The carbohydrate containing monomer 3-O-(2'-hydroxy-3'- methacryloyloxypropyl)-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-a -D-glucofuranose was easily prepared from D-glucose and methacrylic acid in 4 steps. The structure of the new methacrylic monomer was confirmed using FTIR, NMR (including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, HMQC and HMBC), and HPLC-MS. This work is part of our group's effort to obtain new polymers based on renewable resources with enhanced biodegradability and biocompatibility.


* Corresponding author. Department of G University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M United States. Tel.: þ1 559 278 4857; fax: þ1 559 email@example.com, email@example.com (M.B suggests that while organic wastes is still the largest c uncovered was an indication of urbanization in Tulsi that Tulsipur adopt composting with a high degree o items, use dirt and construction debris as a road fillin will ensure that only residual wastes are deposited in


Abstract This paper describes the use of a floating production system and subsea wells to produce a small oil field located in 295 feet of water, Natuna Sea, Indonesia. The Kepiting Field system uses two subsea wells connected by flexible flowlines to a spread moored barge. The barge is capable of processing 10,000 barrels oil per day (BOPD), flaring 10 million standard cubic feet natural gas per day (MMCFPD), and storing 53,000 barrels of high pour point oil. Oil is transferred by a small shuttle tanker to a nearby single point moored storage/exporting tanker. A unique system is employed for wireline work into the two subsea wells. This system is comprised of permanent steel tubular risers connected to the subsea trees and tensioned by buoys positioned 50 feet below the sea surface. To permit wireline entry, a buoy is deployed with integral riser extending to the surface and is connected to the surface tension buoy. The wireline unit is stationed on a workboat, spread moored to buoys which provide stationkeeping of the workboat relative to the wellheads. The performance of the floating production system and wireline well entry system is discussed.


Developmental time, consumption rate and fecundity of Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans were studied on different stages (eggs, immatures and adults) of Tetranychus cucurbitacearum (Sayed) at laboratory conditions, 32±2°C and 50±10% R.H. Data analysis revealed a significant effect among different stages except for incubation period at both sexes. Life cycle of female was longer than of male. Duration of female was 28.7, 20.4 and 23.4 days and 17.79, 18.15 and 20.9 days for male when fed on the three preys, respectively. The adult longevity of female showed longer duration (52.4 days) when fed on eggs than male (18.9 days) fed on the same prey. The number of prey consumed and the fecundity were significantly lower when fed on T. cucurbitacearum ( immatures and adults) compared to eggs of the same prey. Data provide fundamental information for understanding the effect of different prey on development of C. malaccensis.


Aiming at the large cage vibrates up and down when it loads and heavily loads,this paper designs a kind of cage-stabilizing device,which takes PLC as the control core,and is used to dynamically absorb and smoothly release energies generated from the cage vibration and to reduce the dynamic loads of wire ropes during this course. Besides,the paper analyzes its working principle and displays the schematic diagram of the hydraulic system and the working flow. The system has the compact structure and strong practicability,and is convenient to install and debug.


BACKGROUND
GPs have the potential to increase population levels of activity and thus produce important health gains.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS
The aim of this questionnaire survey was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practice of GPs towards promoting regular physical activity and to assess the likely impact of GPs on population levels of physical activity.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
A high response rate to the questionnaire was obtained and the results suggest that GPs have a good level of knowledge of the health benefits of regular physical activity and the levels required to achieve these, but do not promote activity in a way that will have an impact on the population level.


We analyse the internationalisation of ICT R&D in Asia and compare it with the other world regions. Despite the strong linkages between Japan, the US and the EU, Asia seems to be very attractive as a location for R&D activities. It is also striking how the role of Japan as a partner of other Asian countries decreased mainly in favour of the US. At the aggregate level, there are strong differences in R&D internationalisation across regions. This might indicate that each region follows a different R&D internationalisation path. Alternatively, it might also be a sign of unequal capabilities of "going global". In this respect, the US offers an interesting example of a region which benefit from the process of internationalisation of inventive activity not only through building research collaborations with foreign inventors, but also through successfully capturing innovations developed by foreign researchers.


This paper presents a fuzzy logic-based approach to control the number of active tollbooths in order to ensure desired Level of Service (LoS) with minimum of expenses. Input variables for proposed controller are: current queue length and current queue length change in two consecutive time steps. Controller output is the value that determines the type of change (increase, decrease or no change) of the active tollbooths number. A quality criterion for tollbooth plaza capacity control is proposed regarding the desired LoS defined with minimal and maximal waiting time constraints. Proposed criterion is used to evaluate the implemented fuzzy logic controller. For testing of the fuzzy logic controller, a stochastic queuing theory model is implemented as a Matlab/Simulink simulation model. Usability of implemented model and controller is also examined for system behavior prediction by using estimated values of traffic flow density. In order to provide relevant simulation results, real traffic flow data are used, including real toll payment time constants.


Submitted for the DAMOP11 Meeting of The American Physical Society Fast Quantum Gates Using Dynamical and Geometrical Phase1 VLADIMIR MALINOVSKY, ARL, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783, PATRICK HAWKINS, SVETLANA MALINOVSKAYA, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030 — We propose and analyze an experimentally feasible scheme to design universal set of quantum gates utilizing dynamical and geometrical phases accumulated by a qubit during the excitation. Our scheme provides a possibility to employ strong femtosecond pulses while keeping all advantages of the Rabi solution regime. We design fast quantum gates (picosecond time scale) by choosing proper parameters of the chirped pulses as a way to control nonadiabatic coupling and to satisfy the adiabaticity conditions. We also demonstrate a possibility to control the dynamical and geometrical phases by controlling the relative phase between excitation pulses applied in the Raman configuration. Proposed Hadamard and phase-shift gates allow us to construct a universal set of single qubit gates by controlling the effective pulse area, relative phase and two-photon detuning. Implementation of a controlled-NOT gate based on the proposed excitation scheme is also discussed. 1The authors acknowledge a partial financial support from DARPA HR0011-09-10008 and NSF PHY-0855391. Vladimir Malinovsky ARL, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783 Date submitted: 03 Feb 2011 Electronic form version 1.4


Except for the ode titled Des beautez qu'il voudroit en S'Amie printed on the verso of page 79 of Jacques Peletier's (1517–1582) Oeuvres poetiques (Peletier, 1547), the very first book published by French poet Pierre de Ronsard (1524–1585) was an epithalam (Ronsard, 1549). Forty-six years later, the first printing of Edmund Spenser's (1552–1599) Epithalamion appeared (Spenser, 1595), and it was rightly regarded as a landmark in Elizabethan literature. What do these books have in common? Firstly, and by a strange coincidence, these two bibliographical treasures are exactly of the same and utmost rarity: only fives copies of each one are known to be extant (Maggs and Maggs, 1926, p. 298; O'More, 1989, no. 71, respectively). Secondly, they both include the term "epithalam" in their title (in French and in Greek, respectively), a term which of course reminds all neuroscientists of epithalamus. But the latter won't be the subject of this column. The word "epithalam" was coined in 1536 to describe a poem or a song written to celebrate a marriage (Bloch and Wartburg, 2002, p. 229). Let's get back to our two examples mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Ronsard's epithalam was addressed to Antoine de Bourbon (1518–1562) and Jeanne d'Albret (1528–1572) who got married on October 20, 1548 and were soon to be parents of future King Henri IV. As for Spencer's epithalam, it seems to have been written in celebration of his own marriage to Elizabeth Boyle in 1594 (Drabble, 1996, p. 327). It is therefore about poetry that we are about to write. Versification was quite usual in scientific literature of the past centuries (Schmidt, 1938), especially in morphological sciences (Vallant, n.d.; Gerberon, 1629; Quarré, 1638; Bimet, 1664; Brion, 1668; Spon, 1685; Abeille, 1685, 1689; Artance, 1846) and in the popular medical encyclopedias known as Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum (Le Long, 1637; Du Four de la Crespelière, 1671; Pougens, 1825; Meaux Saint Marc, 1861). Neurosciences, of course, did not escape this trend. In 1776, the surgeon and lexicographer Allouel gave an example of a poem (though its alexandrines should not be described as a masterpiece!) aimed at helping students to memorize the ten cranial nerves that were acknowledged at that time (Allouel, 1776, p. 94) :


We report the controlled synthesis of polyethylene (PE) via catalyzed chain growth (CCG) carrying a cationic end-group. CCG and subsequent iodine treatment give rise to both low dispersed PE and a ...


Abstract The diameter of a packed exponential connections (PEC) network on N nodes is shown to be Θ([formula] × [formula]).4 A routing algorithm which can route between any two nodes in O([formula] × [formula]) steps is shown. A methodology to find a set of links to be used by a shortest path from node 1 to node N − 1 is derived. We also show that semigroup operations can be performed in O([formula] × [formula]) parallel steps.


The study sought understanding of the range of media environments within which current European television systems operate. The data included 20 media indicators and characteristics from 16 television systems in Western Europe originally gathered by the Group of European Audience Researchers (GEAR) in 1985. Indicators included TV reach, newspaper penetration, VCR penetration, daily radio listening, population size and the like. Three country clusters were identified utilizing Q factor analysis. Factor I was composed of Finland, Norway, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Ireland and Portugal — the least populated countries of Europe. Factor II clustered the large and dominant countries, including United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France and Spain. Factor III clustered Dutch-speaking Belgium, French-speaking Belgium and the Netherlands. The differences between the country factors were analysed by examining the media indicators and population characteristics for each group.


The utility model provides an anti-oxidation copper-based bonding wire, which consists of a copper wire and a gold layer coated outside the copper wire, wherein the diameter of the copper wire is between 0.02 millimeter and 0.075 millimeter; the thickness of the electroplated gold layer is between 0.1 micron and 0.5 micron; and the gold layer is electroplated outside the copper wire. The preparation process of a product mainly comprises smelting, drawing, cleaning, gold-plating, annealing, winding, packaging and the like. The anti-oxidation copper-based bonding wire has the advantages of high oxidation resistance, high electrical conductivity, low radian, low hardness and low price, adopts an ordinary package, can be stored at normal temperature for a long time, and can meet the development requirements of low electronic packaging cost, high performance, multiple functions and the like.


Intact retinal function provides the visual guidance component for visual motor performance tasks. Laser induced damage to the retina can degrade visual motor performance by limiting the normal retinal input to the motor system for visual motor guidance. Unlike tasks that are based strictly on the availability of normal visual function, visual motor performance may provide a lesser degree of diagnostic evidence of laser induced visual dysfunction in the presence of significant retinal damage. In order to more exactly track the extent of laser induced retinal damage, we have incorporated measurements of spectral sensitivity derived from a Non-Human Primate (NHP) visual pursuit motor tracking task and derived cone spectral sensitivity functions with peaks consistent with NHP cone photoreceptor spectral sensitivity functions. The reciprocal threshold energy levels for each of nine spectral points in the visible spectrum were determined and energy normalized with respect to the maximum energy. Pre-exposure spectral sensitivity functions revealed spectral peaks in regions comparable to the trichromatic cone photoreceptor system peaks. Post exposure spectral sensitivity measurements at exposure levels 2 log units below the retinal damage threshold revealed transient changes in the shape of the peaks in the post exposure spectral sensitivity that persisted up to 4 weeks post exposure. These effects are linked with transient retinal cone dysfunction and possibly with long term neural adaptive mechanisms.


Although the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib has the obvious efficacy on breakpoint cluster region-Abelson(Bcr-Abl) leukemia.However,clinical application is limited due to its drug-resistance.As the second generation Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor,bafetinb has a bright prospect in before and after clinical research.


Breast cancer is one of the second leading causes of cancerdeath in women. Despite the fact that cancer is preventable and curable in primary stages, the huge number of patients are diagnosed with cancer very late. Conventional methods of detecting and diagnosing cancer mainly depend on skilled physicians, with the help of medical imaging, to detect certain symptoms that usually appear in the later stages of cancer [1]. The objective of this paper is to find the smallest subset of features that can ensure highly accurate classification of breast cancer as either benign or malignant. Then a comparative study on different cancer classification approaches viz. Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine and Ensemble classifiers is conducted where the time complexity of each of the classifier is also measured. Here, Naïve Bayes classifier is concluded as the best classifier with lowest time complexity as compared to the other two classifiers.


Human life can be summarized as an ongoing search for self-identity. Individual identity is essential for incorporation in peer groups because human beings are social animals and in order to survive, we need to be part of a bigger society. For these reasons, human cultures have created visual markers that belong to these marked bodies since prehistoric times that tell stories of the self and of communities. Maybe this search for visual markers was the reason why people began scarring, piercing and tattooing their bodies first. The tattooing culture extended its function to suit a broad variety of purposes as civilizations became more complicated and varied. Tattooing transcended from being solely semantic to serving spiritual and aesthetic aims. Tattoos have been used over time as markers that denote passage rites, social rank symbols and birth status, spiritual and religious iconography, battle and hunting achievement insignia, fertility display and sexual virility, love and luck protective talismans, and much more. However, everything about tattooing was not related to significance or creativity. Tattooing was also used violently as a form of marking possession to mark criminals, slaves, outcasts, and minorities. This paper will highlight the use, importance, belief about the tattooing among the Baiga tribe. It will focus on how Tattoo plays a role of communication among Baiga's.


There are two aspects of development that may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia: a) the presence of non-specific factors, presumably genetic (developmental instability), and b) any insult experienced during development. The insults that are associated to critical periods of brain development are likely to be associated with the development of schizophrenia. The fact that genetically identical twins can be discordant for schizophrenia suggests a non genetic mechanism or a mechanism involving an interaction of genotype and environment. Differential exposure to such early risk factors may contribute to twin discordance for psychotic disorder. The hypothesis that viruses cause schizophrenia and other neurological disorders was proposed in the 19th century and it is still accepted as one of the most common associations.1 In many studies, influenza infection and fever, particularly during the second trimester, have been implicated as factors in the development of the condition.2,3 However, recent studies have shown no evidence of direct invasion of the foetus by the influenza virus.4 PCR experiment found no evidence for mRNA for three H1N1 viral genes in the placenta or in the brains of exposed offspring. In nearly all studies of prenatal influenza and schizophrenia, the presence of the exposure was based solely on whether an individual was in gestation at the time of an influenza epidemic, with no confirmation of maternal influenza infection during pregnancy.


New ammonite faunas have been found in two Alpine units for which no precise biostratigraphic information was previously available. These Early Jurassic (Sinemurian - Pliensbachian) ammonites come from the Lower Austroalpine Err and Middle Penninic Tasna nappes. They allow to precise dating of these two units during Alpine rifting. The new records also complete the information on the ammonite pattern distributions throughout the Alpine range.


In the analysis of soil–pile interaction under lateral load, the behaviour of soil around a pile is an important parameter which has a great influence on the results. In this paper the three-dimensional deformation pattern of soil around laterally loaded piles was studied on small-scale physical models in the laboratory using the particle image velocimetry method. In each step of loading two digital cameras were used to capture the deformed piles and soil, one above and the other on the side. One of the cameras was placed vertically in front of the test box and the other horizontally on top of it. Image processing was undertaken to evaluate the three-dimensional behaviour of deformed soil. Particle image velocimetry analysis was undertaken to obtain the displacement. The deformation pattern and shear strains of soil around laterally loaded single pile and pile groups were studied. The effects of pile length, stiffness and diameter on the soil deformation pattern were investigated. The group effect and int...


I‐III‐VI2 semiconductor nanocrystals have been explored in countless optoelectronics and green energy applications. While indium‐based compounds are arguably the best‐known variants of these semiconductors and have been widely studied for their photophysical properties, other I‐III‐VI2 semiconductors are emerging as serious competitors. This review focuses on the current state of the art and recent progress made in the research and technology of one of the most promising competitors to indium‐based I‐III‐VI2 semiconductor nanocrystals, CuFeS2 nanocrystals. CuFeS2 is a promising alternative to indium‐based systems, mostly because many properties are competitive and because iron is much more abundant than indium. Replacing In(III) with Fe(III) would thus significantly alleviate the issue of raw material availability. The article highlights new synthesis approaches and summarizes and discusses advanced optical properties including surface plasmon resonance and luminescence properties. Moreover, potential applications in thermoelectric, photodetection, photothermal, and photovoltaics are illustrated and discussed. Finally, future perspectives for materials development, upscaling, and application in new processes and devices, such as self‐assembly, patterning, or plasmonic catalysis, are presented as well.


We present experimental results on the high power operation of light activated silicon junction switches, mounted on a low impedance transmission line structure and which are activated by a Nd:YAG laser to operate in the linear regime. We have operated the switch repetitively at a power level of 118 MW, with a pulse rise time of 32 psec. Two switches have been demonstrated operating coherently in parallel and several switches have operated in series to generate a multi- cycle microwave waveform. The switch has also opened 6.4 kA in 4 ns by sweeping out the photogenerated carriers. Many of these experimental results are records for this class of switch. Taken together, these results demonstrate the superiority and flexibility of the light activated silicon junction switch technology can be employed in pulsed power systems and microwave sources e.g., in electronic warfare, radar and communications.


With the deepening of college Chinese teaching, Chinese in colleges has become an important carrier of traditional culture education, playing a significant role in traditional culture education. However, the present condition of combination between college Chinese with traditional culture education is not optimistic. Therefore, in order to enrich related study, this paper focuses on the penetration of deep national culture. 1. Modern Value and Basic


"Sampler" documents the best graphic design from the contemporary music scene, one of the principal arenas of experimental graphic design. Designers working in music packaging have a freedom rarely found elsewhere: they are the shock troops of modern graphic design. Presenting work produced by the most innovatory of designers, this volume shows how the record industry frequently acts as a conduit for radical visual experimentation. In addition to recent CD covers from leading record labels, the book shows packaging that rarely travels beyond the confines of the record industry: the deluxe promo formats intended only for radio stations, journalists and the music industry elite; the limited edition hyper-fan-only formats; and the Japanese versions. It argues that the 12-inch vinyl record is far from dead. In contrast to the diminished space of the five-inch CD cover, the large canvas of the 12-inch record sleeve remains an outlet for visual experimentation. Alternatives to the ubiquitous perspex CD case are shown, including work of cult labels who produce mini-LP sleeves stuffed with posters and lavishly designed inserts.


The purpose of research was to investigate students' attitudes towards natural science in Muaro Jambi, Indonesia. The attitude of the students studied was represented by three indicators, namely the attitude towards the investigation in the Natural Sciences, the adoption of a scientific attitude, and a career interest in the science field. The research was a survey research. The instruments in this study were attitude questionnaires and interview sheets. Data analysis techniques for attitude questionnaires used descriptive statistics while for analyzing interview data using the Miles and Huberman model.The study found students' good attitudes towards natural science subjects.


This paper presents a current driver with a novel high voltage (HV) switch schematic for the use as a protective switch for recording circuits during the stimulation sequence. The current driver can source and sink currents of amplitudes up to ±8.2 mA with HV tolerance from 30 V up to 120 V. The mismatch between the sourced and sinked current does not exceed 20 μA. The inter pulse current is no more than 60 pA. The output HV compliance depends on the HV supply voltage with maximum value of the 120 V. The proposed HV switch also tolerates the voltage difference up to 120V between its terminals. The chip was fabricated with AMS HV 0.35 μm CMOS technology.


Contents: Preface 1. The Future of Automated Freight Transport: An Overview Rob Konings, Hugo Priemus and Peter Nijkamp Part I: Automated Freight Transport: Concepts and Perspectives 2. Road Transport Automation: Current Projects Steven Shladover 3. Improved Quality of Rail Freight Service by Using Self-Propelled Freight Wagons Jurgen Siegmann and Sven Heidmeier 4. Opportunities for Automated Inland Navigation Alexander Lutz and Ernst-Dieter Gilles 5. Developments in Underground Freight Transportation Ben-Jaap Pielage and Joan Rijsenbrij 6. Road-Rail Hybrid Transport: A New Modality for the Rhine-Schelde Delta Area Joop Evers 7. Automated Vehicle Control Petros Ioannou and Arnab Bose 8. Automated Traffic Control for Freight Transport Michiel Minderhoud and Ingo Hansen 9. Infrastructure and Traffic Flow Issues: Requirements and Implications Masoud Tabibi Part II: Automated Freight Transport: Design and Evaluation Tools 10. Supporting the Design of Automated Transport Systems Using Innovative Simulation Corne Versteegt and Alexander Verbraeck 11. Multi-Agent Systems for Planning and Operational Management Andre Bos, Mathijs de Weerdt and Cees Witteveen 12. Evaluation of Automated Freight Transport Systems Joy Dahlgren Part III: Automated Freight Transport: Implementation Issues 13. Financing and Deploying Automated Freight Systems David Levinson and Xi Zou 14. Safety, a Strategic Aspect in Transport Systems Design John Stoop 15. Integration of Automated and Manned Freight Transport Arjan van Binsbergen 16. The Role of Government in Introducing Automated Freight Transport Systems Matthias Weber and Claus Seibt Index


Trust is a vital element of human relations. It is a kind of social glue that is equally important for interpersonal as for intergroup relations. At the societal level it has been considered as a part of social capital that enables society to be functional, prosperous, and relatively stable. Because of its social significance violation of trust is one of major transgression in human relations. When it happens in the context of intergroup conflict and massive violence, the consequences of broken intergroup trust shape the post-conflict intergroup dynamics with a profound and long-lasting influence. We conducted the research on intergroup trust in post-conflict community of the city of Vukovar, Croatia, where 1991-1995 war has left a distressing legacy of enormous material destruction, massive traumatization and deep disruption of formerly amicable and interconnected social relations between two major ethnic groups – Croats and Serbs. The processes of social recovery have been very slow with only minor improvements of intergroup relations and social trust. The aim of the present study is to disentangle some of determinants of (postconflict) intergroup trust in this highly divided community. We analyzed sociodemographics, identity variables, intergroup emotions and personal and collective victimization in an adult sample of 333 Croats and Serbs. Results showed that ethnic identity was fairly strong predictor, while intergroups emotions, especially those negative, proved to be the strongest determinants of intergroup (mis)trust. Somewhat surprisingly, personal victimization was only of a marginal significance while perception of collective victimhood appeared to be of a minor relevance. Implications of the findings for trust-building in post-conflict settings will be discussed by emphasizing the role of identity and in-group closure and especially the long-lasting strong intergroup emotional reactions after the conflict.


The objective of this article is to verify if the fiscal incentive had impact on the generation of employment in the municipalities that have the lowest IDH indices of the state of Maranhão. To this end, the study analyzes the development of employment generation during the granting of the fiscal incentive in Maranhão through the Meso-regions between 2010 and 2016. The specific objectives are: to identify the criteria established for granting the fiscal incentive; compare the number of jobs generated with the number of companies that benefited from the tax incentive; to verify the evolution of the jobs generated in each mesoregion and to know the economic activities that generate more jobs in the state. The problem of this research is: what are the impacts of fiscal incentives on employment generation in municipalities with the lowest IDH indices in Maranhão. It considers the methodology of this study, a field research, but of quantitative-descriptive character. Among the results, it was identified that the fiscal incentive had no impact on job creation in the Meso-regions that have the lowest IDH indices in the state of Maranhão between 2010 and 2016.


The authors seek the best possible performance of the Rayleigh task in which one must decide whether a perceived object is a pair of Gaussian-blurred points or a blurred line. Two Bayesian reconstruction algorithms are used, the first based on a Gaussian prior-probability distribution with a nonnegativity constraint and the second based on an entropic prior. In both cases, the reconstructions that maximize the posterior probability are found. The authors compare the performance of the Rayleigh task obtained with two decision variables, the logarithm of the posterior probability ratio, and the change in the mean-squared deviation from the reconstruction. The evaluation method is based on the results of a numerical testing procedure in which the stated discrimination task is carried out on reconstructions of a randomly generated sequence of images. The ability to perform the Rayleigh task is summarized in terms of a discrimination index that is derived from the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The use of the posterior probability does not result in better performance of the Rayleigh task than the mean-squared deviation from the reconstruction.<<ETX>>


Background: With bupivacaine, intrathecal opioids are widely used in spinal anaesthesia for LSCS. We wanted to study the effects of intrathecal opioids on maternal parameters. Methods: With 20 patients in each group, the study was done in 40 patients posted for LSCS. One group received only bupivacaine and another group received intrathecal fentanyl and bupivacaine. Maternal parameters related to sensory block, motor block and analgesia were recorded. Results: Intrathecal fentanyl prolonged analgesia and reduced the duration of motor blockade. Conclusions: Fentanyl is a good adjuvant for intrathecal bupivacaine in LSCS.


Layered bimetallic gold-palladium colloids in the size range of 20–56 nm have been synthesized by the seed=growth method: gold seeds were covered by palladium layers of various thickness and vice versa. The outer metal was coordinated by trisulfonated triphenylphosphine and sodium sulfanilate ligands to stabilize the bimetallic particles to such an extent that they could be isolated in the solid state. Owing to the hydrophilic ligand shell, redispersion in water was possible in any concentration. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used to characterized the colloids. Stabilized and nonstabilized gold-palladium and palladium-gold systems on a TiO2 support were used as heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of hex-2-yne to cis-hex-2-ene. Both the palladium-plated gold seeds and the gold-plated palladium particles showed considerably increased activities compared with the pure metals. The ligand shell seems not to influence the catalytic behavior because protected and unprotected colloids behave very similarly.


Citation: Hopper, G. W., & Tobler, M. (2016). Patterns of trophic resource use and individual specialization in two species of darters (Etheostoma: Percidae). Evolutionary Ecology Research, 17(1), 53-73. Retrieved from ://WOS:000384803400004


In order to clarify the effect of cycling frequency on the fatigue life of solder, strain controlled fully reversed torsional fatigue tests were carried out on thin-walled cylinder type 60Sn-40Pb solder specimens under six strain cycling frequencies of 0.001, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.5 and 1.0Hz at 303K. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows:(1) As a general strength trend of the solder, the lower was the strain cycling frequency the shorter was the fatigue life. But, the solder showed an opposite strength trend in the inelastic strain range exceeding about 1.4%, presumably depending on the creep effect.(2) Two different expressions were constructed to evaluate the fatigue life of the solder under relatively high cycling frequencies over 0.03Hz, and under all cycling frequencies (0.001-1.0Hz), respectively. The expression for the former case was constructed on the basis of the Coffin's frequency modified fatigue life estimation method. And the expression for the latter case was a general one constructed by using the strain-range partitioning approach and linear cumulative damage concept to take account of the superposed effect of both plastic and creep deformations. The fatigue lives estimated by the above two expressions coincided well with the corresponding experimental results.


Practice teaching is the key to the construction of apppication-oriented universities.This article proposed that a relatively independent practice teaching system be constructed.It also tackles some practice-related teaching reform.It proclaims that practice teaching system should be taken as the core in designing theoretical teaching system when constructing a newly-approved, application-orientated 4-year based university.


Intertidal flats and salt marshes can protect hinterland against wave energy and flooding by tides or storm surges. Thus, the development of tidal flats is important to foresee. The presence of specific small scale features could indicate a certain development and large scale morphological shape. The shape is a predictor for development and it is expected to influence small scale feature formation. Tidal flat management could benefit from technological process, e.g. in drones, if these indicators can be used. Hence, the aim of this research is to find indicators and gather sufficient knowledge to make them applicable. The main research question is: "Can small scale morphological features on estuarine tidal flats be used as indicators for large scale morphological shape and development?". The main question contains two aspects. The first facet is whether the small scale morphological features are indicators for large scale morphological shape and development. It focuses on detecting indicators. The second part is about gathering knowledge to properly use the indicators. It is investigated which mechanisms explain the found indicator roles of the small scale morphological features. The focus is on the identification of the mechanisms. Two sub-questions can be extracted from the above: 1. Are the small scale morphological features on estuarine tidal flats indicators for large scale morphological shape and development? 2. Which mechanisms explain the found indicator roles of small scale morphological features? Indicators are detected with the analysis of aerial photographs and elevation measurements at transects in the Eastern and Western Scheldt. New and already in literature known features are identified and classified in this process. The mechanism that form and erase the small scale morphological features and their dependence on large scale morphological shape are investigated to explain the found indicators. The mechanisms are determined in various ways: Two 1D models are created, a field campaign is conducted, (subsequent) aerial photographs are looked into, elevation measurements are analyzed in detail and literature research is done. Small scale morphological features on estuarine tidal flats can be used as indicators in the Western Scheldt. This research detects and explains features that indicate large scale morphological shape, development, hydrodynamic conditions and ecological activity of an area. However, the applicability of the indicators in other systems should be proven by extending this research to other situations. A specific sequence of small scale morphological feature categories between salt marsh and waterfront, a build-up, has been identified as indicator for convex large scale morphological shape and indirectly for accreting behavior. All the features in the build-up are indicators on their own. Megaripples, seen within build-up, indicate (future) convex profiles. Furthermore, all of the features indicate a certain relative height and slope when they are seen within the build-up. These individual indicator roles are clarified by elaborating on the hydrodynamic conditions that form and erase the features. Therefore, the prevailing conditions can also be determined with the indicators.


Ischemic Stroke is a condition whereby the blood supply to the brain is disrupted or reduced due to a blockage and if it is not treated immediately will cause the death of the brain. A decrease in blood flow resulting in dead brain tissue can be called an infarction. The classifications of infarction help the health sector in detecting ischemic stroke in patients. In medicine, CT scans can be used to identify Infarctions and for detecting Ischemic Stroke in patients. Therefore, studying the CT scans is crucial in helping doctors obtain functional information about the surrounding brain tissues which will be used for detecting infarction in the brain. Since it is important to pay more attention at the time of choosing the best method that gives the best results, therefore this study proposes to compare between two types of methods, Gaussian Support Vector Machine (Gaussian SVM) and Cubic Support Vector Machine (Cubic SVM). The Cubic SVM could be an efficient method for infarction classification with accurate performances as high as 80%.


Accurate assessment of severity and risk of secondary infections of influenza A (H1N1) is undoubtedly the key critical process when making decisions about antiviral and antibiotic therapy.Secondary infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae,Streptococcus A,C and G group,Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus are likely to be the important causes of morbidity and mortality.The article considered the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) and the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),and put forward the potentially useful antibiotic regimens for bacterial infections in influenza A (H1N1) and seasonal influenza.


In this paper, author discussed the relationship between campus culture and training talents, as well as the function of the University Library in cultivating the campus culture. Library is the important base for cultivating campus culture, which is also a media for transferring information. Library is necessary for students to be trained as knowledgeable, competent and creative talents.


Humpty, an enthusiastic football fan, is sued for gate-crashing a local football match. He was seen by Alice sneaking through the fence. Alice's visual identification ability is tested and shown to be accurate in nine times out of ten. This case seems straightforward and finding Humpty liable seems intuitively right. In another football match, Hatter, another enthusiastic football fan, is also sued for gate-crashing. This time, the only evidence available is that just one hundred tickets had been sold whilst yet a thousand spectators were counted. Hatter being sued for gate-crashing is based on the fact that nine out of ten spectators gate-crashed. Surprisingly, this case is relatively straightforward too: finding Hatter liable based on this statistical evidence seems intuitively wrong. It is surprising because in both cases, at least prima facie, the risk of error is similar. In both cases, there is a one in ten chance that finding liability would be mistaken. A common intuitive response to the gate-crasher paradox is that the statistical evidence does not prove anything about the particular individual. Whilst this explanation may have an intuitive appeal, it merely serves as a starting point because it immediately begs the question as to why the statistical evidence fails. Fortunately, some writers have tried to develop this intuition into a more detailed and elucidated account. In particular, Zuckerman has argued that imposing liability based on such statistical evidence is a form of corporate liability, which contradicts the commitment of the legal system to an individualised justice. Wasserman, on the other hand, has suggested that using statistical evidence fails to respect the individuality and autonomy of the litigant because it treats the individual as a predetermined mechanism rather than an autonomous individual who is capable of determining his own conduct. Whilst each account suggests a slightly different answer, both put the individual at the centre of their explanations (either through the individualised justice or the individual's autonomy). This paper critically examines whether these individuality accounts could serve as an explanation for this paradox and a justification for restricting the usage of statistical evidence in some circumstances. I will argue that, whilst the individuality accounts have promising potential to provide such explanation and justification, they also suffer from several substantial deficiencies that need to be overcome before this potential is realised. This paper therefore lays the requirements and perhaps the foundations for a comprehensive answer.


The vast proliferation of Electronic Information Resources (EIR) has number of significant impacts on the use of print resources. This study describes the results of questionnaire based survey which was conducted to investigate the usage of EIR by postgraduate students of the University of Peradeniya. The study revealed that the majority (77%) of respondents had used EIR. The majority of postgraduate students use EIR for writing reports and users learned to use EIR by 'self learning' and by trial-anderror. The reading preferences and the use of print and electronic resources varied among users of Postgraduate Institutes/Faculty. Users were not satisfied with the electronic information services offered by the libraries and they strongly believed that currently available EIR were not properly utilized due to the difficulties/problems. Possible suggestions are upgrade facilities to use EIR, subscribe more EIR, and give more publicity to improve the electronic information services at the libraries. Journal of the University Librarians Association, Sri Lanka, Vol. 16, Issue 1, January 2012, Page 46-69 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jula.v16i1.5197


The problem of vibrations cause the collapse of the systems and cause significant economic losses if not avoided. For this reason, the researchers have dealt with this issue in all years, but the problem is not over. In this paper will highlight the problem of controlling the vibrations resulting from fluid flow inside the pipes, in addition to the study of reducing the vibrations of these pipes. The ideal control is designed based on, the state space theory and according to the linear behavior of time, because the stability of the pipes are found from linear change. Different factors were studied on the controller's performance and then the optimal factors were obtained to obtain the best performance. The research included the study of the response and the natural frequency and the study of the dynamic behavior of different types of stabilization of the pipes in the presence with no hydraulic damping (active control) and monitoring the response and stability of each case of stabilization. Where, the control investigation include using the analytical solution of general equation of motion for pipe by using state space technique. There, the parameters studied for active control pipe vibration included the effect of hydraulic damper position, base width of hydraulic damper, damping, and the flow Pressure, on the pipe vibration response, with various pipe boundary conditions supported. Copyright © 2019 International Energy and Environment Foundation All rights reserved.


Introduction: Adiantum capillus (AC) Linn (Family: Adiantaceae) commonly known as "Hansraj" It is used in common cold, cough, pyrexia inflammation, acts as purgative. It improves digestion and renal function. Objective: To investigate the hepato-defensive potential of A. capillus in contradiction of carbon tetrachloride tempted hepatic damage in rats. Methods: The rodents were dosed with 50% ethanolic extract of A. capillus (dose 100, 200, and 300mg/kg. p.o.) against CCl4 induced hepatic damage. Results: CCl4 elevated the level of hepatic markers like SOPT, SGPT, bilirubin and ALP as well as altered the antioxidant enzymes. The level of hepatic biomarkers, as well as antioxidant enzyme, were recovered after the administration of at 100, 200 and 300mg/kg, p.o. among all the doses 300 mg/kg showed the better hepatoprotective potential which was further confirmed by the histopathological. Conclusion: The 50% ethanolic extract of A. capillus (ACE) recover the biochemical as well as antioxidant parameters, which were affected by CCl4. The histopathological analysis supports the outcomes of antioxidants parameters.


This study aims to find out the first, the effectiveness of SAVI learning approach in mathematics learning of students of Muhamadiyah Merauke. The second, the effectiveness of contextual approach used in mathematics learning viewed from mathematics learning achievement of students of SMP Muhammadiyah Merauke. And the third, the comparison of effectiveness between SAVI learning approach and contextual method viewed from of learning achievement in mathematics. This research is an experimental research and the design used pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this research is grade VIII B students of SMP Muhammadiyah Merauke selected by cluster random sampling technique. The technique of data collection was  test and the  instrument  was learning achievement test. The testing of first and second hypothesis used  paired sample of z-test while the third hypothesis testing was done using independent sample of z-test. Based on the analysis of the first hypothesis data, it was obtained, which means thatis rejected and is accepted. This means that the SAVI learning approach is effectively used in learning in terms of students' mathematics learning achievements. Analysis of the second hypothesis data, it was obtained, which means that is rejected and is accepted. This means that the contextual learning approach is effectively used in learning in terms of students' mathematics learning achievements. Then the third hypothesis data, the comparison of mean of posttest data was obtained, which means thatis rejected andis accepted. This means that the SAVI learning approach is more effective than contextual learning approaches in terms of students' mathematics learning achievement.


The water-extractable protein and the cold-insoluble fraction prepared from defatted soybean meals were fractionated by the method of gel nitration with Sephadex G-200, resulting in higher purification of the 11S protein and in isolation of the 2S and 7S proteins. Attempts to remove the 7S or 15S contaminant from the 11S protein fraction were successful through the chromatography of calcium phosphate gel. N-terminal analysis of the purified 11S protein allowed deduction that there are three kinds of N-terminal amino acids in it; glycine, phenylalanine, and leucine or isoleucine.


This research is a case study exploring the relationship between the promotion system and job satisfaction among federal civil servants in federal departments and agencies in Malaysia. The samples involved in this study are government officers serving in federal departments and agencies in the state of Sabah, Malaysia.  A quantitative method was used in this study. A total of 700 questionnaires were distributed among federal civil servants in grades 41 to grades 54. A total of 420 questionnaires were returned but after screening only 380 questionnaires were found useable and analysed in the study. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents based on purposive sampling methods. A significant positive relationship was found between the promotion system and job satisfaction. This study will contribute knowledge through the empirical data obtained as well as gaining a better understanding of the relationship between the promotion system and the level of job satisfaction among federal public servants in Malaysia. From a practical perspective, the findings of this study can be used by policy makers, managers and researchers who are interested in improving the policy of human resource management within the public sector in Malaysia.


Backup data is an important task,there are many methods and backup software.This paper introduced the concrete method of Carries on the data synchronization backup using cwRsync between windows.


Following injury to the airway epithelium, rapid regeneration of a functional epithelium is necessary in order to restore the epithelial barrier integrity. In the perspective of airway gene/cell therapy, we analyzed the capacity of human airway epithelial cells cultured as three‐dimensional (3‐D) spheroid structures to be efficiently transduced on long term by a pseudotyped lentiviral vector. The capacity of the 3‐D spheroid structures to repopulate a denuded tracheal basement membrane and regenerate a well‐differentiated airway epithelium was also analyzed.


Bibliographic and visualization tools can be used to reveal information from a massive amount of literature data. A bibliographic search of original articles published in English in the Web of Science Core Collection (2013–2022) using the terms extracellular matrix (ECM), cell mechanics, and nuclear mechanics. We conducted a bibliometric analysis upon which we reviewed their focus, summarized present research, and identified trends in academic research using the Bibliometrix package in R Software and CiteSpace software. In this study, we examined the current state of collaborative research on the regulatory role of ECM biophysical signals in cell and nuclear mechanics. We also examined the top 20 authors to gauge their influence. An analysis of dual maps was also used to reveal the connections among several disciplines. Moreover, the historical direct citation network revealed how the content of such research changed over time. Furthermore, disciplinary burst analysis has highlighted the evolution of ECM biophysical signals in cell and nuclear mechanics studies over the past few years, while keyword density visualization has been used to pinpoint research hotspots. Researchers can utilize these results as a guide to explore topics or concentrate on a particular area of study.


High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a new class of materials consisting of at least five elements in equiatomic or near-equiatomic ratio. HEAs are subjected to various types of surface treatment to improve their properties. One of the most promising methods of surface hardening is electron beam processing. This study aims to examine the structure, elemental, and phase composition of the AlCrFeCoNi HEA surface layer after the deposition of a (B + Cr) film and irradiation with a pulsed electron beam. HEA samples of non-equiatomic composition (33.4 Al; 8.3 Cr; 17.1 Fe; 5.4 Co; 35.7 Ni, at. %), fabricated by wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), were used as study objects. Modification of the HEA surface layer was carried out by a complex method combining deposition of (B + Cr) film samples on the surface and irradiation with a pulsed electron beam in an argon medium. The mode of modification was identified. It makes it possible to increase microhardness (almost two times) and wear resistance (more than five times), reduce the friction coefficient of the HEA surface layer by 1.3 times due to the decrease in the average grain size, formation of particles of borides and oxyborides of complex elemental composition, the introduction of boron atoms into the crystal lattice of HEA.


117 soil samples, collected at depths of0.0-0.25 m (surface horizon) and 1.0 ± 0.05 m (deep horizon), on the Aguas Zarcas quadrangle, seale 1 :50,000, and 44 samples derived from 8 soil profiles, were analyzed for variables: pH, P, K, Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg and Al. The analytical data were processed in an IBM 360/40 computer at the Centro de Informatica, Universidad de Costa Rica. A di r ect relationship was found b e tw ee n the K, Ca, P, Mg and Cu p e doch e mical patt e rns of the sur f ac e horizon and slightly lo none r e garding pH, Al, Mn, Zn and Fe. Relationship b etween horizons as well as b e tw e en elements was fo und only in connection with th e Ca and Mg patterns. Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn and Mn show low pedochemical patterns or lower in concentration than the corresponding critical levels, which should be studied in detail because of possible agronomical defficiences. The concentration ofthe Al, mostly lower than the "optimum level" ( < 0.3 meq) suggests a relatively low toxicity incidence in the vegetation. Soils developed on the Aguacate and Buenavista formations tend to show a gradual decrease in deptll in K, Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn and Mn. The pH and the remaining elements: Ca, P, Mg and Al, show a rather irregular behavior. P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe and Mn, tend to display a generally higher concentration in soils originated on the Buenavista Formation, in contrast with the Aguacate Formation, which conversely lend lo show a higher content of Cu and Zn. The tendency of part of the studied elements to concentrate in the surface horizon is evident and is apparently the inverse of the general behavior of the chemical elements in tropical latosols, possibly due too the intense influence of chemical weathering on the minerals constituting the soils that simultaneonsly impoverish these and enrich the solution.


DBC coenzyme was then prepared by a modification of the procedures of Johnson et al. (4) from 2',3'-isopropylidene 5'-tosyladenosine-5'-3H and was purified by carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, paper electrophoresis (0.5 M NHbOH), and paper chromatography in two solvent systems. The yield, based on isopropylidene adenosinealdehyde, was low (5 yO). However, no attempt was made to maximize the yield. Although the synthetic method used establishes the location of the tritium in the DBC coenzyme, the following two experiments were done to verify the location of the tritium. (a) The coenzyme was photolyzed under anaerobic conditions (5). All of the radioactivity was recovered in the resulting cyclic nucleoside. This establishes the presence of tritium in the adenosyl moiety of the coenzyme. (b) The coenzyme was then photolyzed aerobically (6). Aerobic photolysis led to the liberation of 50% of the tritium into the solvent water. The resulting adenosine-5'-aldehyde was isolated by paper chromatography and contained tritium. Loss of tritium during aerobic photolysis confirms the presence of tritium at C-5' of the adenosyl moiety. Transfer of tritium from the synthetically prepared DBC coenzyme to the reaction product was established by the following experiment: 9.3 X low3 pmole of tritiated DBC coenzyme (7.2 X lo4 cpm) was added to 192 units of enzyme and 10 pmoles of KaP04 in a total volume of 0.80 ml. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath, and 0.2 ml of 0.036 M 1,2-propanediol was added with rapid mixing. The reaction mixture was then brought to 37". After 5 min, the reaction was stopped by the addition of 2 ml of 2% 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 3 N HzS04. Propionaldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone was isolated and purified as described (1); it contained 7.6 X 104 cpm. Therefore, quantitative transfer of tritium occurs from C-5' of the adenosyl moiety of DBC coenzyme to the reaction product. In a control experiment, tritium-containing DBC coenzyme was incubated with propionaldehyde without enzyme under the conditions of the enzymatic reaction. Propionaldehyde 2,4dinitrophenylhydrasone was isolated and contained 0.35 x lo4 cpm. These results suggest that the hydrogen transfer that occurs during the conversion of 1,2-propanediol to propionaldehyde is a two-step process. One step involves the transfer of hydrogen from C-l of the substrate to C-5' of the adenosyl moiety of DBC coenzyme, and the second involves transfer of hydrogen from the same position in the coenzyme to C-2 of the substrate. Either one of these processes cpuld occur first, or both could occur simultaneously. During the course of the over-all reaction, the carbon-cobalt bond of the coenzyme must be so modified that either the 2 hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon, which is bonded to cobalt, are equivalent or can become equivalent. A possible way in which the 2 hydrogens can be-


Sinclair Lewis, the first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, has become something of an enigma in the American literary canon. Almost completely forgotten until recently, he appears to be having something of a literary renaissance. A gradual increase in critical and biographical output and the recognition of his influence on the work of Philip Roth and other American writers has seen his profile rise in academic circles. Lewis was a prolific writer from the beginning of the twentieth century until his death in 1951. However, it was his oeuvre of the 1920s that showed him at his literary peak. Like fellow Minnesotan F. Scott Fitzgerald, Lewis captured and recorded the huge cultural shifts taking place in the turbulent 1920s. His novels document and satirise the commercialisation and commodification of society and culture in post-war America. Lewis recognised that post-war America represented the facets of modernity – commerce, capital and technology. His novels attempt to deal with the question of surviving in a protean modern world that was the antithesis of pre-war society. Lewis and his protagonists attempt to discover a solution to the problem of surviving the modern condition. From Main Street (1920) to Dodsworth (1929) Lewis modified and developed ideologies for the individual that ranged from nonconformity and isolation to autonomous structures. This article attempts to


We provide explicit formulas for the Green function of an elliptic PDE in the infinite strip and the half-plane. They are expressed in elementary and special functions. Proofs of uniqueness and existence are also given.


We here at Spock Mountain Research Labs (SMRL - world
leaders in beverage research and leisure technology) have
been noting some complaints about a few of the last
Spocktails recipes we've released to the general public.
Some complaints received to barfback and pigdog-l
have centered around the opinion that no one in their right
minds would make the drink in question much less consume
it.


At the beginning of the XXI century the term military‐technical revolution (MTR) was increasingly used. The article presents its philosophical analysis and the history of its appearance, gives main features of revolutions, substantiates their number relying on analytical research in the field of hilosophy of society and in the field of philosophy of war, both domestic and foreign experts. The connection between revolution and technical and technological structure of society, on the one hand, and changes in the nature of modern warfare, terms and scale of the development of hostilities, on the other, is shown. Proceeding from traditional philosophical thoughts on philosophy of technology, author focused on transformations characteristic of modern warfare, the importance of ontological and anthropological factors in modern military affairs. Author relies on a wide illustrative material that made it possible to show changes in the sixth military‐technical revolution. As an example (a kind of Case study method), author examines nature of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles and robotic military systems in modern warfare. Based on specific material, author proves that the character of modern warfare is hybrid in nature, but hybridity itself is heterogeneous in nature. The latter made it possible to assert the existence of a transitional period between the sixth and the seventh military‐technical revolutions.


This review examines how family businesses manage family-related conflicts that occur at three interfaces: family-business, family-ownership, and family-business-ownership. We find that work-family conflicts, conflicts of interest, and relationship conflicts are prevalent family-related conflicts. Four conflict management strategies are frequently used to deal with these conflicts: vacillation, domination, separation, and third-party intervention. The popularity of these strategies is influenced by some unique characteristics of family businesses, such as high emotional attachment among family members. By integrating insights from the broader conflict research, paradox and dialectic studies, we develop a research agenda targeted at better connecting family-related conflicts to conflict management strategies.


The utility model discloses an intelligent solar photovoltaic power supply system. The system comprises a solar cell panel utilizing solar energy for power generation, a controller used for controlling the charging and discharging of a photovoltaic power supply, an inverter used for DC/AC conversion, and a storage battery used for storing the power. The intelligent solar photovoltaic power supply system is advantaged in that the system is capable of effectively utilizing the solar energy and having a dynamic charging and discharging management function, i.e., the system can store surplus electric energy in the storage battery when a load is smaller than output power of a solar assembly and utilize the storage battery as a supplement power supply to satisfy the need of the load when the load is greater than the output power of the solar assembly; and the system has a solar assembly maximum power point tracking function, a storage battery protection function, a storage battery balance control function, and other intelligent management functions, and utilizes a lithium battery so as to reduce environmental pollution.


Colleges cannot ensure a rapid and sound development without reform and innovation.Only with continuous innovation can breakthroughs be made about the restriction of ideology,system and mechanism on school scientific development.Therefore,under the guidance of scientific outlook on development,this paper analyzes and discusses the concept of"strive for survival on the basis of characteristics,promote development through innovation".


Introduction
 The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has become of increasing interest in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), in particular due to the recent success of checkpoint inhibitors (CI) as part of therapeutic strategies. The mechanism of these agents action in HL, however, remains elusive. Some studies have shown that cytotoxic T-lymphocytes may not be responsible for clinical efficacy, and that tumor-associated macrophages may also be targeted by these agents. We recently described a positive association between increasing proportion of CD38/HLA-DR co-positive lymphocyte in affected nodal tissue and clinical outcome in children with HL. We developed an in vitro model to further evaluate our findings, in this study.
 Methods
 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from healthy volunteers were used to generate effector cytoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), natural killer (NK) and CD4 positive T (CD4+T) cells by incubating with IL-15 and IL-2. Both a short-term (4-day) incubation and a longer incubation was used to generate lymphocytes with low-level and higher CD38/HLA-DR co-positive cells, respectively. CD3/CD8 co-positive CTL, NK (CD56-positive/CD3-negative) and CD4-positive T cells were isolated using MACS system. In addition to CD38/HLA-DR expression, isolated cells were evaluated for expression of CD279 (PD-1) and CD274 (PDL-1) by flow cytometry. Two HL cell lines, HDLM-2 (nodular sclerosis HL) and KMH-2 (mixed cellular HL) were used as targets in effector cell-mediated cytotoxicity experiments. Cells were incubated at various effector:target ratios, and HL cell death was measured with a flow cytometric cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. The resuts were corrected for alloreactive cell elimination. Blocking antibodies against PD-1 and PDL-1 were used for cytoxicity experiments, using CTL and CD4-positive T cells as effector cells, as well.
 Results
 Higher CD38/HLA-DR co-expression was seen in CTL after longer incubation (day 11) with IL-2 and IL-15, while peak expression was reached earlier in NK cells (day 4). Both CTL and NK cells demonstrate cytotoxicity against HDLM-2 and KMH-2 cell lines. Cytotoxicity was increased, as evidenced by lower (lethal unit 20%) LU20 effector:target ratio levels, at day 11 of incubation (compared to day 5) for CTL for both cell lines: 0.5 (day 5) vs 0.29 (day 11) for KMH-2 (p=0.02) and 1.1 (day 5) vs. 0.4 (day 11) for HDLM-2 (p=0.15) cells. There was no difference between cytotoxicity with CTL compared to NK cells for either cell line at day 11.
 CTL, NK cells, and CD4-positive T cells all expressed both PD-1 and PDL-1, with no difference between cell types in percent positivity or mean channel intensity after cytokine incubation. PD-1 expression increased with incubation time in CTL, peaking at 50.5% on day 10, as opposed to NK cells, where it peaked at day 5-7. The co-expression of CD38/HLA-DR was higher in CTL compared to CD4-positive T cells (79% vs. 37% at day 7). PD-1 blockade did not inhibit CTL or CD4-positive T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in either cell line. This was also the case after PDL-1 blockade on tumor cells, indicating PD-1/PDL-1 pathway-independent HL cell elimination by CD38/HLA-DR co-positive CTL and CD4-positive T cells.
 Discussion
 Our results indicate that higher CD38/HLA-DR co-expression in CTL was associated with superior elimination of HL cells in vitro supporting our recent in vivo findings. Induced co-expression of CD38/HLA-DR was higher in CTL compared with NK cells and reached a peak level earlier in NK cells. Increasing expression of PD-1 and PDL-1 was observed for all three effectors cells with longer incubation time. Interestingly, there was no change in CTL or CD4-positive T cell-mediated cytoxicity of HL cells following PD-1 and PDL-1 blockade in vitro. In conclusion, both CTL and NK cells are effective against HL cells. The anti-tumor activity of CTL correlated with increasing levels of CD38/HLA-DR expression in our experimental model. Cytotoxicity was enhanced despite increased expression of PD-1, and, therefore, appears to be independent of the PD-1/PDL-1 pathway, suggesting involvement of other operational mechanisms. This model could be useful in further elucidating the interactions between immune effectors and HL cells.

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Infiltration of water into two soils measured at radial distances from the stems of paloverde (Cercidium microphyllum) and creosote bush (Larrea tndentata) were found to average nearly three times greater under plants than in the openings. Bulk density was lower and organic matter content was higher in topsoil under plants than in the openings.


The most complete experience of freedom, for Hannah Arendt, represents the sine qua non of human life, and resides in action, in the ability to act that gets actualized in actions and speeches. That is why totalitarianism, characterized by servile work and concentration camps, the total denial and destruction of the human faculty of freedom, is the manifestation of "evil" in the world, an unprecedented evil in the history of the humanity.


Several studies on spiders report that when faced with high levels of prey encounter, individuals appear to kill more than they are able to consume. This behavior, variously referred to as wasteful killing, overkill, or superfluous killing, may have important implications for biological pest control and the development of predator-prey models of population growth. The existence of superfluous killing has been challenged on the grounds that the hypothesis has not been subjected to quantitative study and that it predicts a behavior that is maladaptive. This study tested for superfluous killing by five species of web-building spiders having divergent web types. In lab and field tests, 25 spiders of each species were presented with sequential prey items until they ceased to capture prey. A measure of the mass of prey captured was then compared with the average mass of prey consumed by spiders fed to satiation in the lab (optimal consumption). Lab tests were more useful than those conducted in the field because of the inability to obtain accurate weights of both the spiders tested and prey encountered in field trials. For each species investigated, mean mass captured was significantly greater than the mean optimal consumption level for that species. In four of the five species, some proportion of the individuals tested actively captured far more prey than they were able to consume. The results indicate that superfluous killing is likely to occur when flushes in prey numbers are encountered. Also tested was one possible adaptive explanation for superfluous killing: that spiders can more easily extract nutrients from many partially consumed prey items than from one fully consumed item. This explanation was found to be plausible in only one of the species tested.


Genotype and weather conditions play crucial roles in determining the volume and stability of a soybean yield. The aim of this study was to identify the key meteorological factors affecting the harvest date (model M_HARV) and yield of the soybean variety Augusta (model M_YIELD) using a neural network sensitivity analysis. The dates of the start of flowering and maturity, the yield data, the average daily temperatures and precipitation were collected, and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficients were calculated during a fifteen-year study (2005–2020 growing seasons). During the experiment, highly variable weather conditions occurred, strongly modifying the course of phenological phases in soybean and the achieved seed yield of Augusta cultivar. The harvesting of mature soybean seeds took place between 131 and 156 days after sowing, while the harvested yield ranged from 0.6 t·ha−1 to 2.6 t·ha−1. The sensitivity analysis of the MLP neural network made it possible to identify the factors which had the greatest impact on the tested dependent variables among all the analyzed factors. It was revealed that the variables assigned ranks 1 and 2 in the sensitivity analysis of the neural network forming the M_HARV model were total rainfall in the first decade of June and the first decade of August. The variables with the highest impact on the Augusta soybean seed yield (model M_YIELD) were the mean daily air temperature in the second decade of May and the Seljaninov coefficient values calculated for the sowing–flowering date period.


. Presented probable variant of stage transition of abiogenesis from the atmosphere into the hydrosphere - the transition of abiogenic organics from planetary autoclave of near-surface oxygen-free atmosphere into hydrosphere of a cooling planet and development of abiogenesis in the hydrosphere before its completion with the emergence of protocells. Herewith, the hydrocarbon droplets of atmospheric aerosol - the main sources of energy of formation of organic matter in the primitive atmosphere, when dissolved in an turbulent aqueous medium transformed into vesicles - centres of development of primitive energy metabolism and flowing homeostasis, inherited from drops. Interaction of viral world, which appeared in the atmospheric period of abiogenesis, with the world of lipid vesicles ensured the development in them of mechanisms initially anaerobic and then aerobic external and internal energy metabolism. Herewith an important role in the metabolism of vesicles played the selection compounds by type of symmetry. This selection narrowed the range of compounds involved in the internal metabolism of vesicles and provide optimal occurrence of appropriate mechanisms of developments of nascent cellular world


Abstract Aims and objectives To systematically identify, appraise and synthesise patients', residents' and nurses' experiences of fundamental nursing care for nutrition, elimination, mobility and hygiene. Background The evidence base for effective nursing behaviours to assist people with their fundamental care needs is sparse, hampering the development of effective interventions. Synthesising data on patients' and nurses' experiences of fundamentals of nursing care could contribute to the development of such an intervention. Methods Systematic review and synthesis of qualitative data from qualitative studies on patients' and nurses' experiences of fundamental nursing care behaviours addressing peoples' nutrition, elimination, mobility and hygiene needs. We appraised study quality and relevance and used a narrative approach to data synthesis, fulfilling PRISMA criteria (Appendix S2). Results We identified 22,374 papers, and 47 met our inclusion criteria. Most papers were of low quality. Sixteen papers met our quality and relevance criteria and were included for synthesis. Papers were about nutrition (2) elimination (2), mobility (5), hygiene (5) and multiple care areas (2). We found nurses and patients report that fundamental nursing care practices involve strong leadership, collaborative partnerships with patients and cohesive organisational practices aligned to nursing care objectives and actions. Conclusions To improve fundamental care and interventions suitable for testing may require attention to leadership, patient–nurse relationships and organisational coherence plus the fundamentals of care nursing interventions themselves. Relevance to clinical practice More rigorous mixed methods research about fundamental nursing care is needed to inform nursing practice and improve patient's experience. Nursing interventions should include effective nurse leadership and nurse–patient collaboration and a focus on fundamental care by the host organisation.


Polycarboxylate terpolymer superplasticizer MAPEG-HEA-SMAS was synthesized by copolymerization with esterification intermediate(MAPEG),hydroxyethyl acrylate(HEA) and sodium methallyl sulfonate(SMAS) as the main raw materials.The influence of molar ratio of monomer,dosage of initiator,reaction temperature and reaction time on the copolymerization was investigated.The structure was characterized by means of IR.The relative molecule mass and its distribution of the superplasticizer is measured by GPC,and the microstructure of cement is characterized by means of SEM.The results show that when the molar ratio of MAPEG to HEA to SMAS is 1.0∶ 1.5∶ 1.0,the polymerization reaction temperature is 88 ℃,the polymerization reaction time is 7.5 h,the dosage of initiator is 3.5% of total monomer mass and the relative molecule of PEG mass is 1 000,the superplasticizer would exhibit good performance.The original fluidity of cement grout can reach 308 mm with 0.45% mass content of this superplasticizer(mass fraction).GPC shows that the mean molecular weight Mn and polydispersity Mw/Mn of the superplasticizer are 7 752 and 2.091 respectively.SEM shows that the superplasticizer can reduce the amount of macropores of cement and that the crystals grow denser.


Objective :To study the mentel health of the third grade students in private middle school.To estimate the noble's children's adaptability in social,family and colony. Methods:376 middle school students.male 200 students,female 176 students.They are all come from the third grade of pivate middle school. Results: As to symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90),the private school's students's gloomy、terror, enforce and anxiety are higher than the baseline ( P 0.01). The difference is notable. Conclusion: The (SCL-90) adapts to the assessment of private school's graduation.


Introduces concepts that optimize image compression ratio by utilizing the information about a signal's properties and their uses. This additional information about the image is used to achieve further gains in image compression. The techniques developed in this work are on the ubiquitous JPEG still image compression standard [IS094] for compression of continuous tone grayscale and color images. This paper is based on a region based variable quantization JPEG software codec that was developed tested and compared with other image compression techniques. The application, named JPEGTool, has a graphical user interface (GUI) and runs under Microsoft Windows (R) 95. This paper discusses briefly the standard JPEG implementation and software extensions to the standard. region selection techniques and algorithms that complement variable quantization techniques are presented in addition to a brief discussion on the theory and implementation of variable quantization schemes. The paper includes a presentation of generalized criteria for image compression performance and specific results obtained with JPEGTool.


A comparison of two commercially available motion capture systems for gait analysis : high end vs low-cost. In 23rd Congress of the Interna-Notice: Changes introduced as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing and formatting may not be reflected in this document. For a definitive version of this work, please refer to the published source: INTRODUCTION In 1999 Richards [1] compared the accuracy of commercially available motion capture systems commonly used in biomechanics. Richards identified that in static tests the optical motion capture systems generally produced RMS errors of less than 1.0 mm. During dynamic tests, the RMS error increased to up to 4.2 mm in some systems.


Numerous investigations in recent years have been concerned with feeding blood-sucking arthropods through animal membranes. Tarshis (1958a, 1958b) reviewed the pertinent literature in this field and described a successful technique applicable to feeding Ornithodoros species. Whether or not all species of argasids will feed through membranes remains to be tested. Also, ixodids and other arthropods which require several days of feeding on a host animal have not been fed successfully by using the membrane technique. The use of laboratory animals as hosts for blood-sucking arthropods still remains a time-proven method. Most colonization methods used in the past involved laborious animal work and host-feeding apparatus. At the same time, such methods did not provide exact data on the age of different stages of ticks. For these reasons, modifications and changes of rearing techniques were necessary in order to obtain ticks of known age for tests of insecticide toxicity. This paper describes some improved techniques which are relatively inexpensive and convenient to the time schedule of the scientific worker. Minimum time for life cycles of ticks reared under laboratory conditions are presented.


Desalination of sea water through thermal and membrane based techniques and production of hydrogen through low temperature water electrolysis at facilities co-located with nuclear power plants are two areas identified for deploying co-generation projects in India in the near term. Nuclear desalination meets the requirements of clean drinking water in and around the nuclear facility, as well as to the in-house demand for high purity water for steam generation and other processes like hydrogen generation, coupled to it. Nuclear assisted hydrogen production also provides means to generate and distribute clean hydrogen which is envisaged as an important component of the decarbonized energy system of the near future. Currently the technologies for indigenous design, manufacture and quality assurance of desalination and medium scale compact water electrolysis plants are commensurate with the 220 MW(e) PHWRs presently operating in India. This work provides an overview of the research, development and deployment work carried out in these two areas in India, analyses the applicability of the IAEA Milestones Approach to nuclear cogeneration projects and discusses the problems and prospects of setting up and integrating more such facilities all over the country.


In the wake of increasing globalization over the past fifty years, international criminal law has transformed from a toothless shadow into a concrete reality; the International Criminal Court is the most recent and impressive institutional accomplishment. Unfortunately, international criminal law has enjoyed this progress on the heels of increasingly horrific international crimes. International adjudicatory institutions have taken many forms and the sentences they deliver have varied widely.2 In Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law, Mark Drumbl reviews the strides made in international criminal law from the Nuremberg trials through present-day trials, particularly those related to the crimes committed in Rwanda and Yugoslavia.3 In doing so, Drumbl offers one of the most comprehensive assessments of the role of punishment in international criminal law. In this Review, I detail Drumbl' s primary themes and acknowledge the book's numerous and notable contributions to the field of international criminal law. I then argue that a natural extension of Drumbl 's theory of cosmopolitan pluralism is the use of religious institutions as vehicles of rehabilitation and restoration for communities fractured by mass atrocity.


Basic agreement on scientific and technical cooperation between the government of the united mexican states and the revolutionary government of the republic of cuba. Havana, 26 september 1974 [united nations, treaty series, vol. 1364, i-23021.]


Prescriptive approaches place the nonprofit board of directors at the hierarchical pinnacle of the organization's management structure. Empirical research finds this view incomplete at best. The results of an attribution study indicate that nonprofit chief executives are perceived as centrally responsible for outcomes. Given such centrality, what skills differentiate executives who are regarded as especially effective from others? This article describes research suggesting that more-effective executives provide leadership for their boards. The implications for executive behavior are reviewed.


This paper proposes a revision of some attachment theory concepts, especially those about attachment, attachment behavior, and internal representational model. It discusses such concepts according to the ideas of Bowlby and some contemporary authors. The dichotomy between behavior and attachment representation is questioned, as well as the stability and specificity of the internal representational model, based on the main theoreticians of this field, especially the psychoanalytical ones. It is evaluated the relevance of the representational dimension and its role as emotions' regulator and self organizer, and the implications of such roles for Clinical and Development Psychology and for future studies.


We have derived a special surface analysis method for studying surface charge dynamics on ferroelectrics from time‐of‐flight ion scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF‐SARS). In this method, shifts of the TOF‐SARS peaks of a ferroelectric crystal are measured as a function of sample temperature, and these spectral data are used to deduce changes in electrical potential on the sample surface. These changes are then converted to information on surface charge dynamics. In addition, the method is also applicable in extracting data regarding ion‐induced ferroelectric electron emission (FEE) from the TOF‐SARS spectra. In this work, we have tested the method with LiTaO3(0001) crystals having the nominal stoichiometry and single domain properties. Our results show that for temperature changes from 25 to ∼100 °C, the excess amount of surface charge induced by pyroelectricity, ion irradiation, and ion‐induced electron emission is drained mainly by surface conductivity. For temperature changes above 100 °C, the bulk ionic conductivity becomes an important charge drainage channel. Our measurements give an activation energy of 0.75 eV for the thermally activated ionic conductivity, and the result agrees well with the literature value previously obtained by d.c. conductivity measurements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Cranford lays out the facts in the dispute between the Hennepin County Medical Center and the family of Helga Wanglie, an 86-year-old ventilator-dependent patient in a persistent vegetative state. Mrs. Wanglie's husband, supported by the couple's children, insists that all forms of treatment be continued while health personnel believe that further treatment is not indicated based on the patient's prognosis. Failure on the part of the family and the medical center to reach a consensus regarding Mrs. Wanglie's care has resulted in legal action.


Development of low-cost, high-performance antibacterial reagents is of critical importance in the face of increasing occurrence of bacterial resistance against conventional antibiotics. In the present study, polyethylenimine (PEI)-modified graphene quantum dot (GQD) and ZnO nanoparticle nanocomposites, which were readily dispersed in water and exhibited markedly enhanced antimicrobial activity toward Escherichia coli, as compared to the PEI-free ZnO/GQD counterparts, were prepared by a facile sol–gel method. This was largely ascribed to the reduced size of the nanoparticles and the enhanced adsorption of the nanocomposites onto the bacterial cell surfaces, as manifested by adsorption experiments and TEM characterization of the bacterial cells, as well as electron spin resonance measurements. The results highlight the significance of structural engineering of functional nanocomposites in the development of efficient antibacterial agents.


A post-test analysis of a set of inside-diameter/outside-diameter (ID/OD) bidirectional brush seals used in three-port wave rotor tests was undertaken to determine brush bristle and configuration wear, pullout, and rotor coating wear. The results suggest that sharp changes in the pressure profiles were not well reflected in bristle tip configuration patterns or wear. Also, positive-to-negative changes in axial pressure gradients appeared to have little effect on the backing plates. Although the brushes had similar porosities, they had very different unpacked arrays. This difference could explain the departure of experimental data from computational fluid dynamics flow predictions for well-packed arrays at higher pressure drops. The rotor wear led to "car track" scars (upper and lower wear bands) with a whipped surface between the bands. Those bands may have resulted from bristle stiffening at the fence and gap plates during alternate portions of the rotor cycle. Within the bristle response range the wear surface reflected the pressure distribution effect on bristle motion. No sacrificial metallurgical data were taken. The bristles did wear, with correspondingly more wear on the
ID brush configurations than on the OD configurations; the complexity in constructing the
ID brush was a factor.


Orthopyroxene crystals in a number of meteorites exhibit compositional zoning of Fe and Mg, which provide important constraint on their cooling rates. However, attempts to model cooling rate of these crystals from Fe-Mg zoning profiles [1] suffer from the lack of any measured or theoretically well constrained Fe-Mg interdiffusion data in OPx. It has been assumed that Fe-Mg interdiffusion in OPx is only slightly slower than that in olivine [1]. The purpose of this paper is to (a) calculate the Fe-Mg interdiffusion coefficient (D(Fe-Mg)) in OPx from the available data on the kinetics and thermodynamics of intracrystalline Fe-Mg fractionation and (2) provide analytical formulation relating cooling rate to the length of the diffusion zone across the interface of the overgrowth of a mineral on itself with application to Mg diffusion profile across OPx overgrowth on OPx in certain mesosiderites.


Background: Research in animal models suggests that fish oil ingestion may impair immunity and increase risk for infection. To date there are no studies examining this relationship between fish oil ingestion and risk for infection in humans. Objective: The primary aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-arm study was to examine the effect of 400 mg of EPA and 200 mg of DHA, the main components of fish oil (FO) supplements, on the incidence of symptoms related to upper respiratory tract infections in healthy young females, at a large southwestern university. Design: Healthy young women between 18 and 38 years of age who were non-obese (mean BMI 23.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2) were recruited from an urban southwestern university campus. Subjects were non-vegetarians, non-smokers, and reported consuming less than one serving (3.5 oz) of fish per week. Participants (n=26) were randomized according to age, body weight, BMI, and daily n-3 fatty acid (FA) intake into two groups: FO (one gel capsule of 600 mg EPA/DHA per day) or CO (one placebo gel capsule of 1000 mg coconut oil per day). Participants completed a validated daily cold symptom survey, the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples measuring TNFα concentrations were taken at weeks 1 and 8, when 24-hour dietary


The problems appeared in operation of passenger cars after the double pipe air supply being changed into the single pipe air supply are described.According to the functional principle and test results of 104 type distribution valves,the causes to the problems are analyzed,and suggestions are given on changing the double pipe air supply into the single pipe air supply as well as the rational operation.


Thispaperproposes anoptimization algorithm based onthetechniques ofthedynamic programming andsuitable to choosetheoptimal numberandposition ofthemeasurement devices inDistribution StateEstimation procedures usedin modernelectric distribution network. Thegoalistoguarantee at thesametimetheminimumcostandtheaccuracy required tothe measured dataneeded tooperate management andcontrol issues, suchasenergy dispatching andprotection coordination. Boththe uncertainty introduced bythemeasurement devices andthe tolerance intheknowledge ofthenetwork parameters (line impedances) aretakenintoaccount intheproposed approach. Randomchanges oftheloads areconsidered toestablish adequate reference conditions forthetests. Tests relevant toa realsize distribution network arepresented toshowthevalidity ofthe proposed approach. Theresults emphasize howtheinfluence of thetolerance onthenetwork parameters canbedramatically minimized bysuitably choosing thealgorithm tobeimplemented to solve theDistribution State Estimation problem.


Accuracy when assessing mistuned forced response analyses is still a mayor concern. Since a full coupled analysis is still very computational expensive, several simplifications and reduced order models are carried out. The use of a reduction method, the assumptions and simplifications, generate different uncertainties that challenge the accuracy in the results. Experimental data are needed for validation and also to understand the propagation of these uncertainties. This paper shows a detailed mistuned forced response analysis of a compressor blisk. The blisk belongs to the Purdue Three-Stage (P3S) Compressor Research Facility. Two different stator-rotor-stator configurations of 38 and 44 upstream stator vanes are taken into consideration. Several loading conditions are analyzed at three different speed lines. A reduced order model known as subset nominal mode (SNM), has been used for all the analyses. This reduction takes as a basis a set of modes within a selected frequency spectrum. A detailed comparison between the predicted and measured results have been performed, showing a good agreement for the high loading conditions.


Molecular dynamics simulations of the endohedral metallofullerene formation reveal a crucial role of the cooling gas (He) and the strength of metal–carbon bonding in the formation mechanism.


We have undertaken electrochemical C‐V measurements of Ga0.94Al0.06As:Ga0.57Al0.43As isotype n‐n heterojunctions in order to determine the conduction band offset ΔEc. Samples were grown by liquid‐phase epitaxy; carrier concentrations were determined to be, respectively, 1016 cm−3 for the small band‐gap layer and 1016 cm−3 or 1017 cm−3 for the large band‐gap layer. From results obtained with various different samples, we determine ΔEc/ΔEg≊0.54–0.64, quite close to the new accepted value of the GaAs:GaAlAs interface. Moreover, the density of fixed interface charges are estimated and found to be related to the monolayer doping density of the large band‐gap layer.


ADC electric drive system has been designed, installed, and tested in a Chrysler T-115 van. The components of the system include a 15 kW DC separately excited motor, an advanced electronic controller, and a impact, programmable, on-board charger. The vehicles were built and tested with Hagen 108V lead acid battery systems. One vehicle was subsequently retrofitted with a 112V sodium sulfur battery system and retested. The sodium sulfur battery demonstrated many significant advantages relating to vehicle range, performance at low states of charge, maintenance, and operational characteristics. At 56 km/h (35 mph), the lead acid powered vehicle achieved a range of 81 km, while the sodium sulfur vehicle achieved a range of 209 km. Both vehices reached a top speed of 95 km/h and accelerated from 0-50 km/h in 16 seconds.


WITH tailless aeroplanes, all known aerodynamic control devices possess the peculiarity of not only producing moments about one axis, but of also causing secondary moments about one or both of the other axes. Horizontal controllers forming part of the wing near the tips in wings having sweep‐back or sweep‐forward, for instance, do not produce rolling moments alone, when differ‐entially deflected; they also cause yawing and pitching moments. Similarly, wing‐tip disk rudders operated on such wings not only produce yawing moments, but may cause rolling and even pitching moments.


The paper describes some simple computer simulations that implement Wittgenstein's notion of a language game, where the meaning of a linguistic signal for an individual is the role played by the linguistic signal in the individual's interactions with the nonlinguistic and linguistic environment. In the simulations an artificial organism interacts at the sensory-motor level with an environment and its behavior is influenced by the linguistic signals the individual receives from the environment (conspecifics). Using this approach we try to capture the distinction between (proto)verbs and (proto)nouns, where (proto)verbs are linguistic signals that tend to co-vary with the action with which the organism responds to the sensory input whereas (proto)nouns are linguistic signals that tend to co-vary with the particular sensory input to which the organism responds with its actions. Some extensions of the approach to the analysis of other parts of speech ((proto)adjectives, (proto)sentences, etc.) are also described. The paper ends up with some open questions and suggestions on how to deal with them. 1 1. Simulated language games The meaning of a linguistic signal is the manner in which the linguistic signal is used in the everyday interactions of speakers/hearers with the world and the role the linguistic signal plays in their overall behavior. This Wittgensteinian definition of meaning, while probably correct, poses a serious problem for the study of language in that, although linguistic signals as sounds or visual (written) forms are easily identified, observed, and described, the way in which linguistic signals are used by actual speakers/hearers in real life situations is very difficult to observe and describe with any precision, reliability, and completeness. Therefore, linguists, psycholinguists, and philosophers tend to replace meanings with such poor "proxies" as verbal definitions, translations (when studying linguistic signals in other languages), or the limited and very artificial uses of linguistic signals in


In the SPWM inverters, harmonic content of nonsinusoidal voltage and current can not only cause harmonic loss of the load, but also affect the control performance of the whole system to a certain extent. Therefore, using for reference of relative studies home and abroad, a detailed analysis on harmonics in output voltage and current of voltage source IGBT SPWM inverters and their production law is carried out.Simultaneously,The relevant strategies for restraining harmonics are presented in this paper. They are:selecting appropriate frequency of carrier wave to eliminate harmonics of low order and those of a certain odd order; accurately implementing the selected frequency of carrier wave to avoid harmonics of even order which arises only in asynchronous modulation; and injecting proper harmonics into the inverter to improve the utilization ratio of the voltage when output harmonic content is not increased. The above mentioned strategies for restraining harmonics are applied to 35 kVA inverting power supplies for air conditioners of passenger cars. Experimental results show that the presented methods are feasible.