▼ The present study was performed to compare R-R interval data and heart rate variability indices obtained from the Polar S810i and the Omega Wave Sport System for a total of 96 adults in a supine position. Data were simultaneously recorded with the Polar S810i and the Omega Wave Sport System and processed by unique software. Bland-Altman analysis for the R-R intervals shows minimal bias for free and paced breathing. No signifi cant diff erences were observed for heart rate variability indices derived from the signal from both devices, except for the power of the high frequency band and the acceleration changes index during either free or paced breathing. Coeffi cients of correlations were all above 0.96. These data suggest that both systems are valid to record R-R interval signals and to obtain a valid analysis of heart rate variability. However, Omega Wave Sport System enables data to be collected without any artifacts making the analysis of heart rate variability easier than the analysis of Polar S810i. Nevertheless, Polar S810i continues to be more practical in clinical and applied situations due to the aff ordability of the device. Training & Testing 337 Parrado E et al. Comparison of Omega Wave System and Polar S810i ... Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 336 – 341 knowledge, in scientifi c literature, there exist very few studies that have used the OWS as a recording system to assess HRV [3, 4] and, no study has attempted to assess its accuracy to detect R-R interval signals and HRV measurements. The aim of the present study was therefore to compare R-R interval data and HRV indices obtained from two fi eld-based devices, the Polar S810i (Polar) and the Omega Wave Sport System (OWS). Methods ▼ Participants A sample of 96 healthy undergraduate students (23 men and 73 women; age: 22.97 ± 5.62 yr) agreed to participate in the study. A week before the study, all of the participants attended an acclimatisation visit which included an information session about the nature of the study, the potential risks involved and its benefi ts, and all the participants received a booklet with some specifi cations related to some variables which could aff ect HRV analysis. Specifi cally, they were asked to avoid strenuous physical activity, caff einated and alcoholic beverages and taking nonessential medicines in the 24 h prior to the laboratory session, to avoid smoking and eating a heavy meal in the 3 h prior to the laboratory session, and to sleep at least 6 h the night prior to the laboratory session. Participants completed the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) [27] with no subjects reporting symptoms of physical abnormalities related to heart conditions, high blood pressure or heart drugs, bone and joint problems, chest pain during activity, chest pain at rest, loss of balance or dizziness, and thus no participants were excluded. During the entire session participants had the possibility to leave the study and their confi dentiality was assured. All participants were volunteers and provided written informed consent. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the local ethics committee and meets the Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research [13] Experimental Design Each participant wore an elastic electrode belt (T61, Polar Electro Oy) placed below the chest muscles with a conductive gel, applied as described by the manufacturer, and four peripheral ECG Limb electrode-clips were attached after the skin of the participants had been cleaned. The electrodes were placed in accordance with the standard confi guration for a 3-lead ECG (Black, right ankle; Green, left ankle (VL); Red, right wrist (VR); Yellow, left wrist (VF)) and the leads were connected to the OWS. Participants rested comfortably during the session in a supine position in a quiet, semi-dark room maintained at a temperature of 19 – 23 ° C. After 3 min of rest lying down, participants were asked to remain supine and still for 10 min without speaking or making any movements. HRV data were registered continuously for 10 min, 5 min of free breathing and 5 min of paced breathing at the frequency of 0.20 Hz. To control the researcher bias and the respiratory infl uence all participants listened to an audio CD with the general instructions to participants about the procedures and tasks during registration, followed by 5 min of silence (for HRV data collection during free breathing condition) and 5 more minutes of auditory instructions to guide breathing frequency to participants (for HRV data collection during paced breathing condition). No attempt was made to control the tidal volume. Data acquisition R-R intervals were recorded simultaneously using the Polar with a resolution of 1 ms, and the OWS with a resolution of 2 ms. For the Polar recording, R-R intervals were captured by the receptor belt and stored by a wrist watch receiver (Polar S810i). Next, the data were transferred to the Polar Precision Performance Software (release 3.00; Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland), by means of an interface with an infrared device for signal emission and R-R intervals were exported under ASCII format. The OWS comprises a software package that analyzes HRV information loaded onto a laptop computer. The computer connects to the ECG leads by a transceiver box which is responsible for digitizing the signal for processing within the computer. The digitized signal was fi ltered from 0.05 Hz to 120 Hz, in accordance with common standards for ECG readings, and processed by the OWS software to obtain the R-R series. The OWS device complies with all guidelines recommended by the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology standards for measurement of HRV [25] . HRV data analysis The R-R signals were processed using a specifi c software program designed in the MATLAB environment. The signals were processed according to the following steps: i) artifact correction; ii) R-R interval synchronization; iii) HRV indices calculation. Artifact Correction ▼ Artifacts were identifi ed and corrected automatically prior to analysis. In short, if the change from one R-R interval to the next exceeds the interquartile range of the diff erentiated R-R time series ten-fold then it is decided that an artifact is present. The artifact is then classifi ed as a missing beat, extra beat or ectopic like beat. For a missing beat, the corrected R-R interval is obtained by adding as many consecutive R-R intervals to obtain a value close to mean of the previous ten R-R intervals. An extra beat is split in as many R-R intervals with equal value as needed to be close to the mean of the previous ten R-R intervals. An ectopic like beat is substituted with two equal R-R intervals corresponding to the mean of the two R-R intervals involved in the ectopic like beat. R-R Interval Synchronization ▼ The R-R intervals from the Polar and OWS were synchronized for further analysis using temporal " event " markers. Then fi ne alignment of the series was carried out using the cross-correlation function between both series and visual inspection. Time and Frequency Domain Measures ▼ Time domain analysis was done in accordance with the current recommendations [25] . The mean NN interval, the standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN) and the root mean square of differences (RMSSD) of successive NN intervals were calculated. For frequency domain analysis, all R-R series were re-sampled at 3 Hz using a cubic spline prior to the HRV analysis. The power spectrum of the re-sampled time series was estimated using the Fast Fourier Transform after removing the mean of the time series and multiplying the time series by a Hanning window. The power of Training & Testing 338 Parrado E et al. Comparison of Omega Wave System and Polar S810i ... Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 336 – 341 the very low frequency band (PVLF) was estimated by integrating the power spectrum for frequencies lower than 0.04 Hz. Accordingly, the power of the low frequency band (PLF) was computed in the band 0.04 – 0.15 Hz and the power of the high frequency band (PHF) was computed in the band 0.15 – 0.4 Hz. Moreover, the PLF / PHF was computed as the ratio PLF / PHF. The calculation of these indices is consistent with the recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [25] . Non-linear Analysis ▼ In recent years a new approach has been introduced to characterize the variability of the R-R series based on the analysis of non-linear dynamics. There are several indices associated with these methods so we have selected a few. A Poincar é plot was calculated for consecutive beats (RR i , RR i + 1 ) and the standard deviation along the line of identity and along its perpendicular was calculated. The SD2 index represents the slow variability of the R-R series, while the SD1 index represents the instantaneous beat to beat variability [26] . The detrended fl uctuation analysis (DFA) was used in order to obtain the indices α 1 and α 2 that quantify the fractal-like correlation properties of the time series [20] . α 1 is the short-term scaling exponent ( < 10 beats) while α 2 is the long-term scaling exponent (between 11 and 50 beats). The complexity of the time series was assessed with the Approximate Entropy (ApEn). In this study we have used an embedding dimension of 2 and a ratio of the neighborhood of 0.2 times the standard deviation of the time series [21] . Finally, we assessed the autocorrelation scaling of the time series in the short range with the acceleration changes index (ACI) proposed in Garc í aGonz á lez et al. [11] . Statistical analysis The calculation of HRV indexes and Bland-Altman plots was made with MATLAB environment. The SPSS program for Windows (v.16.0) was used to perform standard statistical methods to compare HRV indexes. General linear model (GLM) was used to detect possible di


A contextual, iconographic, and functional analysis of a terracotta found in an archaeological excavation carried out on the ancient site of Gades is presented. Iconographically, it is associated with the funerary cult at the western end of the Mediterranean and, possibly, it was manufactured in foreign kilns to Gades. The interest of this study lies, on the one hand, as it is the first time that this type of piece appears in Hispania and, on the other, because it appears contextualized. This fact allows us to develop more concrete hypotheses about its finding.


The Mantel test of correlation of two distance matrices is well-known and often used in ecology and landscape genetic. In the presence of multiple distances, a partial correlation tests has been used but is limited and do not offer a symmetric view. As distances are positives the basic formula can be extended to more than two series. Rescaling each distance matrix to have a maximum of 1 and minimum of zero (the diagonal) ensures fair contributions from each domain used in this k-Mantel test. This leads also to consider multiway arrays expressing this Mantel's extension approach either from using the cross-products of the distances or considering k-co-occurrences based on these distances. Simple histograms or k-way multidimensional methods can then depict structures and associations. The paper presents the k-Mantel randomisation testing and these various methods with analyses results for a crop genetic environment association study using data for 33 bambara groundnut landraces (a neglected and underutilised crop).


Sentiment analysis (SA), an analytics technique that assesses the "tone" of text, has emerged as a viable alternative to help users decide what to read without analyzing the whole text. In this study, we compare two main SA techniques (lexicon-based and machine-learning) for analyzing sentiments in the context of consumer product reviews. Given that a noted gap in prior research has been the almost sole focus on short textual information that concerns specific contexts (e.g., tweets about the Winter Olympics), we examine the role of contextual factors. Specifically, we examine reviews that address a multitude of product/service contexts, and which vary significantly in length. To test the research model, we collected 625 consumer reviews that ranged in length from 10 to 551 words, and which concerned six goods belonging to the three product/service categories commonly cited in the literature: a) search goods: laptop computers and paper notebooks; b) experience goods: hotels and restaurants; and c) credence goods: car repair and multi-vitamins. To analyze the reviews, we used two tools: 1) VADER (Valence Aware Dictionary for sEntiment Reasoning); a parsimonious rule-based sentiment analysis tool that has been shown to be especially effective in analyzing social media posts, and 2) Google Cloud Natural Language API (henceforth called Google), which uses a machine-learning approach. To assess the effectiveness of the tools, we compared the sentiment scores generated by each tool to the star ratings that were provided by the original authors of the consumer reviews. Hence, the (absolute) difference between the SA scores and the star ratings served as our dependent measure. The results of an ANOVA indicated that the lexicon-based approach (VADER) to sentiment analysis outperforms machine-learning in almost all product contexts regardless of review length (average error M = 16.6% vs. M = 19.8%; F = 13.81, p < 0.01). The main effect of review length was also statistically significant (F = 14.04, p < 0.01), where the SA tools' accuracy was better for short and medium length reviews. Overall, both tools' average accuracy was highest for credence goods, followed by experience and then search goods (F = 5.82, p < 0.05). Overall, VADER demonstrated higher accuracy over Google for credence and search goods. Machine learning (Google) had a better accuracy only in the case of long reviews about experience goods (F = 5.64, p < 0.05). The results of this study provide evidence that there are differences in the accuracy of various SA tools, and that it is important to consider contextual factors when choosing a SA tool. Building on these results, we will examine whether SA can be a substitute or a complement to star ratings in consumer decision making.


Since some decades most of the UNILAC cavities are equipped with the same type of RF couplers. Studies in the 80 have shown that a cylindrical ceramic as vacuum seal is nearly ideal. Compared to ceramic disks the real surface area hit by X-rays is much smaller. From fabrication issues much more manufacturing steps, including metallization of both tube ends, have to be passed. A general composition is shown in [Fig. 1]. For applications at different power levels and different mechanical environments the design has just to be scaled.


Oil has been mined successfully in Europe as far back as the 1700s and in the U.S. in the 1800s. Activity has commenced once again in this area as a result of the world's search for additional energy sources. This work discusses gravity drainage, one form of oil mining. Oil mining through gravity drainage has been technically feasible, but restricted by economics. However, with the Arab oil embargo and the resulting escalation in oil prices the economics now appear attractive. Although the extraction process is referred to as oil mining, the techniques employed in gravity drainage would classify it more in line with a basic oil and gas operation. Mining only takes place during the design and developmental phases of the operation. Therefore, although mining is critical in the overall scheme, there is no mining per se in the production phase. There is a significant relationship between reservoir engineering and mining engineering in oil mining. Mining engineering is contingent upon the field characteristics established by the reservoir engineers.


: In this paper, a novel 8T SRAM cell is proposed which aims at decreasing the delay and lowering the total power consumption of the cell. The threshold voltage variations in the transistor and increased power dissipation increases with number of transistors which in turns affects the read and write stability of the cell. As the technology is being scaled down leakage power is becoming an important contributing factor in total dissipation of the circuit. The proposed 8T SRAM bit cell is designed using 65nm cmos, n-well technology with a supply voltage of 1.20V. The results have been obtained using cadence virtuoso tool. The experimental results show that the average delay has been improved by 80% compared to the conventional 6T cell. The total power is improved by 14.5% as compared to conventional 6T SRAM cell. (6T) cell at ultra low voltage (ULV) power supply. In addition, 6T has a severe problem of read disturb. The basic and an effective way to eliminate this problem is the decoupling of true storing node from the bit lines during the read operation. This read decoupling approach is utilized by conventional 8-transistor [read decoupled 8-transistor (RD-8T)] cell which offers read static noise margin (RSNM) comparable with hold static noise margin (HSNM). However, RD-8T suffers from leakage introduced in read path. This leakage current increases with the scaling thereby, increasing the probability of failed read/write operations.


This article discusses the paradigm of Islamic political economy and conventional political economy by looking at the discourse of Indonesian sharia banks. This article aims to find out how the political economy that occurs in Indonesian sharia banks. This article is qualitative library research. The data in this study were obtained from library materials such as books, journals, and so on related to the problems studied, namely the conventional political economy paradigm and the Islamic political economy paradigm. The data collection technique used is to collect as much data as possible about the problems studied through the internet and library websites. The data writing technique used is a data analysis technique known by Miles et al., namely data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The analysis results show that the differences between Islamic and conventional political economy paradigms are seen in the unification (religion and economic activity) by Islamic economics and separation (religion and economic activity) by conventional economics. The dominance of the conventional economic system, represented by the capitalist and socialist economic system in the world economy, especially Indonesia, does not dampen the significant development of the Islamic economic system, which is agreed upon by various parties.


Adapting fiction for the stage is an extremely difficult task , though it's hard to say why. The written word and the spoken word are both words — aren't they?


From the expressive point of view, as was shown in the first part of this article the special quality of Lees's music is that it is concerned with the emotional unrest of contemporary life—the sense of violence, the feelings of doubt, discouragement, even despair—but while voicing these unflinchingly, it confronts them with a natural vitality which is not devoid of humour, courage, and hope. Seattle therefore made an appropriate choice when they commissioned him to write a large-scale choral work to open the 'Century 21 Exposition' of 1962. The result, Visions of Poets, was performed at the exposition on May 15 and 16, by Adele Addison (soprano), Albert da Costa (tenor), the Seattle Chorale and Symphony Orchestra, under Milton Katims. It was a spectacular occasion, the stage of the new Seattle Opera House being filled with a chorus of 90 and an orchestra of 95; the work created a profound impression, and was generally voted Lees's outstanding achievement to date.


The purpose of this research is to analyze a knowledge and recognition degree of the common person about long-term care insurance system that Korean government is planning to introduce currently. The research sample was 296 people (average 36.2 year-old) who dwell in Seoul and the condition area. Data was collected from May to September 2008 by structured questionnaire. The finding of this study could be summarized as follows:
The object person who tries to listen was 65.7% about long-term care insurance system and the course led broadcasting 48.9% was made to know. Knowledge degree of the common person the case which knows a service grade 49.6%, was home service 79.2%, person oneself fee was knowing 41.0%, nursing and welfare service 94.7%, in physical treatment service 72.0%. The benefit of Long-term care insurance system is to decreases the economic charge and the psychological stress of the family and becomes the help in the families and that there is a possibility of living the old person is comfortable recognizing.


Speech monitoring is a promising method for nonintrusive stress level assessment, as it fulfills the criteria of both limited intrusiveness and global sensitivity. In Air Traffic Control (ATC), human factors are the limiting factor regarding performance; thus constantly being exposed to high demands and mental stress. For the evaluation of a stress monitoring system, speech data is needed which (a) is ATC-specific, and (b) provides reliable additional indicators of the speaker's actual stress level as a reference. Unfortunately, none such databases are available at present. In this paper, we report on the creation of a speech database for pilots that meets the above-mentioned requirements. This includes the selection of a realistic recording environment and the creation of an appropriate training program including psycho-physiological aspects. In addition to the speech recordings, the test subject's heart rate is recorded, from which additional parameters are derived and taken as a reference for the instantaneous stress level. The aim is to find correlations between these parameters and potential speech features.


Fluid flows are often so complicated that laboratory experiments or the numerical solution of the equations of motion are the only route to simulate their behavior in natural circumstances. With the advent of modern computers, numerical models have become an indispensable tool to simulate geophysical flows, such as the general circulation of the ocean. Numerical models of the ocean circulation have diverse merits, such as (i) their capability to represent terms in the equations of motion that are often neglected in analytical work (the non-linear advection terms are a prominent example), (ii) their ability to accommodate complex initial and boundary conditions, and (iii) their capability to incorporate realistic basin geometries. Their scientific and societal values can be justified on various grounds. In particular, Buoyancy-Driven Flow and Nature of Vertical Mixing in a Zonally Averaged Model


The monoclonal antibody MIB1 recognizing the Ki‐67 antigen in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue was used to study the proliferative activity in 44 adenoid cystic carcinomas of the salivary glands. The antigen expression was compared with clinical factors, histopathological grading, and prognosis. The Ki‐67 value was significantly higher in tumors from patients suffering from treatment failure than in nonfailures (P < 0.001). The Ki‐67 expression was also higher in tumors exhibiting areas more than 30% of the solid growth pattern and higher in sinonasal tumors than in other locations. By Cox regression analysis, Ki‐67 more than 4% was the strongest prognostic indicator (P <0.005). Clinical stage and violation of surgical margins were also found to be independent significant prognostic indicators. We conclude that Ki‐67 expression estimated by the use of MIB1 is a powerful tool for predicting the short‐term prognosis for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma.


Abstract
 This book takes a simple step-by-step approach to give a good grounding in the use of R for undergraduate/beginning postgraduate biology students. R is a freely available, open-source statistical programming environment which provides powerful statistical analysis tools and graphics outputs. This chapter provides some steps on how to use the book, from setting up the computer to running the code as you go along. The chapter structure is also introduced.


A schematic, Lipkin-type model for non-perturbative QCD is introduced. The general structure of the model is discussed briefly. To illustrate the scope, the model is restricted to its simplest version. The energy spectrumin the normal (low interaction strength) and deformed (high interaction strength) phases is discussed. Finite Temperature effects are discussed for the case of the simplify model. The partition function, the energy density and the heat capacity are calculated by using coherent states.


In recent years, research on the application of UAV agriculture sowing has developed rapidly. This topic combines the flight characteristics of four-rotor UAV to design and develop a four-rotor UAV virtual simulation system applied in agricultural sowing with using Unity3D engine and realistic picture effects, based on virtual reality technology. This system solves the problem that the restriction of UAV flight in real life, and provides example for virtual reality of the four-rotor UAV agricultural sowing, which has great practical significance.


The advances on multiloop control in predenitrifying process is presented, involving the simulation benchmark, the control strategies, the performance evaluation, etc. Lastly,the trend of study on the processis prospected.


Objective:To investigate sex development status and relevant causes factors of female students that age at eight to fourteen years in Shenzhen city for establishing preventive strategies.Methods:1 362 female students were studied using method of simple random stratified sampling survey.The stature,weight,breast development types,chest circumference, abdomen circumference,hip circumference of schoolgirls were measured and relevant causes factors of sex development were surveyed.Results:Breast development of 28.7% female students are closing to sex maturation stage.In our datum, the earliest age of menarche was eight years,and menarche rate of female students before twelve years were 65.8%.The Breast development rate in Ⅳ~Ⅴstage of overweight group,touching sex information group and less-exercise group were significantly higher than non-overweight group , non-touching sex information group and exercise group,respectively(P0.001,P0.001,P0.01).The time of menarche were earlier than non-overweight group,non-touching sex information and exercise groups,respectively(P0.001,P0.001,P0.05).Conclusion:The schedule of onset and development of puberty was ahead. Overweight, less-exercise and touching sex information are potential causes of the early onset of puberty.


Step Fixed-charge transportation problem (SFCTP) is considered to be one of the versions of Fixed-charge transportation problem (FCTP) where the fixed cost is incurred for every route that is used in the solution. This is considered to be an NP-hard problem since the cost structure causes the value of the objective function to behave like a step function. In this paper three formulae are proposed to construct intermediate coefficient matrix as a base for finding an initial solution for SFCTP. The proposed formulae overcome the drawbacks of one of the earlier proposed formulae, which fails to address the cases when load units become equal to or greater than the minimum of the supplies and demand for particular route. In addition, the achieved initial solution for the SFCTP is considered to be the best as compared to the initial solution achieved by the earlier proposed formulae in the literature. In order to confirm the superiority of the proposed formulae, forty problems with different sizes have been solved to evaluate and demonstrate the performance of the proposed formulae and to compare their performance with the earlier proposed formulae.


The trend of digital currencies is catching fire these days, more and more people want to use digital currency. When we talk about digital currencies then how can we forget taking the name of Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. These currencies because of their P2P nature have won lot of hearts. You must have heard that "Every Rose has a thorn", similar type of thing is with Cryptocurrencies too. Because of the reason these currencies are P2P nature and there is no 3rd party who controls these cryptocurrencies, these are being used for illegal drugs – arms dealing and for purchasing weapons online which are used in the terror attacks. We have found out a solution in order to put an end to it and the solution is Freezing of Assets. In this the owner will have the liberty to freeze any account whichever seem fishy and the freezed accounts will have their money intact, just the difference will be that they won't be able to transfer the money.


Manuel de Larramendi's contribution to the study of Basque prosody has been largely ignored or misinterpreted. In this paper, I review Larramendi's work in this area showing that, by and large, his description coincides fairly well with what we now know about dialects with prosodic systems of the Western type. Larramendi provided us with the first detailed and accurate description of the fairly complex accentual system of Western Basque and deserves the honor of being recognized as a pioneer in this field.


The present work analyzes the mortality of wild fauna due to run over on the Taura Naranjal highway between August 2016 and September 2017. There were 224 hit individuals, mainly the mammal Didelphis marsupialis (86.9%), followed by the birds Rostrhamus sociabilis, Coragyps atratus and Dives warszewiczi. The number of records determined a road kill rate of 0.04 ind/Km/day throughout the entire road; while when analyzing by sections, the first two registered 5.51 and 6.04 ind/km, respectively, and the rate decreased to 1.51 ind / km in the third section. The high incidence of road kill records on D. marsupialis, would be related to its feeding behavior and wide distribution, even in populated areas. In the case of birds, this would be due to the areas adjacent to the road are an appropriate habitat for their development; which means the life cycle of the registered species determines its greater or lesser access to the roads. The greatest number of road kills in the first two sections could be because they are similar and are characterized by the diversity of microhabitats present in the Churute Mangrove Reserve and the absence of villages, while in the third section the human presence is greater and therefore the alteration of habitats too.


In this work, we investigate the validity of the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations for nanoscale liquid flows through molecular dynamics simulations. We focus on the role of channel size by considering the fluid-wall interaction. Liquid flows between two planar parallel walls driven by an external force with channel size ranging from 2 to 80 nm are studied. The volumetric flux is computed and the dependence of the volumetric flux on the channel size is explained both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is found that the flow is sensitive to the fluid-wall binding energy and the classical fluid mechanics falls apart in small nanochannels. However, the wall effects become insignificant and the NS equations are valid when the channel size is larger than about 150 molecular diameters (∼ 50 nm).


In order to perform safe and effective dental, oral and maxillofacial surgery, a practice must ensure its equipment is well maintained and in good working order. All electrical equipment must be serviced annually by qualified personnel and an accurate record kept of these checks. 'Dental' equipment ranges from the dental machine including its compressor, the hand pieces associated with the machine (both high and low speed), the coolant system of the machine, the powered scalers and finally the hand instrumentation; this includes scalers, curettes, luxators, elevators and periosteal elevators. If any of these pieces of equipment are faulty, an optimal procedure is going to be difficult to perform and could result in frustrated and injured operating personnel, potentially unnecessarily injured patients and lengthier anaesthetics for patients. Well maintained equipment should save practices money due to less frequent replacement of damaged items.


Recursive algorithms for the estimation of mixtures of densities have attracted a lot of attention in the last 10 years. Here an algorithm for recursive estimation is studied. It complements existing approaches in the literature, as it is based on conditions that are usually very weak. For example, the parameter space over which the mixture is taken does not need to be necessarily bounded. The essence of the procedure is to combine density estimation via empirical characteristic function together with an iterative Hilbert space approximation algorithm. The conditions for consistency of the estimator are verified for three important statistical problems. A simulation study is also included.


The ubiquitous neuromodulator adenosine inhibits the production of several proinflammatory cytokines through activation of specific cell‐surface adenosine receptors. We demonstrated recently that antisense oligonucleotides to tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) are neuroprotective in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Therefore, we hypothesized that activation of adenosine receptors would provide protection against intracerebral hemorrhage‐induced TNF‐α production and inflammatory events. In vitro experiments showed that adenosine A1, A2A, and A3 receptor subtypes were present on U937 cells, and activation of these subtypes inhibited TNF‐α production with a rank order of A2A >> A1 > A3. Prolonged treatment of U937 cells with the A2A receptor agonist 2‐p‐(carboxyethyl)phenethylamino‐5′‐N‐ethylcarboxamidoadenosine hydrochloride (CGS 21680) desensitized adenosine A2A, A1, and A3 receptors. CGS 21680 administration directly into the striatum immediately prior to the induction of intracerebral hemorrhage inhibited TNF‐α mRNA and, 24 hours following induction, reduced parenchymal neutrophil infiltration (p < 0.001) and TUNEL‐positive cells (p < 0.002) within and bordering the hematoma. These results suggest that pharmacological strategies targeting A2A receptors may provide effective inhibition of acute neurotoxic proinflammatory events that occur following intracerebral hemorrhage.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer‐related death worldwide. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSC) causes tumor relapses, metastasis, and resistance to conventional therapy. Alternative splicing has been shown to affect physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence has confirmed that targeting alternative splicing could be an effective strategy to treat CRC. Currently, the role of alternative splicing in the regulation of CSC properties in CRC has not been elucidated. Here, we show that RBM17 displays oncogenic roles in CRC cells. RBM17 enhances cell proliferation and reduces chemotherapeutic‐induced apoptosis in CRC cells. Besides, RBM17 increases CD133 positive and ALDEFLUOR positive populations and promotes sphere formation in CRC cells. In mechanism studies, we found that FOXM1 is critical for RBM17 enhanced CSC properties. Moreover, FOXM1 alternative splicing is essential for RBM17 enhanced CSC properties in CRC cells. Additionally, RBM17 enhances CSC characteristics by controlling FOXM1 expression to promote Sox2 expression. Furthermore, AKT1 works as an upstream kinase to control RBM17‐mediated FOXM1 alternative splicing and enhancement of CSC properties in CRC cells. Our study reveals that AKT1‐RBM17‐FOXM1‐Sox2 axis could be a potential target for modulating alternative splicing to reduce CSC properties in CRC cells.


Researchers, pharmaceutical companies, funders, regulators, and other stakeholders in the scientific fight against Alzheimer's disease (AD) have expressed great interest in the evaluation of putative "preclinical AD treatments," interventions that are initiated in cognitively unimpaired persons and intended to postpone, reduce the risk of, or completely prevent progression to the clinical stages of AD. Thank goodness. With the growing number of persons living to older ages, preclinical AD treatments are urgently needed to avert a catastrophic public health problem, and at least some of the proposed treatments may need to be initiated before the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia stages of AD, when the pathology is already extensive, to be most efficacious.

As we have previously noted, the field needs both the scientific means and financial incentives to rapidly evaluate putative preclinical AD treatments in cognitively unimpaired persons at risk for AD. The trial endpoints need to help reduce the number of research participants and time it takes to evaluate putative preclinical AD treatments, for the world cannot afford to await the results of one large, expensive and time-consuming trial at a time and sponsors are unlikely to provide investigational drugs or much support for preclinical AD trials that last longer than the drug's patent life. What's more, the endpoints need to be sufficiently compelling to regulators, such that an investigational drug's effects on the endpoint could lead to marketing approval. Under standard regulatory agency provisions, the treatment would need to have "clinically meaningful" effects, including evidence that it impacts relevant cognitive features of AD and the ability to function (e.g., activities of daily living). An impact on functional performance is a high bar for a preclinical AD trial to reach. Fortunately, regulatory agencies also have accelerated approval provisions for the approval of certain treatments, including those for AD. Under these provisions, it is possible to approve a treatment if its effects on the primary endpoint are "reasonably likely" to predict a clinically meaningful benefit and then to acquire the post-marketing data needed to support a clinically meaningful effect. With those criteria in mind, the search is on for efficient preclinical trial endpoints with sufficient "theragnostic value" in preclinical AD trials, such that a treatment's effects on the endpoints are at least reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit.

In the Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative (API), we and our colleagues have been interested in finding a suitable primary endpoint for potentially license-enabling preclinical AD trials in cognitively unimpaired persons who, based on their genetic background and age, are at the highest imminent risk for progression to the clinical stages of AD(1;2). Utilizing a strategy first proposed by Suzanne Hendrix, Jessica Langbaum and our colleagues first used a longitudinal data set from the Rush University AD Center to exhaustively search for the combination of cognitive test scores with the greatest power to track cognitive decline in unimpaired older adults, who subsequently progressed to the clinical stages of AD, while controlling for practice and aging effects in other persons who remained cognitively unimpaired over the same time frame. A combination of 7 test scores was found to provide the best power to the track cognitive decline associated with preclinical AD—though the results depended in part on the studied test battery and there are other combinations that proved to be almost as good(3). How could a composite cognitive test score have better power to track preclinical AD than the most sensitive individual test in the composite? By capturing an additional aspect of preclinical AD decline and not adding to measurement noise. Since it is difficult to know how well any tests might do in that regard, we have made the case for the use of empirically generated and independently confirmed composite cognitive test scores in the preclinical tracking of AD and the evaluation of preclinical AD treatments.

In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Napatkamon Ayutyanont and our colleagues describe the effort to characterize the composite cognitive test score that was selected for the evaluation of an investigational amyloid-β modifying treatment in the API autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) trial(4). The analysis capitalized on longitudinal data acquired by Dr. Francisco Lopera and his colleagues in PSEN1 E280A mutation carriers and non-carriers from the world's largest ADAD kindred in Antioquia, Colombia. Data from initially unimpaired PSEN1 E280A mutation carriers at least 30 years of age were used to provide an indicator of preclinical AD decline and data from the non-carriers in that age group were used to control for practice and aging effects. Despite differences in language, test batteries, frequency of follow-up assessments, and application to a younger cohort, the analysis found a roughly similar combination of cognitive test scores had the best power to track preclinical ADAD decline, and it permitted us to estimate the number of mutation carriers needed for our five-year preclinical ADAD trial now in progress using the API composite cognitive test score as the primary endpoint (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01998841).

Thanks to the generosity of several research groups, we have begun to extend our findings to a growing number of longitudinal cohorts and to prepare for the use of a similar composite cognitive test score in the API APOE4 preclinical AD trial, which is planned in cognitively unimpaired apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) homozygotes, 60–75 years of age, who have a particularly high imminent risk of progression to the clinical stages of late-onset AD. Looking ahead, we anticipate that different composite cognitive test scores will be used in preclinical AD trials, depending in part on the longitudinal data needed to characterize the optimal test combination and statistical power in the at-risk group being considered for study. Some groups have expressed interest in using computational test batteries or more difficult cognitive tests to further optimize the power to track preclinical AD decline, again depending in part on the longitudinal data needed to demonstrate their added value in the relevant at-risk population. Others are using other endpoints, such as frequency of or time to progression to MCI or dementia, whichever comes first. While it would seem prudent support have flexibility in the selection of the preclinical AD endpoint at this time, it also seems prudent for different trials to acquire the data needed compare findings across trials. What about using brain imaging or other biological measurements as endpoints in preclinical AD trials? While they do have the potential to track AD and evaluate preclinical AD treatments with improved statistical power, they are not yet ready to serve as primary endpoints in license-enabling trials. Additional data from preclinical AD trials themselves are needed to determine the extent to which a preclinical AD treatment moves different biomarkers, whether it does so in a way that is free from a potentially confounding effect unrelated to disease-slowing and, most importantly, to establish the relationship between the treatment's biomarker and clinical effects. For this reason, the API trials are specifically designed to embed the most promising biomarkers in the trials and relate a treatment's 2-year biomarker effects to its 5-year effects on the composite cognitive test score.

The advancement of endpoints for preclinical AD trials has benefitted greatly from several factors: The clarity, consistency, and flexibility that the Food and Drug Administration has shown in its public comments and draft guidance statement on the use of endpoints in early clinical and preclinical AD trials(5); similar comments from the European Medicine's Association; progress in the design of several other preclinical AD trials, including the, the Alzheimer's AD Cooperative Study (ADCS) A4 Trial(6), Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network Therapeutic Unit (DIAN-TU) Trial(7–10), and the TOMMORROW trial(11;12); the efforts of several stakeholder groups; the efforts of stakeholders in the Collaboration for Alzheimer's Prevention (CAP) to exchange preclinical AD trial progress, problems, and solutions, encourage the harmonization of preclinical AD trial data, and support data and biological sample sharing after the trials are over; the growing interest of drug sponsors in preclinical AD trials; and the interest of public and private funders in the development of theragnostic biomarker endpoints, as reflected by the Accelerating Medicine's Partnership (AMP), in which NIH and industry funds will be used to include additional exploratory biomarker endpoints in three of the publicly supported preclinical AD trials.

There is much more to do and learn when it comes to the optimization suitability of endpoints in preclinical AD trials. But the recent momentum has been awfully encouraging.


Aiming at the problem of diamond wire saw in machining hard and brittle material,thispaper constructs the mechanical model of longitudinal vibration and analyses the longitudinalvibratien and the relationship between machinning speed and efficiency.It builds the relationshipcurve of machining speed and efficiency and analyses the influence of lateral pressure onmachining efficiency.It also builds the relationship curve of lateral pressure and machiningefficiency and provides certain basis for diamond wire saw machining.


Designers and implementors of high‐level language translators can, with relatively little extra effort, greatly facilitate run‐time symbolic debugging. Practical suggestions are presented, based on experiences gained from interfacing several compilers with a run‐time debugging system.


An atypical cranial vena cava in a goat cadaver was discovered during student dissection lab. The malformation consisted of absence of the cranial vena cava on the right side (RCVC) and a persistent left cranial vena cava (LCVC) located on the left of the other great vessels in the cranial mediastinum. This LCVC continued over the left aspect of the base of the heart, received the left azygos vein, and joined with the great cardiac vein to unite with the coronary sinus that, in turn, emptied into the right atrium. Drainage from most right side tributary veins converged to form a vein that joined with the LCVC. Right costocervical‐vertebral and azygos veins emptied directly into the right atrium. Both a LCVC and a RCVC are normal for some mammals species, and cases of a persistent LCVC in addition to a normal RCVC have been reported for man, dog, horse, and domestic ruminant, often as incidental finding. Rare cases in man of persistent LCVC with absent RCVC in which the LCVC empties into the left atrium result in clinical problems. We believe this to be a unique caprine case of LCVC without RCVC and may have presented no or minor clinical issues as the LCVC emptied into the right atrium.


An alternative method is applied to the study of nucleon-nucleon(NN) scattering phase shifts in the framework of extended quark delocalization, color-screening model(QDCSM), where the one-pion-exchange(OPE) with short-range cutoff is included.


This paper compares the Europeanisation of large and small business representation. While approaches to European integration have focused on the way that European society has related to the European level in the process of polity building, the study of Europeanisation provides differing insights through the analysis of policy making. This distinction allows the paper to identify the development of specific incentives and norms that have influenced the lobbying environment at the European level. By distinguishing between "top down" and "bottom up" business representation the paper identifies the competing influences on business interest interaction at the national and European levels and allows for the comparison of how these have influenced the experience of large and small businesses. The paper concludes that the process of business interest Europeanisation has taken on a very distinct logic at the European level with the development of fora under an activist Commission, but that SME and large firms have reacted to these opportunities in diverse ways. Finally, the paper warns that while it may be that the EU is uniquely open and accessible for those with clearly defined interests, those that lack the organisational resources to match the stringent requirements for interest articulation may find themselves excluded from the emerging European polity.


A multi-false-target jamming method against to the LFM pulsed radar with mean level(ML) CFAR detector is proposed. Firstly, this jamming method is illuminated which takes advantage of the Doppler modulation to realize the false targets' distribution. Then some key parameters are derived, for instance, the false targets' SNR and the number of false targets. Lastly, some important advices are presented for the jammer system, and simulations are made to validate the conclusion derived. The simulation results show that the radar's target detection probability is decreased greatly by employing this jamming method.


Objective To explore the relationship between tumor location of low grade gliomas in motor area and motor dysfunction by drawing the dyskinesia risk map.Methods All of images of patient were registered to T1 weighted brain atlas (MNI152; Montreal Neurological Institute),calculating the overlay layer of motor dysfunction account for the total number of overlay for each voxel,in order to draw the dyskinesia risk map.Results The dyskinesia risk map was acquired by quantitive neuroimage analysis.The medial part of the hand knot had more effects on motor strength than the lateral part.The risk values of the lateral part of hand knot and secondary motor areas were lowest.From the lateral part to the medial,the risk values increased gradually from 40% to 80%.Conclusions The dyskinesia risk map could demonstrate the relationship between low grade gliomas in motor area and motor dysfunction effectively,and predictively evaluate the motor dysfunction.

Key words:
Low-grade gliomas;  Motor area;  Muscle strength;  Magnetic resonance imaging


The objective of this study is to explain the physical and chemical mechanisms involved in the operation of a catalyzed diesel particulate filter. The study emphasizes on the coupling between reaction and diffusion phenomena (with emphasis on NO 2 back-diffusion), based on modeling and experimental data obtained on the engine dynamometer. The study is facilitated by a novel multi-dimensional mathematical model able to predict both reaction and diffusion phenomena in the filter channels and through the soot layer and wall. The model is thus able to predict the species concentration gradients in the inlet/outlet channels, in the soot layer and wall, taking into account the effect of NO 2 back diffusion. The model is validated versus engine dyno measurements. Two sets of measurements are employed corresponding to low-temperature controlled regenerations as well as high-temperature uncontrolled conditions. Good agreement is observed between measured and computed results in both regeneration modes. It is concluded that at low temperatures, the main reaction mechanism involves NO 2 produced on the catalytic sites and partially diffusing back to the soot layer (re-cycling). At high temperature regeneration modes, NO 2 is not favored due to chemical equilibrium limitations and therefore the main reaction path involves oxygen reaction with soot.


I XCREASED NUMBERS of bone marrow plasma cells have beets reported in a wide variety of clinical disorders. " #{176} Plasma cell proliferation has also been correlated with protein synsthesis.#{176}t' The purpose of this study is to review the relatiotiship betweens marrow plasmocytosis, level of plasma globulins, and the clinical coniditions with which they are associated, employing a differetit and more reliable method of evaluatilsg the tsumber and distributions of plasma cells ins the marrow. Cytologic studies were done usinsg boise marrow sections rather than the conventionsal smear. HISTORICAL Ins 1875, Waldeyer, beinsg impressed with the disproportiomiate amount of cytoplasm ins a group of cells, labeled them " plasma cells " , although it is apparenst from his description that this was a heterogenous group.'4 Marschalko, in 1895, accurately identified and described the plasmnt cell.'5 In 1913, Hubschman postulated that plasma cells produced antibodies anidI suggested that this probably could be proven by abstracting the protein granules from the cell.'6 This theory, that plasma cells were involved in protein synthesis, gained major support in 1937 when Bing and Plum wrote that " a comparison of the various affections in which hyperglobulinemia is found, shows as a commons feature, an augmentation of plasma cells ansd other cells of the ret.iculoendothehial system within and outside the bone marrow " 0 Subsequently, numerous investigators, irscludinsg Fagraeus, Gormsen, ansd Bjorneboe, have comitributed evidence in support of this thesis.6 12, 13 METHOD Stermsal biopsies of sixty cases previously reported as containing inscreased plasma cells were reviewed as unn knowns with a randomly selected control series of slides. All specimens were bone marrow sections rather than the conventional smears. The method of preparation of marrow sections is briefly as follows: The sternum is penetrated with an 8 gauge needle and clumps of the aspirate are fixed in Zenker's solution. The marrow is embedded in nitro-cellulose, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin azure. An estimate of the total number of plasma cells in each section was interpreted as ±, 1, 2, 3, or 4 plus to indicate normal numbers, moderate increase, marked increase, very marked plasmacytosis, or solid replacement of marrow with plasma cells, respectively. These data were correlated with the pat ienst.'s clinical diagnosis and plasma globulin level. Plasma proteins were determined by the macro-Kjeldahl method with separation of the albumin-globulin fractions in the manner described by Campbell and Hanna. These values were not considered …


A novel stream cipher based on the popular linear feedback shift register (LFSR) with a dynamic feedback network controlled by a decoder circuit is presented. The proposed circuit can be employed efficiently in cryptographic applications owing to its improved inviolability property compared to traditional LFSRs. Indeed, although the proposed topology and traditional LFSRs have similar statistical properties, it exhibits a very high linear complexity (LC) and the sequences generated from the novel topology are much more difficult to be predicted. The proposed cipher is described and design criteria to choose the key of the system are also given. As an example, a 16-bit length generator was implemented on a Xilinx FPGA and experimentally verified using the most common statistical and randomness tests. Then it was also designed in standard cell AMS technology. Moreover, to test the generator"s inviolability, a novel methodology, based on a multiperceptron neural network, was also developed and is also presented. Secure Hash standard specifies algorithm that can be used to generate digests of messages. The digests are used to detect whether messages have been changed since the digests were generated.


In safety management of oilfield community teams there are such problems as team leaders paying less attention to safety management and employees being lack of initiative in learning and in participating in activities concerning safety production,and having a weak safety responsibility consciousness.The main factors leading to the above problems are as follows: the quality of team leaders is different;there is no change in the form of team safety education;potential job safety hazard is ignored;supervision over activities concerning safety production is not in place.In order to strengthen team safety management in all-round way and promote fast growth of the enterprise,it is essential to highly value team safety management in production,make innovations in management tool,constantly enhance personal ability of team leaders,actively implement employees' safety training and strive to build team safety contests system.


Significance The mechanisms that affect protein production are crucially important but incompletely understood. In particular, the speed at which a polypeptide chain is synthesized can affect whether it folds to its native state. We propose that the optimal rate of translation depends on the sequence of stable conformations that are sampled by a nascent chain as it is being synthesized. Using optimal and rare synonymous codons as a proxy for translation speed, we find that transient pauses in synthesis are associated with specific intermediate conformations that appear during cotranslational folding and that this behavior is conserved across hundreds of genes and multiple prokaryotic genomes. These results provide striking evidence of evolutionary selection for efficient protein folding in vivo. Recent experiments and simulations have demonstrated that proteins can fold on the ribosome. However, the extent and generality of fitness effects resulting from cotranslational folding remain open questions. Here we report a genome-wide analysis that uncovers evidence of evolutionary selection for cotranslational folding. We describe a robust statistical approach to identify loci within genes that are both significantly enriched in slowly translated codons and evolutionarily conserved. Surprisingly, we find that domain boundaries can explain only a small fraction of these conserved loci. Instead, we propose that regions enriched in slowly translated codons are associated with cotranslational folding intermediates, which may be smaller than a single domain. We show that the intermediates predicted by a native-centric model of cotranslational folding account for the majority of these loci across more than 500 Escherichia coli proteins. By making a direct connection to protein folding, this analysis provides strong evidence that many synonymous substitutions have been selected to optimize translation rates at specific locations within genes. More generally, our results indicate that kinetics, and not just thermodynamics, can significantly alter the efficiency of self-assembly in a biological context.


Color display device and a cathode ray tube (1) and the deflection unit (11). This display device is provided with correction coils for correcting the raster distortion in the raster to be displayed on a screen (24), and means for supplying a correction current to the correction coils. The ratio of the vertical deflection current I


A test‐meal containing 2 g of glucose per kg body weight (minimum of 20 g), 0.5 g of D‐xylose per kg, 8 ml of standardized cream (12% fat) per kg and 7 500 IU of vitamin A palmitate per kg was administered through a nasogastric tube. During the next 10 hours capillary blood samples were obtained and analysed for glucose, D‐xylose, triglycerides, and vitamin A using microanalytical methods.


A TV channel searching apparatus and method are provided, which maximize the contentment of a user by comparing and selecting programming guide of two channels. A channel searching apparatus of TV comprises the user interface(108), the memory unit(110), the first tuner(102), the second tuner(104), the controller(100), and the display unit(112). The user interface is requested for all kinds of the key input signals and channel search mode from a user. The memory unit stores the channel received by the automatic searching for channels function to the channel map. The first tuner receives the channel which is chosen by a user. The broadcasting program of the channel which is chosen by a user is displayed on the full screen in the display unit.


SIR,-In the course of last week the Indian Medical Service as a service of the Crown passed away. With the other Indian Services it has received a vote of thanks from both Houses of Parliament. To the general public at home, the Indian Medical Service was a vague entity which had produced some famous men, but what it did for India is little realized even by medical men in this country. Those of us who saw the work of that great service know that its credit rests not only on those of its members whose reputations were international, but on many others unknown in Britain whose names were household words in vast tracts of India. The debt India owes to the Indian Medical Service is beyond calculation, and we, whose medical schools produced so many of its members, should place on record some account of its achievements and the appreciation of the medical profession.-I am, etc.,


Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, ISBN 978-1-137-02748-1Ted Cantle has been the author of a series of reports on Britain's ability to deal with its growing diversity, beginning with his well-k...


Preliminary results are given on the preparation of nuclear emulsions by bromination of the colloidal silver and sensitivation of the crystals. (tr-auth)


The collection of books in "Nanyang Lecture and Study Hall",whose hosts were LV Liuliang,and LV Baozhong,were at the height of power and splendor for more than sixty years and lost in the period of Yongzheng.The collections in the Hall were closely linked to the LV 's ambition and academic interest,reflecting the strong color of adherents and idealist philosophy.They not only had very high value,but also exerted a deeper impact on the culture of Qing Dynasty.And a number of precious literature preserved till now due to the Hall,its communications with other collection halls and book-carving activities greatly promotes the learning in the Qing Dynasty.


Most of the current proxy caching algorithms for streaming video media assume that users favor the beginning of the media object. However, this assumption is questionable in highly interactive scenarios, such as e-learning, where some parts of the video other than the prefix can also be popular. A new segment-based proxy caching algorithm, named popularity-wise caching, is proposed for highly interactive streaming. It is designed to deal with arbitrary popularity distribution of media content. Simulations are performed using synthetic traces with different kinds and levels of user interactivity. The results show that the performance of current segment-based caching (such as exponential caching and soccer caching) degrade with increasing user interactivity, while popularity-wise caching can provide the lowest user startup latency for interactive requests and highest bandwidth saving for the backbone network.


The idea of preprocessing a linear program with the goal of eliminating constraints or columns is well established. The default setting for CPLEX is to apply preprocessing prior to application of any of its four solvers. In this investigation, a set of preprocessing procedures is developed for the special case of a generalized network flow problem. Some procedures involve adding or replacing arcs to eliminate a node. These procedures all produce an optimal basic feasible solution and optimal dual solution to the original problem. In an empirical analysis, our generalized network preprocessor ran approximately seven times faster than the CPLEX 6.5.3 preprocessor, resulting in an overall solution time reduction of over 20%.


A joint measurement method for long-range and high-precision laser ranging is proposed, in which the frequencymodulated- continuous-wave (FMCW) laser ranging method is used for long-range coarse ranging, while the phase-shift laser ranging method is used for high-precision ranging. The key of the joint measurement method is to ensure that the resolution of the FMCW method is smaller than the unambiguous range of the phase-shift method. In this paper, a super resolved FMCW laser ranging method based on a low-duty-cycle linear-frequency-modulated (LFM) signal is used to achieve phase unwrapping with small bandwidth. A demonstrated experiment is carried out, in which a 2-4 GHz LFM signal with the duration of 1 μs and duty cycle of 10%, and a 5 GHz single-frequency signal are used to simultaneously modulate the lightwave in a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DPMZM). The theoretical measurement range and resolution are 300 m and 0.16 mm, respectively. The absolute length of a 140-m fiber spool and a variable optical delay line (VODL) varied with a step of 0.2 cm in a range from 7 to 20 cm is measured. The standard deviation of the displacements between the measured distances and the exact values is 0.377 mm. The proposed method promises a long range laser ranging with high resolution and measurement rate.


ABSTRACT People with contested illnesses such as Gulf War Syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) have struggled to have their claims to chemical injury recognised as scientifically valid. Patients have thus built on shared experiences and formed 'embodied health movements', to challenge mainstream scientific understandings of toxicity and disease causality. Digital technologies have changed the scale and scope of patient sharing and collaboration, yet little attention has been paid to how patients govern each others' scientific claims. This paper draws from an online qualitative survey of forum users with self-reported MCS (N = 186) to investigate how patient groups internally debate scientificity – in this case over a controversial new 'neural retraining' treatment. Despite their own scientific marginalisation, MCS patients conducted 'boundary-work' to demarcate scientifically legitimate claims from 'pseudo-science' in their analysis of peer theories, and used scientific criteria as a powerful tool to claim and dispute epistemic authority. Moreover, this inter-patient boundary-work had profound social and therapeutic implications in the movement, particularly with respect to the politics of recognition, community solidarity and peer support.


The force development plans and mission projections for the Canadian Forces (CF) and the ongoing Revolution in Military A€ airs (RMA) have far-reaching implications for the future role of Canada's Military Intelligence. The function of Military Intelligence (MI) is to respond to the tactical, operational, and strategic requirements of the armed forces for mission-relevant information as processed intelligence. Historically and conventionally, MI focused primarily on the battle space and its operational, tactical, and strategic variables: enemy plans, intentions, and order of battle, targeting, damage assessment, and ®eld security. To be sure, that approach addressed certain imminent combat requirements, but was essentially de®cient, in that its purview was presumptive, hermetic, and innately parochial. It did not, and indeed could not, address the more comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, and knowledge-intensive information requirements of the RMA, or for the kinds of missions likely to involve Canadian Forces in the future. All projections of future Canadian Forces capabilities are predicated on inputs of substantially new kinds of operational and strategic intelligence and situation-relevant knowledge. These will call for a veritable paradigm shift in Defence Intelligence towards what may be described as a quest for ``Information Superiority.''


Our brains synthesize vast and varied sensory inputs to represent an event or place that can later be recalled freely. The term " engram " refers to a group of neurons activated in association with a memory or event, suggesting that if one were to activate a subset of cells in the ensemble, one would trigger the recall of a memory. The medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, are often studied as the primary region of spatial engram formation and Tonegawa, 2020). However, newly formed spatial memory representations are incredibly transient.


Meteorologists are faced with a multitude of stressors in the course of their weather prediction work. There is widespread anecdotal evidence to suggest that these factors are associated with various traumatic stress outcomes among forecasters. Thus, this paper takes an integrationist perspective in discussing and theorizing about emotional processing and the occurrence of job-related traumas in the meteorological workplace. We utilize process-experiential views on emotion for our discussion of emotional processing and merge Adlerian Individual Psychology principles with those of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to provide insight into mental health coping strategies which might be helpful to meteorologists.


This study aimed to describe the effect of science process skills-based learning in facilitating the achievement of student learning outcomes in the topic of carbohydrate metabolism. The research design used was pre-experimental one group pretest-posttest design. Trials were conducted on 30 students of SMAN 1 Tarik, Sidoarjo. The results of this study consists of 3 components, which includes the results of academic learning both product (material / concept) on LP1, process (integrated and basic science process skills) on LP2-01 and LP202 as measured by written test, as well as attitudes on the observation sheet. The result of the research showed that the science process-oriented learning process can improve the students' understanding based on the result of the preliminary and final test which has increased the proportion of the correct answer both on the test in the product LP and the result of the affective level of the students character and social skill was very high. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the science process skills can be used to facilitate the achievement of students' learning outcomes in the topic of carbohydrate


In this paper we use microscopic arguments to derive a nonlinear Schrodinger equation for trapped Bose-condensed gases. This is made possible by considering the equations of motion of various anomalous averages. The resulting equation explicitly includes the effect of repeated binary interactions (in particular ladders) between the atoms. Moreover, under the conditions where dressing of the intermediate states of a collision can be ignored, this equation is shown to reduce to the conventional Gross-Pitaevskii equation in the pseudopotential limit. Extending the treatment, we show first how the occupation of excited (bare particle) states affects the collisions, and thus obtain the many-body T-matrix approximation in a trap. In addition, we discuss how the bare particle many-body T matrix gets dressed by mean fields due to condensed and excited atoms. We conclude that the most commonly used version of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation can only be put on a microscopic basis for a restrictive range of conditions. For partial condensation, we need to take account of interactions between condensed and excited atoms, which, in a consistent formulation, should also be expressed in terms of the many-body T matrix. This can be achieved by considering fluctuations around the condensate mean field beyond those included in the conventional finite temperature mean field, i.e., Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov, theory.


In the case of using as a standard catalyst in the olefin polymerization, it provides a more solid state polymethyl aluminoxane composition having a high activity. Polymethyl aluminoxane and a Noksan with trimethylaluminium and the range of a solid state polymethyl aluminoxane composition containing Al


In 1996, the Malagasy Government issued the GELOSE law to provide a legal framework for the transfer of natural resources management rights to local communities. Eight years later, management transfers have been implemented in 451 sites, but a controversy exists about whether they genuinely favor community-based management. This article examines the GELOSE legislation in the light of a series of short case studies in order to identify its potential pitfalls. The conclusion is that the approach, by creating new institutions instead of strengthening existing ones, favors resource capture by local elites and is utilized for the enforcement of a nonnegotiable, global environmental agenda. We propose, in order to favor a genuine devolution of natural resources management rights, to adopt more flexible approaches that can be appropriated by existing institutions and to compensate local communities for the restrictions of access to their resources.


In the current competitive economy, knowledge considered as a valuable source of competitive advantage. Online Communities (OCs) became accepted online popular platforms for exchanging and sharing knowledge between groups or individuals with common needs and interest. How to motivate users to contribute their knowledge is one of the most challenges in OCs. The factors that influence members to exchange their knowledge in OCs have not fully explored in the context of knowledge sharing. This systematic literature review aimed to examine the previous quantitative/qualitative studies from 2006 to 2017 to identify the most frequently cited factors that influence participants' knowledge sharing behavior in OCs. The current study classified those factors into three main categories: individual, community, and technological factors. The study also examined different theories, constructs, and models that used in the selected articles. The findings from this study could be applied in future empirical research to construct a conceptual framework for members' knowledge sharing behavior in OCs.


Under the assumption that the mass of story is lumped at the floor and roof diaphragms,the short-pier shear wall structures may be idealized as a multiple-degree-of-freedom system with lumped masses in series linked by line elements,which are axially inextensible but laterally flexible.The lateral stiffness matrix for dynamic analysis of this system is derived by semi-analytic approach.The contribution of each lumped mass on each story has been considered in this method so that the results are more closed to actual cases than those given by shearing model.Analysis of a symmetry shear wall with double short piers are implemented as an exemplification to illustrate the validity of this approach.The results indicate that the lateral displacements and the periods of top 6 lateral vibration modes are in well accordance with those obtained by finite element method.


Irrigation is standard practice in hot pepper production and sound irrigation scheduling increases productivity. Irrigation can be scheduled using various tools, including computer modelling. The Soil Water Balance (SWB) model is a mechanistic, generic crop irrigation scheduling model. Calibration and validation of the model using reliable data is required to ensure accurate simulations. Detailed weather, soil and crop data were collected from three field trials conducted in the 2004/05 growing season at the Hatfield Experimental Farm, University of Pretoria. Model calibration was done using cropspecific model parameters determined under optimum growing conditions, while model validation was done using data generated under water stress and/or low planting density conditions. The SWB model was successfully calibrated for the cultivars Jalapeno, Long Slim and Serrano for most growth parameters and the soil water deficit was predicted with reasonable accuracy. Validation simulations were inside or marginally outside the reliability criteria imposed for deficit irrigation treatments. However, caution must be exercised when using crop-specific model parameters developed under optimum plant population to simulate growth under low plant population conditions, as most of the validation simulations were outside the reliability criteria for Long Slim under low density planting and deficit irrigation treatments. This is due to the fact that the SWB model does not account for plant population.


Orienteering is a defense sports activity which combines people's ability to read maps with their ability in crossing-country running.It is a very healthy ingenious,intellectual physical sport.It is also a new national defense activity with mass participation,infinite interest,intellectuality,competitiveness and military significance.Successful orienteering activities require mature preparation and scientific design.Launching orienteering exercise with "military flavor" in colleges and universities,integrating national defense education into cultural and sports activities in a lively form can help mobilize students' enthusiasm for learning,popularize military skills and improve the overall quality of students.


There is a close relationship between urban rail transit and land utilization; therefore, it is important, yet difficult, to achieve integrated operation and to solve the problem of "time effectiveness" which may cause difference between planning and the process of construction. This paper is to analyze the problems of the integration of planning and land utilization in the construction of Wuhan Rail Transit network from four aspects-public-oriented information, following-up of aimed construction progress, coordination between planning research and funding, and land management along the railway line. After studying the successful examples at home and abroad, countermeasures to the problems are put forward from the perspectives of social advocacy, sequence scheduling, prophase preparation and land operation.


A review of division progress reports noting significant events and findings of the Applied Nuclear Physics, Neutron Physics, Engineering Physics, and then Engineering Physics and Mathematics divisions from 1955 to 1993 was prepared for use in developing a history of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in celebration of its 50th year. The research resulted in an accumulation of historic material and photographs covering 38 years of effort, and the decision was made to publish a brief history of the division. The history begins with a detailed account of the founding of the Applied Nuclear Physics Division in 1955 and continues through the name change to the Neutron Physics Division in the late 1950s. The material thereafter is presented in decades--the sixties, seventies, and eighties--and ends as we enter the nineties.


The present research work aims at the comparative analysis of the theories of Jean Piaget in the Preoperational stage and of Erik Erikson in the Initiative phase vs. Blame with the objective of documenting them and establishing the importance of respecting the natural process of development. Through the description of the same and the theories, the processes and changes that occur during early childhood were analyzed, which guarantee the adequate adaptation of the individual to systems outside the family nucleus, that is to say to schooling and therefore to society. From the analysis it can be concluded that J. Piaget and E. Erikson, were interested in the importance of child development, structured their theories with different positions and in different areas. Piaget's tendency towards the study of cognitive processes led him to base his theory on the reasoning ability acquired by children. For his part, Erikson was concerned with those processes that go beyond cognition and are related to motivations and internal conflicts of the individual. That is why, despite the theoretical discrepancies, the present work provides a broader spectrum regarding early childhood development. It emphasizes the importance that cognitive and social development go hand in hand to generate meaningful learning and adequate competences for the proactive participation of children in society. It represents a contribution for parents and professionals of health and education to adopt a more integral position regarding development, which allows and guarantees the well-being and adaptation of children through appropriate practices and standards for their development.


Doping changes the phase compositions of graphite bulk materials as well as the micromorphology and microstructure,which are the grounds of influencing on the performance of the material mechanics,heat conduction,electrical conduction and oxidation resistance.The present research status of doped graphite materials at home and abroad is reviewed,which is based on the summary of methods and principles of doping vario-property for graphite materials.


On college campus,there exist a widespread variety of informal groups,the functions of which can not be replaced with those of formal organizations.Their impacts can not be ignored on college students' living,learning and thinking.Informal groups of undergraduates are an important part of campus culture and great importance must be attached to their role in building harmonious campus culture.


This research looks at landscape dynamics – erosion and deposition – from two different perspectives: long-term landscape evolution over millennial timescales on the one hand and short-term event-based erosion and deposition at the other hand. For the first, landscape evolution models (LEMs) are often used, which describe landscape forming processes by geomorphic transport laws, usually on annual temporal resolutions. LEM LAPSUS is used in this research to evaluate the landscape dynamics in a study area in south-east Spain: the Guadalentin Basin. The model is calibrated on dated river terrace levels, which show an erosion – deposition – erosion sequence that the model could reproduce. Annual precipitation in this dryland area shows large inter-annual variability and erosion is supposed to be mainly the results of low-frequency, high magnitude rainfall events. Therefore, in this research, landscape dynamics are also assessed using the event-based erosion model OpenLISEM. Eventually, the role of extreme events in long-term landscape evolution are explored by comparing the two models and by incorporating annual rainfall variability into LEM LAPSUS. Another issue that is being addressed in this study is the relative influence of humans as compared to erosion as a natural process. A conceptual model, derived on the basis of dated sediment archives, is tentatively correlated to periods of human impact on the land. Using LAPSUS, the potential influence of historical tillage erosion is simulated, showing that the relatively slow process of tillage erosion added to floodplain aggradation over thousands of years.


Based on MapGIS K9 platform,the permanent basic farmland in Nancheng County was reviewed. Aiming at several uncertainty technical factors in database were discussed,several corresponding solutions for technical difficulties in practical operation were put forward.


TPS5087Background: Pts with mCRPC often initially receive androgen receptor-targeted therapy (eg, abiraterone or enzalutamide), but they almost always progress. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) i...


It has been known that the iodide (I−) anions are necessary for the production of high-quality Au nanoprisms. Based on a previously reported seed-mediated synthesis of triangular gold nanoprisms, herein, we further optimised the synthesis process by varying the concentration of added NaI and seeds, respectively, to get high-quality (size-monodisperse, tip-sharp and purity-high) Au nanoprisms. The results show that the ratio between the concentration of I− and seeds is a very sensitive parameter to control the quality (size-monodispersity, tip-sharpness and purity) of Au nanoprisms.


The invention discloses a water heater device based on remote control of a mobile phone. The water heater device comprises the user mobile phone, a TC35 standard GSM communication module, an SIM card, an integration level switch chip, an AT89S52 single chip microcomputer and a main water heater control panel all of which are connected in sequence. The water heater device is characterized by further comprising a voice control switch circuit, and the voice control switch receives a voice control signal sent by the AT89S52 single chip microcomputer, and sends the voice control signal to the main water heater control panel. By means of the water heater device based on the remote control of the mobile phone, a user can effectively control a water heater to work in a remote mode by sending a message or a voice signal through the mobile phone.


A summer holiday in California seemed the perfect place to review these two new books that deal in their different ways with our changing relationship with the sun. In Rise and shine, Simon Carter offers an analysis of sunlight in the mediation of health, pleasure, the body, race, and class, exploring our ambivalent relationship to the sun and sunlight. His aim is to "consider how the material impact of the sun upon bodies is mediated by a series of sociotechnical artefacts—such as past medical therapies, suntanning lotions and even architectural design" (p. 7). Taking as his starting point the complex relationship between bodies and sunlight, along the way he touches briefly on such themes as attitudes towards the sun, the history of camping, debates about rickets and tuberculosis, and the histories of the League of Sunshine and the World of Sunlight.

Thus Carter covers such themes as shifts between seeing the sun as a danger, to what he terms a sensuous physicality; travel as health, culture, and pilgrimage; aristocratic and middle-class ideals of beauty; debates about sunlight and rickets; heliotherapy as a means of tackling tuberculosis; movements such as the People's League of Health and the Sunlight League; and the garden city movement. Carter argues, for example, that "the sun unproblematically condenses and signifies the essence of modern travel and sensuous pleasure" (p. 3). Some of the sections are more interesting because their subjects are less familiar; this is true, for example, of the brief mention of the invention of sun cream and Ambre Solaire (p. 101). The conclusion, drawing heavily on Science and Technology Studies and in particular on Actor Network Theory, is perhaps the most disappointing section, focusing on what it terms "helio-humans". Thus Carter argues that "the body in sunlight is always mediated by the sociotechnical assemblages surrounding it … the continuing and changing relations of bodies to their environments continue to be influenced by … residual figurations" (p. 110). This is really a work of synthesis, and at times an uneasy mix of social history and sociology. But generally this is an attractive and well-written book, offering well-organized if brief summaries of interesting aspects of this history.

Richard Hobday's The light revolution, on the other hand, is really about how to use sunlight to promote health in the built environment. His argument is that artificial light has an impact on physiological and psychological well-being, through depression, vulnerability to super bugs, and Vitamin D deficiency. Hobday deploys some historical evidence in support of this argument—Greeks and Romans; Florence Nightingale; public health; the debate over rickets; and the preoccupation with the sun seen in the work of modernist architects such as Alver Aalto. Nevertheless the tone is relentlessly strident, and, while the book offers a summary of the recent (mainly clinical and biomedical) literature, the failure to include either footnotes or endnotes means that the source for many of the statements made remains elusive. Hobday is desperate to prove his argument, and this leads to much repetition. The evidence for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) remains unclear, with Hobday admitting the research is "in its early stages" (p. 30), while his call for the promotion of sunbathing seems to run counter to most of the medical evidence.

A wide range of health problems—heart disease, sleep disorders, and cancer among others—are linked to lack of sunlight. Moreover Hobday's focus on Vitamin D deficiency leads him to downplay the role of diet in the interwar discussion of rickets, along with the issue of malignant melanoma more recently. The section on architecture and street design is perhaps the most interesting, covering the work of Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Maxwell Fry among others. Hobday has an important and interesting argument—that there should be a greater appreciation of natural light and direct sunlight on the part of designers and legislators—but his historical material is largely marshalled in support of this central thesis, and for that reason the book is of limited interest to the readers of this journal.

That said, postgraduate students searching for a suitable thesis topic could usefully be directed to these books, particularly Rise and shine. Together they suggest the untapped potential of historical research exploring the history of our attitudes towards the sun and sunlight.


In this paper, we developed a GPU parallelized Total Lagrangian Formation of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (TLSPH) algorithm for 3D geometrical nonlinear structure analysis. The code was developed using NVDIA CUDA C++. Both the TLSPH and GPU parallelization algorithms are described in detail. Compared to the traditional FEM method for structure analysis, TLSPH method is much easier to be implemented and parallelized. In addition, as a meshless based method, there is no need to mesh the domain for TLSPH method. Also, the computational cost of TLSPH is much lower than the Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle (WCSPH) method. By introducing GPU acceleration, we have significantly improved the code performance. Two benchmark test cases for 3D geometrical nonlinear structure analysis are carried out. The simulation results are compared with analysis results and the data obtained by Abaqus, which is a popularly-used software for structure analysis based on FEM method. In order to show the efficiency of GPU parallelization, a serial code based on the same TLSPH method is also developed as a reference. Results show GPU parallelization accelerates the code obviously. In summary, the GPU parallelized TLSPH method shows the potential to become an alternative way to deal with 3D geometrical nonlinear structure analysis.


On paper, this recent decision appears to be a victory for the employer, Symphony Diamonds, who successfully established that there was no agreement as to a five-year term of employment, despite the existence of a written contract that set out the five-year term. A review of the decision on the merits as well as the subsequent cost award, however, reveals that this is a case where hard-ball litigation tactics ultimately backfired on the employer. It is a salutary lesson for employers on the benefits of reasonable offers and avoiding the escalation of legal battles.


Age-related changes in the macular area may or may not be associated with impairment of vision. These changes include macular wrinkling, lipoid degeneration, drusen, pigmentary or cystoid degeneration, areolar atrophy, and disciform degeneration. A new concept of the mechanism of macular degeneration may make more effective therapy possible.


The utility model discloses a four-row pipe two-waterway dry-type fan-coil unit, and relates to end equipment of a central air conditioner. A coil heat exchanger of the dry-type fan-coil unit is designed to be in a countercurrent mode or a quasi countercurrent mode. Four-row copper pipes are arranged, the water inlet end of each waterway is arranged on the lower portion of each waterway and is arranged on the air outlet side, the water outlet end of each waterway is arranged on the upper portion of each waterway and is arranged on the air inlet side, a water inlet water collecting head comprises two water inlet pipelines, and a water outlet water collecting head comprises two water outlet pipelines, namely, the whole path of the heat exchanger is divided into two parts of waterways from top to bottom in the wind direction. Each waterway comprises part of copper pipes of the three-row coppers pipes, and waterways are distributed in a countercurrent or quasi countercurrent parallel connection mode with the wind direction. A right protective plate, aluminum foil fins and a left protective plate are arranged on the coil heat exchanger in a penetrating mode through the copper pipes, the coppers pipes are expanded, elbows, the water outlet water collecting head and the water inlet water collecting head are welded, and then the dry-type fan-coil unit is formed. The four-row pipe two-waterway dry-type fan-coil unit effectively improves the evaporation temperature of a refrigeration host, produces no condensate water, improves heat exchanging effectively, effectively reduces air supply temperature, and greatly improves uniformity of the air supply temperature.


Intraoperative Glycemic Control to Prevent Delirium after Cardiac Surgery: Steering a Course between Scylla and Charybdis Miles Berger;Jeffrey Browndyke;Joseph Mathew; Anesthesiology


The cooperation between the power to gas and carbon capture and storage technology can increase the utilization rate of wind power and reduce the carbon emission of the integrated energy system. However, there is a problem of time scale mismatch between electric hydrogen production and carbon dioxide capture, which makes it difficult for carbon dioxide to be used immediately, and there is a risk of storage leakage. In this paper, hydrogen storage and hydrogen fuel cells are used to decouple carbon dioxide from hydrogen in time scale to realize immediate utilization of carbon dioxide, and a cooperative configuration model of hydrogen devices is established. The simulation results that the rational allocation of hydrogen equipment can effectively increase the utilization rate of wind power, and reduce the carbon emission and the total cost of the integrated energy system.


The study is focused on the motif of name taboo in European prose folklore (mostly focused on Czech folklore tradition). This taboo can be defined as a prohibition against uttering the name of a person or thing. The motif appears in folklore in several variants. This taboo may refer to the uttering of one's own name or the name of dangerous being. The study examines the differences and similarities between the various forms of motifs and compares changes in its narrative and social functions over time.


Image completion is a challenging problem in computer graphics and computer vision. It refers to the problem of automatically filling holes in images left by the unwanted objects removal in a plausible way. Unlike previous methods we incorporate gradient components to get a global effect by performing local operations. At the same time in order to speed up convergence and further enforce global consistency, we use multiple-scale solution through a gauss pyramid. In the end Experiment results show promising performances compared with most of the existing algorithms.


Evidence has recently been obtained [ 1 ] that the translocation across the membrane of rat liver mitichondria of inorganic phosphate (Pi), but not that of a dicarboxylate anion (contrast refs. [2,3]) can be directly coupled to an OHcounterflux (or H+ symport [3 ] ). The occurrence in rat liver mitochondria of an exchange-diffusion reaction between Pi and dicarboxylate [2] has also been directly demonstrated [l] . Both translocation reactions of Pi are inhibited by mersalyl [4,5], but only the Pl/dicarboxylate antiport is inhibited by butylmalonate [S] , thus suggesting that they are mediated by separate translocators [2,6]. It has been found that uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation promote the efflux of Pi from rat liver mitochondria, but not directly that of dicarboxylate or tricarboxylate [7,8]. In this paper, further aspects of the effect of uncouplers on the transport of Pi in rat liver mitochondria have been studied.


Carnitine is a nonessential amino acid that has a central role in lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial metabolism. Carnitine deficiency is rare in adult human subjects who have a normal diet and no underlying chronic diseases. Studies have shown that HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of carnitine deficiency due to decreased intake, increased metabolism, gastrointestinal problems, HIV infection itself, concomitant infections, underlying disease, concomitant drugs and antiretroviral therapy. Decreased serum and muscle carnitine content was reported following antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients. The beneficial effects of carnitine on the human immune system, such as prevention of CD4 cell apoptosis, was reported in these patients. Additionally, polyneuropathy, myopathy, lactic acidosis, dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy are complications of antiretroviral therapy that have been proposed to potentially be related to carnitine deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction. Carnitine may have a si...


The problem under investigation is the structure of decagonal quasicrystals: the issue of centrosymmetry, and the effect of stoichiometry and composition. Phase information on structure factors is an important ingredient for structural investigations and the method used in this work is based on multiple Bragg scattering, a situation in which two or more Bragg reflections are simultaneously excited in the crystal. Three different but similar decagonal quasicrystals are investigated in this work: Al-Cu-Co, Al-Ni-Fe, and Al-Ni-Co. The lattice constants of all three quasicrystals are surprisingly identical. There are, however, differences in their structures. These differences are manifested in the phases of the Bragg reflections involved. What is measured, in a three-beam experiment, is the {ital triplet invariant} {delta}={phi}{sub {bold H}}+{phi}{sub {bold P}{minus}{bold H}}{minus}{phi}{sub {bold P}}, a linear combination of phases. The main reflection is called {bold P}, the simultaneous reflection is {bold H}, and {bold P}{minus}{bold H} is the coupling reflection. The structural differences between these seemingly isomorphous quasicrystals are evidenced by the different values of the triplet invariants for the same main and simultaneous reflections. In all cases we obtain {delta} values far from 0{degree} and 180{degree}, the only values compatible with centrosymmetric structures. We conclude that the decagonalmore » quasicrystals investigated in this work are not centrosymmetric. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}« less


Over the past decade, Americans have become increasingly aware of the extent to which personal behavior bears directly upon health. Reports on the terrible costs of smoking have been followed by attempts to trace the impact of diet, exercise, work patterns, and leisure styles on the incidence and prevalence of disease and mortality. Though epidemiologists and public health officials debate the finer points of such studies, there is little question that they are significant. Individually and collectively we might do much to alter the morbidity statistics of the populations in the advanced industrial world if we were able to change behavior.