A new optical system which measures forward-scattered light from small particles to determine mean and fluctuating concentrations in a turbulent shear flow has been developed. The system was designed for wind-tunnel measurements. Mobility of the system was one of the most important design criteria. The relationship between concentration and the system voltage output is found to be linear. The frequency response of the system is adequate for turbulent fluctuation measurements. Signal (DC) attenuation with increasing frequency is found to be small. The focal or sampling volume of the optical probe is of the order of 6.0*10-5 in3 for the instrument described. These characteristics of the optical system are comparable to those of a hot-wire anemometer, which enable comparable measurements of fluctuations of concentration and velocity to be made. Measurements of particle concentrations and fluctuations are especially desirable in studies of turbulent mass diffusion processes.


Stochastic approximation as a method of simulation optimization is well-studied and numerous practical applications exist. One approach, simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA), has proven to be an efficient algorithm for such purposes. SPSA uses a centered difference approximation to the gradient based on two function evaluations regardless of the dimension of the problem. It accomplishes this task by randomizing the directions in which the differences are calculated in each dimension. Typically Bernoulli variables mapped to {–1, 1} are used in the randomization and this distribution is known to be asymptotically most efficient, but the question of best distribution remains open for small-sample approximations. As part of a general theory of smallsample stochastic approximation, the author has studied alternative distributions for the perturbations used to compute the SPSA estimate of the gradient. This paper presents results from that investigation, as well as some insights to parameter selection for the SPSA algorithm.


This master thesis examines the effect of hollow thermoplastic microspheres in coolroof paints. These types of paints are characterized by their high reflectivity forwavelengths up to 2.5 micromete ...


Two different approaches to generalizations of the classical two-dimensional Sierpinski carpet are presented in correct mathematical sense. The first generalization is based on classical principle of fractal carpet creation. It relates to the change of the fractal creator. In the result a series of two-dimensional self similar fractal square sets can be arisen. The second generalization is reworked on the base of one-dimensional self similar fractal sets with a variable fractal dimension. For all generalized classes of self similar fractal square sets have been presented basic elements of their mathematical analyses.


The article analyzes the relations between public health and empire in Spain under the reign of Isabel II (1833-68). After presenting certain conceptual notions, the case of military health is proposed as a specific example of these relations. On a journey through the Empire's different settings (the Iberian peninsula, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines), the text explains the role played by different groups, often marginalized from historical accounts.


Distributions, paragenesis and fluid inclusions of hydrothermal minerals in the Kakkonda geothermal field, Northeastern Japan, were studied by means of the X-ray diffractometry and the microthermometry. Many veinlets are found in Tertiary sedimentary rocks and welded tuff of the Pliocene-Pleistocene. The mineralization can be divided into three paragenetic stages: Stage IA, Kfeldspar+quartz+pyrite; Stage IB, quartz+calcite+laumontite+yugawaralite+stilbite+mordenite+pyrite; and Stage II, calcite+kaolinite+quartz+pyrite. Minerals in Stage II were formed from recent geothermal fluids. Fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite are generally several microns in size and are liquid inclusions. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite range 87-296°C and 83-217°C, respectively. Judging from the distribution of the maximum homogenization temperatures obtained for the samples from geothermal wells (Muramatsu, 1984) and the surface, it is inferred that at least 900 meters of overburden were eroded after the mineralization. Temperature distribution pattern around the Kakkonda geothermal field suggests that high temperature fluids ascended mainly from the deeper zone of the western area, and that some meteoric water descended from the central area at Stage I and Stage II (present day). The data on the modes of occurrence, and the distribution pattern and fluid inclusion data of quartz and calcite, indicate that most of quartz were deposited from ascending fluids in the convective geothermal system, and that calcite precipitation resulted partly from the boiling of ascending hydrothermal fluids in the vicinity of the surface.


Owing to the advancement of deep learning, artificial systems are now rival to humans in several pattern recognition tasks, such as visual recognition of object categories. However, this is only the case with the tasks for which correct answers exist independent of human perception. There is another type of tasks for which what to predict is human perception itself, in which there are often individual differences. Then, there are no longer single "correct" answers to predict, which makes evaluation of artificial systems difficult. In this paper, focusing on pairwise ranking tasks sensitive to individual differences, we propose an evaluation method. Given a ranking result for multiple item pairs that is generated by an artificial system, our method quantifies the probability that the same ranking result will be generated by humans, and judges if it is distinguishable from human-generated results. We introduce a probabilistic model of human ranking behavior, and present an efficient computation method for the judgment. To estimate model parameters accurately from small-size samples, we present a method that uses confidence scores given by annotators for ranking each item pair. Taking as an example a task of ranking image pairs according to material attributes of objects, we demonstrate how the proposed method works.


Polymers normally exhibit low dielectric permittivity, but very high values have also been exhibited under conditions of nomadic and interfacial polarization and by ferroelectric materials. Each of these mechanism require certain physico-chemical structural features in the solids. Interesting dielectric properties displayed by phthalocyanine systems, in particular polymeric copper phthalocyanine, synthesized in our laboratory, are discussed.


This paper discusses the solving of the algebraic Riccati equations and the Lyapunov matrix equations for large-scale systems with symmetric circulant structure. It is shown that the solving of the algebraic Riccati equations and the Lyapunov matrix equations for such a system can be simplified by solving +1 independent equations of dimension N times smaller than the original equations. As an application,the problems of the linear quadratic optimal control and the robust linear quadratic optimal control for such a system can also be simplified.


Splicing rules of the form (u; v; w; x) are usually represented as strings of the form u#v$w#x. The e ect of splicing with rules from several families of languages has been determined in the literature. We investigate whether the results about splicing systems obtained in this way are indeed properties of the splicing system and not of the speci c string representation of the rules. We study in detail single and iterated splicing systems, by considering the alternative string representation u#w$v#x, and indeed obtain the same classi cations as for the standard representation. We brie y discuss some related representations.


The global financial crisis and its political response and the resurgence of right-wing politics across the world's democracies have been two fundamental political developments of the past decades. This paper attempts to analyse the corelation between the two developments and also the paradox in how democratic electorates responded to such interrelations. Keyword: Political Science


This study was focused on the transducer and suitable contact material for stone cultural heritage, and the correlation of direct-indirect method in rock types for scientific development and quantitative evaluation technique of the ultrasonic measurements. As a result, it was identified the transducer (UTREXTX(RX)54kHz) and contact material (rubber clay) of the type 3 were appropriate for the ultrasonic measurements of stone cultural heritage. The direct-indirect correction factors of type 3 were calculated 1.50 for granite, 1.38 for gabbro, 1.58 for quartz diorite, respectively. This result is the first study for improvement in reliability for the ultrasonic measurements, and it will contribute to establishment of the ultrasonic survey method for stone cultural heritage. Also, complementary studies considering the surface irregularity of rocks and various contact materials will carry out, and the database about correlation of direct-indirect in rock types will establish.


The effect of driving frequency on the electron density is investigated in low-pressure capacitively coupled oxygen plasmas by utilizing a floating hairpin probe. The power absorbed by the plasma is investigated and it is found that the power lost in the matching network can reach 50% or higher under certain conditions. The effect of driving frequency on the electron density is studied from two aspects, i.e., constant absorbed power and electrode voltage. In the former case, the electron density increases with the driving frequency increasing from 13.56 to 40.68 MHz and slightly changes depending on the gas pressures with the frequency further increasing to 100 MHz. In the latter case, the electron density rapidly increases when the driving frequency increases from 13.56 to 40.68 MHz, and then decreases with the frequency further increasing to 100 MHz. The electron series resonance is observed at 40.68 MHz and can be attributed to the higher electron density. And the standing wave effect also plays an important role in increasing electron density at 100 MHz and 2.6 Pa.


The paper focuses on the fuzzy extensions of two data analysis methods, namely the fuzzy cluster analysis and the fuzzy interpolation of spatial data (the so-called fuzzy kriging) and their suitability for ecological applications. Both extensions utilize exact (crisp)measurement data as well as imprecise data defined as fuzzy numbers or fuzzy vectors. Fuzzy clustering of fuzzy data (conical fuzzy vectors) and fuzzy kriging methods are useful tools with a potential of utilizing vast pieces of information available as inexact or uncertain data. We have to deal with such data in many ecological applications. The paper presents an example of the analysis of ecological data nd two fuzzy data analysis systems developed at the University of Kiel.


./'.ny two literary works, however dissimilar in form or quality, can be compared, if each catches enough of life: even the movie or comic book The Hulk with Beowulf's Grendel or The Lord of the Rings with either The Odyssey or Jason and the Argonauts. But a linking of The Great Gatsby with Dickens's Great Expectations is not farfetched.1 In the first place, both novels are social studies, looking at the limits to ambition in a class-structured society, criticizing materialism, injustice, and the snobbishness that accompanies class divisions. Since both authors began as talented, ambitious social outsiders, their interest in the doings of the rich and their own social disadvantages unite them. Both novels may be read as novels of manners. But there are definite particulars beyond these generalities. Fitzgerald read Dickens and specifically recommended Great Expectations to Sheilah Graham in their "College of One" (Graham 72, 77, 205, 208); they read the novel together and discussed it. Secondly, both novels follow the pattern, first announced by Lionel Trilling, of the young man from the provinces who seeks his fortune in a metropolis in the manner of Stendhal's Julien Sorel in Le Rouge et le Noir.2 As G. Robert Stange notes, " Great Expectations belongs to that class of education or development novels which describe the young man of talents who progresses from the country to the city, ascends the social hierarchy, and moves from innocence to experience" (qtd. in Cotsell 64). But as Richard Chase points out, Gatsby maintains his innocence and idealism,


comprise several different kinds of shift: of lexicon, focus, grammatical form, stance of the narrator toward his work, and of the work toward the extralinguistic world. . . . The sequence shows the convergence of various linguistic levels" (p. 114). The chapters of this monograph deal with these levels. Among the shifts mentioned are: turning to the negative and omission, shifts to explicit dialogue and almost meaningless chatter, shifts in limits of lexical choice, shifts to naming and materializing, break or closure, and amplification and refinement. In his conclusion Professor Kittay says: "Rabelais took the linguistic struggles of his time—the conflict between an elevated language and a folk language, between language as a medium and language as a voice and used them in a sequential device to take the Word from those who lay claims to it, and give the Word away" (p. 214). Kittay's treatment of Rabelais' style is for the brave and the patient. For me, Rabelais remains inexhaustible in language; he can never be fully understood.


In this study the potent scavenging activity of "Lycopi Herba" (LH) extract was studied using the following: evaluation of the total phenolics, measuring the antioxidant activity by Trolox equivalent antioxidant concentration, measuring the scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species, on reactive nitrogen species, and measuring the inhibitory effect on Cu2+ induced human low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. The ethyl acetate fraction from the LH extracts were found to have a potent scavenging activity against all of the reactive species tested, as well as an inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation. Therefore, we isolated and identified luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester as the major compound from the ethyl acetate fraction of LH and their antioxidant activities were evaluated.


Ceramic materials whose properties are attractive for high-technology applications often fail to realize their full potential of usefulness due to an inability to be fabricated into complex, durable shapes. One such class of materials is that of the boron-containing ceramics, e.g., boron carbide, boron nitride, boron phosphides, aluminum boride, and boron silicides. The authors report the results of an effort to extend the use of preceramic polymers to boron-containing materials. The motivation for this work was to utilize processable materials which give, in general, boron carbide as the major ceramic phase upon pyrolysis. A route to soluble boron-containing polymers has been developed. The synthesis and characterization of phosphorus-containing monomeric and polymeric derivatives of decaborane (B/sub 10/H/sub 14/) are given. Preparation and characterization of boron-containing ceramic materials from these molecular and macromolecular species are discussed. Success was achieved in the areas of ceramic-fiber and monolith production and in the area of binder applications for composites of advanced ceramic materials.


Abstract The authors of this study investigate the likely influence of required or voluntary financial education on the saving behaviors of U.S. adults. They compare the results for three groups defined by different life experiences with financial education (required, voluntary, and none). Probit models estimate the effects of financial education on four saving behaviors: having a savings account; having an emergency fund; saving for investing; and saving for retirement. The results show similar positive outcomes for required and voluntary financial education on each saving behavior. No difference based on self-selection into financial education is evident. The findings also indicate that multiple exposures to financial education in different venues (high school, college, or employment) increase the apparent effects on saving behaviors compared with a single exposure.


Excerpt] Efforts by Negroes to gain admission to apprenticeship programs in the building, machinist, and printing crafts have received widespread attention. Street demonstrations, picketing, entrance blocking, "sleepins" in union halls, and several violent clashes with police have catapulted the topic into the headlines. Accordingly, the issue has joined the grievances which serve as rallying cries for civil rights spokesmen in every section of the country. In response both to the public furor and to the notable absence of Negro workers in these trades, public authorities have adopted a variety of remedial measures. The main objective of this article is to review the effectiveness of these remedies and to suggest others which are likely to be more successful in solving this important domestic problem.


BIOCHEMISTRY, CHEMISTRY Correction for "Dicyanovinylnaphthalenes for neuroimaging of amyloids and relationships of electronic structures and geometries to binding affinities," by Andrej Petri c, Scott A. Johnson, Hung V. Pham, Ying Li, Simon Ceh, Amalija Golobi c, Eric D. Agdeppa, Gerald Timbol, Jie Liu, Gyochang Keum, Nagichettiar Satyamurthy, Vladimir Kepe, Kendall N. Houk, and Jorge R. Barrio, which appeared in issue 41, October 9, 2012, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (109:16492–16497; first published September 25, 2012; 10.1073/pnas.1214134109). The authors note that an additional affiliation should be listed for Gyochang Keum. The new affiliation should appear as Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14-gil 5 Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea. The corrected author and affiliation lines appear below. The online version has been corrected.


This paper describes the class structure of the Australian workforce in terms of the theoretical approaches developed by Erik Olin Wright. The two class profiles presented and discussed are Wright's contradictory class location schema and his second schema based on the exploitation of assets. The distributions of class according to occupational group, gender and age are also discussed.


Sir .—We read with interest the report in theJournalby James et al (133:645-646, 1979) of two episodes of hyperglycemia associated with Escherichia coli sepsis in a preterm newborn. However, the authors state that theophylline administration might have played a contributing role in the initial hyperglycemic episode. We would like to report our experience with a preterm baby where no medicines, intravenous (IV) solutions, or strong feeds were given before the development of hyperglycemia. Report of a Case .—This male baby of 33 weeks' gestation and a birth weight of 1,700 g was the firstborn twin of a 19- year-old primigravida healthy mother (the second twin died at birth). There was no prolonged rupture of membranes and no medication or IV dextrose solutions given to the mother. The baby required no resuscitation but he was transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit because of tachypnea at the age of


This paper aims to provide an effective computer game which, in addition to entertaining players, helps improving their knowledge of Tajweed. Tajweed is an Islamic science that studies the correct recitation of the Qur'an words and letters. It has been proven that learning at an early age gives more reliable and long-lasting knowledge. In addition, teenagers are more capable of controlling their pronunciation and modifying them. For these reasons, Qee game targets the ages between 13 and 18. As teenagers nowadays are exposed to a variety of game technologies, which raised their expectations and satisfaction level, a 3D VR game was introduced as an attractive modern solution. A prototype of two levels was developed and tested by 20 participants. The testing session resulted in a successful outcome with some suggestions for future modifications.


Objective: To describe the effects of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) on a patient diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Methods: The patient was treated with Korean medicine, including pharmacopuncture, acupuncture, and Chungpajunsin-bang. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and mo...


Human hand is a physiological biometric trait employed in order to characterize and identify a person. It is considered as one of the most popular biometric technologies especially in forensic applications, due to its high users acceptance compared to other biometric technologies. In this paper, we propose a hand biometric system for personal identity verification, fusing multiple features of the hand at matching score level. In fact, shape and texture are extracted from hand, fingers and palmprint in order to represent the hand image of each person. In the feature extraction strategy, the scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) is extracted from the hand image to describe local invariant features of the hands contour and also extracted from fingers images. In the other hand, Gabor filters are extracted from palmprint images to describe the texture of the hand. The main advantage of these two descriptors (SIFT and Gabor) is that features extracted are invariant to rotation, translation, scale and lighting changes. Personal verification was performed by fusing similarity scores achieved from the hand shape, the fingers and the palmprint. Experimental results show good performances (EER=1.95%) in hand verification using a database containing 230 different subjects.


This document was developed by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health with support from the Health Protection Agency and the Department of Health and has been approved by: the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists, Great Britain and Ireland; the Intensive Care Society; the Paediatric Intensive Care Society; and the Royal College of Anaesthetists. The RCPCH Ethics Committee has reviewed the note. Paediatric practice note for the management of critically ill children with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza


Minnesota Blue Cross and Blue Shield is now offering beneficiaries the option of going to a participating retail pharmacy to fill their 90-day prescriptions for maintenance drugs.


The risk of violent behaviour in schizophreniform disorder remains elevated and stable in early adulthood. Reporting results from the Dunedin Birth Cohort at age 26, Arseneault et al (pp. 520–525) found that a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder raised the relative risk of violence nearly five times, after adjusting for gender, socio-economic disadvantage, and comorbid substance use. Self-reported psychotic symptoms in childhood accounted for a substantial proportion of the association between violence and schizophreniform disorder, with the association also being accounted for to a lesser degree by early childhood physical aggression. Rather than introduce preventive strategies in adulthood, the authors suggest that both early signs of psychotic symptoms and childhood physical aggression should alert mental health professionals to the elevated risk for both psychosis and violence. Jones et al (pp. 540–546) found that only one-fifth of youngsters attending a child and adolescent mental health service set up following the conflict in Kosovo had stress-related disorders. Some were symptom-free but attended because they had been exposed to a traumatic event. It is suggested that such services be comprehensive and play an educating role in 'depathologising' normative responses.


A1 QuickSOFA is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality among patients admitted to an emergency department with suspected or documented infection Osama Bin Abdullah, Johannes Grand, Astha Sijapati, Petrine Nimskov, Finn Erland Nielsen Department of Emergency Medicine, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research and Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark Correspondence: Finn Erland Nielsen (firstname.lastname@example.com) Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2017, 25(Suppl 2):A1


This paper explores some previously-unrecognized consequences of Lerch's 1905 formula for the Fermat quotient, with special attention to the sums which he introduced in this context. A generalization of his result is proved, and a new proof given of a sharpened result by Skula (2008). We also sharpen the criteria given by Emma Lehmer in 1938 for a Wieferich prime to be simultaneously a Mirimanoff prime.


Birth cohorts vaccinated against human papillomavirus (HPV) are now entering cervical cancer screening. Assessment of (pre)cancer (CIN3+) risk is needed to assess the residual screening need in vaccinated women. We estimated the lifetime (screen‐detected) CIN3+ risk under five‐yearly primary HPV screening between age 30 and 60, using HPV genotyping and histology data of 21,287 women participating in a screening trial with two HPV‐based screening rounds, 5 years apart. The maximum follow‐up after an HPV‐positive test was 9 years. We re‐estimated the CIN3+ risk after projecting direct vaccine efficacy for the bivalent and the nonavalent HPV vaccines, assuming life‐long protection. The lifetime CIN3+ risk was 4.1% (95% confidence interval 3.5‐4.9) and declined by 53.5% and 70.5% after bivalent vaccination without and with cross‐protection, respectively, translating into a residual lifetime CIN3+ risk of 1.9% (1.4‐2.4) and 1.2% (0.9‐1.5). The CIN3+ risk declined by 88.5% after nonavalent vaccination, translating into a residual lifetime CIN3+ risk of 0.5% (0.2‐0.7). The latter risk increased to 1.6% when vaccine protection only lasted until the first screening round at age 30. Among HPV‐positive women with abnormal adjunct cytology, the nine‐year CIN3+ risk was 16.9% (8.7‐32.4) after nonavalent vaccination. In conclusion, HPV vaccination will lead to a strong decline in the lifetime CIN3+ risk and the remaining absolute CIN3+ risk will be very low. Primary HPV testing combined with adjunct cytology at five‐year intervals still seems feasible even after nonavalent vaccination, although unlikely to be cost‐effective. Our results support a de‐intensification of screening programs in settings with high vaccination coverage.


The objective of this study was to assess the presence of newly acquired preterm birth (PTB) risk factors among primiparous women with no prior history of PTB.


Flavour, one of the most important factors affecting consumers' meat-buying behaviour and preferences, comprises mainly of taste and aroma. The cooked meat flavour, that is important from the producer and consumer point of view, is affected by several pre- and post-slaughter factors, including breed, diet, post-mortem ageing, and method of cooking. Moreover, chicken meat is prone to the development of off-flavours through lipid oxidation, which reduce the quality of the chicken meat. The aim of this review is to discuss the main factors affecting cooked chicken meat flavour which helps producers and consumers to produce the most flavoured and consistent product possible. Cooked chicken meat flavour is thermally derived via the Maillard reaction, the degradation of lipids, and interaction between these two reactions. Factors affecting the flavour of cooked chicken meat were identified as breed/strain of the chicken, diet of the bird, presence of free amino acids and nucleotides, irradiation, high pressure treatment, cooking, antioxidants, pH, and ageing.


The taxonomic and ecological composition of the autochthonous land mollusc fauna in different parts of the plain Ukraine was analyzed on the basis of the personal data, collection materials of the State Museum of Natural History of the NAS of Ukraine in Lviv as well as numerous literature sources. Excluding representatives of the genus Helicopsis, the taxonomy and species composition of which in the territory of Ukraine still require clarification, and the steppe part of the Crimean peninsula, in four landscape zones of Ukraine, currently, a total of 109 species of land molluscs, which are autochthonous for at least part of the analyzed territory, are registered. The maximum species diversity (103 species and 2 representatives of the genus Helicopsis) is recorded in the zone of deciduous forests, followed by the right-bank part of the forest-steppe zone. The smallest number of the autochthonous species of land molluscs was noted for the right-bank part of the steppe zone.
Within the Ukrainian Polesie and the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, the taxonomic diversity of land molluscs decreases from west to east. The number of the registered autochthonous species decreases, respectively, by 1.5 and 1.7 times, and the generic diversity by 1.3 and 1.5 times. In the steppe zone, the main centre of the species diversity is the Donetsk Upland, located in the east of the country. In taxonomic and ecological composition, land mollusc complexes of the right-bank part of the forest-steppe zone are closer to the zone of deciduous forests, in its left-bank part – to the left-bank steppe. In general, the spatial differentiation of land mollusc fauna in the plain territories of Ukraine is more strongly associated not with the boundaries of landscaped zones, but with the location of these territories with respect to the Dnieper bed and with some uplands, where the species diversity of land molluscs of the zone of deciduous forests and forest-steppe zone (Podolian Upland) and the steppe zone (Donetsk Upland) is concentrated.


The results of Doppler spectroscopy of hydrogen Balmer lines from a stainless steel (SS) and copper (Cu) hollow cathode (HC) glow discharge in ammonia and argon-ammonia mixture are reported. The experimental profiles in ammonia discharge are fitted well by superposing three Gaussian profiles. The half widths, in energy units, of narrow and medium Gaussians are in the ranges 0.3–0.4eV and 3–4eV, respectively, for both hollow cathodes what is expected on the basis of earlier electron beam→NH3 experiments. The half widths of the largest Gaussian in ammonia are 46 and 55eV for SS and Cu HC, respectively. In argon-ammonia discharge, three Gaussians are also required to fit experimental profiles. While half widths of narrow and medium Gaussians are similar to those in ammonia, the half widths of the largest Gaussians are 35 and 42eV for SS and Cu HC, respectively. The half widths of the largest Gaussians in ammonia and in argon-ammonia mixture indicate the presence of excessive Doppler broadening.


The article addresses the following issue: Is the command to refrain from work on this day a limitation for a person or, on the contrary, does it provide an individual with space of freedom? The author explores the etymology of the term Shabbat and asks a question regarding the origins of celebrating this day. He finally deals with the texts in which the term appears. It follows from these texts that the Old Testament perceives this command in a positive manner, namely as an instruction which serves a person's freedom. It is not concerned, however, with the instruction to refrain from work alone; this is primarily a positive effort to bless this day. By refraining from work and blessing this day, people imitate their Creator. The Shabbat thus becomes a visible sign of Israel's relationship with the Lord and the Lord's relationship with Israel; it is a day of freedom and joy.


In March 1974, the City of Dallas implemented a reserved bus lane strategy on two major thoroughfares. This information was collected in order to evaluate the impact of this strategy on public transportation, vehicular traffic, and other parameters. This paper: (1) Examines the evaluation methodology; and (2) the results and conclusions of the study. The statistical evaluation is accomplished by collecting before and after data and using the Student's t-test to determine whether or not there is a significant difference. It was found that the bus lane strategy was beneficial in that it has no negative impacts on any parameter and it does have positive effects on some parameters.


It makes a design of comprehensive evolution of regional logistics capability about lowcarbon,then makes an evaluation analysis about low-carbon logistics capability of Haixi(including Fujian,Zhejiang,Guangdong and Jiangxi) with fuzzy matter-element method.The result of the empirical analysis shows that there is an upward trend of low-carbon logistics capability in this region,but there is also a large gap of low-carbon logistics capability in four provinces of Haixi,and it appears to be an unbalanced development trend.The author hopes to identify the factors that affect the ability of low-carbon logistics and the main difference between the four provinces about Haixi region using empirical Analysis,then it can provide a theoretical support about how to promote the balanced development of low-carbon logistics capabilities in Haixi region.


The central United States (US) has a large livestock population including cattle, swine, sheep, and goats that are susceptible to foot and mouth disease (FMD). Because FMD is a highly infective foreign animal disease, the only method to assess the impact of an introduction and the effectiveness of control programs is via modeling. We developed simulation scenarios to assess the impact of the introduction of FMD in the central US and the effect of vaccination strategies and variation in biosecurity on FMD outbreaks using the North American Animal Disease Spread Model (NAADSM), a spatially explicit, stochastic infectious disease model.


A 45-year-old woman presented with intermitt ent, generalized, moderate intensity headache for last 6 months. She had no history of associated vomiting, diplopia, seizures, or fever. The central nervous system (CNS) examination was normal, except for the presence of papilledema on fundoscopic examination. Routine laboratory investigations were within normal limits. MRI of the brain showed multiple, spherical, homogenously cystic lesions having well-defi ned smooth wall. The cyst fl uid was isointense with CSF on T1and T2-weighted images [Figure 1]. Also noted were the daughter cysts within cystic lesion in the right frontoparietal region [Figure 2]. Post gadolinium-contrast image revealed minimal rim enhancement [Figure 3]. No calcifi cation or perilesional edema was seen. Based on neuroimaging fi ndings, the patient was diagnosed as having cerebral hydatid cysts. USG of the abdomen and CT of chest did not reveal any cysts within the liver and lungs, respectively. The patient was operated and histopathology was consistent with Echinococcus granulosus infestation.


Several mass transport phenomena develop during the operation of a PEMFC; each one of this generates a mechanical - physics resistance to some extent, implying limitations during operation. In a conventional PEMFC, the feeding reactive gases to the reaction sites are conduced by a series of elements such as: channels in gas distributor, diffusion layer on the electrodes and the active layer. Inside of this elements reagents concentration gradients are generates before arriving to the active sites. Additionally, at high values of current density, the resistance to the mass transport of reagents is increased by the presence of water-product in the pores of electrodes, reducing significantly the performance of the PEMFC. This work focuses on reducing the resistance to mass transport by applying a rigid gas diffusion media including as gas distributor including a high number of macropores. This gas distributor is manufactured using a composite commercial material (carbon and graphite powders). The results show significant effects on the zone of diffusion in the PEMFC polarization curves, it is possible to reduce the mass transport limitations at high current density, however the ohmic losses zone on the polarization curves show an important electro-conductive limitation due to a deficient matrix.


We obtained the exact estimates for the error terms in Laplace's integrals and sums implying the corresponding estimates for the related laws of large number and central limit theorems including the large deviations approximation.


Objective: To analyze the efficacy of MEBO in treating balanopreputial erosion and to find an efiiective method for treating this disease. Method: 31 cases of this disease were treated with MEBO and followed- up. Result: The curative rate was 83. 9% and total effective rate 100% . Conclusion: MEBO is very efficacious in treating balanopreputial erosion. Only slight scar formed after wound healing. It is worthy to be popularized.


Presentation devices are key to extending the reach of information from individuals to entire groups, large or small. In the past year, developers have introduced a host of new products that can help presenters capture an audience's attention. And instructors at all grade levels have responded very favorably, leading to strong growth in this segment of the market. In fact, the last T.H.E Readers' Plans to Purchase survey indicated that educators planned to spend a record $198 million on multimedia projectors and $143 million on LCD panels in 1995 alone. This article surveys the full range of presentation products suitable for education, from popular LCD panels and projectors to newer devices such as document cameras and electronic whiteboards. Emphasis is given to the latest models as well as trends for 1996 and beyond. Gone are the days when a presenter must rely on dim or fuzzy images from an overhead projector. Today's LCD projectors, for example, deliver up to 16.7 million colors, stereo sound and much more. As technologies mature and more companies enter this market, expect products to fall further in price yet include lots of additional convenient features. It should be noted that space limitations prevent a full listing of presentation devices, and many of the vendors mentioned in one category also offer products that fit another. We'll begin by examining a few LCD panels that suit the needs and budgets of most any educator. * LCD Panels Mature Dukane recently entered this field with the MagniView line of panels. All three models ship with "light blockers" which slide out from underneath to cover the entire overhead stage and shield excess light. Plus, a "Freeze Image" function works much like a VCR pause button, stopping motion and fixing an image on the display, even if the video input is turned off. In Focus Systems, meanwhile, has lowered prices on three of its LCD panels -- the SmartView 3600, SmartView 2600 and PanelBook 450. The active-matrix SmartView 3600 now includes a larger LCD and increased palette of over 1.4 million colors. Several manufacturers offer LCD panels especially designed for certain academic disciplines, such as CAD/CAM or medicine. The ProColor 1701 from Boxlight, for example, boasts a 10.4" display and 1,024 x 768 resolution, for maintaining acute fine fine and small font detail. Sharp's QA-2500 is a high-resolution panel that provides 24-bit color for full color rendition and saturation. "Other projection panels claiming 16 million colors produce these as a result of `dithering,' a process that artificially generates colors" notes Ron Colgan, general manager of the Professional LCD Products Division. Some panels let presenters write notes on the projected image, a concept pioneered by Chisholm's Rainbow series. Other devices integrate full computers with LCD panels. Besides an active-matrix display, the IntelliView from IntelliMedia combines a floppy drive, 250MB hard disk, 8MB of RAM, digital sound card and two internal speakers. For best results, manufacturers recommend that panels be used with an overhead projector that transmits a minimum of 3,000 lumens. Those who lack access to such an OHP may consider investing in an LCD projector, which combines a panel and built-in light source. * Projectors Gain Ground As with panels, the latest generation of LCD projectors are brighter, easier to setup, more portable and less expensive. In response to customer demands, Ask LCD has upgraded its Impression 750 projector to increase the illumination output from 120 to 170 lumens. A 50-hour EVD halogen lamp and motorized spare lamp changer ensure uninterrupted presentations. EIKI unveiled several new presentation products at Comdex Fall '95 in Las Vegas, including the LC-4200 LCD projector. This unit, which fits into most airline baggage compartments, projects video and data to screens up to 10' wide. …


During 1989, as the East European revolutions proceeded one after another and the economics profession became increasingly engaged in the reform process, there was almost a consensus amongst economists about the way in which reform should proceed. First, there would have to be liberalization--the freeing of all economic actors from the administrative controls of the central government. That liberalization would necessarily be accompanied by a drastic, market-style stabilization based on tight money and the hardening of budget constraints. The guiding light in the first steps of reform would that all economic agents, whether state or private, would participate in the market under the same set of conditions. Given the inlIm~diate reliance on the market mechanism, the old institutions of traditional control--especially the planners and the supply organizations--would be destroyed. Existing formal and informal property rights in the state sector would be eradicated in order to give the central government the right of disposal of state assets. This measure would occur as preparation for privatization, which would be pursued as soon and as fast as possible.


Molecular dynamics simulation of a small, basic, all β‐sheet cardiotoxin, CTX II, from Taiwan cobra venom, with proper treatment of long‐range electrostatic interactions, was carried out to examine the backbone mobility of CTX II in solution and aid in interpretation of order parameters of CαH bonds obtained from NMR experiments based on the Lipari–Szabo theory. The calculated order parameters of CαH bonds and B‐factors of CTX II in solution were compared with NMR‐derived backbone order parameters and the crystal structure data, respectively. An overall qualitative agreement was obtained and, quantitatively, the calculated values and experimental results of many residues were also in good agreement. The discrepancies between the results computed herein and the experimental values, physical bases, and plausible biological functions are discussed. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 20: 546–562, 1999


INTRODUCTION The general features concerning the development of the recrystallization texture in a polycrystalline metal have been extracted from a large amount of experimental investigations. The main problem in this field is to quantify the relative significance of existing models or experimental data with respect to the global process of recrystallization texture formation. The reason for this must be seen in the fact that the phenomenon is a statistical one, taking place in a larger volume, whereas as a rule only information about a particular recrystallized state or about a locally closely confined region of the material is available.


In this issue, we are hosting a special topic focused on the aspect of immune monitoring of exogenous and endogenous RNAs. The homeostasis of genetic material within cells is critical to maintaining the functionality and individuality of a living organism. Hence, multiple RNA-recognition molecules and signaling pathways evolved to sense and rapidly react to unusual RNA-related patterns, such as those yielded by virus infection ("pathogen associated molecular patterns"). In the first review, Dr. Gultyaev and collaborators provide a state of the art view on the complex organization of the RNA of an important human pathogen: the influenza virus. One should note the presence and diversity of influenza-associated secondary RNA structures—such as hairpins—pivotal to virus genome replication and biological cycle. In a complementary review, Drs. Watanabe and Amarante provide an indepth view of major immune recognition pathways that monitor RNAs, with emphasis on the most extensively characterized one emerging from TLR3. The somewhat rigid view that TLR3 is "The" dsRNA receptor is rapidly shifting, with the realization that TLR3 may actually also recognize ssRNAs with complex secondary structures. Importantly, other molecules evolved to comprehensively monitor RNAs and interface with immune pathways. Such RNA sensors are expressed within cells (RIG-I, MDA-5) and onto the cell membrane (TLR7/8), respectively. In another review in this issue, Dr. Švajger and collaborators continue on a theme that is not foreign to our journal, namely the


This article will study one of the most fundamental principles of Islamic mysticism, Towhid, with a new and effective model (Interaction of Practical and Intellectual Faculties). Towhid has a special position in mystical texts. For a better understanding of mystical texts, clarifying the position of Towhid and its stages is necessary. Towhid is the mystic's destination in mystical journey and mystics enumerate a number of stages for it. On the one hand, reaching the stage of Towhid depends on the "practical faculty" and Sufi achieves it with passing the stages of Mystical Journey and, on the other hand, it depends on the "intellectual faculty" and mystical vision. Therefore, for a better understanding of the Towhid attention to the interaction of intellectual and practical faculties is necessary. One of the pioneers of this topic is Jonaid Baghdadi, a thoughtful mystic and theorist belonging to the first mystical tradition (1) , who has valuable ideas on the topic. Regarding different levels of audiences, he mentions various stages for Towhid. His remarks about Towhid prove that both mystical practices and mystical vision are playing a role for achieving the stage of Towhid. Jonaid has joined practical and intellectual faculties to reach the high level of Towhid and his mysticism is not simply practical. He believes that the first level of Towhid is Knowledge of the Common People. This Knowledge helps Sufi to begin his spiritual journey. In Jonaid' s view, intellectual vision helps mystic in his journey and also passing the stages of spiritual journey promotes mystic's vision. In this research, we study and analyze different stages of Towhid in Jonaid statements based on practical and intellectual faculties.


The Choquet integral model has been shown useful in many practical applications due to its distinguished feature that the interaction among predictive attributes toward the objective attribute can be properly reflected through a set of non-additive measures. Non-additive measures are traditionally determined using heuristic strategies or genetic algorithms; however, their solutions to Choquet integrals are often not unique or deterministic. Besides, raw attribute data are often not good enough to identify all coefficients, which leads to an incomplete Choquet model. In this paper, we present an efficient approach to determine the complete non-additive measures. The approach adopts a new data normalization, based on median alignment, for the Choquet model to overcome the above practical deficiencies raised in traditional methods. We show how the Choquet model is applied to the significance analysis for wireless cross-layer network design.


In this paper, we study the problem of efficient motif-based graph partitioning (MGP). We observe that existing methods require to enumerate all motif instances to compute the exact edge weights for partitioning. However, the enumeration is prohibitively expensive against large graphs. We thus propose a sampling-based MGP (SMGP) framework that employs an unbiased sampling mechanism to efficiently estimate the edge weights while trying to preserve the partitioning quality. To further improve the effectiveness, we propose a novel adaptive sampling framework called SMGP+. SMGP+ iteratively partitions the input graph based on up-to-date estimated edge weights, and adaptively adjusts the sampling distribution so that edges that are more likely to affect the partitioning outcome will be prioritized for weight estimation. To our best knowledge, this is the first attempt to solve the MGP problem without employing exact edge weight computations, which gives hope for existing MGP methods to perform on complicated motifs in a scalable yet effective manner. Extensive experiments on seven real-world datasets have validated that our framework delivers competitive partitioning quality compared to existing workflows based on exact edge weights, while achieving orders of magnitude speedup.


Grid computing offers great opportunities for companies to tap new streams of revenues by taking advantages of the wired computing powers based on the grid service architectures. Resource allocation is one of the key concerns in such a computing environment. In this paper, we present a deployment framework for grid computing. The framework enables open grid services to dynamically deploy (deploy, update, and remove) computing powers including services, and services supporting runtime, etc. in the grids. One of the key components in this framework is the service deployment gateway that offers grid deployment services. The gateway is built upon an integration platform that captures the deployment logics. Implementation details are also provided in this paper to demonstrate this framework.


Indonesia-Singapore border region, especially the Strait of Singapore, Batam Island and Bintan Island has a huge potential. Strait of Singapore as an example, in addition to be the area that connects the boat traffic the Middle East and Europe to East Asia, it also has sizable mineral deposits. Batam and Bintan Island also has a huge potential in tourism, fish farming and industry. However, the potential of the region is not optimal to contribute to increase the prosperity in that border region. Therefore there are several steps that can streamline the economic potential to improve the welfare of the community, including the clear investment policy, especially with regard to mineral potential in the Malacca Strait, improving infrastructure as an attraction for investors, changing the orientation of the maritime and overland to apply the model of Integrated Border management (IBM) in the management of the harbor directly opposite Singapore.


Considering the uncertainties associated with the income of the insurance company and diversification of operation risk,this paper introduced a more realistic risk model,a Cox risk model of multi-risk perturbed by diffusion.By martingale the upper bound of the last probability of ruin for the new model is gotten.In addition the Lundberg inequality is improved.


: The integration of information, communication, and technology (ICT) is a popular trend in contemporary educational practices, but does this approach make sense for developing countries? This paper provides an in-depth critique of the decision by the Cambodia Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MOEYS) to become an early adopter of ICT development in education. By employing the human capital theory (HCT) and globalization perspectives, a critical analysis of Cambodia's ICT in education policy design and approach was conducted and used to ascertain key points that national policymakers may consider as they fine-tune future policy revisions. The overall analysis advises policymakers to employ HCT modelling methods when developing educational programming so that market needs are better met. Further recommendations include leveraging globalization principles to counter the negative influences of globalization to ensure more effective ICT programming.


down to a wedge-shaped stub with lingual ground sufficiently to accommodate a 28gauge plate and a labial space of at least 1 (5-gauge. The cervical ridge is obliterated. A cylindrical platinum band lap joint 30-gauge as long as the original crown is fitted at the cervix. This is then held in position while on the lingual portion a line is scratched along t{he cervical margin and at the linguo-distal and mesial angles. The space within these lines is then ground with a coarse dry stone until very thin and the metal burnished down until the lingual aspect is shaped as the surface on


In recent years both practitioners and academics have shown an increasing interest in Content Marketing and in the metrics to measure its impact on firm performance. However the literature remains fragmented. In attempting to fill the gap, this paper has two main objectives. Firstly, we review the existing literature on content marketing and the main metrics used. Secondly, we analyse the degree of use and effectiveness of content marketing strategy and metrics, on a sample of 235 Italian firms.


Essex variety soybean was planted May 8 at the West Tennessee Experiment Station, Jackson, TN. Bedford variety (resistant to races 1, 3, and 4 of the soybean cyst nematode Heteroderaglycines) was planted as a nematode resistant check. Subplots were two 40 inch rows by 30 ft long replicated 4 times in a split plot design. The soil type was a Memphis silt loam (0-M.:1.1456; pH:6.1). Soil moisture was good with 1.12 inches of rain during the week following planting. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow or in an incorporated 8 inch band in front of the planter sword. Furadan 4F (2.0 lb ai/acre) was applied in an 8 inch band behind the press wheel at 8.9 gal of spray per acre. Lexone herbicide was applied pre-emergence to specified main plots in 20 gal of spray per acre (8003 tips, 30 psi, and 4 mph). Nematode populations were below damaging levels. Beetle counts were made 3 weeks after planting by counting the number of dead bean leaf beetle (BLB) in 3 ft of row in each row. Sub-plots were harvested Oct 7 and yields expressed as bu/acre at 13% moisture.


The objective of this study is to empirically investigate the impacts of flashing green signal on dilemma zone (DZ) occurrences at the rural high-speed intersections with insufficient yellow time in China. 1,186 high-resolution vehicle trajectories, i.e., 841 passenger cars and 345 trucks, were obtained from extensive video surveys at four typical rural high-speed intersection approaches with a speed limit of 80km/h in Shanghai. Results show that the presence of a flashing green signal tended to reduce the approach speed and the perception-and-reaction time at the onset of yellow approximately by 12% and 36% respectively. While, it was not found to significantly affect the maximum deceleration and acceleration rates. In addition, the use of flashing green signal could almost eliminate the Type I DZ at the onset of yellow for both passenger cars and trucks, while brings more variations in driver's stop-go decision, indicated by the Type II DZ. More specifically, the Type II DZs at the onset of flashing green were identified as 4.5~10.6s for trucks and 3.8~9.7s for passenger cars, and those at the onset of yellow were 2.8~7.7s for trucks and 2.6~6.3s for passenger cars. The findings also revealed that the conventional theory may not be able to fully explain the occurrence of DZs at the rural high-speed intersections with flashing green signal and insufficient yellow time, due to the complex decision-making process of drivers as well as the dynamics of DZ. Four regression equations of the maximum crossing distance and the minimum stopping distance were thus provided to estimate the occurrence of DZ in this study.


We present predictions, from a simple model, for multiplicity distributions in rapidity for Pb-Pb and p-Pb central collisions at the LHC.


Abstract Botryocladia ardreana sp. nov. was collected from Portugal, where it has been known as B. boergesenii, and maintained in culture for over 10 years. Plants in culture reach 77 mm in length. They consist of a basal disc or a dichotomously divided basal rhizoidal system that gives rise to upright stipes on which vesicles are borne terminally or laterally. The vesicles, which are 2–4 mm in diam. and up to 70 mm long, are ovate or elongate-cylindrical, and are simple or branched up to five times. Vesicle walls consist of three layers, the outermost of which forms an irregular network over the middle layer. Plants are dioecious. Male plants produce spermatangia in relatively unmodified sori. Female plants produce few carpogonial branches, which are composed of four cells. Gonimoblast development takes place outwards into a cavity formed by stretching of subcortical cells. A tela arachnoidea that persists in the mature cystocarp is formed by this stretching process. Mature cystocarps bulge prominently o...


Method and the Idea of Good as iireKetva T779 ovaLas are described, much of the confusion that is present in the earlier theory is dissipated, for the Idea as hreieeLva TJ79 ova[a<; becomes the ' metaphysical' object of ' Vernunft,' whereas the logical Idea is the object of' Verstandeswissenschaft.' Next follows a very lucid account of Plato's self-criticism in the Parmenides and the Sophist, resulting in the unqualified admission of the Many to a share in logical judgments, and in the" recognition of the Idea as that which gives irepas to the Many ; then there is an analysis of the Philebus and Timaeus, with special reference to their teleological tendency and the' Naturphilosophie' that takes the place of the older ' Metaphysik'; finally we have a brief critical estimate of Aristotle's attack upon the Ideas. Our space here allows of only the briefest appreciation of Dr. Marck's thesis. His insistence upon a definite development of thought in the Platonic dialogues will certainly commend him to a large number of modern critics, as well as his keen discernment of the logical difficulties involved in Plato's earlier statements of the Ideal Theory. In his view of the Theaetetus, however, as a dialogue prior in thought to the Phaedo and the Republic, he will not find so many supporters. In regard to the Timaeus, the crowning achievement of Plato's philosophical powers, Dr. Marck would value the earlier chapters chiefly for their religious and aesthetic fervour, and the later for the ideal basis that they provide for ' physical' research— an interpretation that already possesses many adherents in this country.


Deciphering the control principles of metabolism and its interaction with other cellular functions is central to biomedicine and biotechnology. Yet, understanding the efficient control of metabolic fluxes remains elusive for large-scale metabolic networks. Existing methods either require specifying a cellular objective or are limited to small networks due to computational complexity. Here we develop an efficient computational framework for flux control by introducing a complete set of flux coupling relations. We analyze 23 metabolic networks from all kingdoms of life, and identify the driver reactions facilitating their control on a large scale. We find that most unicellular organisms require less extensive control than multicellular organisms. The identified driver reactions are under strong transcriptional regulation in Escherichia coli. In human cancer cells driver reactions play pivotal roles in tumor development, representing potential therapeutic targets. The proposed framework helps us unravel the regulatory principles of complex diseases and design novel engineering strategies at the interface of gene regulation, signaling, and metabolism.


Ant Colony Optimization algorithms are among the best performing heuristics for NP-hard problems. The problem with the current implementations of these algorithms however is that once a solution is found and reinforced it has become very difficult to efficiently explore other possible solutions, limiting these algorithms to unchangeable problem instances. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the possibilities created when hybridizing current Ant Colony Optimization algorithms with the newer Artificial Bee Colony algorithm for use on dynamic problems. Neither algorithm has really been designed for dynamic problems, but this thesis investigates if using the pheromone boundaries of MMAS or ACS and the clustered neighbourhood search of Artificial Bee Colony combined generates algorithms capable of following the optimum of a dynamic problem through the search space.


The term 'prostaglandin' was introduced by von Euler in 1935 to describe the material present in human semen and accessory genital glands which had vasodepressor and smooth-muscle stimulating activity. The activity was due to several different acidic lipids, and Bergstrom & Sjovall (1960) isolated in pure form prostaglandin E. (PGE 1) and prostaglandin F I, (PGF \,) and later several other stable prostaglandins. In point of fact, prostaglandins are made by almost all tissues and they are released very easily by perturbation of the cell membrane, induced mechanically or by chemicals. In 1964, two groups (Bergstrom et al., van Dorp et al.) demonstrated that prostaglandins are biosynthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arachidonic acid, the main precursor of prostaglandins in man, is the most common fatty acid present in cellular phospholipids and can be obtained directly from the diet or by desaturation and chain elongation from dietary linoleic acid (C18 : 2w6). Much of the earlier work concentrated on prostaglandins E2 and Fh as these possessed potent and diverse biological activities and were available in pure form. Since 1973, other important derivatives of arachidonic acid have been discovered, including the prostaglandin endoperoxides (PGG2 and PGH 2) , thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin (PGI 2) . They share the property of chemical instability but have potent biological activities. Investigations into the sites of production of these compounds and their differing and, in some cases, opposing biological activities have led to the development of new concepts iii vascular homeostasis. Once released from the membrane phospholipids, arachidonic acid is metabolized by two types of enzyme. The enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (sometimes called prostaglandin synthetase) is present in all cell types (except erythrocytes), whereas 5or 12-lipoxygenases have been identified so far in platelets, lungs, white cells, blood vessels and epicardium. Slow-reacting substance in anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and other SRSs are derived from arachidonic acid via the 5lipoxygenase pathway and have been renamed leukotrienes (Samuelsson et al. 1979).


The Venetian school of language education research devotes equal attention to the objective of teaching, i.e. language(s) as communicative instrument(s), and to the subject of the learning process, the student. The human components of the teaching process, the teacher and the students, are seen from the humanistic perspective, which assumes that human beings are governed by reason and emotion, and that both are important to understand what and why they act the way they do. The role of the teacher's emotions has been very rarely considered in litera- ture, yet a teacher is an emotional being like his or her students. The emotional factor is analysed through a grid of factors defined by the cognitive theory of emotions; yet, going back to the clas- sics, Plato's classification of emotions can be assumed as another grid (and a highly productive one) to be considered in a discourse about the impact of emotions and their relationship to the rational side.


Natural or artificial disasters such as the nuclear power plant failure at Fukushima in 2011 reveal the ever-growing need and potential of autonomous vehicles and robots to assist in emergency response protocols. Quicker, more efficient, safer, the capabilities of such technology is huge and humans are bound to increase their reliance on them in the near future. This end of degree project (TFG) focuses more specifically in the utilization of computer vision for underwater rescue missions carried out by autonomous submarine robots. This paper presents a series of computer vision methods and algorithms implemented for subaquatic object detection and identification, as well as the results of conducted experiments in different conditions and ideas for future improvements.


A complete characterization of locally primitive normal Cayley graphs of metacyclic groups is given. Namely, let $\Gamma={\rm Cay}(G,S)$ be such a graph, where $G\cong{\Bbb Z}_m.{\Bbb Z}_n$ is a metacyclic group and $m=p_1^{r_1}p_2^{r_2}\cdots p_t^{r_t}$ such that $p_1


AIMS
The aim of this study was to assess the tolerability, pharmacokinetics and inhibitory effect on erythrocyte soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase (S-COMT) activity following repeated doses of opicapone.

METHODS
This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study enrolled healthy male subjects who received either once daily placebo or opicapone 5, 10, 20 or 30 mg for 8 days.

RESULTS
Opicapone was well tolerated. Its systemic exposure increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner with an apparent terminal half-life of 1.0 to 1.4 h. Sulphation was the main metabolic pathway. Opicapone metabolites recovered in urine accounted for less than 3% of the amount of opicapone administered suggesting that bile is likely the main route of excretion. Maximum S-COMT inhibition (Emax ) ranged from 69.9% to 98.0% following the last dose of opicapone. The opicapone-induced S-COMT inhibition showed a half-life in excess of 100 h, which was dose-independent and much longer than plasma drug exposure. Such a half-life translates into a putative underlying rate constant that is comparable with the estimated dissociation rate constant of the COMT-opicapone complex.

CONCLUSION
Despite its short elimination half-life, opicapone markedly and sustainably inhibited erythrocyte S-COMT activity making it suitable for a once daily regimen.


Though a Shi'ite educated in Najaf, Dashti lacks some of the prejudices of his co-religionists and describes Abu Bakr and Omar as talented, sincere and complex men. Ali, despite his virtue, courage and knowledge, he saw as less politically astute than his two predecessors. On the other hand, he shares his countryman's usual disdain for Arabs in general. Dashti sees Islam as a social revolution whose goal was a state based on Arab nationalism. When Mohammad acted cruelly—and Dashti cites many instances—he did so because "drastic action [was needed] in order to establish a viable state" (p. 91). Dashti made a determined effort to be "scientific" and "modern" in his presentation of Islam. He seems to have been trying to reclaim Mohammad for Western-educated Muslims. While presenting a rational view of Islam, ridding it of superstition and recourse to miracles, he has also removed all that is divine. Amir Taheri (Holy Terror, 1987: 290-91) states that Dashti told a friend before he died that books such as this, had they been allowed to be published under the Shah, would have prevented the Iranian Revolution. I doubt that Dashti was correct. Modern Muslims are far more likely to interpret science according to Islamic principles rather than the other way around. Dashti's book is a period piece, yet from an academic perspective it is an interesting attempt to reconcile modernity and religion.


One night in 2008 during the last semester of my undergraduate studies, I was talking with a friend In a coffee shop about a piece of literature I was reading for class, animatedly conveying my fascination with critical lenses. At some point I paused to take a breath and he asked, "Have you ever thought about becoming a teacher?" Apparently, my passionate discussion of literary theory translated to teacher material in his mind. Honestly, I hadn't thought about it, which was interesting because I had watched my dad teach music theory, guitar, piano, and voice for years. I cataloged my qualifications: I was a good reader and writer and relished both; I admired my dad's ability to inspire his students; I enjoyed helping classmates understand concepts; and as the oldest of five siblings, I had plenty of experience as a leader and mentor. After thinking and processing a bit, choosing teaching as a career made sense, so I decided to extend my education at Purdue by enrolling in a postbaccalaureate licensure program.The Meteor TeacherThroughout my coursework, practicums, and student teaching experience, my desire and passion to inspire students was fed by classic teacher films such as Dead Poets Society (Haft, Henderson, Witt, & Weir, 1989) and Freedom Writers (DeVito et al., 2007). My focus was largely myopic, and I never thought to (and don't remember being asked to) question my assumption that they were great teachers. I wanted to be like them. I wanted to be the meteor teacher who burned so bright that students had no choice but to light up, gaining new knowledge of literature and using its themes to become better people. I had high hopes for my career and my future students. Though I was a trained reader with a critical eye, I never gave a single thought to the reality that meteors burn up in the atmosphere-that John Keating played an essential role in Neil's death, and that Erin Gruwell sacrificed her marriage on the altar of her students and still left the classroom after a brief four years. Even now, I struggle with why I couldn't see the problems present in these texts. Was it because the stories were presented in a different mode and outside of the classroom? Was it because my own ego craved the kind of attention and adoration they received? Was it that I needed to believe that I could be that important, be that kind of force in students' lives? It was likely a combination of them all that kept me from seeing the problematic nature of these teaching stories and left me holding on to the irrational aspirations of the kind of success they depict.In 2010, shortly after finishing student teaching, I got a job teaching AP Literature, sophomore English, senior English, and Advanced Composition at a rural school in a conservative community in east central Indiana. I was so excited. I threw myself full-force into planning my courses and constructing my curriculum. I taught, I coached, and I (for the most part) enjoyed working with my students. Standardized test scores went up, which was good news for me because I had every sophomore (the year Indiana students take their graduation exam) in the building. Everything seemed to be going fairly well except for frequent visits to the principal's office to hear parent complaints about the social justice curriculum I employed. This censure coupled with the stress, time, and effort it took to create my curriculum made it difficult to sleep more than four hours every night. My entire existence felt as though it was filtered through my battles with parents, and my physical and mental exhaustion led me to question whether what I was doing was worth it. Despite the good evaluations from the principal who so often took me to task for taking on controversial topics and the positive and encouraging letters I occasionally received from students, the negative things seemed so much easier to focus on. I agonized over the fact that some students didn't understand or agree with the progressive and socially just idea/ls we discussed. …


The Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act of 19751 confirmed the FTC's authority to issue trade regulation rules that "define with specificity acts or practices which are unfair or deceptive. ' 2 The Act further provides that such rules "may include requirements prescribed for the purpose of preventing such acts or practices."' 3 Premised on this authority, the FTC has proposed three trade regulation rules4 designed to promote the disclosure5 of pre-


Goodwin's "A Growth Cycle" [1967] represents a milestone in the non-linear modeling of economic dynamics. In terms of the two variables "wage share" and "employment rate" and on the basis of few simple assumptions, the Goodwin Model (GM) is formulated exactly as the well-known Lotka-Volterra system, with all the limits of such system, in particular the lacking of structural stability. A number of extensions have been proposed with the aim to make the model more robust. We propose a new extension that: a) removes the limiting hypothesis of "Harrod-neutral" technical progress: b) on the line of Lotka-Volterra models with adaptation, introduces the concept of "memory", which certainly plays a relevant role in the dynamics of economic systems. As a consequence an additional equation appears, the validity of the model is substantially extended and a rich phenomenology is obtained, in particular transition to chaotic behavior via period-doubling bifurcations.


Frying by immersion is a cooking process where edible oil or fat is used at a temperature above the boiling point of water. In this investigation the effect of the fry variables was evaluated by immersion in the donut, a very characteristic food product in Colombia, a base of coastal cheese, corn starch among other ingredients; a 2x3 factorial design was used, the temperature levels were 150oC, 160oC and 170oC and the 3 time levels were 120s, 240s and 300s; it was detected that the process of reduction of the affect (p <0.05) the absorption of oil and the loss of humidity in all the treatments studied, finally the sensory evaluation for the color parameters and the general acceptance was influenced by the frying treatment, while the gravity was the least valued parameter under the conditions of the process.


Location prediction has attracted much attention due to its important role in many location-based services, including taxi services, route navigation, traffic planning, and location-based advertisements. Traditional methods only use spatial-temporal trajectory data to predict where a user will go next. The divorce of semantic knowledge from the spatial-temporal one inhibits our better understanding of users' activities. Inspired by the architecture of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), we design ST-LSTM, which draws on semantic trajectories to predict future locations. Semantic data add a new dimension to our study, increasing the accuracy of prediction. Since semantic trajectories are sparser than the spatial-temporal ones, we propose a strategic filling algorithm to solve this problem. In addition, as the prediction is based on the historical trajectories of users, the cold-start problem arises. We build a new virtual social network for users to resolve the issue. Experiments on two real-world datasets show that the performance of our method is superior to those of the baselines.


In the late 1990s Dr. Alan McLelland of the Institute of Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow highlighted the multi-faceted nature of a LIMS (Laboratory Information Management System) by pointing out how it is perceived by an analyst, a laboratory manager, an information systems manager, and an accountant, "all of them correct, but each of them limited by the users' own perceptions." [1] At Harvard's CNS the daily conflict between these different points of view gave birth to our own version of a LIMS: CLEAN (CNS Lab Equipment Access Network). The Center for Nanoscale systems operates shared facilities for cleanroom fabrication, imaging, and materials synthesis. Over the past seven years, CLEAN has gone through several transformations until it reached the current configuration, one of a web-based, centralized instrument access management system capable of enforcing scheduling policies, logging equipment usage reports, flagging no-show events, generating invoices, tracking user training, providing real-time dashboards and more. But even this definition does not completely cover what CLEAN does for CNS' people and users every day.


This report defines the physical characteristics of sites for coal gasification and liquefaction plants, identifies relevant constraints for the sites and determines candidate areas within the State of Illinois where sites could be located.


The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the effect of Profitability Moderating Financial Leverage and Company Growth partially and together on Income Smoothing. The research method used in this study is a quantitative method. Data taken is secondary data from manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. Based on the results of the study, the following findings are found: The Effect of Financial Leverage based on Return On Assets (ROA) on income smoothing from research results Provides information that Financial Leverage based on Return on Assets (ROA) has a positive and significant effect on income smoothing (ROA) Income Smoothing). The influence of company growth based on Return On Asset Equity (ROE) on income smoothing based on the results of research that has been done can be concluded that company growth has a significant and significant effect on income smoothing, so if there is an increase in company growth then income smoothing will increase. The Effect of Financial Leverage on Profitability Moderated Profit Flattening It can be concluded that Financial Leverage and Company Profitability moderated Growth simultaneously influence Profit Smoothing. The effect of company growth on profit smoothing moderated by profitability, it can be concluded that company growth has significant and significant effect on income smoothing with moderated profitability. Effect of Financial Leverage, company growth which is moderated by profitability to income smoothing, it can be concluded that Financial Leverage and Company Growth which is moderated by Profitability have a simultaneous effect on Income Smoothing. Keywords : profitability, financial leverage, income smoothing.


This work presents the structural stability and mechanical properties of ordered face-centred cubic (FCC) Ni-Cr binary and ternary alloys. The effects of alloying on these properties have been evaluated using the first principles density functional theory (DFT) within generalised gradient approximation (GGA). The calculated heats of formation show that the introduction of third elements (Al, Ti, Mo, Sn) improved the thermodynamic stability of the usually unstable L12 Ni3Cr phase. Unsurprisingly, ternary alloys that yielded higher mechanical properties were those alloyed with Al and Ti owing to their ability to form a very stable L12 phase with Ni. Therefore, the theoretical technique has been successfully employed to identify promising high-strength cubic Ni-based ternary intermetallic alloys that can be used as coatings.


This study aims to develop a methodology to quantify and assess the monitor unit (MU) for a radiotherapy treatment simulation using the Monte Carlo method. For this study was reproduced a standard treatments considering that the patient has low risk prostate cancer. In low risk prostate cancer, the Clinical Target Volume (CTV) should be restricted to the prostate only and the Planning Target Volume (PTV) was considered 1 cm beyond the CTV. An additional 0.6 cm margin is added to account for penumbra. In this treatment we use 6 MeV photons, the four-field box technique and 2 Gy daily fractions, 50 cGy for each treatment field. The irradiations were performed using the Siemens Oncor Expression linear accelerator belonging to the service of the Clinicas Oncologicas Integradas (COI/RJ), modeled and validated using the MCNPX code.


The present study intended to examine the relationship between language proficiency and Iranian EFL learners' knowledge of vocabulary depth versus vocabulary breadth. To achieve this end, 80 students at Upper and Lower–Intermediate levels were randomly chosen from the population of Shahid Beheshti School in Khoramabad as participants of this study. First of all, an Oxford Placement test (OPT) was administered to determine the subjects' level of proficiency. Each group at upper- and lower-intermediate levels received Nation 2000, 3000, and 5000 tests to determine the vocabulary size of the learners. Two weeks later, Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS) was used in order to determine the learners' vocabulary depth. The results of the correlation coefficients indicated that there was a significant relationship between vocabulary breadth, vocabulary depth and language proficiency of the learners. In addition, the results of multiple regression revealed that vocabulary depth is a better predictor of learners' language proficiency than of vocabulary breadth. Keywords: language proficiency, vocabulary breadth, vocabulary depth, EFL learners, vocabulary knowledge scale.


The invention provides a calibration method for a multi-path alternating-current ammeter including a metering chip and a central processing unit. The calibration method comprises the following steps that: a standard source respectively powers all loops and provides a metering standard; the standard source calculates a metering error of the ammeter based on a pulse output of the ammeter; and upper computer calculates a value of meter calibration register according to the metering error; and the upper computer carries out communication with the central processing unit of the ammeter by a serial port and writes the value of the register into the metering chip. Therefore, the working efficiency and the accuracy of the calibration are improved.


The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between nurse staffing and patient outcomes including inpatient mortality and length of hospital stay. Data were obtained from the '2008 Korea National Patients Survey' conducted by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. The study sample consisted of inpatients with surgical cerebrovascular diseases (n= 728). Nurse staffing was measured using 2 indicators: number of beds per nurse and number of inpatient days per nurse. Hospital characteristics included size, location, ownership, and physician staffing. Patient characteristics were age, gender, primary diagnosis, admission route, type of surgery, and primary payer. Patient outcomes were mortality during hospitalization and length of hospital stay. After controlling for hospital and patient characteristics, the relationships of nurse staffing to inpatient mortality and length of hospital stay were analyzed by multilevel analysis. Nurse staffing was not significantly associated with inpatient mortality. Higher nurse staffing was related to a decrease in length of hospital stay. The study findings suggested that higher nurse staffing might decrease length of hospital stay, which could increase efficiency and profits in providing hospital services. Government and nursing policies are required to ensure adequate nurse staffing in hospitals.


Accurate models of the cross-correlation of the large-scale-fading in different propagation channels is essential for designing wireless systems using distributed transmission topologies, such as the coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission system. In this contribution, a new parameter defined as the normalized power of common paths in two propagation channels is applied to modeling the cross-correlation of the large-scale-fading in different channels. The common paths here are referred to as the paths with identical parameters, i.e.\ the delays, Doppler frequencies, directions of arrival and directions of departure. Under the uncorrelated scattering (US) assumption, a new geometrical approach is proposed for modeling the large-scale-fading cross-correlation. Experimental investigations show that the proposed modeling method can be used to generate channel cross-correlation coefficients consistent with the experimental results to a certain extent. We postulate that the discrepancies observed between the empirical and theoretical results are caused by the unrealistic US assumption.


The study of plant structure principles and selected methods , The study of plant structure principles and selected methods , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی


We studied the system benefits of applying dispersion pre-compensation using programmable DAC, on the performance of 32.5 Gbaud root-raised-cosine pulse-shaped PDM-WDM BPSK, QPSK, and 16QAM. With 50% dispersion pre-compensation, for BPSK 1.5 dB improvemement of optimum Q2-factor is observed while for QPSK and 16QAM no improvement was observed.


This paper aims to evaluate the appointment process of Constitutional Court Judges in Indonesia. A guarantee of the judiciary independence is a foundation of a modern democratic state because a judge's appointment depends on a selection process. Using normative and empirical legal study, the study shows that Indonesia does not have a standardized selection process among the proposing organs regarding assessment and procedure. The selection mechanism is decentralized. It relies on the proposing organs respectively. On the other hand, South Korea has a more standardized selection process, especially on confirmation hearings organized by the National Assembly. The Korean model, which emphasizes the National Assembly confirmation hearing, has strongly contributed to the selection process because it ensures transparency and accountability. The study suggests that Indonesia should seriously consider establishing a confirmation hearing system for justices like South Korea. A more transparent selection will reduce the number of corrupt public officials (justices). Unfortunately, the current Korean system also needs improvements. The suggestions include (1) separation of the ethical and professional competence evaluation phase, (2) extension of the confirmation hearing duration, (3) enhancing the requirement for witness attendance and submission of data, and (4) prohibition of the use of personal hearing data.


Wireless sensor node is embedded of computation unit, sensing unit and a radio unit for communication. Amongst three units communication is the largest consumer of energy. Energy is the prime source for wireless sensor node to function. Hence every aspects of sensor node are designed with energy constraints. Neural Networks in particular the combination of ART1 and FuzzyART(FA) can be used very efficiently for developing Real time Classifier. Wireless sensor networks demand for the real time classification of sensor data. In this paper classification technique using ART1 and Fuzzy ART is discussed. ART1 and FA have very good architectural strategy, which makes it simple for VLSI implementation. The VLSI implementation of the proposed classifier can be a part of embedded microsensor. The paper discusses classification technique, which can reduce the energy need for communication and improves communications bandwidth. The proposed sensor clustering architecture can give distributed storage space for the sensor networks. Wavelet Transform is used as preprocessor for denoising the real word data from sensor node, this makes it much suitable for industrial environment. Many methods of wavelet transforms are available. Simplest Haar 1D transform is used for preprocessing and smoothing the sensor signals. The discrete wavelet transform implemented here helps to extract important feature in the sensor data like sudden changes at various scales.


This paper focuses on the transmission of bank liquidity shocks in Loan and deposit in emerging markets. First, we attempt to identify the factors that affect the credit strategy of foreign banks in emerging countries. Second, we test whether depositors do exert market discipline on foreign subsidiaries. Combining between financial variables of subsidiaries, their parent banks, and macroeconomic variables of host and home countries, we investigate the factors that are likely to impact the depositors' behaviour. Our empirical approach is based on a Partial Least Squares-Path model, through which we can identify the causal relationships between the various groups of variables. Our results show that foreign bank lending is determined by the specific financial variables of the parent bank as well as macroeconomic variables of the country of origin. This means that the foreign subsidiary's strategy credit is centrally managed at the parent bank and that subsidiaries' credit supply depends primarily on the financial situation of its parent bank. Finally, we evidence market discipline as applied to foreign subsidiaries in emerging countries. We demonstrate that market discipline is strongly affected by the specific characteristics of the subsidiary.


Abstract—Fall detection is one of the challenging problems in elderly care system. The objective of this paper is to identify falls in elderly care system. In this paper, an efficient fall detection method is proposed to identify falls using correlation factor and Motion History Image (MHI). The proposed method is tested on URF (University of Rzeszow Fall detection) dataset and evaluated with some efficient measures like sensitivity, specificity, precision and classification accuracy. It is compared with other recent methods. The experimental results substantially proved that the proposed method achieves 1.5% higher sensitivity when compared to other methods.


The age women reach menarche may affect bone length and mass. Some studies show an earlier menarcheal age (MA) results in a shorter stature and increased body fat. We hypothesized that Hutterite women have a shorter height and limb length, but greater bone mass and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) than non‐Hutterites. Results are from a secondary analysis of 344 (198 Hutterite) healthy, pre‐menopausal women aged 20−40 years who participated in the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study. Bone measures were obtained by DXA (spine, hip and total body) and pQCT (4 and 20% distal radius). MA correlated with year of birth (r = −0.10, P = 0.08) indicating a trend toward a younger MA for women born in more recent years. MA was inversely associated with current weight (r = −0.11, P < 0.05), percent body fat (r = −0.16, P < 0.01), femoral neck BMC (r = −0.18, P = 0.003), femoral neck aBMD (r = −0.21, P < 0.001), hip aBMD (r = −0.22, P < 0.001) and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) (r = −0.14, P = 0.03). Hutterite women had a younger MA than non‐Hutterite women (12.3 ± 1.3 vs. 13.0 ± 1.3 yr, P < 0.001). In final regression models controlling for diet and activity patterns, Hutterite compared to non‐Hutterite women had shorter standing height (162 ± 0.4 vs. 166 ± 0.4 cm, P < 0.001), forearm length (258 ± 0.8 vs. 261 ± 0.9 mm, P = 0.04); and leg length (76 ± 0.2 vs. 77 ± 0.3 cm, P < 0.01) as hypothesized, but MA did not predict these outcomes. In conclusion, younger MA in Hutterite women did not explain their shorter standing height and limb lengths, but total hip aBMD was inversely associated with MA and greater in Hutterite than non‐Hutterite women. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


While LES-based methods are starting to be used more routinely for analyzing complex aero-propulsive flows, their routine use for design/optimization and systems studies, where numerous solutions must be generated in a "production-line" manner, remains a future goal requiring more robust computer resources and advances in LES methodology. A Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach currently provides the most viable option for performing fast-paced industrial/engineering studies, with a principal drawback being the accuracy and reliability of the turbulence models used, which often struggle to accurately capture the physics for more complex flow without resorting to highly specialized extensions. Progress made towards developing a unified RANS k-epsilon turbulence model, shown to accurately analyze a variety of high-speed aero-propulsive problems without problem specific model tuning or user intervention is described in this paper. This has entailed: including generalized corrections for compressibility and baroclinic torque; accounting for variations in turbulent Prandtl and Schmidt numbers; and employing an adaptive approach to locally implement non-linear modeling extensions. This paper will describe several simulations where turbulence model extensions have provided improvements in comparison to data, and will also discuss areas where improving the model's performance requires further work. Improving the unified model will be guided to some extent by comparisons with data, but more so by comparisons with LES/DNS based solutions shown to adequately analyze problem sets for which the RANS model has had limited success. In a companion paper at this meeting, DES-based solutions being used to support upgrades to the RANS model, are described. The DES model uses this unified RANS model for wall bounded and interfacing regions and can thus deal with not only conventional turbulence model interfacing, but with the interfacing of scalar fluctuations.


The search for psychophysiological markers that distinguish normal from abnormal aging has produced many candidate EEG dynamics, but relatively little research has been done (or at least reported) on the theta/beta ratio or brain wave asymmetries.


In the fabrication of large‐area Si complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor circuits with 100 and sub‐100 nm features, it is inefficient to use direct‐write electron‐beam (e‐beam) lithography for all of the layers, in part because of the exceedingly long writing times. Instead, a strategy of ''mix and match'' is preferred, in which coarse features on all layers are defined by optical projection and only the fine features are written by e‐beam lithography. We describe a strategy that combines optical, e‐beam, and x‐ray lithographies, and solves the problem of scale matching and distortion in such a mix‐and‐match scheme. Layers that include only coarse features are exposed directly on Si wafers using a G‐line stepper. This same stepper is also used to expose, on a chrome‐coated quartz wafer, arrays of e‐beam field alignment marks along with any coarse features required in this ''critical layer.'' This pattern is then transferred by deep ultraviolet proximity printing onto an x‐ray mask and plated up in gold. The e‐beam writes the fine features using the e‐beam field‐alignment marks as reference. Because the arrangement of the e‐beam field‐alignment marks reflects the distortion and scale of the optical stepper, overlay in the final circuit on the wafer is ensured. Furthermore, considerable e‐beam writing time is saved. The final pattern is transferred onto the device wafers using x‐ray lithography.


Autonomous Underwater Vehicles are a leading technology for under-ice deployment and research. Memorial University and its Explorer AUV, in cooperation with the University of Tasmania and the Australian Antarctic Division, has embarked on a multi-phase development program that will lead to a scientific mission in the Australian Antarctic. Completion of Phase I saw the AUV deployed in the Canadian high Arctic and acoustic data collection performed in the Australian Antarctic. Currently in Phase II, the AUV is being fitted with a full suite of survey tools and will see developments in the fields of navigation, positioning and mission completion. Phase III will see further developments in AUV technology for under-ice research, with the ultimate goal being the AUV deployed in the Antarctic for a scientific mission to explore the role of sea-ice in the World's climate.


© The Continuum Publishing Group Ltd 2003. and practical reason in Christian moral realism. Black shows that the Grisez School has the same concern for character formation, and for the peculiarity of the moral agent in shaping obligations, that Hauerwas does. In addition, drawing upon O'Donovan's and Gilbert Meilaender's critiques of the narcissistic tendencies of a charactershaping ethic, Black again argues that Grisez's moral realism provides a necessary corrective to the epistemological priority of character. Ethical actions are justified, not merely by the good of character-formation, but by the goods that justify action, especially those goods that are realised for others. This reinforces Black's argument for an ethic that attends to the concerns of both character and moral deliberation. In the final chapter Black maintains that the best way to approach the complementarity between narrative ethics and Christian moral realism is through the liturgy of worship. The key theme for this is the Kingdom of God, a theme that is highlighted both in the work of Hauerwas and the Christian realist ethic. Liturgy should express the truths both of Christians' participation in the coming of the kingdom, and of their anticipation of the future completion of the kingdom at the return of Christ. In very creative fashion, Black illustrates this by describing how this can be expressed in the various liturgical elements of worship, largely taken from the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England. In conclusion, this book is an important study of the key features of the ethical systems espoused by the Grisez School, Stanley Hauerwas and Oliver O'Donovan, and the points at which there is disagreement between the three perspectives. By bringing these positions into dialogue Black does a good job of indicating the strengths and weaknesses of the various systems. However, this reviewer is not persuaded that Black has made a convincing case for his two main claims concerning the natural law theory of the Grisez School, namely, that it can still accept the validity of the naturalistic fallacy yet establish a thoroughly realist ethic, and that it can be consistently transfigured into a Christian ethic through interaction with explicitly theological ethical systems.


thinking bodily property. Deceased bodies, she believes, should be considered common property, "belonging to nobody (135). In this context, donorship of organs and tissues could be harvested without consent, unless donors explicitly refused consent. This would help meet the needs of gametes, organs and tissues without markets. Phillips confronts these problems with insight, humour and thorough research of political, legal and policy differences. The suggestions she makes are more applicable to countries where health care has not been fully privatized or marketized and where the language of rights is not hegemonic. Hence, they are more appropriate to countries with a social democratic past, rather than liberal democratic countries, like the US, where there is no tradition of public health care . This book makes a significant contribution to political thinking about bodily matters at the level of both theory and public policy. A must read.