture.


It is an inevitable trend that pupilary periodicals have to turn to market economy due to social change and economic development.When pupilary periodicals go in for marketing,four transfers are involved,namely,the transfer from traditional management model to the modern one;from the stand of transmitter to that of receiver;from traditional marketing concept to reasonable marketing concept;from traditional operation model to modern environment_protective operation model.


Cobble-stone soil has been applied in high-storey buildings recently because of its excellent engineering properties.Superstructure,raft foundation and ground are a whole,so it's not advisable to adopt traditional concept,without considering the interaction of ground,foundation and structure.In this article,the superstructure analyzed by three-dimensional substructure method was divided into some substructures,which cohered the rigidity and load of the superstructure to raft foundation.Based on test data of dynamic triaxial,a model of cobble-stone foundation soil is obtained.Characteristics of the raft's diversified computing models are explained detailed.An engineering example is simulated by the Finite Element Analysis Method,features about inner force and deformation of the raft in different computing models are obtained in range of the thickness of raft foundations.Good agreement is achieved between the results from the present paper and test data.


Summary form only given. The electronics packaging industry is undergoing dramatic changes due to the market need for increased product functionality, miniaturisation and reliability. According to the ITRS roadmap future higher value systems will combine the latest advances in System on Chip (More-Moore) with the diversification provided by System in Package (More-Than-Moore). System in Package and Wafer Level Packaging, with the introduction of nanotechnology (e.g. Carbon Nanotubes), provides the ability to integrate components with different functions (Digital, Analogue, RF, Optical, MEMS, etc) resulting in greater product functionality all in a smaller space. These trends are placing severe demands on the packaging design engineer in terms of optimising electrical, thermal and reliability performance. Design for X (DfX; X=Manufacturability, Packaging, Test, Reliability, etc) methodologies and associated software tools play a very important part in product design and development. This presentation will discuss the latest trends and developments in design, modelling and simulation for nanopackaging applications. The use of Multi-Physics/scale modelling tools will be discussed and examples provided demonstrating the use of molecular dyanimics and finite element modelling and the coupling techniques used to link results at the atomistic scale to the mico and maco scales.


Based on the comprehensive survey in the central and northern East China Sea near the Yangtze River estuary in November 2010,the distribution of the dissolved inorganic carbon system and air-sea exchange flux of carbon dioxide and its influencing factors were examined in this paper.High DIC was found in the northeast of the investigated area and Yangtze River estuary,whereas DIC content was small and changed gently in the south of the investigated area.The investigated area was mainly affected by the Kuroshio Branch Current which flows from the east part of Taiwan to northeast and Changjiang River Diluted Water.The pCO2 ranged from 40.8 ~ 63.5 Pa with an increasing trend from southeast area to northwest area along the KBCNT.The pCO2in the surface water negatively correlated with temperature and salinity,suggesting that with the increase of the temperature and salinity,the pCO2 decreased,and vice versa.In addition,according to calculation,the net sea-to-air CO2exchange flux in autumn at each station was obtained.It varied from 2.69 to 33.66 mmol/(m2.d) with an average of(14.35 ± 7.06) mmol/(m2.d).Thecarbon flux near the Yangtze River Estuary was higher than that in the south part of the investigated area.Overall,the central and northern East China Sea emitted 2.35×10 4 ± 1.16×10 4 tons of carbon to the atmosphere per day which was a relatively strong source of atmospheric CO 2 in autumn.


The workspace of a new 2SPS + PUP parallel machine tool was analyzed.Firstly,the structure of the 2SPS + PUP parallel machine tool w as introduced briefly,and the simulation manipulator w as built in the three dimensional softw are.Secondly,the w orkspace of the 2SPS + PUP parallel machine tool w as solved using the computer aided variable geometry technique.The w hole w orkspace can be derived by the mirror image method after solving the half w orkspace,for the symmetry structure of the machine tool.Lastly,the w orkspaces of the 2SPS + PUP parallel machine tool and the 2SPS + UP parallel machine tool w ere compared from the aspects of the positional w orkspace and the posture angle.The results show that the 2SPS + PUP parallel machine tool has a larger w orkspace and a w ide application future.


A novel approach for the optimal time slot assignment problem for two SS/TDMA (satellite-switched time division multiple access) satellites interconnected through WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) optical intersatellite links is presented. The protocol principle is time slot allocation of transmissions to earth zones while minimizing the transmission duration. The allocation algorithm accounts for the following factors: (1) each satellite covers an arbitrary number of nondisjoint zones, (2) no onboard buffering at the satellites, (3) parallel intersatellite links obtained by WDM, and (4) the intersatellite link delay. An analogy between the introduced system and the modified openshop scheduling problem is presented. In addition, a heuristic algorithm for the modified openshop problem is presented and compared with an optimal branch-and-bound algorithm.<<ETX>>


Comparison of angular and temporal broadening for 10 pulsars suggests a uniform distribution of scattering material in the interstellar plasma with localized, strong scattering near young supernova remnants. Angular broadening and temporal broadening both measure the integrated strength of scattering along the line of sight, but with different weighting functions. Comparison of the two thus yields information on the distribution of scattering material along the line of sight. We report new measurements of angular diameter for the scattering disks of eight pulsars, and discuss two measurements from the literature. We compare these results with published measurements of temporal broadening


Niosomes are a non-ionic spherical surfactant that is biodegradable, non-toxic, more durable, and cost effective as compare to liposomes. Through niosomes delivery of both hydrophilic and liophilic drug can be achieve very constructively. To achieve targeted drug delivery, drug binds to receptor site and then we can get the therapeutic action without attaching to other sites to prevent the undesirable or side effect of active pharmaceutical ingredient to the systemic circulation, hence niosomes is a very novel drug delivery system by which we can achieve very safe drug delivery at the site of action needed with high efficacy. In this review paper we try to compile all the information related with niosomes like introduction, structure, composition advantages, types, disadvantage, preparation methods, factor affecting, evaluation studies, applications of niosomes, difference between liposomes and niosomes, current available marketed formulation and patents, final conclusion and at last future perspective of niosomes.


The present invention relates to a method of collectively manufacturing cavity and / or membrane (24) having a predetermined thickness d in the wafer called semiconductor on insulator, at least one having a thickness d on an insulating layer comprising a semiconductor surface layer, the insulating layer itself is supported on a substrate, the method, in order to form said cavity and / or film on the surface layer, etching the semiconductor surface layer having a thickness d out a is provided with the step of the insulating layer forms a stop layer.


This paper presents a study of Information Unit administration focusing the information managers' human side, involving the psychological and sociological work dimensions. It aims to make evident a human resources administration scenario in a strategic way. to develop a new vision of personnel management in order to meet their needs of personal and group growth, and to analyze the current managerial practices taking in consideration the challenges that the future will demand from the successful information unit organizations.


Two Acid sites PEG thermoregulated ionic liquid was prepared and used as the catalyst for the esterification of aromatic acid and alcohol.The yield of esterification catalyzed by ionic liquid was 99% in 1 h at 80 ℃ with 0.1%(molar fraction)acidic PEG ionic liquid.The catalyst system could be applied to a wide range of esterification of aromatic acids and alcohols.The ionic liquid has the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous phase at different temperature with a high product yield and the ease of product as well as catalyst separation.The ionic liquid studied plays the role of catalyst and is recycled up to seven times without any significant loss of activity.Morover,by simple phase separation the ionic liquid phase could be re-utilized up to seven times without leaching.


The study addressed three issues: the prospects and constraints of artisanal fishing in selected riverine communities in Delta, and relationship bet ween demographic characteristics of respondents and their economic returns. To achieve this, data were collected from 92 fisher folks and analyzed using frequency distribution, percenta ge, mean and multiple regression analysis. Result showed that the average earning of the respo ndents was N24, 456.52 per month. The major impediments to artisanal fishing were high co st of fishing inputs with a mean score of 3.81, insufficient capital (3. 72), storage problem s (3. 63), spoilage of fish caught (3. 55) and poor catch (3 .53). Age (b= -0.102), sex (b=0.329) and household size (b= 0.166) of the fisher folks has significant influence on income. The stud y recommends improving farmers' access to cheap credit and mobilizing their savings to amelio rate the constraints imposing by inadequate finance as well as providing a joint cold storage f acility in the communities.


Websites are the mean of exploring the information from the internet and have a significance role in the field of internet. Usability also plays an important role in the exploration of the websites. The objective of this paper is to highlight the usability issues in the Bangladesh universities websites and giving the suggestions about the usability of the websites regarding its fulfillment of the rules and provide an easy way for the user to use the website smoothly and with no time consumption. After checking of some parameters regarding the usability of the websites, it was concluded that some websites have the rules fulfillment gap due to which a user is not facilitated properly in exploration these sites. There is one university which completely follows the rules according to the mentioned parameters regarding the usability. It was concluded that all websites should be developed around the fixed rules and regulations and they should strictly follow these rules in facilitating the new and experienced users. GJCST-E Classification : H.3.5 To Highlight the Usability Issues in the Bangladesh Universities Websites Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: To Highlight the Usability Issues in the Bangladesh Universities Websites Muhammad Shahid Khan α & Muhammad Abid Khan σ Abstract Websites are the mean of exploring the information from the internet and have a significance role in the field of internet. Usability also plays an important role in the exploration of the websites. The objective of this paper is to highlight the usability issues in the Bangladesh universities websites and giving the suggestions about the usability of the websites regarding its fulfillment of the rules and provide an easy way for the user to use the website smoothly and with no time consumption. After checking of some parameters regarding the usability of the websites, it was concluded that some websites have the rules fulfillment gap due to which a user is not facilitated properly in exploration these sites. There is one university which completely follows the rules according to the mentioned parameters regarding the usability. It was concluded that all websites should be developed around the fixed rules and regulations and they should strictly follow these rules in facilitating the new and experienced users. Websites are the mean of exploring the information from the internet and have a significance role in the field of internet. Usability also plays an important role in the exploration of the websites. The objective of this paper is to highlight the usability issues in the Bangladesh universities websites and giving the suggestions about the usability of the websites regarding its fulfillment of the rules and provide an easy way for the user to use the website smoothly and with no time consumption. After checking of some parameters regarding the usability of the websites, it was concluded that some websites have the rules fulfillment gap due to which a user is not facilitated properly in exploration these sites. There is one university which completely follows the rules according to the mentioned parameters regarding the usability. It was concluded that all websites should be developed around the fixed rules and regulations and they should strictly follow these rules in facilitating the new and experienced users.


Further to the two BBC programmes, Can Gerry Robinson Fix Dementia Care Homes? (reviews December 2 and 9, letters December 16), it turns out that he cannot.


The Uhlmann connection is a mixed state generalisation of the Berry connection. The latter has a very important role in the study of topological phases at zero temperature. Closely related, the quantum fidelity is an information theoretical quantity which is a measure of distinguishability of quantum states. Moreover, it has been extensively used in the analysis of quantum phase transitions. In this work, we study topological phase transitions in 1D and 2D topological superconductors with long-range hopping and pairing amplitudes, using the fidelity and the quantity closely related to the Uhlmann connection. The drop in the fidelity and the departure of from zero signal the topological phase transitions in the models considered. The analysis of the ground state fidelity susceptibility and its associated critical exponents are also applied to the study of the aforementioned topological phase transitions.


A quantum game is described making use of coins embodied as entangled Fermions in a potential energy well. It is shown that the odds are affected by the Pauli Exclusion Principle. They depend on the elevation in the energy well where the coins are selected, ranging from being a certainty of winning at the bottom of the well to being near classical at the top. These odds differ markedly from those in a classical game in which they are independent of elevation. The thermodynamics counterpart of the quantum game is discussed. It is shown that the temperature of a Maxwellian gas column in a potential energy gradient is independent of elevation. However, the temperature of a Fermion gas is shown to drop with elevation. The game and the gas column utilize the same components. When Fermions are used, a shifting of odds is produced in the game and a shifting of kinetic energy is produced in the thermodynamic experiment, leading to a spontaneous temperature gradient.


The diatom composition on some Charophyceae taxa was investigated in different freshwater ecosystems in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Montenegro during 2007. A total of 91 taxa belonging to 37 genera were identified. The genus Gomphonema with 9 taxa was the most diverse, followed by Navicula (7), Nitzschia, Pinnularia and Gyrosigma (5). The number of taxa at the localities varied from nine in Lake Kalajli on Bjelasnica Mountain to 33 in the Trebižat River (both in Bosnia and Herzegovina). The most frequent taxa (found in more than three localities) were: Amphora ovalis, Cocconeis placentula, Gomphonema coronatum, Melosira varians, Navicula tripunctata, N. radiosa and Ulnaria oxyrhyn chus. In total, 52 taxa appeared only in one particular locality.


ABSTRACT
This study aims to describe the level of lexical density and Lexical Variation in the Think
Globally Act Locally textbook .Source of the data in this study were twenty Reading passage
contained in Think Globally Act Locally Textbook Junior High school. The data of this study
were word and sentences of lexical items and grammatical words to analyze the lexical
density and Lexical Variation. The researcher using formula and D-Tools app to measure lexical
variation. The analysis were divided into five steps. First, Reading each text contained in the
textbook. then Identify which one include in lexical items and which one are grammatical
function. After that lexical and gramatical word will be clasify into the table and determine part
of speech each type of words. The next step is to determine lexical variation using D-Tools by
pasting the text into the text box and begin to analyze D value. The last step is draw the result
and conclude based on guidance level of LD and LV. The research shows the the textbook has
Quite Good proportion of LD and the LV dominant in Low repetition level and has result of
Lexical density are 5 High denses, 11 Quite desnses and 4 low denses, then 7 High, 4 Average
and 9 Low level of Lexical variation. The dominant level of lexical density is quite difficult and
lexical variation is low variation, It means that the textbooks quite easy to understand by junior
high school students and requires emphasis on some text feedback.
Keywords: Lexical Density, Lexical Variation, Lexical Diversity.


The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the UN, in 2015, established a clear global mandate for greater integrated policymaking, but there has been little consensus on how to achieve them. The COVID-19 pandemic amplified the role of policy capacity in mounting this kind of integrated policy response; however, the relationship between pre- and post-pandemic SDG efforts remains largely unexplored. In this article, we seek to address this gap through a conceptual analysis of policy integration and the capacities necessary for its application to the current SDG situation. Building on the literature on policy design, we define policy integration as the process of effectively reconciling policy goals and policy instruments and we offer a typology of policy integration efforts based on the degree of goal and instrument consistency including: policy harmonization, mainstreaming, coordination, and institutionalization. These forms of policy integration dictate the types of strategies that governments need to adopt in order to arrive at a more coherent policy mix. Following the dimensions of policy capacity by Wu et al. (2015), policy capacities are identified that are critical to ensuring successful integration. This information, thus, contributes to both academic- and policy-related debates on policy integration, by advancing conceptual clarity on the different, and sometimes, diverging concepts used in the field.


This work aims to determine the potential for energy efficiency improvement using heat recovery in pressing process in a selected garment industry. The minimization of fuel consumption could be achieved applying waste heat recovery. The improved energy efficiency reduces environmental impact by decreasing heat losses.


Background: Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability. Falling is one of the most common complications after stroke, with a reported prevalence of 14% to 73%. The consequences of falling include hip fractures, soft tissue injuries, fear of falling, hospitalization, increased immobility, and greater disability. Aim of the Study: To investigate the effect of virtual reality training with cognitive load on risk of falling in chronic stroke patients. Procedures: Thirty chronic stroke patients from both sexes with recurrent falling and MoCA score >26, represented the sample of the study. Patients age ranged from 40-65 years, duration of the illness was more than six months from the onset. They were randomly assigned into two equal groups, control group (CG) and study group (SG). The patients in control group (CG) were treated with conventional program of therapeutic exercises for stroke patients with risk of falling. Study group (SG) patients were treated with the same physical therapy program as in CG in addition to virtual reality (VR) balance training (using the Nintendo Wii Fit console) performed in conjunction with Dual task training. The treatment was conducted three sessions per week for four weeks. Pre and post assessment of all variables of falling were done for each patient. Berg Balance Scale(BBS), and The 16-item Fall Efficacy Scale International (FES-I), changes in Gaming Scores in the study group. Results: Post treatment, the results revealed non-significant improvement of Berg Balance Scale(BBS), and The 16-item Fall Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) in control group (CG). In the study groups (SG) there was a significant improvement in all measurements. Also there was a significant difference in gaming scores between the 1 session and the 12 session in the study group. Comparison of the post treatment results of the two groups revealed a significant improvement of study group (SG) compared to control group (CG) in all study measures (P<0.05). Conclusion: Conventional therapeutic exercises alone may be not effective to decrease the risk of falling in stroke patients. Rehabilitation should be multimodal; Virtual reality (VR) balance training (using the Nintendo Wii Fit console) performed in conjunction with Dual task training in addition to conventional balance training are effective to decrease risk of falling in stroke patients. VR balance training (using the Nintendo Wii Fit console) performed in conjunction with Dual task training seem to be favorable approach for decreasing risk of falling in stroke patients. It should be considered as an essential part of the physical therapy program for decreasing risk of falling in stroke patients.


A national sample of 4-year-old preschoolers (N = 1,710) extracted from the 1993 National Household Education Survey (National Center for Education Statistics) was analyzed to investigate factors that influence cognitive readiness. Results indicated that exposure to culture-related activities may ameliorate the absence of a center-based program for low-risk children. For children typically considered to be "at risk," culture-related experiences were associated with (a) higher levels of cognitive development, regardless of program attendance and (b) lower variability in cognitive readiness. This suggests that culture-related activities are potentially more beneficial for at-risk children with initially lower levels of cognitive readiness. Results also suggest that parental involvement is more likely to enhance a child's cognitive development when the activities consist of culture-related activities. This may be attributed to (a) culture-related activities being better ways to enhance the cognitive skill of a child, or (b) a lack of such activities in center-based programs.


Introduction Chapter 1. Terms of Estrangement Chapter 2. Terms of Endearment Chapter 3. Terms of Disparagement Chapter 4. Terms of Entanglement Notes Index Acknowledgments


The increasing acidity of the world's oceans, linked to elevated carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere from anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, is capturing more and more scientific and political attention. The scientific literature has exploded with a fifteen-fold increase in the number of ocean acidification publications from 2004 to 2012 and the number of multi-national and national ocean acidification research projects are ever expanding. The need to mitigate and adapt to ocean acidification has been highlighted in recent UN General Assembly resolutions, and new Sustainable Development Goals agreed to in 2014 include a specific political target to minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification including through enhanced scientific cooperation. Getting a regulatory grip on ocean acidification has not been easy. No international agreement has been negotiated to specifically address ocean acidification. A fragmented array of international agreements, documents and initiatives has emerged having relevance to climate change and ocean acidification. International negotiation efforts for a new agreement by 2015 to control global greenhouse gas emissions have focused on the need to address climate change and rising atmospheric temperatures rather than ocean acidification. This chapter reviews both the scientific and international law and policy dimensions of ocean acidification. Part 1 highlights the surging scientific reality. After reviewing the basic chemistry of ocean acidification, it summarizes the extensive scientific information regarding biological effects and ecosystem-level responses and the numerous scientific uncertainties and information gaps still remaining. Part 2 surveys the international law and policy seascape relevant to ocean acidification and the lagging nature of the regulatory framework to date. Five global dimensions are described and assessed: the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC); the UN climate change regime; marine pollution control instruments; the Convention on Biological Diversity; and relevant UN General Assembly resolutions and processes. The chapter concludes with thoughts on future directions for international law and policy responses to ocean acidification and a summary of key questions looming on the horizon. A review of regional, national and local responses to ocean acidification is beyond the scope of this chapter.


The advance of the final curriculum reform should be implemented in the classroom teaching.This paper is from the teaching idea,teaching quality and teaching art,sense of innovation and learning and study habits,and other conventional aspects of the establishment of classroom teaching quality fuzzy evaluation index system.Examples of classroom also demonstrate Classroom Teaching Quality of fuzzy evaluation.


This article considers the works of I. D. Belyaev, K.N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, N. I. Kostomarov, and M. O. Koyalovicha on the history of medieval Lithuania (11th-14th centuries). The object of research conducted in the article is a complex perception of Lithuania, typical for Russian scientists of the 1850-70s. With the help of the comparative historical method and content analysis, the authors identify the key characteristics underlying the perception of Lithuania in the scientific discourse of the 1850-70s. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of attitudes affecting the representation of Lithuania's past by the authors. The authors of the 1850-70s study Lithuania's past in the context of the history of western Russia rather than an independent object. Special attention is paid to the process of formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lithuanian State of the 14th century is perceived as "ours" in the historiography of the second half of the 19th century. The main thesis of Russian scientists in line with their Slavophile positions Is that Russian culture is more developed than Lithuanian and more promising for the Balts than the Polish one.