Language comprehension is a complex process that requires rapid integration of information at multiple levels (Carreiras and Clifton, 2004; Jelaska, 2021). The automatic, unconscious aspect of this process is called language processing. The ultimate goal of comprehension is to interpret a linguistic structure, i.e. to create a mental representation of the meaning of that structure based on linguistic knowledge, world knowledge and the features of the immediate linguistic and extra-linguistic context (Harley, 2014; Raffaelli, 2015). One of the prerequisites for successful language comprehension is the ability to establish anaphora. Anaphora refers to the relationship between two elements in a sentence or text, where the interpretation of one element (anaphor) depends on the interpretation of the preceding element (antecedent) (Crystal, 2008). Anaphora has been one of the central topics in linguistics for several decades, including theoretical linguistics, experimental linguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and computational linguistics (Huang, 2000; Holler and Suckow, 2016). Research on anaphora is generally experimental and focuses on 3rd person anaphoric pronouns at the sentence level. However, the phenomenon itself is complex, as the reference can be ambiguous, i.e. when pronoun and antecedent agree in morphosyntactic features. Due to typological differences between languages, it is difficult to draw conclusions about what determines pronoun ambiguity resolution (Hemforth et al., 2010). In pro-drop languages, pronouns can be omitted and reference can be made either in the presence or in the absence of the pronoun. Moreover, studies have shown that there are differences in pronoun ambiguity resolution preferences even between speakers of typologically similar languages such as Italian and Spanish (see Filiaci, Sorace and Carreiras, 2014). Although research on this phenomenon is extensive, many questions remain unanswered: How do speakers resolve pronoun ambiguity resolution? What is the cause of language-specific and/or cross-linguistic differences in pronoun ambiguity resolution? What mental processes underlie pronoun ambiguity resolution during sentence processing? What factors determine the final choice of antecedent? By studying pronoun ambiguity resolution, one can gain insight into the nature of language comprehension in general, as this phenomenon can reveal what information triggers sentence processing at different levels and influences the final sentence interpretation. Many studies have attributed an important role to the notion of salience in pronoun ambiguity resolution. The most salient antecedent is more accessible in the speaker's mind, i.e. it is the focus of attention and it is referred to by the 3rd person pronoun (Arnold and Lao, 2015). Psychological studies of perception confirm that attentional processes in the brain make decisions about which information is crucial for further processing, thus reducing processing effort (Wolfe and Horowitz, 2004). Different theoretical approaches have been developed to explain which factors influence salience and thus contribute to pronoun ambiguity resolution. Formal approaches are based on structural factors and assume that pronoun ambiguity resolution is determined by the correlation between the grammatical role of the antecedent and the type of anaphor (Ariel, 1990; Walker, Joshi and Prince, 1998; Carminati, 2002). The most phonologically reduced and less informative anaphors, such as 3rd person pronoun, are used to refer to the most salient antecedent. Salience is influenced by the grammatical role, according to the scale subject > object > other. In English, a non-pro-drop language, the 3rd person pronoun is the most reduced anaphor and is used to refer to the most salient antecedent, i.e. the subject. In pro-drop languages, the most salient antecedent is referred to in the absence of the 3rd person pronoun, while the less salient antecedent is referred to in the presence of the 3rd person pronoun. Previous studies have mostly considered the complementary distribution in pronoun ambiguity resolution in pro-drop languages as universal. However, some studies question the generalisability of this hypothesis and reveal language-specific preferences (Filiaci, Sorace and Carreiras, 2014). Semantic approaches are based on factors such as implicit causality verb bias and coherence relations (Kehler, 2002; Koornneef and van Berkum, 2006). Implicit causality verbs influence pronoun ambiguity resolution by directing the speaker's attention to the antecedent that is likely to be the cause of the event or state. Since this depends on individual preferences, the direction (subject- or object-biased) and strength (from weak to strong) of the bias vary. Although the implicit causality bias is considered universal, cross-linguistic differences in the direction and strength of the bias have been found, and not many languages have been studied (see Hartshorne, Sudo and Uruwashi, 2013). However, these theoretical approaches prove insufficient, as they focus on only one type of factor and disregard the potential relationship between factors and their influence on pronoun ambiguity resolution. Formal approaches do not take into account meaning as a relevant factor and assume that pronoun ambiguity resolution occurs during the structural representation of the sentence, thus separating the structural from the semantic level of the sentence. Semantic approaches, on the other hand, pay no attention to the importance of structural factors and ignore the fact that the presence or the absence of the 3rd person pronoun also contributes to the meaning of the sentence. The studies conducted within these approaches have mostly used offline methods. When pronoun ambiguity resolution has been studied using online methods, the relationship between the factors has not been closely examined. The probabilistic approach (Kehler et al., 2008; Kehler and Rohde, 2013a, 2013b) is based on the assumption that pronoun ambiguity resolution is determined by the interaction of two factors – the implicit causality bias (semantic factor) and the pronoun bias (structural factor). Apart from considering both factors, pronoun ambiguity resolution is explained from the perspective of both language processing and the final choice of antecedent. Pronoun ambiguity resolution is seen as an incremental and predictive process based on the likelihood that each of the factors plays a role. Based on implicit causality verbs, speakers can predict already at the beginning of the sentence which verb argument (subject or object) is likely to be re-mentioned. When speakers encounter the pronoun (or the part of the sentence in which the pronoun is omitted), they integrate their prior predictions made based on the implicit causality bias with those made based on the pronoun bias. In pro-drop languages, the absence of the pronoun leads to a bias towards the subject antecedent, while the presence of the pronoun leads to a bias towards the object antecedent. When the biases are inconsistent (i.e., they indicate the antecedent with a different grammatical role), processing effort occurs. Final preferences are largely influenced by the implicit causality verbs and the meaning of the entire sentence but can be modulated in interaction with pronoun bias. The probabilistic approach offers a more comprehensive view of the phenomenon from (a) a linguistic point of view, as it allows us to observe the relationship between the factors that are assumed to contribute to salience in language comprehension, and (b) from a methodological point of view, as it allows us to examine how the relationship between these factors influences pronoun ambiguity resolution during sentence processing and the final interpretation of the sentence. However, the approach was initially developed for English and does not further explain the phenomenon from a cross-linguistic perspective (Rohde and Kehler, 2013b). The results of previous studies in pro-drop languages are rather inconsistent, and a systematic understanding of how the pro-drop feature contributes to pronoun ambiguity resolution is still lacking (Fedele and Kaiser, 2015; Ueno and Kehler, 2016; Mayol, 2018; Zhan, Kehler and Levy, 2020). The methodological inconsistency of previous studies calls for new studies that test the theoretical assumptions of the probabilistic approach using both online and offline methods. There are no comprehensive studies on pronoun dropping in Croatian, nor on the interplay of factors influencing this phenomenon or their effects on sentence comprehension in general. Aims and hypotheses: The aim of this study was to investigate the ambiguity resolution of the 3rd person anaphoric pronoun in Croatian, a pro-drop language, both during sentence processing and in the final choice of antecedent. Pronoun ambiguity resolution was observed within the probabilistic approach by considering the implicit causality verb bias as a semantic factor and the pronoun bias, i.e. the absence or presence of the 3rd person pronoun, as a structural factor. Several research questions were posed and hypotheses were formulated: 1) Is the pronoun ambiguity resolution during sentence processing determined by the interaction of implicit causality bias and pronoun bias in accordance with the assumed direction of these biases? (Experiment 1) 2) When does the effect of implicit causality bias occur in pronoun ambiguity resolution during sentence processing? (Experiment 2) 3) Is the final choice of antecedent determined by the interaction of implicit causality bias and pronoun bias in accordance with the assumed direction of these biases? (Experiment 3) 4) Which of the two factors – implicit causality bias or pronoun bias – has a greater effect on the final choice of antecedent? (Experiment 3) 5) Is the final choice of antecedent in the sentences without implicit causality verbs determi


: Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of total and subtotal thyroidectomy (STT) for benign bilateral multinodular goiter in terms of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (RLNP) and hypoparathyroidism. Study design: A quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration: In the Surgical department of Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi for one year duration from March 2018 to March 2019. Methods: 60 total volunteers with bilateral multinodular goiter were divided into 2 groups as A and B (30 patients in each group). Total thyroidectomy was done in group A patients and patients under STT in B group. The non-probability purposive sample technique was used. Demographic details, operation indications, biochemical results, complications and duration of surgery were observed for each group. Results: There was no noteworthy variation between the two groups in terms of sex, age, hormonal status or goiter duration (P = 0.74, P = 0.123, P = 0.509 and P = 0.6, correspondingly). The mean working time for TTT and STT was longer (138 ± 30 min, 112 ± 33 min, P = 0.046). Transient RLNP or HPT occurred in 3 (9.9%) or 6 (20%) of 6 patients, in 3 (6.6%) or 3 (9.9%) patients undergoing STT (P = 0.64). and P = 0.278, respectively). Permanent RLNP was noted in none of the patients in the TT group and in HPT compared to none of the complications in the STT group (P = 0.313 for persistent HPT). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that TT can be achieved without raising the risk of complications and is taken as substitute for benign MNG, mainly in endemic areas with very large multinodular goiter. Histopathologic examination of the thyroid specimen revealed incidental thyroid cancer in 2 patients in group A (1 papillary and 1 follicular). In group B, only one patient had incidental carcinoma of follicular diversity. Complications examined in the treatment groups Table no. 5.


Buffering and Deflection routing are two commonly methods used in resolving packet contention in the crossbar switches between levels in a hierarchical ring interconnection networks. However, each method is limited its own ways. To improve the performance, we propose a new hybrid routing algorithm which uses both buffering and deflection. Our extensive simulation results show that this combined protocol provides better performance than its pure counterparts for both H2 and H3 ring networks. It is able to achieve a lower latency and support a higher traffic rate, which makes it the protocol of choice for resolving packet contention in ring networks.


Coronary heart disease is the third leading cause of death each year and the number of patients with coronary heart disease growing. Due to the rise of the disease, we need a tool for early detection of heart abnormalities that coronary heart disease. For research on electronic detection, a preliminary study on cardiac signals is needed. Coronary Heart Disease has been explored with certain specifications, information on the frequency and time distribution by using Wigner - Ville and the result that the frequency detected of 200 Hz, which is the specification of coronary heart disease with left ventricular hypertrophy abnormal values obtained repolyzation characteristic frequency range between 200-550 Hz, and the time interval 50-100 ms, coronary heart disease with specifications lateral inferior infarct and ishemic has a value characteristic frequency range of 200-500 Hz and the time interval 50-150 ms, coronary artery infarct with inferior specifications, ishemic and sinus rhythm the initial frequency of ventricular complexes have characteristic value interval 20-350 Hz frequency and time interval 50-250 ms.


Researching on short circuit detection technology based on current variance ratio,we get a theory of short circuit detection protecting based on current variance ratio.New technology thought and theory basis were adopted,comparing with present theory on short circuit detection,the division problem of the variety fault current waveform between short circuit and others,and the problem of identifying break current waveform of short circuit from disturbance were solved.A mathematical model was made,and the reliability of real product based on this theory was validated.


Persons with disability had been existed in the world since human being existed thousands years ago. They have to make some simple devices to compensate lost functions in order to exist in the world. Those are called as ancient assistive products. The history of assistive products is summarized in the paper based on collected some literatures and divided into three stages, i.e., ancient, middle and modern.


We present optical spectroscopic identification of sources identified in the BeppoSAX MECS fields of the High Energy LLarge Area Survey (HELLAS). In total 62 sources from a sample of 115 brighter than F_{5-10keV}>5x10^{-14} cgs have been identified. We find a density of 13-21 sources/deg^2 at F_{5-10keV}>5x10^{-14} cgs, which contribute to 20-30 % of the hard X-ray background. Evidences are found for type 1 AGN being more absorbed with increasing redshift or luminosity. The low redshift (z<0.2) ratio of type 2 to type 1 AGN is 3+/-1.5, in agreement with the unified models for AGN. The luminosity function of type 1 AGN in the 2-10 keV band is preliminary fitted by a two-power law function evolving according to a pure luminosity evolution model: L~(1+z)^{2.2}.


The interlayer gallery between two adjacent sheets of van der Waals materials is expected to modify properties of atoms and molecules confined at the atomic interfaces. Here, we directly image individual hydrogen atom intercalated between two graphene sheets and investigate its dynamics by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). The intercalated hydrogen atom is found to be remarkably different from atomic hydrogen chemisorbed on the external surface of graphene. Our STM measurements, complemented by first-principles calculations, show that the hydrogen atom intercalated between two graphene sheets has dramatically reduced potential barriers for elementary migration steps. Especially, the confined atomic hydrogen dissociation energy from one of the graphene sheet is reduced to 0.34 eV, which is only about a third of a hydrogen atom chemisorbed on the external surface of graphene. This offers a unique platform for direct imaging of the atomic dynamics of confined atoms. Our results suggest that the atomic interfaces of van der Waals materials provide a confined environment to tune the dynamics process of confined atoms or molecules.


TEA originated in China and spread to the rest of the world long ago. It is more than a popular beverage—it is a delicacy which can be both eaten and drunk, and around which many customs and rituals have been formed. Historical records show that tea leaves were first eaten, starting from the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 B.C.). They were not steeped as a beverage until the early Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-23 A.D.). More formal tea-drinking rituals


A Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT) system, one of tomography systems with non-invasive modality, which uses magnetic field induction to reconstruct the distribution of electrical conductivity in an object material has been developed. MIT is a low resolution tomography technique based on the rate of changes in the magnetic flux due to the test material with respect to the main alternating magnetic flux. In this study, the MIT system was designed using 12 receiver and transmitter coils, with an excitation signal in the form of a sinusoidal electrical signal with amplitude of 5 V, frequency of 2 MHz. The coil used has 100 turns of copper wire, with inner diameter of 15.5 mm, and length of 4 cm. Coils are arranged in a circle with an inner diameter of 12 cm and each coil forms a 30 degree angle to each other. The magnitude of the induced electrical voltage at the receiving coil that is influenced by the rate of change of magnetic flux on the transmitter coil, is also affected by the permeability of the medium between the transmitter and receiver coil. The induction electrical voltage on the receiving coils are measured by the MIT data acquisition system, and then the image reconstruction process is carried-out based on those data. This MIT system has been tested by placing an object material in the form of an empty cylindrical iron and also an empty box-shaped iron. This research has been able to get the 2D reconstruction image in accordance with the actual shape of the test material object but not yet perfect.


The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different pre-germination treatments in castor beans, IAC 226. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 4 x 4 (four temperatures and four immersion times), with four replications. Pre-germination treatments were: immersion in water at room temperature (25 oC) and immersion in hot water at temperatures of 60, 70 and 80 °C for 2, 4, 6 and 8 minutes. Water content of the seeds was determined before treatments. Before and after each treatment, seeds were subjected to germination test, 20-30 oC alternating temperature, determining the percentages of normal and abnormal seedlings, dormant and dead seeds. Independent of time, immersion in 70 oC, water Vol18-3Fbn_Maquetación 1 25/11/13 20:45 Página 473


According to the problems of BTCA or ACT for crease resist finishing agent alone, a mixing system composed of BTCA and ACT for crease resist finishing of cotton fabrics is suggested. The tests show that ACT can not only crosslink with cellulose and accelerate esterification of BTCA with cellulose through its thermolysis products, but also improve the breaking strength of treated fabrics. The BTCA/ACT system can impart a reasonable effect on treated fabrics both in WRA and breaking strength.


The paper examines the effect of foreign capital entry on the cost and profit structure of commercial banking in Thailand with using a bank-level panel data in 1999 2014. We distinguish the dimensions of the market-level effect and the individual bank-level effect in foreign entry and find that an increase of bank-level foreign ownership results in increase of interest rate spread and improvement of loan quality, but at the same time, increase of operational expenses. On the other hand, the market-level foreign bank entry brings an increase of interest rate spread, non-interest income and reduce of operation expenses, realizing higher ROA as a result. Overall, foreign bank entry improves banking performance. JEL Classification Codes: G21, O16, O53


Source Citation Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Price JF, et al. Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: a study of incident cancers during randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2012;379:1591-...


This paper provides a historical-philosophical definition of the idea of the state. It covers the rise of the idea of the state in the early modern enlightenment, including Hobbes, Pufendorf, Locke and Rousseau. Several elements are briefly discussed including the role of religion, the rule of law and bureaucracy. Originally delivered as a lecture on ideas in politics, the paper provides an introduction to the idea of the state.


Applications of machine vision techniques are prevalent for quality inspection of foods. For safety inspection of fruits such as apples to detect biological contaminants, a method to capture and reconstruct a whole-surface of apple is needed. In this paper, we present a reconstruction method for whole-surface imaging of apples with the use of a line-scan hyperspectral imaging technique. In addition, the development of online whole-surface inspection technology for round-fruits is presented.


Salmonellosis is the most frequently occurring bacterial foodborne illness in the United States and the human case rate has not improved for the past two decades. The federal agency responsible for oversight of meat and poultry processors has announced the intent to extend existing pathogen reduction performance standards for Salmonella spp. to cover all classes of products including fermented sausages that are currently produced under HACCP plans that are validated for control of Escherichia coli O157:H7. The proposed regulatory modifications will require processors to revalidate HACCP plan controls to achieve either a 6.5 or a 7.0 log10 inactivation of the salmonellae. Validated and accepted predictive microbial inactivation models that may be used to estimate the inactivation effects achieved for different product formulations under different processing conditions hold the potential to substantially reduce the impact that the proposed regulatory changes might have on the industry. This review examines the history of food preservation; the history of fermented sausages; the pepperoni production process; the food safety hazards most often associated with fermented sausage products; recent outbreaks of illness associated with fermented meat products; and the process controls that may be employed to prevent foodborne illness from consumption of fermented sausage products. The papers intended for publication will be beneficial to processors of pepperoni, providing a modeled estimate of the log10 reductions achieved under a variety of processing conditions. This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. Dissertation Director: _______________________________________ Dr. John Marcy Dissertation Committee: _______________________________________ Dr. James Denton _______________________________________ Dr. H.L. Goodwin _______________________________________ Dr. Richard Linton _______________________________________ Dr. Michael Slavik DISSERTATION DUPLICATION RELEASE I hereby authorize the University of Arkansas Libraries to duplicate this dissertation when needed for research and/or scholarship: Agreed _________________________________________ Scott Donald Stillwell Refused ________________________________________ Scott Donald Stillwell


This paper develops a super element that simulates the elastic behavior around an inclusion corner. The super inclusion corner element is finally incorporated with standard four-node hybrid-stress elements to constitute an ad hoc hybrid-stress finite element method for thermo-elastic stress analysis of an irregular inclusion in isotropic materials under thermal and mechanical loadings. In the numerical analysis, generalized stress intensity factors at the inclusion corner are systematically calculated for various material stiffness ratio and dimensions of the inclusion in a plate subjected to thermo-mechanical loadings. Much attention has been paid to inclusion problems by many researchers since Eshelby's first solution to the ellipsoidal inclusion problems. The application background is found in microstructures, composite material structures and others. As the stress intensity at an inclusion corner is governed by the corner surrounding material properties, the corner geometry conditions and loading situations, great mathematical difficulties are usually encountered in analytical solutions. Therefore, most complicated engineering problems of inclusions have to resort to numerical methods such as the finite element method (FEM) and others. Chen (1) used the body force method to calculate stress intensity factors (SIFs). The SIFs for a dissimilar material wedge under mechanical and thermal loads were determined by using the least square method (2-4). Path-independent conservative line integrals derived from Betti's reciprocal principle were utilized to evaluate stress intensities at the interface (5-7). The solutions from the aforementioned methods are strongly dependent on the number of element meshes. Furthermore, it is very difficult to obtain accurate numerical results for singular stress states near the apex in dissimilar materials using the conventional finite element method, even with the help of many finite


Copolymer obtained by copolymerization of at least: - a non-polar monomer (ai) having the following formula (I) with u = 0 or 1, w = 0 or 1, E = -O- or -NH (Z) -, or -O-CO- or -NH-CO- or -CO-NH-, where Z is H or an alkyl group C1-C6, provided that when E = -O-CO- E is connected to the vinyl carbon via the oxygen atom, G represents a group selected from C1-C34, an aromatic ring, an aralkyl having at least one aromatic ring and at least one alkyl group C1-C34, and - a polar monomer ( mb) selected from and monomers derived from styrene or alpha-methylstyrene which the aromatic ring is substituted by at least one R moiety, said R group being selected from: • a group Q, and • a hydrocarbon chain C1 to C12 substituted by at least one Q group, said group Q being selected from the group consisting of: - the groups comprising from 1 to 40 atoms selected from C, N, and optionally O, and comprising at least one primary amine, secondary or tertiary, and - quaternary ammonium. Use of this copolymer as a detergent fuel additive.


800x600 Study aimed to identify the meanings of breastfeeding for mothers, nursing mothers and their friends and neighbors in family life. Qualitative research conducted in Jequie / Bahia / Brazil in the homes of 05 women, nursing mothers and 05 neighbors and / or friends enrolled in a Family Health Unit. The technique of data collection was guided by the semistructured interview form, and ecomap Thrower Circle. The data were analyzed according to thematic content analysis. The results showed that women, nursing mothers and their friends and / or neighbors have ambiguous meanings about breastfeeding and trying to overcome the complicated experience, now seeking solutions for themselves, they are now receiving support from family, friends and/or neighbors. We conclude that the experience the breastfeeding experience is permeated by positive and negative feelings. Health professionals need to discuss aspects involving breastfeeding in its various facets , and through these discussions promote reflection on the reasons that make breastfeeding a negative experience and help them solve the problems , this time involving not only the women , nursing mothers , but especially the primary social support network among these friends and neighbors. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Stability bearing capacity analyses of cold-formed purlins with conventional specification and span are performed under wind uplift load. The analyses are performed on the stability bearing capacity of C- and Z-shaped simply supported purlins. The comparison indicate that the formulas of specification are considered to be conservative between results of finite element method and that of design formulas in Technical specification for steel structure of light-weight buildings with gabled frames CECS 102:2002. Based on the analysis, applicable design formula and method for simply supported purlins are suggested.


Binmore, K. 1999. Why experiment in economics? The Economic Journal 109: F16–24. Guala, F. 2005. The Methodology of Experimental Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jones, M. K. 2008. On the autonomy of experiments in economics. Journal of Economic Methodology 15: 391–407. Plott, C. R. 1995. Rational individual behaviour in markets and social choice processes: the discovered preference hypothesis. In The Rational Foundations of Economic Behaviour, ed. K. J. Arrow, E. Columbatto, M. Perlman and C. Schmidt, 225–250. London: Macmillan Press. Schram, A. 2005. Artificiality: The tension between internal and external validity in economic experiments. Journal of Economic Methodology 12: 225–237.


Background: So far, the cumulative installed capacity of wind power projects in India is far below their gross potential (≤ 15%) despite very high level of policy support, tax benefits, long term financing schemes etc., for more than 10 years etc. One of the major barriers is the high costs of investments in these systems. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol provides industrialized countries with an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries to achieve a reduction in CO2 emissions at lowest cost that also promotes sustainable development in the host country. Wind power projects could be of interest under the CDM because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to sustainable rural development, if developed correctly. Results: Our estimates indicate that there is a vast theoretical potential of CO2 mitigation by the use of wind energy in India. The annual potential Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs) of wind power projects in India could theoretically reach 86 million. Under more realistic assumptions about diffusion of wind power projects based on past experiences with the government-run programmes, annual CER volumes by 2012 could reach 41 to 67 million and 78 to 83 million by 2020. Conclusion: The projections based on the past diffusion trend indicate that in India, even with highly favorable assumptions, the dissemination of wind power projects is not likely to reach its maximum estimated potential in another 15 years. CDM could help to achieve the maximum utilization potential more rapidly as compared to the current diffusion trend if supportive policies are introduced. Background: Indian Energy Demand, Wind Energy Technology, Technical Potential of Wind Energy and its Support in India The global energy demand is expected to grow at a staggering rate in the next 30 years. The International Energy Agency [1] predicts that the world's energy needs will be almost 60% higher in 2030 than they are now. Two-thirds of this increase will arise in China, India and other rapidly developing economies, which will account for almost half the energy consumption by 2030. Sharp increases in world energy demand will trigger important investments in generating capacity and grid infrastructure. According Published: 30 July 2007 Carbon Balance and Management 2007, 2:8 doi:10.1186/1750-0680-2-8 Received: 11 April 2007 Accepted: 30 July 2007 This article is available from: http://www.cbmjournal.com/content/2/1/8 © 2007 Purohit and Michaelowa; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


As a potential material for high temperature services, the mechanical properties and microstructure of the directionally solidified oxide eutectic alloys have been investigated. Currently, Waku et al. fabricated D.S. Al2O3-YAG eutectic composites. In this study, to improve the fracture toughness of this composites, the test specimens of SiC whisker or fiber / Al2O3-YAG composites were prepared by arc-melting or high frequency melting. In order to determine the chemical reaction between βSiC and eutectic liquid phase, EPMA, XRD and MDG analyses were carried out. As a results, the following reaction was estimated. αAl2O3 + YAG + βSiC <=> Al(liq.) + Si(liq.) + (Si, Y) Carbide + CO(gas) To prevent βSiC from oxidization, it is found that the pressure of CO gas should be larger than 4.43 atm at 2373 K. On the mechanical properties of the composites, micro-Vickers hardness, Hv of the Al2O3-YAG and the SiCw/ Al2O3-YAG composites are 1450 and 1680 respectively. The estimated fracture toughness K1C of the composites by the indentation fracture method was approximately 9 MPa.m.


Abstract : Groups of male and female Fischer 344 rats, C-57-BL mice and Syrian Golden hamsters were dosed with 5-hydroxy-JP-10 and 5-keto-JP-10, the metabolites of the cruise missile fuel JP-10, in order to study their toxicity. 5-Hydroxy-JP-10 proved to be an extremely toxic central nervous system depressant. The effects of 5-hydroxy-JP-10 on weight gain appeared to be most pronounced in the male rat. 5-Keto-JP-10, because it is absorbed less readily than 5-Hydroxy-JP-10, appeared to be relatively non-toxic. Neither of the JP-10 metabolites produced nephrotoxic effects in the doses administered.


In this study, Marangoni flows effects on heat pipe performances are explored. Recent results dealing with computations of the meniscus shape in a wedge are extended to take into account a nonzero flow rate, caused by the liquid mass lost at the evaporator and supplied by the vapor condensation at the opposite side. Moreover "inverse Marangoni effects" (prevailing in some binary mixtures) are investigated. Dry-out conditions have been computed for different flow rates and surface tension gradients. Results show that while dry-out occurrence is anticipated by the usual Marangoni effect, as illustrated by Yang and Homsy [Phys. Fluids18, 042107 (2006)], an inverse Marangoni effect is beneficial and dry-out conditions are delayed at much larger heating rates.


This study demonstrates the utility of a HYBRID psychometric model, which incorporates both item response theoretic and latent class models, for detecting test speededness. The model isolates where in a sequence of test items examinee response patterns shift from one providing reasonable estimates of ability to those best characterized by a random response pattern. The study applied the HYBRID model to three distinct data sets: (1) simulated data representing the performance of 3,000 examinees on a 70-item test; (2) data from a statewide field test (n=5,997) of a 40-item reading comprehension test with a fixed time limit; and (3) data from a study of urban university students (n=752) who took a similar 40-item reading comprehension test under varying time limits. The HYBRID model successfully identified "switch points" in examinees' item response patterns in all three data sets. This paper discusses applications of the model used to detect speededness and to provide adjusted estimates of item parameters and examinee abilities. (Contains 4 tables, 4 figures, and 38 references.) (Author) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to assess whether prone or supine imaging provides superior small-bowel loop distention during MRI small-bowel follow-through examinations and whether either position is better with regard to lesion detection and evaluation.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Forty consecutively enrolled clinically referred patients with known or suspected small-bowel abnormalities prospectively underwent 62 MRI small-bowel follow-through examinations in both the prone and the supine positions. Images were blindly and independently reviewed by two observers. Each small-bowel segment was assessed with a 3-point scoring system, and differences in bowel distention in the prone and supine positions were evaluated with a paired Wilcoxon's test. Differences between rates of lesion detection and characterization (e.g., ulceration, stricturing) were analyzed with a paired Student's t test. Interobserver agreement was estimated with the kappa coefficient.

RESULTS
In both normal and diseased small bowel, the prone position had statistically significantly higher distention scores than did the supine position (p < 0.05) with a high level of interobserver agreement. This finding, however, did not translate into improved lesion detection or characterization (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION
Although use of the prone position results in superior small-bowel distention during MRI small-bowel follow-through, both the prone and supine positions are equal in terms of lesion detection and feature visualization.


The preparation and performance measuring of the large size dye-sensitized nanoTiO2 solar battery with liquor recharging holes,channels and storage pool are investigated.Two piece batteries in 8cm×10cm and 9 pieces in 9cm×9cm are made and the modules are assembled in series connecting and parallel connecting.The results show that the Isc and Voc of the batteries are ranged in 16.3~28.4mA and 422.3~608.3mV,respectively.The Isc and Voc of the module assembled by two piece 8cm×10cm batteries in series connecting are 17.1mA and 1100mV,respectively, and 33.0mA and 546.2mV for parallel connecting module.The Isc and Voc of the modules assembled by 4 piece 9cm×9cm batteries in series,parallel and series-parallel connecting are 18.7mA and 2060mV,60.7mA and 501.0mV,36.1mA and 993.2mV,respectively.The modules can be used to drive the mini electric fan.


Introduction
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most frequent functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract.  Main symptoms are recurring stomach ache connected with defecation, changes of frequency of defecation and/or stool's consistency. Cause of IBS is still unknown unlike its pathomechanism. Continuous research allows doctors to understand and treat it better.
Discussion
Diagnosing IBS might be difficult even for the most experienced doctors due to its uncharacteristic symptoms. Therefore diagnosis should be made by using Rome IV Criteria. IBS is divided into 4 subtypes  basing on clinical picture: IBS with predominant constipation, IBS with predominant diarrhea, IBS with mixed bowel habits and IBS unclassified. Classification is being performed with the use of Bristol Stool Chart. Choice of remedy should be made depending on the subtype of IBS. Pharmacological treatment is symptomatic and focuses on relieving pain, diarrhea, constipation and bloating. Drugs that can be used are: loperamide, rifaximin, antispasmodic (e.g. hyoscine), antidepressants or laxatives. Treatment should also contain nonpharmacological methods. Nonpharmacological techniques which are proved to help patients contain regular physical activity, body mass reduction, low-FODMAP diet, using probiotics, psychotherapy and supplementing soluble fibre.
Conclusions
IBS is a big issue for public health as it is lowering quality of life and is generating big indirect costs. Difficulties in diagnosing are increasing those costs. That's why it is of high importance to find more effective therapy. Raising awareness among doctors is crucial as plenty of methods are available to treat the disease which allows to reduce symptoms and costs.


nprecedented losses associated with adverse events suchas natural disasters and cyber-attacks have focusedattention on new approaches to mitigating damages. Whereasthe dominant analytic and governance paradigm of the lastseveral decades has been risk analysis, recently rhetoric hasshifted toward the necessity of understanding and designing forresilience.


Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of color Doppler ultrasonography with high frenquency probe in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) following chronic renal failure. Methods To study the relationship among parathyroid number, diameter, perimeter, area and blood flow perfusion detected by high frenquency ultrasond and the serum level of calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) of 96 chronic renal failure patients. Results Totally 132 hyperplastic parathyroids were detected in 96 patients, average number of which was (1.9±0.7), average diameter was (0.63±0.43)cm, average perimeter was (2.03±1.18)cm, and average area was (0.46±0.36)cm2. The hyperplastic parathyroids were mostly located in lower pole of thyroid, hypoechoic, variety shape and rich color flow. There was no statistic difference among groups of different number of hyperplastic parathyroid in serum level of calcium, phosphate, PTH and calcium-phosphorus product. The indices representing parathyroid size, such as diameter, perimeter and area were positive related to the serum level of calcium and PTH, but not related to the serum level of phosphorus. Conclusion High frequency color ultrasound was an effective imaging method in SHP diagnosis and therapy, which indices of parathyroid diameter, perimeter and area were positively related to the serum level of calcium and PTH, and indirectly reflected the state of SHP.


Due to the opportunities that it offers, the Internet enriches and transforms traditional journalism with innovations and poses some risks in terms of sustainability. In the future, this area seems to be the main source of success because of the innovations redounded to journalism due to its technological supremacy. It maintains its dominancy due to the easiness such as allowing access to the news and controlling the news source by establishing different links, intelligence and research, reporting, verifying and storing the distributed speed and information and also allowing the newspapers being archived themselves. The problem of digital diversification on the status and use of information communication technologies as well as existing digital immigrants remains a structural obstacle today. The reliable place of journalism in society is due to the fact that it is easier for people who are technologically distant to access information. However, the speed of internet journalism, the use of multimedia, interaction, easy publishing and distribution of news, instant updating, unlimited space and time constraints have facilitated the digital orientation of computer literate individuals. However, even though the excess information loading affects the reliability of readers' ethical problems in news production, it is a fact that traditional journalism is in a transformation. In this study; the perspectives of individuals from different socioeconomic sections on traditional journalism and internet journalism were evaluated. The data was obtained by applying a questionnaire survey to 350 individuals selected by cluster sampling method. Significant relations were found between the socioeconomic levels of the individuals and other demographic features as well as access to newspapers, reading the daily newspapers, using the internet to access the newspaper, accessing various online news and traditional newspaper preferences, newsletters to follow newspapers, and interest in traditional journalism.


Suakin island has been one of East Africa's most important ports for trade with Egypt, India, Arabia Indian Ocean countries on the Red Sea coast since ancient times. However, Suakin's star, both commercially and architecturally, shone after being taken under Ottoman administration. According to literature, since the XVIth century, settlements made of wood have been replaced by buildings from coral. It is believed that the Ottoman Empire influenced this change by providing a safe environment, constructing various buildings for the city's needs, and building a mansion for the pasha assigned to the city. Although there was no "Turkification" effort in the reconstruction activities in general, the administrative and commercial activities carried out across three continents caused architectural elements to be carried between the regions and sometimes, develop a new version. Architectural elements combined with Islamic culture and tradition kept up with local styles. The houses are known as Hurşid Effendi and Pasha's House in Suakin as best examples.


[Objective] To discover the best wax apple juice beverage production process.[Method] Taking fresh wax apples as raw materials,some important problems in the processing of beverages including juice yield,stability and flavor of beverages were studied.[Result] Orthogonal tests results showed that the best conditions for hydrolysis of wax apple juice drink were 0.1% pectinase at 60 ℃ stewing for 1.5 h;under these conditions,the beverage could achieve the desired juice yield rate.Adding 0.12% xanthan gum and 0.12% CMC-Na compound stabilizer can optimize the stability of the beverage.The best formula of wax apple juice beverage was showed as following:wax apple juice 40 ml,white sugar 4 ml,citric acid 0.08 ml,honey 0.1 ml.[Conclusion] Wax apple juice beverage which was made in this study got good color and luster,flavor and nutrition value,with low production cost,so it worth to be spread in market.


A compehtive lmmunoassay for the detection of spnng viraema of carp vlrus (SVCV) antibodies in fish was developed in order to screen fish stocks for previous exposure to the virus SVCV has been isolated from different fish species and the use of a competitive immunoassay overcomes the requirement of standard immunoassays for antisera prepared against the immunoglobulin of each species under test instead, the test fish serum competes with an antiserum against SVCV for binding sites on the virus The competitive assay was developed and tested using sera from common carp containing antibodies that had been induced either experimentally, or as a result of field exposure to the virus When immunoassay results were compared with results of virus neutral~sation tests on the sera from 2 groups of experimentally challenged fish there was no correlation between the 2 techniques Slmilar results were obtained with 4 groups of field-collected sera One g] oup had 34 6 % neutralisation-positive sera, but 88 5 % immunoassay-positive sera The 3 remaining groups were negative by virus neutralisation, but each group had a small number (11 4 8 3 and 11 5 % respectively) of irnrnunoassay-pos~tive sera The competitive immunoassay thus appears to be more sensitive than the neutralisation test The assay has potent~al for use in large-scale screening of fish populations but further validation on a wider range of sera is needed


Providing effective and sustainable water disinfection methods, without harmful by-products, is essential to protect public health and safety. It is hypothesized that the application of liquid-thin-film (LTF) technology can enhance the bactericidal activity of both ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and ozone (O3) treatments. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the bactericidal activity and synergistic effect of the combined UV + O3 + LTF treatment against Escherichia coli in water processing. The results showed that LTF technology significantly increased the disinfection efficiency of UV and O3 in potable water production. Thus, the combined UV + LTF, O3 + LTF, and UV + O3 + LTF treatments were more effective than the individual treatments under identical conditions. Particularly, the combined double-UV (41.7 mJ cm−2) + O3 (100% O3) + LTF (65 L min−1) treatment exhibited the highest bactericidal activity, resulting in a 5.8-log decrease in the E. coli load within 30 min. Pearson's correlation analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the synergistic effects of the combined treatments and UV dosage (r = 0.88, p < 0.0001) and aqueous O3 concentrations (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that combined UV + O3 + LTF treatment could be a viable alternative method for water disinfection.


The shock compressibility of porous quartz (with initial density p{sub oo}=1.35 and 1.75 g/cm{sup 3}), plexiglass, and aluminum was investigated at pressures of 1.8, 2.0, 0.6, and 0.54 TPa, respectively. Experimental data were obtained on the two-stage compressibility of aluminum at 1.4 TPa. 29 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.


Since radio-frequency microelectromechanial devices work mechanically, they are sensitive to thermally induced packaging effects. These effects will have impacts on their microwave performances and reliability. In this paper, the possible effect of the thermal stress and strain induced in die attaches process on the microwave characteristics of packaged distributed MEMS phase shifters is studied. Theoretical models are established, and full wave electromagnetic simulations are involved. Results show that the thermally induced packaging effect has considerable impact on the phase shift performance of the device.


In this paper we present a technological framework that allows virtual cognitive agents and humans using a web interface to participate in the same electronic institution (eI). Given that the main objective of this framework is to perform experiments on the use of reputation, we also introduce the notion of reputation within the eI to incorporate the circulation of opinions about other agents towards certain actions, and we extend the actual eI infrastructure to permit BDI agents to participate in an eI.


Abstract We are truly glad for the interest in scientific approach towards the model for Payment-for- Activity (PPU), recently introduced in the Republic of Macedonia, taking in consideration that for the very first time a system is introduced capable of providing exact information on medical interventions or procedures performed in public healthcare facilities, and to use such information for evaluation of physicians' activity. In this context, we welcome the publication of Lazarevik et al. Medical Doctors' Attitudes towards Payfor- Reporting in Macedonia: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. However, in order to further contribute towards the scientific discussion arising around the issue of payment for physicians' activity; we herewith present the following comments.


Flow boiling in arrays of parallel silicon microchannels is investigated using a test piece with distributed heat sources and integrated local temperature sensors. The microchannels considered are 400 μm wide and 398 μm deep. Each test chip has a footprint of 1.27 cm by 1.27 cm with parallel microchannels diced onto the back side. Twenty-five microsensor arrays integrated into the microchannel heat sinks allow for accurate local temperature measurements over the entire chip. The experiments were conducted with deionized water which enters the channels in a subcooled state. Results are presented in terms of temperatures and pressure drops as a function of imposed heat flux. The experimental results aid in the assessment of the applicability of existing models and correlations in predicting the heat transfer rates in microchannels.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


The effects of variation of Mg content on microstructures,the tensile properties and the formability of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys for automotive body sheets were investigated by means of scan electron microscopy,optical metallographic analysis,tensile and Ericsson tests.The results show that for Al-Mg-Si-Cu aluminium alloys with excessive Si,with an increment of Mg content,the strength enhances,the specific elongation and Erisson values of alloys decrease,and the number of Mg2 Si constituent increases and that of Al(MnFe)Si type constituents reduces.Al-MgSi-Cu aluminium alloys with excessive Si for automotive body sheets can present obviously the paint bake hardenability during the paint bake cycle (I.e.artificial aging at 170 ℃ for 30 min immediately after the solution treatment and quenching).Suitable Mg content should be controlled in the range of 0.8% and 1.2 % (mass fraction).


It is widely accepted that we are living in the Anthropocene: the age in which human activity has fundamentally altered earth systems and processes. Decolonial scholars have argued that colonialism's shaping of the earth's ecologies and severing of Indigenous relations to animals have provided the conditions of possibility for the Anthropocene. With this, colonialism has irreversibly altered diets on a global scale. I argue that dairy in the settler contexts of Canada and the United States remains possible because of colonialism's severing of Indigenous relations of interrelatedness with the more-than-human world. I discuss how colonialism—which has included the institution of dairy—requires and authorizes relations that at their core seek to domesticate those imagined as wild, including humans, animals, and land. With this in mind, I then analyze recent and current dairy lawsuits as well as proposed legislation seeking to maintain legislated definitions of milk as exclusively animal-based. I argue that instances of mobilizing law to secure dairy as exclusively animal-based are attempts to re-secure settler colonial ontologies of life along a "real food" versus "fake food" dichotomy in which plant-based foods are positioned as substitutes for animal products. However, these prodairy lawsuits are often unsuccessful. Thus, dairy law is one arena in which settler colonialism's orderings of life and relations are being challenged and re-made. In the context of the Anthropocene, the role of legal ontologies in shaping our consumption habits and relationships with animals remain all the more urgent. I. Colonialism and the Anthropocene Milk has recently received considerable public and legal attention. Scholar, Vasile Stanescu, argues that milk is now being used by the alt-right as code for white supremacy. Milk is also the * Kelly Struthers Montford is an Assistant Professor of Criminology at Ryerson University. Previously, she was a postdoctoral research fellow in punishment, law, and social theory at the Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies at the University of Toronto and received her Ph.D. from the University of Alberta in 2017. Her research bridges settler colonial studies, punishment and captivity, animal studies, and law, and she has been published in Radical Philosophy Review, the New Criminal Law Review, PhiloSophia, the Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, Societies, and PhaenEx,: and the Journal of Existentialist and Phenomenological Theory and Culture, among other venues. She thanks the 2020] MILK AND LAW IN THE ANTHROPOCENE 49 subject of lawsuits and proposed legislation (such as the Dairy Pride Act) that seek to maintain the definition of "milk" as being exclusively animal-based. In Canada and the United States ("US"), dairy is the direct result of colonial projects seeking to "remake" the New World in the image of colonial homelands. Colonists replaced Indigenous understandings and relationships about and between humans, animals, and territory with western European "universal" and "civilized" norms and in doing so, they fundamentally altered the Earth's processes. Colonialism has irreversibly shaped the


Technology is changing and at a very rapid pace. New tools are being developed and coming to the forefront on almost a daily basis. Instructor-led workshops that train faculty and students in the use of new tools can be expensive propositions for educational institutions. Scalability and ensuring uniformity in delivery of content become challenges. To address the problem of making the training cost-effective and to facilitate self-paced, independent learning in large groups, EnhanceEdu employed three different training approaches to provide hands-on workshops in the use of the open source tool, MediaWiki, to an audience of students and teachers from various colleges in India. This paper describes the three approaches employed in conducting the hands-on workshops. It also determines the factors that contribute toparticipants' engagement in learning and the likelihood that they will continue to use the new tool.


This article investigates whether inter-secular party competition can constrain the formation of Salafi-jihadist milieus. Focusing on the recent rise of militant Islamism in sub-Saharan Africa, I a...


In this impressive analysis of the thirteenth-century Bible historiale, Jeanette L. Patterson blends a detailed history of the text's manuscript tradition with a sharp enquiry into the intellectual priorities that animated its translation into French by Guyart des Moulins as well as subsequent expanded versions produced in later centuries. It is argued that Guyart des Moulins, his successors, and the lay public for whom they wrote shared literary expectations that were determined by a range of historical factors: the waning importance of the Latin Crusader states; the emerging popularity of reading among the laity; and specific understandings of literature's capacity to convey truth in biblical texts as well as in secular poetry and prose. On this last score, Patterson maintains that the author and his lay readers commonly This book joins the ranks of accessible mass-market dual-language editions which are slowly bringing medieval literature to a reading public beyond the narrow confines of academia. Mathey-Maille and de Carné provide both specialist and general readers with all the basic information they need before approaching the text. A literary study first situates this romance in the context of Arthurian romance generally, particularly as a Gauvain text, stressing at the same time the care taken by the anonymous author to structure an interlaced narrative of apparent disorder and ambiguity. This might serve as a starting point for the examination of a good number of Arthurian romances, in both verse and prose, from the middle of the thirteenth century, which seem to resist the kind of standard analysis which can prove so fruitful when applied to, say, the œuvre of Chrétien de Troyes. Careful descriptions of the three manuscripts of L'Âtre périlleux occupy pages 29–39, while pages 40–51 justify in some detail the editorial procedures followed. Like Woledge, Mathey-Maille and de Carné choose Paris, BnF, fr. 2168 as their base manuscript. Despite the careless hand of its principal scribe, the text of fr. 2168 appears to be less innovative than that of the other copies. The editorial policy is sensible, neither too conservative nor too interventionist, and all interventions are justified in footnotes to the text and facing-page translation. The substantial discussion of the language of author and scribes is especially welcome at a time when philology strictly defined is in a moment of crisis. It is a reminder that a solid knowledge of the language and the nature of medieval textuality is an absolute prerequisite for editors. A summary then provides a basic guide to the narrative, which will help those reading the text for the first time to navigate the twists and turns of the complex series of adventures. There is a generous bibliography. The text and translation occupy the bulk of the book, and are followed by selected variants, a glossary, and an index of proper names. Mathey-Maille and de Carné are to be congratulated on this excellent edition and translation which will surely afford reading pleasure to a wide public and matter for scholarly reflection to specialists of Old French literature.


One of key elements of financial reports are net profit. Reported net profit in financial statement is one of impotent scales for evaluating performance. That always accountants, financial and analyses extensively use them. Figure of net profit has not different specify conations related to making profit process in the future and past. And this subject lead to financial analyses different tilted between reported net profit and future cash flows of one business unit. Study effects of different factors stunted in real profit calculation. Manager's authority affected profit quality. On one hand they expected provide information to reflex company situation on the other hand it is possible manager show favorite company situation aloe to stay in company and receive gift. So companies profit quality affected companies profit quality Keywords: Financial Reports, Profit, Share, Company, Economic Unit Â


The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument is a 10-channel earth limb- viewing sensor that is to measure atmospheric emissions in the spectral range of 1.27 micrometer to 16.9 micrometer. Presented in this paper is the stray light design and analysis of SABER. Unwanted radiation from the earth and atmosphere are suppressed by the use of stray light features that are critical to mission success. These include the use of an intermediate field stop, an inner and outer Lyot stop, and super-polished mirrors. The point source normalized irradiance transmission (PSNIT) curve, which characterizes the sensor's off-axis response, was computed using the stray light analysis program APART. An initial calculation of the non-rejected radiance (NRR) due to emissions and scatter from the earth and atmosphere was made using the PSNIT data. The results indicate that stray light will not impede the mission objectives.


Abstract The objective  of this research was to evaluate the effect of different mussel flesh suspension feed in providing best growth and feed efficiency on eel seeds, Anguilla bicolor . Treatment feed included A (kijing Taiwan Anodonta woodiana Lea)), B (keong mas Pomacea canaliculata ), C (kerang darah Anadara granosa ) and D (commercial pellet), each with three replications. Elver was reared in plastic container having diameter of 40 cm. Research results showed the best relative growth and feed efficiency were achieved in treatment A with relative growth 64.95% and feed efficiency 4.41, followed by treatment C (relative growth 40.97% and feed efficiency 2.73), Treatment D (relative growth 32.71%% and feed efficiency 2.23), and treatment B (relative growth 31.61% and feed efficiency 2.17).  During the experiment, water temperature was 26-28 o C and pH 7  which were suitable for growth and survival of eel seeds. As conclusion, the use of suspension food of kijing taiwan mussel  resulted in the best relative growth and food efficiency. Keywords : elver, fish feed, mussel, growth, food efficiency


Okinawa prefecture is remote 500 km from southern tip of mainland Japan. The unique characteristics of the traditional culture in Okinawa are ancestor worship which includes various kinds of ceremonies, folk therapy, the "Yuta" (shairman and traditional healing practitioner) and the great burial tombs. In this study, to clarify how ancestor worship is related to the health/medical behavior of the people in the prefecture, a questionnaire survey was carried out on 176 mothers of students in 4 classes of 6th grade in 2 elementary schools in Urasoe city and in Yomitan village. The frequency of participation of each respondent in anniversaries concerning ancestor worship was used to indicate the magnitude of belief in ancestor worship. The mean of this frequency was higher for Yomitan village than for Urasoe city. The mean was also related to bio-social parameters such as family size, fertility, an extended family household, and the dependency on folk therapy such as the "Yuta". It was also revealed that people prefer thinking according to traditional beliefs about ancestors for solving various distress problems such as a serious illness.


The paper presents selected experimental results of evaluating six real-time software development tools for use in safety-critical systems. The experiments were designed to collect data, such as project effort, code size, functionality, traceability, etc., in four stages: preparation, model/code development, measurements, and postmortem. Preliminary experiments were conducted to enable fully controlled experiments for the development of well defined but simple real-time systems. The results give the base for successful determination of tool quality and making preliminary conclusions on potential qualification


In this paper, we propose a ball interface "TAMA" (Trajectory chAnging, Motion bAll; "tama" means a ball in Japanese) that can change its own trajectory dynamically. Conventionally, it is impossible to go against the laws of physics. However, if the trajectory of the balls can be changed during flight, that virtually means balls can fly against physical laws. This should enhance the pleasure of ball-related games such as baseball, basketball, juggling, etc. In this research, we used the force of compressed gas from within the ball itself to change the ball trajectory. Previously, we developed the ball prototype equipped with a gas-jet unit. However, the primal prototype was too heavy to use in amusement. Additionally, there was no control of the timing of the jet and it was wired for power supply. In this paper, we introduce the latest prototype of TAMA, which trims the weight and adds new functionality. We discuss the feasibility of this system through experimentation in changing the ball's trajectory during downward flight.


In this paper, we consider bifurcation of limit cycles in near-Hamiltonian systems. A new method is developed to study the analytical property of the Melnikov function near the origin for such systems. Based on the new method, a computationally efficient algorithm is established to systematically compute the coefficients of Melnikov function. Moreover, we consider the case that the Hamiltonian function of the system depends on parameters, in addition to the coefficients involved in perturbations, which generates more limit cycles in the neighborhood of the origin. The results are applied to a quadratic system with cubic perturbations to show that the system can have five limit cycles in the vicinity of the origin.


Background: Mammographic density (MD) of the breast and body mass index (BMI) are positively associated with the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but they are inversely associated with each other. We supposed that the reason for this paradox may be due to the heterogeneity of BMI. Therefore, we calculated the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and evaluated whether SMI was an independent predictor for MD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 143,456 women who underwent comprehensive examinations from 2012 to 2016. Mammographic density was assessed using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, and the breasts were classified as dense or non-dense. The association between SMI, anthropometric factors, and MD were estimated using logistic regression models after adjustment for potential confounders. Results: In all, 115,013 premenopausal women (80.2%) and 28,443 postmenopausal women (19.8%) were included in the analysis. In both pre and postmenopausal women, weight, BMI, SMI and waist circumference were associated with MD. After adjustment for confounding factors including BMI, the odds ratios (ORs) for MD with 95% confidence interval for the dense breasts was between the highest and lowest quartiles of SMI at 2.65 (2.52–2.79) for premenopausal women and at 2.39 (2.02–2.82) for postmenopausal women. Conclusions: SMI was related to MD independent of BMI, which could be due to the similar growth mechanism of the skeletal muscle and breast parenchymal tissue. The positive correlation between the muscularity and breast density might explain the reason for the paradoxical relationship between BMI, MD and breast cancer risk in previous studies. Citation Format: KwanHo Lee, HyeWon Bang, SeungHye Choi. Association between skeletal muscle mass and mammographic breast density [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-08-30.


Abstract Service-learning can be a valuable educational enterprise with both course-specific and general education benefits, as well as contributions to the community. These potential merits and key considerations in achieving them are discussed with special attention to the mathematical sciences.


acting on body, body acting on mind, and body acting on body as causae agentes." It is also important to remember that " single pathology " is uncommon in that two or more (apparently) unrelated symptom-complexes may coexist in the patient and may follow different courses. Gould's (1953) dictum, " Affect is the mordant of conditioning," throws light on the significance of emotion in suggestion and autosuggestion. Notoriously, throughout the ages, many sufferers respond to any method other than the orthodox treatment of the tinme. Suggestion with or without hypnosis in the hospital or consulting-room is less likely to result in the disappearance of a wart than, for example, the burying of half a potato in the light of a full moon. It may be of significance that many forms of treatment which are successful while the rationale is accepted by the therapist begin to fail when new information casts doubt on this acceptance. The sword of logic pierces the shield of conviction, and treatment technique is no longer successful-one of the main factors in the " suggestion " situation having been eliminated. Too much, but still not enough, knowledge mav thus be a handicap in therapeutics.


Pyrodinium bahamense var compressum is a harmful dinoflagellate that produces saxitoxin, which causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) that is deadly to humans. A non-axenic culture of P. bahamense was established using f/2 media from samples collected from Sepanggar Bay, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Toxin analyses of cultures harvested on days 60, 120, 180, and 360 were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector and compared with samples collected at the same location during the bloom in 2021. The highest cell toxin content was found in the bloom sample (86.2 fmole/cell), and no toxin was detected in the culture 60 days old. In addition, cell toxin content for the P. bahamense culture was low (9.4-16.5 fmole/cell). Based on the toxin profile, P. bahamense comprises 84- 98% of gonyautoxin 4. In summary, the current findings add to the existing knowledge of the toxin profiling of P. bahamense, a toxic, harmful algal bloom species, thus, leading to better toxin management.

http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/resources/files/Pertanika PAPERS/JTAS Vol. 46 (1) Feb. 2023/20 JTAS-2538-2022.pdf


Li-rich layered oxides are promising candidates for next-generation cathode materials for Li-ion batteries because of their high capacity. However, a low cycle durability accompanied by structural changes poses a serious problem in their practical use. In this study, we focused on transition metal (TM) ion migration, which induces structural changes, and investigated the mechanism that triggers the degradation of the Li1.16Ni0.19Co0.19Mn0.46O2 structure, using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XDS), soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (S-XAS), and first-principles calculations. XDS revealed that the Mn and Ni ion contents in the Li layer increase after the charge–discharge cycles. S-XAS showed that Mn, Co, and Ni become divalent after the charge–discharge cycles, suggesting that the divalent TM ions are constituents of the rock-salt-type metal monooxides at the surface. First-principles calculations indicated that the potential energy of the structure in which the TM ions exist in the Li layer is lower than ...


Let φ : I(S) → I(S) ∪ {∅} be a function where I(S) is a set of all ideals of a semigroup. We extend the concept of primary and 2-absorbing ideals in semigroups to the context of φ-2-absorbing primary ideals. We say that a proper ideal A of a semigroup S is a φ-2-absorbing primary ideal if a, b, c ∈ S with abc ∈ A − φ(A) implies that ab ∈ A or bc ∈ √ A or ac ∈ √ A. The aim of this paper is to investigate the concept of φ-2-absorbing primary ideals in semigroups. Finally, we obtain sufficient conditions of a 2-absorbing primary ideal in order to be rephrased a φ-2-absorbing primary ideal in a semigroup. 1. φ-2-ABSORBING PRIMARY IDEALS In this section, we introduce the concept of φ-2-absorbing primary ideals in semigroups and give its characterizations corresponding to φ-2-absorbing primary ideals in semigroups. Let A be a subset of a semigroup S. Then, the radical (see [1]) of A is defined as √ A = {a ∈ S : a ∈ A for some positive integer n}. Definition 1.1. Let S be a semigroup and let φ : I(S)→ I(S)∪ {∅} be a function where I(S) be the set of all ideals of S. A proper ideal A of S is called a φ-2absorbing primary ideal if for each a, b, c ∈ S with abc ∈ A− φ(A), then ab ∈ A or bc ∈ √ A or ac ∈ √ A. 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. 13A15, 13F05.


Coat protein(CP) gene from SCMV-E strain in the expression vector of pUbi-SCMV-CP was transformed to different cultivars(cv.Badila and Funong 91-4621) of sugarcane via bomboardment.The incidence of three generations in the field and H2O2 metabolisms in the second generation of the transgenic clones(TB1 from Badila and TF1 from Funong 91-4621) were investigated after inoculation with SCMV.It was showed that transgenic clone of TB1 from Badila was highly resistant to SCMV with lower incidence percentage;and same transgenic TF1 from Funong 91-4621 was also highly resistant to SCMV in the first and second generation with lower incidence percentage,but its incidence percentage was 68% in the third generation.After sequence comparison of CP,it was showed that Funong 91-4621 was most closely related to the isolate from USA,SrMV-H,and had the identities of 73.2% with SCMV-E.And Fujian Badila had high identities with SCMV-E(the identities of 97.8%).The result indicated that virus resistance obtained in transgenic plants was usually virus-specific, infected the plants with other viruses or other strain viruses could reduce levels of resistance.


Since the People's Republic of China was founded,the construction of textbook in introduction to literature has gone through three historical stages,and three types of textbooks have came into being as Sovitet pattern,imitating Soviet pattern and of new times textbooks.The emergency of new times'textbooks has resulted in three diversions.That are the diversion from political discourse to literary discourse,and one from emphatically studying ideological content to paying close attention to artistic form,the last from constructing pure theory to emphatically analysing the text.


Accurate prediction of the compressive strength of concrete is of great significance to construction quality and progress. In order to understand the current research status in the concrete compressive strength prediction field, a bibliometric analysis of the relevant literature published in this field in the last decade was conducted first. The 3135 journal articles published from 2012 to 2021 in the Web of Science core database were used as the database, and the knowledge map was drawn with the help of the visualisation software CiteSpace 6.1R2 to analyse the field at the macro level in terms of spatial and temporal distribution, hotspot distribution and evolutionary trends, respectively. Afterwards, we go into the detail and divide concrete compressive strength prediction methods into two categories: traditional and machine-learning methods, and introduce the typical methods of each. In addition, a boosting-based ensemble machine-learning algorithm, namely the gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT) algorithm, is proposed for predicting the compressive strength of concrete. 1030 sets of concrete compressive strength test data were collected as the dataset, of which 60% were used to train the model, 20% to validate the model and 20% to test the trained model. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the GBRT model was 0.92, the mean square error (MSE) was 22.09 MPa, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 4.7 MPa, which is an excellent prediction accuracy compared to prediction models constructed by other machine-learning algorithms. In addition, a five-fold cross-validation analysis was carried out, and the eight input variables were analyzed for their characteristic importance.


The three recognized varieties of Hodgkin's disease are Hodgkin's paragranuloma, Hodgkin's granuloma, and Hodgkin's sarcoma. Although these three varieties of Hodgkin's disease can be histologically differentiated, for all clinical intents and purposes they can be considered the same disease. Treatment, too, is similar, depending on the stage of disease present when the patient is first seen. The sine qua non for the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease is the identification of Sternberg-Reed cells microscopically. At times Boeck's sarcoid, tuberculosis, and other granulomatous diseases, must also be differentiated from Hodgkin's disease. The cause of this disease is unknown. Many of its characteristics resemble those of an infectious disease. Sometimes patients may run a Pel-Ebstein fever-that is, a temperature ranging as high as 103 to 104 degrees F. daily for seven to ten days, then subsiding, only to later reappear. Bacterial cultures for the cause of the fever will be sterile during this time. Drenching sweats, also similar to those seen in infectious diseases, are often present. In addition, the patients will have anorexia and general malaise and appear toxic. The peak incidence of Hodgkin's disease is in the third and fourth decade, although the condition has been reported in all age groups. Males predominate two to one.


Abstract The evaluation of wildlife tourism benefits is one of the key considerations in planning proper management measures and promoting mutually beneficial coexistence of wildlife tourism and wildlife resources. This key consideration is also important for Black-Faced Spoonbills (Platalea minor), which are at risk of extinction. To understand the value of Black-Faced Spoonbill wildlife tourism, this study adopted choice experiments to investigate tourists' preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for recreational environmental resources in the Black-Faced Spoonbill Reserve in Taiwan. The total WTP price indicates that the promotion of tourism activities in the Black Faced Spoonbill Reserve and the proper maintenance of tourist and recreation facilities will increase the WTP value for tourists, increases the opportunity costs of using the Reserve's land for other purposes, and reduces the possibility of developing the Reserve.Keywords: Biodiversity; recreational quality; development; bird-watching.


The possibility of using a neural network to perform super-resolution is discussed. A method is presented for mapping a regularized super-resolution cost function onto a neural network of the Hopfield type. The required computational effort is compared to conventional matrix-based approaches to super-resolution.


EXTENDING THE EQUATION OF EXCHANGE: DUAL EQUATIONS, FOR OUTPUT AND INPUT I. INTRODUCTION As a framework to organize thinking about inflation, deflation, and recession or depression, an equation of exchange is often useful: either Irving Fisher's MV * PT where T is an index of all the economy's transactions during a time period (final real output, inter-firm, resource input, and even existing assets), or the more modern MV * PY where Y is an index of final real output only. (1) But neither equation directly and explicitly considers resource input prices and quantities. Doing so can illuminate a variety of economic events and issues. Because the all-transactions equation of exchange integrates less easily with modern macroeconomic models that explain Gross or Net National Product, our point of departure is the final output equation of exchange, MV * PY. We treat it as an identity that summarizes a larger macro-economic model, not as a non-tautological "quantity theory of money" that holds only in monetary equilibrium. (2) II. AN EQUATION OF EXCHANGE FOR RESOURCE INPUTS An equation analogous to the equation of exchange for output can be defined for resource inputs, giving dual equations of exchange: MV * PY and MV * WX, where W represents an index of resource input prices, and X an index of real resource inputs used. (The equation MV * PT has no such unexploited analogue, because it already encompasses all the economy's transactions.) Substituting and rearranging shows that nominal output equals nominal income, (3) and the "productivity ratio" of output to input quantities equals the "input reward ratio" of input to output prices: PY * WX and Y/X * W/P. Assume also a production function, relating the economy's output capacity to the resource inputs available: Y = f(X). The U.S. government routinely estimates the value of M,P,Y, and hence of V * PY/M, and private research has extended these estimates back to the 1800s, but there are no annual estimates of W and X for the entire economy, although at least in principle they could be estimated. Meanwhile, albeit empty empirically, (4) they are useful constructs. Dual equations of exchange make it possible to discuss directly not only production but also incomes--and income issues can fascinate students for whom the equivalence of real output and income may be a dimly understood abstraction. Illustrating Dual Equations of Exchange Dual equations of exchange formalize the "circular flow of economic activity": while resource inputs flow from the household to the producing sector, and real output flows from the producing to the household sector, money in exchange flows in the opposite direction. This circular flow depicts a world in which households ultimately own everything and therefore buy all final output while supplying all resource inputs and receiving all income: on the diagram's top half, MV represents the flow of money out of the household sector and PY represents the flow of money into the producing business and government sectors on the diagram's bottom half, MV (again) represents the flow of money out of the producing business and government sector and WX represents the flow of money incomes into the household sector. Clearly, MV * PY and also MV * WX, because payments must equal receipts, for output and for resource inputs. Also, PY * WX and Y/X * W/P, because households own everything and thus receive all funds that flow in to the producing sector. The Ownership Perspective: Justification and Implications For students, the diagram's ownership perspective needs some justification and elaboration: Workers of course belong to households all private businesses are owned by some person or group all governments are controlled (the essence of ownership) by some person or group (be they voters, politicians, bureaucrats, or despots), who by definition are part of the household sector. …


The linear transmission performance of television links is now measured and specified in terms of their response to certain standardized test waveforms. The aim of the paper is to provide a simple non-mathematical introduction to the basic ideas connected with the measurement of waveform distortion. A number of examples of simple waveform distortions are given to illustrate the advantages of waveform measurements and their connection with the more familiar steady-state responses. The application of tolerance limits to waveform responses is then considered and an outline is given of the routine - and acceptance-test methods of determining the rating factor of a link. Finally a brief introduction is given to the basic ideas of the correction of waveform distortion without reference to the conventional steady-state measurement and equalization techniques.


A preterm baby presented on day 5 of life with abdominal distension and bilious vomiting. The abdomen was distended and tender. X-ray abdomen showed dilated bowel loops with pneumatosis intestinalis but no pneumoperitoneum. Twenty-four hours later the abdominal distension increased and abdominal transillumination done at the bed side showed increased transillumination (Fig. 1) as compared to a normal abdomen transillumination (Fig. 2). This suggested a diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum which was confirmed with an X-ray abdomen.


THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES LICENSE FILE WAS SEARCHED IN AN ATTEMPT TO LOCATE DRIVING INFORMATION FOR THE FIRST 6,000 CERTIFIED ADMISSIONS TO THE NARCOTIC ADDICTION CONTROL COMMISSION. IT WAS FOUND THAT 1,245 OR 20% OF THESE ADDICTS HAD A DRIVER'S LICENSE AND/OR DRIVING RECORD. ANALYSIS OF THESE RECORDS INDICATES THAT 77% OF THE MALES AND 73% OF THE FEMALES HAD ONE OR MORE ACCIDENTS, OR CONVICTIONS FOR VIOLATION OF THE VEHICLE AND TRAFFIC LAW. IN CONTRAST, ONLY ABOUT 20% OF ALL NEW YORK STATE MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS HAVE ANY ACCIDENTS OR TRAFFIC CONVICTIONS ON THEIR RECORD. NONE OF THE ADDICTS WERE LICENSED TO OPERATE A MOTORCYCLE, NOR WERE ANY EVER CONVICTED OF DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS. THE RECORDS OF THE 1,226 MALE ADDICTS SHOWED A TOTAL OF 4,465 ACCIDENTS AND TRAFFIC CONVICTIONS, WITH 402 ACCIDENTS INVOLVING INJURY OR DEATH. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT DRUG ADDICTS WHO DRIVE ARE DANGEROUS DRIVERS. BECAUSE DRUG USE IS A RAPIDLY GROWING PROBLEM, IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT CONTINUED WORK BE DONE TO FURTHER DEFINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRUG USE AND TRAFFIC SAFETY. /AUTHOR/


Objective To discuss the facts relating to the change of intraocular pressure after LASIK treatment for nearsightedness patients. Method Intra-ocular pressure (IOP)、central corneal thickness(CCT)、corneal anterior surface curvature(CASC)、diopter of myopia before surgery(DMBS) and diopter of astigmatism before surgery(DABS)、laser cutting cornea! depth (CCD) and laser cutting diameter or area(CDA) are measured and recorded 1 and 3 months before and after LASIK treatment for 129 patients(245 eyes) which are divided into two groups :A (≥-3.0D, -6.0D) and B(≥6.0D ).Then, input the data into SPSS11.0 statistics system. Results No significant difference was found between Croup A and Croup B on IOP 1 and 3 month before and 1 month after LASIK treatment except that 3 month after LASIK treatment The change of IOPs are highly related to the change of CCT, CASC,DMBS, CCD ( P 0.001,P=0.023,P 0.001,P 0.001 ) ,but have no significant relation with DABS and CDA(P=0.192,P=0.473).Conclusion Many facts,such as CCT, CASC, DMBS, CCD, are related to the change of intraocular pressure after LASIK treatment for nearsightedness patients.


A number of delta-doped by Sn for a wide range of Sn doping densities structures on vicinal GaAs (001) substrates with a misorientation angle of 3 degree(s) have been prepared using molecular beam epitaxy growth technique. Because of the relatively high segregation ability, Sn, when deposited on the terraces, may accumulate at the step edges and form quasi-one dimensional channels. Magnetotransport, the Shubnikov de Haas (SdH) and the Hall effects, photoluminescence and photoconductivity have been investigated in the temperature range 0.4-300 K. The Hall resisitivity, SdH effect and the magnetoresistance were measured in magnetic fields up to 40 T directed perpendicular or parallel to the plane of the delta-layer. The photoconductivity has been investigated for wavelengths (lambda) equals650-1200nm in the temperature interval Tequals4.2-300 K.


Transect surveys were used to examine the influence of tire on lepidopteran communities (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) in forested habitats in eastern Texas. Lepi- dopteran abundance was greater in pine forests where prescribed tire maintained an open mid and understory compared to forests where fire had less impact on forest structure. Ahun- dance of nectar sources paralleled this pattern of abundance. Taxonomic groups of Lepidop- tera varied across forest types in patterns coincident with their dependence on nectar sources and tendency to tly in shaded habitats. Historically, forests of the West Gulf Coastal Plain were strongly influenced by fire ignited by lightning or Native Americans (Komarek 1964; 1974; Harcombe et al. 1993; Frost 1993; 1998; Platt 1999). During the mid and late 1900s wildfires have been increasingly sup- pressed and replaced, to a limited extent, by prescribed fire (Frost 1993; Platt 1999). Differences in frequency, intensity and timing of prescribed fire, compared to wildfire, have resulted in a dramatic alteration of West Gulf Coastal Plain forest structure. The most obvious visible change has been the massive encroachment of woody midstory vegetation in upland forests on most of the forested landscape (Frost 1993; Platt 1999). Resulting competition has eliminated much of the diverse herbaceous community, especially in the longleaf pine savannahs that once occupied these sites (Bridges & Orzell 1989; Outcalt & Outcalt 1994). These changes in community structure have significantly altered the forested ecosystems of the region and contributed to changes in species abundance patterns of both plants and animals. Numerous species adapted to the fire-maintained communities that existed prior to Euro- pean colonization are now of conservation concern due, in part, to declining abundance as a consequence of changes in the fire regime (Conner et al. 1989; Rudolph & Burgdorf 1997).


In the past few years, touch panels have increasingly been used in children's education, and more research has been devoted to the development of electronic schoolbag. However, children often encounter difficulties operating touch screens, possibly due to their relative lack of experience using computers or touch panels, or because of the small size of their hands. This study investigates the drag, zoom and rotation operations of 4.3-inch and 10.1-inch touch panels, aiming to provide recommendations for appropriate movement speed settings. The operating gestures used by child users were also observed. The movement rate of 30 young adults using 4.3-inch and 10 inch touch panels were taken as base values, and compared to the movement rate of 30 other children serving as test subjects. Overall, children performed better on the 10.1-inch panel than on the 4.3-inch panel, thus 10.1-inch panels are recommended for use in electronic schoolbag for children. In addition, results for the children's average drag rate (0.039 inch) and average rotation rate (0.024~0.026inch) on the 10.1-inch screen can be used as a settings reference. Finally, the children were found to all use gestures combining the use of thumb, forefinger and middle finger.


-The Criminal Justice System has played a large role in shaping thinking about the concept of crime and how to deal with it through the judiciary. The legal system approach with criminal justice to justice has important strengths. However, there are also significant limitations and fail in certain conditions. Victims, perpetrators, and communities often feel that justice does not adequately meet their needs. Many people feel that the judicial process will only deepen social scars and conflict rather than contribute to peace. On the basis of these problems, normative legal research will answer them through a statutory and conceptual approach. This research shows that restorative justice can be an alternative and answer to a number of problems related to the burden carried by the criminal justice system.


Unmanned vehicles on land, sea, and air are increasingly being equipped with armaments capable of causing enormous physical damage and killing with such growing precision to lead the former American Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta to quip that this new tactical device was "the only game in town." Strategists offer a decisive tactic in asymmetric warfare and allow the avoidance of "boots on the ground," virtually removing the threat of death from the prosecuting side that has little patience for sustained occupation of a foreign land. Perhaps the enhancement of state authority by sophisticated but subtle new weaponry lurking in the shadows and in barren landscapes will provide, as some proponents claim, greater security to vulnerable populations in need of protection from wanton strife. Or, the proliferation of drone and robotic technologies may make armed conflict a constant, the daily milieu reminiscent of the futuristic dystopian novel and film genre, which includes the likes of Blade Runner, where "replicants" stalk the street, and violence and degradation permeates society, and George Orwell's prescient 1984, which involved omnipresent surveillance and Newspeak. Where once nuclear weapons rendered military engagement between great powers irrational, and morality made them inexcusable, remotely piloted aircraft appear to enable major powers to call forward a drone arsenal to confront potential rivals while bringing the battlespace down to individuals identified by only signature patterns of behavior or location, with losses counted only in metal scrap. The consequences of this new instrument of warfare are yet unknown, but current practice gravely threatens fundamental human rights as well as notions of state sovereignty and autonomy.


The effect of correlations in data from Monte Carlo simulations is discussed and a method for estimating correctly the statistical uncertainty of Monte Carlo averages is presented.


Abstract This paper addresses the issue of building a part-based representation of a dataset of images. More precisely, we look for a non-negative, sparse decomposition of the images on a reduced set of atoms, in order to unveil a morphological and explainable structure of the data. Additionally, we want this decomposition to be computed online for any new sample that is not part of the initial dataset. Therefore, our solution relies on a sparse, non-negative auto-encoder, where the encoder is deep (for accuracy) and the decoder shallow (for explainability). This method compares favorably to the state-of-the-art online methods on two benchmark datasets (MNIST and Fashion MNIST) and on a hyperspectral image, according to classical evaluation measures and to a new one we introduce, based on the equivariance of the representation to morphological operators.


Recursively compressed inverse preconditioning (RCIP) is a numerical method for obtaining highly accurate solutions to integral equations on piecewise smooth surfaces. The method originated in 2008 as a technique within a scheme for solving Laplace's equation in two-dimensional domains with corners. In a series of subsequent papers, the technique was then refined and extended as to apply to integral equation formulations of a broad range of boundary value problems in physics and engineering. The purpose of the present paper is threefold: first, to review the RCIP method in a simple setting; second, to show how easily the method can be implemented in MATLAB; third, to present new applications of RCIP to integral equations of scattering theory on planar curves with corners.


Abstract : The integration of health management, fault detection and isolation with trajectory reshaping and adaptive guidance and control is a natural and necessary step in producing reliable and responsive autonomous aerospace vehicles. The benefits of reconfigurable control and trajectory reshaping have been demonstrated; however, in many cases these results relied upon the assumption that IVHM/FDI systems provided specific information to the algorithms. Requirements on IVHM/FDI from the perspective of guidance, control and trajectory reshaping have been listed and some opportunities for synergistic information exchange between the two systems have been identified.


Abstract During the last year, Sogin (the Italian company in charge for decommissioning of Italian nuclear power plants) had to implement an accelerated decommissioning plan of a EUREX spent fuel pool due to finding a water leakage into the environment from the pool. EUREX is no longer operating a pilot reprocessing plant, which some years ago became the responsibility of Sogin. There were 52 spent fuel assemblies from the Trino Vercellese PWR nuclear power plant, 48 irradiated pins from a Garigliano BWR fuel assembly, and 10 plates from an irradiated MTR fuel assembly stored in the EUREX pool, so the first step of the accelerated decommissioning plan consisted in the evacuation of this spent fuel. Considering the necessity to start the evacuation as soon as possible, Sogin decided to use an already existing cask (AGN-1) used in the past for the transport of Trino and Garigliano fuel assemblies. This cask was requalified in order to obtain a transport licence for the fuel assemblies stored in the EUREX pool according to ADR 2005 regulation. The transport license for the AGN-1 cask loaded with EUREX fuel assemblies was released by APAT (the Italian Safety Authority) in the spring of 2007. Owing to the limited capacity of the EUREX pool crane (27 t for nuclear loads) and limited dimensions of pool operational area, it was not possible to transfer the AGN-1 cask (50 t) into the pool for fuel assemblies charging. The solution implemented to overcome this problem was the loading of the cask outside the pool. A special shielding shuttle was developed and used to allow safe spent fuel transfer between the pool and the cask. This procedure avoided also the problem of excessive contamination of cask surfaces that could have occurred due to very high level of contamination of EUREX pool water if the cask had been immersed in the pool. Additional shielding devices were developed and used to reduce dose rate during cask loading operations. Although the evacuation of spent fuel assemblies from the EUREX pool was a very challenging activity due to the short time available, unfavourable space conditions inside the pool building and handling tool limitations; all loading and transport operations were performed successfully and without particular problems. Ten transports were carried out to evacuate all of the spent fuel stored in the EUREX pool. Spent fuel was transferred to the Avogadro Deposit pool. The first loading sequence started on 2 May 2007 and the first transport was performed on 6 May 2007. The tenth and last transport was performed on 21 July 2007. A dose less than 50 μSv (neutron + gamma) was measured for the most exposed operator during a complete cask loading sequence.