The mobility of the population of the African continent is not a new phenomenon. Intra-African migration has a close relationship with mobility, as every migrant dreams of better social, economic, and political conditions. In this article, the author touches on the topic of the diversity of ethnic groups and languages as one of the motives for migrants to choose the Republic of Chad. Chad is a link between the Maghreb and Black Africa, and a crossroads of trans-Saharan caravans and a cradle of nomadic civilizations. Today, emigration and immigration movements between Chad, Libya, Sudan, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria constitute a basis of migratory dynamics. Chad is the first country to admit asylum seekers in Africa with a high number of refugees and asylum seekers which represents more than 3% of the Chadian population. The Republic of Chad was also an important stop on the pilgrimage route. There were many Muslims of African descent who made their way to the pilgrimage through Chad. Historical movements between the Republic of Chad and its neighboring countries provide an understanding of today's movements. These movements constitute the basis of the migratory dynamic of the Republic of Chad. The fact that we find shared communities on both sides of the border allows us to say that these particularly important cross-border exchanges are worth studying. Also, Chad alone has around 474,000 refugees and asylum seekers. Even if over the past two years the measures taken to fight the spread of the coronavirus infection (COVID-19) have slowed down the migration movement, the Republic of Chad now ranks among the top 10 countries of asylum in the world.


A survey was developed to explore the current state of automation change in major academic and research libraries in the United States and Canada. Directed to authority control/database maintenance librarians, the results showed that technical staff are experiencing changes in their automated systems well beyond the initial implementation stages. Staff are viewing these changes in a positive manner, and are being trained on the new technology by the same methods, regardless of library size


A two-parameter, probabilistic growth model for partition polygon clusters is introduced and exact results obtained relating to the area moments and the area probability distribution. In particular, the scaling behaviour in the presence of asymmetry between growth along the two principal axes is discussed. Variants of the model are also examined, including the extension to rooted stack polygons. An interesting application relates to characterizing the asymptotic behaviour of the cumulative customer waiting time distribution in a particular discrete-time queue.


The utility model relates to a fire grate of low nitrogen oxygen combustor used for wall-mounted boiler, which comprises a fire grate body as well as a fire hole sleeve. An induction hole, a venturi tube cavity, a mixing cavity, a distribution cavity, a gas flow seam as well as a heavy fire gas channel are arranged on the fire grate body; the induction hole is communicated with the distribution cavity through the venture tube cavity and the mixing cavity in sequence; the distribution cavity is communicated with the heave fire gas channel through the gas flow seam; a fire hole sleeve is sheathed on the heave fire gas channel of the fire grate body; the fire hole sleeve is provided with a heave fire stabilizing cavity and a heavy fire hole arranged in the inner side as well as a light fire gas channel and a light fire hole arranged at the outer side, as well as a light fire air channel connected with the light fire gas channel; and the heavy fire gas channel is connected with the heavy fire hole through the heavy fire stabilizing cavity; the two sides of the heavy fire gas channel are provided with flow splitting holes; and the flow splitting holes are connected with the light fire hole through the light fire gas channel. The fire grate of low nitrogen oxygen combustor used for wall-mounted boiler has the advantages of simple structure and low cost, realizes low nitrogen discharge based on not changing the original structure of an ordinary wall-mounted boiler, and increases the heat efficiency of the original wall-mounted boiler.


Since 1983, We have used the Hokudai System Lumbar Posterior Instrumentation for healment of lumber spinal disorders.Clinical and radiographic evaluation has been carried out in 25 patients who have used this device with PLF.In conclusion, this device can be recommended as a useful instrumentation to achieve a higher union rate of spine fusion.


With the trend of lifelong education,the sustainable development of teachers continuing education is imminent.In order to promote the innovation of teachers education,to explore the life-long education,particularly in Xi′an District,the most important area of China west,is of great importance.Based on the analysis of lifelong education and the concept of sustainable development,it is pointed out that the concept of teachers continuing education should be renewed,focusing on the advancement,relevance,and practicality of teaching content,the novelty of teaching methods,the practical needs of students.Only by this can teachers be improved in intellect and personality as well.


■ While sex work is a universal phenomenon, it is also frequently illegal and, therefore, clandestine. This makes it difficult to determine the true extent of the sex work industry, although it is acknowledged to be substantial and has apparently been increasing in recent years. This increase has been attributed to various factors, including changes in political, civil and socioeconomic conditions and increased population mobility. ■ Effectively addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic among sex workers and their clients calls for a multi-faceted approach that coordinates a range of diverse responses. To determine which responses will be appropriate, it is important to understand the forces that drive people into sex work. These forces can vary—sometimes widely—in any given community and among the subpopulations in that community. Many people enter sex work for economic reasons; that is, it may be the only, or the best-paying , employment option. Others are coerced into sex work through violence , trafficking or debt bondage. Some, particularly adults, freely choose sex work as their occupation. Entry into sex work can also have socially rooted causes that can be traced to traditions, beliefs and norms that perpetuate gender inequalities. For example, most societies have different sexual standards for men and women. Thus, when sex work intervention programmes are being designed, they must take into account cultural as well as socioeconomic determinants of entry into sex work. ■ Significantly higher rates of HIV infection have been documented among sex workers and their clients as compared to most other population groups within a country. HIV infection often spreads among sex workers before spreading into the general population. The true extent of HIV transmission from sex workers and their clients to other populations remains generally unknown. Studies indicate, however, that sex workers are among those most likely to respond positively to prevention programmes relating to HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs)—for example, by increasing their use of condoms with clients. Efforts to support sex workers' extending safer sex practices to their regular or stable sexual relationships need to be strengthened as well. ■ Factors that appear to heighten sex workers' vulnerability to, and risk of, HIV infection include: • stigmatization and marginalization • limited economic options, in particular for women • limited access to health, social and legal services • limited access to information and prevention means • gender-related differences and inequalities • sexual exploitation and trafficking • harmful, or a …


BACKGROUND
Procuring a good quality transbronchial-biopsy (TBB) sample is essential for diagnosing acute cellular rejection (ACR) after lung transplantation (LT). Insufficient TBB samples are graded 'AX.' We hypothesized that AX samples may be associated with a higher risk for chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) or death/retransplant, through a potential anatomic or physiologic underlying pulmonary process or due to undiagnosed ACR episodes.

METHODS
We conducted a single-center, retrospective, cohort study drawn from all consecutive adult, first, bilateral LT between 1999-2015. We reviewed all biopsies obtained within the first year posttransplant and compared outcomes of patients with ≥1 AX to patients with no AX. Association of any AX or percent AX with time to CLAD or death/retransplant was assessed using Cox Proportional Hazards models.

RESULTS
The cohort consisted of 809 patients with a median of 6 (IQR 5, 6) biopsies and 16.7% (IQR 0, 25) AX samples within the first-year posttransplant. 439 (54.3%) subjects had ≥1AX sample obtained within the time period. Median time to CLAD or death/retransplant, from 1-year posttransplant, was 761 (320, 1587) and 1200 (662, 2308) days, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, there was no difference in risk for CLAD (HR=1.05, 95% CI 0.87-1.28, P=0.60), or death/retransplant (HR=1.14, 95% CI 0.92-1.42, P=0.24) between patients with ≥1AX biopsy versus none. Among subjects with ≥1 AX, having more than 50% AX biopsies was not associated with outcome.

CONCLUSION
This is the first study to demonstrate that AX biopsies are not associated with an increased risk of CLAD or death/retransplant after LT and may not require to repeat the biopsy.


This thesis is a case study of changes within public administration. The purpose is to describe and discuss changes inspired by New Public Management within public administration. These changes wil ...


Loss of premyelinating oligodendrocytes during early neurodevelopment is a problem of great importance because the effects are long lasting. Approximately 60,000 infants are affected yearly in the United States with some type of white matter injury ([Osterman et al., 2015][1]). By school age, some


Research of FBG temperature sensing network base on WDM combined with spatial division multiplexing. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation proves that the scheme is feasible, and the system has relatively higher measuring accuracy, which realizes the temperature dynamic measurement in large space, forming temperature sensing network.


The production prodigiosin conditions of ZY- H bacterium were optimized by orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the optimal culture medium composition was determined as sucrose 10g /L,peptone 15g /L, calcium chloride 0.025mol /L; the optimum conditions of fermentation was as follows: the initial pH 6,inoculum size 4%,liquid volume 30mL /250 flask,temperature 28℃,180r /min shaking cultivated 48h,the content of prodigiosin reached 28.37g /L,which was 19.57 times and 43.11 times higher than PDA medium and beef extract peptone medium,and the difference between them was extremely significance( p 0.01).The results for prodigiosin expression would provide technical information for industrial production of prodigiosin.


This paper focuses an optimal policy of an inventory model for deteriorating items with trapezoidal type demand rate and the three-parameter Weibull distribution deterioration rate. The model allows shortages which are completely backlogged in order to achieve better preserving amenity. The authors present some optimal solutions which leads to determine the total inventory cost in which the collective behavior of customers hinges on the waiting time. An easy-to-use optimization technique is included to find the shortage time point and order quantity to minimize the total system cost. Taking into account the above-mentioned assumptions, different kinds of numerical examples are considered to illustrate the theoretical behavior of the framed optimization model. The sensitivity analysis is made for this problem with variation of parameters. The study shows that the optimal solution not only exists but also is unique and is less expensive to operate if the factors of three-phase variation, representing the growth, the steady, and the decline phases of demand with respect to time are considered.


In the article the external and internal factors determining the development of Russian regional electoral processes in 2004-2009 are singled out. The author reveals tendencies of parties" participation in regional elections and development of regional parliament elections in 2004-2009.


Intralesional Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum (CCH; Xiaflex; Endo Pharmaceuticals, Dublin, Ireland) is the only FDA-approved intralesional therapy to treat bothersome penile curvature in men with Peyronie's Disease (PD). Clinicians who administer CCH must be certified through a risk evaluation and management strategy (REMS) program. However, provider availability is highly dependent on geography and many patients must travel great distances to undergo evaluation and treatment with CCH by an experienced injector.

 The goal of the current study is to describe the landscape of certified CCH injectors with respect to location and clinical background/training.

 Patients are currently able to use an online "locate a specialist" tool through Endo Pharmaceuticals to identify clinicians in their local geographic area who are certified to administer CCH. Using this tool, a list of all providers who offer CCH injections was compiled throughout the continental United States. Pertinent information that was gathered included geographic location, type of provider or level of training [Medical Doctor (MD), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO), Physician Assistant (PA), Nurse Practitioner (NP), and Registered Nurse (RN)], and gender of providers. This information was compared to state population data (United State Census Bureau) to determine per capita coverage.

 A total of 1947 Xiaflex providers were identified: 1749 Doctors of Medicine (MD; 90%), 115 Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO; 6%), 60 Physician Assistants (PA; 3%), 21 Nurse Practitioners (NP; 1%), and 1 Registered Nurse (RN; 0.05%). Out of the 1947 providers, only 95 (4.9%) were women. Most women administering Xiaflex were MDs (73%), followed by PAs (12%), NP and DOs (7%), and RN (1%). Xiaflex providers were available in all states except for Hawaii and Alaska. Providers were distributed throughout the United States with the average provider per capita ratio of 230,240. Wyoming, Washington D.C., Rhode Island, and Georgia had the best provider per capita at <10,000 while New Mexico had the worst provider per capita ratio at 2,117,522.

 Our results show significant variation in certified CCH injector availability for patients across the United States. < 5% of all certified clinicians are female and 4% were advanced practice providers. Further work is needed to characterize and remedy gender disparities amongst providers, and ensure greater access for patients who desire an FDA-approved non-surgical treatment for their PD-associated curvature.

 No


THE right of every citizen to be provided with primary medical care through his or her own personal general practitioner is often considered to be the greatest benefit that the National Health Serv...


Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is a popular technique use in network simulation tools. Some of the popular queuing methods in DES are linked list, heap, splay tree and calendar based queue. Due to the design characteristic of discrete events and single sequential queue in DES, these queuing methods are unable to fully utilize the computing power of multi-core processors. This paper proposes Multi-Dimensional Queue Mechanism (MDQM) to counter the stated problem. The experimental results show improvement of simulation run time by using the proposed mechanism when running DES on multi-core processors environments.


The focus of this study is on identifying and assessing the factors that influence the telecommunication company's performance and uses different statistical analyses to gain insight and propose a strategy for improvement. Technological developments, especially in the telecommunications sector, have significantly increased competition. In fact, this is a challenge for many companies, which are constantly trying to stay in the market, so steps must be taken to see where you are operating to achieve a competitive position in the market. Regarding the need to pay attention to the effects of the business environment, it is very important to understand the opportunities that the environment offers and the commitment of the company to deal with them effectively. The business environment is very different from each other depending on the environment in which it operates. But focusing on what is common to every company, this study presents some insights that can be helpful for every other telecommunication company. This research can serve as a basis for improving customer relations with the company by identifying their requirements based on technological development. Different statistical analyses, including the Chi-Square Test of Interdependency, are conducted to assess the performance of the telecommunication company. By analyzing the internal factors, a strategy for increasing and improving the overall performance has been proposed. Recommendations for future work and strategy framework have also been provided.


Kunqu Opera came of age in late Ming Dynasty, but traditional repertoire that have survived into this day have lost their earliest features. The difference lies not only in the text performed-zhezi (or scenes extracted from the whole) instead of complete plays-hut also in other artistic essences embodied by those zhezi scripts, which, since the Qian [long]-jia [jing] periods of Qing Dynasty, have become "fixed repertoire" after generations of modification and ornamentation. The exquisiteness and conventions of costumes and acting styles of those plays have been praised as "Qian-Jia Tradition," "Gusu Pattern," or "Paradigmatic Kunqu." The "complete" Kunqu performed on today's stage. however, are either "selected zhezi," revisions of old scripts, or newfangled scripts that, strictly speaking, seriously deviate from the Qian-Jia tradition and do not qualify for UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. What deserves to be treasured, promoted, and handed down in Kunqu should be its archetypes of such performative aspects as meters, footwork, phonation what constitute the "four skills and five methods" in music, acting, and singing. Ever since the Qian-Jia periods, when "fixed repertoire" with fixed titles and fixed performance types started to be staged, there has existed a unique system and tradition of Kunqu. Because the techniques of composing, singing, and acting have been recorded and published in book form, we can trace the Qian-Jia tradition even today. This paper will discuss that tradition in terms of four aspects-the repertoire, musical composition, performance principles, and diversity of schools-to illustrate the invaluable qualities of Kunqu Opera that make it worthy of the name of humanity's Masterpiece.


This paper investigates the acquisition of argument structure in cases where mapping of semantic roles to syntax is complex, and where morphological marking is different between Japanese and English. Both factors are expected to cause problems for Japanese learners of English. The target item is psychological adjectives that are derived from psychological verbs (henceforth, psych verbs) such as boring and bored in (1 a) and (1 b) respectively.


Thispaperreviews thefundamental control functions central tothe practical implementation ofparallel multiterminal de(MTDC)systems. Particularly, therequirements forcoordination ofcurrentorders, during different operating conditions ofMTDC systems, arediscussed. Two new techniques ofcurrentorder coordination aredescribed. Thetwo techniques arereferred tointhis paperastheModulation Coordination andtheDecentralized Current Reference Balancer (DCRB). Before de¬ scribing thetwotechniques some general background will bediscussed. Awidely considered schemeforcontrol ofan MTDCsystem isthecur¬ rentmargin strategy whichisessentially an extension ofthecontrol methodpresently being usedfortwo-terminal delinks. Inthisscheme, duetosecurity andoperational reasons, continuous coordination ofcur¬ rentorders attheconverters isdesirable. Inparticular, incaseofloss ofa terminal, itisvital torapidly resetthecurrent order attheremaining ter¬ minals. Thecurrentmargin method wouldtherefore tendtoimpose strin¬ gentdemandsregarding speed, precision, andreliability on thecom¬ munication system required forMTDCsystems. Whena fast communication system forremoteindication ofMTDC system statusandcoordination ofcontrol action attheconverters is available, a high level ofoperational performance may beattained. However, whenthecommunication system isinoperative, particularly at thetimeofafault, itisimportant toachieve system recovery andopera¬ tion, even ifitisatsome reduced powerlevel. Infact, itshould bepossi¬ bletostartandloadtheMTDCsystem withonly voice telephone com¬ munication between terminals. Coordination ofcurrent orders isusually necessary whensome ofthe terminals, through modulation control, areproviding additional damping fortheadjacent acsystems. A failure inthecommunication system, in this case,shouldonly affect thedamping control function oftheMTDC system andbyno means havean adverse effect on powerdelivery re¬ quirements oftheMTDCsystem. Themodulation coordination technique provides a structure for modulation control inMTDCsystems. Theproposed structure hasless demanding requirements on afast communication system thantheother previously published methods. Infact, themodulation coordination technique requires only a one-waycommunication link betweeneach modulating terminal andthenormally voltage setting slack terminal. The radial structure oftherequired communication links forthismethod restricts theimpact ofalapse incommunication toonly themodulating function ofone terminal. Theschemealsohasthefeature ofpreserving themodulating capability ofa currentcontrolling terminal when, duetoa modeshift, itbecomesthevoltage setting terminal. TheDCRBisa technique forrestarting an MTDCsystem following contingencies whichnecessitate a momentary shut-down ofthede system. Utilizing theDCRBtechnique, an MTDC system can restart following amajor ac ordefault, even ifone ormore converter terminals arerendered permanently outofservice. Thetechnique iscompatible withthewellknowncurrent margin methodofcontrol andrelies on only locally measured system quantities ateachremaining converter terminal foritsoperation.


This paper highlights the way in which, unlike what happens in other areas of the same Mesozoic carbonate platform in Apulia, a coastal karst aquifer may be afferded considerable protection from any kind of pollution as a result of particular conditions of fracturing and of karst phenomena. The degree of vulnerability of the karst groundwater is determined both in relation to pollution deriving from antropic activity from above and to saline contamination deriving from the underlying seawaters mobilized by intensive drawings. The hydrodynamic features of the aquifer were ascertained beforehand by means of: a statistical analysis of the state of fracturing and of karst phenomena of the rocks, the study of hydraulic heads and of specific yields, thermal and saline logs, filtration velocity measurements and isotopic analyses.


This paper reviews the hydraulic paradigm in Spain and its evolution over the last 100 years to the current decentralisation process of "agua para todos", i.e. where different regional governments vie for control over 'scarce' water resources and defining the concept of hydro-solidarity between regions. Recent events seem to point to a new hydraulic bureaucracy at the sub-national level due to the political devolution currently taking place in Spain, where water has an increased political value in electoral terms. Water has strategic importance in single-issue politics and territorial identity, as compared to traditional left/right ideological politics for both national and regional parties in the Spanish multilevel electoral system. This refers to an important aspect of water politics – openly discussed in Spain but rarely analysed – namely the 'political returns' on water (or 'political rent-seeking'). This also points to spatial dimensions of the definition of state, identity, and access to resources in a semiarid country. This historical process of decentralisation of water is highlighted with particular reference to key events in recent Spanish history, including the Hydraulic Plan of the 1930s, its reappearance in the 1993 National Hydrological Plan, a revised version in the year 2001, and a final change in paradigm in 2005 at the national level. This suggests that the hydraulic paradigm is re-enacted at the regional government level. It is argued that a multi-scalar analysis of Spanish water decentralisation is essential in order to understand change and stasis in public policy paradigms related to water.


Problem definition: We consider the quality competition between two hospitals under the plan of one insurer. The insurer aims to maximize the overall achievable quality in the system by selecting either the fee-for-service (FFS) or the bundled payment (BP) scheme to compensate each hospital. The demand, the costs, and the probability of successfully treating patients depend on a hospital's chosen quality. Under such a setting, we use game theoretic models to study the choice of insurer and the impact of payment schemes on the equilibrium qualities of hospitals. Our models seek answers to the following questions. Is BP (FFS) payment scheme always associated with high (low) equilibrium quality? What factors affect the equilibrium qualities of competing hospitals and the choice of the insurer and how? Academic/practical relevance: Competing hospitals under same or different payment models from an insurer is rather common for healthcare delivery in the United States. However, there is a lack of understanding about the impact of payment schemes on quality outcomes from both the hospital's and the insurer's perspective. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first paper to incorporate competition and the insurer's perspective to study the impact of different payment models on quality. Methodology: Game theory, equilibrium analysis. Results: We show that BP (FFS) is not always associated with high (low) equilibrium quality and that the equilibrium qualities of the two hospitals are strategic complements. We characterize when the insurer might assign the BP to both hospitals, the FFS to both hospitals, or the BP to one and the FFS to the other hospital. Managerial implications: Our findings provide prescriptive guidelines to an insurer choosing payment models. We also show that a specific quality outcome is achievable not by choosing any payment model but by a careful design of its parameters. Our numerical studies show that hospital readmission reduction initiatives are most effective when run in conjunction with cost reduction initiatives.


The farm sector has moved from one that was very homogeneous to one with significant differences in size and/or orientation. The decline in the number of "average†sized†farm and the growth in the number of large farms are due primarily to technological innovations that push operations producing commodities to grow as a means of capturing economies of size. The increase in the relative number of small farms is also due partially to technical advances that allow for the production of food goods with the desired quality attributes to be delivered to the appropriate market. This market is continually being differentiated due to demographic and income shifts. The growing heterogeneity in farm structure complicates the assessment and design of farm policy. The social policy objective of improving the livelihood of farmers and their families could be achieved through farm support and extension programs when the sector was homogeneous. The policy objective has shifted toward improving the competitiveness of the sector, but for which of its components? The trend toward greater heterogeneity is likely to continue and thus so will the internal and external support for any policies targeted toward the farm sector.L'on trouve maintenant dans le secteur agricole, anciennement homogA¨ne, des diffA©rences de tailles et d'orientation considA©rables. Le dA©clin du nombre d'exploitations agricoles de tailles moyennes ainsi que la croissance des grandes exploitations surviennent principalement grA¢ce aux innovations technologiques qui poussent la croissance des fermes de productions comme moyen de profiter d′A©conomies de volume. Cette augmentation au nombre relatif de petites fermes est aussi partiellement causA©e par les avancA©es technologiques permettant la production de denrA©es alimentaires comportant les attributs dA©sirA©s de qualitA© pouvant Aatre livrA©s aux marchA©s appropriA©s, ces derniers A©tant continuellement diffA©renciA©s suivant des variations dA©mographiques et de revenus. L'hA©tA©rogA©nA©itA© croissante de la structure agricole complique l′A©valuation et la conception de politiques agricoles. Lorsque le secteur A©tait homogA¨ne, la politique sociale dont l'objectif est l'amA©lioration des moyens de subsistance des fermiers et de leurs familles pouvait Aatre atteinte A l'aide de soutien et de programmes d′A©ducation permanente. L'objectif politique s'est transformA© pour viser l'amA©lioration de la compA©titivitA© du secteur mais pour lesquelles de ses composantes ? La tendance vers une plus grande hA©tA©rogA©nA©itA© risque de se poursuivre tout comme l'appui A l'interne et A l'externe des politiques visant le secteur agricole.


The use of a (CCD) with an interferometer, such as a Fabry-Perot, poses some problems because of the circular symmetry with the interferometer and the rectangular arrangement of the CCD. Integrating the fringe pattern along a row or column results in a signature that can be inverted to recover the fringe. The methods of constrained linear inversion are used to significantly improve the quality of the inversion.


A Probation Circular published in 2005 announced that accredited one-to-one programmes should be developed for Racially Motivated Offenders (RMOs). This article reviews a number of existing literatures written by both practitioners and academics which have focused on the problems and opportunities that arise during interventions with RMOs. At the same time, in this article, insights derived from the latter literatures are contextualized within poststructuralist and discursive psychological literatures. The outcome of this is an attempt to forge common ground between practitioner-derived insights on racism, racists, identity, locality and shared `communities of prejudice' with poststructuralist approaches to identity and the advancement of specific therapeutic/correctionalist techniques (especially the motivational interviewing technique pioneered by Miller and Rollnick, 1991) for facilitating change processes in RMOs.


Diaries, letters, commonplace books, marginal notes, visual and inventory evidence all speak to the possession of books by the middling sort in the 18th century and the presence of books in their homes. But how can this knowledge be translated into acquisitions for the museum and how should the stories of these books be told? How do museum displays and interpretation move beyond the fact of possession to uncover and represent the histories of readers, their engagement with texts, and the variety of historical reading habits?


The concept of ownership carries rich significance.As the source of ownership concept in the modern continental law,the Roman law responds to the requirements of the systematization and social reality.Through the constant improvement and selection in the regulatory aims,legislative technique,value orientation and functions,the Roman law establishes the uniform concept of ownership.This article starts with the contrary tradition in the complete ownership and split ownership,and then analyzes the status of ownership in the code,the conflict between its value of ascription and its value in the utilization,the adjustment of ownership's liberty and its duty,demonstrating the various aspects of the concept of ownership.


Abstract Per-N-tosylated 3,8-diaza-1,10-decanediamine (9), 4,9-diaza-1,12-dodecanediamine (spermine) (10) and 3,6,9,14,17,20-hexaaza-1,22-docosanediamine (11) were prepared by treating mono-BOC-protected, per-N-tosylated 1,2-ethanediamine (5), 1,3-propanediamine (6) and triethylenetetraamine (7), respectively, with 1,4-dibromobutane and removing the BOC-protecting groups at 100–120 °C.


M Servetus or Miguel Serveto ( 1 5 0 9 o r 1 5 1 1 1 5 5 3 ) wa s a theologian, physician and Renaissance humanist. He was born in Villanueva in Argon, Spain. A prodigy and a polymath, h e wa s ve r s e d i n m a n y s c i e n c e s : mathematics, astronomy, meteorology, g e o g r a p h y , h u m a n a n a t o m y a n d pharmacology as well as jurisprudence, translation, poetry and scholarly study of bible in its original languages. He was the first European physician to describe pulmonary circulation. He participated in Protestant Reformation and later developed a nontrinitarian Christology. S e r v e t u s s p e n t h i s w h o l e l i f e s truggl ing against dogmatism and intolerance that permeated Renaissance world. His attack on orthodoxy was so broad and blatant that he became heretic of the worst sort and was condemned by Catholics and Protestants alike. Finally at the instigation of Protestant reformer John Calvin (1509-1564), he was arrested in Geneva and burned at stake. Almost all the newly printed copies of his books were added to the fire. Servetus left native Spain becoming a wondering scholar. He published his Miguel Servetus. Stamp Spain 1977 500th birth anniversary of Servetus. Stamp Spain 2011 Jean Calvin. Stamp Monaco 2006


ABSTRACT Carbide precipitation and hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of a 960 MPa grade ultra-high strength low carbon low alloy steel processed by quenching and tempering (Q-T) via different reheating routes (conventional air furnace and high frequency induction) were investigated. After tempering at 600°C via both methods, carbides precipitated along the prior austenite grain boundaries and within the matrix lath. It was observed that dispersed carbides in induction tempered (Q&IT) sample were finer and more spheroidized than those in conventional tempered (Q&CT) sample, resulting in superior mechanical properties of strength, ductility and hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility resistance of Q&IT sample. Moreover, slow strain rate tests (SSRT) revealed that RFS (reduction of the fracture stress) was decreased from 0.16 for CT sample to 0.07 for IT sample. Fractography after SSRT indicated that CT sample exhibited a fracture surface with a few small dimples, whereas, IT sample presented a fracture surface with many large dimples.


The article examines the issues of implementing the right to mediation as a social service in the territorial communities of Ukraine. It is specified that the right to mediation was reflected in the law about twenty years ago and is associated with the development of social policy in Ukrainian society, oriented towards international and European standards.
It is proved that the inconsistency of the legislator in the social services field has become one of the problems of exercising the right to mediation. From the very beginning, mediation was recognized as the second stage of the social service of intermediation (mediation) at the level of by-laws, and the State Standard was approved to ensure the sufficient provision of this service (State Standard of Social Service of Intermediation (Mediation), 2016). The Law of Ukraine, «On Social Services», adopted in 2019, recognized mediation and intermediation as two separate «basic» social services but did not make any changes that would lay the foundations for a state standard for mediation as an independent social service. As for the Classifier of Social Services approved in 2020, the list of social services provided only uses the term «intermediation» as the name of the social service. However, the term «mediation» is used to describe the place of provision of the social service «intermediation». Such legislative contradictions and terminological inconsistencies affect the work of local self-government bodies, which are obliged to exercise their powers to ensure the provision of social services only on the grounds, in the manner and within the limits provided for by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine.
It is emphasised that the approach to the interpretation of mediation as the second stage of social intermediation (mediation) stated in the State Standard is «outdated», as it does not comply with the provisions of paragraphs 10, 18 of Part 6 of Article 16 of the Law of Ukraine «On Social Services», and negates the right to free choice of a social service provider (the right to choose a mediator rather than an intermediary immediately), as well as the right to ensure the best interests of individuals/families in need of social mediation.
The article focuses on the problem of low awareness of both the population and officials/relevant employees of local self-government bodies on mediation (its essence and features, mediability of disputes, search and engagement of mediators, etc.), as well as on the latter's obligation to actively inform the population about the social service of mediation and provide advice on the exercise of the right to receive it.


The diagnosis of Addison's disease, despite normal salttasting, was confirmed by inability to excrete a water load, reduced urinary steroids with lack of response to stimulation with corticotrophin, and by a dramatic improvement on oral cortisone. There is nothing specific about the pigmentary abnormalities of Addison's disease (Addison, 1868), but there was no evidence of liver or kidney disease, haema-chromatosis, anaemia, or malabsorption, which may all give similar pigmentary changes. No tuberculosis being found, the suprarenal failure was presumably due to a primary atrophy(Prunty, 1964). Lerner et al. (1954) consider that the mechanism of pigmentation in Addison's disease is due to increased release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (M.S.H.) from the pituitary as a result of decrease in adrenal cortical function, and that this is a distinct hormone whose only function is stimulation of melanin production. Lerner and McGuire (1961) showed that both a and /3 M.S.H. produced darkening of human skin, and they thought


The preparation of sixteen novel substituted [(10-N-methyl) and (12-N-methyl)]-11-(o-, and p-substituted-anilino)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepines which have potentially useful pharmacological properties is described. The structure and the isomeric differences in all products was corroborated by ir, 1H-nmr, 13C-nmr, and mass spectra.


The thermal characteristics of mud nests ofPolybia spinifex were investigated by measuring internal and surface temperatures of the nests. The nests had a layer of mud envelope and consisted of mud with fine sand particles. The envelope had a vertically long slit-like entrance hole. The mud nests had high thermal conductivities (0.51-0.67 W/(m°C)) comparable to brick, rather than insulation materials of wasps' nests such as paper and wood. It was revealed that the long entrance radiated more heat from the thermo-image. The rate of thermal radiation (emissivity) of the nest surface was 0.80, and the value was similar to that of sand. The internal temperatures of the nests were high from top (T n1 , temperature difference between ambient temperature (T a ) was 10°C) to bottom (T n3 , difference, 5°C) at noon. On the other hand, the temperature distributions were reversed during the night. Temperature T n1 was lower by 1°C than T a , possibly from nightly dew on the top surface, whereas, at the middle point (T n2 ) and T n3 , temperatures were higher by 1°C compared to T a . Temperature fluctuations (ranges between maximum and minimum temperature) at T n2 and T n3 were similar to that of T a , whereas the values at T a , and T were higher than that ofT.


In the present study, we have examined the impact of Age, Gender and Socio-economic status on Morality and Valued living of 300 individuals belonging to four zones (North, South, East, & West) of Kolkata City. The results of the study revealed that (a) age of the individuals seems to have a significant impact on their morality and valued living, (b) gender of the individuals seems to have a significant impact on their morality and valued living and (c) socio-economic status of the individuals seems to have a significant impact on their morality but not on their valued living. The present study appears to be quite relevant in the present scenario of our society. The implication of the study lies in taking proper care for the inculcation of moral values among the youth as they are the future of our society.


Ecological-floristic analysis of zonal and intrazonal vegetation of middle taiga forests in West Siberia. 262 species were detected and characteristic and differentiative species of 11 associations are presented.


We investigate the present capabilities of CFD for wall boiling. The computational model used combines the Euler/Euler two-phase flow description with heat flux partitioning. Very similar modeling was previously applied to boiling water under high pressure conditions relevant to nuclear power systems. Similar conditions in terms of the relevant nondimensional numbers have been realized in the DEBORA tests using dichlorodifluoromethane (R12) as the working fluid. This facilitated measurements of radial profiles for gas volume fraction, gas velocity, liquid temperature, and bubble size. Robust predictive capabilities of the modeling require that it is validated for a wide range of parameters. It is known that a careful calibration of correlations used in the wall boiling model is necessary to obtain agreement with the measured data. We here consider tests under a variety of conditions concerning liquid subcooling, flow rate, and heat flux. It is investigated to which extent a set of calibrated model parameters suffices to cover at least a certain parameter range.


Low-loss optical waveguides for optoelectronic integration were realized by the combination of spin-on- glass (SOG) and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposi- tion (PECVD). Undercladdings of 20-mm thickness together with cores of 6-mm height and 8-mm width were formed on Si substrates by PECVD and reactive ion etching. Overclad- dings were formed by a combination of SOG and PECVD SiO2 films. This method successfully filled narrow gaps be- tween cores of optical circuits. The refractive index of over- claddings was adjusted by SOG curing and fluorine incorpo- ration in PECVD SiO2 films. A buried-type optical waveguide formed by the combination of SOG and PECVD showed single-mode propagation. Propagation losses and polariza- tion dependent losses at the 1.3-mm wavelength were mea- sured to be 0.3 dB/cm and below 0.15 dB, respectively. © 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.


Needs assessments can be used for many purposes. This articles outlines four major reasons to conduct a needs assessment. This information is followed by a description of the needs assessment conducted by the Pyramid Project through the Gifted Students Institute as a follow up to the Richardson Study. A case study of one district participating is described with the major findings from the study.


Biodiesel obtained by transesterification of soy oil with methanol was isomerized in the liquid phase at 125−275 °C using solid acid catalysts. The purpose of this work was to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel by inhibiting the formation of crystals. Crystallization was analyzed by means of the measurement of the cloud point of the fuel. Tested catalysts were SO42-−ZrO2 and H-mordenite. At a temperature of reaction (Tr) lower than 125 °C, the catalytic activity was negligible. At Tr > 200 °C, the reaction rate was greatly accelerated, but the cetane number was also decreased and the amount of coke deposits was greatly increased. While reacting biodiesel at 150−200 °C, a small decrease (4−6.5 °C) of the cloud point was obtained without a meaningful decrease of the cetane index. Best results were obtained with SO42-−ZrO2 at 125 °C. Isomerization had both positive and negative effects on fuel properties:  it reduced the cloud point but also increased the viscosity and decreased the cetane index. ...


To solve the technical difficulties in anchor bolt( cable) support for coal roadway of large cross section,we optimized and monitored the large-span open-off cut on the roof of broken rockmass in Baiyangling coalmine. We also analyzed the support principle and instability mechanism. In association with dynamic information,we designed the support schemes according to the features of large-span and big cross section. Furthermore,we analyzed the factors affecting the roadway stability and employed finite element analysis software ANSYS to simulate the deformation and stability condition in the presence of different parameters( inclusive of spacing,length,and individual prop number of bolt( cable)),and then compared the stability of the roadway before and after supporting. Results suggest that to combine anchor bolt and cable on the roof is reasonable for the researched open-off cut. The spacing of bolt is 800 mm × 800 mm,the anchor length is 2. 0m and the individual hydraulic prop is 3 roots per row.By adopting high strength bolt( cable) support,the deformation of surrounding rock in stoping period is 21. 3%-42. 5% smaller than using ordinary bolt support,and the total amount of surrounding rock deformation reduces25. 6%-43. 0% than by adopting the bolt shotcrete support. The effect of high strength bolt( cable) support is obvious.


The first compressible, wall-resolved large eddy simulation of turbulent flow around a circular cylinder in the critical regime reveals flow features and noise sources.The first compressible, wall-resolved large eddy simulation of turbulent flow around a circular cylinder in the critical regime reveals flow features and noise sources.


ABSTRACT This think piece queries the value of the concept of military masculinities. This overly familiar and comfortable concept is perhaps falling short of its intended ambitions. Masculinized and militarized violence is rampant and no amount of 'adding women' (or other 'others') seems to make a difference. This begs the question of how much work we imagine concepts can do, as well as how much control we think we have over them.


In this Article, I argue that drug companies have created a highly profitable but dangerous business model by employing the same legal tactics as the nineteenth-century "robber barons," the group of financiers who orchestrated corporate law's infamous race to the bottom. Like these historical financiers, drug company executives have captured the legal apparatus and regulatory bodies that oversee them. In so doing, they have transformed the law from a system of governance into a set of enabling doctrines. The pharmaceutical industry has turned legislation intended to protect the public into a legal justification for marketing ineffective and unsafe prescription drugs. Like the nineteenth-century robber barons who transformed American corporate law into a tool for maximizing wealth and limiting liability, modern-day "pharma barons" have corrupted the laws that govern the pharmaceutical industry. The law now operates in the service of the pharma barons and allows them to profit at the public's expense.


Purpose: The port administration is an important regulator of international trade operations, as well as a facilitator and accelerator of trade. Hence, it's important to detect the factors that must be improved to achieve greater efficiency. Therefore, the aim of this research is to determine the level of efficiency of the port system of Lazaro Cárdenas in the period 2010-2017. Methodology: This paper develops a simulation model based on operations research, which consists in finding the optimal gantry crane assignment to improve the efficiency of the terminal, through the design of algorithms to the port subsystems services operation and analyses the effect of infrastructure and process improvements on gate congestion. Findings: The results show that the period under analysis was inefficient. These point out the necessity of better operational strategies for the Lazaro Cárdenas port. The results also indicate that the introduction of an appointment system can reduce the average turnaround times. Originality: This paper provide new knowledge that can be used as a new ap-proaches to solve efficiency problems at Lazaro Cardenas port, and also the algorithm created for this analysis could be used in several ports to measure their efficiency as well. These points out the need for better operational strategies for the Lazaro Cárdenas port. The results also indicate that the introduction of an appointment system can reduce average turnaround times. Through the analysis of the results can be point out the necessity of improvement of the operational system, as well as the auto corrective system in order to achieve the efficiency of the port.


The purpose of this study was to explore factors that influence Latinas' drug use and recovery process. Fourteen Latinas participated in in-depth interviews. Findings reveal that their families were at the heart of their stories, playing exacerbating or protective roles. Latinas whose family had a history of substance use encountered more challenges in their recovery process, as they had to break ties from unsupportive family members and had less support available, and were more likely to internalize negative stereotypes of Latinos as drug users. Latinas with no familial history of use received tremendous support (i.e., emotional, instrumental, and family members involved in treatment) from their family. They tended to challenge negative stereotypes of Latinos as drug users. Recommendations for improving services for this population include using peer mentoring groups, culturally grounded activities and interventions, and identifying supportive family and networks members to facilitate the recovery process.


The charge carrier mobility in conjugated polymers depends on the charge carrier density. Here we investigate the mobility of poly(3-hexylthiophene) over a carrier densities range from 10 15 cm –3 to 10 20 cm –3 in order to experimentally establish the relation between mobility and carrier density. Hole-only diodes were used for low densities and field-effect transistors were used for the high carrier densities. Intermediate densities were probed using chemically doped Schottky diodes and transistors. We demonstrate that the mobility is constant for carrier densities below 10 16 cm –3 and follows a power law dependence for carrier densities higher than 10 18 cm –3 . We also make note of possible anomalies rising from trapping effects or


By controlling the terminal organic ligands, various fascinating supramolecular assemblies originating from hydrogen bonding interactions in different dimensions in a series of hexavanadate hybrids were synthesized via step-by-step organic modification. These hybrids were characterized, and their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the introduction of a rigid bridging ligand has a positive influence on the assembly of supramolecular architectures, providing a new vision for the design and synthesis of advanced inorganic–organic materials.


The rapid increase in social media users in Indonesia has caused organic black rice (OBR) to be traded online via social commerce (s-commerce). OBR is an environmentally friendly functional food that meets the requirements for sustainable agricultural products. Unfortunately, in Indonesia the demand is still low, so some producers are reluctant to continue the OBR business. Therefore, it is important to study consumer satisfaction. Previous studies have primarily focused on satisfaction with choices and results of the decision process, not satisfaction with the decision process. Satisfaction in the perspective of the decision process has not been widely studied. This paper aims to identify the dominant factors that influence satisfaction with the online OBR purchase decision process via s-commerce. The research design is quantitative with a survey technique of 200 online consumers drawn by stratified random and convenience sampling. Data analysis using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Path Analysis. The results showed that the dominant factors were security in purchasing decisions, Instagram and other social media, friends, satisfaction with the results, Internet, references of friends and family as well as consideration of product taste and aroma, attractiveness, and disease treatment. These eight dominant factors can be used as important considerations in online OBR business through s-commerce.


In order to elucidate further details of RNA conformations we have studied base stacking in dinucleoside monophosphates (DNP's) using UV difference spectra and the hypochromic effect. SCF CI MO calculations according to PPP and MIM approximations were carried out for six pyrimidine-containing DNP's in each of several stacking geometries. The calculated and plotted difference spectra were fitted to the experimental spectra. Different DNP's showed distinct geometries in the range of the helix angle of 35°. From our results we conclude that there is a microstructure in the helix. This would imply an additional content of information in this macromolecule, a higher precision in nucleic acid interactions, and make possible the prediction of the conformation of polynucleotides.


Abstract Sand cultures in which P is supplied by a solid‐phase buffer offer several advantages in studies of P nutrition. Phosphorus concentrations may be maintained at realistically low levels, P supply can be localized in the medium, and roots can readily be removed from sand. However, information on pH, P adsorption and P desorption is needed to use solid‐phase buffers effectively to simulate P supply in soil. Experiments were conducted to characterize the effects of acid washing treatments and P concentration on P adsorption by alumina, and subsequent desorption of P from alumina‐P. Increasing the concentration of H in acid washing treatments decreased the equilibrium desorption P concentration and solution pH for any given adsorption P concentration. Increasing P concentration of adsorption solution led to increasing P concentration and pH of desorption solutions. Further experiments were conducted to determine the effect of percentage alumina‐P in sand‐alumina‐P mixtures on P concentration in the so...


Due to the complex motion of a target, the Doppler frequency shifts are time-varying. Therefore, the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image is blurred by using the Fourier analysis for Doppler processing. To resolve the image blurring problem, a parametric method which combines the matching Fourier transform with the CLEAN technique is presented to retrieve Doppler information. For comparison, a time-frequency transform, named reassigned Gabor spectrogram, is also applied to the time-varying spectral analysis. Simulation results show that the suggested method is robust to small data size and low signal-to-noise ratio.


The legal culture of Qilu is based on dongyi culture and shang-zhou culture,whose psychic elements can be understood through some important concepts such as ren,li,lv and xing,which are inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells.These psychic elements were developed by Qilu thinkers,becoming some theories such as policy of benevolence,rule of li,rule of virtue,rule of man and rule of law,which affected Chinese legal system greatly.These psychic elements in the legal culture of chi-lu constitute the spiritual origin of Chinese legal system.


Three novel monomers with a methacrylate unit, different chain lengths, and functional groups were synthesized and proposed as possible diluent monomers in dental resinous systems containing bisphenol A ethoxylated dimethacrylate (BisEMA) aiming at their use in dental resin mixtures. The monomers were mixed with BisEMA and photopolymerized in the presence of a photoinitiator system. The unfilled formulations were evaluated regarding their degree of conversion, thermal properties, Vickers microhardness, water sorption, water solubility, and surface morphology. The monomers presented a high conversion degree compared to control groups and have affected the glass transition temperature of the samples. Their hardness values were similar to or higher than the value found for the control group. The specimens evaluated presented a homogeneous matrix and stability throughout the water sorption and solubility tests. Considering their simplicity and effective application in synthesis, as well as the results obtained for the polymerized formulation groups, the new monomers presented here represent promising photocurable dental monomers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013


Background Charts of hip fracture patients undergoing surgical repair in 1993-1995 were examined retrospectively to determine if their characteristics were distinct from other operative patients. Elderly patients groups were made to determine age effects and to determine characteristics of hip fracture patients besides age effects. Methods Comparisons were made of preoperative blood counts, biochemical data and co-existing diseases between hip fracture cases (HF: n = 87), all surgical cases (T: n = 2637) and surgical patients aged 70 years or more (70-Y: n = 586). Results Red cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and platelet count (Plt) were higher in the T group than in the 70-Y group (P < 0.001) and the HF group (P < 0.01, 0.01, 0.001, 0.01). RBC and Hb were higher in the 70-Y group than in the HF group (P < 0.01, 0.05). White blood cell count (WBC) was higher in the HF group than in the T group (P < 0.001) and the 70-Y group (P < 0.01). Plt was greater in women than in men in the T group (P < 0.01). BUN and creatinine was greater in the 70-Y group than in the T group (P < 0.001, 0.05). Fasting blood glucose levels (FBS) were higher in the HF group than in the T group (P < 0.001) and the 70-Y group (P < 0.05). PaO2 was less in the HF group than in the other two groups (P < 0.001). Prevalence of brain diseases was higher in theHF group than in the 70-Y group (P < 0.01). Conclusion Hip fracture patients have a great tendency to anemia. It may be caused by anemia in elderly patients followed by bleeding due to the fracture. There was the tendency for hypoxia in hip fracture patients due to bed rest. Co-existing of neurological deficits might facilitate occurrence of hip fracture.


Abstract : This is the final report of the disposal of laboratory quantities of energetic materials. SRI examined the use of very hot water as a medium for safe and complete disposal of energetic materials. The temperatures Os the study were in the range of 200 - 350 deg C. 0ne of the tasks dealt with the hydrothermolytic destruction of a range of pure energetic materials and various energetic formulations. The program found that the pure materials PETN, HBNQ, TNAZ, and TNT, and the formulations Pentolyte, Comp B, Octol, AFX-644, AFX-931, and PBXN-109 were all converted to simple inorganic ions and CO2. Since AmP is water soluble, the ammonium nitrate work was conducted to develop some sense of the safe concentration limits in an aqueous system for hydrothermolytic destruction. The data obtained point to aqueous ammonium nitrate solutions that can be safely heated at concentrations up to about 12 wt %. AmP was found to be consumed at a rate apparently independent of starting pH. The products mirrored a widely ranging internal oxidation/reduction and included 40%, 15% and 15% of the starting nitrogen recovered respectively as N2, N2O and ammonium ion.


Children's Developing Ability to Create External Representations: Separating What Information is Included From How the Information is Represented Lara M. Triona (firstname.lastname@example.com) & David Klahr (email@example.com) Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA Many areas of education focus on teaching children how to produce specific kinds of external notations. Although most children appreciate the usefulness of creating such representations by their eighth year, their ability to actually create useful external representations is highly variable and task specific until adolescence (Cohen, 1985; Karmiloff- Smith, 1979; Lee & Karmiloff-Smith, 1996; Eskritt & Lee, 2001). This variability could result from children's failure to realize what information needs to be included in a good representation, or it could result from their inability to figure out how to create such a representation, even if they know what to include in it. It is likely that these two difficulties interact such that, when children are deciding on their method of representation, they fail to verify that less salient pieces of information will be included. The current study is a first step in evaluating the contingencies between (1) what information is included, (2) how the information is represented, and (3) children's ability to create useful external representations. We asked first and second grade children to create external representations that could be used by others to replicate a complex sequence of actions in a simple puzzle (Klahr, 1985). Children generated the sequence of moves themselves within a well-defined problem to assure they had sufficient understanding of the action sequence to be represented. The closed structure of the problem made it possible to define what specific information needed to be included in the external representation. In addition, we categorized the method of representation both for the overall organization of the notation and specific for each piece of information. In our analysis, we examined how the adequacy of the external representation (i.e., can another person use the notation to replicate the sequence of actions) relates to what information is included and how the information is represented. Our analysis of children's external representations distinguishes among (a) references to the object to be moved, (b) the location to move the object, and (c) information about order of the moves. In order to categorize the overall organization of children's notations, we coded their notations as either linguistic or figural. The adequacy of representations was evaluated on a seven-point scale, with 1 denoting no relation between the notation and the task and 7 indicating that all information that was required to replicate the sequence was explicitly represented. Of the three types of information included, children were more likely to refer to the objects and locations than to sequential order, F (1, 25) = 21.8, p < .001. This result is consistent with prior findings that suggested children had difficulty including explicit sequence information (Bolger & Karmiloff-Smith, 1991; Lee & Karmiloff-Smith, 1996). Because information about move order was necessary for the notation to be rated as very adequate, the inclusion of sequential information in the notation was related to adequacy, r = .82, p < .001. Similar to Lee & Karmiloff-Smith (1996), notational adequacy was associated with the overall organization of the notations, F (1, 23) = 21.4, p < .001, such that linguistic notations were more adequate than figural notations. The differential inclusion of information about sequence was highly related to notation type, X 2 (N = 24 ) = 12.2, p < .001; all of the linguistic notations included information about sequence while a majority of the figural notations omitted this information. By categorizing the sequential information included as either explicit (i.e., words or numbers) or implicit (i.e., position on page such as top to bottom), we found that sequential information included in the linguistic notations was more likely to be implicit than in figural notations, X 2 (N= 13) = 5.3, p = .02. However, we found an interaction between overall organization and method used to represent sequential information for notational adequacy, F (1, 9) = 10.91, p = .01, showing that figural notations with explicit sequential information did not have as high of an adequacy as linguistic notations. The current study revealed a complex relationship between what information is included, how that information is represented, and notational adequacy. Future research should address why figural notations with explicit sequential information were not as adequate as linguistic notations. References Bolger, F. & Karmiloff-Smith, A., (1990). The development of communicative competence: Are notational systems like language. Archives de Psychologie, 58, 257-273. Cohen, S. R. (1985). The development of constraints on symbol- meaning structure in notation: Evidence from production, interpretation, and forced-choice judgment. Child Development, Eskritt, M. & Lee, K. (2001). "Remember where you last saw that card:" Children's production of external symbols as a memory aid. Developmental Psychology, 38, 254-266. Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1976). Micro- and macro-developmental changes in language acquisition and other representational systems. Cognitive Science, 3, 91-118. Klahr, D. (1985). Solving problems with ambiguous subgoal ordering: Preschoolers' performance. Child Development, 56, Lee, K. & Karmiloff-Smtih, A. (1996). The development of cognitive constraints on notations. Archives de Psychologie, 64,


The effects of fluoroacetate on plant metabolism have not been studied extensively. Experiments were preformed to study the metabolism of 2-/sup 14/C-fluoroacetate in seedlings of Acacia georginae, peanut, castor bean, and Pinto bean. In addition, the synthesis of fluoroacetate from NaF in Acacia georginae was investigated. An attempt was made to develop analytical methods for microgram amounts of fluoroacetate and other fluoro-organic compounds. The evolution of /sup 14/CO/sub 2/ from 2-/sup 14/C-fluoroacetate by Acacia, peanut, castor bean, and Pinto bean suggests that all four plants have the capability of splitting the carbon-fluorine bond in fluoroacetate. Peanuts pretreated with fluoroacetate prior to exposure to fluoroacetate-2-/sup 14/C evolve /sup 14/CO/sub 2/ at a greater rate than peanuts imbibed in water. Peanut and castor bean have similar rates for /sup 14/CO/sub 2/ evolution while that for Acacia is lower.


One of the most amazing features of higher organisms is the ability to recognise and even remember a seemingly infinite number of pathogenic microorganisms and respond specifically to them. In the heart of this response is the interaction between an antigen-presenting cell's MHCII molecule and a regulatory T-cell's TCR molecule, which ensures that only those cells recognising the particular enemy at hand will be activated. Transcriptional control of the MHCII molecules is thus of central importance to the immune system's regulation, and while their expression can be induced in most cell types, there are very few and specific cell types that constitutively express them, thus having a pivotal role in the immune system's regulation. One such cell type is the B-cells, which are of haemopoietic linage, therefore giving rise to suspension cell lines in the laboratory. While usually electroporation is used to transfect cells in suspension, there are particular B-cell lines that are particularly hard to transfect. In order to establish alternative protocols for routine B-cell transfection we tested Metafectene Pro on the more amenable Raji cells, one of the most frequently used B-cell lines.


Publisher Summary Food processing by-products are largely organic in nature and can be potentially utilized for production of valuable products. The seafood industry produces many kinds of by-products. Fish oil and other seafood processing by-products can be used as a source of renewable energy. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical issues concerning utilization of seafood processing by-products as valuable resources for energy production, and reviews the conversion technologies that could be used to convert such materials into bio-fuels in the forms of bio-diesel and bio-gas. Both bio-diesel and bio-gas are renewable bio-fuels. Bio-diesel can be used as a fuel directly or blended with petroleum diesel and used in conventional diesel engines with few or no modifications. Bio-gas can be used as a fuel for internal combustion engines, turbines, or fuel cells for heat and electrical power generation. The amount and characteristics of effluent streams produced at seafood processing plants largely depend on the type of animals being processed, the parts of animals that are left over, and the amount of water added into the by-products as a result of animal handling and plant facility wash-down. Due to the large variability among different seafood by-products, it is recommended that laboratory or pilot trials be performed to determine the bio-diesel or bio-gas yields from actual materials to obtain accurate information for performing the energy production calculations and designing the conversion processes.


[Objective] To investigate the significance of connective tissue growth factor(CTGF)in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis(OSF).[Methods] CTGF mRNA in keratinocyte(KC)of the paraff in embeded tissues of 34 cases OSF,10 normals were determined by the in situ hybridization technique.[Results] There was an expression of CTGF mRNA in KCs of 24 OSFs(70.6%).The positive expression of CTGF mRNA was higher in KCs of early stage OSF than that of middle and advanced stage(P 0.05).There was no expression in that of 10 normal tissues.[Conclusions] KC of OSF tissue may synthesize and release CTGF which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of OSF.CTGF may participate as a mediator in the fibrotic process of OSF.


A linear, high-efficiency mode of operation is described for FET power amplifiers of varying envelope signals (e.g., single-sideband, quadrature-amplitude-modulation, and multicarrier signals). It makes use of FET's having parabolic transfer characteristics (PTC). It is shown theoretically and experimentally that the efficiency of the PTC mode is about 2 dB higher than that of the standard class-A mode. For example, two-tone, 4-GHz measurements on a Western Electric FET model 131-L showed that, for an output power of about 1.5 W and for a relative third-order intermodulation level of -35 dB, the power-added efficiency of the PTC mode was 20 percent, while that of the class-A mode was 13 percent. Comparisons are also made with other high-efficiency modes of operation proposed elsewhere.


Regional agglomeration of producer services industries is the concentrated reflection of the development level and competitiveness.This article calculates the regional agglomeration and fitness degree of producer services industries of 22 provinces by means of location entropy,Theil index and niche assessment model.The results show that Chinese regional agglomeration of producer services industries is typical of regional imbalance;the models of regional agglomeration of producer services industries can be divided into endogenous type and policy embedded type;the whole differences of agglomeration of producer services industries during 2005~2009 present fluctuating type change namely the bigger differences;the suitability of agglomeration of other provinces' producer services industries is lower except for Beijing.


Lyophilized cultures including 559
species 2010 strains of bacteria,actinomy-
cetes,yeasts and filamentous fungi,pro-
tected with skim milk,stored at room
temperature (from about 5 to 36℃) for
41/2—8 years were tested for viability;the
main physological characteristics of some
strains in these cultures were observed
too.Also,some bacteria strains kept at
5℃ and lyophilized prior to November
1957 were examined.
 The lyophil cultures of 32 species 126
strains of bacteria kept at 5℃ for 16
years,103(81.74%) strains were viable.
None of these bacteria species was dead
but individual strains.
 Viabilities of the lyophil cultures
stored at room temperature are as follows:
Of the 84 species 484 strains of bacteria,
180 species 565 strains of actinomycetes,
59 species 459 strains of yeasts and 236
species 502 strains of filamentous fungi
tested,467(96.5%) strains of bacteria,
516(91.33%) strains of actinomycetes,
394(85.83%) strains of yeasts and
439(87.45%) strains of filamentous fungi
were viable.
 Cultures of Rhizobium lupini,Lacto-
bacillus cellobiosus,Streptomyces glauco-
varians,S.noursei,S.pentaticus,S.
prunicolor var.solubilis,Candida pseudo-
tropicalis var.lactosa,G.pulcherrima,
C.utilis,Hansenula rhodonesis,Debaryo-
myces hansenii,Saccharomyces rowrii,
Aspergillus restrictus and Penicillium
digitatum were failed to survive lyophili-
zation by our process.
 Morphology of the viable strains re-
mained constant and was even better pre-
served in some instances in lyophil than
by periodic transfer on agar slants.
 Some physiological characteristics of
17 strains of the lyophil cultures tested,
remained constant.Only one of the two
Escherichia coli strains,showed lower
activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase.
 The results presented show that the
lyophilization,using skim milk as the
suspending medium and to store the
lyophil ampoules at room temperature,
is an available method of preservation,
for most microorganism cultures.


This study examines organizational structural changes within the finance and accounting function following the adoption of a new information system. Many accounting researchers have predicted a changing environment and role for management accountants resulting from competition, regulation, and manufacturing and information technology (see Baker, 1992; Cooper, 1996; Cox, 1992; Drucker, 1990; Elliott, 1992; Epstein, 1993; Ezzamel, 1994; Flamholtz, 1992; Johnson and Kaplan, 1987; Kaplan, 1984, 1986; King et al., 1991; Madden and Holmes, 1991; McNair, 1996; Siegel et al., 1997; Shea and Kleinsorge, 1994; Spicer, 1992; Tyson, 1996; Weaving, 1995). Disagreement exists regarding the nature of the changes, and whether change is actually taking place. Cooper (1996) foresees an increased need for management accounting, but a decreased need for management accountants. He predicts the management accounting function will be decentralized to those on the shop floor. After new management accounting systems are in place, "m uch of the day-to-day management accounting can be transferred to the workforce" (Cooper, 1996: 36). Elliott (1992) also predicts an increased reliance on blue-collar workers as they become knowledge-workers, and a part of the aggregate brainpower of the organization; they are supposed to help figure out how to improve quality, speed production, and contribute to customer satisfaction. The management accounting department may adopt a supportive and monitoring role rather than a more proactive decision-making role, as advocated by Kaplan (1995) and Boer (1995), among others. In a study of the evolving role of management accountants, King et al. (1991) report that "a sea of change" is taking place as management accountants become more proactive in the decision-making process. McNair (1996) disagrees with the premise that management accounting has become more relevant. "In general, we see a desire for change, but little evidence that management accounting has had the courage to let go of its ties to financial accounting and external reporting requirements" (McNair, 1996: 40). According to McNair, there has been much discussion about a changed emphasis in management accounting, but she describes the changes as "old wine in new bottles." Since the early 1980s, numerous research projects have been conducted to gain a better understanding of the management accounting function in organizations (Keating, 1995) and to develop a theoretical basis for management accounting research in the future (Kaplan, 1986). This article seeks to add to that literature by identifying changes taking place in accounting functions as hypothesized by a set of literature-based expectations. The most significant finding of the study is support for flattening the organizational hierarchy and developing a networked organization within the accounting function. The levels of management within the accounting function at one site were reduced from four to two over the course of five years; accountants began reporting to supervisors located at sites worldwide. At the second site, shared services activities were centralized at one location for the North American continent. The centralization resulted in a reduction of accounting function costs from 1.7 percent of sales to 1 percent of sales. Our study reveals that accountants became less involved in many routine tasks of cost accounting and began providing a support role both to plant personnel and to business managers in making strategic decisions. The remainder of the article is divided into four sections. The next section develops three research propositions for fieldwork, based on a review of the accounting, information technology (IT), and organizational change literature. Then we consider research design issues including site selection, field research, and data sources. After this we present the field research findings in relation to our research propositions. The final section discusses conclusions, limitations, and opportunities for future research. …


One of the most consistent recommendations, from both the private and public sectors, for the prevention and management of herbicide-resistant weeds is to rotate herbicides with different sites of action. Therefore, it is imperative that those who make herbicide recommendations and those who apply herbicides know which herbicides have the same or different sites of action. An herbicide's site of action is not obvious from its trade, common, or chemical name, and it is not possible to determine from the label if it has the same site of action as another herbicide.


Design of a high power, high efficiency GaN HEMT based Class F power amplifier with harmonic termination network, operational at 2.1 GHz, has been presented in this paper. Optimum source and load impedances for fundamental tone, 2nd and 3rd harmonics were extracted using load and source pull analysis. Effect of with and without harmonic termination on the performance of class F power amplifier is investigated in term of output power, power added efficiency and drain bias variation. Proposed class F power amplifier is fabricated using RT/Duroid 5870 of 20 mil thickness. Designed structure possess power added efficiency of 72% with high output power of 36.3 dBm. In order to further enhance efficiency of power amplifier, it was operated at lower drain bias current resulting in efficiency enhancement of 6% with no significant change in output power performance.


An st-orientation of a biconnected undirected graph denes a directed graph with no cycles, a single source s and a single sink t. Given an undirected graph G as input, linear-time algorithms have been proposed for computing an st-orientation of G. Such an orientation is useful especially in graph drawing algorithms which use it at their rst stage [23]. Namely, before they process the original undirected graph they receive as input, they transform it into an st-DAG, by computing an st-orientation of it. In this paper we observe that using st-orientations of dierent longest path lengths in various applications can result in dierent solutions, each one having its own merit. Guided by this intuition, we present results concerning applications of proposed algorithms for longest path parameterized st-orientations. Specically, we show how to achieve considerable space savings (e.g., O(n)) for visibility representations of planar graphs by using st-orientations computed by algorithms that can control the length of the longest path. Also, we apply our results to the graph coloring problem, where we use an st-orientation as an intermediate step to compute a good coloring of a graph, and to other problems, such as computing space-ecient orthogonal drawings and longest paths.


Today physical and biological scientists and engine ers have an impressive array of powerful and elegant tools for obtaining qualitative and quantitative information about the composition and structure of matter. The development of these tools began over two centuries ago and the search still continues. As the technology of instrumentation ana lysis has improved with the advent of electronic analytical balances, automated titrators and computer control instruments, the speed, convenience, accura y nd precision of instrumental methods have generally improved. A qua litative method yields information about the atomic or molecular species o r the functional groups that exist in the sample.


The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Good Corporate Governance (GCG) is measured by proxy of Audit Committee on Corporate Value (PBV). This study uses secondary data from the Annual Report and Financial Report of public companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The object of research is on the manufacturing companies listing on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2010-2014. Data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that CSR and GCG (Audit Committee) simultaneously have a significant positive effect on Corporate Value on manufacturing companies listing on Indonesia Stock Exchange in period 2010-2014. Partially only CSR has a significant positive effect on Corporate Value. While the GCG (Audit Committee) partially does not affect the value of the Company in manufacturing companies listing on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2010-2014.


In this paper,ANSYS is used to build the finite element modal for the oil-free double screw compressor rotor in a compa-ny.Then after completing the modal analysis,the first six order natural frequency and mode of vibration can be obtained.It can be seen from the results that the first and the second order critical speed of the rotor is more than the actual working speed,so there won't be resonance.The modal analysis has provided theoretical basis for products design and prioritization scheme.


For an improved reduction of thermally induced wavefront aberrations associated with the projection lens in deep ultraviolet lithography, this article proposes a regularization-based recursive linear estimation strategy for the model parameters of a predictive control scheme. The linearity of estimation is ensured by estimating only the gains of an approximate exponential regression model that effectively describes the spatial cooling behavior, where the time constants are preset to specific values such that the actual exponentials are collectively well described. Owing to its suitability for recursive formulations, the corresponding solution involves the celebrated Tikhonov regularization, with its regularization term additionally consisting of a scaling term that relates to the magnitudes of parameters so that the same regularization parameter can be used at different exposure settings and time moments. Moreover, for a proper tuning of this regularization parameter, the method of generalized cross-validation is adopted. By means of comparative analysis with respect to both synthetic and real data, the treated method is demonstrated to outperform the traditional Kalman filter, as well as nonlinear approaches such as the extended and unscented Kalman filters.


Abstract
Purpose
To implement and assess an intervention designed to promote gender equity and organizational change within STEM departments in two Colleges at a single Research High university. Department climate impacts the retention and success of women faculty.

Methodology/approach
A survey was administered both before and after the department intervention in order to capture departmental change on variables that measure a positive climate for female faculty.

Findings
Across all of the science and engineering departments, levels of Collective Efficacy toward Gender Equity significantly increased while levels of Conflict significantly decreased after the department facilitation. In the science departments, the level of Vicarious Experience of Gender Equity among faculty significantly increased while in the engineering departments levels of faculty Dependence significantly decreased. There was a statistically significant decrease in Optimism about Gender Equity among the science faculty.

Practical implications
Organizational change within universities has been documented as slow and labor intensive. Departmental climate, particularly interactions with colleagues, remains an area wherein women continue to feel excluded. The departmental intervention resulted in measurable improvements in key aspects of climate critical to women's success (e.g., reductions in conflict and dependence; increases in collective efficacy) as well as more realistic view of the effort needed to attain gender equity (decrease in Optimism).


Summary form only given. The ability to ensure that the integrity of a facility is protected and maintained is directly related to the ability to manage change. There is much at stake here; the North Slope oil fields account for 16% of the nations oil production and are the largest oil production fields in North America. The continued production, the continued renewal of licenses to operate, as well as the opportunity to continue exploration will depend on how well changes are managed at the facilities.The purpose of this study is to examine, from a systems perspective, the current management of change (MoC) process in effect on the North Slope. From this work we recommend an information architecture for facilitating the MoC process, suggest how it can improve the work that is being done and why a web based system is the approach to take. As the oil production fields continue to change and expand the tools being used to facilitate this process must also change and improve. It is the hope of this study to suggest just such an improvement.


Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy in which pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often work in collaboration with physicians, nurse practitioners and other healthcare professionals. The Clinical Pharmacist Stating explicitly that the clinical pharmacist cares for patients in all health care settings emphasizes two points: that clinical pharmacists provide care to their patients and that this practice can occur in any practice setting. The clinical pharmacist's application of evidence and evolving sciences points out that clinical pharmacy is a scientifically rooted discipline the application of legal, ethical, social, cultural, and economic principles serves to remind us that clinical pharmacy practice also takes into account societal factors that extend beyond science.


The first and seventh authors, Kyoung Hee Cho and Eun-Cheol Park, should not have been listed as contributing equally to this work. The second and third authors, Young Sam Kim and Chung Mo Nam, should also not have been listed as contributing equally to this work. article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


This paper demonstrated the pathological substrate for the previously demonstrated reduction in presynaptic markers for acetylcholine neurones in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, which may have their origins in the nucleus bursallis of Meyneart (nbM). The paper described the anatomy of the human forebrain, locating the nbM in the substantia innominata, the site of acetylcholinesterase and choline-acetyltransferase activity. It was known that large nbM neurones project to the cerebral cortex with similar neurones in the diagonal band of Broca and medial septum projecting into the hippocampus. The authors had presented the year before, the ®nding that a 90% less of neurones in the nbM in a patient with familial Alzheimer's disease and the current paper presents ®ve patients with Alzheimer's disease and ®ve normal control subjects. The brains were obtained from the medical examiner's oce on the basis of a history typical of Alzheimer's disease, presence of Alzheimer's disease pathology and the availability of histological sections containing the majority of the nbM. Three methods of assessment were usedÐcell counts, cell loss and the number of neurones in a prede®ned maximum density area. Correlations between raters were excellent (between 0.92 and 0.95). Signi®cant di€erences were found in all three measures of cell numbers:


OBJECTIVE
Isolation and structural elucidation of the constituents of China mangrove Sonneratia apetala.

METHOD
chromatography methods were used for isolation of compounds, spectroscopic methods were used for structural identifyication.

RESULT
seven known compounds named (+/-) symgaresinol, betulinic acid, lupeol, lupeone, stigmast-5-ene-3beta, 7alpha-diol, beta-alpha myrin hexadecaneate, physcoion were isolated.

CONCLUSION
these known compouns were unreported previously from this plant.


Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is one of the most common acute conditions seen in pediatric dermatology practice. Most infections are limited and resolve


This study examines the influence of antecedents on cross-cultural competence and cross-cultural adjustment as well as the mediating role of cross-cultural competence for the influence of cultural adaptability on cross-cultural adjustment and expatriate performance. The partial least squares structural equation modeling technique was adopted to analyze the data from a survey of 240 expatriates working in Taiwan. The results confirm the positive effect of emotional intelligence and cultural adaptability on cross-cultural competence and of emotional intelligence and cross-cultural competence on cross-cultural adjustment. Moreover, the findings reveal a highly valuable milestone insight into the role of cross-cultural competence regarding their competency to foster the indirect influence of cultural adaptability on cross-cultural adjustment and expatriate performance in culturally diverse settings. Given that previous research has rarely identified the mediating role of cross-cultural competence in improving cross-cultural adjustment and expatriate performance, these findings could be highly beneficial for academics to conduct further validation and professional human resource managers in recruiting and managing expatriates.


The fermentation of wine is a complex microbiological process which requires yeast adaptation to stress conditions. In the cellular environment of aerobic organisms naturally reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs as by-products of mitochondrial respiration. The higher reactivity of these chemical species could cause molecular damages that in several cases induce cellular death. In common physiological conditions or as response to oxidative stress, the cell can generate adapted responses which involve antioxidants mechanisms as glutathione reductase (GR; EC 184.108.40.206) and catalase T (CAT T; EC 18.104.22.168) and A (CAT A; EC 184.108.40.206) enzymes. Vanadium, a heavy metal present in several pesticides could generate ROS changing the intracellular redox state and cause deleterious effects in yeasts exposed to higher levels of this element. The main objective of this work was to compare the effects of ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3), a pentavalent salt of vanadium on cellular viability and GR, CAT T and CAT A activities of wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae UE-ME3 and Saccharomyces chevalieri UE-ME1. The results obtained show that S. chevalieri UE-ME1 has lower tolerance to NH4VO3 than S. cerevisiae UE-ME3, since S. chevalieri cultures do not survive to concentration values of ammonium metavanadate higher than 7,5 mM, whereas S. cerevisiae cells are still viable in the presence of 75 mM. S. chevalieri has an enzymatic activity lower than S. cerevisiae, although for both yeast species NH4VO3 could behave as oxidative stress inductor, causing a significant decrease of GR activity (P<0,01) and a significant increase of CAT A activity (P<0,01). The results show also an increase of CAT T activity in both yeast species, which can be interpreted as a protective response to oxidative stress. Differences on response to amonium metavanadate by both species of Saccharomyces could be partially justified by more efficient antioxidant systems in S. cerevisiae UE-ME3.


[Correctionaddedon2July2021, after first onlinepublication:Conflict of Interest statementhasbeenadded.] Abstract 1. Pine wilt disease, caused by pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; abbreviated 'PWN'), is a damaging and globally distributed insect-vectored forest pathogen. Native forest tree mortality associated with PWN is newly reported from the Front Range of Colorado, but there is no regional information on PWN frequency or biology of local insect vectors, limitingmanagement options. 2. A sampling array was established to survey PWN in native pines (Pinus ponderosa) and longhorn beetles (Monochamus clamator andM. scutellatus) over 2 years and across natural and urban forest landscapes. We developed flight phenology models and evaluated effects of landscape factors on vector abundance and probability of infection. 3. Flight phenologywas similar for vectors;Monochamus flight initiated inmid-July and continued into October for both species. We report the first M. clamator–PWN association in the United States. PWN was distributed in the region at rates lower than reported from its putative native range: 3.6 and 4.2% of sampled pines and beetles, respectively, tested positive for PWN.Many host treeswere outwardly asymptomatic; infection frequency in tree populations varied considerably and four epicentres of vector infectivity were identified. 4. Epicentres varied in timing of anomalous infective vector frequency – some epicentres had high abundances of infected beetles early in the growing season whereas others had high abundances of infected beetles late in the growing season, though PWN-positive beetles were captured at all sites.Monochamus populations were found primarily in natural forest stands but migrated to urban areas late in the growing season. The only landscape factor positively correlated with abundances of both Monochamus species was distance to previous wildfire. 5. PWNepicentres in the southernRockyMountains exhibit specific temporalwindows of vector activity that differ from proximal sites. Urban forests, where the disease was initially observed in the region, do not support vector populations. Our results suggest that natural forest landscapes in the region are important reservoirs of PWN, and vector populations are especially abundant near burned stands. Collectively, our findings


One of the main priorities of the modern healthcare system is the transportation of pharmaceutical products. The drug supply chain consists of many participants. These are drug manufacturers, intermediary organizations, and end users. The biggest problems associated with this transportation are temperature monitoring and the quality of the offered products. This is because many drugs and vaccines remain viable within a certain temperature range. As soon as the temperature regime during transportation is violated, the quality of the medicine decreases sharply. In this article, the author proposes the use of Blockchain technology to solve these problems and focuses on improving the transportation process. In his opinion, a decentralized system based on Blockchain technology is the best technological solution. In addition, the author is developing a concept for the application of Blockchain technologies to create a functioning medical ecosystem.


This paper presents the design and demonstration of circularly-polarized transmit-arrays operating in the 60-GHz band. These arrays have a fairly simple structure with three metal layers and are fabricated with a standard printed-circuit board technology. The simulation method is based on an electromagnetic model of the focal source and the unit-cells, associated to an analytical modeling of the full structure. The experimental results in V-band are in very good agreement with the simulations and demonstrate very satisfactory characteristics. Power efficiencies up to 60% are reached with a −1 dB gain-bandwidth up to 7%, and low cross-polarization level.


In the end, landscape turned out to be a concept almost entirely devoid of content. At worst a bad painting, at best a settled area, a stretch of native soil, in which the cooperative farmers' movement could mobilise support, or which it could protect, using arguments drawn from the cultural history of land cultivation. And then, gradually, but also instantaneously, the term passed through a developing tank, and out came a landscape that both unified and signified. At the end of the twentieth century the notion of landscape checked the divides that had deepened between tradition and modernity, among scientific specialities and among spatial practices. But it did so without the anti-modernism that in earlier periods had restrained the passion for landscape.