In this study,we analyzed the effects of seismic displacements due to the megathrust earthquake occurred near Tohoku-Oki area on 11 Mar.2011 with Mw9.0 magnitude in the context of evaluation of position change by the earthquake on the Asian and Korean GPS permanent stations.For this,two weeks GPS data observed around the event of Tohoku-Oki earthquake(4 Mar—18 Mar.2011) were obtained from 55 GPS permanent stations in the vicinity of epicenter(Korea,Japan,Russia,China and Taiwan) and 284 IGS global stations.All available GPS data were processed and adjusted by GAMIT/GLOBK software to estimate the co-seismic horizontal displacements at each station.As the results of GPS analysis,the co-seismic displacements by Tohoku-Oki earthquake were clearly revealed in the GPS stations of Asian region,Japan and its neighboring countries,and even the change of horizontal position of GPS station(WUHN in China) which was about 2702 km away from the epicenter.Also,we performed the elastic deformation analysis using the deformation lengths of baselines between Korean GPS stations estimated from GAMIT/GLOBK analysis,in order to analyze the effects of Tohoku-Oki earthquake more precisely on the Korea geodetic network.Most GPS baselines of Korean geodetic network expanded in the direction of epicenter,whereas those perpendiculars to the direction of epicenter contracted.The size of maximum shear strain rate calculated during the event of Tohoku-Oki earthquake is 7 times greater than annual result of the Korean geodetic network.In conclusion,it was found that the Tohoku-Oki earthquake had resulted in the horizontal displacements,ranging from 57.7 mm to 14.5 mm in Korea.So,these irregular displacements caused the elastic deformations in Korean geodetic network and may cause a maximum error of 20 mm in GPS geodetic positioning results without updating the Korean geodetic network.


An article considers issues related to the radiological examination of the people arrived in Leningrad from the areas radioactively contaminated due to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. It also describes the experience of creation and functioning of the specialized station for radiation control and sanitary treatment of people and their personal clothes. The article specifies basic requirements for such stations.


This paper discusses the theory and software design of the error analysis fire control system's precision of certain airborne missiles. They are given that mathematical models and error analysis methods of the airborne missile fire control system.The system's software design of the error analysis is analyzed and explained in detail on the program conceive, the software framework design, the software framework map and program flow chart. The software of the error analysis have been successfully used for flight testing of missile fire control systems. And the design experience could be shared and exchanged.


With the availability of fast microprocessors and small-scale multiprocessors, internode communication has become an increasingly important factor that limits the performance of parallel computers. Essentially, message-passing parallel computers require extremely short communication latency such that message transmissions have minimal impact on the overall computation time. This thesis concentrates on issues regarding hardware communication latency in single-hop reconfigurable networks, and software communication latency regardless of the type of network.
The first contribution of this thesis is the design and evaluation of two different categories of prediction techniques for message-passing systems. This thesis utilizes the communications locality property of message-passing parallel applications to devise a number of heuristics that can be used to predict the target of subsequent communication requests, and to predict the next consumable message at the receiving ends of communications.
Specifically, I propose two sets of predictors: Cycle-based predictors, which are purely dynamic predictors, and Tag-based predictors, which are static/dynamic predictors. The performance of the proposed predictors, specially Better-cycle2 and Tag-bettercycle2, are very well on the application benchmarks studied in this thesis. The proposed predictors could be easily implemented on the network interface due to their simple algorithms and low memory requirements.
As the second contribution of this thesis, I show that majority of reconfiguration delays in single-hop reconfigurable networks can be hidden by using one of the proposed high hit ratio predictors. The proposed predictors can be used in establishing a communication pathway between a source and a destination in such networks before this pathway is to be used.
This thesis' third contribution is the analysis of a broadcasting algorithm that utilizes latency hiding and reconfiguration in the network to speed the broadcasting operation. The analysis brings up closed formulations that yields the termination time of the algorithms.
The thesis' fourth contribution is a new total exchange algorithm in single-hop reconfigurable networks. I conjecture that this algorithm ensures a better termination time than what can be achieved by either of the direct, and standard exchange algorithms.
The fifth contribution of this thesis is the use and evaluation of the proposed predictors to predict the next consumable message at the receiving ends of communications. This thesis contributes by claiming that these message predictors can be efficiently used to drain the network and cache the incoming messages even if the corresponding receive calls have not been posted yet. This way, there is no need to copy the early arriving messages into a temporary buffer. The performance of the proposed predictors, Single-cycle, Tag-cycle2 and Tag-bettercycle2, on the parallel applications are quite promising and suggest that prediction has the potential to eliminate most of the remaining message copies.


By analyzing the status quo in application of examination system,pointed out it is one of application question that the bank source can not be shared for each other. Put forward an idea to build an Opened Examination System by integrating, designed the system architecture, described the method to apply the system. Then it introduced a method of data sharing by two-level bank.


The invention relates to a device for cleaning and regenerating catalyst, in particular to a device for cleaning and regenerating denitrated catalyst used in a power plant. The device is sequentially provided with a blowing tank, a cleaning tank, an activating tank and a drying tank so that the catalyst is sequentially blown, cleaned, dried, activated and redried for regeneration. The invention makes the SCR catalyst reused, is convenient to use, has high catalyst cleaning and regenerating efficiency, saves the SCR catalyst changing cost, avoids causing secondary pollution due to catalyst changing and markedly reduces the production cost of the SCR catalyst used by enterprises.


The field of grammatical error correction (GEC) has made tremendous bounds in the last ten years, but new questions and obstacles are revealing themselves. In this position paper, we discuss the issues that need to be addressed and provide recommendations for the field to continue to make progress, and propose a new shared task. We invite suggestions and critiques from the audience to make the new shared task a community-driven venture.


The final report of the ACRL Task Force on Electronic Publishing is presented here. Some of the conclusions reached by the Task Force call for action, while others require more study; all are summarized below.


The Reactor Refueling System (RRS) for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project (CRBRP) uses the Ex-Vessel Transfer Machine (EVTM) for transferring core assemblies outside the reactor vessel. The design of the Ex-Vessel Transfer Machine (EVTM) and its gantry-trolly for the CRBRP is discussed. The development tests required for the design are presented, in conjunction with the impact of the test results on the design. The impact of the increased seismic requirements on the design are also presented.


NH_4-N pollution in surface water and groundwater is currently very severe. Experiment simulation of NH_4-N migration was carried out in a column filled with three kinds of natural sand under the reflux of domestic sewage. Adsorption saturation of NH_4-N in the column was reached within 17 days for the coarse sand and 130-140 days for the medium sand, suggesting the easiness of NH_4-N migration to groundwater. However, the field test in Liangshui River and its groundwater is incompatible with the experimental observation. When the concentration of NH_4-N reached 46.86 and 26.95 mg/L in Liangshui River, the groundwater has a NH_4-N concentration of less than 1.10 mg/L. The little influence of Liangshui River on the groundwater NH_4-N was attributed to the bottom mud, the thickness and character of the infiltration media underlying the river bed as well as the seepage quantity of the river. Importantly, the NH_4-N absorbed by the penetration media underlying the sewage-received river would be transported into the groundwater after addition of clean water and cleanup of the mud, causing a secondary pollution of groundwater.


The complexity of language and reading is mirrored in the myriad patterns revealed by PET scans of subjects performing various tasks. For example, brain regions are activated in different ways when speaking one's native language than when speaking a second language at which one is less than perfectly fluent (1). Reading different languages makes different demands on different brain regions, as shown by the different patterns of regional activation for Italians versus English subjects reading their own language (2). Even within the same language, different types of writing activate different brain regions. Brain regions were differentially activated in Japanese subjects who were asked to imagine themselves writing Kana (a native Japanese syllabic writing system) or writing Kanji (a Japanese writing system based on Chinese ideograms) (3). Furthermore, early learning can influence the functional organization of brain regions involved in reading. The visual cortex, a brain region normally reserved for vision, is nonetheless activated when individuals blinded early in life read Braille (4) but not in Braille readers blinded after age 14 (5). Castro-Caldas and Reis (6 [this issue]) have recently added to these findings by showing differences in the brains of illiterate and literate subjects. Using PET scans, they measured different patterns of regional brain activation between illiterate and literate subjects who were asked to perform a variety of reading-related tasks that did not require the ability to read. PET scans measure cerebral blood flow, which provides a surrogate measure for brain cell function. Based on behavioral tests, Castro-Caldas and Reis suggest that interhemispheric connections are stronger in their literate subjects. In support of this, they observed that the region of the corpus callosum where interparietal fibers cross was larger in their literate subjects. Differences in the size of the corpus callosum have also been reported to vary with sex and handedness, although the functional implications of those differences remain unknown. Likewise, the differences reported by Castro-Caldas and Reis are intriguing, but their significance remains unclear. Do the brain differences reflect the learned ability to read (and perhaps an ability to activate certain brain regions), or do those differences explain why some of the subjects learned to read whereas others did not? If the latter were true, such observations might help to identify children who are at risk for reading difficulties. That potential raises scientific and ethical concerns. First, there would be a scientific concern about the robustness of those observations; specifically, could the data based on sample populations be precise enough and with low enough variability to warrant educational decisions about individual children? Second, there is the ethical concern that such information be used to facilitate education rather than to justify a lack thereof. An important question about these observations remains. To what extent do these results apply to literacy per se, as opposed to other differences between these subjects? As Castro-Caldas and Reis (6) note, cultural factors are important influences in reading ability. Yet, they describe important social differences between their literate and illiterate subjects. For example, they note that among the Portuguese fishing community from which they drew their subjects, women who are first-born daughters are less likely to attend school than their siblings. Thus, parents make choices about who does and does not attend school, no doubt, for a variety of other different reasons. One wonders how many of the illiterate subjects did not learn to read because they were somehow less able (because of environmental influences or intrinsic differences in brain function) than their literate peers. It would be interesting to determine whether teaching some of the illiterate subjects to read would result in regional brain activation patterns that more closely resemble those of literate subjects. Studies such as those described by Castro-Caldas and Reis may make an important contribution to our knowledge of neural correlates of differences in human cognition, but thus far, we know too little to interpret the significance of their results. Hopefully, it will be possible to build on these observations and to learn how to interpret them, both from a purely scientific point of view and in terms of their societal relevance.


Although some of them may remain asymptomatic, congenital vertebral anomalies lead to spinal deformity and scoliosis. However they are relatively rarely seen in the cervical vertebrae [1]. We present a 10-year-old patient with several coexistent vertebral anomalies affecting the craniovertebral junction and upper vertebrae, which we believe to be a didactic example to the imaging anatomy of these anomalies.


In developing the architecture for a financial system, the challenge is to combine deregulation and safety nets against systemic failure with effective prudential regulation and oversight. The author analyzes three approaches to choosing an adequate regulatory framework for a financial system. a) Those most worried about panic and herd behavior tend to favor relatively extensive controls on financial institutions'activities, including controls on interest rates and on the volume and direction of lending. b) Those most concerned about moral hazard advocate abolishing controls and safety nets, seeing the solution is stronger market discipline and reduced powers and discretion for regulators. c) Mainstream opinion advocates a mix of measures, to both strengthen market discipline and improve regulatory oversight. The approach a county opts for depends on 1) which monetary and exchange rate regime it chooses, 2) whether it is more concerned about moral hazard or about panic and herd behavior, and 3) how the politics of reform shape its solutions. The author suggests a scenario for development of the global financial system over the next two or three decades that assumes that the final outcome will resemble the market solution - not because that is the optimal policy choice but because of how political weakness will interact with advances in settlement technology. In the author's scenario, the world moves toward a monetary system in which fixed exchange rate systems or de facto currency competition limit the power of central banks. This limits options for discretionary and open-ended liquidity support to help deal with systemic financial crises. The costs of inflexible exchange rates are moderated by new types of wage contracts, using units of account that are correlated with the shocks a particular industry or kind of contract faces -- thus maintaining the positive aspects of monetary systems with flexible nominal exchange rates. Mistrust in monetary authorities and the emergence of private settlements lead to a return of asset-backed money as the means of payment. The disciplines on financial systems come to resemble somewhat those of historical"free banking"systems, with financial institutions requiring high levels of equity and payments systems protected only by limited, fully funded safety nets.


Contextual component frameworks, such as Enterprise Java Beans (EJB), facilitate the development of easily evolvable and modifiable enterprise applications. Support for dynamic re-composition, such as instance-level contextual composition and runtime binding are the base upon which such features are offered. Applications can be built out of third-party components and deployed on third-party platforms. At the same time, this black box nature of third-party components and platforms diminishes the effectiveness of traditional performance analysis methods. This raises the role played by runtime optimizations in addressing performance issues of such systems. We propose a self-optimizing application server design. The optimization is driven by the discovery of inter-component communication patterns and the application of container refactorings.


Potential application of cement-fly ashaggregate, lime-fly ash-aggregate and limecement-fly ash-aggregate mixtures in pavement construction is reviewed in this paper. Engineering properties such as moisturedensity relationship, compressive strength, flexural strength, dry shrinkage, and freeze-thaw durability are summarized on the basis of past studies. Dry shrinkage and freeze-thaw characteristics of cement and lime-fly ash-aggregate mixtures containing sub-bituminous, self-cementitious Alberta fly ashes were evaluated in the laboratory. The stabilized aggregates are attractive for use in pavement structures because of their high strength and low drying shrinkage characteristics. Lime-fly ash stabilized aggregates are observed to shrink more than cement-fly ash stabilized aggregate. It is also concluded that the materials investigated may perform reasonably well under moderate freeze-thaw conditions in the base courses of pavements. Further research should be conducted to evaluate durability of such materials under appropriate freezethaw conditions.


Total quality management (TQM) is widely accepted as a means of obtaining and sustaining competitive edge. This study finds support for the proposition that TQM implementation correlates with quality performance. Behavioral factors (role of top management leadership, customer focus, human resource focus, and quality focus) as well as TQM tools and techniques (corporate planning, process focus, and information and analysis) contribute to the successful implementation of TQM. Also, the study finds that the size of the company (big or small), the company's adoption of TQM, and the duration of a company's experience with TQM affect the rigor of implementation and the resulting level of quality performance. However, the nature of the company (manufacturing or service) does not seem to have a significant effect on the rigor of quality management implementation and level of quality performance.


ABSTRACT Objective of this study to evaluat the effects of fluoride varnish, propolis based chitosan varnish and salvadorapersica varnish on streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli count . Patients & Methods : The sample size wsa estimated to be 48 randomly selected Egyptian children were divided into 4 equal groups. Before application of varnish, oral prophylaxis was carried out for subjects.The teeth was then isolated. Approximately 0.1 mL of the designated varnish will be applied to all the teeth of subjects in all the three groups. Varnish was allowed to dry . The varnish was applied once every 3 days for all the three groups in the same manner as above. The follow-up plaque samples from all the three varnish groups was taken at the end of 48 h, at 1 m, at the end of 3 m and at the end of 6 m and assessed for bacterial counts . Result: There was a statistically significant difference in the count of streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus between all groups in which the highest bacterial count was found in Group D group followed by Group A and Group B, while the least bacterial count was found in Group C . Conclusions: All varnishes containing natural products had a significant antibacterial effect against S. mutans and lactobacillus bacteria compared to patient without varnish application .


Following Part 1 of the previous study, this paper reports the structure's exciting force and summarize the overall research results. An experimental study was conducted to clarify the relationship between engine combustion and vibration, and to establish technology to suppress it. This study focused on the vehicle interior noise caused by combustion in which vibration transmission is the main component at high speed and high load region. A phenomenon in which both the combustion's exciting force and the structure's exciting force are combined is defined as vehicle interior noise caused by combustion. Conventionally, combustion and vibration are often discussed in terms of the average cycle, but considering the nonstationary property of vibration, in this paper analyzed the structure's exciting force characteristics for vibration in cycle-by-cycle. Analysis was conducted using the combustion indicators clarified in the previous study. The engine vibration is affected by piston specifications even with the same heat release characteristics. Based on the analysis results, the piston rotation angle and translational displacement are defined as indicators of the structure's exciting force. In this paper, after discussing the piston motion characteristics as the structure's exciting force and the indicators of vibration suppression, the results clarified by the research combined with the previous study are summarized.


Two problems were investigated: inter-equipment data transfer, both on board the aircraft and between air and ground; and crew equipment communication via the cockpit displays and controls. Inter-equipment data transfer is discussed in terms of data bus and data link requirements. Crew equipment communication is discussed regarding the availability of CRT display systems for use in research simulators to represent flat panel displays of the future, and of software controllable touch panels.


Priapism has been reported as a rare complication of epidural analgesia. We report a case of priapism following epidural analgesia. A 13-year-old male patient weighing 40 kg with cerebral palsy was posted for elective surgery involving bilateral femoral derotation osteotomies and rectus transfer. He had had learning difficulties and bilateral spastic diplegia; other systems were unremarkable. He was not on any regular medications. Under general anaesthesia, an epidural was sited in L2-3 space in the lateral position. The procedure was uneventful. An initial bolus of 10 ml of 0.25% L-bupivacaine with 75 lg of clonidine was given. It was followed by an infusion of 0.125% L-bupivacaine with 1 mcgÆml of clonidine at a rate of 0.3 mgÆkgÆh (12 mlsÆh) intraoperatively. He was given cefuroxime, dexamethasone, and i.v. paracetamol. The procedure lasted 41⁄2 h, and intraoperative period was uneventful. Patient was comfortable in recovery and discharged to a surgical ward. The patient's mother first noticed erection at night approximately 111⁄2 h postepidural insertion. The patient denied pain but complained of inability to pass urine in spite of having the urge to do so. Examination revealed a firm corpora cavernosa, but the glans and corpora spongiosum were flaccid. Conservative management involving pressure on the perineum and local application of ice was unhelpful. The patient was getting distressed because of inability to pass urine. As he was pain free, the epidural was turned down during the course of the night and eventually stopped. Pain was effectively managed with a fentanyl PCA. The unremitting priapism lasted 81⁄2 h eventually settling down 2 h after termination of the epidural. In retrospect, there were no similar episodes in the past and no history of sickle cell disease in the family. Discussion


With the predicted global population to reach 9.8 billion by 2050, over 50 percent increase in food production is required, while no new landmass is available. Indeed, the extra landmass needed to ...


The phase diagram of a frustrated spin-S zig–zag ladder is studied through different numerical and analytical methods. We show that for arbitrary S, there is a family of Hamiltonians for which a fully-dimerized state is an exact ground state, being the Majumdar–Ghosh point for a particular member of the family. We show that the system presents a transition between a dimerized phase to a Néel-like phase for S = 1/2, and spiral phases can appear for large S. The phase diagram is characterized by means of a generalization of the usual mean field approximation. The novelty in the present implementation is to consider the strongest coupled sites as the unit cell. The gap and the excitation spectrum is analyzed through the random phase approximation. Also, a perturbative treatment to obtain the critical points is discussed. Comparisons of the results with numerical methods like the Density Matrix Renormalization Group are also presented.


Abstract The preparation of the new six carbon multifunctionalized chiral synthon 4, useful for eicosanoid synthesis, was achieved employing the Perlin hydrolysis reaction of 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-Glucal 6 in the key step.


Quantitative Determination of Bergenin Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell. Arg. Stem Extract Bergenin, a polyphenol compound, is a major active constituent of Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell. Arg. which possesses pharmacological activities including anti- oxidant, hepatoprotective, anti- microbial, anti- inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Objectives: To develop and validate the reverse phase- high performance liquid chromatography ( RP- HPLC) for quantification of bergenin in M. repandus stem extract. Methods: The RP- HPLC was employed with Phenomenex Luna C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5  m) as stationary phase. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile : water (10 : 90 v/v), at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The wavelength at 272 nm was used for detection of bergenin. Results: The retention time of bergenin was 10. 885 min with no peak interference. The method at the bergenin concentration range of 20- 320  g/ mL was in a good linearity (R 2 = 0.9999). The accuracy measured as %recovery was 93.22 ± 1.49%. The precision of within-day and between-day expressed as %relative standard deviation were of 0.57-1.48% and 0.19-1.70%, respectively. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 4. 56 and 15. 20  g/ mL, respectively. By the soxhlet extraction and maceration, the aqueous extract of M. repandus stem had the highest bergenin content of 12.67 ± 0.26% and 19.38 ± 0.63% dry% weight, respectively, followed by methanolic (9.28 ± 0.49% and 8.73 ± 0.72% ) and ethanolic extracts (2.16 ± 0.10% and 1.73 ± 0.05%), respectively. Conclusion: The RP- HPLC method for determination of bergenin was achieved with good and acceptable specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity. The utilization was assured by determination of bergenin content in the M. repandus stem extracts.


The authors have been developing an education system that supports university-level group exercises related to the design and implementation of information systems. The system is composed of three sub-systems: group organization, electronic textbook creation and software development process support. These are flexibly integrated via databases. The authors applied this system to an actual class at their university, and evaluated the system based on quantitative data from exercise outputs and student questionnaires. The questionnaire results indicated that the system was especially effective for document creation and for monitoring progress among group members. Groups that used the system created more documents than those that did not. Personal progress reports were the most frequently created documents.


BACKGROUND
Bozhougyiqi-Tang (BZYQT) is of traditional herbal medicine used for enhancement of digestive capacity.

OBJECTIVE
An accurate and reliable simultaneous determination using a HPLC-DAD and ESI-MS was developed and validated for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of 9 major compounds, ferulic acid (1), naringin (2), hesperidin (3), decursinol (4), glycyrrhizin (5), saikosaponin A (6), 6-gingerol (7), ginsenoside Rg3 (8), decursin (9), in traditional herbal medicine 'Bozhougyiqi-Tang.'

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The chromatographic separation of 9 compounds was performed on a SHISEIDO C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., S-5 μm) using gradient elution with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The 9 compounds were identified based on peak retention time and UV spectrum and MS data of these compounds.

RESULTS
This developed method showed good linearity (R(2) > 0.999). The LOD and LOQ of the major compounds were less than 0.09 and 0.28 μg/ml, respectively. The intra - day and inter - day RSD values were within 2.06% and 1.64%, respectively. The mean recoveries were from 92.10% to 108.56% with less than 1.88%. The results indicated that established method had good precision and accuracy.

CONCLUSION
The new method was successfully applied to the simultaneous analysis of 9 compounds in Bozhougyiqi-Tangs samples.


In this report, I explained the problem of Secret Sharing Scheme. Then based on the definition of the problem, two old methods: Blakley's Secret Sharing Scheme and Shamir's Secret Sharing are introduced. However, we explained the details of the first one since it's the topic of this work. Blakley's method has an application in distributing a key between different parties and reconstructing the key based on each share. However, this method is not efficient enough because of too large space states. Also, we tried to simulate a scenario for spreading a key between some users and tried to reconstruct the first key using Matlab in a graphical user interface.


This project presents a proposal interior designer to create places targeting the circus arts in the city of Quito, the project to intervene is located in the old airport Mariscal Sucre in the Amazonas Avenue, current Bicentenario park, which was inaugurated on April 27, 2013, with 125 hectares is one of the city of largest green spaces, this is why the chosen building is suitable for the implementation of a center of circus arts, spatial and functional characteristics both inwards and outwards. The building consists of three floors, with a total area of 4023 m2. The interior of the building layout is in the shape of a "C" in the three plants and in the central part there is a large area of 1342 m2 at triple point, where all the practical and artistic part of the project will be developed. For its creative development is chosen the movement, as a concept generator design, since the activity of an act was born in the circus arts through one or more bodily movements; in this way it breaks completely with the linearity of the existing current project. The concept will be unified visually in floors, walls and ceiling with the use of materials, colors, textures, natural and artificial lighting, vegetation and tense structures.


In this work, a frequency domain method is tested numerically and experimentally to improve nonlinear model parameters using the frequency response function at the nonlinear element connected point of structure. This method extends the force-state mapping technique, which fits the nonlinear element forces with time domain response data, into frequency domain manipulations. The force-state mapping method in the time domain has limitations when applying to complex real structures because it needd a time domain lumped parameter model. On the other hand, the frequency domain method is relatively easily applicable to a complex real structure having nonlinear elements since it uses the frequency response function of each substurcture. Since this mehtod is performed in frequency domain, the number of equations required to identify the unknown parameters can be easily increased as many as it needed, just by not only varying excitation amplitude bot also selecting excitation frequency domain method has some advantages over the classical force-state mapping technique in the number of data points needed in curve fit and the sensitivity to response noise.


Fresh shelled garden peas coupled with Asparagus combine with a mustard butter flavoured quinoa to make this versatile dish that can serve as a hot main course or side dish. Any leftovers can be served cold as a salad.


Abstract. A positive degree-day (PDD) model was tested on Antizana Glacier 15α (0.28 km2; 0°28' S, 78°09' W) to assess to what extent this approach is suitable for studying glacier mass balance in the inner tropics. Cumulative positive temperatures were compared with field measurements of melting amount and with surface energy balance computations. A significant link was revealed when a distinction was made between the snow and ice comprising the glacier surface. Significant correlations allowed degree-day factors to be retrieved for snow, and clean and dirty ice. The relationship between melt amount and temperature was mainly explained by the role of net shortwave radiation in both melting and in the variations in the temperature of the surface layer. However, this relationship disappeared from June to October (Period 1), because high wind speeds and low humidity cause highly negative turbulent latent heat fluxes. However, this had little impact on the computed total amount of melting at the annual time scale because temperatures are low and melting is generally limited during Period 1. At the daily time scale, melting starts when daily temperature means are still negative, because around noon incoming shortwave radiation is very high, and compensates for energy losses when the air is cold. The PDD model was applied to the 2000–2008 period using meteorological inputs measured on the glacier foreland. Results were compared to the glacier-wide mass balances measured in the field and were good, even though the melting factor should be adapted to the glacier surface state and may vary with time. Finally, the model was forced with precipitation and temperature data from the remote Izobamba station and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data, also giving good results and showing that temperature variations are homogenous at the regional scale, meaning glacier mass balances can be modelled over large areas.


The position of the customary rights of the customary law community in the Toba Batak community, namely the rights owned by a clan (State land), controlled, managed, utilized, the land and its contents for the needs of the citizens / descendants of the partnership as collective property that can be passed down from generation to generation (geneological) based on customary law. The UUPA recognizes the position of the ulayat rights of the customary law community in a formal juridical manner with discussion if in reality it still exists and does not conflict with the interests of the national, nation and state. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 18-B paragraph (2), Article 28-I paragraph (3) The State recognizes and respects the customary public and their traditional rights as long as they are still alive. The cultural identity of traditional community rights is respected in accordance with the times and civilizations. The position of the customary rights of the Batak Toba community (land marga) in this study is still not as expected, in regulating and protecting laws from the past to the present, regulation and protection are still based on local customary laws. In Law No. 23/2014/9/2015 concerning Regional Government grants the authority of rights and responsibilities to provincial, regency / city governments to regulate and manage their own regions, one of the areas of defense based on the widest possible regional autonomy. The authority, rights and responsibilities of regional governments in regulating and protecting, managing their own ulayat rights (clan land) in certain areas are also in line with Presidential Decree No. 34 regarding policies in the defense sector, one of which is stipulation and is also in line with the government regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 38 Year 20007 concerning the Division of Government Affairs between the government and the Provincial Government of the Regency / City Government as a government affair which becomes the authority of the regional government towards the position of the ulayat rights of the customary law community in certain areas. In this study, in the Daily District of Samosir Regency. The authority, rights and obligations of Regional Government through stipulation in the form of Regional regulations have not been implemented, especially regarding local clan lands (ulayat rights of indigenous peoples). Therefore, this problem needs to be researched to get a true picture of the status of customary community rights in relation to regional autonomy in the Daily District of Samosir Regency. The results of this study, in the Samosir Kewenagan Regency Daily sub-district, the rights and obligations of regional government, it turns out that Tanah Marga (Hak Ulayat) is still regulated by local customary law, in fact the local government has the authority, rights and obligations to regulate and protect Ulayat Rights (Tanah Marga). certain by stipulation in the form of regional regulations, with the aim of providing legal certainty and benefits for the customary law community. Based on the research, it shows that the Land of Marga / Ulayat Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Harian District, generally in Samosir Regency, both horizontally and vertically until this research was conducted, there has been no settlement of certain customary rights of customary communities, in other words conflict resolution is still stagnant. The government needs to immediately establish the customary rights of customary communities in the form of a law. To ensure legal certainty / benefit and justice for all certain Customary law communities. Because ulayat rights are basically still found and still live according to the civilization of the Batak Toba people in the Daily District of Samosir Regency, which does not conflict with the development and interests of the Nation and the State.


1. An aircraft, comprising at least one motor of the two counter-rotating propellers on the vertical axis, the blades of which are arranged to generate lift during rotation of the propeller motor propellers use a common axis of rotation, the machine is equipped with a chair and grips, are installed in the apparatus over the screws at positions extending radially inwardly from the outer circumference of the propeller and are spaced apart along the longitudinal axis of the apparatus, the handle is movably yc anovleny on the frame, next to the chair, there are footrests, seat, handles and footrests are positioned so that the user apparatus sits essentially in the center, above the propellers, so that his legs wide apart over the engine and an armchair. ! 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the arms extend transversely to the longitudinal axis of the apparatus. ! 3. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the footrests are located on both sides next to the chair legs to protect the operator from the propellers. !4. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the propellers are arranged such that one of the propellers parameters could vary with changes in the air stream entering each of the propellers, so that during use of each of the propellers create , substantially the same lift. ! 5. Apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that the pitch of the propeller blades can be changed. ! 6. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the machine comprises two motors. ! 7. An aircraft, comprising at least one motor disposed above the two air


OBJECTIVE To evaluate the risk factors of the PICC catheter-related blood stream infections in the tumor patient so as to provide the evidence for optimizing the nursing measures and implementing the prevention strategies.METHODS A total of 60 tumor patients with indwelling PICC were enrolled in the study and were divided into the case group with 9 cases and the control group with 51 cases according to the status of the infections,and the clinical observation and the bacterial culture were conducted.The five infection-related factors including the age,catheterization site,length of catheter,and chemotherapy were analyzed.RESULTS Totally 60 cases were extubated correctly after the treatment,there were 9 cases of patients with the bacteria cultured positive,the incidence rate of infections was 15.0%,and the difference in the five factors between the PICC chemotherapy patients was not statistically significant.CONCLUSION The standardized operation of the professional PICC team can improve the nursing quality of PICC;the targeted health education can effectively reduce the effect of such factors as the chemotherapy on the incidence of catheter-related infections.


The polarization distribution in PVDF which causes the piezo- and pyroelectricity of this polymer depends strongly on the polarization distribution. Applying an electric field of E=60 MV/m causes a ca. 10 mm thick polarization zone in the middle of the sample. Applying the same field in opposite direction a bimorph structure results. If the same field is applied to a homogeneously prepolarized PVDF sample a trimorph structure is formed with three polarization zones under field. But under short circuit conditions the polarization zone in the new field direction vanishes. The polarization distribution is measured with the acoustic PPS method with a spatial resolution of about 2 mm


This research investigates the dramatic expansion of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria in the last few years. Militant activity has expanded in terms of frequency and severity of attacks, geographic scope, target selection, and strategies used. The evolution of the group and the trajectory of violence are best explained through four overlapping theoretical strands. These include the growing fragmentation of the movement, development of strategic ties with Al Qaeda affiliates, strong-armed counterterrorism operations that further radicalized the movement, and exploitation of the porous border area that separates Nigeria from its northern neighbors.


The virus extractive from potato cv.Zhongdianhong was purified and the infected virus was identified as PVX by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM).PVX infecting variety Zhongdianhong was co-selected by ELISA and ISEM,the standard virus strain was got by culturing potato stem tissue.The distribution of PVX in diseased plant was detected by elctron microscopy.The result showed that the infection of PVX was systematic.


Abstract Meteorological observations on and around a small, exposed plateau ice cap on north-eastern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada, were carried out in the northern summers of 1982 and 1983. The objective was to assess the effect of the ice cap on local climate as the melt season progressed. In 1982, seasonal net radiation totals were lowest on the ice cap and greatest at the site farthest from the ice cap. The ice-cap site received only 35% of net radiation totals on the surrounding tundra. This reflects a gradient in albedo; albedo changed most markedly away from the ice cap as the summer progressed. A thermal gradient was observed along a transect perpendicular to the ice-cap edge; this gradient was greatest at low levels (15 cm) and was maximized under cloud-free conditions. The "cooling effect" of the ice cap was less at the start of the ablation season than later. Low-level inversions occurred more frequently over the ice cap than over the snow-free tundra. Overall, melting degree days on the ice cap were only 40–65% of those on the adjacent tundra. A model of interactions between the atmosphere and a snow and ice cover, or a snow-free tundra/felsenmeer surface is proposed. Observations indicate that the ice cap has a cooling effect on the lower atmosphere relative to the adjacent snow-free tundra; this effect is absent when snow cover is extensive (as in 1983).


The growing landscape of emerging wireless applications is a key driver toward the development of novel wireless system designs. Such a design can be based on the metaverse that uses a virtual model of the physical world systems along with other schemes/technologies (e.g., optimization theory, machine learning, and blockchain). A metaverse using a virtual model performs proactive intelligent analytics prior to a user request for efficient management of the wireless system resources. Additionally, a metaverse will enable self-sustainability to operate wireless systems with the least possible intervention from network operators. Although the metaverse can offer many benefits, it faces some challenges as well. Therefore, in this tutorial, we discuss the role of a metaverse in enabling wireless applications. We present an overview, key enablers, design aspects (i.e., metaverse for wireless and wireless for metaverse), and a novel high-level architecture of metaverse-based wireless systems. We discuss metaverse management, reliability, and security of the metaverse-based system. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances and standardization of metaverse-enabled wireless system. Finally, we outline open challenges and present possible solutions.


Microalgae are capable of absorbing and concentrating constituent elements that have a wide variety of applications in agriculture, food industry, and medicine. Microalgae chemical composition change according to internal and external factors. In this study, the effect of irradiance, sodium nitrate and sodium acetate concentration on the accumulation of essential minerals in Scenedesmus obliquus biomass were evaluated using 23 factorial screening designs. The simultaneous effect of the three experimental factors was studied using three levels for each parameter (irradiance: 36.71, 69.50, 102.30 μE m-2 s-1, sodium nitrate: 0.27, 44.00, 87.73 g L-1 and sodium acetate: 0.00, 2.50, 5.02 g L-1). The response variables were the minerals concentration of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn. Results show that each mineral has an optimal operation condition in order to improve its concentration in the microalgae biomass. A significant interaction between the variables was observed, which has direct effects on the minerals accumulation in the microalgae biomass. Under these conditions, the maximum concentration of K (1515.77 [mg (100gdw)-1]), Ca (2744.24 [mg (100gdw)-1]), Mg (9697.65 [mg (100gdw)-1]), Fe (2932.42 [mg (100gdw)-1]), Mn (38.48 [mg (100gdw)-1]), Zn (324.00 [mg (100gdw)-1]) and the minimum concentration of Na (5607.20 [mg (100gdw)-1]) were obtained from the microalga biomass. Thus, Scenedesmus obliquus biomass was characterized as good essential mineral source and confirmed to be potentially valuable ingredient for utilization in the food industry.


Consult almost any medical education text on patient interviewing and you will find it begins by telling the budding clinician to ascertain the patient's 'chief complaint'. This phrase is part of the culture of clinical medicine and, like other urban myths such as that of learning styles, it simply won't go away, regardless of whether or not it is accurate or, more fundamentally, whether it might have a negative impact on the ways in which students learn to engage with their patients as doctors.


The factors which making the standard of proof——"beyond the reasonable doubt" run well comprise falsification method, the principle of experience and the elements of psychology. As the commonness of people's cognition of the world and the principal of lawsuit, the standards of proof in different country are different in expression and same in operation. Therefore, the research about the operation factors of the standard of proof is important to the judicial practice.


The Brazilian Government has recently pursued policies aimed to increase the country's international competitiveness, particularly towards the industrial sector. In September 2012, a new law was passed in Congress creating several fiscal incentives to promote technological innovation for industrial activities. With this law, a new automotive regime was designed (INO VAR-A UTO program) in which a large reduction (up to 30 percent) of the federal value added tax (IPI) was granted in exchange for producers complying with innovation targets for all light-duty vehicles based on several requirements for domestic production content, safety, and emission targets during the period between 2013 and 2017. The emission standards target is modest in international terms, although the new regulation seems to be efficient and incentive compatible. This paper will first describe the emission profile of the Brazilian automobile fleet. Then, it will analyze, in detail, the emission component of the INOVAR-A UTO program. Addi-tionally, the article explains the technological reasons for which the INOVA R-A UTO has design gaps where battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are treated without differentiation. In fact, it is considered essential and it must take into account the highly renewable Brazilian electric matrix in contrast with its inefficient transportation matrix, which is very concentrated on road vehicles based on internal combustion vehicles (ICVs). A new classification is proposed for vehicle propulsion systems, along with a graphical tool in order to better identify sustainability indicators. These tools are employed to justify a specific plan for BEVs considering the formation of a fund with a small taxation on ICVs aimed at lowering the costs of the most expensive component of BEVs-its electrochemical energy source. Based on that, the article proposes how to improve the design of regulatory and fiscal policies in Brazil to exploit the synergies with INOVAR-A UTO to set a basis for new pathways of emission reduction in the Brazilian automobile fleet, including the introduction of alternative instruments, such as feebate programs, and how they could create the basis for the promotion of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Brazil.


The significance of detection and classification of power quality (PQ) events that disturb the voltage and/or current waveforms in electrical power distribution networks is well known. Consequently, in spite of a large number of research reports in this area, research on the selection of useful features from the existing feature set and the parameter selection for specific classifiers has thus far not been explored. The choice of a smoothing parameter for a probabilistic neural network classifier (PNN) in the training process, together with feature selection, will significantly impact the classification accuracy. In this work, a thorough analysis is carried out, using two wrapper-based optimization techniques—the genetic algorithm and simulated annealing—for identifying the ensemble of celebrated features obtained using discrete wavelet transform together with the smoothing parameter selection of the PNN classifier. As a result of these analyses, the proper smoothing parameter together with a more useful feature set from among a wider set of features for the PNN classifier is obtained with improved classification accuracy. Furthermore, the results show that the performance of simulated annealing is better than the genetic algorithm for feature selection and parameter optimization in Power Quality Data Mining.


World of Warcraft and World of Warcraft: Chronicle I are in this essay analyzed as motivators for reluctant readers. World of Warcraft: Chronicle I is analyzed from small-scale and large-scale inte ...


In recent history, local scour around the bridge piers has been a major cause of bridge failure therefore it is important to precisely predict the scour depth. When the flow of water interacts with the bridge pier in the mobile bed, it usually results in local scour. In this paper, a total of 442 CWS data and 300 LBS data are collected from literature to model scour depth using a support vector machine (SVM). A sensitivity study was also carried out to assess the reliability of the model and the strength of the proposed model is tested via an error analysis. The R2 value was found to be greater than 0.90 for both CWS and LBS. The present model is compared with more than ten popular existing models and it has been discovered to be more reliable and efficient in estimating scour depth around bridge piers.


Some hospitalized cases of Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were observed in the area of Zell am Ziller in Tyrol. Therefore, we collected ticks from Zellberg near Zell am Ziller in order to demonstrate the occurrence of a focus of TBE virus by isolation experiments with these ticks. Two virus strains could be isolated. A geoecological and phytosociological characterisation of this focus is presented in this paper.


Recently adopted, the WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) adds fresh momentum to worldwide efforts to speed up the movement, release and clearance of goods across borders. With all required decisions having now been taken in Geneva, preparations are under way to ensure the Agreement's expeditious entry into force. Once in operation, this ground-breaking treaty will significantly accelerate cross-border trade and reduce related costs. This article analyses the TFA from a pharmaceutical angle, highlighting provisions of particular interest to the industry. It will look at how the new Agreement is likely to impact trade in medical goods and where business stands to benefit. A final segment will review governments' implementation plans and discuss the road ahead.


The specific activation of membrane ATPase* by Na++K+, first described by Skou (1957), can be eliminated by procedures designed to disorganize membrane lipids. This requirement for lipids is fully recognized in the present definition of the enzyme as an Na+ + K+-activated ATPase system (Skou, 1965). The fatty acid composition ofthe two major phospholipids, choline phosphoglyceride and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride, extracted from the intestinal membranes of goldfish, changes with the environmental temperature of the fish (P. Kemp & M. W. Smith, unpublished work), and themembrane Na+ + K+-activated ATPase system also changes (Smith, 1967). Phospholipase C hydrolyses choline phosphoglyceride and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride to phosphorylcholine and phosphorylethanolamine respectively, diglycerides being produced in each case (Bangham & Dawson, 1962). The present paper shows that incubation of goldfish membranes with phospholipase C inhibits the Na++ K+-stimulated ATPase activity and enhances the Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity ofmembranes from cold-adapted fish. The Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity ofmembranes from warm-adapted fish is not changed during incubation with phospholipase C. An attempt was made to relate these findings to the normal operation of the ATPase system in goldfish intestinal membranes. Methods and results. Experiments were carried out over a 5-week period during late autumn with groups of fish adapted previously to 8° or 30° for periods of 3-5 weeks. The conditions under which fish were kept and the methods used to prepare membrane fractions from the intestinal mucosa


The present invention concerns a moulded microcrystalline spherical Al2O3- sintered body, process for its production as well as its use.


The waste water market is worldwide a very important market, which is growing due to environmental protection and hygiene. Innovations, which make the whole system from production to installation, maintenance and restoration more cost effective in the longrun are in demand. Lower prices and with it prices for the product have only a minimum effect on the whole system. Innovations, that make a contribution to the saving of costs, must therefore take the entire system into account. With this article we want to introduce the compact manhole shaft, which has proven itself in Austria and which is already a well established part in the everyday life in several other countries.


Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are nothing new. For a long time they have been deployed on the
national level as an alternative to public procurement. On the European Union (EU) level PPPs are,
however, a new phenomenon. This study addresses the question of whether PPPs are possible in
such governance arrangements which are as complex as the EU. The Galileo Satellite Navigation
System, the first PPP attempt of the EU, which in the end failed to become a PPP, serves as a case
study. By analyzing it in terms of PPP options and models it is found that problems related to
structural decisions are more important in determining the success of setting up a PPP than
operational decisions. Furthermore, difficulties that arose on the structural level in the case of
Galileo are not related to the complexity of the EU setup. It is concluded that PPPs are indeed
possible in complex governance arrangements.


This paper analyzes factors that affect the profitability of health functional food manufacturers from the strategic business management perspective. For this purpose, we estimated a two-way error components model based on panel data of financial statements for health functional foods manufacturers, considering time effects. Our empirical evidence suggests that both industry-level and firm-level strategies are needed for individual firms to gain a competitive advantage by enhancing their profit performance. In response to competition intensification within the health functional food industry, they should consider the following efforts to increase profit performance to secure a competitive advantage: (1) expanding the firm's size, (2) increasing market share, (3) realizing leverage effect through efficient capital management, (4) enhancing the advertising effectiveness, and (5) improving the efficiency of resource management.


About 1 in 10 computer-generated prescriptions includes at least 1 error, and one-third of those has potential for harm, which is consistent with the error rate for paper-written prescriptions, according to a new study published online June 29 in the Journal of the American Medical Infomatics Association.


Enamel microabrasion is a means by which superficial enamel discoloration is removed using hydrochloric acid and fine pumice. As enamel microabrasion alone may not be sufficient in cases of deeper discoloration, composite resin restoration is recommended in areas where there is remaining discoloration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different methods and number of applications of enamel microabrasion on the shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel. Untreated control was designated as group 1. 5-second applications of a mixture of 18% HCl and fine pumice were performed 5 and 10 times on groups 2 and 3, respectively. A commercially available mixture of 10% HCl and abrasives(PREMA) was applied using a 10 : 1 gear reduction handpiece 5 and 10 times on groups 4 and 5, respectively, with each application lasting 20 seconds. After etching with 37% phosphoric acid, composite resin was bonded. Thermocycling was performed and shear bond strength was measured. The following results were obtained : 1. Group 2 showed the highest bond strength, while group 3 showed the lowest, Shear bond strength decreased in the following order: 2>4>5>1>3. 2. Group 2 showed bond strength significantly higher compared to groups 1 and 3(p0.05). 4. When modes of fracture were examined, adhesive failure was observed in groups 3 and 4, while cohesive failure was observed in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4. Only mixed failures were found group 5. 5. When viewed using a SEM, groups 2 and 3, which had been microabraded using HCl and pumice, showed surface appearances similar to that of enamel etched with phosphoric acid. Groups 4 and 5, treated with PREMA, exhibited a smooth surface similar to that of group 1. All oops showed similar, typical surface characteristics following phosphoric acid etching.


—In order to make the coexistence between humans and robots a reality, we must understand how they may cooperate more effectively. Modern robots, empowered with reliable controls and advanced machine learning reasoning can face this challenge. In this article, we presented a Disagreement- Aware Variable Impedance (DAVI) Controller, where the robot stiffness is regulated as a function of the perceived disagreement with the human cooperator. We tested the algorithm on a 7 DoF Franka Emika Panda robot performing the learning of a pick&place task with continuous adaptation of the goal location and the via-points with human interactive corrections, triggered by our proposed approach. A validation study was conducted with 5 users in order to understand the reliability of the method.


Studies the effects of the downturn in the property market in the late 1980s on banking business practices and the banks′ consequent reassessment of their reliance on loan‐to‐value ratios for lending purposes. Looks at the philosophy underlying the RICS′s publication, in September 1995, of new valuation guidance notes and highlights the importance of the new requirements placed on the valuer.


Despite a growing body of research examining the psychological effects of terrorist incidents, there remains comparatively little empirical assessment of their impacts on citizens' worry about further attacks, perceptions of the police or social cohesion. Drawing on interviews with nearly 100,000 London residents, we find higher levels of worry following most domestic attacks. Improvements in overall ratings of the police are tempered by more negative assessments of their ability to handle future threats. We also find that far-right incidents are less closely linked to changes in public ratings of the police and concerns about future attacks compared to Islamic terror attacks. Effects on social cohesion are less predictable. We find reductions in cohesion following some attacks but increases following others.


Objective To investigate expression of Activin A and ActRⅡA in rat after focal cerebral ischemia.Methods Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the rat,injury and infarction volume in brain tissue were observed by HE stain,Activin A and ActRⅡA protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry.Results Activin A and ActRⅡA protein expressed at a very low level in sham operation group,a strong up-regulation in cortical areas next to the infarct was detected 3 h after MCAO(P0.05).Expression of Activin A and ActRⅡA increased in response to cerebral ischaemia and reached acme 24 h after MCAO.Conclusions The expression of Activin A and ActRⅡA is gradually increased after focal cerebral ischemia,which has probable protective effects on cerebral injury.


15 Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) 16 are support free liquid-liquid chromatography techniques sharing the same basic 17 principles and features. Method transfer has previously been demonstrated for both 18 techniques but never from one to another. This study aimed to show such a feasibility 19 using fractionation of Schinus terebinthifolius berries dichloromethane extract as a case 20 study. Heptane – ethyl acetate – methanol –water (6:1:6:1, v/v/v/v) was used as solvent 21 system with masticadienonic and 3β-masticadienolic acids as target compounds. The 22 optimized separation methodology previously described in Part I and II, was scaled up 23 from an analytical hydrodynamic CCC column (17.4 mL) to preparative hydrostatic 24 CPC instruments (250 mL and 303 mL) as a part of method development. Flow-rate and 25


The cold store has developed rapidly since 1990s in China. The unreasonable air flow distribution in cold stores hasn't been solved effectually because of lacking of experimental methods. The uniform air flied can improve the effect of store and save the refrigeration cost in the store. In this article, the air flow distribution was simulated with different intervals between products in a huge commercial cold store based on the previous simulation and experimental experience. The results showed that the interval of 10cm between products at vertical direction was better than that of 15cm for storage.


The ambiguity of our epoch, with its multiplying networks, constant displacement and overlapping identities, is obviously shaped by the modern way of life and enabled by a 'magic' support of advanced technology. Simultaneously, we are aware that the huge discrepancies that it creates have to be rebalanced and moderated, but somehow the issues of energy, pollution and sustainability mainly remain in the domain of general strategies, local initiatives, comprehensive guidelines, (anti)utopian visions and predictions. However, cities, through their reinvented/adjusted/modified logic, structure, architecture, energy production and consumption not only manifest recent environmental changes, speculations and trends, but also deliberately or accidentally uncover our egoand eco-frustrations, doubts and conflicts. Planning low carbon urban entities and communities is not an easy task and nowadays we could identify three main groups of urban actions marked by the 'green' label. The first group provides the visions and (partial) realizations of new 21 century cities (for ex. high-tech eco-cities Dongtan and Masdar) reflecting the political and financial power of its creators. The second group is focused on numerous urban (re)development projects from large-scale projects such as The Cool Island Projects in Tokyo, to small-scale interventions like San Rafel Upgrade project in Sao Paolo or CicloRutas in Bogota. Their scope and actual effects depend on various elements from detected local problems, available resources to the creativity of involved actors and their interaction. Finally, the third group consists of numerous global and local initiatives (for ex. C40 Cities, Transition Towns) which should facilitate energy transition, but also support and promote successful ideas and models. Obviously, the new ecological imperatives have been accepted as a necessary part of contemporary urban interventions, but the effects of generated planning strategies and low carbon scenarios still have to be evaluated and verified. Macro and micro-scale limitations, obstacles and potential activators that usually direct a development path also condition the pace of transformation and energy transition. Therefore, the case of Serbia and its capital Belgrade will present a complex relation between consequences of the previous and current political and economic situation, ecological problems caused by illegal and unplanned urbanization and possible methods and solutions that could improve the quality of life and decrease CO2 emission.


Propafenone and its 5‐hydroxy metabolite exhibit different electrophysiological properties. Objectives of the CAQ‐PAF study were (1) to develop a strategy favoring propafenone instead of 5‐hydroxypropafenone in plasma following oral administration of propafenone and (2) to evaluate the potential of low‐dose quinidine to chronically inhibit CYP2D6. Patients (n = 102) with atrial fibrillation received propafenone 150 mg 3 times daily with either quinidine 100 mg twice daily or placebo. Throughout the study (follow‐up, 199 ± 155 days), quinidine successfully inhibited CYP2D6: propafenone concentrations were 3 times higher in patients receiving quinidine (1033 ± 611 ng/mL vs 328 ± 229 ng/mL; P < .001). Moreover, 80% (n = 10) of patients with propafenone levels greater than 1500 ng/mL were in sinus rhythm at 1 year. In contrast, recurrence of atrial fibrillation occurred in 22 of 23 patients with propafenone levels less than 1000 ng/mL (P < .0001). Thus, chronic inhibition of CYP2D6 is achievable with low‐dose quinidine in humans. Increased plasma levels of propafenone may be highly beneficial to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation.


Purpose – To the purpose of this paper is to show the main features of the Direct Multisearch method and how it can be enhanced and hybridized without compromising its mathematical properties. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a mathematical analysis of the properties of the method which is then validated with analytical benchmarks and tested on a problem related to magnetic-assisted surgery. Findings – The presented multi-objective optimizer, based on an extension of the well-known Pattern Search (PS) method, due to its deterministic nature, enjoys provable convergence properties. Furthermore, the method is successfully extended by hybridizing it with some stochastic approaches in order to improve its performance. Numerical examples show the effectiveness of the developed approach which can be used as a general and robust tool for multi-objective optimization. In a specific application, related to magnetic-assisted surgery, the proposed algorithm achieved 100 percent detection accuracy ...


The rapid transfer of massive data in the cloud environment is required to prepare for unexpected situations like disaster recovery. With regard to this requirement, we propose a new approach to transferring cloud virtual machine images rapidly in the cloud environment utilizing dedicated Data Transfer Nodes (DTNs). The overall procedure is composed of local/remote copy processes and a DTN-to-DTN transfer process. These processes are coordinated and executed based on a fork system call in the proposed algorithm. In addition, we especially focus on the local copy process between a cloud controller and DTNs and improve data transfer performance through the well-tuned mount techniques in Network File System (NFS)-based connections. Several experiments have been performed considering the combination of synchronous/asynchronous modes and the network buffer size. We show the results of throughput in all the experiment cases and compare them. Consequently, the best throughput in write operations has been obtained in the case of an NFS server in a DTN and an NFS client in a cloud controller running entirely in the asynchronous mode.


This paper presents Gpl, a fast and accurate optimizer for query processing over knowledge graphs. Gpl is novel in three ways. First, Gpl proposes a type-centric approach to enhance the accuracy of cardinality estimation prominently, which naturally embeds the correlation of multiple query conditions into the existing type system of knowledge graphs. Second, to predict execution time accurately, Gpl constructs a specialized cost model for graph exploration scheme and tunes the coefficients with target hardware platform and graph data. Third, Gpl further uses a budget-aware strategy for plan enumeration with a greedy heuristic to boost the overall performance (i.e., optimization time and execution time) for various workloads. Evaluations with representative knowledge graphs and query benchmarks show that Gpl can select optimal plans for 33 of 39 queries and only incurs less than 5% slowdown on average compared to optimal results. In contrast, the state-of-the-art optimizer and manually tuned results will cause 100% and 36% slowdown, respectively.


A lot of techniques have been proposed to the analysis of the seismic refraction survey. In Japan, the Hagiwara's method is often adopted to analyze data in seismic refraction surveys. In this paper, we tried to execute imaging of the refraction boundary, to use the plus-minus method using the automatic wave-front reconstruction from observed travel-times. The plus-minus method is established by Hagedoorn in order to analyze the refraction survey data by drawing several figures. The automatic wave-front reconstruction is an application of finite difference solution to the eikonal equation. First of all, we describe the principle and the technique of plus-minus method. Next, we verify the validity of this method by applying several modeled velocity structures. Finally, by the plus-minus method, we analyze the field data of seismic survey executed in the Kyoto basin, and we compare it with the upper surface of basement obtained by the reflection seismic survey. From these investigations, it was confirmed that the plus-minus method with the automatic wave-front reconstruction becomes one of good approach to analyze refraction survey data. There was a feature that we could obtain the refraction boundary and the P wave velocity of the basement easily, and moreover, we can make an image of the wave field propagation by drawing wave-front curves.


The short reproduction of the Projective Unified Field Theory of the author (including empiric predictions) will be presented during the subsequent time: Fundamental 5-dimensional physical laws within the projective space and projection of these basic laws onto space-time. Transition from this 4-dimensional complex of the physical laws to the (better understandable) 3-dimensional version with new additional physical terms, being prepared for a physical interpretation (influence of cosmological expansion). Numerical presentation of the predicted astrophysical and cosmological effects: anomalous motion of bodies according to the pioneer effect, anomalous rotation curve of rotating bodies around a gravitational centre. One should take note of my hypothetic result that the true origin of these both effects (pioneer effect and rotation curve effect) seems to have the same cause, namely the overwhelming dark matter existing in our Universe.


(2010). How Do Deaf Adolescents Experience Themselves? Deaf Identity and Oral or Sign Language Communication. Cochlear Implants International: Vol. 11, Proceedings of the 9th European Symposium on Paediatric Cochlear Implantation, Warsaw, 2009, pp. 319-322.


Context: Contamination of pharmaceuticals with microorganisms irrespective whether they are harmful or nonpathogenic can bring about changes in physicochemical characteristics of the drugs. Aims: To assay the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of paracetamol of two hundreds samples of different brands of analgesic syrups sold in Sana'a City, Yemen. Methods: Total viable aerobic count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical properties, and content of active ingredients were identified and evaluated by standard methods and techniques. The SPSS program was used to statistical analysis of variance for results obtained. Results: The total bacterial count of <10 CFU/mL and <100 CFU/mL in 179 (89.5%) and 21 (10.5%) samples, respectively was recorded, while the total fungal count was ≤10 CFU/mL in all analyzed syrup samples. The isolated bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis while isolated fungi were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium notatum. Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger were the predominant bacteria and fungi isolated. The color results had a light red liquid with a sweet taste in the analyzed analgesic syrups. The pH values were ranged from 4.44–5.88. However, the density fluctuated from 1.149–1.184 g/mL. The paracetamol concentration as an active ingredient in the analgesic syrup was recorded from 98.19% – 106.53%. Conclusions: This finding showed that all analgesic syrups sold in Sana'a City followed Pharmacopeia specifications on microbial and physicochemical qualities.


The interruption type custom macro Function in Japanese FANUC NC system is introduced,with some examples,the application of it in the tool breakage on-line monitoring system is discussed.


Three hundred and twenty‐eight infertile women were selected for treatment with clomiphene citrate because the sole cause of their infertility was absent or infrequent ovulation; this was induced in 66.4 per cent with an overall pregnancy rate of 52 per cent.


In order to establish the mode of the concentration of three elements(chlorophyll-a,suspended matter and gelbstoff),several neural network models were established to retrieve the three element concentration simultaneously from remote sensing reflectance based on moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)data.The measured ocean color data was obtained in Pearl River esturay in 2003 and 2004.According to the model,the map of the concentrations of the three elements was drawn and its forming reason was analyzed.The study demonstrates that the model can get the better prediction accuracy based on the reflectance at band combination of 443nm,488nm,531nm,551nm,667nm,678nm and 748nm than the other band combinations.The algorithm has good accuracy.


Abstract: Preclinical studies at Roswell Park Cancer Institute by Minderman, Cao, and Rustum (unpublished results) showed that a combination of SN‐38 and 5‐FU against HCT‐8 human colon carcinoma cells in vitro was synergistic, with the best interaction occurring when the drugs were added sequentially, SN‐38 first. Their in vivo studies using HCT‐8 tumor xenografts implanted s.c. in nude athymic mice demonstrated superior efficacy for a sequential i.v. administration of CPT‐11, 24 hr before 5‐FU. On the basis of these studies, our group has begun to evaluate effects of RFS2000 (9‐nitro‐20(S)‐camptothecin) (9‐NC) in combination with a series of other antitumor agents. Using a panel of human tumor cell lines including A121 ovarian cancer, HCT‐8 colon cancer, H‐460 NSCLC, HT‐1080 fibrosarcoma, and MCF7 mammary cancer, we found that a 2‐hr exposure to 9‐NC resulted in ID50 values of <1.0 μM, whereas continuous exposure to drug resulted in ID50 values of <1.0 nM. Tumor growth inhibitory activities of 5‐FU, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel were determined for comparison. Combinations of these agents were evaluated with 9‐NC using the human HCT‐8 colon tumor cell line. Concurrent and sequential combinations of 9‐NC with 5‐FU had some regions of the concentration‐effect surface with local synergy and some with local antagonism. However, sequential combination of 9NC or SN‐38 followed by 5‐FU, 24 hr later appeared to be highly synergistic at high dose‐effect levels (i.e., ID90), suggesting that sequential drug administration may be more efficacious at high effect level and that the order of drug addition is very important. Overall, our results were similar to that found earlier by Rustum's group with CPT11 (or SN‐38) and 5‐FU, suggesting that sequential combination of 9‐NC (or other camptothecin analogues) followed by 5‐FU has potential for the treatment of cancer in man.


The present invention is a high pressure fuel, including a damping device 32 for damping the inlet pressure pulse by varying the damping volume (38) by a housing wall, and the deformable wall (66) resiliently in the pump housing 40 It relates to the pump. At least one section is formed by at least at least a portion of the part and / or sealing the support 44 of the jacket-type region 60 of the housing wall, the section of the deformable wall (66) elastically in accordance with the present invention It is formed to include at least one of the relevant part for the variation of the damping volume (38).


Egoism and altruism are unequal contenders in the explanation of human behaviour. While egoism tends to be viewed as natural and unproblematic, altruism has always been treated with suspicion, and it has often been argued that apparent cases of altruistic behaviour might really just be some special form of egoism. The reason for this is that egoism fits into our usual theoretical views of human behaviour in a way that altruism does not. This is true on the biological level, where an evolutionary account seems to favour egoism, as well as on the psychological level, where an account of self-interested motivation is deeply rooted in folk psychology and in the economic model of human behaviour. While altruism has started to receive increasing support in both biological and psychological debates over the last decades, this paper focuses on yet another level, where egoism is still widely taken for granted. Philosophical egoism (Martin Hollis' term) is the view that, on the ultimate level of intentional explanation, all action is motivated by one of the agent's desires. This view is supported by the standard notion that for a complex of behaviour to be an action, there has to be a way to account for that behaviour in terms of the agent's own pro-attitudes. Psychological altruists, it is claimed, are philosophical egoists in that they are motivated by desires that have the other's benefit rather than the agent's own for its ultimate object (other-directed desires). This paper casts doubt on this thesis, arguing that empathetic agents act on other people's pro-attitudes in very much the same way as agents usually act on their own, and that while other-directed desires do play an important role in many cases of psychologically altruistic action, they are not necessary in explanations of some of the most basic and most pervasive types of human altruistic behaviour. The paper concludes with the claim that philosophical egoism is really a cultural value rather than a conceptual feature of action.


Three Argentinian oat lines (P1, P2 and RIL) and three synthetic hybrids among them were analized in the present communication. P1 and RIL differ for one reciprocal translocation. P1 and P2 presented two independent interchanges. For the first time meiotic irregularities during ecuational division in hexaploid oat hybrids are reported. This latter observation throw doubts on the dependence of anaphase onset on metaphase plate completition in oats.


Non-integrability of planar oscillation of a satellite in an elliptic orbit under the influence of magnetic torque has been studied. The amplitude of the oscillation remains constant upto the second order of approximation. The analysis regarding the stability of the stationary planar oscillation of a satellite near the resonance frequency shows that discontinuity occurs in the amplitude of the oscillation at a frequency of the external periodic force which is less than the frequency of the natural oscillation.


Production casting and casting prototypes. LOM foundry patterns. Application in sand casting and investment casting. Application examples housing part and axle bracket. Conclusions.


To evaluate the dose‐response relationships between alcohol consumption and functional limitations in older European men, and explore the role of muscle strength as a mediator of these relationships.


Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by mutations in DMD which disrupt the reading frame. Therapeutic strategies that restore DMD's reading frame, such as exon skipping and CRISPR/Cas9, need to be tested in the context of the human DMD sequence in vivo. We have developed a novel dystrophic mouse model by using CRISPR/Cas9 to delete exon 45 in the human DMD gene in hDMD mice, which places DMD out-of-frame. We have utilized this model to demonstrate that our clinically-relevant CRISPR/Cas9 platform, which targets deletion of human DMD exons 45-55, can be directly applied in vivo to restore dystrophin.


Objective To study the safety and curative effect of sustained-release fluorourancil during laparoscopic rectal carcinoma surgery.Methods One hundred and seventy-two patients with rectal carcinoma who underwent laparoscopic radical surgery in our department from March 2006 to January 2009 were divided into observation group(n=90) and control group(n=82).Patients in observation group received regional chemotherapy with sustained-release fluorourancil under laparoscope.Patients in control group did not receive regional chemotherapy with sustained-release fluorourancil under laparoscope.Their outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.Results No difference was found in liver and kidney functions and white blood cell count between the two groups before and after operation(P0.05).The local recurrence rate of rectal carcinoma was 1.11%(1/90) and 7.78%(7/90) respectively in observation group,and 8.54%(7/82) and 17.07%(14/82) respectively in control group 1 and 2 years after operation(P0.05).The liver metastasis rate was 5.55%(5/90) and 17.78%(16/90) respectively in observation group,and 15.85%(13/82) and 26.83%(22/82) respectively in control group 1 and 2 years after operation(P0.05).Conclusion Sustained-release fluorourancil is effective and safe as a regional chemotherapy agent for rectal carcinoma during laparoscopic radical surgery,and can reduce its local recurrence and liver metastasis.


Optical wavelength division multiplex systems are being installed today. Optical networks will be implemented in the near future. However, little is known about the operational aspects and requirements. In the projects PHOTON and MOON not only an optical network with more than 500 km transmission length is established but also processes are being developed that might be used for installation and operation of future networks. The presentation gives an overview about the projects, focuses on the field trials and the envisaged tests and applications.


This thesis intends to look at the other (Mexico) through a cultural practice (the trip or journey) which gains a specific meaning at a given time, in a stated society (France in the XIXth century). The main characteristic of the travel, as a displacement in space, is the encounter with the other. It's about an experience that goes further than the everyday's life, which involves a further understanding of the well-known world. This brings out narrative writings allowing the translation of an individual experience into a collective knowledge because they are incorporated to the structures and codes from where they are narrated. The cultural history is our perspective. The representations are the decisive factor of the construction of systems for the classification and the perspectives, and, also, the generator of the social world practices. Otherness cannot be understood without taking into accounts the subject that compares and his identity. As a consequence, the observer uses codes and pre established ideas from his own culture, it's a mirror game that highlights the myths, cliches and stereotypes that are involved each time that one wants to talk about « the one that I am not ». The travelling experience creates an effect of strangeness. As Mexico is recreated in the time of the narration, personal experiences in this unknown space alter the observer's sight; His ideas and principles are probated and the traveler does not return unchanged.


The aim of the study is to provide better understanding of the prevalence and forms of maladaptive behavior, as well as of the factors associated with this behavior in people with intellectual disability, by reviewing the available literature. Maladaptive behavior is behavior that is common enough and/or severe enough to limit a person's ability to function properly in everyday life, learn new skills, and gain access to social resources. It covers a whole range of behaviors such as: physical aggression towards things or people, self-harm, stereotypical behavior, sexually inappropriate behavior, abusive behavior, etc. Studies highlight considerable variations in the prevalence of maladaptive behavior in individuals with IO ranging from 5.7% to 63.9%. The appearance of maladaptive behavior can be influenced by several factors, the most significant of which are the following: gender, age, severity of IO, additional impairments, residential environment, cognitive-emotional factors, communication dysfunction, etc. A common feature of all these behaviors is the negative effect on the quality of life of the person and the staff caring for them. In addition to psychotropic drugs and behavioral methods, various psychotherapy methods, cognitive and emotional training, creative therapeutic methods and functional behavior analysis are used in the treatment of maladaptive behavior. The condition is that they are tailored to the individual's developmental level and his or her way of communication.


Twenty six year old non smoker male, resident of Haryana (India), was admitted for elective surgery. Medical consultation for pre-anaesthetic clearance before surgery was sought for respiratory symptoms. Patient complained of dry cough, breathlessness on exertion and wheezing for the past two weeks. It was not associated with any fever, nasal discharge, sore throat. There was no previous history of similar episode of wheezing chronic cough or dyspnoea. On examination his vitals were stable and systemic examination was remarkable for the presence of bilateral extensive inpiratory and expiratory wheeze with prolonged expiration.


The fast moving development of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) has led to the need of better tools to facilitate international trade. Rules of Origin (ROO) plays the central role to ensure that an RTA will get its maximum benefits between members. While it has significant good impact to the passage of RTA, ROO also gives challenges to business stakeholders.Lack of understanding on ROO have been promoting ineffectiveness of trading activities to RTA members. This paper takes this point to study the role of ROO in RTA and also its functions and benefits.Research method used in this paper is focused on secondary data obtained from literary research; also primary data obtained from interview with related sources to support the examination of the secondary data. The collected data were explained with descriptive analytical method in order to find the understanding of the whole context.This paper has some results that first,  in RTA, ROO is used as trade facilitation instrument to benefit its member through preferential treatment among them. Thus, prevent non member of enjoying the regional trade preference. Second, ROO must be done in such a away so that it will give incentives to business.


Background The optimal prescription of cueing for the treatment of freezing of gait (FoG) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently a difficult problem for clinicians due to the heterogeneity of cueing modalities, devices, and the limited comparative trial evidence. There has been a rise in the development of motion-sensitive, wearable cueing devices for the treatment of FoG in PD. These devices generally produce cues after signature gait or electroencephalographic antecedents of FoG episodes are detected (phasic cues). It is not known whether these devices offer benefit over simple (tonic) cueing devices. Methods We assembled 20 participants with PD and FoG and familiarized them with a belt-worn, laser-light cueing device (Agilitas™). The device was designed with 2 cueing modalities—gait-dependent or "phasic" cueing and gait-independent or "tonic" cueing. Participants used the device sequentially in the off, phasic, or tonic modes, across 2 tasks—a 2-minute walk and an obstacle course. Results A significant improvement in mean distance walked during the 2-minute walk test was observed for the tonic mode (127.3 m) compared with the off (111.4 m) and phasic (116.1 m) conditions. In contrast, there was a nonsignificant trend toward improvement in FoG frequency, duration, and course time when the device was switched from off to tonic and to phasic modes for the obstacle course. Conclusions Parkinson's disease patients with FoG demonstrated an improvement in distance walked during the two-minute walk test when a cueing device was switched from off to phasic and to tonic modes of operation. However, this benefit was lost when patients negotiated an obstacle course.


Characterizing digital library usability by how well a digital library supports the different stages of users' information seeking process, this research reports a usability study of the digital library. Reviews of the existing definitions of usability and of the models of the information seeking process in HCI and LIS fields reveal that (1) there have been few attempts to apply models of stages of activities to classify usability problems of interactive systems, and (2) there is a call for a new model that better explains the information seeking process in a digital library environment.
A lab-based usability testing of a digital library was conducted with 20 subjects, and their behavioral protocols (screen activities) and verbal protocols were recorded and analyzed. From the microanalysis of user behaviors, users' physical and mental information seeking behaviors were identified (n = 60), and then classified using a content analysis method from which eleven stages of information seeking process emerged. Based on the results of a frequency analysis of the transitions between the stages, an empirical model of Digital Library Information Seeking Process (DLISP Model) that demonstrates the dynamic and cyclical nature of the information seeking process in a digital library was proposed. From the combined logs and post-search interview data, 311 total usability problems (51 unique usability problem codes) were identified. The DLISP Model was then used as a frame for classifying the usability problems. The results showed 82% of the usability problems were classified in accordance with the DLISP Model, while the remaining 18% were problems that were spread across all of the stages. With such a process-oriented approach, the classification table of usability problems provides each usability problem with the specific context of the user behavior and information seeking stage, which is important to understand users' interaction difficulties with the system. Taxonomy of users' information seeking tasks, a diagram of search transitions, and usability problems of mental model and cognitive overhead were also addressed in the context of the digital library. Implications for the digital library interface design, and the design of digital library usability studies were provided at the end.


We make an explicit calculation of Casimir effect through an alternative approach of field quantization for a spherical shell in which only the radial part of fluctuation has been taken into account. In this method, negative norm states have been utilized to obtain a natural renormalized theory with the condition that they cannot be affected by the physical boundary conditions. It is shown that by using this method, the exact result is obtained without any appearance of infinity.


We have developed methodology for the formation of a new family of metal-free Schiff base macrocycles utilizing the differential exchange rates of aldimines and ketimines. The more robust ketimine bond is kinetically inert under the milder conditions used for aldimine bond formation. In particular, this route enables access to the first conjugated macrocycles with four unsymmetrical N2O2 salphen-like pockets.


An approximation scheme valid for high field strengths and arbitrary detuning is applied to the calculation of fluorescent spectra for various numbers (n) of emitting atoms. The presence of detuning is shown to prevent the possibility of solving this problem in closed form for arbitrary n. The one- and two-atom spectra are derived explicitly and compared with the known exact results.


The utility model relates to a medicine mixing device and a large transfusion soft bag package thereof. The medicine mixing device comprises a rigid contactor and a medicine mixing connector; the rigid connector comprises a medicine filling connector, a connecting pipe, and a connecting seat; the medicine filling connector and the connecting pipe are disposed on the outer side of the connecting seat in a parallel manner; a joint between the connecting seat and the connecting pipe is provided with a medicine mixing channel aligned to the connecting pipe; the connecting pipe comprises a first part and a second part which are connected with each other at one end; the first part is integrated with the rigid connector; the other end of the second part is enclosed; an easily broken cap for enclosing the medicine mixing channel is disposed on the other end of the second part; the second part and the easily broken cap are formed into a whole; the medicine mixing device also comprises a soft connecting pipe communicating the medicine mixing connector and the connecting pipe; and the easily broken cap is received in the soft connecting pipe. The medicine mixing device prevents the easily broken cap from entering a medicine bag after being broken off, prevents the medicine bag from being damaged during the breaking of the easily broken cap, employs split design and realizes easy material selection.


Traditional use of " Potsotaroki" and handcraft making in the Asháninka Indigenous Community within Protected Areas of Vilcabamba, Peru In the year 2003, a system of Protected Natural Areas was formed in the Peruvian Amazon (ANP) constituted by the National Park Otishi and the Indigenous Communal Reserves of two ethnic groups, Asháninka and Matsiguenga. The beginning of this system had the purpose of conserving the diversity of flora and fauna species, as well as the conservation of the living cultural patrimony in the area of Vilcabamba Mountain. The Asháninka group was selected for this study belonging to the Preandino Arawak etnolinguistic family. The land of this group is situated in the low region of the Mountain forming the buffer zone of ANP; consequently the exploitation of resources in these areas will have direct effect on the high lands of the Mountain. As a result of ANP formation, the Indigenous Communities have now the influence of a variety of factors that generate impacts that can be considered positive or negative. The first chapter describes the participation level of the Indigenous people in the ANP management, trying to check if there is an involvement of the representative authorities of the communities. As an indicator of cultural impacts that occur in the core of the productive unit, it was used the characterization of the variations in the handcrafts from the new processes that come from the contact with the market. In the second chapter describes deeply in the techniques of exploitation and the traditional handling of the forest species, Trichilia pallida and its changes preceding the contact with multiple exogenous factors from Asháninka culture. The main characteristics of the species are presented here, from secondary data as well as information from the Camantavishi Community. This chapter also presents results from the qualitative survey with techniques of participatory observation and partially structured interviews done with 30 women and 11 men who live in the nucleus of Camantavishi Community and 13 women and 13 men of the Shima center.