Study of accessibility at sites of Brazilian university libraries by the visually impaired and blind people. To perform the study it was carried on a bibliographic survey on web accessibility, within the scope of the national and international legislation, methods and approaches to test usability and accessibility and assistive technologies that help information access by people with special needs. It stresses the importance of building sites that are accessible to all people regardless of their physical conditions, including those with special needs, due to the facts that it is a basic right of all citizens. For the empirical search it was initially performed an accessibility test of websites from university libraries through an auto appraiser in order of analyzing the errors found by confronting them with the web accessibility guidelines of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Then, to meet the needs and barriers to the sites access from the university libraries faced by the blind and the visually impaired users, a usability and accessibility test was applied through the implementation of pre-defined tasks in the environment of the Instituto Benjamim Constant´s users. The results have allowed the identification of the difficulties faced by the blind users to access the web and, in this particular study, to access the sites from the Brazilian university libraries.


Abstract Abstract An alveolar cleft often displays the furrowed shape of the buccal site because of the lack of alveolar bone and gingival contracts. A 35-year-old woman presented with a repaired cleft lip and a non-grafted alveolar cleft associated with a missing lateral incisor on the left side of the maxilla. The central incisor had been an abutment tooth of a bridge for 15 years; however, it fractured and was extracted. Orthodontic treatment was antecedent to implant reconstruction because the edentulous space was not adequate for a single tooth replacement. As the palate was closed by the mucosa, bone grafting was not performed at the cleft site beforehand. Dental implant placement was performed within the narrowed, beamlike bone, and hydroxyapatite particles were used to augment the ridge. A relaxing incision and expansion of the invaginated mucosa improved the buccal shape of the gum. The usage of a narrow-type implant and bone substitutes facilitated the minimization of surgical stress, even though she did not undergo autologous bone-grafting surgery. Additionally, the aesthetical reconstruction of the anterior region significantly improved her quality of life at the 3-year follow-up.


Objective:To discuss the influencing factors of the severity of intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH) in neonates and to identify the diagnostic value of bedside transcranial ultrasound.Methods:A total of 297 neonates were diagnosed of IVH by bedside transcranial ultrasound.The birth weight,Apgar score,gestation age,asphyxia and mechanical ventilator and respiratory failure which could influenced the severity of IVH were analyzed.Results:The analysis showed that the difference were significant(P0.05) in birth weight,gestation age,asphyxia and mechanical ventilator.The lower birth weight and the smaller gestation age indicate the higher incidence rate of IVH,asphyxia especially severe asphyxia and mechanical ventilator indicate the higher incidence rate of IVH.Conclusion:The birth weight,gestation age,asphyxia and mechanical ventilator were the influencing factors of severe IVH,the bedside transcranial ultrasound is necessary for early diagnosis and treatment.


This paper aims to detect features of coordinated attacks by applying data mining techniques, namely Apriori with PrefixSpan, to the CCC DATAset 2008–2010, which comprises captured packet data and downloading logs. Data mining algorithms enable us to automate the detection of characteristics in large amounts of data, which conventional heuristics cannot deal with. Apriori achieves a high recall but with false positives, whereas PrefixSpan has high precision but low recall. We therefore propose a hybrid of these two algorithms. Our analysis shows a change in the behavior of malware over the past three years.


Human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 cells were demonstrated to possess specific binding sites for insulin. Scatchard analysis of the binding of 1251-TyrA14-human insulin (1251insulin) to the hepatoma cells afforded a linear plot with Kd of 1.69>< 10-9 M and Bmax of 1.28 >< 10*" M/ l >< 105 cells. The binding of 1251-insulin to the cells was inhibited by unlabeled human insulin dose-dependently with ED50 of 5.6>< l0"1° M. The insulin receptors in the hepatoma cells were characterized immunochemically with use of anti-synthetic peptide antibodies. First, antibodies were raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to the (30-6]), (48-77) and (734-760) portions of the predicted amino acid sequence ofhuman placental insulin receptor protein (HIRP). The antibodies proved to cross-react specifically with components in solubilized human placental membrane preparation by radioimmunoassay and immunoblotting. The three anti-synthetic peptide antibodies cross-reacted with the cells and the binding of anti-HIRP (30-6]) and anti-HIRP (48-77) antibodies to the cells was inhibited in the presence of insulin. Immunoprecipitates with the three antibodies were shown under non-reducing condition to contain three insulin-binding components with molecular weights of 320,000, 290,000 and 270,000, presumably corresponding to (12462, cz2[3'(,8 1) and a2(fi1)2, respectively, and under reducing condition, they contained only one component with molecular weight of 125,000, probably corresponding to a. Anti-HIRP (30-61) and anti-HIRP (4877) antibodies inhibited, though partially, 1251-insulin binding to the intact hepatoma cells. However, 1251insulin binding to the cell membrane fraction was inhibited only by anti-HIRP (4877) antibody, and anti-HIRP (30-61) antibody did not show any effect in the assay system. The results support implication in insulin-receptor interaction of the amino-terminal portion of the 0:-subunit and also indicate that the molecular arrangement of insulin binding sites in the isolated plasma membrane preparation is not necessarily identical with that in the intact cell membrane. The prediction of the amino acid sequences of enabled us to use immunochemical manipulahuman placental insulin receptor precursor tion with synthetic peptides and anti-synthetprotein (HIRP) by cDNA analysis (3,15) has ic peptide antibodies to explore molecular


This contribution aims to answer the question of whether the European Union (EU) and its legal and economic frameworks, in their current state, are reaching balanced economic growth. The root of this question stemmed from Article 3(3) TEU, which sets the EU objective of "balanced economic growth." The question is relevant due to the unequal division of economic hardship in the EU during and after the Crisis of 2008-2009. To answer the proposed question, the research is split into three major parts of study regarding the EU; legal, macroeconomic, and microeconomic.The legal investigation found that there is significant uncertainty concerning the interpretation of Article 3(3) TEU. The only specific and tangible praxis for the provision is in the field of EU Competition Law. Furthermore, there are significant disagreements among scholars regarding the tangible enforceability of the clause. To apply the clause practically to economic development in the EU, a tentative interpretation was extracted from judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the field of Competition Law.It was further found that the legal mechanisms with the aim of fulfilling the objective set by Article 3(3) TEU, are highly convoluted. There are multiple substantive safeguards in the EU Treaties to limit the allowance of Member States to provide direct financial support to one another. However, without much legal discussion, several of these safeguards were ignored, or followed 'loosely.' The research finds that such actions could be explained by the use of the Principle of Solidarity – yet retorts by emphasizing that if that principle was used, it still resulted in the breach of multiple laws.Based on the legal framework, the macroeconomic study was embarked upon. It was found, that there is wide macroeconomic disparagement between core and periphery states in multiple macroeconomic indicators. More importantly, there was not a significant decrease in the disparagement of multiple of these indicators for periphery states, which have been in the EU for over a decade. This indicated significant economic imbalance. It was additionally found that core states, due to their initial economic advantage, could benefit from 'beg thy neighbor' policies, which further increased the disparagement with the periphery. The consequences of the austerity measures as a response to the 2008-2009 Economic Crisis further highlighted the disparagement, especially through diverging labor costs. However, the same measures also caused for an increase in convergence between periphery and core states for other factors, especially inflation rates. Ultimately, the macroeconomic study itself could claim that there exists imbalance currently, but not whether it would continue that way in the long term development of the EU.In order to pinpoint the exact imbalance between the core and periphery states, the economic investigation was conducted on a microeconomic scale. By using labor and migration statistics, Latvia and the United Kingdom were compared in terms of healthcare worker burdens. This portion of the research highlighted that economically, periphery states are uncompetitive in terms of relative wages, and that even though standards of living differ per Member State, there are fixed costs, which cannot be decreased, past a certain level. Because of this, Core nations will benefit significantly more from current migration trends than Periphery nations – the same conclusion can be transcribed to other channels of trade between the Core and Periphery, as well.In summation, this contribution finds that there are significant economic discrepancies between Member States in the core and periphery of the EU. Though economic growth is occurring, it is not split equally – the heavier burden is experienced by the periphery. Yet, in order to arrive at the core of which factors are the most important to remedy, further studies are necessitated. Nonetheless, it is clear that the EU will require further economic and legal fine-tuning in order to find the best and most sustainable balance in a unique monetary union without a united fiscal policy.


The invention discloses a preparation method of an omeprazole magnesium crude medicine. Magnesium powder and methanol produce magnesium methoxide under an initiator induction condition, and the magnesium methoxide reacts with omeprazole to generate omeprazole magnesium. The preparation method disclosed by the invention has the following characteristics that 1. the synthesis process is simple and safe; 2. the product stability is high; 3. the purity is high; and 4. the residual organic solvents are few.


Objective
To optimize the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization models of Atractylodes japonica to offer a scientific basis for its standard cultivation and the specialty fertilizers.

Methods
Annual and biennial Atractylodes japonica were chosen in the experiment. By using three-factors, quadratic saturation-D optimal design, the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on height, rhizome traits and active constituents of Atractylodes japonica were studied.

Results
Considering the production and active constituents,the optimum plan of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization model was selected as N0P2K2( N 0 g/m2,P2O540. 227 g / m2,K2O 40. 227 g / m2) and N1P3K3( N15. 939 g/m2,P2O567. 467 g / m2,K2O 67. 467 g / m2). By means of regression equation with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio and production( rhizome fresh weight) of Atractylodes japonica, potassium was the major factor in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium single effect, and nitrogen came second. According to the regression model, the best combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was obtained. The highest fresh weight of Atractylodes japonica rhizome was 27. 4066 g when the fertilization level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 38. 4301 kg / hm2,181. 4750 kg/hm2,128. 5584 kg/hm2,respectively. The target fresh weight of Atractylodes japonica was selected as 26. 00 27. 41 g per plant according to the model optimization results, and the target production was 1 040. 0 1 096. 4 kg / hm2. In 95% confidence interval, the best fertilizer combinations were X1=-0. 2912± 0. 0825,X2= 0. 2764 ± 0. 1054 and X3= 0. 1325 ± 0. 0645.

Conclusion
According to the yield and active constituents of Atractylodes japonica, which suggest that the fertilizing amount of Atractylodes japonica artificial planting is nitrogen 46. 951 59. 320 kg / hm2,phosphorus 131. 673 155. 377 kg / hm2 and potassium 120. 091 134. 597 kg / hm2.


CREEP DATA ARE PRESENTED FOR CONCRETE UNDER DIFFERENT STATES OF STRESS, WITH EACH STRESS COMPONENT INDEPENDENTLY CONTROLLED. CREEP IN ALL THREE PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS IS REPORTED. UNDER MULTIAXIAL STRESS, CREEP IS SOMEWHAT SMALLER THAN UNDER UNIAXIAL STRESS. EFFECTIVE CREEP POISSON'S RATIO UNDER MULTIAXIAL STRESS IS LOWER (0.09 TO 0.17) THAN UNIAXIAL CREEP POISSON'S RATIO (0.17 TO 0.20) AND DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF PRINCIPAL STRESSES. EMPIRICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR CREEP POISSON'S RATIO ARE DERIVED. DATA ON CREEP RECOVERY SHOW THE DEPENDENCE OF CREEP RECOVERY ON PRECEDING CREEP AS WELL AS ON STRESS REMOVED. UNDER MULTIAXIAL COMPRESSION THE RECOVERABLE PROPORTION OF CREEP IS LARGER THAN UNDER UNIAXIAL STRESS. /AUTHOR/


The study described concerns the behaviour of full-scale shallow foundations on real soil. The sites chosen cover a wide range of soils frequently encountered in the foundations of structures. The experimental results of short-term ultimate vertical axial loading tests were compared to those obtained by the usual predictive techniques. Laws of time-related settlement variations were tested and compared with experimental results obtained on shallow foundations subjected to long-term constant loading. These settlements were compared with the provisions of in-situ test methods. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 287689. (TRRL)


Net water transfer across the skin and urine formation by the kidneys were studied in frogs (R. pipiens) especially under the influence of Pituitrin. The water uptake across the skin increased appr...


Oilfield production surveillance is the effective monitoring of petroleum reservoirs, producing wells, flow station facilities and flow lines. Through surveillance, the production of unwanted effluents (formation water, excess gas, etc.) can be controlled. Production problems such as sand production, emulsion, corrosion, scale formation and wax blockage can lead to disposal problems and poor integrity of facilities and consequent financial losses. This paper presents a system approach for carrying out oilfield production surveillance process. Using case studies it is shown that the process can be used to identify unfavourable conditions such as gas leaks, corrosivity, and unsafe wells. It is further recommended that the frequency of surveillance should be monthly


This paper presents the principle of phase modulation of the optical wave,that is using a dense fringe family to modulate another fringe pattern,and its applicationin fringe multiplication.It is of universal significance in optically experimental mechanics.


The CASS technique was adopted for researching on the treatment of Domestic Sewage. The results showed that, in the stable operation phase of the test and under the conditions of setting operation parameters, the average removal rates of CODcr, BOD5, NH4-N, and TP were respectively 91.7%, 92.2%, 89.5% and 91.09%. The sludge remains highly active, and it had stable biofacies. Effluent quality met the requirements of the GB 18918-2002 Standard for Discharge of Pollutants from Sewage Treatment Works in Towns and Cities IB.


Discussed in the study are gravitational noise and the nature of entanglement states. Their role in forming of entangled states. Nonlocal nature of entangled states can be brought about by Polarization Variables. Polarization Variables consists of sum a background of random classical gravitational fields and waves, random electromagnets fields and so on known or unknown, distributed average isotropically in the space. This background is capable of correlating phases the oscillations of microobjects. From this follow, that entanglement polarizations states is the functions of Polarization Variables in Vacuum.


Intellectual property rights appraises for damages compensation is important,but always to perplex actual judicial practice.At present stage,there are still some problems when intellectual property rights appraises for damages compensation in the Substantive,procedural aspects and the joint between the appraising procedure and the judicial procedure.So,the research into basic theories of IPR assessment should be reinforced.After Clearing the function difference between procedures in the trial and evaluation process based on the appraising procedure and the judicial procedure,corresponding judicial procedure and appraise system for damages compensation should be perfected.


As a complex, diverse and dynamic region with diverging, constantly changing constitutional and jurisprudential contexts as well as lasting legacies of patriarchy, South Asia's traditions of public interest litigation are one of the most well-studied institutions by Western audiences due to their contradictory progressive and innovative nature. Particularly in India, where public interest litigation gives ordinary citizens extraordinary access to the highest courts of justice, questions have been raised as to the effectiveness of public interest litigation as a tool to address gender disparities across the region. Although Supreme Court justices have been a key ally in eliminating legal barriers to gender discrimination, the structure of the courts still reflect the patriarchal norms that plague society. Furthermore, a literature and case study review of gender-based litigation from India and Nepal reveals that legalistic gains are insufficient to meaningfully change the status of women relative to men in these countries. Without enforcement and policy change in legislative institutions, women still lack systemic power to change the socioeconomic barriers to equality.


It is important to recognize that macroeconomic conditions and dynamics were important for the design of Swedish energy policy and that the transformation pressure on the Swedish energy system was ...


A 73-year-old man had a history of rectal adenocarcinoma, receiving concurrent chemoradiation therapy and surgery 2 years ago. He was admitted for bilateral hydroureteronephrosis with obstruction level at middle third of the ureter caused by abdominal tumor. He underwent an endoscopic implant of bilateral double-J ureteral stents. Unfortunately, left ureteral perforation occurred during operation. Septic shock developed after 2 hours. The resuscitation followed by the percutaneous nephrostomy drainage was done. We inserted the central venous catheter into the left internal jugular vein to monitor central venous pressure. The placement was uneventful. A chest X-ray (Fig. 1) showed previously placed Port-A catheter in the right subclavian vein and right superior vena cava (white arrowhead) and an aberrant central venous line via the left internal jugular vein downward along a left paramediastinal pathway (black arrowhead). The blood gas sample was obtained from the central venous catheter to reveal nonarterial bold gas analysis and the pressure wave form confirmed the catheter in the central venous system. The diagnosis of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) was diagnosed. A computer tomography scan of the chest or venography to confirm presence of the catheter in the PLSVC was not performed because of the patient's unstable critical condition. The patient recovered after aggressive resuscitation and infection control. The presence of superior vena cava is the congenital venous anomaly with result of persistence of the left anterior cardinal vein during development. It is present in 0.3% of healthy individuals and 4.5% of patients with other congenital heart disease.1 The most common PLSVC variation or vena cava is bilateral superior vena cava, like our patient. The anomaly is often detected during the left side implant of central catheter such as central venous line, pulmonary artery catheter, permanent hemodialysis catheter, and pacemaker leads. It is important for clinicians to consider the existence of PLSVC and to distinguish it from an arterial or extravascular placement, although chest radiograph shows an aberrant central catheter in an unexpected left-mediastinal course.2


The study deals in detail with the digital simulation of non-stationary multivariate vector of seismic ground motions. The ground acceleration consists in an opportune discretization of a random field in different locations. The nonstationarity is considered uniformly modulated in time. The modulating functions accounts for the time-amplitude variation of the seismic acceleration. The digital simulation of the ground motion is performed by means of a new decomposition of the power spectral density matrix based on frequency dependent eigenproperties. Numerical examples show the capabilities of the technique.


The problem of how highway noise affects house prices and how highway noise barriers alter that effect is addressed. The project began with a set of house price data available in the Property Office of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications. These data were augmented with housing characteristics and sales data obtained from the Toronto Real Estate Board. All of the data were from three residential areas of Toronto situated behind highway noise barriers. In a multiple linear regression, in which a variety of other housing characteristics are controlled for, the coefficient of noise level (in 1981 dollars) varies from -$312/dB at one site to -$356/dB at a second site, to -$2,971/dB at a third site, all of which coefficients are statistically significant at the .05 level. The pooled sample estimate is -$778/dB. The first two values are generally consistent with results of earlier studies, although perhaps a bit lower. Nonlinear regressions of noise level and functions that ignored noise until it was around 65 dB were also investigated. Those results supported neither a quadratic function nor any clear threshold effect. Close inspection of the data at the site with a -$2,971/dB value suggests that these data may not be representative of the relevant population, in that expensive houses in high noise environments are not properly represented in the sample. As a result, the extremely large estimated noise penalty is probably a statistical anomaly. Because the pooled sample noise penalty of -$778/dB reflects in part the data from that site, it too may be nonrepresentative of the population noise penalty. It is clear from these data that house sales in areas protected by noise barriers reflect the same kind of valuation of noise as do sales in unprotected noisy areas.


According to the hydrogeology situation of one railway tunnel on Yi-Wan line,the author discusses the design principle and material selection of the tunnel waterproof and drainage,adopts methods of combining waterproof with drainage,introduces some effective methods of waterproof construction emphatically,based on the implementation of technology measures,gets reasonable waterproof effect,thus improving tunnel waterproof construction quality.


The focus of this bachelor's thesis is on ethnic Scandinavian women who have converted to Islam, and on which significance the addition of a Muslim identity component will have on the converts' identity and life.
Scandinavian society is characterised by freedom of worship for the individual, who thus has the right to practise any religion. The majority religion in Scandinavia through centuries has been and remains Christianity, whereby the act of converting to a minority religion, in this case Islam, must be expected to cause wonder and ignorance among other people.
What is interesting here is that Muslims in a Scandinavian context are most often questioned and looked upon as something dangerous posing a threat to the Scandinavian communal and cultural value system, which is widely understood as homogenous.
The thesis focuses on exploring how Scandinavian women experience their conversion in terms of a) their encounter with the larger society and b) their own self-identity. Furthermore, this thesis will discuss how religious conversion affects the convert's identity and how the converted women through specific self-representations try to affect others' stigmatized opinion of them. Thereby the study is based on an understanding of identity as being socially constructed, changed and negotiated between the individual and her surroundings.
The results of the study show that female converts to Islam are met with many negative reactions and suspicions on the basis of their Scandinavian Muslim identity. In relation to born Muslims' reactions to the converts' identity combination, some find that the converts should receive credit for choosing Islam, while others believe that it is impossible for Scandinavians to convert to Islam because of their ethnic origin. Concerning non-Muslim ethnic Scandinavians, it is typically ideas of the oppression of Muslim women as well as the incompatibility of a Scandinavian ethnicity and a Muslim religiosity, which are directed towards the converts, thereby causing the women to be seen as traitors incapable of carrying out a valid Scandinavian ethnicity.


Infertility is a major medical and psychosocial concern in the world. Infertility has many psychological and social implications for infertile couples. This study explores the impact of infertility on marital adjustment and mental well being of couples living in South Punjab, Pakistan. The research supports the contention that infertility affects the quality of marital relationships and the quality of mental well being of infertile couples.


A transmitting apparatus and a transmitting method using a tone reservation in an OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation) system are provided to prevent the deterioration of transmission ratio caused by the tone reservation simultaneously and to control a tone reservation ratio. A transmitting apparatus using a tone reservation in an OFDM system includes a guard interval remover(61). The guard interval remover(61) removes a guard interval. A serial/parallel converter(62) converts received serial signals to parallel signals and inputs the parallel signals to an FFT(Fast Fourier Transformation) part(63). The FFT part(63) converts the parallel signals to frequency domain signals. A channel estimation and equalization part(64) performs a channel estimation and equalization. A parallel/serial converter(65) converts the signals to the serial signals. A de-mapper(66) decodes the modulation signals and converts the modulation signals to bit information. A de-interleaver(67) classifies the bit information into TFI information, information bit, and parity bit. A controller(71) controls PAPR(Peak to Average Power Ratio) based on tone reservation ratio information stored in a memory(72).


it is observed that the anxiolytic activity of Clerodendrum viscosum may be due to Scutellarin, Xylitol and 3-deoxy d-mannoic lactone either alone or synergistic effect of two or more compound interactions. So, for the molecular interaction analysis such as Scutellarin and Xylitol. Molecular docking with GABA glide score was presented as a method in this research.


This paper presents an investigation of the best suitable package formats for long term digital preservation. The choice of a package format for preservation is crucial for future access, thus a thorough analysis of choice is important. The investigation presented here covers setting up requirements for package formats used for long term preserved digital material, and using these requirements as the basis for analysing a range of package formats. The result of the concrete investigation is that the WARC format is the package format best suited for the listed requirements. Fulfilling the listed requirements will ensure mitigating a number of risks of information loss. Thus WARC is the best choice for a package format in cases where these same risks are judged most important. Similar analysis will need to be carried out in cases where the requirements differ from the ones described here, e.g. if there are specific forensic or direct access to files.


Television Interpreting and Conference Interpreting have always been regarded as profoundly different in terms of the expected performance and the interpreting strategies utilized. Television interpreting is a multi-faceted activity, requiring a particular mind-set and special communicative skills: television interpreters produce their own text, in an attempt to ensure coherence and convey the same effect that the speaker wants to obtain, with little or no possibility of using decalage due to the pragmatic context. The paper investigates how the flow of discourse is managed by television interpreters, with a special focus on the use of prosody and discourse markers. The analysis is conducted on a corpus of recorded texts, interpreted in simultaneous mode by a professional conference interpreter, working for public television. The typology of the interpreted event is the press conference interview, characterized by a rapid question and answer format. Through this analysis, we shall outline a profile of television interpreters and their interpreting strategies.


Ten dimensional supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory may be described, in the light-cone gauge, in terms of either a vector or spinor superfield satisfying certain projection conditions (type I or II). These have been presented in a $ SO(9,1) $ form, and used to construct spinning superparticle theories in extended spaces. This letter presents the covariant quantisation of a "spinor-twin" type II superparticle theory by using the standard techniques of Batalin and Vilkovisky. The quantum action defines a quadratic field theory, whose ghost-independent BRST cohomology class gives the spectrum of N=1 super Yang-Mills.


In this paper,we give some equivalent characterizations of GV-ideals over unique factorization domains by utilizing w-operation theory.Let R be a unique factorization domain.Then I=Ra1+…+Ran∈GV(R) if and only if N=R(a1,…,an) is a prime submodule of F=R(n)(n≥2) such that rank(N)=1,if and only if N=R(a1,…,an) is a submodule of F=R(n)(n≥2) which is maximal of rank(N)=1.In addition,we define a concept of a w-radical of a submodule of a w-module.As applications of the obtained results,the w-radicals of cyclic submodules of finitely generated free modules over unique factorization domains are discussed.


The purpose of this thesis is to investigate principles of tense in a conjunct sentence of ``-eumyeon``. This study suggests that tense in a conjunct sentence is interpreted by the meanings of the connective ending ``-eumyeon``. This study divided the meaning of ``-eumyeon`` to ``condition`` and ``succession``. When ``-eumyeon`` is used as a succession ending, it can be characterized as facticity and genericity. When ``-eumyeon1`` connects two sentences, the ending of the tense will be attached to the following clause so the tense structure would be relative tense. On the other hand, ``-eumyeon2`` has a conditional meaning and semantic characteristics as non-factive and specificity. Tense endings will be realized in not only following clause but the antecedent clause so it is an absolute tense. In conclusion syntax phenomenon should be interpreted using the semantics of endings.


Using the analytical and numerical solutions of the Landau–Lifshitz equation, we calculate the phase diagrams for the precession states of the nanoparticle magnetization in a rotating magnetic field. We show that there are three different scenarios for the magnetization switching. The bias magnetic field applied antiparallel to the nanoparticle magnetization strongly decreases the switching amplitudes and frequencies of the rotating field. Due to the well-defined direction of the natural (free) preces-sion of magnetic moments, an applied magnetic field rotating in the plane perpendicular to the easy axes of nanoparticles breaks the degeneracy between the up and down states of the nanopar-ticle magnetization. As a consequence, this field magnetizes the nanoparticle systems [1], and depending on the direction of its rotation, increases the stability of magnetic moments in one state and decreases it in the other [2]. According to [3], these magnetic moments can perform only two kinds of forced precession, which are characterized by a constant precession angle (periodic or P precession) and by a quasiperiodic dependence of the precession angle on time (Q precession). If the direction of the natural precession of the up/down magnetic moment coincides with the direction of the field rotation then both forms of forced precession can be realized. In contrast, only P precession occurs for the down/ up magnetic moment. Because of its practical importance, the switching between the up and down states of the nanoparticle magnetization, induced by a rotating magnetic field, is a subject of current interest (see, e.g., Refs. [2–6]). In this paper, we report on possible scenarios for the switching depending on the characteristics of the rotating and bias magnetic fields. At small amplitudes h of the rotating field h(t) the nanoparticle magnetic moment m= m(t) always performs the P precession [2,3]. Therefore, the instability of this precession is necessary (but not sufficient, see below) condition for the switching of m under increasing h. For describing the dynamics of the dimensionless nanoparticle magnetization, u= m/m, we use the Landau–Lifshitz equation


Through proper chemical composition design,adopting DQ-T technology,the high strength steels of grade 1000 MPa were successfully trial-manufactured in laboratory.The relationship among different temper temperature,microstructure,precipitation and mechanical properties was studied by metallographic analysis and TEM technology.The results indicated that the strength of the steel fluctuated along with the increase of tempering temperature.When the steel tempered at 400~450℃,the temper brittleness appeared obviously.The microstructure was composed of tempered sorbite and bainite,every property of the test steel all accorded with the grade 1000 MPa standard.


Highly crystal textured copper ferrite films have been grown on (100) MgO substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Deposition temperatures were varied from 600–900°C, with deposition oxygen pressure varied from 1mTorr to 120mTorr. Saturation magnetization was measured to increase monotonically with substrate temperature approaching the bulk value of 1700G near 900°C. Magnetization was also shown to increase with oxygen pressure with a maximum value of 2481G obtained at a pressure of 90mTorr. Although divalent Cu prefers octahedral sites (i.e., 85% under equilibrium conditions), cation inversion was measured to decrease with increasing oxygen pressure and magnetization.


This paper focuses on the religious psychology of peasants who undergo religious conversion in order to cure an illness or disease. Field research was conducted in Wang village in Northern Jiangsu, examining the psychology of newly converted peasants. In academic circles psychology of peasants is usually critiqued according to utility and rationality. In this paper, belief is a starting point for understanding the psychology of peasants. The natural mentality and family ethics of the peasants lead them to place high expectations on religion as a tool for curing disease and facing life crises and dilemmas. The three levels of religious practice include: religious construction of 'belief'; emotional embedding of 'belief'; and developing 'faith'. These requirements lead to the transformation of the individual's psychological status from secular to religious. Based on the interaction between the individual and religion which is affected by the initial disease and its seriousness, peasants' religious psychology is divided into three types: collapse of belief; transition of belief; and upgrading of belief. The rituals and different attitudes towards belief constitute the mechanism of developing religious psychology and also shape peasants' attitudes towards faith. In addition, this paper explores the role of belief in understanding individual religious psychology, religious conversion, and religious revival in Chinese rural religious practices.


Some gifted students have difficulty adjusting to the classroom. While the combination of learning disabilities and giftedness is debated by some, we have worked with a number of children who show characteristics of both. In this paper, we will present three of these children to you and discuss educational strategies. The children we know have enlightened us about their plight. They face enormous obstacles. The classroom, with its emphasis on logical sequential functioning and smoothly ordered behavior, becomes a battleground of misunderstanding. These children are keenly sensitive to their inability to fit in. Such children are not easily identified in the classroom. Their intelligence allows them to compensate to some degree for their learning deficiencies. They may achieve on grade level and frequently do not qualify for learning disability services. In addition, difficulties with learning can create a smokescreen that masks their talents. They may be viewed as average or even below average students. Such children seldom qualify for gifted student programs. Recently, special educators have begun to ask how to proceed when these children are in their programs.


Data mining is the process of extracting useful information by using different techniques like clustering and classification .There are many data sources for mining purpose are available in different forms like, data warehouse database, the Web, and data which are streamed dynamically in the system[3]. Nowadays internet of things becoming one of the most important sources for data as these data may be used in a lot of application inside smart city which will help to make the life of the human more easy and comfortable. The demand of data mining methods to gain a lot of information from this valuable source becomes more vital. Data mining algorithms should be processed via using suitable computing technique like distributed computing. Distributed computing is a model used to do high computational processing over a set of connected systems. Each individual system interconnected on the network is called a node and the collection of many nodes that form a network is called a cluster[4]. Cluster analysis is one of the most common and imperative field in data mining. The propose of clustering is to discover essential data structures in data, and shape them into expressive subgroups. Each cluster is a unique subset aimed to maximize intraclass similarity and minimize interclass similarity [2]. Different clusters can be formed with same dataset using various clustering techniques. There are many well known clustering algorithms that can be


Abstract : The first experiments to measure head movements while subjects are localizing sounds they can hear and see and sounds they can only hear have been completed, and the results of these experiments were presented at the June meeting of the Acoustical Society of America (Yost and Mapes-Riordan, 1997). We have developed a new methodology for investigating precedence-like effects (Stellmack, Dye, and Guzman, 1998). We studied the role of maskng tin the precedence effect (Guzman and Yost, in press). We also have collaborated on a major review of the precedence effect (Litovsky et al. in press) in which attempt to establish a nomenclature and organizing theory for the many effects that are collectively referred as the precedence effect.


We study the type-IIB brane box configurations recently introduced by Hanany and Zaffaroni. We show that even at finite string coupling, one can construct smooth configurations of branes with a fairly arbitrary gauge and flavor structure. Limiting our attention to the better understood case where NS-branes do not intersect over a four dimensional surface gives some restrictions on the theories, but still permits many examples, both anomalous and non-anomalous. We give several explicit examples of such configurations and discuss what constraints can be imposed on brane-box theories from bending considerations. We also discuss the relation between brane bending and beta functions for brane-box configurations. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}


Various methods are currently under development to enhance the biocompatibility of neural electrodes and to minimize the reactive gliosis around the implant surface. As cells in their native microenvironment interact with 3D nanoscale topographies of the extracellular matrix, physical modification of implant surfaces may provide an alternative solution to the negative tissue response by imitating the structure of the extracellular matrix, and therefore affecting the attachment and behavior of neurons and glial cells. The attachment of primary mouse astrocytes on nanostructured SU8 polymer surfaces fabricated by e-beam lithography was investigated in our study. We found that attachment of primary mouse astrocytes on silicon-SU8 surfaces is strongly influenced by the surface topography.


Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring element with atomic number 24 and atomic mass of 51.996 amu. The element belongs to the group of transition metals and in the oxidation state elementary presents an electronic configuration (Ar) 4d5s1. Chromium is naturally present in the environment, it is widespread in rocks, animal, plants and soil, and is the seventh most abundant element on Earth's crust, at concentrations ranging from 100 to 300 μg g-1. In nature, Cr is found in the form of its compounds, and the most important chromium ore is chromite, (Fe, Mn)Cr2O4 [1,2].


A hot-air oven for cooking food comprises a housing (1), a cooking chamber defined by side panels, floor panel and ceiling panel, a blower for generating a hot air stream in the cooking chamber, and a rotating food basket (12) which can be introduced into the cooking chamber. The basket can rotate about an axis of rotation, is permeated during operation by the hot air stream. This oven is particularly easy to clean by virtue of the fact that the basket has along at least sections of its circumference a sheet metal wall provided with openings.


High speed grinding has long been considered one of the most effective methods for improving productivity of manufacturing lines. This study applies ultrahigh speed CBN grinding technology to develop a cam profile grinding machine capable of dramatically exceeding the machining efficiency of conventional cam grinders. This paper evaluates the characteristics of a chilled casting ground in experiments carried out with an ultrahigh speed surface grinding machine allowing operation at a wheel peripheral speed up to 200 m/s. An equation expressing the relationship between grinding force and grinding conditions: wheel peripheral speed, wheel depth of cut, and grinding wheel diameter, was developed. In addition, grinding power consumption was demonstrated to be independent of wheel peripheral speed, and to be defined only by grinding stock removal rate. Furthermore, the increase in wheel peripheral speed from 80 m/s to 200 m/s, both doubled grinding efficiency and decreased both the grinding force required and wear of the grinding wheel.


The modelling of a flexible robot arm is concerned with its rigid body motion as well as its oscillation due to the elasticity of the arm [1-4]. As the elastic deformation is distributed along the arm, it is obvious that this system is a distributed parameter system. Although a set of partial differential equations is presumed to be the best model for this system, it is limited to a relatively low frequency oscillation of a homogeneous, simply shaped arm. In the case of a more complicated flexible arm, the partial differential equation model is not necessarily advantageous, and another method such as the finite element method will be used. First, this paper presents the detailed development of the partial differential equations and boundary conditions for two models of a flexible robot arm. One is a rigorous model obtained through the use of Timoshenko beam theory, which takes into account the effect of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia; the other is a simpler and more frequently used model ...


Many summer bridge or other programs focus on initiating high impact activities (Kuh, 2008) as mechanisms of relationship-building among attendants and the university sponsoring these activities.  Additionally, a broad spectrum of these bridge programs are grant-funded by either state or federal funding agencies.  Mentored research within a university laboratory connects the undergraduate to career insights and cultural awareness of research.  COVID- has altered but not cancelled this activity over the last two years.  Keywords: Summer bridge; STEM research; Undergraduates; DOED MSEIP grant.


Disseminated lymphangiomatosis is a rare disorder with a poor prognosis. We present a case involving a 3‐year‐old boy who presented with pulmonary infiltrates, multiple lytic lesions of the ribcage, and small cystic lesions in the spleen. Open‐lung and bone biopsies revealed disseminated lymphangiomatosis. Significant clinical and radiologic improvement were observed and persisted after 28 months of treatment with recombinant interferon alpha‐2b (IFN alpha‐2b). No significant toxicity has been observed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000;29:321–324. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


As the multimedia application traffic takes more portion in the internet traffic, it is necessary to control the network congestion through the congestion control protocol. In addition, the QoS-enabled networks such as DiffServ become an indispensable technology when running the multimedia applications. However, the previously proposed end-to-end congestion control algorithms take the round trip time to react the network congestion. Thus, as the RTT becomes larger, the reaction against the congestion gets delayed further, while the network congestion gets worse. In addition the performance of end-to-end congestion control algorithm is degraded if the QoS-enabled network runs the congestion control mechanism in the network level without any coordination between them. In this paper, we propose the early rate adaptation protocol for the DiffServ network which effectively linke the congestion control algorithm at the host and the congestion mechanism in the network together. By taking advantage of early congestion notification from the network it is possible to react the network congestion more quickly and effectively.


Beginning this week, we will publish a series of case studies and quizzes on the subtypes and features of melanoma.


Papua New Guinea, Pacific Island nations, and Timor‐Leste represent a range of island nations with populations ranging from a few thousand to 8 million. They perform on average about 25% of the Lancet Commission of Global Surgery's target 5000 per 100 000 population and their health workforce have significant deficits of trained surgeons and anaesthetists. This study was conducted to determine how the current national health plans of these nations have included surgery and anaesthesia.


The authors investigate the security performance of the cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system over spatially correlated Rayleigh fading channels in the presence of an active pilot spoofing attack. There are a large number of distributed access points (APs) simultaneously serving a smaller number of users under the cell-free massive MIMO system, which is a promising technology in the future wireless communication. We focus on the downlink secure transmission employing the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator and performing the distributed conjugate beamforming technique. Generalized closed-form expressions of per-user achievable rate are derived. Also, we carry out the analytical results of the upper bound on the information rate leaked into the active eavesdropper. Numerical results reveal the ergodic secrecy rate (ESR) is influenced significantly by the active eavesdropper and the condition of channel fading correlation.


Marine controlled-source EM data can be strongly distorted by shallow conductive (shale diapirs) or resistive (salt) bodies. Interpretation strategies using a priori models and sharp-boundary inversion are discussed.


This paper presents a wavelet-based method for transient disturbance analysis in oscillographic records of the transmission power systems. The proposed method can recognize faults and other disturbances with transients, such as voltage sags and switching transients in power systems. Developing faults and multiple transient disturbances in a single oscillographic record, such as a fault followed by an automatic line reclosing are also detected. The proposed method is based on the analysis of the wavelet coefficient energies of the phase voltages and currents achieved by sliding data windows with length equivalent to one cycle of the fundamental power frequency. These energy waveforms are normalized and records from a nonspecific line in a generic network with different sampling rates and rated voltages can be evaluated without distinction. The performance of the method was evaluated for both actual records from a Brazilian Power System and records simulated on Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and good results were obtained.


Hydroxylated polyaspartic acid / nano-silica super absorbent composite was synthesized using one-step synthetic methods in solution, with poly-succinimide (PSI) and modified nano-silica as raw material, hexamethylenediamine as cross linking agents and ethanolamine as modifiers. Effects of silica dosage on the swelling capacity and the salt tolerance were studied, while the absorbing properties of composite in different salt solutions and tap water were investigated. The composition,structure, morphology and thermal stability of composite were characterized by FTIR, SEM and TGA, respectively. The results indicated that the addition of nano-SiO2 can greatly improve the salt resistance of super absorbent composite,modified nano-silica was dispersed into system homogeneously, combined with hydroxylated polyaspartic acid firmly. The composite has good swelling properties,salt resistance,thermal stability and water-retention capacity.


Objective To explore the effect of temperature on canine kidney preservation with WMO 1 solution. Methods Preservation autotransplanted model was used to compare the effect of preservative temperature on the function and morphology of the canine kidneys flushed with WMO 1 solution and stored for 24 h.Results The preserved renal damage was related to the preservative temperature. Storage at 15℃ could not prevent the renal damage from ischemia. The effective preservative temperature was 1℃~4℃ and 9℃~12℃. Preservation at 5℃ to 8℃ was the most suitable for canine kidney.Conclusion Lower or higher temperature might aggravate the renal injury.


Rocky desertification is a kind of land desertification,which is based on fragile ecological environment and drived by strong human activities,and takes the deteriorated land output as essence,showing the appearance of similar desert landscape. Rocky desertification resulted in severe adverse consequences,such as land resource depletion,drought,eco-system deterioration and a series natural disasters.In this paper,investigation was made on rocky desertification of 5 counties in southwestern Sichuan province,and studies were made of the type,degree and ececllent resistance species of the rocky desertification. Research results could be useful to providing reference for vegetation restoration patterns and species selection in rocky desertification regions.


Herb formula FBD is composed of fu ling [or poria, or the sclerotium of the fungus of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (Polyporaceae)], bai zhu [white atractylodes rhizome, or the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.(Compositae)], and dang gui [or dong quai, Chinese angelica root, or the root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Umbelliferae)], the three Chinese medicinal plants used traditionally to improve cognitive disorders. The present study aimed to observe the effects of dual doses of aqueous extracts of FBD (200 and  600 mg/kg) administered orally for 6 days on memory deficit induced by scopolamine,  4 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) in male imprinting control region (ICR) mice. Aqueous extracts of FBD markedly ameliorated scopolamine induced memory deficit in passive step-through avoidance test and passage water maze test, significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in cortex and hippocampus, and circulating butyrylcholinesterase activity. Moreover, cortical AChE activity in vitro was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by aqueous extracts of FBD at 50–200 μg crude herb/mL, in which dang gui extract exerted a stronger anti-AChE activity than that of fu ling or bai zhu. In contrast, no acute toxicity was observed within 14 days, after administration with FBD extracts at the maximal tolerable dose of 69 g/kg. These results suggested that FBD might be a potential and safe herbal agent for Alzheimer's disease, and its nootropic action was mediated, in part, via enhancing the cholinergic nervous system.


In the IS literature, the extant customer continuance related studies mainly focused on continued use, repeated use in the context of a single product or a single channel. Little research has found from the multi-product and multi-channel perspective. In this paper, by a careful review of the research on multi-generation products upgrades, internal usage transfer, multi-channel migration, we classified eight types of customer continuance related internal transfer process (ITP). Based on the self-perception theory and trust transfer theory, we proposed a theoretical ground model of the Multi-channel migration ITP. This study advances our theoretical understanding of customers multi-channel behaviors and may offer several practical implications for implement of Multi-channel migration. We also provided important insights on understanding the dynamic internal transfer process.


Using a model of wealth distribution dynamics and occupational choice, the author investigates the distributional consequences of policies and developments associated with the transition from central planning to a market system. The model suggests that even an efficient privatization designed to be egalitarian may lead to increases in inequality (and possibly poverty), both during the transition and in the new steady state. Creating new markets in services that are also supplied by the public sector may also contribute to an increase in inequality. So can labor market reforms that lead to a decompression of the earnings structure and to greater flexibility in employment. The results underline the importance of retaining government provision of basic public goods and services, removing barriers that prevent the participation of the poor in the new private sector, and ensuring that suitable safety nets are in place.


The generation and evolution of continental topography are fundamental geologic and geomorphic concerns. In particular, the history of landscape development might contain useful information about the spatiotemporal evolution of deep Earth processes, such as mantle convection. A significant challenge is to generate observations and theoretical predictions of sufficient fidelity to enable landscape evolution to be constrained at scales of interest. Here, we combine substantial inventories of stratigraphic and geomorphic observations with inverse and forward modeling approaches to determine how the North American landscape evolved. First, stratigraphic markers are used to estimate postdepositional regional uplift. Present‐day elevations of these deposits demonstrate that >2 km of long‐wavelength surface uplift centered on the Colorado‐Rocky‐Mountain plateaus occurred in Cenozoic times. Second, to bridge the gaps between these measurements, an inverse modeling scheme is used to calculate the smoothest spatiotemporal pattern of rock uplift rate that yields the smallest misfit between 4,161 observed and calculated longitudinal river profiles. Our results suggest that Cenozoic regional uplift occurred in a series of stages, in agreement with independent stratigraphic observations. Finally, a landscape evolution model driven by this calculated rock uplift history is used to determine drainage patterns, denudation, and sedimentary flux from Late Cretaceous times until the present day. These patterns are broadly consistent with stratigraphic and thermochronologic observations. We conclude that a calibrated inverse modeling strategy can be used to reliably extract the temporal and spatial evolution of the North American landscape at geodynamically useful scales.


The present invention relates to a method for storing, transmitting and receiving information of an RFID tag for a road guidance system for a visually impaired person, the system comprising: an RFID tag which is provided on a pedestrian sidewalk for a visually impaired person, and which has a storage space for inputting information for indicating direction, distance, and unique names; a reception device for receiving the information of the RFID tag by being moving together with the blind person; and an output device connected to the reception device to output the information as a voice, wherein: one piece of coordinate information to which random X and Y coordinate values are inputted and road guidance information having at least two directions and combined with a first random code for indicating directions and a second random code for indicating a random unique name and a descriptive word, are inputted into the storage space of the RFID tag; and the reception device selects road guidance information set according to adjustment of the coordinate information, recognizes the first code and the second code so as to convert the codes into a sentence with a unique name, and transmits the sentence to the output device.


This thesis presents a modelling framework that quantitatively analyses the mechanical behaviour of the levator ani (LA) muscle during the second stage of labour. This modelling framework would enable the identification of risk factors (for muscle damage) associated with vaginal delivery. Detailed three dimensional (3D) geometries of thirteen female pelvic floor structures were segmented from magnetic resonance (MR) images. The LA muscle model was augmented with surrounding structures to simulate the second stage of labour. Twelve individualised pelvic floor models were constructed. Preliminary feature analysis showed considerable inter-individual variations in LA muscle size and orientation. The mechanism of labour was modelled by applying minimal movement constraints to the fetal skull. In order to improve simulation performance during the finite element solution procedure, an "energy norm" convergence criterion and a line search method were implemented. It was demonstrated that allowing the fetal skull to find its own minimum potential energy state substantially affected the mechanical response of the LA muscle during delivery compared to employing a fixed head path, which has been used in all previous studies. The constitutive parameters for the LA muscle were fitted to experimental data from in vitro mechanical tests on fresh cadavers. The elastic nonlinear and anisotropic properties of the constitutive relations were investigated through a series of child-


ABSTRACT Can alternative methods of reading and writing trauma generate new understandings of trauma itself? This paper seeks to answer this question by reading Tom McCarthy's Remainder (2005) not as a radical break from tradition but rather as a text that makes use of a preexisting science fiction poetics to reconceptualize the trauma novel. If, as Roger Luckhurst has argued, science fiction explores a side of trauma that cultural and literary studies have not yet uncovered, Remainder suggests that the inverse of this claim is also valid – if science fiction is uniquely positioned to investigate or represent trauma in nontraditional ways, then so too are novels beyond the realm of science fiction able to co-opt the poetics of the genre to defamiliarize trauma itself. Ultimately, a science-fictional reading of Remainder reveals the ways in which trauma narrative can move beyond psychological realism and toward an inter-generic understanding of trauma not as a formally representable event, but rather as an ongoing series of cognitively estranging moments that amount to a science fiction of the interior.


A fast fault detection and Location mechanism for OBS Networks is proposed. The mechanism can control the alarm-permitting time and discard redundant alarm information, and can effectively decrease number of false and missing alarms.


A new family of routing algorithms for the distributed maintenance of routing information in large networks and internets is introduced. This family is called link vector algorithms (LVA), and is based on the selective diffusion of link-state information based on the distributed computation of preferred paths, rather than on the flooding of complete link-state information based on the distributed computation of preferred paths, rather than on the flooding of complete link-state information to all routers. According to LVA, each router maintains a subset of the topology that corresponds to the links used by its neighbor routers in their preferred paths to known destinations. Based on that subset of topology information, the router derives its own preferred paths and communicates the corresponding link-state information to its neighbors. An update message contains a vector of updates; each such update specifies a link and its parameters. LVAs can be used for different types of routing. The correctness of LVA is verified for arbitrary types of routing when correct and deterministic algorithms are used to select preferred paths at each router. LVA is shown to have smaller complexity than link-state and distance-vector algorithms, and to have better average performance than the ideal topology-broadcast algorithm and the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm.


: Motivation is key to foreign language learning (FLL) and directly affects learners' frequency of learning strategies, the volume of accepted FLL, and duration of developing FLL skill and so on. Many factors are considered to illustrate how motivation affects learners' performance, and among them, linguistic environment is particularly discussed here. The difference between urban and rural areas leads to a different linguistic environment, which motivates students in disparate ways. Owing to the distribution of resources, cities and countries are developing a gap that has parted them in educational investment, family income and school equipment. Therefore, students living in urban and rural areas are growing up with different learning motivation and thus performance.


The paper attempts to identify the various dimensions of the No Detention Policy and explores whether or not the existing policy and its resultant activities and services continue to be effective and efficient in helping children and their education. While analyzing No Detention Policy, certain issues were raised on the continuums regarding the motives of the policy and its adaptability in the existing system of education. On the basis of the content analysis of policy and its various ordinances, five major comparative dimensions (viz. Quantity Vs. Quality, Attendance Vs. Achievement, Planning Vs. Implementation, Holistic Vs. Parts and Assessment Vs. Measurement) were thematized which depict practical implications for the policy makers who have to make strategies and decisions in order to cater this policy in a cogent and systematic manner.


In this manuscript, we report a one-way thermo-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP) SBS/PCL mix fortified with a nano-metallic oxide filler, copper-iron oxide. Polymer nano-metal oxide composites were synthesized using a simple melt mixing method and hot press. Prepared polymer nano-composite samples were characterized and analyzed their morphological, thermal, mechanical, shape memory properties, etc. The composite microstructure was additionally studied utilizing spectroscopic techniques. It is seen that the introduction of these nano-metallic oxide fillers into the SBS/PCL mix improved the thermal, mechanical and shape memory properties of the film. During the union stage, the expansion of fillers expanded the thickness of the polymer grid. Physical, chemical, thermal, mechanical and shape memory properties were studied in detail on this polymer elastomer blend mixed with nano-metal oxide to form shape-memory polymer nano-composites (SMPNC). Different characterization techniques such as SEM, FT-IR, UV-Spectroscopy, Tensile Test, TGA, etc. were also done and the results show that the integration nano-metallic oxide Copper Ferrite (Copper Iron Oxide) filler into the pure blend modifies the overall performances of the neat sample in a positive way.


1 Economic Background and Introduction to the Papers.- 2 The U.S. Basic Industries in the 1980s: Can Fiscal Policies Explain Their Changing Competitive Position?.- Comment.- 3 Policy Implications of the Slowdown in U.S. Productivity Growth.- Comment.- 4 The Tax Reform Act of 1986 and Economic Growth.- Comment.- 5 A Businessman's Perspective on Competitiveness.


Introduction Outpatient departments triage their patients to clinicians with the correct skills and experience to ensure an optimal outcome. Currently this is done through experience of senior clinicians, and varies from one hand therapy department to another. We wished to see if the modified Hand Injury Severity Score a (mHISSa) could be used as an objective tool to triage these patients. Methods The mHISS was adapted slightly, and became the mHISSa for this study. Two hundred patient referrals, of previously discharged patients, were reviewed. The grade of staff that had treated them was noted and the referral was scored against the mHISSa. This was used to determine if there was correlation between the score and the current triage pattern. Results We found a strong association (p < 0.01) between the score and the current prioritisation practice. Two-thirds of patients with a minor score (<20) were treated by bands 5 and 6. Patients with a moderate score (21–50) were rarely seen by a band 5 or 6 and were more commonly treated by a band 7 (65% of the total with a moderate score). Those with score in the severe (51–100) and major (0 >101) categories were mostly treated by a band 7 therapists (79.4% of the total with that score) compared to 17.9% by band 6 and 2.6% by band 5. Discussion The mHISSa as used in this study can be used as an objective tool to assist with triaging patients, in this hand therapy department. Further work is needed nationally to see if the results can be generalised to other units.


This paper discusses approaches to identify location-dependent information for emergency managers, in order to make quick but solid decisions, and improve the coordination of activities performed by crowdsourcees during disaster response. In this regard, the idea of considering location as a driver for flexibility in the design of business processes is prepared, and the meaning of location-dependent tasks for volunteers is investigated. In terms of emergency management, the paper sheds light on what may have to be considered by emergency managers when coordinating activities performed by volunteers, followed by an illustration of how they can be aware of location-based information using crowdsourcing, as well as how visualization of this information can support decision-making.


Objective To explore the differences of lung function and blood gas analysis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and patients with COPD combined with diabetes mellitus.Methods A group of 22 cases with the COPD patients,B group of 21 cases with COPD combined with diabetic mellitus duration less than 10 years patients,C group of 18 cases with COPD combined with diabetes mellitus duration more than 10 years patients.All patients underwent lung function testing(VC%、FEV1%、FVC%、FEF 25%-75%、DLCO、DLCO/VA) and blood gas analysis(PaO2,PaCO2).Results The outcome of Group C VC%、DLCO、DLCO / VA、PaO2 were significantly lower than group A and B(P0.05).Conclusion More advanced vital capacity decline and diffusing capacity impairments are found in COPD patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus duration more than 10 years.Lung may be the target organ for diabetes mellitus.


For CSCW facilities to be effective and viable, the inherently distributed nature of cooperative work must matched by a radically distributed environment. On the basis of a scenario derived from field studies, the paper describes a CSCW environment which supports the distributed construction and use of malleable and linkable coordination mechanisms.


This paper explores the relationship between the Australian real estate and equity market between 1980 and 1999. The results from this study show three specific outcomes that extend the current literature on real estate finance. First, it is shown that structural shifts in stock and property markets can lead to the emergence of an unstable linear relationship between these markets. That is, full-sample results support bi-directional Granger causality between equity and real estate returns, whereas when sub-samples are chosen that account for structural shifts the results generally show that changes within stock market prices influence real estate market returns, but not vice versa. Second, the results also indicate that non-linear causality tests show a strong unidirectional relationship running from the stock market to the real estate market. Finally, from this empirical evidence a trading strategy is developed which offers superior performance when compared to adopting a passive strategy for investing in Australian securitized property. These results appear to have important implications for managing property assets in the funds management industry and also for the pricing efficiency within the Australian property market. Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The structures and thermodynamic properties of the (100), (010), and (110) lateral surfaces of extended-chain polyethylene crystals between 0 and 300 K were determined by minimization of vibrational free energy using consistent quasi-harmonic lattice dynamics. Slight rotations of the outermost chains from their corresponding orientations in the bulk were observed. These deviations from bulk structure were confined to the first three molecular layers (approximately 10 A) at the surface. Surface free energy calculations for the crystal−vacuum interface found the (110) surface to be the most stable over the entire temperature range modeled, with free energies ranging from 95.4 erg/cm2 to 103.5 erg/cm2 at temperatures of 0 and 300 K, respectively. Surface free energies of the (100) and (010) surfaces were found to be at least 15% higher than the (110) surface, with the (100) surface slightly more stable than the (010) surface, over all temperatures considered. Surface free energy increases as the density of c...


Background and Purpose: Blood pressure reduction is central to secondary prevention after stroke, but the optimal time to start therapy is unknown. Cerebral autoregulation is impaired early after ischaemic insult, and any changes in systemic blood pressure may be reflected in cerebral perfusion. However, early initiation in hospital may better assure continued long-term treatment. We have investigated the effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril on blood pressure, global and focal cerebral blood flow (CBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a normotensive acute stroke population. Methods: Twenty-five patients within 4–8 days of mild ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack and with diastolic blood pressure 70–90 mm Hg were randomized to receive perindopril 2 or 4 mg daily versus placebo according to estimated GFR. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), internal carotid artery (ICA) flow and middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) were measured prior to dosing, over the following 24 h and at 2 weeks. Brain hexamethyl propylene amino oxide single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed before dosing and at estimated time of peak drug effect (6–8 h after first dose). GFR measurement using a 51Cr-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid technique was undertaken prior to medication and repeated at 2 weeks. Results: MABP was reduced throughout the first 24 h with a mean MABP reduction of 9.3 mm Hg (95% CI 7.4–11.3 mm Hg), maximal placebo corrected fall of 12.5 mm Hg at 10 h post-dose, p = 0.005. No significant change occurred in ICA flow, MCAv or CBF measured by SPECT: change from baseline in symptomatic hemisphere CBF was –0.02 (SD 3.11) ml/100 g/min (treated group) compared with 0 (SD 3.01) (placebo group). Similarly, no significant change was observed in cortical CBF. Mean within-group change in GFR was 2.7 ± 10.1 in the treated group and –4.3 ± 6.7 in the placebo group (p = NS). Discussion: Antihypertensive therapy with perindopril may be introduced in the first week after mild ischaemic stroke in normotensive patients without affecting global or regional CBF or affecting GFR.


The pioneering work of theologian James Cone is examined for political insights. Cone's Black Theology is identified as a distinct political ideology capable of providing guidance in the struggle for Black liberation. Black Theology is not merely orthodox Black nationalism coated with a veneer of Christianity. It is a pragmatic, organic response in the struggle against oppression. Black Theology is also distinguished from Black nationalism and Black liberalism in its ideational dimension. Its simultaneous embrace of competing tendencies from these ideologies and its unique answer to the foundational question "What is Blackness?" warrant its treatment as an independent ideological expression.


Diary cow mammary gland epithelial cells have special functions of synthesis and lactation,and make manufacture mammary gland bioreactor harrow cell. Diary cow mammary gland epithelial cells for experimental model could actually response mammoplasia,development,lactotroph or molecular biology mechanism,and validate tissue specificity expression vector rationality and effectivity. It has to study and research diary cow mammary gland bioreactor lactoprotein gene expression the siguificace. This paper major introduced culturalmethod,culturalsystem,morphosis,cellproliferation and differentiation aspects to explain the research progress ofculture technique on mammary gland epithelialcells in vitro.


The strategy for the positioning is fundamental to define the process of transformation in a leading brand, create value and identity for the consumer, have greater visibility and in this way guarantee the permanence in the market. The objective of this research is to analyze the promotional marketing strategies used by Chanel for the entry and positioning in the Mexican market through the description of advertising tools evidenced in the luxury sector, the comparison of Chanel against other brands and the examination of the influence of the brand in the consumer's purchase decision. A qualitative methodology is required that shows a description of the different strategies in relation to the behavior of the market, under a technique of content analysis using descriptive and contrast matrices that allow the classification of marketing categories. It is hoped to confirm that the effectiveness of the promotional strategies used by Chanel are related to the limitation to easy access while retaining exclusivity as a luxury brand.


The present survey was conducted to evaluate the awareness among dental practitioners on a minimally invasive approach for treatment of superficial enamel defects.The cross-sectional survey was conducted among 150 dental practitioners in India. Data was obtained by distributing a self designed pretested questionnaire which comprised 20 questions to assess the knowledge of the practitioners on various minimally invasive procedures to treat superficial enamel stains, its incorporation into routine practice and ways to improve their skills. Results were obtained in the form of graphs and percentage. A chi square test was done to determine the association of the responses with the type of practice. The results of the study revealed that a fair number of practitioners were aware of the theoretical aspects of micro and macroabrasion but the clinical incorporation into routine practice is low, 68% did not incorporate the technique in their routine dental practice. The chi square values to check the association between the responses and type of practice were <0.001 which was highly statistically significant. The endodontists had better knowledge about the techniques as compared to the general practitioners and they also incorporated the technique more routinely as compared to the general practitioners.There was a general preference to first opt for a minimally invasive technique but the treatment plan varies from person to person.There is a need for knowledge upgradations and further clinical training through continuing dental education.


Simple Summary Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a promising biomarker for the risk of prostate cancer aggressiveness and metastasis and play a role in the processes of tumor migration and metastasis. CTC clusters, which have different physical and biological properties from individual CTCs, are collections of tumor cells and non-malignant cells, resulting in greater metastatic potential. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge of CTC clusters in metastasis as well as related biological properties and to suggest possibilities for their usage in diagnostic and therapeutic practice. Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) exhibits high cellular heterogeneity across patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more real-time and accurate detection methods, in both prognosis and treatment in clinical settings. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters, a population of tumor cells and non-malignant cells in the blood of patients with tumors, are a promising non-invasive tool for screening PCa progression and identifying potential benefit groups. CTC clusters are associated with tumor metastasis and possess stem-like characteristics, which are likely attributable to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, these biological properties of CTC clusters, particularly androgen receptor V7, have indicated the potential to reflect curative effects, guide treatment modalities, and predict prognosis in PCa patients. Here, we discuss the role of CTC clusters in the mechanisms underlying PCa metastasis and clinical applications, with the aim of informing more appropriate clinical decisions, and ultimately, improving the overall survival of PCa patients.


Adrenal cysts are uncommon lesion and present complex problems in differential diagnosis. The treatment options are not univocal. Starting from the study of a personal case the authors review the existing literature and discuss the problem of diagnosis and treatment.


Introduction and Aims Clinically many factors such as variations in surgical positioning, and patients9 anatomy and biomechanics can affect the occurrence and severity of edge loading which may have detrimental effect on the wear and durability of the implant. Assessing wear of hundreds of combinations of conditions would be impractical, so a preclinical testing approach was followed where the occurrence and severity of edge loading can be determined using short biomechanical tests. Then, selected conditions can be chosen under which the wear can be determined. If a wear correlation with the magnitude of dynamic separation or the severity of edge loading can be shown, then an informed decision can be made based upon the biomechanical results to only select important variables under which the tribological performance of the implant can be assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the wear of ceramic-on-ceramic bearings and the (1) magnitude of dynamic separation, (2) the maximum force reached during edge loading and (3) the severity of edge loading resulting from component translational mismatch between the head and cup centres. Methods The Leeds II hip joint simulator with a standard walking cycle and 36mm diameter ceramic-on-ceramic bearings (BIOLOX ® delta, DePuy Synthes Joint Reconstruction, Leeds, UK.) were used. The study was in two parts. Part one: a biomechanical study where the dynamic separation, the maximum load during edge loading, and the duration of edge loading alongside the magnitude of forces under edge loading (severity of edge loading) were assessed. Part two; a wear study where the wear rates of the bearing surfaces were assessed under a series of input conditions. These input testing conditions included inclining the acetabular cups at 45° and 65° cup inclination angle (in-vivo equivalent), with 2, 3, and 4mm medial-lateral component mismatch between the centres of the head and the cup. This equated to six conditions being assessed, each with three repeats for the biomechanical test, and six repeats completed for the wear study. The severity of edge loading was assessed as described in Equation 1. Severity of Edge Loading = ∫ t t0 F(x) dx + ∫ t t0 F(y) dy … Equation 1, where F(x) is the axial load, F(y) is the medial-lateral load and t-t0 is the duration of edge loading. The wear of the ceramic bearings were determined using gravimetric analysis (XP205, Mettler Toledo, UK). Results The wear rates of ceramic-on-ceramic bearings increased as the magnitude of dynamic separation (Figure 1), the maximum load at the rim during edge loading (Figure 2), and the severity of edge loading (Figure 3) increased. The magnitude of dynamic separation was found to have the highest correlation to the wear rate under the conditions tested in this study (R 2 =0.94). Conclusions A preclinical testing approach has been developed to understand the occurrence and severity of edge loading associated with variation of component positioning. A good correlation was found between the wear rates obtained for ceramic-on-ceramic bearings and the magnitude of parameters obtained under edge loading during a short-term biomechanical study. For figures/tables, please contact authors directly.


[Objective] To monitor drug residues in aquatic products by using modern detection technique and promote operation of aquatic product market access system. [Method]GICA was adopted for rapid screening of illicit drug residue in collected aquatic products. [Result] The results showed that the method detection limit can reach: chloramphenicol ≤ 0. 5 μg / kg,malachite green ≤ 1. 0 μg / kg,metabolites of nitrofuran ≤ 1. 0 μg / kg,fluoroquinolone ≤ 10 μg / kg,which meet the demands on aquatic product quality safety monitoring and greatly reduce the blind zone in aquatic product safety detection. [Conclusion] GICA is a new rapid immune detection technology with advantages of strong specificity,convenient operation,low detection cost,which provides technical support for monitoring illicit drug residue in aquatic product.


Edge computing defeats high correspondence defer weakness of customary distributed computing and furnishes figuring administrations with high unwavering quality and high transfer speed for cell phones. At present, edge processing has turned into the front line and hotspot of versatile edge distributed computing (MEC) look into. In any case, with the expanding prerequisites and administrations of versatile clients, offloading procedure of straightforward edge registering is never again relevant to MEC design. This paper advances another astute calculation offloading based MEC design in blend with man-made brainpower (AI) innovation. As indicated by the information size in calculation undertaking of portable clients and the exhibition highlights of edge figuring hubs, a calculation offloading and task relocation calculation dependent on errand expectation is proposed. The calculation task expectation dependent on LSTM calculation, calculation offloading procedure for cell phone dependent on errand forecast, and undertaking relocation for edge cloud planning plan are utilized to help with upgrading the edge processing offloading model.


Platelet products have a limited shelf life and are costly. Hence, it remains crucial to balance clinical usage and wastage in a tertiary hospital setting without a trauma center. Considering this, an innovative system model was established to reduce wastage: the CMCVAMC—starting October 2017—arranged to transfer the platelet unit to a nearby facility with a trauma center when product has a short expiration date and there is no anticipated need for the product. This is a cost-effective measure to reduce platelet wastage and ensure the appropriate blood product availability.

 QA/QI data were reviewed to determine the degree of platelet wastage both a year prior to the implementation of this platelet transfer to another facility and after the past implementation of this transfer to February 2019. The cost of each platelet product was determined from the blood supplier (American Red Cross). From these comparisons prior to and after implementation, a determination of reduction of product wastage and cost savings was made.

 Since the implementation of this platelet transfer, there have been no platelets expiring on the shelf. In contrast, from October 2016 to October 2017 prior to implementation of platelet transfer, platelet products were often wasted or expired. In contrast, from October 2017 to February 2019, there has been no wastage of platelets.

 This is a highly effective model for a tertiary hospital without a trauma center to bring in house platelets without wastage of a costly product while maintaining appropriate availability of the product. This quality improvement system study demonstrates that the measure resulted in significant savings and this serves as a model for other similar facilities. This is an innovative, easy to implement, and cost-effective system model that can be used in other tertiary facilities without a trauma center.


Abstract: Over the past few decades, home automation systems have been increasingly popular because they increase comfort and quality of life. A microcontroller and a smartphone are the main components of most contemporary home automation systems. A smart phoneapplication is used to manage and monitor the home appliances via various types of communication. Due of their narrow scope, the current techniques have limitations. The implementation of this project, "IOT- based smart security and smart home automation," has been completed in order to overcome these problems. The concept focuses on "home automation," which is the control of lights and fans, as well as smart security by sending a picture taken by email to the owner via the internet when an object is recognized. This project will be carried out using the "Raspberry Pi" module. This will be especially beneficial to the crippled and elderly.


…Teachers tend to say they find their supervision of little value. Supervisors say their work has a lot of value. Supervisors seem to be saying that they want to spend more time doing what their clients (the teachers) consider to be relatively useless.


Speech has always been the most important means of communication between humans. Therefore, using speech in machine-human communication can help in increasing the naturalness of the communication between a computer system and a user. Systems that can make a machine pronounce any given input text are referred to as text-to-speech systems. To further enhance the communication, a talking head can be added to the text-to-speech synthesis, since the addition of this synthetic visual speech mode will improve the intelligibility of the artificial speech (Pandzic et al., 1999). Furthermore, users will perceive this multimodal speech communication as more natural and they will feel more positive and confident if they can see the (artificial) person that is talking to them. In this paper we propose an audiovisual text-to-speech synthesis system for Dutch that is able to create both the target auditory and the target visual speech by using a same audiovisual database, which makes it possible to maximize the intermodal coherence in the audiovisual output signal.


The 1·43 Ga Sherman batholith, southeastern Wyoming, USA, origin that are found throughout the Proterozoic 'anorogenic' granite provinces of the southwestern USA, Adirshows extreme A-type petrochemical characteristics compared with other Mid-Proterozoic granite batholiths of North America. It ondacks, eastern Canada, southern Greenland and the Fennoscandian Shield (Anderson, 1983). Phanerozoic consists of: (1) the Sherman granite, a coarse-grained biotite hornblende granite that locally contains fayalite and pyroxenes; (2) examples include Paleozoic granites of southeastern Australia (Collins et al., 1982) and of Corsica (Poitrasson et the Lincoln granite, a medium-grained biotite granite; (3) a porphyritic biotite hornblende granite that probably formed by interaction al., 1995), and the Mesozoic Nigerian Younger granites ( Jacobsen et al., 1958) and the White Mountain Magma of granitic and mafic magmas; and (4) iron-enriched mafic dikes and pods. The ilmenite-series, metaluminous Sherman granite Series (Foland & Allen, 1991). 'Anorogenic granite' refers to plutons that are not associated with compressional exhibits extreme values of FeO/(FeO + MgO) and is rich in structures, and that were emplaced long after any known K, REE, Nb and Y. It crystallized at temperatures exceeding orogenic event. Anorogenic, or 'A-type' granites (Loiselle 900°C and a pressure of ~2·5 kbar, with water activity of 0·7 & Wones, 1979) are characterized by low H2O and O2 and Dlog fO2 of –0·1 to –0·5. The Lincoln granite, which is fugacities along with high FeO/(FeO + MgO), K2O/ peraluminous and has less extreme A-type geochemical characteristics, Na2O and K2O contents. A-type granites typically are rich crystallized at temperatures as low as 750°C and Dlog fO2 of in incompatible elements, including rare earth elements around 0·5 units above FMQ (fayalite–magnetite–quartz). The (REE), Zr, Nb and Ta, but poor in Co, Sc, Cr, Ni, Ba, rocks of the Sherman batholith are chemically equivalent to lavas Sr, and Eu. Minimum magma liquidus temperatures are from the Yellowstone hotspot. Like the Yellowstone magmas, the 900–1000°C (Clemens et al., 1986; Creaser & White, Sherman batholith probably originated by partial melting of under1991). Some workers suggest these rocks are derived plated, mantle-derived mafic rocks. from melting of tonalitic or more felsic crust (Anderson & Cullers, 1978; Collins et al., 1982; Clemens et al., 1986; Creaser et al., 1991), whereas others relate the granites


The use of ozone for postharvest sanitation and decay control of fruits, vegetables and their products during handling, processing and storage has been investigated for commercial applications. Due to their significant contribution to world trade and human nutrition, citrus fruits are thought to be important commodities. Decay can be observed in these products because of microbial activity and ethylene accumulation throughout storage. Residues of pesticides and other compounds in citrus fruit and food-borne illness outbreaks caused by consumption of contaminated citrus juice are important health issues. In this study, the possible uses of ozone in citrus industry for all these problems, and efficacy, benefits and/or detrimental effects of these applications are discussed.


The title compound, C13H15NO3, contains a chiral cis-disubstituted oxazine linked to a phenyl ring at the C-2 atom. The racemic crystal structure is stabilized by both intra- and intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.


The new sight reduction tables, A.P. 3270, will eventually take the place of the Astronomical Navigation Tables, A.P. 1618, familiar to all war-time navigators. They are published in three volumes, the first of which tabulates, for all latitudes, the altitudes and azimuths of selected stars. The other two tables correspond to the second half of A.P. 1618, containing, for all latitudes, values of altitude and azimuth for integral degrees of declination up to 29 degrees. The Nautical Almanac Office of the U.S. Naval Observatory and H.M. Nautical Almanac Office have cooperated in the design and preparation of the tables, which were originally planned, and have now been published by, the U.S. Hydrographic Office as H.O. Pub. No. 249. This edition is a facsimile reproduction as far as the main tables are concerned, but the auxiliary tables have been reset in conformity with R. A.F. requirements. The Introduction has also been rewritten, and the clear explanations are in line with the high standards set by H.M. Nautical Almanac Office in the introduction to A.P. 1618.


Samples of alligator (Juniperus deppeana), Rocky Mountain (J. scopulorum), and Utah (J. osteosperma) junipers were analyzed for volatile oil yield and terpenoid concentration. Oil yield varied (P < 0.05 among species, with alligator (0.6-0.9%) lowest, Utah (1.0-2.6%) higher, and Rocky Mountain juniper (1.6-2.9%) highest. Gas chromatographic analyses revealed that volatile oils consisted of 3 terpenoid groups: monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. Mean percentages for monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes were as follows: Rocky Mountain juniper, 56, 15, and 28; Utah juniper 42, 43, and 11; and alligator juniper, 73, 25, and 1, respectively. Effects of volatile oils and fractions of oil upon starch, cellulose, and dry matter digestion were examined. Inhibition of cellulose digestion occurred between 0.6 and 1.0 tl of volatile oil per ml of medium, whereas major reductions in starch digestion occurred with 3-5 ld of volatile oil per ml of medium. Reduction (P < 0.05) in digestion of dry matter occurred between 0.7 and 1.3 Al of oil per ml of media. Monoterpene hydrocarbons inhibit starch, cellulose, and dry matter digestion less than either oxygenated monoterpenes or sesquiterpenes. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 44(1):107-113 Juniper species occupy approximately 30 million ha throughout the western United States. These conifers have little economic value, and in some areas are burned or removed mechanically to increase grass production. Many areas dominated by juniper are occupied by deer (Odocoileus spp.), but the role of juniper in meeting nutritional and cover requirements of deer is not understood fully. Junipers contain volatile oils (Powell and Adams 1973) which contain terpene compounds that are considered among the largest and most structurally diverse classes of organic products of secondary plant metabolism (Geissman and Crout 1969). Investigations have shown that volatile oils of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) (Nagy et al. 1964, Nagy and Tengerdy 1968) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (Oh et al. 1967) inhibited deer rumen microorganisms. Rumen microbial fermentation supplies approximately 50-70% of the energy requirements of ruminants (Annison and Lewis 1959). Changes in the rumen ecosystem such as amounts and kinds of microorganisms, pH, or concentration and proportion of end products of fermentation might influence rumen digestion. This can ultimately result in a lowered energy and nutrient supply to the host animal. Our research was part of a comprehensive study to determine effects of volatile oils from alligator, Utah, and Rocky Mountain junipers on mule deer (0. hemionus), and was conducted in 3 phases. The 1st 2 phases presented here examined volatile oil yield and concentration, and effects of volatile oils and selected fractions on rumen microbial activity in vitro. Phase 3 (Schwartz et al. 1980) evaluated mule deer preference for the 3 species and for feed treated with various levels or fractions of oils extracted from these species. 1 Present address: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Moose Research Center, P.O. Box 3150, Soldotna, AK 99669. 2 Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 2800, Kenai, AK 99611. J. Wildl. Manage. 44(1):1980 107 This content downloaded from 220.127.116.11 on Thu, 01 Sep 2016 05:48:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 108 JUNIPER OIL EFFECTS ON DEER* Schwartz et al. Data were collected by Graduate Research Assistants W. W. Paintner, W. G. Jobman, and P. Smith. Financial support was provided by the USDA Forest Service. We thank J. A. Bailey for graduate student direction. Trade names listed do not indicate endorsement by the Forest Service.


Melt adhesive system of the present invention comprises a melting group, an ultrasonic sensor, and the feeding system. Melting groups receives and melts the adhesive. Ultrasonic sensors are positioned to sense the level of the molten adhesive in the group. The feed system supplies the non-melt adhesive melting groups as a function of the sensed level of the adhesive in the molten group.